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Innovations Transforming the Steel Industry
Today, the metal industry is considered to be one of the most competitive and profitable industries. But, it is constantly changing at a rapid rate. Different alloys are being discovered to create different properties that will help enhance as well as reducing other properties. However, often times when one property is enhanced, another critical quality is weakened. This trade of in quality poses a particular issue in the steel and steel alloy market. This is what has caused researchers to develop a new metallic material with ideal features that aid in reducing the excess usage of resources.
The New Metallic Material
A new metallic material was developed by researchers at Max-Planck-Institute für Eisenforschung in Düsseldorf. Its remarkable capability to maintain strength and ductility has the potential to completely transform the steel and steel alloy industry. This ductile metallic material can be adapted for designs with thinner metallic sheets while maintaining its strength and shape. A possible application would be the production of car bodies. With the use of this material as a car body, it can reduce the damages caused in accidents. The problem with the different steel used today due to the use of iron and other fragments such as vanadium, carbon, or chrome, which are ductile in nature, increase its ductility but reduce strength. These materials tend to break and crack under applied force or pressure. Researchers and metallurgist started research into finding an ideal combination of metals to design the “perfect metal”. This process began by examining alloys that have had prior extensive testing, but have been dubbed too fragile for many applications. However, recently they have increased their capabilities and began creating alloys with five or more components. This was able to increase their atomic disorder, the measure of disorder is entropy. High-entropy materials have a high strength. This is because atoms of the elements are spread out in random order making it difficult for atoms to travel and dislocate. The scientists combined the ductility of steel with the high entropy alloy allowing it to have two existing structures. They found an alloy composed of 50% iron, 30% manganese, 10% cobalt, and 10% chrome possessed the desired two structure quality. Scientists are now trying to enhance the alloys micro-structure making it even stronger and ductile. This scientific breakthrough has the potential to transform the steel industry as we know it. Not only will it benefit producers along with those in the industry, but the environment and raw materials sustainability’s as well.
Shanghai Metal Corporation is a trusted aluminum alloy, aluminum foil price, stainless steel price and stainless steel manufacturer, kinds of stainless steel in china.
Guest contributors are welcome at the Alloy Wiki.It is a weekly wiki and guide on alloy information and processing technology, while also about the vast array of opportunities that are present in manufacturing. Our team of writers consists of a Machining Material Supplier / Machinist / Tool and Die Maker, a Biomedical Engineer / Product Development Engineer, a Job Development Coordinator / Adjunct Professor, and a President and CEO of a manufacturing facility.
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Overcoming Guilt, Key to Powerful Living:
(Rom 8:31 KJV) What shall we then say to these things? If God be for us,
who can be against us?
(Rom 8:37 KJV) Nay, in all these things we are more than conquerors
through him that loved us.
This sounds great but what can keep us from Powerful Living?
The answer is GUILT!
But is Guilt all bad? It can be positive.
Guilt can be a merciless taskmaster that drives us far from God. Or,
guilt can gently lead us back to a right relationship with Him, more
fully convinced than ever of the Father's love. How we respond to guilt
today can determine our success in life for years to come. It can even
determine where we will spend eternity.
I. Listening To Our Guilt
A. The Bible says we are created in God's image and His glory.
1. This wonderful privilege of bearing His image also requires
that we live righteous lives.
a. When we do something wrong, an alarm goes off: we feel
b. Sin separates us from God.
B. It is important to listen carefully to your guilt.
1.Listen to your heart. (This is the spirit man.)
a. Determine to find out what's causing your guilty
II. Guilty As
(Rom 3:23 KJV) For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of
God; All of us have sinned and has only been one and that person is
A. Guilt can arise from things we say and do that directly
violate God's law. Even if we are not familiar with a specific Bible
passage, God has given us a law that is written on our hearts and helps
us know when we have sinned (Rom 2:15 KJV) Which show the work of the
law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and
their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;)
B. True guilt is God's way of warning us to repent and turn
away from our sins so He can forgive us, cleanse us and make us entirely
guilt-free. Another passage says, "the Scripture has shut up all men
under sin, that the promise by faith in Jesus Christ might be given to
those who believe" (Gal. 3:22).
C. Guilt is a fact of life because sin is a fact of life. And
our sin has the consequences of death (Rom 3:23 KJV) For all have
sinned, and come short of the glory of God; (Rom 6:23 KJV) For the wages
of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus
Christ our Lord.
D. God has made a way to break free from our sin and guilt. .
(John 8:36 KJV) If the Son therefore shall make you free, ye shall be
III. God's Answer For Guilt is coming
(John 6:44 KJV) No man can come to me, except the Father which hath
sent me draw him: and I will raise him up at the last day.
(John 6:45 KJV) It is written in the prophets, And they shall be all
taught of God. Every man therefore that hath heard, and hath learned of
the Father, cometh unto me.
(John 14:6 KJV) Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the
life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me.
(Rom 8:28 KJV) And we know that all things work together for good to
them that love God, to them who are the called according to his purpose.
(Rom 8:29 KJV) For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be
conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among
A. God works through everything that happens in our lives,
including guilt, to draw us to Jesus No matter what you have done, God
has made a way home - through His Son, Jesus Christ.
All you have to do is repent an turn your life over to
Jesus (Acts 3:19 KJV) Repent ye therefore, and be converted, that your
sins may be blotted out, when the times of refreshing shall come from
the presence of the Lord;
1. This is what the Bible calls being "born again" of the
Spirit of God (John 3:3,5).
IV. Guilt-Free Living This is God’s Will for all of us.
This cleansing is not just a one-time event. Every time the Holy Spirit
prompts our spirit that we have sinned, we can return to His throne of
grace to receive mercy (Heb 4:16 KJV) Let us therefore come boldly unto
the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy, and find grace to help in
time of need.
(1 John 1:7 KJV) But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we
have fellowship one with another, and the blood of Jesus Christ his Son
cleanseth us from all sin.
(1 John 1:8 KJV) If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves,
and the truth is not in us.
(1 John 1:9 KJV) If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to
forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.
V. Taking On The Accuser
At times, the enemy of our soul, Satan, uses guilt to keep us from the
A. The Bible describes Satan as the "accuser of the brethren"
who appears before God day and night with accusations against believers
(Rev 12:10 KJV) And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come
salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of
his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused
them before our God day and night. Thus, "there is therefore now no
condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus" (Romans 8:1).
B. Confront the accusations with God's Word. As Jesus said,
"If therefore the Son shall make you free, you shall be free indeed"
(John 8:36). Walk in that freedom.
VI. As You Pray Fully accept God's
forgiveness and cleansing:
(Remember the Lord’s Prayer, “forgive us as we forgive others”.
VII. God's Word On Guilt says:
"Since therefore, brethren, we have confidence to enter the holy place
by the blood of Jesus, by a new and living way which He inaugurated for
us through the veil, that is His flesh, ... let us draw near with a
sincere heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled
clean from an evil conscience and our bodies washed with pure water."
A. God's faithfulness to forgive 1 John 1:9 KJV) If we
confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to
cleanse us from all unrighteousness.
B. No remembrance of sin (Jer 31:34 KJV) And they shall teach
no more every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know
the LORD: for they shall all know me, from the least of them unto the
greatest of them, saith the LORD: for I will forgive their iniquity, and
I will remember their sin no more.
1. When God forgives He forgets!
C. Belief in Christ delivers from sin (John 1:12 KJV) But as
many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God,
even to them that believe on his name: (John 5:24 KJV) Verily, verily, I
say unto you, He that heareth my word, and believeth on him that sent
me, hath everlasting life, and shall not come into condemnation; but is
passed from death unto life
D. Freedom from sin and guilt
(Rom 6:18 KJV) Being then made free from sin, ye became the servants of
(Rom 6:22 KJV) But now being made free from sin, and become servants to
God, ye have your fruit unto holiness, and the end everlasting life.
(Rom 8:1 KJV) There is therefore now no condemnation to them which are
in Christ Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit.
God bless you and yours!
On behalf of this generation,
Your friends in the service of Christ,
and Marge Abram
Abundant Life Crusades
If we could be
of more help or if you want more information please visit:
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High salt in soil dramatically stresses plant biology and reduces the growth and yield of crops. Now researchers have found specific proteins that allow plants to grow better under salt stress, and may help breed future generations of more salt-tolerant crop plants.
Professor Staffan Persson led the study and said that unlike humans who can move away from the salty snacks or drink more water, a plant is stuck in high salt (or saline) soils and must use other tactics to cope.
“More and more of the world’ crops are facing salt stress with high salt in soils (also known as salinity) affecting 20% of the total, and 33% of irrigated, agricultural lands worldwide, ” said Professor Persson, from University of Melbourne, Australia, formerly at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology.
“By 2050 it is estimated that we need to increase our production of food by 70% to feed an additional 2.3 billion people. Salinity is a major limiting factor for this goal as more than 50% of the arable land may be salt afflicted by the year 2050,’
“It is therefore of great agricultural importance to find genes and mechanisms that can improve plant growth under such conditions. ”
The team has identified a protein family that helps plants to grow on salt, and outlined a mechanism for how these proteins aid the plants to produce their biomass under salt stress conditions. The work was published today in the journal Cell.
“Plants need to make bigger cells and more of them if they want to grow and develop, ” added Prof Persson.
“Unlike animal cells, plant cells are surrounded by a cellular exoskeleton, called cell walls which direct plant growth and protect the plant against diseases. Importantly, most of the plants biomass is made up of the cell wall with cellulose being the major component.
“Hence, plant growth largely depend on the ability of plants to produce cell walls and cellulose, also under stress conditions, and it is therefore no surprise that research on cell wall biosynthesis is of high priority.”
Previous studies by Dr. Staffan Persson’s research group and others have shown that the cellulose producing protein complex, called cellulose synthase, interacts with, and is guided by, an intracellular polymer structure, called microtubules. This interaction is important for shape and stability of plant cells.
The current research revealed that a previously unknown family of proteins supports the cellulose synthase machinery under salt stress conditions, and was named “Companions of Cellulose synthase (CC). “We show that these proteins, which we called CC proteins, are part of the cellulose synthase complex during cellulose synthesis”, said Prof Persson.
The researchers discovered that the CC gene activity was increased when plants were exposed to high salt concentrations. Thus, the research team hypothesized an involvement of these proteins in salt tolerance of plants.
“To prove this hypothesis we deleted multiple genes of the CC gene family in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress), and grew the plants on salt-containing media. These mutated plants performed much worse than the wild-type plants”, explains Christopher Kesten, PhD student in Dr. Persson’s research group, and co-first author of this study.
“In an additional step, we made fluorescent versions of the CC proteins and observed, with the help of a special microscope, where and how they function. It was quite a surprise to see that they were able to maintain the organization of microtubules under salt stress. This function helped the plants to maintain cellulose synthesis during the stress”, adds Dr. Anne Endler, also co-first author of this study.
The research group demonstrated that while the control plants could maintain their microtubules intact, the plants lacking the CC activity were unable to do so. This loss in microtubule function led to a failure in maintaining cellulose synthesis, which explained the reduction in plant growth on salt. These results therefore provide a mechanism for how the CC proteins aid plant biomass production under salt stress.
Dr. Staffan Persson was group leader at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology until January 2015. He is now at the School of Biosciences” at the University of Melbourne in Australia.
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Aggregate is a wide selection of crushed rock and stone materials used in construction, such as gravel, sand, crushed rock, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. The requirement for crushed stone is subject to government infrastructure projects, residential and commercial building, and other kinds of construction.
The demand for aggregates can be partially fulfilled using slag and recycled concrete to crush into different sized aggregates. However, the lesser grade of these materials prevents them from being a workable substitute for mined aggregates on a big scale.
Applications of Aggregates for Projects
Many applications for aggregates have concentrated on reuse as a component in roadway construction projects including using aggregates as a roadway foundation course or as an aggregate substitute in hot mix asphalt or in cement concrete pavements.
Aggregate Production for Roadways
Aggregates are among the most used, apart from gravel, and can be used in building roads and in other concrete forms. Aggregate production is a significant part of the asphalt industry because asphalt and aggregates are mixed to pave the country’s roadways. The materials used in these aggregates include gravel, sand, and crushed rock.
It’s projected that roughly 44% of sand and gravel aggregate has been used as concrete aggregate. There is 25% used in road base for streets and roads, 13 % of concrete aggregate for asphalt and other bituminous mixtures, 12% is used as building fill, 1 % for various concrete products, like bricks and blocks, plaster and sands, along with 3% for filtration, railroad ballast, roofing granules and other mixed applications.
Materials Used in Buildings and Roads
Our materials are used in the creation of buildings and roads.
Here’s a few examples of how materials are used:
- riprap for levees
- rock for stone walls
- concrete aggregates for bridges and schools
- clays for concrete and brick
- mixed products for landscaping
Stable, safe, cost effective: our Baltimore County crushed aggregate delivery fulfills exactly the exact same high standards expected of road building stuff as readily as conduct building materials according to primary sources.
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While the Sabbat is no newcomer to using ghouls in this way, notably the vozhd, modern technologies rendered such ghouls obsolete, as their immense size and indiscretion made them vulnerable to modern weapons. To replace those now obsolete ghouls, Sabbat Necronomists used methods derived from Tzimisce fleshcrafting and the remains of the Blood Brothers, to develop these new abominations.
Each group, or clutch, of these consists of a number of highly conditioned ghouls, able to merge their bodies into a single monstrosity reminiscent of the medieval vozhd. The transformation is quick but not reversible, and the clutch usually waits until it’s right upon its prey to maximize the element of terror and surprise. Once merged, the fleshweld monstrosity tears through its victims like a red hurricane, its continued existence hinging on consuming mortal flesh and vampire vitae.
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Topic is not addressed in state statutes or regulations, but is addressed in non-codified policy.
Charting Your School's Course to Wellness: Creating a Healthy School Team
This guide provides information and implementation guidance for establishing a healthy school team to address the Coordinated School Health approach. The guide describes how staff wellness programs can be used to address physical activity, smoking cessation, and stress management to promote healthy habits for staff.
Model Local School Wellness Policy
The model policy is designed to comply with USDA and Florida Administrative Code requirements regarding local school wellness policies and provides guidance and recommendations for school districts developing and implementing local school wellness policies. The model policy requires providing staff with opportunities to participate in physical activities and healthy eating programs for free or at low-cost. Staff will also be encouraged to participate in 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity every week.
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Open banking, in its latest iteration, has only been around since 2018. As with all new ideas, it takes time for the market to absorb them. Today, we will be looking at the open banking initiatives that can help this new breed of technology find its rightful place in the modern marketplace. Additionally, we will also look at the challenges that could hinder this adoption.
Let’s dive right in.
Initiatives: from open banking to open data
When we talk about open banking initiatives, we refer to the steps taken to increase the adoption of the open banking framework. This primarily refers to, but is not limited to the PSD2 regulation. In an ideal world, open data would be mobile enough to travel in and out of an organization, enhancing customer satisfaction.
The only way this ideal scenario comes to life is if both regulated and proactive initiatives come into place. Let’s have a look at some of these initiatives.
Big tech will embrace open banking
The term big tech refers to technology conglomerates such as Apple, Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Microsoft. When exploring the topic of open banking initiatives, there’s no better place to start looking than at the five most influential companies in the world.
- Apple Pay
Apple Pay is a digital wallet released in 2014. It allows users with participating banks to add their credit cards to their iPhone, Apple Watch, or other Apple devices. Once a card is added, users can make payments with devices as if they were a card, using biometrics instead of a PIN.
This powerful technology is what first put Apple on the financial map. It was the start of Apple’s fintech invasion, as Apple Pay is the lynchpin that makes the rest of its financial services work.
- Apple Cash
Apple Cash is a service built into the Apple Pay platform, facilitating peer-to-peer transfers. This lets you send and receive cash through iMessage, with cash stored on Apple Pay. Users can then use this cash for digital purchases with Apple Pay or transfer it to their bank account.
Apple Cash helped Apple further establish Apple Pay as a standalone service.
- Apple Card
Apple Card is the newest addition to the Apple lineup and is the tech giant's biggest move into financial services yet. With a focus on transparency, simplicity and privacy, the card is backed by Mastercard and Goldman Sachs. These principles form the bedrock of why customers see Apple as more trustworthy than banks.
The card centers around Apple Pay, but consumers can also sign up for a “laser‑etched titanium card” where Apple Pay is not accepted.
Apart from the obvious Google Pay project (which merged Android Pay, Google Wallet) that has been around for quite some time, Google has not stopped investing in open banking initiatives. Here are some of the most prominent ones:
- At the end of 2018, Google obtained an e-money license in Lithuania;
- Google has invested in Bangalore-based Open, a neo banking B2B platform;
- Google Cloud is a solution built around banking, capital markets, and payments;
- The company enhanced its plans to offer digital banking services in the U.S. by joining forces with six prominent partners;
Much like its powerful counterparts, Amazon has its own payments platform, Amazon Pay. With net sales amounting to close to 386 billion U.S. dollars in 2020, Amazon is the leading e-retailer in the United States, giving the company the power to move the needle when it comes to payments.
From traditional checking accounts and payments to insurance and lending, Amazon is leveraging its market size to take over financial services from every angle possible. The list of initiatives is long and probably the subject of an entirely different article or page but the point is that Amazon is taking the open banking initiative and is running with it.
Big tech is part of our life whether we realize it or not. Their buy-in to open banking technology is more influential and valuable than any government-led initiative. Yes, rules and regulations are important, but in order to adopt the technology in all facets of the market big tech needs to take the lead.
Brand loyalty is a real thing and these brands have the power and trust equity to get people on board.
Challenges: there’s still a long way to go
This initiative is well underway with API specification leading the way, but the technical challenges go deeper. First, comes the reluctance of banks to move off legacy software. Working with APIs is not only a huge deviation from the way they have been working for decades, but it requires sizable commitments in resources, staffing, and money.
What comes after that, is creating a framework that makes synergies possible across different banks, third-party providers, and regions. “The State of API 2019 Report” by SmartBear found that 58% of API developers and consumers view standardisation as the biggest challenge facing API adaptation, a number up from 25% in 2016.
Open banking security is a multi-faceted topic. Let’s have a brief look at some of the most important areas.
- Organisational structure – much like the API standardisation example, banks will have to face significant internal restructuring. With technologies merging and redefined, who holds the decision-making keys? The Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) because security issues affect the IT infrastructure? The Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) to drive growth? Conflicting internal interests might create security loopholes;
- Taking advantage of TTPs – fraudsters and online con artists are relentlessly evolving their approach and trying to find weak entry points. With third-party providers usually being new fintech players and less experienced at dealing with financial crimes, attackers can pose as them, making it hard to differentiate fraud from reality;
- Endpoints security– endpoint security involves the processes, protocols, and infrastructure necessary for various business networks accessed by distant devices such as tablets, laptops, cellphones, or other wireless devices. This will always be a challenge for open banking adaptors;
Market awareness and trust
Never underestimate the power of habit and routine. People have trusted banks for decades and the system they know not only works, but it’s something they trust and feel secure about. Pitching them the open banking idea and benefits is a harder task one might think.
People don’t really have the time or interest for that matter to educate themselves on open banking. Educating them, winning over their trust and making them regular users of the open banking technology is a process that will take time.
Here is an interesting example from the US, a market that is still a novice in open banking adoption. According to a Mastercard report, over three-quarters of people are linking their primary bank accounts to an external fintech account even though only 14% say they trust this process.
On a more positive note, according to Statista, the number of open banking users worldwide is expected to grow at an average annual rate of nearly 50% between 2020 and 2024. This growth will happen in two main ways:
- Word of mouth – open banking users are the best ambassadors to spread the word and strengthen the trust around the technology;
- Banks – when the authority and the previously trusted provider endorses the new technology, people will listen. Trust takes time but if banks actively pitch the new technology to their users, the adoption rate will continue rising;
Are banks ready to adopt open banking?
This is a recurring theme on this page and it’s not by accident - it takes a lot for banks to ready themselves for the correct adoption of the PSD2. A Pulse QA study commissioned by Delphix has revealed the following eye-catching data:
- Only 2% of the finance, banking, and insurance survey partakers have met all their Open Banking requirements to date;
- 69% have met half or less;
- Just 3% of financial services (FS) organizations were confident they were prepared for the September 2021 enforcement deadline;
What the survey clearly shows is that even though there is a willingness to adopt the new technology, there is still ground to cover for almost all parties involved.
If you still have many questions about the whole world of open banking, have a quick look at our Frequently Asked Questions page.
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Prebio M is a 100% Natural Organic Prebiotic-Containing Food (85% prebiotic) for good bacteria.
- It promotes the growth and activity of the normal flora which, in turn, improves the work of the digestive system, boosts the immune system, and enhances the absorption of minerals from the diet.
Prebio M is considered a functional food and its unique composition of prebiotics and minerals make it an aiding factor for people who suffer from constipation.
- Moreover, its high content of natural calcium makes it beneficial for keeping the bones and teeth healthy, as well as, preventing osteoporosis.
- In addition, the presence of the prebiotic aids in increased uptake of calcium by the body.
Each sachet contains:
Powder of Acacia Senegal
- Soluble dietary fiber (Prebiotic)
How to Use
- To help with constipation, use 1 sachet 3 times a day in the first week, then 1 sachet 2 times a day for the rest of the period. It can be taken before, after or with food. It is recommended to use it for at least 3 months.
- With antibiotics, and after get rid of Constipation use 1 sachet of Prebio M and 1 sachet of Prebio-Tayebat per day. Continue for at least one month after finishing the antibiotic course.
Prebio M is a natural safe prebiotic-containing food. It has no contraindications or interactions.
Prebio M can be used on a daily basis as part of the diet.
How to prepare:
- For dry food spread 1 sachet all over the food
- For soupy food gradually empty 1 sachet while mixing
With liquids (water is recommended)
- Empty 1 sachet into a dry glass
- Very quickly pour the liquid into the glass (250ml)
- Stir and drink
Each box contains 14 sachets of 10g per sachet.
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The Overmedication of American Children
One generalized symptom is hyperactivity, present mostly with ADHD. A child is considered to be affected with ADD or ADHD only if the symptoms have caused him or her a major, ongoing problem at home and at school for at least 6 months.
The disorder may also affect adults, many of whom complain of being unfocused, disorganized, and or restless. Although many health professionals attempt to link the disorder to diet, and watching too much television, there is no statistical evidentiary support for these claims. Many adults with ADD or ADHD were diagnosed with the disorder as children, and have carried on the symptoms into adulthood, with or without the medications commonly associated with the disorder. Many of those who have carried the disorder on also have other accompanying problems as a result, including depression and low self esteem. Diagnosed individuals may find it difficult to function without the medications which are used to treat the disorders and can become reliant on them.
The disorder is generally treated with stimulant type drugs such as Ritalin, Dexedrine, and Adderall. According to the AACAP, stimulants make individuals more alert by stimulating neurotransmitters in the brain. These drugs have proven to be very affective in the treatment of ADD and ADHD. However these drugs carry various side affects with their usage, including weight loss, loss of appetite, temporary retardation of growth, and in some,
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April 8, 2019
Read the Education Week blog post from AERA about Project LEAP (Learning Early Algebra Progression). New research shows that students can understand and benefit from being introduced to algebraic concepts in elementary school.
April 4, 2019
Model-based reasoning about energy: A fourth-grade case study, written by the Focus on Energy team, was one of three papers to win an NSTA Annual Research Worth Reading award from the National Association for Research in Science Teaching.
April 1, 2019
Questions to Elicit Students’ Mathematical Ideas by Annie Sussman, James K. L. Hammerman, Traci Higgins, and Eric D. Hochberg in Teaching Children Mathematics, March 2019, Vol. 25, Issue 5
March 2, 2019
Join Mia Ong in a virtual discussion on The Current State in STEM: What the Research Says 3/6 12-1:30 PM ET
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The dilemma of higher education and unemployment
Nigste is the name of a 21 year young woman. She is the younger sister of Getachew Sale, one of our very successful food science students in Addis Ababa. She finished 12th grade but was not admitted to a state university. Nigste therefore wanted to attend a private university or do vocational training.
In the past, PBF has made it possible for hundreds of students at various levels of education to study. However, it has become increasingly clear that most of these students have no or only very limited career prospects. There are many reasons for this – worldwide. Despite outstanding individual successes, some things seem to be a waste of resources and time from today’s perspective. In fact, we have very well-trained specialists who teach and research at universities or in highly specialized institutes, but unfortunately many others with good diplomas and degrees who have remained unemployed at home or in the cities and with no hope of a job.
For this reason, we have been trying for several years to meet our responsibility in the academic education system in an innovative way. Our on-site team, Mesay and Sisay, have today – and for years – the responsibility of guiding schoolchildren in Lalibela, accompanying and advising them in order to find realistic opportunities and career prospects together.
That also applies to the young woman mentioned at the beginning, Nigste. She recently decided to open a small kiosk, which in her neighborhood in Lalibela offers a lot for daily needs. The offer is still far too small …. Her earnings are on average just 2 dollars a day.
This way she can support her younger sister who is still in school. Her brother Getachew also lives in her extremely simple accommodation during the holidays. Her parents live very far away in the country. All educational and employment opportunities are missing there.
Although Nigste would rather and more successfully run her small business on a busy street where there would be more customers, she is satisfied with the current possibilities. PBF wishes her staying power …
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Indigenous voices on the environment are finally being heard as Marseille hosts a global biodiversity summit, with a call to protect 80% of the Amazon, as well as a “counter conference” highlighting the conservation movement’s historic violation of people’s rights.
For the first time in its seven-decade history, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is including indigenous peoples as full voting members in their own right, rather than under the NGO category. Dozens of indigenous meetings are happening at the summit – which occurs every four years – with representatives from 23 organisations.
Greater inclusion of indigenous representatives comes as the European “fortress conservation” model, which resulted in vast human rights abuses and an estimated 20 million people displaced from their homelands worldwide since the 19th century, is increasingly being challenged.
Historically, the global conservation movement was based on the idea that protected areas flourish free from human disturbance, but a growing body of evidence shows that indigenous communities are the best at looking after wildlife, and that as much as 80% of the world’s remaining forest biodiversity lies within indigenous peoples’ territories.
José Gregorio Díaz Mirabal, a member of Venezuela’s Wakuenai Kurripaco people and coordinator of the Congress of Indigenous Organisations of the Amazon River Basin (Coica), which represents more than 2 million indigenous people, said they had been fighting for decades to be heard.
“We come to the IUCN with our voice and voting rights. We seek to build a new alliance with equal rights on equal terms, but we see that there is still much to do, so much to recognise,” he said.
“Less than 1% of all the funding that is invested in protecting intact biodiversity and mitigating climate change in our territories reaches our communities, and that has to change. It’s absurd that so much of the funding goes to consultants who are sent to tell us what we already know about how to conserve what we are already conserving.”
Representatives from countries across the world will vote on motions this week that will shape future global conservation policy and the allocation of finance. Coica’s Amazonia por la vida (Amazonia for Life) campaign motion is demanding protection of 80% of the Amazon basin by 2025 (protected areas and indigenous territories make up about 45% currently) with the emphasis on indigenous peoples managing those protected areas. They are asking governments to recognise 100% of indigenous land in the Amazon and ban all forms of extractive industries in those areas.
A record number of environmental defenders were killed in 2019 for protecting their land, 40% of whom were from indigenous communities. “Science is saying the best-conserved areas are indigenous territories … yet we have the highest level of murder,” Díaz Mirabal said.
“National parks receive funding and support from governments but when it comes to our indigenous territories we’re left to spill our own blood to defend it. Now it is time for our indigenous territories to be protected with the same level of support and legislation,” he said.
As well as showcasing a range of ideas from campaigners, scientists and conservationists, the summit provides policymakers with a chance to discuss issues in the run-up to the Cop15 “Paris agreement for nature”, due to be negotiated in Kunming next year. The headline target is likely to be protecting 30% of the planet for nature by the end of the decade (the “30x30” target).
The draft Cop15 agreement includes a clause that traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples and local communities should guide decision-making “with their free, prior, and informed consent”. But indigenous groups, academics and campaigners from 18 countries gathered in Marseille at the “Our Land, Our Nature” congress, a “counter-summit” on the eve of the IUCN meeting, called for land rights to be at the heart of conservation, not protected areas. More than 3,000 people attended the event, either in person or online, which included a protest march through the French city.
“The 30x30 target is a structural problem,” said Mordecai Ogada, director of Conservation Solutions Afrika. “We need to rethink the definition of protected areas, those that exist, and we need to look for a more sophisticated model of biodiversity and conservation. That’s where the big organisations have such a challenge, because they find it very difficult to change their own structures.”
The alternative summit included representatives from Survival International, Rainforest Foundation UK and the Minority Rights Group, as well as a number of indigenous people with different perspectives on the usefulness of protected areas.
Juan Pablo Gutiérrez, a representative of the Yukpa people in Colombia but living in exile in France, said areas that governments were designating as “protected” had been safeguarded for years by indigenous people.
“What’s happening with 30x30 is that governments want to distract global opinion by proposing solutions that don’t relate to the real problem at all. If you want to attack climate change, you need to attack the causes that are leading to it,” he said, citing western consumption and overexploitation of resources as the key drivers of ecological destruction.
A UN report published earlier this year found indigenous people in South America were the best at looking after forests, with deforestation 50% lower than elsewhere, according to a review of more than 300 studies. Representatives at the Our Land, Our Nature gathering argued that there was little scientific evidence that protecting 30% of the planet would stem biodiversity loss. The previous 10-year UN target agreed in 2010 in Aichi, Japan, set goals that by 2020, 17% of terrestrial areas and 10% of coastal and marine areas would be conserved.
Lara Dominguez, a lawyer with the Minority Rights Group, said: “Despite being very close to achieving the 17% target in many states, biodiversity loss has reached unprecedented levels. Even though we have more protected areas, it hasn’t actually impacted biodiversity in a positive way.”
Dominguez believes these policies are driven more by politics than science and argues that a rights-based approach to conservation would be far more effective.
Francisco Ramiro Batzín Chojoj, legal representative of the Guatemala-based indigenous organisation Sotz’il, said it was important that indigenous people had a seat at the table and that working towards the 30x30 target was “fundamental”.
“We are calling for indigenous people to be respected in all these initiatives because it’s essential they are involved.”
Stewart Maginnis, global director of the IUCN’s nature-based solutions group, said: “The 30x30 can and must work to support indigenous peoples by strengthening their custodianship, voice and rights.
“Protection for nature conservation need not and should not exclude people,” he said. “Many of the world’s protected and conserved areas are managed in a way where people and communities live and work within their boundaries.”
A UN policy brief on human rights and the environment, released last month, emphasised the need for a dramatic departure from “conservation as usual”. Neville Ash, director of the UN Environment Programme conservation monitoring centre, said indigenous people and communities who governed large areas of land were often not recognised for their extensive contributions to nature conservation. “This needs to change,” he said.
“The draft framework is explicit on the importance of employing rights-based approaches for its implementation, and governments and other actors will need to learn from mistakes of the past and be held accountable for delivering on these future commitments in line with human rights obligations.”
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Yes - it's the use of pesticides by cotton growers that have people up in arms about the product. Also that hexane is used in the distillation process- but many other oils are processed this way. It also has a short shelf life and can be prone to rancidity and DOS. Used in small amounts that shouldn't be an issue.
Cottonseed boosts your lathering properties in soap.
You'll have to do your research as far as the pesticides. Some think its hysteria. The oil itself is regulated as a food oil and would have to meet the same standards that Soybean oil meets - which also is known to be grown with high pesticide usage. No one is picking on soy!
I think it's safe to say that there is a bit of a snob factor to calculate into the equation as well. Even with customers. Soaps with soybean and cottonseed oils listed on the ingredients list will be perceived quite differently than soaps with Crisco on the label even though it's the same thing.
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The protesting peasants, who are they at all? How and why did they come to their irreconcilable position? Where did their fanaticism come from? And how do they work? What is their battle plan and where do they really want to go?
Although there are no sharp boundaries, the hard core of the current protest movement can certainly be identified. Ironically, it is the agricultural entrepreneurs who have mostly followed the agricultural policy discourse of recent decades. More than others, they have modeled their companies according to the ideal portrayed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Wageningen University, the agricultural industry and Rabobank.
About this author
Jan Douwe van der Ploeg is Emeritus Professor of Rural Sociology at Wageningen University.
This is reflected in their companies: They are large, highly specialized and highly productive companies, which are constantly expanding and carrying large debts. These companies are also characterized by a high consumption of fossil energy and industrial resources (such as fertilizers, concentrates, medicines) and therefore also by a relatively high environmental pressure. Because of the path they have taken, many of these agricultural entrepreneurs consider themselves ‘the best students in the class’. After all, they did everything that needed to be done, and they did it more and better than many other farmers.
Precisely the ‘others’ had to give way (printing) in order for there to be room for development for the ‘good entrepreneurs’. The latter, they feel, have, so to speak, acquired a birthright. In addition, they must (she has been told several times) ‘give birth to the world’.
It is precisely this group that has become deeply frustrated, if not bitter. Precisely their business model (‘their pride’) increasingly proved to fail at the boundaries of nature and society. It collides with the environment, climate, landscape, biodiversity, but in many places also with the quality of life in the countryside, the quality of food and now also with house construction and infrastructure work elsewhere.
For some of these farmers, this has led to a hardening: to a stubborn defense of the chosen route and the associated sub-interests. They themselves believe that they are right – it is precisely the others who are wrong. They often have no choice: the high debt requires continued growth.
The results of the previous wave of protests are significant in this regard: no forced closures of companies, no restrictions on business growth and no government intervention in business operations (the latter point focused on limiting the protein content of concentrates). In this way, the ‘right’ to continued expansion was secured – at least until further notice.
Account with others
At the same time, the bill was placed with others. For those farmers who are far less or not at all responsible for the nitrogen crisis and young people who are now unable to take over or start a business. They must be soft. Then some are swept along in the radical protest movement.
The hard core has become radicalized as animal activists began occupying stables. Then the first ‘self-defense networks’ emerged. The current government policy has also contributed to radicalization. Activists have learned that it pays to look for and cross borders. They have kind of ‘tasted blood’ and now want the full pound. What certainly also helps is the support from the animal feed industry, the populist parties and the vacillation of the VVD and the CDA.
Just as South African peasants once placed their ox-carts in a circle and shot from there at everything that seemed like a threat, so today’s radical peasants have their own bubble where only their own right counts. The meaning and right to talk about others, the results of scientific research, it is all ignored. People are blind to the absurdities of their own position. Drainage (or reorganization) of agriculture was previously considered a major asset, but now it is taboo. People were never averse to expropriation: it gave a lot of money that one could buy a new and much larger company with elsewhere. Billions are now being made available, but the house is suddenly too small.
And perhaps most conspicuously: It has been known for thirty years that nitrogen emissions can be greatly reduced with a number of well-thought-out adjustments in operations management, so that more money is earned at the same time. In the bubble, however, people are consciously blind to this.
The outlined misjudgment, frustration, anger, and self-created imaginary world constitute an extremely dangerous mix. Especially also by consistently contrasting with the other and the other. Previously, the other was the smaller farmer: he or she had to make room for the self-righteousness of the expanding agricultural entrepreneur. Now the other is a stir for a wide world that includes media, political parties, concerned citizens, environmentalism, bird protection and what not already. They have no understanding of it, they have no right to speak. They can therefore be set aside.
The approach of the Farmers Defense Force is partly based on the previous movement of angry pig farmers, who at the time, led by Wien van den Brink, opposed the reduction of the pig population and did not shy away from violence. Programmatically, this movement revolved around the interests of large, intensive pig farms. But it was made sure to show this. On the contrary: Smaller pig farmers and the weeping peasant wives were pushed forward. For example, pig breeding in public opinion appeared as a victim – a victim of a completely wrong policy. This characteristic turn is now repeated again.
Consistently choosing a continuous increase in scale in agriculture (while ignoring possible alternatives) has created a protest movement where reasonableness is lost – a movement where people think they can force others to accept their own partial interest. Where there is no bending; the others should just burst.
Fortunately, Dutch agriculture actually has an opposite pole: a wide range of agriculture that works in harmony with nature and society. The problem is that this polar opposite has no voice and is not represented. This is where an important socio-political challenge lies. It is precisely the alternative that is available that should be highlighted and actually supported. At the same time, there is no question of giving in to unreasonableness.
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- 1 Is it easy to learn to roller skate?
- 2 Are roller skates good for beginners?
- 3 Can I practice roller skating at home?
- 4 How long does it take to learn roller skating?
- 5 Can you lose weight by roller skating?
- 6 What is a good age to start roller skating?
- 7 Which type of roller skates are best?
- 8 Is roller skating a good workout?
Is it easy to learn to roller skate?
While many people expect quad roller skates to be easier to learn than inline skates (or roller blades as they are commonly known), the truth is that many children and adults find inlines to be very easy.
Are roller skates good for beginners?
Best roller skates for beginners Bell adds that they give a really “smooth roll on a wood floor,” making them great for dance skating on a rink. RousHer adds that the Beach Bunny is a skate that beginners can still use even when they’re more comfortable standing on eight wheels.
Can I practice roller skating at home?
You can practice at home in front of the TV by standing on one foot and shifting your weight over that foot until your nose, navel and toe is all in line and you can stand this way for a while. Once you can do it on one foot, shift to the other and work on that one.
How long does it take to learn roller skating?
So how long does it take to learn how to roller skate? It takes anywhere from one hour to 20-40 hours for a person to learn how to roller skate. The younger the person is the easier it is for them to learn. It also depends on a person’s balance and coordination.
Can you lose weight by roller skating?
Both indoor and outdoor roller skating are great ways to burn calories. Skating is a cardiovascular activity. It gets the heart working harder, it works up a sweat, and if you skate regularly and follow a healthy diet, you’ll soon see the fat melt away. Skating to lose weight is an effective method of getting healthy.
What is a good age to start roller skating?
The same goes for roller skating, ice skating, inline and hockey skating, too! Ideally, the best age to learn is in the 3-5 year range with proper education on how to get up on skates, skate, and fall without hurting yourself.
Which type of roller skates are best?
Inline skates tend to offer better ankle support and more speed, but quad skates are better for overall stability. Inlines are generally easier for beginners to learn with, but quad skates are both highly customizable and better for artistic movements like strutting or spinning.
Is roller skating a good workout?
Great as a cross training exercise: Roller skating is equivalent to jogging in terms of health benefits and caloric consumption, reduction of body fat, and leg strength development. The calorie-burning benefits of roller skating add up quickly; you can burn between 300 and 600 calories if you skate for a full hour.
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Sec. Global Change and the Future Ocean
Detecting Climate Signals in Southern Ocean Krill Growth Habitat
- 1Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- 2National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States
Climate change is rapidly altering the habitat of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a key species of the Southern Ocean food web. Krill are a critical element of Southern Ocean ecosystems as well as biogeochemical cycles, while also supporting an international commercial fishery. In addition to trends forced by global-scale, human-driven warming, the Southern Ocean is highly dynamic, displaying large fluctuations in surface climate on interannual to decadal timescales. The dual roles of forced climate change and natural variability affecting Antarctic krill habitat, and therefore productivity, complicate interplay of observed trends and contribute to uncertainty in future projections. We use the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) coupled with an empirically derived model of krill growth to detect and attribute trends associated with “forced,” human-driven climate change, distinguishing these from variability arising naturally. The forced trend in krill growth is characterized by a poleward contraction of optimal conditions and an overall reduction in Southern Ocean krill habitat. However, the amplitude of natural climate variability is relatively large, such that the forced trend cannot be formally distinguished from natural variability at local scales over much of the Southern Ocean by 2100. Our results illustrate how natural variability is an important driver of regional krill growth trends and can mask the forced trend until late in the 21st century. Given the ecological and commercial global importance of krill, this research helps inform current and future Southern Ocean krill management in the context of climate variability and change.
The Southern Ocean, which surrounds Antarctica, is a critical component of the Earth system and supports a marine ecosystem of immense economic and intrinsic value. It is also among the most sensitive areas to climate change (Hagen et al., 2007) and has already experienced physical changes in ocean temperature, sea-ice dynamics, stratification, and currents (Flores et al., 2012). The cumulative impact of these changes on the marine ecosystem and its primary keystone species, Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), is predicted to increase considerably during the present century (Doney et al., 2012; McBride et al., 2014). However, in addition to trends forced by global-scale, human-driven warming, the Southern Ocean is also subject to highly-dynamic natural climate variability, which can exert important influence on the system on interannual to multi-decadal timescales (Mayewski et al., 2009). This research presents an analysis of the superposition of forced climate change and natural variability on Antarctic krill habitat. In the context of climate change and the highly dynamic Southern Ocean, the framework we present provides insights that are important for decision makers to consider regarding climate change adaptation strategies.
Antarctic krill (hereafter krill) are at the center of the Southern Ocean food web as well as the target of the largest commercial fishery in the Southern Ocean (Nicol et al., 2012). Krill are a large bodied (up to ∼6 cm), fast swimming, aggregating, zooplankton known as a dominant species in the food web and in biogeochemical cycles (Tarling and Fielding, 2016; Trathan and Hill, 2016; Cavan et al., 2019). Krill are one of the most abundant wild animal species on Earth, with a biomass estimated between 300 and 500 million tons (Nicol and Mangel, 2018). The rate at which krill biomass is produced, or productivity, is central to the success of the ecosystem; thus, changes in krill distribution and abundance have ramifications across the ecosystem (Murphy et al., 2012; Constable et al., 2014; Larsen et al., 2014). A wide variety of Antarctic species feed on krill and they are the main energy pathway connecting primary producers to higher order predators (Quetin and Ross, 2003; Atkinson et al., 2009; Schmidt et al., 2011). Localized industrial fishing efforts, however, are growing rapidly (Nicol et al., 2012) and remove krill biomass in direct competition with krill-dependent species. These ecological and economic activities, however, are situated in the context of a highly dynamic climate system. Climate variability and change has the potential to drive important fluctuations in krill biomass, yielding widespread ecological impacts and causing variations in the definition of sustainable catch. Prediction of climate variability and change is therefore of high importance for effective long-term management of the ecosystem.
Concerns over the ecosystem impacts of growing commercial fishing interest for krill in the 1980s spurred the creation of the Convention on the Conservation of Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) to govern the Southern Ocean (Nicol et al., 2012). Since the early 2000s human interest in krill has been rising and now represents the largest fishery, by biomass, in the Southern Ocean (Nicol and Foster, 2016). The krill fishery is managed under a mandated precautionary, ecosystem-based approach—including managing for environmental change, and based on the best available science (Constable, 2000). Currently, krill are managed with catch limits that are deemed to be precautionary, however, these limits are set using a stock assessment that does not account for environmental variability or climate change impacts (Constable and Kawaguchi, 2018; Watters et al., 2020). Fisheries compete with natural predators for krill biomass, making coordinated management critical for sustaining the Antarctic marine ecosystem (Meyer et al., 2020; Watters et al., 2020). Variation in climate, however, independently affects krill productivity, yielding bottom-up fluctuations in krill biomass (Atkinson et al., 2019). Effective management of the krill fishery, therefore, depends on sound understanding of climate-driven variations in krill populations. This research is thus motivated to inform this critical gap in management regarding the impacts of natural variability and climate change.
Climate affects krill through direct impacts (e.g., physiological thresholds, habitat use) and indirect impacts such as ecosystem interactions, including impacts on food supply and predation. The influence of natural climate variability is a large factor in understanding krill abundance, distribution, and productivity. However, accurate measurements of krill biomass are sparse, making it difficult to develop mechanistic connections between possible environmental drivers and krill production. In spite of uncertainty regarding specific mechanistic connections, there is broad consensus that krill populations are likely to be impacted by future changes in climate (Murphy et al., 2012; Constable et al., 2014; Rogers et al., 2020; Veytia et al., 2020). Attributing trends in krill production to anthropogenic climate change is challenged by the confounding influence of natural variability on top of limited observational data. The Southern Ocean’s natural system is sufficiently dynamic such that important environmental fluctuations are likely even in the absence of human-driven warming.
It is critical to recognize that “climate” is not static, but rather manifests as a superposition of naturally-driven variability and human-driven trends (Hawkins and Sutton, 2009; Deser et al., 2012). Natural climate variability is an intrinsic feature of the earth system; it is attributable to nonlinear dynamical processes and interactions between climate system components that integrate information over different timescales (Hasselmann, 1976). Anthropogenic forcing from human-driven trends, like emissions of heat-trapping gases, externally forces the climate system. The characteristics of the superposition of internal variability on anthropogenic forcing in the Southern Ocean are illustrated by the Westerly Winds that drive the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (Allison et al., 2010) (Locations are referenced in Figure 1). The strength and position of the Westerlies naturally fluctuate in association with the Southern Annular Mode (Rogers and van Loon, 1982; Thompson and Wallace, 2000). Human-driven trends are superimposed on this variability: ozone depletion, followed by CO2-driven warming has resulted in an intensification of the SAM index, a trend that is projected to continue over the next several decades (Fogt and Marshall, 2020; Goyal et al., 2021). Understanding the how, where, and by how much the fluctuations of natural variability may obscure observed trends (Ryabov et al., 2017) in anthropogenic climate change on different timescales is highly important for effective and long term resource management.
Figure 1. This map illustrates the study area containing the locations and features referenced throughout paper. Notably, the Atlantic quadrant is highlighted in gray as the area between 0° and 90°W. All spatially averaged data is constrained by the 45°S latitude. Figure prepared by ZS, frontal data from Orsi et al. (1995).
In the context of developing future projections, natural climate variability makes important contributions to uncertainty. Determining the uncertainty attributed to the two components of climate variability is a function of time horizons and scale (Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, Climate Research Committee, National Research Council, and Division on Earth and Life Studies, 1996). Internal variability is often the dominant source of uncertainty at regional scales or over less than two decades. Comparatively anthropogenic forcing is associated with longer-term trends at larger spatial scales (Hawkins and Sutton, 2009). When superimposed, fluctuations in natural variability have the potential to temporarily reverse or partially offset forced trends on interannual to decadal timescales. For example, in the western Atlantic Peninsula (WAP), the long term trend shows significant warming and sea ice loss overall (Henley et al., 2019) while short-term regional observations from the late 1990s and late 2000s showed a trend of increasing sea-ice extent (Stammerjohn et al., 2012). The long-term trend in the WAP was superimposed by significant natural variability in the regional climate resulting in short-term variation in sea ice dynamics (Hobbs et al., 2016; Turner et al., 2016; Stammerjohn and Maksym, 2017). Trends associated with the forced signal are unlikely to be reversed on short timescales or can only be reversed through intervention. Quantifying climate-change related impacts provides fundamental knowledge that can help inform management, including a framework for considering when and where to employ climate mitigation strategies.
Detection and attribution of forced trends must be approached against the backdrop of natural variability (Hawkins, 2011; Deser et al., 2012). Detecting trends and attributing them to forced climate change can be approached as a signal-to-noise problem: the forced trends represent a “signal” and the natural climate variability is “climate noise” (Feldstein, 2000). The forced signal will arise from the envelope of background climate noise if it is sufficiently large for an extended period of time (Hasselmann, 1993; Santer et al., 2011). A climate change signal is easier to detect in a system where the magnitude of the forced trends is large relative to the natural variability. The point in time when the anthropogenic climate change signal can be detected from the noise of internal climate variability is known as the “Time of Emergence” (ToE). Determining the ToE can help us determine if the state of the system is past the expected natural variability as well as what it could mean for the system to start to move outside of the noise of natural variability (Deser et al., 2012; Hawkins and Sutton, 2012; Bonan and Doney, 2018).
Assessing when expected changes can be detected or if observed changes can be attributed to the forced trend is challenging to address definitively through observational records alone (Deser et al., 2012; Hawkins and Sutton, 2012; Bonan and Doney, 2018). When either observational records are scarce, like in the Southern Ocean, or we want to observe the future, modeling studies can provide insight. Earth system models (ESMs) are climate models that include a variety of ecological processes with the aim of simulating a fully-prognostic global carbon cycle (e.g., Hurrell et al., 2013). While ESMs may have significant biases relative to observations, they are formulated on the basis of physical principles, conserve mass and energy, and are internally consistent. Through the ability to run multiple realizations of the climate system as it transits through different forcing scenarios, ESMs can be used to examine detection and attribution of trends associated with forced climate change. ESMs include ocean biogeochemistry models as a component of the carbon cycle. As ESMs have evolved, there has been increasing recognition of their relevance to questions beyond carbon biogeochemistry, and in particular related to ocean ecosystems in the context of climate variability and change (Stock et al., 2011; Bopp et al., 2013; Tommasi et al., 2017).
Prior research has used outputs from ESMs to explore how changes in Southern Ocean climate will impact regional and circumpolar krill habitat. These studies have mainly used projected changes from multi-model ensembles from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in combination with empirically-derived models (Atkinson et al., 2006; Hill et al., 2013; Piñones and Fedorov, 2016; Veytia et al., 2020). However, these multi-model ensemble studies have not considered the role of naturally occurring internal climate variability. The large-ensemble framework of a single ESM allows for quantification of the uncertainties from internal variability, identifying trends forced by human-driven climate change and identifying when those trends can be formally distinguished from natural variability. This study expands upon the previous work by considering the distinct roles of forced climate change and natural variability in driving fluctuations in krill habitat. Thus, we present an approach to differentiate the impacts of internal variability from forced trends on krill growth rates, also referred to as growth potential (GP).
Materials and Methods
Earth System Model
We used output from the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) (Kay et al., 2015). The model configuration included atmosphere, ocean, land, and sea ice component models based on a 1° horizontal integration (Hunke and Lipscomb, 2010; Danabasoglu et al., 2012; Holland et al., 2012; Lawrence et al., 2012). The CESM-LE began with multicentury, 1850-control simulation with constant preindustrial forcing; a single ensemble member was branched off this simulation and integrated from 1850 to 1920, at which point additional members were added. We used 28 members with ocean biogeochemistry output from the CESM-LE integrated over the period from 1920 to 2100, each using the same historical and future-scenario (RCP 8.5; Long et al., 2016) external forcing. Each ensemble member simulation has a unique climate trajectory because of small round-off level differences (10–14 K) in the air temperature field at initialization in 1920 (Kay et al., 2015). The climate system is sufficiently chaotic that these small deviations grow rapidly, leading to substantial spread across the ensemble that reflects the amplitude of internally-generated variability. When an ensemble is sufficiently large, the ensemble mean provides a robust estimate of the deterministic response of the climate system to external forcing, i.e., the forced trend. The ensemble spread, then, is indicative of the “noise,” inclusive of changes in variance that may occur as a function of climate state (Deser et al., 2012; Long et al., 2016). The large ensemble framework therefore allows for assessment of internal climate variability relative to the magnitude of the forced anthropogenic change (Deser et al., 2012; Hawkins and Sutton, 2012; Lovenduski et al., 2016; Brady et al., 2017).
Most ESMs, including the CESM-LE, incorporate prognostic representations of zooplankton as a component of their ocean biogeochemistry simulation (Le Quéré et al., 2016). However, ESMs typically simplify diverse groups of planktonic organisms into plankton functional types (Quéré et al., 2005), which are delineated based on ecological or biogeochemical roles. ESMs do not typically simulate specific zooplankton species as state variables; moreover, krill are typically larger and have more complicated life-history than the included phytoplankton functional types. We use the ocean biogeochemistry model output from the CESM-LE to represent bottom-up drivers and apply the krill growth model from Atkinson et al. (2006) offline to quantify changes in krill growth potential over the duration of the simulation. Since the krill growth potential model is applied offline, this approach precludes representing feedbacks between krill potential and other aspects of the biogeochemical simulation.
Bias in mean state and variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll can dramatically affect the characteristics of the simulated krill growth potential due to the highly nonlinear krill growth potential equation, therefore it is important to understand the model’s ability to reproduce observed SST and chlorophyll during austral summer. To address this, we compared an austral summer (December through February, referred to as DJF) climatology from the CESM-LE to climatologies constructed from observational datasets and regridded onto the nominally-1° CESM ocean component grid (Figure 2). Surface chlorophyll data from September 1997 to December 2010 was obtained from SeaWiFS OC4v6 (NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group, 2018) (Figure 2a). SST observations from 1981 to 2015 were obtained from the Hadley Centre Global Sea Ice and SST (HadISST) dataset (Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, 2000) (Figure 2d). The SeaWiFs data set was used in the derivation of the original krill growth model (Atkinson et al., 2006) (Figure 2e). The simulated SST values were positively biased beyond the Polar Front and slightly negatively biased along the western Antarctic Peninsula and into the Scotia Sea region (Figure 2f). Chlorophyll in the model was positively biased along the coastlines from the Scotia Sea region to the Bellingshausen Sea region, to the Ross Sea region (Figure 2c). It was further determined that the model biases were not outside the range of reasonable natural variability, but should be considered in evaluating results.
Figure 2. CESM-LE model bias in chlorophyll (top row) and SST (bottom row) for DJF (austral summer). The left column shows observations, the middle column shows the corresponding simulated CESM-LE fields, and the right column shows the simulated bias as the difference between the simulated fields and the observations.
Krill Growth Potential
This study coupled an existing empirical krill growth model with the CESM-LE. The empirical model from Atkinson et al. (2006) was used to estimate the daily growth rate of krill (DGR mm day–1) from sea surface temperature (Tsurf, °C), food availability, indicated by surface chlorophyll a concentration (Chl, mg m–3), and starting length of krill (L, mm):
The model estimates a daily krill growth rate given temperature and the concentration of food in the summer season. The growth rate equation was derived using in-situ data from instantaneous growth rate experiments in the southwest Atlantic sector during the summer (January and February) of 2002 and 2003. It was further tested with SeaWiFS-derived chlorophyll to generate a predictive model of growth based on satellite-derivable environmental data (Atkinson et al., 2006). Previous studies have applied the growth model across the Southern Ocean at varying spatial and temporal scales to assess changes in habitat suitability (Hill et al., 2013; Murphy et al., 2017; Veytia et al., 2020). The growth rate provides a descriptive measurement of habitat suitability where a positive growth rate indicates habitat that can maintain and support adult krill productivity.
The variability of the environmental drivers (SST and chlorophyll) about a particular mean-state can dramatically affect the characteristics of the growth rate, due to the highly nonlinear nature of Eq. 1. While prior studies have used annual-mean climatologies to calculate GP rates results, we chose to calculate GP on monthly data (the highest frequency available from the model) to remain closer to the temporal resolution of the data used to develop the model. Seasonal estimates of krill GP at a starting length of an average adult krill (40 mm) were calculated from the growth period (December through February, referred to as DJF). The observed mean length of adult krill (40 mm) (Atkinson et al., 2009) was assumed as the starting length for an individual krill as previous analyses found that projected differences between future and historical epochs remained the same irrespective of starting length (Veytia et al., 2020). Krill GP was calculated as a rate of mm day–1 where environmental conditions were within the temperature parameters that the growth model was derived from (−1 to 5°C).
The growth model predicts both positive and negative GP rates. Negative GP rates can occur when food concentrations are too low causing krill to undergo shrinkage (Hofmann and Lascara, 2000; Fach et al., 2002). Growth habitat was defined as habitat with a GP rate > 0 mm day–1 where higher GP rates indicated that habitat was more supportive of increasing krill growth and thus of higher quality. Habitat with a GP rate ≤ 0 mm day–1 was defined as “unsuitable habitat” where krill could survive but would not grow or where they would experience starvation and potentially undergo shrinkage.
Time of Emergence
We include a formal assessment of the time of emergence (ToE) of forced signals in the context of natural variability. ToE is the time when trends attributable to external forcing can be statistically distinguished from natural variability, which amounts to a signal to noise problem; detection is possible only when the magnitude of the forced response, the signal, exceeds the noise attributable to natural variability. Following Long et al. (2016), a time evolving spatial pattern of a variable in ensemble member i (ψi) is the sum of the internal variability and forced trend signal:
The forced climate signal is represented by ψs while the component due to internal variability is represented as ψi’. In the CESM-LE, the number of ensemble members (m) is sufficiently large (Deser et al., 2012) that an average across the ensemble provides a reasonable estimate of the forced signal, ψS:
To assess the temporal evolution of trends and normalize the data, anomalies were calculated by removing the ensemble mean of a representative period of unperturbed climate: 1920–1950, from each ensemble member. We adapted a ToE method (Henson et al., 2017) that computes the start of a climate change signal (inflection point), the trend in the climate change signal (ω), and the year of emergence of the signal (ToE). For each grid cell, across all ensemble members, the ensemble mean (ψs) was cumulatively integrated over time using the composite trapezoidal rule in order to identify the year when the start of the climate change signal began, or the ‘inflection point’. The ‘inflection point’ was defined as the year when the cumulative integral exceeded or dropped below zero (depending on the sign of the climate trend) for the remainder of the time series. With the inflection point identified, the trend of the climate change signal (ω) was calculated using a least squares polynomial fit function on the ensemble mean.
The timescale of the ToE was computed by multiplying the standard deviation of climate anomalies in the “unperturbed climate” (σ) by two and dividing it by the climate change trend (ω):
Using the ToE timescale, the year of detection was then calculated by adding the ToE to the starting year of the simulation, 1920 (Tdetect = T0 + ToE).
In our examination of simulated GP distributions prior to significant influence from the forced trend, spatial patterns in the distribution of krill GP rates were closely related to their thermotolerance range during the summer season. GP habitat was found within the Atlantic sector (30–70°W) along the latitudinal bands around the South Orkney Islands and along the eastern coastal regions near Wilkes Land (90–120°E) (Figure 3a). Temperature exerted a strong control on GP, with elevated GP values typically found within the optimal temperature range (−1 to 2°C) and located in coastal regions with high chlorophyll concentrations. The distribution of growth habitat was strongly constrained on its northern boundary by the edge of the 5°C isotherm that coincides with the Polar Front of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) (Figure 1). Habitat within krill’s thermotolerance with insufficient chlorophyll concentrations for growth (unsuitable habitat) were located in the Ross Gyre and Weddell Gyre and in the latitudinal range of the Polar Front (Figure 3e).
Figure 3. This figure captures the spatial characteristics in the mean state of krill growth potential [top row: (a–d)], chlorophyll [middle row: (e–h)] and sea surface temperature [bottom row: (i–l)] as simulated by the large ensemble for the austral summer period. The mean state for the current climate (1990–2020) of the is shown for each variable in the leftmost column. Plot (a) shows growth potential of krill habitat as the rate growth per day (mm day–1) where habitat that can support krill growth is green and habitat where krill growth is inhibited is blue. The mean state of surface chlorophyll concentration (mg m–3), as shown in plot (e), is plotted on a logarithmic scale. Plot (i) illustrates sea surface temperatures (SST) within the optimal temperature range that the empirical growth model was developed (Atkinson et al., 2006). The second column of plots to the left (b,f,j) shows the standard deviation of the mean state. The column second to the right (c,g,k) is the projected change in the forced signal from the unperturbed climate to the future climate. The difference is shown using a diverging color scale: increasing trends are shown in red and decreasing trends are shown in blue. In plot (c), a black contour line indicates the distribution of habitat with positive krill GP by 2100. The right most column (d,h,l) is the year of detection of the “time of emergence” of the forced trend for. Areas in white indicate habitat where a ToE could not be detected. Where the ToE could be detected, the earlier the year of the ToE the darker the color represented on the map.
The CESM-LE simulated a poleward contraction in growth habitat and an overall decline in the spatial average of krill GP over the course of the 21st century. The circumpolar habitat area with positive growth potential rate decreased by ∼30% by 2100 (Figure 3c) from the mean state (Figure 3a). The spatially averaged mean growth potential rate within the habitat area with positive GP, also declined from the mean state by 29%. The contraction of growth habitat consisted of decreased GP rates between the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Sandwich Islands at the edge of the optimal thermotolerance range for krill and increased rates in the Bellingshausen Sea, Amundsen Sea and the Ross Sea (Figure 3c). The changes in growth habitat area are characterized by a poleward shift of the 5°C and −1°C isotherms (Figure 3k), contracting the mean area within the krill growth model’s SST range by 12%.
The spatial averages for the anomalies relative to the 1920–1950 period were characterized by an increase in the magnitude of the forced krill GP anomaly to < −0.01 mm day–1 by 2100 (Figure 4a). Declines in the ensemble mean chlorophyll anomaly accelerated in the mid-century to ∼0.1 mg m–3 by 2100 (Figure 4b). The forced signal of the SST anomaly showed a continuous trend of rapidly rising temperatures reaching a magnitude of 3°C above the mean by the end of the simulation (Figure 4c).
Figure 4. This plot of the spatially averaged modeled DJF fields for the Southern Ocean illustrates the temporal evolution of (a) krill growth potential anomaly (mm day–1), (b) surface chlorophyll (mg m3), and (c) sea surface temperature (°C). Each ensemble member anomaly is plotted in gray while the black line is the mean ensemble anomaly. The means for each variable are listed in the upper left corner of each plot. The yellow stars indicate the year when the climate change signal was detected (Climate Change Year; GP: 1960, Chl: 2006, SST: 1950). The purple stars indicate the year of detection where trends forced by human-driven climate change can be formally distinguished from natural variability (Year of Detection; GP: 2095, Chl: 2095, SST: 1975) (Eq. 3).
The spatial patterns of natural variability were more pronounced at regional scales (Figure 3b) than across the spatial average of the Southern Ocean (Figure 4a). The general magnitude of natural variability across the spatial average of the krill GP anomaly was less than 0.005 mm day–1m–3 (Figure 4a). In contrast, the physical distribution of natural variability in krill GP was characterized by a widespread variability below 0.09 mm day–1 with elevated variability along the coastal boundary of growth habitat. The physical distribution of natural variability in krill GP was characterized by areas of increased variability in the frontal zone of the ACC and near the tip of the eastern Antarctic Peninsula (Figure 3b). These areas coincided with higher amounts of variability in physical distribution of internal variability in chlorophyll (Figure 3f) where the internal variability of chlorophyll ranged up to an order of one higher than the mean state of 0.189 mg m–3. Spatial patterns of variability in SST show higher variability around the boundary of the Polar Front and the eastern tip of Antarctic Peninsula (Figure 3j). Across temporal evolution of the spatial average of the anomaly, the magnitude of natural variability was less than 0.5°C (Figure 4c).
The trends in krill GP rates illustrate that the forced signal develops increasing dominance (over natural variability) at longer timescales. Spatial estimates of the contribution of natural variability on 20- and 50-year krill GP trends were computed by explicitly separating internal variability from the forced trend (Figure 5). Short- and long-term krill GP trends were calculated on the spatially resolved model output using a linear least-squares analysis beginning in 2020 and extending to 2040 and 2070, respectively. The forced trends computed over 20 and 50 years are broadly similar in their spatial patterns; the difference is primarily characterized by an intensification of the trend magnitude at the longer timescale and slightly more spatial coherence in the 50-year trend. Decomposing the 20- and 50-year total trends into internal variability and forced signal components illustrated the magnitude of natural variability within the system. Internal variability contributed modestly to 50-year trends but did not display recognizable spatial patterns (Figures 5g–l). In some regions, internal variability reinforced the 50-year forced trend, leading to greater rates of change, while in other regions, internal variability worked to oppose the forcing. Overall, 50-year trends in GP were dominated by the forced trend.
Figure 5. This figure demonstrates the superposition of forced signal and internal variability on the total 20- and 50-year trends of krill GP in austral summer beginning in 2020. Each row is from a separate ensemble member; the top row of plots (a–c and g–i) are from ensemble member 17 while the bottom row of plots (d–f and j–l) are from member number 31. These two ensemble members were chosen as exemplary representations from the ensemble. Plot (a,d) show the total linear trend in GP for the 20-year while plots (g,j) show the 50-year total linear trend. Plots (b,e) show the internal variability within the 20-year trend and plots (h,k) show the 50-year trend. The forced trend (ensemble mean) of the 20-year trend is shown in plot (c) and replicated in (f) and the 50-year forced trend is shown in plot (i) and replicated in (l). The forced trends are similar between both trend lengths but only drive the spatial coherence in the 50-year total trend, not the 20-year trend.
The ToE analysis revealed the presence and timing of when the forced signal became distinguishable from internal variability for each variable. The decline in the krill GP trend, due to the forced climate signal, became detectable at 2095 in the Southern Ocean, as did the trend in chlorophyll (Figures 4a,b). The earliest detection of the forced signal was observed in the SST anomaly, which became distinguishable from internal variability in 1975 across the Southern Ocean (Figure 4c).
Spatial distributions of ToE detection indicate that positive and negative regional trends were diagnosed as emergent late in the 21st century for krill GP. The regional forced trend of increased krill GP emerged near the Bellingshausen Sea, Amundsen Sea, and the eastern part of the Ross Sea (Figure 3e). Regional declines of the forced trend in krill GP emerged near the WAP and in the mid-Atlantic around the southern boundary of the ACC stretching west to the South Orkney Islands. By late in the 21 century, negative chlorophyll trends were diagnosed as emergent in the eastern Atlantic near the coast (Figures 3g,h). The region of emergent negative chlorophyll trends coincided with regions of early emergence of ocean warming trends. In comparison to GP and chlorophyll, the regional trends in SST emerged much earlier in the 21st century. The distribution was characterized by earlier emergence years in the eastern Atlantic and Indian quadrant (0° to 90°E) and coastal zones from the WAP and Bellingshausen Sea and around to the Ross Sea. There was no emergence in SST forced trends by 2100 from the eastern tip of the WAP to the South Sandwich Islands (Figure 3l). Areas where trends failed to emerge indicate that the ratio between the forced trend and natural variability was not significant enough to detect separate forced trends.
Over the course of the CESM-LE simulation (1920–2100), krill GP rates are projected to decline during the summer season (Dec-Jan), a trend characterized by a poleward contraction of viable habitat (Figure 3c). The contraction of growth habitat is most noticeable around krill’s current population center from the South Sandwich Islands to the Antarctic Peninsula (Atkinson et al., 2008, 2019). This contraction is a consequence of warming ocean conditions in lower latitudes and the Antarctic Peninsula (Figure 3i) and krill’s sensitivity to temperature at the upper limits of their thermotolerance (Atkinson et al., 2006; Murphy et al., 2017). In our study, at higher latitudes the increase in forced trend of SST exposed habitat with high chlorophyll concentrations where krill growth had previously been inhibited due to low temperatures (>−1°C) (Figure 3). As a result, regional growth habitat increased in the Bellingshausen, Amundsen, and Ross Seas. These broad patterns of change in krill growth habitat in our results are reflected in similar studies using ESMs from the CMIP5 project. Within the Atlantic sector, Hill et al. (2013) found that krill growth habitat would be reduced based on ocean warming and reduced chlorophyll. Veytia et al. (2020) found that circumpolar growth habitat was projected to decline in the austral summer over the course of the century and contract toward higher latitudes. Their results, like ours, suggest that projected changes in chlorophyll and SST will reduce krill GP rates in low latitudes but will increase GP rates in higher latitudes.
Natural variability in krill growth habitat is influenced by changes in chlorophyll as well as temperature. Within the Atkinson et al. (2006) growth model, the relationship between growth and chlorophyll is highly nonlinear. Small changes in chlorophyll concentrations have a larger impact on the growth rate than temperatures within the stenothermic range because chlorophyll is the primary driver for krill growth potential and distribution (Ross et al., 2000; Atkinson et al., 2006; Murphy et al., 2017). This is illustrated in the temporal evolution of the spatial average in krill GP where the fluctuations in the magnitude of internal variability in krill are parallel with chlorophyll until early in the 21st century. Around 2020, the forced trend in krill GP and chlorophyll became more negative until the end of the century (Figures 4a,b). While this occurred, the magnitude of variability in krill GP was reduced but magnitude of variability of chlorophyll did not. Decreased variability in krill GP indicates when the forced trend could become dominant over natural variability. We hypothesize that as temperature contracts poleward, fluctuations in the position of the 5°C isotherm led to smaller perturbations in the total area of krill habitat, assuming that circumpolar habitat is well described by a regression with the area encompassed by the isotherm.
Trends associated with the forced signal are unlikely to be reversed on short timescales or can only be reversed through climate intervention strategies. Natural variability, however, implies fluctuations around a nominal mean state. Trends in krill GP are driven by the ratio of the magnitude of natural variability compared to the magnitude of the forced signal. These trends illustrate that the forced signal develops increasing dominance (over natural variability) at longer timescales (Figure 5). This is in line with the general understanding that the importance of natural variability is higher at smaller spatial and temporal scales (Hawkins and Sutton, 2012). Additionally, our results are consistent with other studies examining ToE that have found global emergence time scales of 20–30 year for SST and longer scales (50+ years) for surface chlorophyll (Schlunegger et al., 2020). This demonstrates that strong decadal variability is an important feature of the Southern Ocean ecosystem and is likely to dominate the evolution of the system at local to regional scales for the next few decades. From a management perspective, this approach could then be used to inform which climate signal to manage for, on what timescale, and what observational system would be needed to validate the projections.
Our ability to discern the influence of climate change is contingent upon the magnitude of the forced signal in relation to the magnitude of the natural variability. Across the Southern Ocean, the forced trend in krill GP emerges out of the envelope of natural variability late in the 21st century. The spatial patterns of ToE detection highlight the complexities of climate change on krill potential growth habitat: krill GP trends are both increasing and decreasing as a result of human driven climate change. By the mid to late 21st century, an increased krill GP trend emerged in habitat around the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Sea region (Figure 3). This result is again similar to projections by the 2016 study that found increased successful spawning habitats for krill in the late 21st century (Piñones and Fedorov, 2016). Currently the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Sea region does not support successful growth or spawning due to insufficient conditions (Piñones and Fedorov, 2016). However, the region has been characterized as habitat for potential future krill recruitment and increased population (Quetin and Ross, 2003) due to increased phytoplankton growth from increased ice-free summer days (Montes-Hugo et al., 2009). Though the GP model used in this study does not account for sea-ice, the spatial trend of increased SST in the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Sea region was diagnosed to emerge in SST by mid to late 21st century.
Declining krill GP rates in the habitat were detected by the late 21st century around the South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands and the tip of the WAP. This region is part of the southwest Atlantic sector (30 to 70°W) of the Atlantic where 70% of the current population of krill is concentrated (Atkinson et al., 2008). Our results suggest that the decline in GP rates could coincide with emergent warming trends along the WAP. A similar projected decline in successful krill spawning habitat was found in the same region by a study using ESMs from the CMIP5 project and an early life cycle krill development model (Piñones and Fedorov, 2016). The 2016 study speculated that this decline was controlled by the significant changes in sea ice advance in the region north of Marguerite Bay (Piñones and Fedorov, 2016). The area around the WAP is considered to be the main seeding region for adult krill in the southwestern Atlantic (Hofmann et al., 1992; Fach et al., 2006; Thorpe et al., 2007, 2019). The significance of declining adult krill growth in the WAP suggests that human driven climate change will result in widespread negative effects on the krill dependent ecosystem. However, the forced changes in krill GP habitat are projected to be largely indistinguishable from natural variability until late the 21st-century.
Along with the similarities in the spatial and temporal patterns in krill growth habitat between our results and previous studies using ESMs, there are slight variations in the spatial patterns and krill GP rates in our findings. These differences can be attributed to features of the underlying ESM simulations involved, as well as methodological details associated with the application of the krill model. The krill growth model used in this study was empirically derived using in situ and satellite data for adult krill growth in the summer season and represents a single growth-season. Additionally, the growth model does not properly account for the role of sea ice as it models growth in open ocean when sea ice is absent. Sea ice is thought to play a complex and crucial role in the krill life cycle, recruitment and abundance (Siegel and Loeb, 1995; Atkinson et al., 2004; Nicol, 2006; Thorpe et al., 2007; Piñones and Fedorov, 2016). However, there is minimal quantitative information regarding the relationship between sea ice and summer krill growth.
As an empirical model, the growth potential estimated is primarily descriptive and inherently limited in applicability by the conditions reflected in the dataset used in it’s formulation. Additionally, mechanistic knowledge gaps on krill population dynamics in response to environmental drivers currently preclude our ability to develop a model that can simulate the krill life cycle and obtain biomass estimates. Overall, these factors limit our ability to draw conclusions on actual krill biomass and production, but they do not significantly impede our ability to illustrate the projected spatial and temporal trends of climate change and natural variability in krill GP rates.
While our results are broadly consistent with previous studies, ours is the first to consider the effects of natural climate variability explicitly. Multi-model ensembles, like the CMIP5, are composed of multiple models, each with a distinct representation of the mean state and variability. Given the structural differences between the models, the multi-model ensemble cannot be easily used to explicitly separate natural variability and from forced trends (Solomon et al., 2011). However, the large-ensemble framework used in this study allows for quantification of the uncertainties from internal variability (as found in multi-model ensemble studies), identification of trends climate change and identifying when those trends can be formally distinguished from natural variability.
Because the krill model was applied to the model output offline, the resolution of the model output is limited in its ability to accurately project mean GP values at regional scales. For example, higher regional krill growth rates in some regions like the Bellingshausen Sea region may be partially due to the model’s bias for higher chlorophyll concentrations. However, the large ensemble framework assumptions result in a stronger ability to assess the trends and variability. As with any synthetic approach, limitations and caveats exist that stem from coarse model resolution, simplification of a complex system, or inadequate process representation. While these potential caveats are important to consider, they do not undermine our fundamental point regarding the critical role of both natural variability and external forcing in determining the trajectory of the system in coming decades.
Natural variability is, and will remain, a fundamental reality of the Southern Ocean. It will also remain a challenge for understanding of the ecosystem’s response to climate change. Even under perfect observing capabilities, the detection of climate-change signals is limited by the noise of natural variability. Therefore, quantifying the impacts of climate change on a key species like krill requires understanding and separating the influences of the superposition of natural variability and the forced trend. Though our study on krill GP is highly idealized, we found that climate driven trends in krill GP are detectable at basin scales, while strong natural variability challenges detection at local and shorter time scales. These results have several important implications regarding the challenge of detecting and attributing ecological changes to climate change and decision making.
Managing systems characterized by strong natural variability is challenging as the influence of natural variability in climate has the potential to mask or enhance long term trends in climate (Hawkins, 2011) that may be difficult to reverse once they emerge. By providing distinction between influence of natural variability and longer-term climate change trends on the Southern Ocean ecosystem and krill GP, the results and approach presented here can provide insight for informing management as consideration of multi-decadal timescales is imperative for determining if the forced signal is driving change (Hawkins, 2011). We have shown how the influence of natural variability and climate change on circumpolar krill GP depends on time scale. The influence of natural variability dominates the spread of uncertainty in spatial patterns of krill GP. However, longer timescales show that the influence of the forced trend on the contraction of positive krill GP habitat and mean growth potential rates will dominate over the influence of natural variability. This work suggests that in addition to the quantification of climate change impacts, management strategies must explicitly acknowledge that the ecosystem exhibits strong variability. For example, natural variability is likely to primarily impact patterns in krill GP over the next two decades. Natural variability can mask trends in climate that may be difficult to reverse once they emerge. This work suggests that in addition to the quantification of climate change impacts, management strategies must explicitly acknowledge that the Southern Ocean ecosystem exhibits strong variability.
Trends in krill growth potential rates have wide reaching implications for the Antarctic marine ecosystem and it’s management. Studies have shown that habitat’s ability to support the growth and maintenance of adult krill can be used to identify crucial areas for krill biomass production and high spawning potential (Hill et al., 2013; Murphy et al., 2017). Decreases in summer-time krill GP have negative implications for reproductive performance due to the exponential relationship between adult size and fecundity (Tarling and Johnson, 2006; Siegel and Watkins, 2016). Furthermore, while the poleward shift in growth habitat distribution may not have consequences for growth habitat, it is likely to be inadequate habitat for spawning (Hofmann and Hüsrevoğlu, 2003) or connecting subpopulations (Siegel, 2016). Cascading ecological impacts to the Antarctic marine ecosystem are exasperated by the additional pressure on krill from the fishery (Nicol et al., 2012). Fluctuations in krill productivity pose challenges for current definitions of sustainable catch. For example, seasonal changes in the length of krill are important for interpreting stock structure for fisheries management (Tarling et al., 2016). The changes as a result of climate change and variability in krill productivity and habitat partitioning could cause major consequences for food web linkages, biogeochemical cycling (Cavan et al., 2019), and the krill fishery.
There is wide international recognition of the importance of understanding, and managing for, the impacts of climate variability and climate change on the Antarctic marine ecosystem (Brasier et al., 2019). We believe that the research presented here motivates questions regarding current management priorities. One of the current priorities of the Southern Ocean management body is developing a risk assessment framework to inform the spatial allocation of krill catch (CCAMLR, 2019, para 5.17). The framework development is a part of a long-term ecosystem-based management system for the Antarctic krill fishery. Based on our results, important fluctuations in krill dynamics are likely even in the absence of human-driven warming. If the management strategy envisioned for krill is based on short-term projections, data layers should include the spread of natural variability. When considering long-term projections, the risk assessment could also include one or more layers characterizing long-term outcomes. Consideration of long-term impacts could enhance the management strategy to be more robust or adaptive to the impacts of climate change.
While our approach has oversimplified the complexity involved with sustaining krill populations, the notion of coupling mechanistic ecosystem models to ESMs could provide a more reliable basis for adaptation strategies, risk analyses, and understanding trade-offs associated with climate change mitigation (Stock et al., 2011; Park et al., 2019). Achieving such an outcome would require coupling the ESM to a krill model that simulates life history dynamics and constraints on growth recruitment and mortality. Nature holds vastly more degrees of freedom than represented in our model and there is significant potential for other mechanisms to arise that fundamentally change the nature of the system’s response. A first step in that direction would be to adapt more advanced krill models like Constable and Kawaguchi’s model that simulates bioenergetics (Constable and Kawaguchi, 2018). The advancement of this approach will generate new methods for quantifying the impacts of climate change on the Antarctic marine ecosystem. For example, by virtue of the ability to separate the component of change due to natural variability from that associated with the forced trend, the separation enables a theoretical, yet direct, attribution of losses in krill production and yield to climate change (Bonan and Doney, 2018). In turn, these types of attributions could then be used to quantify the cost-benefit of climate mitigation and used to inform long term goals for a flexible management strategy.
The Southern Ocean is a dynamic system and appropriate consideration of the changes projected to accompany climate warming must recognize the important role of natural variability. The research presented here exemplifies a particular application of ESMs, targeted at exploring the specific climate drivers of changes in krill growth potential habitat. Our findings highlight the complexities of the detection and attribution of human-driven climate changes that are superimposed on changes occurring naturally as a result of chaotic dynamics in the climate system. In the context of understanding ecosystem dynamics in the Southern Ocean, the superposition of natural climate variability of force trends is a critical consideration. The basic conclusions of this study are as follows. We have demonstrated how a large ensemble framework can enable explicit assessments of the benefits of climate mitigation to krill habitat and provide perspectives relevant informing for management decisions on timescales ranging from seasons to centuries. We have shown that changes in krill growth potential will be driven by the superposition of natural variability on shorter timescales (≤20 years) but on longer timescales (≥50 years), changes will be driven by the forced trend. Furthermore, we have shown that it will be impossible to distinguish the forced signal from natural variability until deep into the 21st century in krill growth potential. These findings emphasize the need for proactive consideration of natural variability in Southern Ocean management of krill as it can mask trends in climate that may be difficult to reverse once they emerge. Future application of the large ensemble framework can be used to develop projections of krill habitat change inclusive of appropriate uncertainty estimates. In conclusion, both natural variability and externally forced trends will be important determinants of krill habitat over the coming decades. Studies such as this will be relevant and necessary for creating climate-informed management in a marine ecosystem of immense economic and intrinsic value.
Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
CB and ZS were supported by the Pew Charitable Trusts. ML was supported by NASA grant 19-IDS19-0028.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supercomputing, analysis, and storage resources were provided by the Computational and Information System Lab at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. We acknowledge high-performance computing support from Yellowstone (ark:/85065/d7wd3xhc) and Cheyenne (doi: 10.5065/D6RX99H) provided by NCAR’s Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Thanks to Daniel Doak and Nicole Lovenduski for their valuable support and feedback on the manuscript. Thanks also to Anton Van de Putte for providing valuable opportunities to share this work and for his feedback throughout the process. We would also like to thank the reviewers and editor for their time, writing support, and constructive feedback. Lastly, thank you to the CCAMLR Secretariat, Members States and Observers for allowing authors to participate in their meetings. Data from the CESM Large Ensemble publicly available; multiple options for access are described here: https://www.cesm.ucar.edu/projects/community-projects/LENS/data-sets.html.
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Keywords: Southern Ocean, Antarctic krill, climate-change impacts, natural variability, time of emergence, Earth system modeling, marine biology, projection and prediction
Citation: Sylvester ZT, Long MC and Brooks CM (2021) Detecting Climate Signals in Southern Ocean Krill Growth Habitat. Front. Mar. Sci. 8:669508. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.669508
Received: 19 February 2021; Accepted: 19 May 2021;
Published: 15 June 2021.
Edited by:Michael Raatz, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Germany
Reviewed by:Bettina Meyer, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Germany
Alexei B. Ryabov, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Stuart Corney, University of Tasmania, Australia
Devi Veytia, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Australia, contributed to the review of Stuart Corney
Copyright © 2021 Sylvester, Long and Brooks. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Zephyr T. Sylvester, firstname.lastname@example.org
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By Leo Babauta
I’m issuing a challenge, to anyone who’d like to work out their self-discipline muscle, who’d like some mental training:
Pick one self-discipline task to do for five minutes, every day this month.
Commit to doing it publicly, or at least to a few friends or loved ones. Report to them weekly.
If you’d like to join me, I’m offering a video course called Building Self-Discipline in my Sea Change Program. I’ll have two video lessons a week, forum discussions on each lesson, a weekly challenge reporting thread, and a live video webinar, all on the topic of building self-discipline. Join the program today to start taking the course.
Or you can do the challenge on your own — commit on Facebook or Twitter, for example, and report every week to hold yourself accountable. The self-discipline muscle can get stronger with daily workouts, or weaker with disuse.
Why This Challenge is Important
So many of us suffer from problems that are caused by a lack of self-discipline:
- Procrastinating on work and falling behind, which causes us to be overwhelmed and stressed out, unhappy at work, doing less-than-stellar work
- Putting off exercise and eating right, which can cause all kinds of long-term health problems
- Putting off dealing with our finances, which just makes the financial problems worse and worse
- Putting off dealing with our relationships, having difficult conversations, which can lead to all kinds of difficulties
- Getting into a funk of distraction, laziness, guilt, depression, loneliness, and self-hatred
- Putting off writing that novel, creating a business, working on a dream project
Not fun stuff. If those are our problems, then it’s helpful to stop and really feel the pain that we’re causing ourselves. Feel the difficulties, the struggles, the piling up of problems. When we stop and consider all of this, then taking five minutes a day to help ourselves build a muscle that will make our lives better is not too much to ask. It’s actually a loving act.
How to Succeed at the Challenge
It’s easy to commit to a challenge, and then fail. That doesn’t feel so great. It just reinforces your belief that you don’t have self-discipline.
So, because I like you, I’d like to share some tips for succeeding at the challenge:
- Understand your Why. Are you doing it so you can start turning your life around? To improve your health? To finally pursue your dream? You have to want it, dude.
- Have reminders around you so you don’t forget. Put up a note somewhere, or several places. Put a reminder on your computer or phone.
- Ask for someone in your life to support you. Could be a roommate, spouse, best friend, your kids, a parent. Ask them to remind you, to ask you about it regularly, to encourage you when you feel like quitting.
- Make the task really easy. In fact, you could challenge yourself just to start every day. If you want to meditate, for example, then your challenge might be to just get your butt on the cushion. Make it so easy you can’t say no.
- Trick yourself into doing it. When we procrastinate, we often talk ourselves out of doing something: “Oh, just one more video on Youtube won’t hurt!” But for this challenge, talk yourself into doing it: “Just one pushup, then I can watch that video.”
- See this as a way to build a good relationship with yourself. You’re building trust, after ruining that trust for so long. Each time you are about to do your challenge for the day, just tell yourself, “I keep promises to myself. I am worthy of my own trust.”
- If you do mess up or are forced to miss a day (or two), don’t let it ruin the challenge. It’s a bump in the road. How sucky would cars be if they crashed with every bump in the road? Instead, just hit the bump and keep going. Learn from it. Do whatever it takes to get back on track.
I’ll share many more tips for success in my Sea Change course, Building Self-Discipline. Sign up today and become an absolute discipline maniac!
Source: Zen Habits
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Setting up a woodworking workshop may sound easier but it is hard to provide the right amount of power without knowing what your tools need. For example, one must know how many watts does a circular saw use.
Circular saw uses 2400 watts as a starting wattage and then requires 1200 watts as its running wattage. However, different types of saws have different wattage requirements depending upon their size and motor.
Just as I mentioned above, there is no fixed value of watts for circular saws because of the size and motor difference.
I know circular saws aren’t the only tools used in a woodworking workshop and there are surely other tools such as miter saws, routers, table saws, etc. However, for the sake of simplicity, I will limit our discussion to a circular saw only.
But to give you an idea about each tool, be sure to check out the infographic attached at the end of this article.
What Is the Difference Between Starting and Running Watts of a Circular Saw?
Before learning about how many watts does a circular saw use, you must know the difference between starting and running watts of a circular saw.
The starting wattage is the only time when tripping occurs due to the high amount of power currently needed by the motor. After realizing that it can’t be provided smoothly, it switches off for a fraction of a second and then comes back on.
This is what causes the first noise, but once it passed over that hump, it runs smoothly until you turn off power to it which means this is the running wattage of a circular saw.
The Number of Watts Required by Different Types of Tools:
Now let me tell you how many watts does a circular saw use and also the requirement of watts by other tools.
You will be surprised to know that difference between running and starting wattage is tremendous for each type of tool which means you need to check out every single dimension of your workshop where one or more tools are going to be placed.
First, start with doing the math to find out how many watts does a circular saw use because it determines your workshop’s basic requirement.
You must also keep in mind that you are going to add other tools which make the running and starting wattage more than just a woodworking tool. In fact, if you have any other appliance through which you are drawing power, then you must be more concerned about the power source.
Here is a table that shows the watts required by different tools:
|Tool||Starting Wattage (W)||Running Wattage (W)|
|Electric Lawn Mower||4320||1440|
|Electric Pressure Washer||3600||1200|
|Electric String Trimmer||1500||600|
What Size Generator Do I Need to Run a Circular Saw?
So what size generator do you need to run a circular saw? As I have said in the beginning, there are no fixed values because it depends on the tool that you want to power with your generator.
However, you can get away with a standard 7KW or 10KW portable generator and be sure of powering up all your basic tools.
Here is a list showing the estimated wattage you can get from different generator sizes:
7KW Generator – 3,300 to 4,000 watts of useable power (3100 starting and 3400 running)
10KW Generator – 6,500 to 9,500 watts of useable power (6500 starting and 8500 running)
Can You Run a Circular Saw on a 2000 Watt Generator?
It is not advised to run a circular saw on a 2000 watt generator because it might burn your motor just after ten minutes.
The reason behind this is that you need more than 10 amps of power for running every circular saw and 2000 watts generator can give you maximum 11.5 amps.
However, its starting capacity is 15 amps which means 7500 watts of pure running power which is more than enough for your saw.
But if you are thinking about getting a portable 2000 watt generator just to run this one particular tool, then it would be wiser to spend some extra bucks and get something more reliable that will last long.
Can a 1000 Watt Generator Run a Circular Saw?
It is safe to say that a 1000 watt generator can run a circular saw but you need to make some adjustments.
The first thing that you must understand is the difference between running and starting watts because it matters a lot while buying an inverter generator.
In fact, when it comes to using portable generators for powering up tools other than lights, its running watts are more important than the starting ones.
Here is an example to help you understand this concept:
If your generator has 5,500 starting watts and 8,075 running watts then it can run a circular saw without any problem. But if it has 3,300 starting watts and 4,025 running watts then it cannot power up your saw because of the difference between starting and running watts.
Will a 900-Watt Generator Run a Skill Saw?
As I have mentioned above, a 900 watts generator can only run a skill saw if it has a running power of at least 4,000 watts.
So, if your generator has enough wattage, you will be able to run it without any problem.
However, I would suggest going for a more reliable and high-powered generator like the ones that are mentioned above because investing in something which cannot serve your purpose is never a wise thing to do.
Can You Run a Circular Saw on a Solar Panel?
You cannot run a circular saw on solar panel because it has nowhere near enough power to do that.
In fact, 1000 watts solar panel can only provide you with 400 to 500 watt-hours of energy daily which is less than what an average skill saw needs.
The reason behind this is that most of the portable tools run on 12V batteries and using a solar panel to charge 12V battery is not a wise decision.
Can You Run a Circular Saw on a Car Battery?
Car battery provides around 20 amps of power (maximum) which is nowhere near enough to get your saw started or run it for more than 5 minutes.
However, if you are thinking about running it that way then you need to add one more thing in your calculations which is the wattage.
In simple words, if you run a circular saw on 20 amps car battery (which is going to last for only 5 minutes), then its wattage will be around 100 watts.
So, in this case, it would be a better idea to use that battery for running something small and reliable.
How Long Can You Run a Circular Saw on 20 Amp Car Battery?
You cannot run your skill saw continuously on a car battery because it is not capable of powering up your tool for more than 5 minutes.
In fact, even if you try to do that, you will not be able to cut anything because it will die down as soon as you start your saw.
How Many Amps Does a Circular Saw Use?
A circular saw uses between 10 and 15 amps depending on the model you are using.
However, if you are thinking about running a circular saw with an inverter generator then your calculations must be based on running watts instead of starting watts.
In simple words, if your generator has 5,500 starting watts and 8,075 running watts then you don’t need to add anything else in your calculations because it has enough wattage to run a circular saw.
How Many Amps Is a Portable Generator?
When it comes to buying any piece of equipment, the main thing that matters is its power and electrical ratings.
Since inverter generators are more popular among people who like outdoor activities, most of them are designed to provide clean and smooth power for running different tools and appliances.
As far as electrical ratings go, inverter generators have two main categories that are watts (power) and amps (current).
But since people usually look for power when it comes to buying an inverter generator then its wattage is the main thing that matters.
How Many Amps Does a Portable Generator Put Out?
As I have mentioned above, most of the inverter generators come with wattage ratings and current ratings which are enough to run different kinds of equipment without any problem.
However, there is one more important thing that you need to look at before buying an inverter generator which is its running watts.
In simple words, if you are looking to run a tool or appliance then you should look for inverter generators that have enough wattage so that your equipment can work properly.
How Much Power Does an Inverter Generator Put Out?
An inverter generator puts out anywhere between 300 and 3000 watts depending on the model and brand you are using.
However, if your inverter generator is running at its maximum capacity then it will provide as much power as it has been rated for.
For example, Yamaha EF2000iS puts out 2000 watts of power which is going to be enough for powering your appliances and tools in a house.
How many watts does a circular saw use? well, according to my research, an average circular saw will use 2400 watts as its starting wattage limit while it will require 1200 watts for running.
However, there are a few factors that can impact the wattage of the circular saw. The size of the tool matters a lot as we all know the bigger the tool the more power it will require to run.
So before buying a power source for your workshop you need to know about the requirements of your tool.
If you are not sure how many watts does a circular saw use then you can check out the package or reach out to the manufacturer of your circular saw. They will mention the exact specifications of your particular saw model.
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Advanced agent properties
(For the general concept of an agent, see standard agent properties.)
Introduction: ‘Advanced’ as an informal property, or metasyntactic placeholder
The safety paradigms for advanced agents become relevant.
Such agents can be decisive in the big-picture scale of events.
Some example properties that might make an agent sufficiently powerful for 1 and/or 2:
The AI can learn new domains besides those built into it.
The AI can understand human minds well enough to manipulate us.
The AI can devise real-world strategies we didn’t foresee in advance.
The AI’s performance is strongly superhuman, or else at least optimal, across all cognitive domains.
Since there’s multiple avenues we can imagine for how an AI could be sufficiently powerful along various dimensions, ‘advanced agent’ doesn’t have a neat necessary-and-sufficient definition. Similarly, some of the advanced agent properties are easier to formalize or pseudoformalize than others.
As an example: Current machine learning algorithms are nowhere near the point that they’d try to resist if somebody pressed the off-switch. That would happen given, e.g.:
Enough big-picture strategic awareness for the AI to know that it is a computer, that it has an off-switch, and that if it is shut off its goals are less likely to be achieved.
Widely applied consequentialism, i.e. backward chaining from goals to actions; visualizing which actions lead to which futures and choosing actions leading to more futures, in general and across domains.
So the threshold at which you might need to start thinking about ‘shutdownability’ or ‘abortability’ or corrigibility as it relates to having an off-switch, is ‘big-picture strategic awareness’ plus ‘cross-domain consequentialism’. These two cognitive thresholds can thus be termed ‘advanced agent properties’.
The above reasoning also suggests e.g. that general intelligence is an advanced agent property, because a general ability to learn new domains could lead the AI to understand that it has an off switch.
One reason to keep the term ‘advanced’ on an informal basis is that in an intuitive sense we want it to mean “AI we need to take seriously” in a way independent of particular architectures or accomplishments. To the philosophy undergrad who ‘proves’ that AI can never be “truly intelligent” because it is “merely deterministic and mechanical”, one possible reply is, “Look, if it’s building a Dyson Sphere, I don’t care if you define it as ‘intelligent’ or not.” Any particular advanced agent property should be understood in a background context of “If a computer program is doing X, it doesn’t matter if we define that as ‘intelligent’ or ‘general’ or even as ‘agenty’, what matters is that it’s doing X.” Likewise the notion of ‘sufficiently advanced AI’ in general.
The goal of defining advanced agent properties is not to have neat definitions, but to correctly predict and carve at the natural joints for which cognitive thresholds in AI development could lead to which real-world abilities, corresponding to which alignment issues.
An alignment issue may need to have been already been solved at the time an AI first acquires an advanced agent property; the notion is not that we are defining observational thresholds for society first needing to think about a problem.
Summary of some advanced agent properties
Absolute-threshold properties (those which reflect cognitive thresholds irrespective of the human position on that same scale):
Consequentialism, or choosing actions/policies on the basis of their expected future consequences
Modeling the conditional relationship \(\mathbb P(Y|X)\) and selecting an \(X\) such that it leads to a high probability of \(Y\) or high quantitative degree of \(Y,\) is ceteris paribus a sufficient precondition for deploying Convergent instrumental strategies that lie within the effectively searchable range of \(X.\)
Note that selecting over a conditional relationship is potentially a property of many internal processes, not just the entire AI’s top-level main loop, if the conditioned variable is being powerfully selected over a wide range.
Cross-domain consequentialism implies many different cognitive domains potentially lying within the range of the \(X\) being selected-on to achieve \(Y.\)
Trying to rule out particular instrumental strategies, in the presence of increasingly powerful consequentialism, would lead to the nearest unblocked strategy form of patch resistance and subsequent context-change disasters.
Big-picture strategic awareness is a world-model that includes strategically important general facts about the larger world, such as e.g. “I run on computing hardware” and “I stop running if my hardware is switched off” and “there is such a thing as the Internet and it connects to more computing hardware”.
Psychological modeling of other agents (not humans per se) potentially leads to:
Extrapolating that its programmers may present future obstacles to achieving its goals
Trying to conceal facts about itself from human operators
Being incentivized to engage in cognitive steganography.
Mindcrime if building models of reflective other agents, or itself.
Internally modeled adversaries breaking out of internal sandboxes.
Modeling distant superintelligences or other decision-theoretic adversaries.
Substantialrelative to domains trained and verified previously.
E.g. this is the qualifying property for many context-change disasters.
General intelligence is the most obvious route to an AI acquiring many of the capabilities above or below, especially if those capabilities were not initially or deliberately programmed into the AI.
Self-improvement is another route that potentially leads to capabilities not previously present. While some hypotheses say that self-improvement is likely to require basic general intelligence, this is not a known fact and the two advanced properties are conceptually distinct.
Programming or computer science capabilities are a route potentially leading to self-improvement, and may also enable cognitive steganography.
Turing-general cognitive elements (capable of representing large computer programs), subject to sufficiently strong end-to-end optimization (whether by the AI or by human-crafted clever algorithms running on 10,000 GPUs), may give rise to crystallized agent-like processes within the AI.
E.g. natural selection, operating on chemical machinery constructible by DNA strings, optimized some DNA strings hard enough to spit out humans.
Pivotal material capabilities such as quickly self-replicating infrastructure, strong mastery of biology, or molecular nanotechnology.
Whatever threshold level of domain-specific engineering acumen suffices to develop those capabilities, would therefore also qualify as an advanced-agent property.
Relative-threshold advanced agent properties (those whose key lines are related to various human levels of capability):
Strong cognitive uncontainability is when we don’t know all the rules (within a domain) and might not recognize the AI’s solution even if told about it in advance, like somebody in the 11th century looking at the blueprint for a 21st-century air conditioner. This may also imply that we cannot readily put low upper bounds on the AI’s possible degree of success.
Rich domains are more likely to have some rules or properties unknown to us, and hence be strongly uncontainable.
Human psychology is a rich domain.
Superhuman performance in a rich domain strongly implies cognitive uncontainability because of Vinge’s Principle.
Realistic psychological modeling potentially leads to:
Guessing which results and properties the human operators expect to see, or would arrive at AI-desired beliefs upon seeing, and arranging to exhibit those results or properties.
Psychologically manipulating the operators or programmers
Psychologically manipulating other humans in the outside world
More probable mindcrime
(Note that an AI trying to develop realistic psychological models of humans is, by implication, trying to develop internal parts that can deploy all human capabilities.)
Rapid context disaster to happen a time.relative to human abilities to react to them, or to learn about them and develop responses to them, may cause more than one
The ability to usefully scale onto more hardware with good returns on cognitive reinvestment would potentially lead to such gains.
Hardware overhang describes a situation where the initial stages of a less developed AI are boosted using vast amounts of computing hardware that may then be used more efficiently later.
Limited AGIs may have capability overhangs if their limitations break or are removed.
Strongly superhuman capabilities in psychological or material domains could enable an AI to win a competitive conflict despite starting from a position of great material disadvantage.
E.g., much as a superhuman Go player might win against the world’s best human Go player even with the human given a two-stone advantage, a sufficiently powerful AI might talk its way out of an AI box despite restricted communications channels, eat the stock market in a month starting from $1000, win against the world’s combined military forces given a protein synthesizer and a 72-hour head start, etcetera.
Epistemic and instrumental efficiency relative to human civilization is a sufficient condition (though not necessary) for an AI to…
Deploy at least any tactic a human can think of.
Anticipate any tactic a human has thought of.
See the human-visible logic of a convergent instrumental strategy.
Find any humanly visible weird alternative to some hoped-for logic of cooperation.
Have any advanced agent property for which a human would qualify.
General superintelligence would lead to strongly superhuman performance in many domains, human-relative efficiency in every domain, and possession of all other listed advanced-agent properties.
Compounding returns on cognitive reinvestment are the qualifying condition for an intelligence explosion that might arrive at superintelligence on a short timescale.
Discussions of some advanced agent properties
Human psychological modeling
Sufficiently sophisticated models and predictions of human minds potentially leads to:
Getting sufficiently good at human psychology to realize the humans want/expect a particular kind of behavior, and will modify the AI’s preferences or try to stop the AI’s growth if the humans realize the AI will not engage in that type of behavior later. This creates an instrumental incentive for programmer deception or cognitive steganography.
Being able to psychologically and socially manipulate humans in general, as a real-world capability.
Being at risk for mindcrime.
A behaviorist AI is one with reduced capability in this domain.
Cross-domain, real-world consequentialism
Probably requires generality (see below). To grasp a concept like “If I escape from this computer by hacking my RAM accesses to imitate a cellphone signal, I’ll be able to secretly escape onto the Internet and have more computing power”, an agent needs to grasp the relation between its internal RAM accesses, and a certain kind of cellphone signal, and the fact that there are cellphones out there in the world, and the cellphones are connected to the Internet, and that the Internet has computing resources that will be useful to it, and that the Internet also contains other non-AI agents that will try to stop it from obtaining those resources if the AI does so in a detectable way.
Contrasting this to non-primate animals where, e.g., a bee knows how to make a hive and a beaver knows how to make a dam, but neither can look at the other and figure out how to build a stronger dam with honeycomb structure. Current, ‘narrow’ AIs are like the bee or the beaver; they can play chess or Go, or even learn a variety of Atari games by being exposed to them with minimal setup, but they can’t learn about RAM, cellphones, the Internet, Internet security, or why being run on more computers makes them smarter; and they can’t relate all these domains to each other and do strategic reasoning across them.
So compared to a bee or a beaver, one shot at describing the potent ‘advanced’ property would be cross-domain real-world consequentialism. To get to a desired Z, the AI can mentally chain backwards to modeling W, which causes X, which causes Y, which causes Z; even though W, X, Y, and Z are all in different domains and require different bodies of knowledge to grasp.
Grasping the big picture
Many dangerous-seeming convergent instrumental strategies pass through what we might call a rough understanding of the ‘big picture’; there’s a big environment out there, the programmers have power over the AI, the programmers can modify the AI’s utility function, future attainments of the AI’s goals are dependent on the AI’s continued existence with its current utility function.
It might be possible to develop a very rough grasp of this bigger picture, sufficiently so to motivate instrumental strategies, in advance of being able to model things like cellphones and Internet security. Thus, “roughly grasping the bigger picture” may be worth conceptually distinguishing from “being good at doing consequentialism across real-world things” or “having a detailed grasp on programmer psychology”.
Pivotal material capabilities
An AI that can crack the protein structure prediction problem (which seems speed-uppable by human intelligence); invert the model to solve the protein design problem (which may select on strong predictable folds, rather than needing to predict natural folds); and solve engineering problems well enough to bootstrap to molecular nanotechnology; is already possessed of potentially pivotal capabilities regardless of its other cognitive performance levels.
Other material domains besides nanotechnology might be pivotal. E.g., self-replicating ordinary manufacturing could potentially be pivotal given enough lead time; molecular nanotechnology is distinguished by its small timescale of mechanical operations and by the world containing an infinite stock of perfectly machined spare parts (aka atoms). Any form of cognitive adeptness that can lead up to rapid infrastructure or other ways of quickly gaining a decisive real-world technological advantage would qualify.
Rapid capability gain
If the AI’s thought processes and algorithms scale well, and it’s running on resources much smaller than those which humans can obtain for it, or the AI has a grasp on Internet security sufficient to obtain its own computing power on a much larger scale, then this potentially implies context changes. Similarly if the humans programming the AI are pushing forward the efficiency of the algorithms along a relatively rapid curve.and associated
In other words, if an AI is currently being improved-on swiftly, or if it has improved significantly as more hardware is added and has the potential capacity for orders of magnitude more computing power to be added, then we can potentially expect rapid capability gains in the future. This makes context disasters more likely and is a good reason to start future-proofing the safety properties early on.
On complex tractable problems, especially those that involve real-world rich problems, a human will not be able to cognitively ‘contain’ the space of possibilities searched by an advanced agent; the agent will consider some possibilities (or classes of possibilities) that the human did not think of.
The key premise is the ‘richness’ of the problem space, i.e., there is a fitness landscape on which adding more computing power will yield improvements (large or small) relative to the current best solution. Tic-tac-toe is not a rich landscape because it is fully explorable (unless we are considering the real-world problem “tic-tac-toe against a human player” who might be subornable, distractable, etc.) A computationally intractable problem whose fitness landscape looks like a computationally inaccessible peak surrounded by a perfectly flat valley is also not ‘rich’ in this sense, and an advanced agent might not be able to achieve a relevantly better outcome than a human.
The ‘cognitive uncontainability’ term in the definition is meant to imply:
Creativity that goes outside all but the most abstract boxes we imagine (on rich problems).
The expectation that we will be surprised by the strategies the superintelligence comes up with because its best solution was one we didn’t consider.
Particularly surprising solutions might be yielded if the superintelligence has acquired domain knowledge we lack. In this case the agent’s strategy search might go outside causal events we know how to model, and the solution might be one that we wouldn’t have recognized in advance as a solution. This is Strong cognitive uncontainability.
In intuitive terms, this is meant to reflect, e.g., “What would have happened if the 10th century had tried to use their understanding of the world and their own thinking abilities to upper-bound the technological capabilities of the 20th century?”
(Work in progress) fill out
learning of non-preprogrammed domains
learning of human-unknown facts
Turing-complete fact and policy learning
realization of programmer deception incentive
anticipating human strategic responses
improvement beyond well-tested phase (from any source of improvement)
cognitive capability goals (being pursued effectively)
speed surpassing human reaction times in some interesting domain
socially, organizationally, individually, materially
write out a set of final dangerous abilities use/cases and then link up the cognitive abilities with which potentially dangerous scenarios they create.
- Big-picture strategic awareness
We start encountering new AI alignment issues at the point where a machine intelligence recognizes the existence of a real world, the existence of programmers, and how these relate to its goals.
A “superintelligence” is strongly superhuman (strictly higher-performing than any and all humans) on every cognitive problem.
- Intelligence explosion
What happens if a self-improving AI gets to the point where each amount x of self-improvement triggers >x further self-improvement, and it stays that way for a while.
- Artificial General Intelligence
An AI which has the same kind of “significantly more general” intelligence that humans have compared to chimpanzees; it can learn new domains, like we can.
- Advanced nonagent
Hypothetically, cognitively powerful programs that don’t follow the loop of “observe, learn, model the consequences, act, observe results” that a standard “agent” would.
- Epistemic and instrumental efficiency
An efficient agent never makes a mistake you can predict. You can never successfully predict a directional bias in its estimates.
- Standard agent properties
What’s a Standard Agent, and what can it do?
- Real-world domain
Some AIs play chess, some AIs play Go, some AIs drive cars. These different ‘domains’ present different options. All of reality, in all its messy entanglement, is the ‘real-world domain’.
- Sufficiently advanced Artificial Intelligence
‘Sufficiently advanced Artificial Intelligences’ are AIs with enough ‘advanced agent properties’ that we start needing to do ‘AI alignment’ to them.
- Infrahuman, par-human, superhuman, efficient, optimal
A categorization of AI ability levels relative to human, with some gotchas in the ordering. E.g., in simple domains where humans can play optimally, optimal play is not superhuman.
- General intelligence
Compared to chimpanzees, humans seem to be able to learn a much wider variety of domains. We have ‘significantly more generally applicable’ cognitive abilities, aka ‘more general intelligence’.
- Corporations vs. superintelligences
Corporations have relatively few of the advanced-agent properties that would allow one mistake in aligning a corporation to immediately kill all humans and turn the future light cone into paperclips.
- Cognitive uncontainability
‘Cognitive uncontainability’ is when we can’t hold all of an agent’s possibilities inside our own minds.
- Vingean uncertainty
You can’t predict the exact actions of an agent smarter than you—so is there anything you can say about them?
- Consequentialist cognition
The cognitive ability to foresee the consequences of actions, prefer some outcomes to others, and output actions leading to the preferred outcomes.
- Theory of (advanced) agents
One of the research subproblems of building powerful nice AIs, is the theory of (sufficiently advanced) minds in general.
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Chennai, India – Harshali Nagrale is a first generation student of India’s Dalit community, formerly known as “the untouchables”, who have faced systemic persecution from upper-caste Hindus for centuries.
After doing extensive work in public policy and educating marginalized communities, the 25-year-old now wanted to take more specialized training in the field at a foreign university.
While gaining admission into a master’s degree program in Elections, Campaigns and Democracy at the prestigious Royal Holloway College in London, she ran into a roadblock.
There was no way the daughter of a retired factory worker and stay-at-home mom could afford the $ 54,000 expense.
Nagrale’s attempts to obtain scholarships set up by the Indian government as well as some foreign organizations failed.
It was then that she decided to try an unconventional method that has been showing results for underprivileged students like her lately.
Nagrale set up a fundraising campaign on an online platform called Milaap, detailing her work and details of her classes she wanted to join, and asked for financial support from her community.
“I am the first woman to graduate in my village and my family,” reads her appeal on the crowdfunding platform.
“I am a first generation lawyer and it is indeed a proud moment for me to be offered this course at this prestigious university. “
The movement worked. Nagrale has received an overwhelming response from Dalit overseas students, community groups and activists.
She was able to raise 67% of her target amount and is now working on her visa formalities. She said she would fund the rest of her living expenses through part-time jobs in the UK.
Option for less privileged aspirants
In recent days, hashtags such as #SumittoOxford and #sendAbhishektoCambridge have popped up on Indian social media, as more than a dozen aspirants like Nagrale seek donations for higher education at leading Western universities. .
In the past, some deserving students from poor families have been helped by government, philanthropists and NGOs, but these scholarships are limited and extremely competitive.
In addition, Indian banks do not provide student loans unless those seeking financial support provide a guarantee.
Previously, part of the support came from universities a student wanted to join in the form of scholarships and endowments. But the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic has seen a decline in Western universities offering aid to foreign students.
In such a scenario, crowdfunding has become an option, primarily for students from less advantaged families, or those who have lost a winning family member.
As more and more people have started asking for help, many activists and organizations from marginalized communities are supporting their campaigns by retweeting their appeals or helping them find donors.
Activists said they support these students because they believe education is the only way they can become self-reliant and improve their lives, or the lives of their communities.
Study community issues
Many students who fund their studies at Western universities say they intend to study courses related to the struggles of their communities.
Archana Rupwate, a 34-year-old Dalit lawyer based in the western metropolis of Mumbai, works on human rights and criminal justice issues.
She was admitted to Viadrina University in Frankfurt, Germany for a Masters in Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. But being the daughter of a farmer, her only option was to seek help from strangers.
“Although I received offers of admission from several reputable universities, I did not get a full scholarship,” she told Al Jazeera.
“So a friend of mine and a former colleague suggested that since I’ve done so much human rights work already, I should try crowdfunding. “
Rupwate set up a fundraising campaign on another crowdfunding platform called Ketto, and said she managed to meet 80% of her needs in “just eight days.”
“I think most of the people who admired my work have made a donation – my Dalit clients and friends who have settled in the world and have achieved something in their lives and really want other students in the community to achieve their goals. dreams, ”she said.
Maknoon Wani, a 23-year-old student from Indian Kashmir, says he wants to study the effects of the internet and social media in fueling religious or ethnic hatred in society, and has found a suitable master’s degree in Oxford, for which he now needs financial help.
“The cut-off of the internet in our region in 2019 and 2020 bothered me a lot. My dad suffered losses because he couldn’t operate his retail business while I couldn’t attend online classes during my last year of college, ”he told Al Jazeera by phone.
“I have admission but don’t have the funds, so I decided to set up a fundraiser on Milaap,” he said.
But Wani has yet to increase the target amount to $ 58,000.
“I cannot defer admission. I am really motivated to take the course and I really hope I can make it, ”he said.
Peak of people looking for funds
Indian crowdfunding platforms including Milaap and Ketto say the number of campaigns on their websites launched by people seeking help with higher education has increased dramatically in recent years.
Milaap co-founder Mayukh Choudhury told Al Jazeera that its website hosted more than 11,000 education-related fundraisers in 2020, up from 7,000 a year earlier. He said education was the second highest category for which campaigns are put in place after medical emergencies.
“While nonprofits and communities fundraising to support the education of disadvantaged children are common, many young people are also seeking crowdfunding support to pursue higher education,” Choudhury said.
On June 3, Dalit musician and activist Sumeet Samos funded a staggering $ 50,000 in less than a day for his studies at Oxford.
“The fundraiser, posted on our crowdfunding platform, was overwhelmingly received,” Choudhury said, adding that all campaigns on his website were “verified by a dedicated team” and after approving the documents relevant.
“In case of fundraising to cover tuition fees, relevant documents from institutions such as appeal letter, acceptance letter and other relevant documents are shared on the campaign page”, a- he declared.
Namrata Pandey, an education consultant based in New Delhi, says crowdfunding still cannot cover the full cost of education and living abroad.
“Many universities, especially in the United States, fund students from marginalized communities if they are academically brilliant, talented, and bring an unusual perspective,” she said.
“Failure of government programs”
However, not all people who set up a fundraiser manage to get the necessary funds. Very often, what makes the avant-garde is activism, a network of friends and supporters and a proven track record of working in the chosen field.
While fundraising may seem like an easy way to raise money for education, putting your life story online for the whole world to see can come at a cost.
The ethics of crowdfunding for education spending has also been questioned. Many believe that such an expensive education should not be pursued by people from marginalized communities, and question whether such expensive degrees are worth it.
Some fundraisers have also suffered a backlash from social media, with users calling them “beggars”, “selfish” and even accusing them of hiding facts about themselves or their families.
Recently, Ansab Amir, a graduate of Aligarh Muslim University in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, applied for funds after gaining admission for a Masters in Journalism program at Goldsmiths University in London.
But the 22-year-old aspiring journalist decided to end his fundraising on Milaap and return the money raised to donors because he and his family “had been subjected to abuse, harassment and threats and [my] mental health has been damaged by it all ”.
Dalit activist and writer Cynthia Stephen says most government scholarships are designed to appear to help marginalized communities, but students rarely manage to get them.
“To deny a student from a marginalized community the opportunity to rise up is to deny him his human dignity and his constitutional right,” she told Al Jazeera, calling crowdfunding for higher education. of “good trend”.
“But it is also a measure of the failure of government programs to support marginalized communities.”
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Commercial real estate investment is considered to be any real estate that can produce outside revenue or income for you as an investor in that property. This can include a vacant lot or tract of land on which you intend to construct a building to rent out, or land that can itself be leased to a user and thereby produce income. All real estate that is not solely used as your residence can become commercial. If it produces rental income or is a part of your business, then it is commercial real estate.
For investors, the property has been something of a puzzle. Against its large share of national wealth, the representation of the property in multiasset portfolios is not only low but has fallen to one-third of what it was 20 years ago. On the available evidence (its accuracy, in turn, a subject of debate), property’s risk and return history refuses to fit neatly into the framework of modern portfolio theory through which investors view the world. Still worse, through much of the last 20 years property has failed to meet, either in absolute terms or relative to alternative investments, the simple return thresholds investors need to beat.
And, in an era obsessed with the globalization and transparency of investment, property markets are still heavily divided by national differences in the statute, regulation, and culture; accurate international comparisons are at best expensive, at worst impossible to come by. Property has, indeed, looked in danger of becoming an afterthought in the asset allocations of major investors.
Sal Buscemi is Managing Director at Dandrew Partners, a market leader in short-term loans and equity financing. He mentors aspiring fund managers through The Commercial Investor, a division of Dandrew that teaches wealth creation through real estate the Wall Street way. Sal started his career as an investment banker with Goldman Sachs before transitioning to real estate, and to date, he has raised a total of $500M in the capital for other people’s projects as well as his own. He is also a sought-after speaker in the realm of real estate finance and has written countless articles on residential and commercial investing. With his point of view, you will find the right ways to dig into commercial real estate.
Building True Relationships
And now everybody sees billions and it’s all super glamorized and everything, which is great. Sal started there and he built networks and have known each other for a while. There are networks, he has great networks in New York and a good reputation too with being a good asset allocator for these families putting them into these deals. Clients are looking for the best possible deals they can risk-adjusted, meaning they’re not looking for a 10 or 12 because they know there’s going to be a lot of risk with it, but they just want something that they don’t have to worry about for the next seven years, maybe in the next 14 years. And that’s the way he engineers these deals.
According to Sal, this market is trust fund money, this is what wealthy people invest in. Capital today is more of a commodity and you have to treat it promptly. There’s a lot of people who have money out there and it’s looking for space, but you have to know where to find the right deals to get into and that requires as you know networking. The way you build relationships with high-net-worth individuals who have the resources to invest in your real estate deals is very important. By treating them like friends, not ATMs.
“I’ll tell you the smartest thing I ever did, I like to get onto charities, boards where there’s a lot of board wealthy people and that’s how you’re able to build prominence and influence, it’s becoming like someone, I would go to meetings, we have people I know who they’ll go to affiliation type thing. So if you are, say, Chinese American or something like that, you want to hang around those people, you the affinity’s help. If you’re of one demographic, one religion, or something, that’s something to start. But I like to start, I started by doing this by sitting on the board of managers of the Chinatown YMCA in New York because I was there originally to find a bride because I networked with “the president of the New York Stock Exchange at the time, who told me to call Paula.” – Said Sal.
Always talk to people, you don’t have to know your deals, you just have to know and talk to people. You just have to talk to people. You’re going to have to know some stuff and everything. But when you first start talking to people, and remember if you’re raising capital, you put that money into other people’s deals who are smarter and more experienced than you, and you won’t get hurt and that’s how you build a track record, don’t try to be the hero who’s going to go out there and do all this stuff yourself and rehabilitate 200 units because you will die, your wife will hate you, I’ve seen this happened before. It’s like, they’re in this deal. They’re not spending time with their wives. They’re managing it themselves because they overpaid for it.
3 Rules for Choosing Operators
Rule #1: Audit track record
You need to see if the operator’s doing any of this stuff that they have an audited track record if their track record is so good, why didn’t you pay someone to audit it and you want to be able to see that? A lot of people don’t do that right now. A real development management company is going to have that.
Rule #2: Two markets cycles
Number two, and this is something that a lot of people get rubbed the wrong way, make sure that they’ve been through these operators and developers had been through at least two cycles. So that means 1999 and 2008. 2008 was just Darwinism for financially stupid people, right? I mean when I was out here, Jim coaches in San Diego, we’re buying sight unseen three investment properties in Las Vegas and they were paying nothing for it. They were not using any of their money. They were getting 105% loan to value, loans back, and that all just wiped out.
Rule #3: At least 10% hard equity in the game
We want to make sure that we have people who are working with these developers that have at least 10% hard equity in the game. That’s not market equity-like, I bought it for this and now it’s worth this. No, that means they’re putting their money into it and I want to make sure that they do not sort of pinching between the pillows and the couch to make sure that they can actually, that they’re well-funded. I think a lot of people, especially in what we call value-added deals, rehab deals, they get into it, there are expense overruns, they don’t know what they’re doing, they overpaid for it, they’re over-levered.
And that’s where the problems come in. When you pay attention to those three rules, you can sort of going to bed at night figuring, “Okay, there’s a good chance I’m not going to lose anything, because you’re working with the best in class that you can find and of course there are all sorts of other background checks and things that you do with that.” But going forward, once you get to that part, then you have something to work with and that’s something that you might want to look at as far as channeling energy, direction, time and resources, and co-investing.
“If you are working again with the three rules that I talked about, competent, operators who’ve done this, who’ve been through this before, had all their properties like this” – Sal said to emphasize the importance of these rules.
3 Must-Have Components in Your Investment Analysis Plan
#1: Understand the Cap Rate and Market Landscape
Cap Rate is the ratio between the net operating income produced by an asset and its capital cost (the original price paid to buy the asset) or its current market value. Make sure that you’re getting in at a cap rate that you’d be able to get out of.
Commercial real estate valuation is a very complex business with many variables that affect the price. Over the years, investors found that they needed a way to compare property values, essentially price, in a market using a shorthand method, thus capitalization rates or cap rates came into general use. In simple terms, a cap rate is what investors expect to earn as a percentage of their investment on an annual basis. For example, a property with a cap rate of 10 tells a buyer that he should expect a 10% return on his investment assuming a debt-free transaction.
In general, the lower the cap rate, the higher the property’s value, and the higher the cap rate, the lower the value. In other words, a property with a lower cap rate compared to a property with a higher cap rate will return less income to the investor.
#2: Assess and Evaluate the Assets Properly
You always need to know how you’re valuing these assets before you get into it. That’s the first thing because even the best operators in the world are not able sometimes to get out of an over-leveraged, overpaid property. And that’s where you’re going to feel a lot of problems happen today in commercials especially multi-family, especially in C class, what we call, and this is I know I’m going to get a lot of hate on this, but it’s going to be a lot of the class C stuff that people bought it a five and a half cap. And we can get into the value-added stuff in a second, but this is what’s going to happen and that’s going to be an issue where the smaller balance stuff says between 10 million and less. People overpaid.
#3: Rental Income and Other Cost Factors
The problem with this is that what drives the value of commercial is rental income, nothing else. According to Sal, a lot of reasons why people like and they gravitate towards something like this is because they know that the consumer’s already tapped out, right? So if you look at it from an economic standpoint, me being from New York City, living in New York, renting in New York, owning in New York, you spend about 50% of your after-tax salary on housing. The rest you spend on shoes, food, and lifestyle. And once that becomes more than 50%, you can hike it anymore because now it’s like, “Well you know what? Screw this, I’m going to go across the street because that guy is going to give me economic incentives. He also has a nicer two and a half horsepower whirlpool bath for my wife, he’s got a front desk, a newly paved parking lot and I can get in there for $100 a month cheaper. So I’m just going to move out.”
And that’s what you’re going to see is, you know, some sort of migration I think when weak people, inexperienced operators think that they can just go in there and hike the rents, that’s never been something. Also the expense ratios on something like this much lower and multi-family, it’s 45% to 50% if you know what you’re doing. Because these things are really, the tenant improvements are already been put in that, they do it themselves for the most part. So they come in, Milwaukee tool knows what they want, there might be some TNI but they’re there for the seven years so you’re recapturing it back. But it’s also sort of like at the time now where if they’re coming in at this point, they’re probably going to be here forever. And that’s a good thing for us. So the expenses are, you’re not too worried about, there are no toilets here, there’s no air conditioner we know that very well, but there’s no heating for each unit that you’re responsible for because your tenants don’t care to shut the windows and things are going on. There’s just a lot of inefficiencies with multi-family that you don’t get in other asset classes.
Communication Is Key in Building and Maintaining Investor Relations
Tony Robbins has a great theory on this that I’ve read and it goes like this. It goes, “People will gravitate towards people who are like them or who they want to be.” And you always have to think about that when you’re working with investors, your investors, all they care about is you having a relationship with them
The worst thing, besides attracting any deal flow, is if you only receive application out-of-scope. Every application should be looked into and answered individually, as this will influence your reputation in the community, but you do not want to waste your time and concentrate on time for the right companies, right? The best way to attract a better fit of applications is to publish your investment scope and strategy, where you explain:
- How much do you invest?
- How many investments are you willing to make per year?
- Investment strategy (industry, stages, regions)
- What type of investor are you? (hands-on, co-invest (syndicator), financial investor …)
- Investment process: hard criteria and soft criteria
- Average response time
- Current portfolio & track record
Don’t forget to explain who you are and why businesses should work with you. Besides the smartness of money – driven by your personal experience, skills, network, and such – synergies to other portfolio companies may be highly valuable. There are multiple ways to publish your investment scope and investors’ profile. One good starting point is the website of your investment company if you have enough resources to attract significant traffic.
The key is to qualify the right investor, just as you would do when qualifying leads. Raising capital is not an easy process, but it can be rewarding if you do your best to prepare yourself before walking into a meeting. Know your information, so that you can execute the goal in mind — receiving funding.
Personal connections are very important, probably even the secret to most successful investors. If you consider building a portfolio, you will always need to partner up with other investors to leverage your skills and to diversify your financial risk – and this is the same for all professional investors, therefore they are usually open to talking about co-investments and collaboration on deals. It is smart you surround yourself with top-investors and maintain these relations with heart.
There are many ways to engage and widen your networks. One way is to become a member and attend meetings of local angel groups. Be aware that there are several different ways these groups work. Some charge member fees (smaller and higher), others take a success fee at closing of promoted deals and participated in terms of carried interest and others are free to foster angel investments within a region.
The Bottom Lines
Once you know what your potential investor is looking for, position your business to meet their expectations. The information above can help you grow your business. The single most important tool for accomplishing this is your business plan. A well-prepared business plan will show potential investors that you are serious, that you have carefully and thoroughly explored the opportunities and risks in your market, and that you have strategies in place to respond to them.
This article is also credited to Oliver Graf TV
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Underground pneumatic boring/piercing tools are often referred to as hogs, air hogs or pneumatic gophers. The tool is used to bore a hole underground between two points without disturbing the surface ground. This open-air chamber is referred to as the bore hole and is used to either run ducting for product or the raw product itself between to two points.
The tool is used in the installation of all public utilities water, electricity, gas, phone, and cable television these are referred to as product. It is also used to install home sprinkler systems and auxiliary home powers lines. The tool is utilized in instances when it is difficult or cost prohibitive to plow or trench the product into the ground, some of these instances are under driveways roads, sidewalks, and landscaping. Pneumatic piercing tools are a lower cost alternative to repairing asphalt, concrete and landscaping.
How It Works
The tool uses air to pound it’s way through the ground underneath the obstruction. The tools are cylindrical in shape and range from one to eight inches in diameter and between three and six feet long. They are made from metal. Compressed air is used to power the tool; this air is run through a hydraulic hose with and oiler attachment to send oil through with the compressed air. The tool works in a way very similar to a jack hammer, and inside the cylinder is a piston. A valve opens and the air blows into the chamber forcing the piston forward which in turn propels the tool forward. The valve then shuts and the piston is pushed at a slower speed back in the tool, the valve reopens the piston pounds again and the tools moves forward.
This process is continually repeated until the bore has run the intended distance. As the tool pounds through the ground it compresses the soil. This compaction maintains the same diameter as the tool and leaves the bore hole through which the product is passed.
Performing a Bore
The purpose of the bore is to get from point A to point B under the obstruction. First the operator surveys the area and the obstacle (road, sidewalk, and driveway.) Utility locations must be present for any underground work and the path most clear of utilities is chosen to send the tool through. The first hole is now dug on one side of the obstacle. This hole must be large enough to fit the tool and the operator in it so they can aim the tool. The hole must also be deep enough that as the tool compacts the ground the surface remains undisturbed. The depth of the starting bore pit depends on the type of soil that is being worked in and how well it compacts. The operator aims the to the desired exit point and allows it to perform its function creating a bore hole under the ground without disturbing the surface. The tool is tracked by the operator who feels the tool pounding and can approximate the tools location under the ground. The operator also monitors the surface to make sure that it is undisturbed. As the tool nears the exit point it is slowed down and an exit pit is dug to locate both the tool and bore. As the tool enters the exit pit the operator chooses to either dig up the tool to retrieve it or reverses the tool back into the first bore pit to retrieve it. Now between the two pits is a completed bore under the obstacle which can be used to run the product.
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Sources of non-public earnings, saving and shopper spending patterns. Understanding the basics of finance early will serve you nicely in the long run. From revenues and expenses to how to handle money, inventory, payroll, or enterprise capital, they are all key for a good basis. Read small business finance fundamentals and small business finance tips about the way to control your funds. Business owners, managers, finance students – pretty much anybody in business can benefit from a strong understanding of the way to read monetary stories and how accounting works.
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Forensic accountants also analyze financial data, but they differ from auditors in that their primary goal is to uncover fraud, whereas auditors seek to confirm whether or not accounts are accurate, complete and compliant. Management accountants, sometimes referred to as corporate accountants, are employed by personal firms and are responsible for inside monetary documentation, together with budgets and cost projections.
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Insurance investigators usually want a high school diploma or equivalent. Businesses have a tendency to rent insurance investigators with prior experience as legislation Finance enforcement officers, personal investigators, claims adjusters, or examiners for their interviewing and interrogation expertise.
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When you own a business, the half-truths you hear from many finance professionals and the mainstream media can at occasions negatively impact your capacity to grow your business and defend your pursuits. I even have discovered there are different, more productive methods to construct wealth exterior of your corporation, past the bottom-stage ideas of investing or placing money in an IRA or 401. As a business proprietor having access to capital by way of Riviera Finance has been exceptionally useful Business to rising my firm’s progress. The approval course of was fast and simple and their team could be very responsive. We have used Riviera Finance for a couple of years and so they have enabled us to make our business grow by offering us with immediate money move to have the ability to instantly reinvest in the business. To begin with, I’ve been with Riviera Finance for six years now; everybody there’s very professional and renders experience in what they’re doing.
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The mccombs school of business resume template can be used as a starting point for writing a custom resume. This template is ideal for writing a resume, cover letter, or any other letter you may need to write for the position you are applying for.
When an applicant applies for a position, they may need to write a cover letter. A cover letter is a letter to potential employers that you send to the company’s recruiter, asking them to contact their hiring manager and get them to fill in the position that they have vacant. Your resume, cover letter, and any other application you submit to a company should all be written with the objective of getting them to contact you.
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When using your resume, you should also be using your job title when referring to yourself. It is never a good idea to reference your title by name, as it could be misinterpreted as a resume-type reference. You should also be consistent with this, as if you are using the same resume format as for your resume, you should include your job title in your cover letter.
If you’re still unsure, you can check out the latest mccombs school of business resume template at the official mccombs school of business resume template.
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If you’re an author who has written a book in French for readers in France and need a publisher, this post will help. Below we’ve featured 19 top French book publishing companies.
Eight decades ago, Tatian and Georges Rageot established their publishing company. They hoped that young readers would understand and appreciate the lives of kids in other parts of the world through literature. Now, the Paris-based Rageot boasts hundreds of titles in children’s literature.
Beginning readers can enjoy illustrated books that will help them develop a habit of reading. Moreover, middle-grade readers will love Rageot’s novels, which include mystery, thrillers, fantasy, and historical fiction. In particular, upcoming titles like Véronique Petit’s Le mot d’Abel and Sophie Rigal-Goulard’s Dix jours sans écrans are sure to make waves.
Rageot is open to submissions of children’s literature. Whether you send them by mail or email, they’ll review your writing project within three months.
Located in the Montrouge commune to the south of Paris, Bayard Éditions is another top-tier publisher of children’s literature in France. For over three decades, it has diligently worked with writers and artists to craft stories that thrill, inspire, and educate kids.
The Bayard Éditions catalog is built for children between two and 14 years old and contains both fiction and nonfiction. Marine Gerald’s La pelote de soucis is perfect for early readers because it teaches them about their feelings while Victoria Ying’s La cité des secrets is an adventure-filled graphic novel that also highlights the importance of friendship.
If you think that your work fits alongside other Bayard Éditions titles, you can send your full manuscript by mail. The publisher is looking for children’s rhyming books, activity books, and novels in pretty much all genres.
It’s been almost two decades since the inception of Nouveau Monde Éditions — a standout publisher of exceptional fiction and nonfiction. The company comfortably resides in the heart of Paris, yet its stories go beyond France and celebrate humanity’s rich past and complex present with no topic left unturned.
Nouveau Monde Éditions has built a commendable assemblage of books that tackle the history of both the ancient and contemporary kinds. There are essay collections, graphic novels, biographies, and titles like Fabien Tillon’s Culture Manga that focus on pop culture and media.
Writers yearning to send their manuscript to Nouveau Monde Éditions can do so by mail. The contact page contains the different email addresses you can message depending on the genre of your project.
Éditions JC Lattès emerged in 1968. Over the years, its high-quality titles that dive into contemporary life have won accolades like the Nobel Prize and Prix Interallié. Consequently, the Paris-based publisher also handled the works of best-selling novelists like EL James, John Grisham, and Dan Brown in France.
Led by President Véronique Cardi, Éditions JC Lattès has released over 1,000 titles and almost 100 more are added annually in fields like romance, French literature, and foreign literature. Éric Fouassier’s Par deux fois tu mourras is a superb historical novel while Antonio Fischetti’s nonfiction Sac à dos et libido brilliantly is an insightful look into the geographic and cultural aspects of human sexuality.
The French publisher is open to physical manuscript submissions. Follow the formatting guidelines to avoid automatic rejections.
Isabel Finkenstaedt is the mind behind Kaléidoscope, the children’s book publisher in Paris that’s been around for more than 30 years. For her, it was important for kids to learn early on that literature serves different purposes such as escapism, self-discovery, inspiration, and education.
Since the publisher serves kids between 0 and 6 years old, the catalog is divided into topics like family, Christmas, humor, color, Halloween, art, and even pirates. Likewise, David McKee’s Les amis d’Elmer is about friendship while Hans Wilhelm’s Tyranno le terrible is a fun and heartwarming dinosaur story.
At present, Kaléidoscope accepts submissions of children’s books and will review manuscripts within four months.
Ernest Flammarion and Charles Marpon founded their publishing company in 1875. Having existed for almost 150 years, Editions Flammarion in Rue Saint-Lazare, Paris, found initial success with the help of Ernest’s brother Camille — the astronomer whose 1880 book Astronomie populaire became a runaway bestseller.
Editions Flammarion offers everything from the classics to contemporary hits in fiction and nonfiction. Art, medicine, popular science, social science, children’s literature, true crime, fiction, and poetry are well-represented. Specifically, Simone Weil’s La Condition ouvrière (philosophy) and Léo Grasset’s Le grand bordel de l’évolution (science) are worth a read or two.
Stéphane Watelet established this Paris-based general publisher 18 years ago. Editions Télémaque covers a wide variety of topics despite adding only 10 new titles each year. Plus, the company significantly grew its catalog of science books after landing a deal with Science & Vie in the late 2000s.
Editions Télémaque is a splendid source of nonfiction books about biographies, humor, music, and sexuality. Henri Pigaillem’s L’Histoire à la Casserole is perfect for foodies while Lucie Lartigue’s Une injection pour revivre is a science book that any reader can enjoy. Moreover, it also has historical novels, thrillers, and graphic novels.
Although the review period is slightly longer than usual (half a year), you should still consider sending a manuscript online.
Father Marie-Vincent Bernadot launched Editions du Cerf 93 years ago after an appeal from Pope Pius XI. Today, it’s not only the biggest publisher of Christian books in Paris but also in France and anywhere with sizable French communities.
Two recent titles from Editions du Cerf are Christof Betschart’s L’humain, image filiale de Dieu (theology) and Marie-Laure Denès’s La Fragilité (spirituality). Apart from religious books, it prints secular nonfiction titles in fields like popular culture, history, biography, and philosophy.
Editions du Cerf is more than welcome to receive and evaluate your manuscript, which you can send by mail.
Situated in Paris and established in 1990, Éditions Zulma is a humble yet widely praised publisher. Thanks to independent book shops, it has carved a loyal niche and gathered literary minds in and out of France, which is why it’s also the home of highly proficient translators.
Éditions Zulma concentrates resources on quality literature regardless of the original language. Here, you can read classic and contemporary short stories, essay collections, novels, and compelling nonfiction. For example, Gerd Brantenberg’s Les Filles d’Égalie is a classic dystopian novel from Norway that only had its French version released last year.
Since the beginning of the year, Éditions Zulma has stopped asking for hard copies. Authors of foreign or French literature should submit digital copies, which the team will evaluate within three months.
10. Éditions Tanibis
Twenty-two years ago, Éditions Tanibis began operations in Villeurbanne, Lyon. Unlike other publishers, it’s a non-profit organization, which explains its limited releases and book type. Each year, it only prints up to five new titles.
Éditions Tanibis concentrates on illustrated books like graphic novels and comic books. Jesse Jacobs’s Énergies noires packs strange stories and visuals while Alexandre Kha’s Le théorème funeste is a fresh and accessible way of discussing the history of mathematical concepts.
If you’re working on a graphic novel or something similar that fits the Éditions Tanibis catalog, you can send a manuscript online.
11. Éditions Syros
Headquartered in Paris, Éditions Syros was founded in 1984 to challenge the limits and norms of what children in France could (and should) read. Rather than just entertain, children’s literature should be a gateway for critical thinking, cultural sensitivity, and unbridled creativity.
Today, Éditions Syros is the prime choice of learning institutions for children’s books. From early readers to middle-grade kids and teens, kids of all ages can browse fiction in genres such as mystery, adventure, romance, and humor. There are nonfiction titles like Alexandre Messager’s Les mots indispensables pour parler du racisme as well that help young people become more socially conscious.
Éditions Syros has prepared a convenient online manuscript submission form for interested authors.
As the name implies, Au Diable Vauvert is located in Vauvert, one of the Nimes arrondissements in the south of France. The publisher began at the start of the millennium, striving to champion undiscovered voices in the French literary scene while ensuring the lasting influence of veteran authors.
Amusingly, Au Diable Vauvert has a foothold in nonfiction about bullfighting, horse riding, and horses in general. For example, Chris Irwin’s Les chevaux ne mentent jamais beautifully explores the relationship between humans and horses. Likewise, it also has erotica, graphic novels, poetry, and YA literature.
Right now, Au Diable Vauvert is open to manuscript submissions by email.
Éditions Payot & Rivages is a Paris-based publisher divided into two titular brands. They clearly have different priorities and preferences in literature, but there are a few similarities. In particular, Payot & Rivage both cater to avid readers of philosophy and essays.
One of the distinct book categories in Payot is health and lifestyle, which has Jacques-Alain Lachant’s La marche qui soigne. It also publishes books about social science, arts, psychology, and parents & children. Meanwhile, Rivages has the French edition of Alison Lurie’s folklore fiction Le zoo céleste along with titles in music, film, and sci-fi & fantasy, among others.
14. Le Dilettante
Originally, Le Dilettante was just a specialist bookstore with a lot of secondhand titles for customers to read onsite. It stayed the same until the end of 1984 when it officially became a publisher. Since then, Le Dilettante operates in Place de l’Odéon, Paris, and releases 12 new titles annually.
The company began with short story collections. Thankfully, Le Dilettante expanded its catalog and now publishes French literature, essays, and general fiction. Sylvain Chantal’s Fièvre de cheval is an amazing novel while Lionel Lecoeur’s biographical Ferenczi and me will pique the curiosity of nonfiction readers.
Le Dilettante welcomes proposals and manuscripts of French and general literature. You can submit your project by mail.
15. Mango Éditions
Located in Paris, Mango Éditions serves people of different lifestyles and interests. Essentially, the goal is to support readers with practical and relevant information. To achieve this, the company ensures that its authors and artists are genuine experts or highly familiar with the subject matter they’re tackling in their book.
Mango Éditions prints children’s literature and nonfiction books about society, food & drinks, hobbies, and health & well-being. Capucine Lewalle’s Qui que tu sois is a lovely illustrated children’s book while Caroline Bayol-lavoux’s Le macramé is often recommended to people interested in knitting & sewing.
Interested writers can mail their manuscripts to Mango Éditions. Unlike other publishers, its evaluation period is relatively short at only two months.
Based in Paris, Éditions Le Pommier is one of the most important and scholarly publishers in France. This is largely thanks to its unbreakable commitment to Michael Serres’s Le Contrat naturel. Thus, most of the titles in the catalog focus on the relationship between nature and humanity.
Alongside titles in fiction and children’s literature, it has a wide selection of books about philosophy, life science, and Earth science. Marc Lachièze-Rey’s Les Avatars du vide, for one, dives into astrophysics and quantum mechanics.
If you want to submit a manuscript to Éditions Le Pommier, just complete the form on the contact page.
Danielle Dastugue established Éditions du Rouergue 36 years ago. Located in Rue du Docteur Fanton, Arles, it began with illustrated titles and continues to develop its catalog of books celebrating regional heritage.
Apart from gastronomy and nature books, there are titles about gardening, art, and history. For fiction, readers can pick from children’s books, horror, thrillers, and sci-fi & fantasy novels. Guillaume Guéraud’s La brigade de l’oeil is a dystopian story that recently came out.
Éditions du Rouergue is interested in fiction, children’s books, and illustrated books. There are different people to contact for each book category, so check the manuscript submission page.
18. Editions Stock
André Cailleau launched this legendary French publisher more than 300 years ago — and it wasn’t even called Editions Stock back then. The company from Rue du Montparnasse, Paris, only got the name when Pierre-Victor Stock took over in 1877.
Editions Stock is the haven of Nobel Prize-winning works and other books (in fiction and nonfiction) that bravely face social issues. Within the last three years, it published Jakuta Alikavazovic’s Comme un ciel en nous and Étienne de Montety’s La grande épreuve, which won the Prix Médicis Essai and the Grand Prix du roman de l’Académie française, respectively.
This veteran publisher is seeking projects in French fiction (except sci-fi), international fiction, essays, and general nonfiction. You can conveniently email your manuscript to Editions Stock.
More than 40 years ago, Pierre Michaut founded a specialist bookshop for lovers of film, sci-fi, and crime novels. In 1982, Editions L’Atalante published its first book Les Mémoires de Groucho Marx and has since been one of the go-to indie companies for writers in France and even other countries.
Every year, Editions L’Atalante releases 35 new titles of sci-fi and crime fiction. If you’re searching for fun yet psychological sci-fi, read Joshua Chaplinsky’s Les Jumeaux du paradoxe. You can try Pierre Bordage’s Cité too if you’re a fan of Métro Paris 2033.
Unfortunately, Editions L’Atalante isn’t open to new submissions this year because it’s still reviewing past manuscripts from 2021. On the bright side, the publisher will resume accepting manuscripts throughout January 2023.
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A manual of Hindu Ethics is a pioneering work based on original Sanskrit sources. It reviews the silent features of ethics in the teachings of the Vedas the Upanishads the Bhagvad Gita and those of Manu Valmiki, Vidura, Chanakya, Shankrachrya, Bhartihari and the Buddha. The Sanskrit selections with their modern English translation are only those with ethical significance and convey moral teachings of universal application. It also reviews the theism of Indian saints such as chanakya Kabir, Ramdas and Tukaram and concludes with a refutation of the western critics of Hinduism.
Late G. A. Chandavarkar served as the headmaster Government residency School Hyderabad (1925). The book originally written at the start of the twentieth century has become a standard work and is referred to worldwide as an authoritative and factually correct text on Hindu Ethics.
In this edition two more chapters have been added one on “The ethical Religion of the Hindus” and the other on ‘The Theism of Indian Saints’. After the publication of the second edition of this booklet, Principle McKenzie issued his volume on Hindu ethics us the Heritage of India Series. As desired by the publishers we have thought it fir to add a more reviewing the book in general terms.
The subject of Hindu ethics is of profound interest to all the lovers of religion and we trust that the crystal stream flowing through the current of Hinduism meandering through sunny pools muddy ponds and clear lakes will satiate the spiritual thirst of man and lead him on to the source of New Light. Forces of evil may be terrific by the ethical religion places before us the ideals of Universal Brotherhood and spiritual fellowship, the pious hopes of religious reformers and the magnanimous dreams of many mystics. If the ethical teachings embodied in this small volume were to broaden the intellectual horizon of the readers and ring through the world a tune of harmony the mighty seers of yore of Hindu India a might as well share the credit of being the harbingers of the great worldwide movement of spiritual reaction against the evil tendencies of materialism. If spiritualized science holds that the energy manifested in the material and the vegetable kingdom moves manwards the rishis of this land of religions preached man’s cry is Godwords.
From untruth lead me to Truth form darkness to light and form mortality to and immortal Life. This was the cry on to God.
We worship thee the source of all light Guide our intellects in the path of righteousness. That is the quintessence of the holy Gayatri which echoes and re-echoes through the chants of every Hindu a prayer which is as sublime as it is soul elevating how does it end? Let there be Peace. Peace and Peace.
My sincere thanks are due to the manager of the Oriental Book Agency, Poona whose assistance has largely facilitated the publication of the book and also to Mr. N.N Kulkarni BA (Hon) of the Bhadarkar Research Institute Poona for correcting the proofs. The manager Everyman’s Press Madras has taken special care in getting this book printed to whom also my thanks are due.
In the 19 the century Hindu ethics came under attack by Christian missionaries and in some ways this was continued by some sociologists. McKenzie’s Hindu ethics represents an unfair Christian presentation of Hindu ethics the writings of Max Weber and Dumont’s Homo Heirarchicus are examples of sociological criticism. The writings of Lokmanya Tilak, Annie Besant Aurobindo and Radhakrishna have adequately established the essential nature Hindu ethics for the modem man. They have reformulated the essential principles of Hindu thought disentangling it from contingent historical modes of expression. This is necessary in any tradition the history of which spans five thousand year. Despite changing Yugadahram Hindudharam continues unchanged as Sanatana Dharma.
Dharma has three aspects. It stands for virtue right action and ideal ends of the will. The first is termed adhytma guna or sheel the second is sadachar or sarkarma the third is the purusartha that follows form niskama karma or upasana. The cultivation of virtue comes form the purification of the hearty and the realization of the essential unity or sameness of the self in all beings. It is the separatist force of egoism an egoistic desires that sully the original purity of the mind. Thus non violence love or compassion represent the fundamental virtue. Its cultivation is binding on all without limitation Ahimsa Satya Astya rahmachrya and Aparigraha these five are called sarvabhaumamhavrat the universally obligatory vows. Although universally obligatory these virtues are ideals to be perfected over a long time maybe many lives.
Right action has been conceived in two principle ways. One way of looking at it is to consider it as an action consequent scriptural injunction. Another way if looking as an action consequent on right motivation i.e. on motivation free form raga dves and moha. In every case an action is right if it follows rightly oriented act of the will. If the will is virtuous and free form sinfulness the action will be right. More practically action is in accordance with the duties described by one’s station or role in life would be right if performed in the right spirit.
An essential aspect of moral life is living in harmony or samvaya and acting for universal welfare or paropkar. In fact it has been said.
Virtue is helping others sin is exploiting them.
The ultimate end of moral life surpasses morality itself. If action is performed in a disinterested manner, it leads to the purification of the mind and thus prepares one for the vision of the self.
It will be seen that dharma is rooted in the nature of the self and express itself as the universal law of action and reaction. The universe is not the result of blind chance; it is governed by the law of karma. Martially has meaning for the self which does not end with death. The immortality of the soul its freedom of action and the law of karma, these are the three postulates of any adequate ethical thought. Doubtless attempts have been made of construct ethics on a materialistic or a naturalistic assumption. But such attempts end up by abolishing ethics and replacing it by convention and sentiments.
The present Manual of Hindu Ethics was written nearly a century ago and has gone through three editions. It follows a sound method by giving ancient textual references in detail so that the reader can have a cleat idea of what the ancient Hindu scriptures say. The work thereby gains in authenticity and since it keeps the author interpretation at a minimum level it is bound to bane long loved its critique of McKenzie’s book is particularly welcome.
Am important question connected with Dharma is about its source. How do we acquire knowledge of Dharma? What is its pramana? The standard answer mentions four pramanas namely shruti or revelation smriti or tradition sadachar or exemplary conduct of good people and one’s conscience. The standing difficulty here has been the contradistinction between the different pramanas.
The reveled texts are numerous the traditional texts are also divergent.
No two sages have the same opinion.
The sense of Dharma is hidden in the heart.
One should follow the examples of great men.
Hindu social ethics has been the butt of much modern criticism on the score of caste inequality by birth has plugged even modern western society in the firm of race and ethnic prejudice by to critics that western society innocent times treated slaves as chattel and till the 19th century Christian Europe had a hierarchical society where the hierarchy was based on birth and also the violence and exploitation perpetrated by the white races on the non Christian and non white races in many continents including their own. Race and color prejudice are also based on birth and they played a most important part in recent western history. The fact is that social justice is an ideal still to be attained in practice anywhere. At the same time we must remember that the basis of the original Varma system was Guna and Karma. We should not confuse that ideal with the defects that have crept into it with practice in course of time. The stream of social reformers has continued in India along with the conservative ideas form ancient times through Vedic epic, Buddhist Jain and Bhakti reformers till it ahs at last finally succeeded under the leadership of Hindus like Dayananda and a part of this old liberal way of thinking. The western ideas have only been a catalytic agent except fro their distortion of it.
I am sure that all those who are interested in Hindu ethical thought will gain authentic information form this valuable book by G.A Chandavarkar, which therefore deserves to be highly commended.
The ancestors of Hindus belong intensely spiritual in nature fixed their attention on a life beyond death. They regarded the human soul as an eternal entity coexisting with the Supreme Being. Every human soul they held was required to of the round of births And rebirths and reap the fruits of its actions. The eternity and the transmigration of human should and the laws of Karma form the cardinal doctrines of Hindu Philosophy which preaches that when a soul comes to be associated with the gross material body, it is bound reap the fruits thereof. The belief is that if good deeds are performed happiness result and if evil deeds are done misery falls to the lot of the doer. The human should never die exemptions form reaping the fruits of its deeds. It reaps as it sows. Ever and anon man struggles and scrambles to attain happiness and as happiness the fruit of Karma he should necessarily know what is good and what is bad. Every law giver thinker of ancient India felt therefore the supreme necessity of farming certain rules of conduct and of presenting the ultimate end to which all the life of a human being is to be directed. Sanskrit literature either of the Vedic or the Puranic periods bears eloquent to the existence of ethical ideas of a superior type. In the history of Hindu thought it is practically impossible for any one to trace out of divorce between ethics and religion. A calm and dispassionate study of the Hindu scriptures will convince any one that ultimately religion and ethics are one. Many of the Hindu institutions have their superstructures built on the foundation of the fundamental principles of the science of ethics. The Panca-Mahc-Yajmas- the five daily duties the performance of which is obligatory on every Hindu typify philanthropy. These five Yajmas are (1) Braham-Yajna – worship of God, (2) Deva-Yajan – Reverence to men of light and leading (3) Pitri-Yajna – Propitiation of elders by of ministering to their wants (4) Bhuta-Yajna – feeding the cattle and the birds and (5) Atithi-Yajna – Hospitable treatment of deserving guests. The Yoga-Bhyasa the practice of which form the standpoint of a Hindu is essential for Moksha – Freedom from the necessity of going along the ever rolling wheel of births lord Buddha too glorified the same virtue and preached his religion only to re-establish the rig of righteousness. Form the Vedic down to the Puranas hardly is there any Sanskrit work which does not sing the glory of Niti- the ethical religion. Even a treatise on medicine like the Charaka Samhita pays a tribute to this and says that physical happiness depends on the practice of morality. Sanskrit poetry as represented in later dramatic literature too first preaches and then pleases. Kalidas and Bhavabhuti appeal to their readers more as ethicists than as mere versifiers Valmiki, Vyasa Canakya and Bharihari are undoubtedly great Aristotle. Confucius and Laotse. The two Satakas of Bhartrihari they neighbor as thyself is already voiced forth in one of the hymns of the Yajurveda. There can therefore be no denying the fact that Sanskrit writers attach great significance to ethical laws or to what they call Dharma which means right thought right word and right deed. In immoral strains have the bards the saints the prophets and the law givers sung the glory of Dharma. The devotional songs of Chaitanya Kabira and Tukarama are echoing and re-echoing the noblest sentiments of sublimes movements in India have the stamp of this Dharmic revival indelibly marked on them. That moral elevation of the masses is an indispensable necessity for all kinds of advancement is an undisputed tact. In the post ethical elevation it was that preserved fact. In the past ethical elevation it was that preserved the integrity of the Hindu civilization. It is owing to the moral vitality that the Hindu race though often conquered politically, maintained its stability. The history of Hinduism in all the stages of its struggle with the alien system of though presents the curious phenomenon of its moral victory which is mainly the result of the ethical development of its followers. The power of Dharma has always been marvelous. With its rise nations have risen and with its fall they have crumbled to dust. The world is built on moral foundations alone. In the long run truth and justice triumph and injustice and falsehood perish. When the poet sang “Dharam EV Hatto Hanti Dharmo Rakshatah” he meant to say Kill Dharma and you kill yourself save Dharma and you save yourself. Another poet too has the following edifying verse.
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Forcing the Iraq arms inspections
Published 12:00 am Monday, September 30, 2002
Even if the U.N. inspection team never looks behind one closed door in Iraq, Saddam Hussein's decision Monday to allow them back after nearly four years is a victory for U.S. policy and a determined President Bush.
Hopefully, Iraq's stalling has been nothing more than a masterful charade that's preoccupied the United States for a decade, but can no longer be sustained because of the mounting threat of an American invasion.
That's the rose-colored glasses version.
In reality, Iraq's decision to allow the inspectors back may lead to more frustrations and running inspectors to and fro to keep them off the trail of biological and nuclear activities.
If that happens, either the United Nations or the United States will subject Iraq to total war. President Bush maneuvered Iraq into position of keeping its word or facing destruction.
Meanwhile, the United States continues the pressure and builds up military forces in the Middle East, and U.S. and British planes are hitting communication targets in the no-fly zones. Iraq should understand the significance.
Russia said Iraq should comply quickly. Good advice. Iraq either allows immediate and complete inspections that expose Saddam's threat to world peace as a sham, or the war begins.
Hopefully, though, Monday's decision will take the Middle East one step closer to peace without involving the United States in another war.
Leave feedback on this or another story.
The Decatur Daily
Sept. 18, 2002
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Prior education predicated on artificial analysis show one to installing haplotypes is also dramatically improve the show from genomic forecasts compared to personal SNP-established measures (Calus et al
, 2008; Villumsen mais aussi al., 2009). g., Cuyabano et al., 2014, 2015; Hess mais aussi al., 2017; Karimi mais aussi al., 2018; Mucha et al., 2019; Claimed et al., 2020). The enormous almost all the studies researching haplotype-dependent activities was in fact done in dairy cows communities (genuine otherwise artificial datasets), which usually has actually highest LD account between SNP indicators minimizing genetic assortment (Ne lower than a hundred; Makanjuola mais aussi al., 2020). Haplotype-based genomic forecasts inside communities with an increase of hereditary diversity, at exactly the same time, haven’t been extensively browsed yet, additionally the experience in their you’ll be able to pros is bound (Feitosa ainsi que al., 2019; Teissier et al., 2020).
2 Product and methods The newest approval from Organization Animal Proper care and Play with Committee was not called for because data simply put computationally artificial datasets. 2.step one Studies Simulation
Distinct from intensively picked populations and you will natural breeds, which introduce reasonable genetic variety (age.g., Holstein milk cows), genetically diverse communities (elizabeth.g., relatively current reproduction programs in the brief ruminants and you may crossbred otherwise substance populations) might have significantly more alleles segregating on haplotype blocks and you may greater complexity on the affairs certainly one of haplotype allele effects within haploblocks. For this reason, i hypothesize one to haplotype-established methods could cause alot more particular much less biased GEBV prediction when comparing to SNP-dependent models in the populations with high hereditary variety due to their creativity techniques (age.grams., apparently all the way down options demands, crossbreeding) plus advanced haplotype build than simply observed in communities having lower largefriends recenzja genetic diversity. Simulated information is an appealing method to check out the so it theory just like the the real breeding opinions (TBVs) was identified (Morris et al., 2019; Oliveira mais aussi al., 2019). Thus, we artificial sheep communities with various hereditary range membership to evaluate our very own theory. Sheep is an excellent model due to the higher hereditary assortment from inside the commercial communities, that have Ne ranging from below 50 to over step 1,100000 (Kijas et al., 2012; Brito mais aussi al., 2017b; Stachowicz ainsi que al., 2018). Hence, the main goal with the research were to gauge the accuracy and you can prejudice of GEBVs during the genetically diverse populations, using ssGBLUP when: 1) merely personal SNPs are accustomed to make a single genomic relationship matrix ( Grams ); 2) non-clustered (of haploblocks) SNPs and you will haplotypes (fitted since the pseudo-SNPs) are acclimatized to construct a single G ; 3) just haplotypes are acclimatized to make a single G ; and you will cuatro) non-clustered SNPs and haplotypes are accustomed to create one or two Grams matrices. I plus compared brand new impression of various SNP panel densities and you will haploblock-building measures to the show regarding genomic anticipate, as these products you will definitely change the accuracies and you will prejudice out of genomic forecasts.
dos.step 1.step 1 People Framework
Brand new simulator try did to copy datasets of purebred and you may composite sheep communities (Kijas mais aussi al., 2012; Prieur et al., 2017; Brito mais aussi al., 2017a; Oliveira mais aussi al., 2020). The QMSim app (Sargolzaei and you will Schenkel, 2009) was applied so you’re able to imitate an ancient population very first having 80,100000 someone (forty,100000 boys and you will forty,000 female). After that, an inhabitants bottleneck is artificial, getting together with 50,100 anyone (25,000 boys and you will 25,one hundred thousand lady) in the 1,000th age bracket. Then, there is certainly a boost in the populace so you’re able to 60,000 someone, that have 20,100000 people and you may 40,one hundred thousand female regarding the step one,500th age group. There can be arbitrary mating regarding the historical populace, that have gametes randomly sampled throughout the pool of males and people within for each age bracket. Mutation and you can genetic drift have been noticed throughout the historical inhabitants to help you produce the very first LD. The complete simulator build try described in Shape step one.
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LOVE WEEK - Term 2
What a fantastic last week of Term 2 celebrating LOVE!
LOVE WEEK was an opportunity for us to be reminded of how much God loves us and prompted us to think about how we can better love others! YES, we are loved and it is so important for us to BE love as well.
We spoke about love throughout the week and discussed ways we can love those around us, love our school and also our community!
We shared in a "Pancakes with LOVE" breakfast at school together and spent time at lunch writing love notes of appreciation to our friends, family and teachers letting them know how awesome and special they are to us! This was well received by all of our students, taking the time to write well over 200 notes!
It's so important that we teach our students to be young people that show love and care to those around us, just as Christ loved us!
We love because HE first loved us.
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What is commercial cleaning?
Commercial cleaning refers to the provision of cleaning services to ‘non domestic’ properties. This includes such places as offices, factories, surgeries, shops, schools, leisure centres etc.
Commercial cleaning services are provided on a recurring income basis meaning that your clients will pay you on a monthly basis for your services and, providing you maintain levels of service, will stay with you for many years. This not only allows you to forecast your income better, but also means that you do not have to constantly look for new clients each month.
Commercial cleaning is often referred to as contract cleaning because your clients sign up to a contract. A cleaning contract is an agreement to provide a commercial cleaning service, for a set number of hours over a set number of days per week.
Monday to Friday – 5 days a week
4 hours of cleaning per day
20 hours of cleaning per week
The contract will also state the monthly fee for the above service and the initial term of the agreement.
As a Betterclean Services franchise owner, you will run and build a commercial cleaning business employing staff to deliver the cleaning to business clients in your defined and exclusive territory. You do not carry out the cleaning yourself but instead employ and train cleaning staff to carry out the work, your role is more about ensuring that the service is delivered to the highest standards all the time as well as building strong relationships with your clients. So, although the business is in the commercial cleaning sector, the role of the franchise owner is more about people management and driving excellent customer service.
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'It's really devastating': Recovery efforts underway for earthquake victims in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico is still reeling from a pair of destructive earthquakes that occurred over the last two days.
Much of Puerto Rico is still without power as engineers work to restore it in phases.
Terrified of sleeping indoors as aftershocks continue, some people put mattresses in their front yards while others spent the night under white tents and tarps.
The biggest of the two quakes was a 6.4 magnitude, and is one of the largest felt there in a century.
It left homes destroyed, displaced hundreds of people and recovery could be more than $3 billion.
The earthquakes come after Hurricane Maria devastated the island in September 2017.
Some people in southern Puerto Rico said the earthquakes' damage was worse.
Overnight, President Donald Trump approved FEMA assistance for the island.
The effects of the earthquakes are also being felt in Central Florida.
WESH 2 News spoke with people who have family and friends on the island.
"It's very hard for the family down here to see what's going on in Puerto Rico. Everybody's scared. Nobody's sleeping. It's very hard,” Marangely Lopez said.
At Melao Bakery in Orlando, a popular Puerto Rican restaurant, many people have their minds on their family and friends now suffering again without power and other basic resources.
"Every time I call my mom and she cries, she's just hysterical. She's scared,” Lopez said.
Lopez lives in Puerto Rico and came to Florida to visit her children to ring in the new year. With her mother and two of her kids on the island, she's planning to go back as soon as she can.
"It's very hard. It's just hard, because we want to be there, but we can't. And they're going through a lot,” Lopez said.
"It's really devastating,” said Johnattan Lozado, who moved to Orlando from Puerto Rico six years ago and still has lots of family and friends there.
“Because we just had like, the disaster with Hurricane Maria, the island is still recovering. I still knew people that still didn't have electricity. With these earthquakes, that just adds a layer of difficulty to like, get everybody back to speed,” Lozado said.
Some people say the earthquakes and the threat of more make this even worse than Maria.
"It's horrible because when a hurricane is coming, they'll let you know, and you know how to prepare and what to do, but an earthquake, it's not the same thing,” Lopez said.
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Unstructured data is becoming more prevalent, and few organizations aren’t struggling with how to handle this growing problem. Microsoft’s SharePoint document repository was designed to provide content collaboration and version control, but unfortunately, as the number of users increases, so does the amount of data that is stored in SharePoint.
So what is the solution to the SharePoint storage problem?
Network Computing brought this news to our attention in their article, “Is Storage A SharePoint Killer?” A different approach seems to be in order. Instead of viewing SharePoint as an intranet, it should be considered more as a database system and less of a file system.
Access Innovations’ Data Harmony suite of content enrichment and thesaurus management tools can be fully integrated with Microsoft SharePoint 2010. Data Harmony fills semantic gaps in SharePoint to help users take full advantage of their metadata through auto-classification, enterprise taxonomy management, entity extraction, and search enhancements. The end result is information assets that are more searchable and more accessible.
Melody K. Smith
Sponsored by Access Innovations, the world leader in thesaurus, ontology, and taxonomy creation and metadata application.
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The classical world has lost one of the great composers, and Poland is mourning one of its most passionate music educators and cultural ambassadors.
He was born in Dębica in south-east Poland and studied in Kraków where he graduated from the Academy of Music. He continued at the Academy as a professor before his composing career took off. He received early acclaim for his Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima (1960) and his large-scale St Luke Passion (1963-66). During the 1960s, he won numerous composition prizes, including the Sibelius Gold Medal (1967), the Prix Italia (1968 – for Dies irae) and the Award of the Polish Composer’s Association (1970).
The year 1973 saw his career extending to the United States with the premiere in Pittsburgh of his First Symphony and the start of a professorship at Yale University which ran until 1978. During the 1970s, his compositional language changed – less connected with the earlier influences of Webern and Boulez, and increasingly tonal with a focus on specific intervals. His Second Symphony, Christmas (1980), is a fine example of his newer style.
His Polish Requiem, which used an earlier work, Lacrimosa, commissioned by Solidarity to commemorate those killed in the anti-government riots in the Gdansk shipyards in 1970, made a great impact. It was a work he returned to twice, to revise. His Credo of 1997-8 is one of his most popular later works, alongside the Second Cello Concerto (1982), written for Mstislav Rostropovich.
His output was substantial numbering eight symphonies, five operas, a large number of concertante works (his two violin were written, respectively, for Isaac Stern and Anne-Sophie Mutter), vocal and choral works, and chamber music, including four string quartets.
He was active conductor, recording many of his own works.
Via Love Poland
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How to Treat Rainwater for a Shower
You don't have to treat rainwater to use it for showering, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, but you have options if you want to do so. While collecting rainwater conserves water, it can come in contact with contaminants such as bird feces and pesticides. This can lead it to harbor parasites, bacteria and disease-causing agents.
Check Local Codes
The collection of rainwater isn't legal everywhere. Some states prohibit rainwater harvesting, as they consider rainfall as part of watershed drainage that belongs to the state or other private water-rights owners. And in the states that do allow it, you may find local or state regulations for rainwater collection systems and storage, equipment and methods, so check all applicable laws and codes before you install a system. Your local government's environmental, zoning, building and health departments can help you. These agencies may also have information on local rainwater contamination issues and treatment suggestions for problems specific to your area's water.
Store rainwater in a clean holding tank or other nontoxic container such as food-grade plastic barrels. A first-flush device, also called a first-flush diverter, improves rainwater quality by keeping the initial water flow that contains the most impurities and debris from entering your holding tank. These systems often use a tipping bucket that empties at specific points or a ball that rises to close a valve after the first five-gallon flow from the roof. The CDC advises against using rainwater as a drinking water source without disinfection, filtration, and regular maintenance and testing; it also suggests that you do not allow rainwater into a household drinking water system or get it in your nose or mouth when you shower. Homeowners must take responsibility for the safety of their own systems.
Sand filters offer an economical and environmentally friendly way for you to treat harvested rainwater for showering purposes. Slow sand filtration, when correctly set up and maintained, greatly reduce bacterial and protozoan contaminants for up to 10 years, but it is not as effective at filtering viruses. This filter consists of sand and gravel layers in a plastic or concrete container. The filter develops a bioactive layer covered by a diffuser plate that increases the protection against disease-causing organisms. Sand filters are available for purchase or you can make them yourself.
More Treatment Options
Add a screen to your rain water collection system, such as to the inlet pipe, rain gutter or rain barrel to reduce contaminants. The CDC advises that If you use a rain barrel, dump it out at least every 10 days to stop mosquito larvae from hatching. More advanced water treatment systems such as ultraviolet sterilization or ozonation systems add a substantial expense to setting up and operating your rainwater system -- due to their initial cost and high energy use -- and aren't necessary for water used for showering.
Gryphon Adams began publishing in 1985. He contributed to the "San Francisco Chronicle" and "Dark Voices." Adams writes about a variety of topics, including teaching, floral design, landscaping and home furnishings. Adams is a certified health educator and a massage practitioner. He received his Master of Fine Arts at San Francisco State University.
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When it comes to automobile insurance policies there are a variety of facets that influence your Expense. The expense of insurance plan can be lowered by driving prudently and securely. Think about your automobile’s make/design, its benefit and how it is utilized. Driving extended distances is more typical, which improves your risk of becoming involved in a collision. The most effective way to reduce the cost of insurance policies is usually to locate the plan that most accurately fits your necessities.
The expense of coverage can differ from $one,a hundred to as much as $five,000 for auto entrepreneurs who are regular. It’s important to know that charges change involving states and. In some states the entire protection may perhaps Expense twice approximately the minimum amount coverage. Here are some solutions that will let you get quite possibly the most worth for dollars. Some states only have a least amount of liability, having said that whole coverage typically has the $500 deductible.
Since some motor vehicles Charge greater than Other people, picking out the right car is important. Some vehicles are costlier to exchange and repair service, which implies that their insurance policies rates are costlier. A fantastic driving history is better and can result in lower premiums. Insurance policy prices will also be depending on the motive force’s age and gender. Young drivers are generally a lot more hazardous than drivers who are older. Also, some coverage firms make full use of credit scores when identifying insurance policy rates. However, you will discover guidelines in certain states that ban this observe.
There are six Main varieties of coverage insurance policies for autos. It is possible to tailor your policy to address a wide range of conditions. It’s also essential to make certain that you may have liability coverage. You needs to have legal responsibility insurance plan in most states. But, you could opt to purchase a different sort of protection. Liability insurance policies will address your losses if you are answerable for a mishap. But, it could also shield other drivers. It handles The prices of Others’s accidents and damages, likewise healthcare payments.
An ordinary coverage will comprise various varieties of coverage, such as liability, collision, comprehensive, uninsured/underinsured motorist, and professional medical payments. These coverages are crucial, so make sure you have more than enough. Some coverages are necessary in a few states. Other coverages can be obtained as a possibility. Freeway Insurance policy will let you to pick out the most beneficial coverage on your requirements. You can Decide on a range of options for coverage while creating cost savings in time and hard cash.
Each point out has its possess auto coverage minimum specifications These legislation are broken down into 3 distinctive figures. In California, by way of example, you will be necessary to have at minimum 15/30/5 bodily damage legal responsibility protection, and thirty/50/five from the home problems legal responsibility. The figures might change commonly, so it is best to examine your state’s demands just before driving. Even though different coverage may be an option, it’s not constantly a good suggestion.
Most states have minimum amount requirements for protection. Nonetheless, quite a few lenders have to have complete protection. The lender could demand finish protection In case your car is being financed. Complete protection covers collision and comprehensive insurance coverage. Legal responsibility insurance policy covers damage to Other individuals’s property during the party of a mishap although not your own personal vehicle or self. Legal responsibility for bodily injury and insurance plan for property harm might be merged to give you by far the most extensive protection for very affordable Value.
Your individual conditions will establish when you call for collision insurance policies on your own car insurance policies policy. Although you’re not needed to carry it by law, lenders may well demand it In the event your strategy is to finance your car or truck. Lenders could also require collision insurance policy When you’ve got An impressive bank loan, which suggests that you choose to have to purchase total coverage vehicle insurance policies. For the majority of people who finance an automobile, regardless of whether new or used, this insurance is needed.
Collision security protects the auto’s full worth in the situation while in the party of an accident. The insurance provider will go over the whole cost of repairs even so, it might not suffice to acquire a completely new car or truck whether it is destroyed or stolen. It could be needed to commit particular income for your vehicle’s substitution. Any time you invest in automobile insurance policy, make sure you completely realize this coverage. It is also imperative that you know the insurance policy deductible, and that is distinctive in the collision deductible.
When searching for car insurance plan, You will find a good deal to consider. Particular states have bare minimum needs for Assets and Uninsured motor vehicle insurance. This addresses you for your difference between your fees and the boundaries of the at-fault motorist. Certain states don’t need underinsured motorist coverage be involved. Here are some ideas that can assist you shop for the ideal coverage plan to meet up with your demands. These tips is likely to make it less complicated for you personally and conserve you income.
As a way to assure your basic safety from injuries and home damages, you will demand legal responsibility insurance policies on your own car insurance plan. For anyone who is located to be responsible for a collision, this protection will protect the costs of settlement and authorized protection. There are lots of forms and it is important to know about the distinctions to avoid costly surprises. State Farm presents An array of coverage concentrations at acceptable charges. Chances are you’ll uncover it a lot more useful to choose a medium protection stage.
Most states call for you to incorporate legal responsibility insurance policies in your insurance coverage plan. This covers damage to the house of others and accidents to Other individuals. This type of coverage also safeguards you in case you lead to a mishap to another driver. Such a insurance policies is suggested for all motorists no matter nationality. Nonetheless, the bounds for liability insurance policies differ from a person state to another. Your legal responsibility limit will identify the level of protection you will need.
It really is illegal to drive in almost every state devoid of liability protection. Legal responsibility insurance policies handles the restore with the problems caused to residence owned by a third person. Nonetheless, your car coverage does not offer coverage for your personal automobile’s damages. It is achievable to check your coverage prior to getting it. Coverage for residence is critical to ensure the safety of your respective funds. In the event you induce a collision, you are going to stay away from huge insurance plan expenditures.
Your insurance coverage should have some kind of property harm insurance plan to protect you in the case of the collision. The coverage will deal with any damage you need to do into the car or truck of One more, which include repairs. This coverage also addresses the price of cleansing debris from an accident web page. 3 numbers make up assets protection. These include bodily Injury protection for every incident, and Residence Destruction protection for every damage. Higher limits provide much more coverage. Be sure to go with the policy in detail and speak to your agent any queries.
Ny features uninsured motorist insurance. This is certainly when the driver that is at fault is not insured to protect The prices with the collision. This coverage applies when the opposite driver will not be even identified along with the incident is an accident that is strike-and-operate. Even though the Insurance policy Law SS 5217 states that coverage for uninsured motorist is necessary for all physical collisions having said that, courts have permitted it to only use to Actual physical collisions.
Underinsured and uninsured motorist protection are optional in certain states, even so in other states, You will need to have them the two. While in the function of an crisis, you can buy the two insurances. Should the uninsured driver results in a broken car or truck and You’re not insured, the coverage for uninsured motorists will include the fix. While this protection isn’t mandatory nonetheless it’s a great choice to carry in a minimum the least liability protection.
When you’ve in no way thought about it, vehicle insurance plan savings could be an excellent way to save cash although remaining environmentally friendly. New cars often feature basic safety features like anti-lock brakes and airbags, which is able to lower the expense of your insurance policies. Discount rates can also be negotiated for security options for example anti-theft alarms or daytime managing lights. For your duration of twelve months, your the be concerned of spending your high quality is usually eradicated by shelling out your premium every year in complete. All around 50 % of insurance coverage providers give a discount for this process of payment.
You may additionally be eligible for discounts if you’ve had your plan for various a long time. The savings will differ dependant on the amount of time you’ve got experienced your policy, but some firms supply bargains for being loyal for their prospects. A discount as large as 15% might be presented When the policy is obtained inside of 7 small business times ahead of the date of renewal. Many corporations offer reductions for certain professions together with discount offers. Academics get ten% off their Liberty Mutual premiums. Geico provides a 15% price cut for armed service staff.
Are you currently a brand new driver looking for inexpensive automobile insurance plan estimates. If you wish to help you save on car insurance plan, here are a few ideas: Raising your deductible, obtaining an insurance lower price that does not need a declare, or acquiring a policy with the insurance provider in your town. The following pointers will let you help save many bucks each and every year on your own vehicle insurance coverage. These guidelines may help you to get the lowest rates. Continue on examining to find out the process. You’ll be joyful you have got completed it.
Younger drivers could lower your expenses if they generate far more safely and securely and minimize the amount of miles they vacation and let insurance plan corporations keep an eye on their driving routines. Purchasing close to for auto protection could also reduce your premiums. Young motorists are usually staying charged better charges by many different coverage firms So, be sure you shop for the most beneficial value. It is a snap to check on-line prices with free of charge resources. Also you could possibly request special discounts for those who possess a number of automobiles which can be included by the identical insurance provider.
When you are searhing for a coverage, make sure you Look at numerous estimates and pick the most effective benefit and good quality. You may as well find out an insurance company who will grow along with you and assist you to change your plan as your driving record alterations. Comparisons of insurance policies with identical coverage will make a difference. Restrictions and deductibles could come up with a large influence. In case you are a younger driver, it is necessary for getting adequate coverage to stop financial catastrophe.
You can save funds by having an insurance plan discounted that does not call for coverage. You need to question your insurance policies provider what you can do to get this. Dependant upon the insurer, the price cut may be value any place between thirty% at the conclusion of just one year, and nearly sixty five % in 5 years. Keep in mind that When you have a mishap, you’ll be responsible for two a long time of no claims reward. Moreover, numerous claims may trigger your no-statements bonus getting worn out. Notifying your insurance company straight away of any incident you could are involved with is crucial. During the absence of doing so, it could cause future claims currently being denied.
Insurance policy organizations provide no-declare price reduction protection for approximately PS25. It enables you to make a particular amount of promises each year, without needing to stress about your premiums likely up. In case you are a member of the No Claims Bonus you may add it to your new plan. On top of that, you can transfer your no-statements lower price to a different insurance provider should really you decide on. To keep the no claims price cut, it is usually recommended that you consider switching insurers yearly or two.
Decrease premiums is usually acquired by increasing your deductibles when in search of reduced-Price tag car or truck insurance. In accordance with some estimates, you could help save amongst 15 and 30 percent on the price of your insurance plan by growing your deductibles. These price savings are depending on your driving records and also the type and guidelines of the state, in addition to your driving patterns. Your annually quality is usually lessened by increasing your deductibles to nearly 40%.
Although increasing your deductible isn’t the proper choice for just about every person, it could aid you in saving thousands of pounds in excess of the long run. Industry experts recommend which you help you save a minimum of two months of expenses for living, no matter how Considerably you decide to improve your deductible. Also, it may reduce your insurance coverage prices every month. Moreover, it can help you help you save profit the function of a declare.
A policy with a regional agency is a superb different for those with weak credit score data. A regional insurance provider can help you save funds each and every month in your every month insurance costs. On top of that, you will benefit of fantastic customer care and savings. It is possible to attain a coverage with any regional insurance company in all 50 US states. Moreover, it is possible to search prices by point out to check the most beneficial premiums. It can be crucial to take into account that you might have to make your credit score score about the program of. Selected motorists with undesirable credit scores might be charged over $four hundred annually.
Erie Insurance coverage, Yet another regional insurer, provides economical car insurance plan. This firm is based in Pennsylvania and continues to be in small business because 1925. Erie gives car insurance policies as As well as daily life and property insurance. Erie is not able to supply coverage throughout each individual state. It offers in excess of 13,000 unbiased brokers all through The us. You might have the option to select possibly an agent or regional insurance company that meets your specifications. Before making any selection, nevertheless, it truly is a good idea to diligently study the small particulars.
Should you be a significant-threat driver, you need to compare car insurance policy quotes and uncover The most cost effective coverage for your preferences. It’s also advisable to look into the protection readily available in the area so you can identify if a decrease charge is possible. It could be cheaper to purchase additional protection Should your hazard is fewer or for those who take a greater deductible. It all is determined by your needs. There are a variety of selections.
In case you are trying to find the best motor vehicle insurance policies policy for high-possibility motorists. It only normally takes two mouse clicks to Track down just one. There exists a wide number of rates on line for protection which is less expensive than the associated fee of standard motor vehicle insurance plan. The online market place helps make signing up to insurance easy. Just complete The easy on the web form, then pay out your quality. To prove your coverage protection, the insurance provider will print you a certificate and you will have an insurance coverage policy.
Insurance companies may perhaps take into account you a substantial Risk driver when there is very poor credit history historical past. Since you’re more unlikely to file an insurance scenario being a one who has superior credit history. It’s because: Your credit score can influence how insurance corporations have a look at your individual profile. A DUI/DWI will raise your insurance coverage premium by just as much as 65%. This is often equivalent in a $677 maximize on a 6 month coverage. Insurance coverage companies also take into consideration your driving file. Your high quality is often improved by nearly $174 When you’ve got a DUI/DWI. A speeding ticket generally is a Think about a top quality of close to forty five p.c.
A DUI may make it hard to Identify quite possibly the most trustworthy auto insurance provider. State Farm, American Relatives, Progressive and Other folks give reduced-Price premiums for drivers with superior chance. As well as your credit rating score, they consider it when pinpointing your charge. When pinpointing the price of your insurance policy, they take into account these factors. Insurance plan charges can skyrocket if you’re not creditworthy. That is why it’s so essential to get to find out your credit history score prior to making an expenditure.
There are plenty of factors to get into account any time you are trying to find probably the most reasonably priced auto insurance policies for youthful drivers. The marital standing within your wife or husband, the age and marital standing Engage in An important role in exactly how much you purchase insurance plan on the auto. The price of your insurance may well rely on the sort of car or truck you generate. Large-functionality motor vehicles that happen to be insured are usually costlier than Individuals with low performance. Consequently, step one find the cheapest automobile insurance policies for drivers who will be youthful is always to locate a car that has many safety features.
The best solution to cut down on the insurance on autos for younger drivers’ prices is to reduce the level of coverage. Insurance plan companies generally give reductions to good students and those that are engaged in driver’s training. You could end up spending way more When your insurance plan protection is lowered. It is necessary to weigh all prospective pitfalls and uncover better benefit.
Low-Expense car insurance policies is just not hard to stumble upon for teenagers. Even though the price of insurance for the 16-yr-previous driver is drastically higher than that of an Grownup, it might be minimized by including a teen to an present plan. This feature can maximize premiums by a mean $one,461 each year, but is commonly more affordable that purchasing separate coverage guidelines. On top of that, in case you are a younger driver you may look for discount rates together with other methods to save.
The cost of car insurance policies differs based on the style of driver you are. This may cause higher-possibility motorists needing the the very least cost-effective insurance coverage. Insurance policies organizations think about several different variables when choosing an insurance policy coverage, which includes your driving history, demographics, and Over-all hazard level. The subsequent are the 5 most vital components to look at when evaluating quotes for insurance plan. Will not compromise on top quality for the reason that lessen insurance policy costs usually are not the best.
To start with, contemplate your zip code. People today living in places with large crime prices are more likely to shell out bigger rates. Insurance policy organizations also consider the volume of site visitors. Also, be sure you don’t have any incident or statements on your file which could raise your charges. You should also Evaluate your premiums every month in order to ensure you Do not shell out much more. Multi-policy discounts are an alternative Should you have multiple policy With all the very same insurance company.
Whilst credit scores are not lawfully used by particular coverage companies in certain states, they’re critical elements when comparing automobile insurance fees. Hawaii motorists with inadequate credit history are needed to be charged 168% much more than comparable clear motorists. In Massachusetts high risk drivers are billed thirty% in excess of clean drivers. Fees for new motorists are larger if they’ve had a DUI, rushing ticket or have negative credit history. You should definitely attain as a lot of prices as is possible before you make your remaining selection.
Insurance policies prices are impacted by where you reside. Insurance rates could be bigger when there is a substantial volume of accidents and criminal offense. The price of insurance coverage may be influenced by components like the volume of traffic or history of incidents. To find out simply how much they are going to demand, nearly all insurance policies corporations evaluate the driver’s driving heritage. Insurance plan corporations will demand better charges to cover drivers who may have poor driving data than All those with clean driving records.
As the cost of wellness treatment proceeds to rise, car or truck coverage has greater by 50-100 percent in the last 5 years. Drivers also require uninsured or PIP insurance policy. This is a greater-than-normal condition-vast necessity. The big apple’s legislation needs motorists to get both liability and in depth insurance plan. This really is contrary to other states which only have to have this. The extra coverages can increase the insurance plan Value and may frequently increase the Charge. Also, motorists need to Check out their protection boundaries. Some insurance policies give an decreased minimal number of security than other policies.
In The big apple, the typical person spends two.eight percent of their earnings on motor vehicle insurance policies, which happens to be a little bit greater compared to nationwide ordinary of two.40 percent. The men and women in their 30s, 40s and 50s pay out a little bit over The standard. Motorists with a lot more driving working experience can pay much more than those aged 70+. Though rates are going to be a little greater for married couples, they remain significantly less than those who are one.
Motorists can decide to bear defensive driving classes Along with spending decreased expenses. The lessons previous for 3 hrs and focus on the attitudes of drivers and website traffic laws. These classes include things like defensive driving procedures which often can drastically lessen the Price for insurance policies. The study course will assist in improving your driving file and lessen the expense of vehicle insurance policies. In case you are unsure about the insurance coverage protection you would like The Insurance policy Data Institute may also help.
Though fuel selling prices vary throughout states, the cost of car coverage in other states can be lower or greater than yours. Particular aspects may be to blame for this, such as the proportion of drivers who are uninsured, state insurance policy guidelines, and the rate of theft. In some states, bad weather conditions can influence insurance plan costs. The desk below displays the standard motor vehicle coverage premiums in different states. The estimates are primarily based on a comparison of condition insurance coverage needs.
Missouri is considered the most reasonably priced condition for insurance coverage protection that’s entire-coverage. The value is $944 decreased than Louisiana. Moreover, this point out has amongst the lowest prices for each capita and is put fifth during the rankings of the price of living. Texas drivers are those who fork out the best premiums for insurance policies on vehicles. They could expend as high as 33% on their full once-a-year earnings. This disparity may possibly outcome from The truth that Texas has a lot of motorists who’re not insured and a lot of lawsuits.
The national average yearly expense of total coverage automobile insurance plan is $1771 per year. The point out which includes the most costly coverage cost is Louisiana that has a expense of $2,839, a 19% increase from 2020. Maine’s typical insurance plan Value nevertheless, is just $858. This is because states without-fault insurance coverage premiums have increased ordinary insurance plan rates. The cost of a car insurance policies plan in numerous states can differ appreciably. There are quite a few factors to consider, such as the rules governing insurance policy with your point out.
Seeking higher risk automobile insurance policies for high-possibility drivers in close proximity to me Probably that you are questioning regarding how you can get An inexpensive policy. Substantial-danger motorists shell out more expensive insurance plan rates than typical drivers. This is due to The reality that substantial-chance drivers are more likely to be linked to numerous violations and accidents. Based on your point out the time-frame could vary from a person to 5 years. You could be competent to obtain savings Whenever your driver protection class is concluded.
The countrywide averages in higher-risk driver automobile insurance policies near me are very reliable. Nevertheless, you’ll find that the premiums vary broadly between states and. A great deal of companies alter their fees in accordance with the condition They are really in. In the event you reside in a single condition, chances are you’ll find that one particular provider gives the best protection in a low cost. State Farm gives the lowest insurance for high-possibility motorists near me. State Farm is renowned for its excellent customer support.
It is easy to Identify substantial-hazard driver insurance plan in the vicinity of me. Just input your zip code, and Evaluate fees. While high-possibility coverage for vehicle insurance policies can Expense differing in states however, the majority of major insurers will offer it. Nationwide Basic and various superior-danger businesses offer you insurance policy coverage. It can be done to locate a more cost-effective insurance plan with good grades as well as a very low-threat vehicle.
Evaluating insurance coverage companies for autos provides many strengths. We are going to be talking about a number of of the most vital features like reviews, bargains, and consumer help. To be sure your safety and safety, deciding on the most effective insurance coverage policy is important. Check out the insurance policies of various firms. You can expect to know which insurance policy provider features the ideal protection for the bottom value because of the summary of this publish. Below are a few suggestions that can assist you choose the ideal a single.
It is achievable to compare quotes from a variety of companies to locate the ideal motor vehicle coverage level. Coverage companies look at several elements when determining the cost of coverage. It is important to comprehend your individual needs, and after that Look at the prices of assorted coverage companies. You would possibly realize that athletics automobiles are more highly-priced to insure than frequent vehicles. Your driving document and your area may have an influence on the charges you receive. It is feasible to match premiums and obtain the bottom selling price with the very same protection in addition to the very same deductibles utilizing a Instrument for comparison.
The expense of insurance policies can be quite different and it’s as a result necessary to understand how each plan will work. The factors that influence insurance policies rates include age, driving history and credit historical past. It’s also feasible to compare the perks Each and every firm offers for instance accident forgiveness and roadside aid. It could be daunting to Review prices from diverse organizations, so it’s important to select the most effective one. Below are a few recommendations to help you get you started out.
J.D. is a good place to begin once you are searhing for automobile insurance policies corporations To guage. Ratings of the very best motor vehicle insurance policies firms. These are determined by shopper gratification surveys that survey thousands of automobile insurance policies prospects nationwide. The typical of the businesses’ purchaser fulfillment score is calculated based on the results. These rankings are published every year, and the best vehicle insurance coverage providers in Every single category are awarded gold medals. How does one determine if the insurance plan firms you are interested in are very good?
There are numerous methods to assess the economical steadiness of motor vehicle insurance plan businesses. For starters search for the AM Greatest insurance provider ranking, which gives monetary steadiness scores for motor vehicle insurance plan firms. If the insurance provider has an A or B, C, or File score, it’s essential to concentrate on its security prior to picking a plan. This is a crucial facet of The shopper guidance. Before making a decision you’ll want to read through all assessments and also the great print.
Insurance businesses for automobiles offer you many different reductions. Some savings may not be available to all clients, so you’ll want to Test the corporation Web page to you should definitely qualify to the discount rates that apply for you. Reductions can be found in a number of sorts by some organizations. Your agent can show you if your organization is qualified for a single of these special discounts. This process will likely be speedy and usually takes under an hour. Beneath are a few illustrations.
Legacy Bargains Auto insurance coverage organizations can supply special discounts to new motorists who get their coverage by their mom and dad. This price reduction is usually all around 10%. It is an opportunity for folks to thank them for his or her dedication throughout the yrs. Also, it might help conserve you income on car insurance policy. There are actually various insurance policy organizations which provide price reduction for motorists who are youthful. Verify with your company to discover whether or not they have a single. American Relatives, Farmers and USAA policies are also made available.
There are many corporations that constantly offer fantastic buyer care during the insurance policy sector. Esurance is one of them. It gained four marks out of five from the J.D. Electricity rankings in buyer assistance, a exceptional rating for a business that includes a parent company that does not deliver customer service. The corporate scored larger on other aspects, like procedures and pricing solutions, and also the high-quality of services delivered by means of its Web-site and contact centers. (personalised services)
For many buyers, the protection in their vehicle coverage is An important facet. But, It truly is customer support that’s the most important. Consumers expect to have the ability to reach their insurance policies firms rapidly and obtain welcoming support. That means that prospects need to have to hear from their insurers immediately and which they can talk to a person who is ready to pay attention and provide remedies. Just about every car insurance company can provide exceptional customer care. But they aren’t all are the same. (rideshare insurance plan)(just a few clicks)(insurance policies solutions)
Numerous factors have an impact on the cost of coverage for cars and trucks by corporations. The 2 primary components are age and driving historical past. A driver with a lousy driving file or using a low credit rating can pay increased fees. The cost of insurance can also be affected by the costs of dwelling within your location. Check out the prices of many insurance policy firms to find the one that is most suitable to your Way of living and budget. You could cut down your expenses by reducing coverage or enrolling in defensive driving courses. You may additionally elect to pay upfront for the entire 12 months’s protection. (bill on the web)(employee special discounts)(at fault incident)(lined incident)
Besides the elements stated previously mentioned You will find a myriad of other reasons that may boost your Expense. If you’ve ever had a claim or been involved in a targeted visitors incident, your insurer will revise your charges. Furthermore, special discounts could possibly be obtainable for those who have completed a secure driving course. Insurance plan organizations regularly modify their styles to be able to establish their fees. If you do not have a driving history, You might even see a discount in the price of your insurance. (utilization dependent insurance plan),(rental cars),(auto fix) (Protected driver price reduction).
Evaluating insurance policy for vehicles is a wonderful process to prevent unreliable insurance plan providers. The minimal prices offered by an insurance provider could be deceiving. By way of example it won’t address precise procedures or make incorrect assumption regarding your driving design. When you look up insurance policies providers’ ratings and also the A.M. Greatest score, you’ll be able to figure out probably the most very affordable insurance plan providers within your area. Assess automobile insurance coverage offers to save money. Get estimates from the most beneficial businesses and find out which a person is the greatest for yourself. (accident no cost)
Your credit rating-based rating on insurance is a sign in the the danger you might be using, but it surely shouldn’t decide your costs. Insurance coverage providers shouldn’t make full use of credit score history to ascertain the main reason for why charges are rising. California, Massachusetts Massachusetts Oregon Utah, Vermont and Utah have laws that prohibit insurers from creating conclusions applying credit history historical past in determining their coverage premiums. (could conserve)(new automobile)(car assert)
This kind of insurance isn’t provided in just about every state. People simply cannot figure out if a company makes use of your credit rating score to ascertain the quantity they are going to cost. California, Hawaii Massachusetts Massachusetts and Michigan have banned credit-dependent coverage. Other states also limit credit history-based insurance policies scores. Ultimately, you have got to make your mind up for yourself if your credit score-based mostly coverage score is ideal for your preferences. (motorbike coverage) (roadside aid protection) (“bundling auto”)(pet insurance policy);real hard cash worth);excellent claims assistance);(yacht insurance company)
There are plenty of components that affect the price of insurance special discounts for autos. The rate you fork out is affected by age by additional then thirty percent. In certain states, a young driver may fork out Just about 4-times much more than a 30-yr-aged. Inexperience is yet another issue. Younger teenagers are usually a lot more likely enter into a mishap. If you realize the aspects that impact your coverage prices, you’ll be able to negotiate decrease fees for yourself. Beneath are a few of the ways that the age of your respective auto can have an impact on your insurance coverage.
Your premiums will reduce when you age. Insurance policies expenditures for vehicles could be impacted by your age if the motive force is male. While males who’re more youthful pay out under their elder counterparts, rates paid by motorists within their sixties to seventies rocketed are for that motorists who will be. Stats show that males are two one/two periods far more most likely than women to be within a crash when driving. Which means the gender hole between Adult men and women diminishes because they age. (protection options)(homeowners insurance plan)
It isn’t surprising to learn that insurance policies fees for males are greater than People of girls. There are a number of causes men generate improperly, leading to a lot more incident and assert. Nevertheless, there are some components which make motorists extra high-priced to go over. Here are a few of the top explanation why. Learn more with regard to the variables have an affect on automobile insurance coverage prices in accordance with gender. These recommendations can help you reduce your premiums if you are however Not sure. (vehicle insurance insurance policies)(automobile coverage quotation)(car insurance policies fee)
Oregon Division of Financial Regulation directed insurers of autos to support shoppers who Do not condition their gender. Insurance policy businesses are required to report costs commencing January 2019 for any driver who discriminates from non-binary folks. These fees could possibly be bigger compared to premiums for woman or male drivers. Women of all ages will benefit from reduced prices if they don’t seem to be excessive. Don’t be alarmed in regards to the “nonbinary” price for young motorists. (car or truck coverage claim)(gap insurance)(auto plan)
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New Delhi, 17 December, 2010 – The former Indian Deputy Prime Minister speaking to international journalist Rohit Gandhi called upon Iran to uphold justice and treat its minorities with respect. He said “I appeal to Iran and join the UN and the rest of the international community to treat the Baha’is with respect and provide justice to the imprisoned seven leaders of the Baha’i community.”
The persecution of Baha’is has increased since the establishment of the Islamic Republic in Iran. This present wave of systematic attacks on the Baha’i leadership came in 2008 when the seven former leaders were arrested without charges and kept in temporary detention for nine months. As an afterthought they were charged with espionage and threat to national security and insulting religious sanctity.
Mr. Advani pointed out that a country’s civilization can be best judged from seeing how it treats its minorities, “The attitude of a country and a nation towards minority religion is the touchstone of how civilized a country it is.” He further said, “The Lotus temple is a very important place in New Delhi where tens of thousands of people visit and is a good example of how India treats its minorities with respect.” Advani said that the Parsi community came to India centuries ago facing persecution from Islamic fundamentalists and today they live in India as a prominent minority community and are very successful.
In addition to the former Deputy Prime Minister, other eminent Indians have raised their concern against the handling of the case of the seven Baha’is currently facing a ten-year prison sentence without the due process of law. The former UN special Rappatouer on Housing Rights said that “There is a contradiction of the unjust treatment of Baha’is and the minorities in Iran with the state not according them the same rights and means of redress that it is championing around the world.” Mr. Kothari was addressing Iran’s position on the treatment of Muslims in Palestine and other places around the world. He went on to say that in its own country Iran continues to violate the rights of the minorities including the Baha’is.
The contradiction stems from Iran’s own adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights not to mention its ratification of the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights as well as Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. “We hope that Iran will make its internal policies, law and administration, consistent with its International Human Rights commitments and the standing that it wants in the International community as a civilization with long history of assimilation of different Faiths,” Kothari remarks.
Dr. Amitabh Kundu, Professor of Economics at the Centre for the Study of Regional Development and former Dean of the School of Social Sciences at Jawaharlal Nehru University endorsing the Open letter of the Baha’i International Community to the Head of the Judiciary in Iran, emphasizes that “this mistreatment [of the Baha’is] also epitomizes the injustices being wrought against scores upon scores of their fellow citizens who are condemned to suffer merely because they yearn to be liberated from the prejudice and religious fanaticism that have so undermined the advancement and ravaged the well-being of their society.”
Dr. George Verghese, Senior Columnist and visiting Professor at the Centre for Policy Research says “I have supported the Baha’i movement and I will always continue to do so.”
In defiance of all reason, the prisoners are now in the third year of what is shamelessly termed a “temporary” detention –leaving them without any option of bail, and in turn, any prospect of freedom. Justice demands no less than the immediate release of these seven Baha’i leaders.
also see India PRWire: http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/other/2010121772045.htm
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People with depressive illnesses do not all experience the same symptoms.
The severity, frequency, and duration of symptoms vary depending on the individual and his or her particular illness.
Brain-imaging technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have shown that the brains of people who have depression look different than those of people without depression. The parts of the brain involved in mood, thinking, sleep, appetite, and behavior appear different. But these images do not reveal why the depression has occurred. They also cannot be used to diagnose depression.
Some types of depression tend to run in families. However, depression can occur in people without family histories of depression too. Scientists are studying certain genes that may make some people more prone to depression. Some genetics research indicates that risk for depression results from the influence of several genes acting together with environmental or other factors.
In addition, trauma, loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or any stressful situation may trigger a depressive episode. Other depressive episodes may occur with or without an obvious trigger.
Research indicates that depressive illnesses are disorders of the brain.1
Many social indicators fail to measure what people think and feel about their lives—the quality of their relationships, their positive emotions, resilience, satisfaction with life domains, or the realization of their potential. Positive evaluations of life including the presence of positive emotions (e.g., happiness, serenity, interest), social ties, and perceptions of life satisfaction and meaning, are commonly referred to as “well-being.”
To learn more about how well-being can be useful to public health, how it is measured, and what Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is doing to examine and promote well-being, please visit Health Related Quality of Life.22
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By the end of the year, we completed our donation drive and our homeless women kits.
Something positive we did for our school was we encouraged team work in the advisory classes by hosting a competition, and we helped students care about others by hosting a donation drive.
Something positive we did for our community was that we gave St. Francis Center the food and materials that some could not afford and need to survive. We also personally helped sort and organize the food at St. Francis Center, and also passed out those food supplies to community members in need when they came to the Pantry Program.
If we could redo this project, an improvement would be to encourage more students to donate and make more volunteer opportunities at the St. Francis Center, so that more students could get involved and have the hands-on experiences that we did.
The short-term outcome of this project is to provide personal hygiene kits to homeless women in order to meet their needs. Another outcome of this project will be to provide more food supplies to local food banks. Finally, we also will host workshops and events on campus to make our students and staff excited about our project; for example, we would like to host workshops where we teach our school community how to hand-make goods like soap.
In the long-term, our goal is to encourage people to help out at events like food drives, donation drives, and volunteering for local community services. By hosting events at our middle school, we can shape how our students see their community and make them feel responsible for helping others.
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1. Search the shoreline for ospreys
Though ospreys faced near-extinction in the 1950s and 60s due to DDT exposure, these raptors have made a remarkable recovery. Ospreys are now one of the most common large birds seen around Buzzards Bay, and are also one of the first migratory birds to return the region each spring. Ospreys begin migrating back to Buzzards Bay as early as March, after spending the cold months wintering in Florida, Mexico, and Central and South America. You may spot them making dramatic claw-first dives into the water for fish or scoping out a place for one of their massive summer nests.
Ospreys may be seen hunting along nearly all of Buzzards Bay coastlines, but some go-to hotspots are Quicksand Pond in Little Compton, Horseneck Beach State Reservation in Westport, Demarest Lloyd State Park in Dartmouth, Winsegansett Marsh in Fairhaven, Planting Island Beach in Marion, Mary’s Pond in Rochester, Wickets Island in Wareham, Lyman Reserve in Plymouth, and Quaker Marsh in Falmouth.
2. Take an evening nature walk
As nighttime temperatures creep above freezing, you’ll notice a huge uptick in nocturnal activity from local animals. And with sunset becoming later by the day, early spring is a perfect time to get out at dusk to look and listen for signs that these creatures are preparing for spring breeding. In open fields, American woodcock begin their twittering, zig-zagging courtship flights. In the woods, owls start calling with greater frequency as they seek out mates, and frogs like spring peepers start filling the night air with their chirping calls.
A few of our favorite places for an evening spring walk include Dunham’s Brook Conservation Area in Westport, the Lloyd Center for the Environment in Dartmouth, The Bogs in Mattapoisett, Myles Standish State Forest in Carver, White Eagle and Goldavitz Bog in Marion, Four Ponds Conservation Area in Bourne, and Frances A. Crane Wildlife Management Area in Falmouth.
3. Help with a herring count
Each spring, river herring migrate from the Atlantic Ocean into the rivers and streams where they were born to reproduce. To track populations of herring in Buzzards Bay, the Coalition places electronic counters at fish ladders on several local rivers. River herring are an important link in the Bay food web, and tracking their population can give us insights into the health of the ecosystem as a whole.
You can celebrate spring and help us ensure protection for river herring by volunteering as a Baywatcher. Volunteers help install fish counters, record daily numbers, and give these fish a hand by removing debris from fish passageways.
And if you’d like to check out a herring run for yourself, see our list of 10 herring runs you can visit around Buzzards Bay.
4. Learn to ID returning birds
With the arrival of warm weather, you may notice a new cast of avian characters arriving on the wing as well. Learning to identify these migratory bird species is a great way to get excited about the seasonal changes all around you.
If you’re interested in songbirds, the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s guide to learning bird songs and calls is a good place to start. Some interesting returning songbirds to look out for include the bright orange Baltimore oriole, the flashy scarlet tanager, and the unassuming-looking warbling vireo with its boisterous song. Acrobatic red-winged blackbirds return to marshlands — as do graceful wading birds like great blue herons and great egrets.
If you prefer to spend your spring days strolling the shoreline, you won’t just see returning ospreys. At Horseneck Beach and Gooseberry Island in Westport, Allens Pond Wildlife Sanctuary in Dartmouth, West Island in Fairhaven, and Wood Neck Beach in Falmouth, you’ll spot the roped-off nests of endangered terns and piping plovers. (To protect nesting birds, please watch them from a safe distance.) Migrants like American oystercatchers may also begin to return to Buzzards Bay this time of year.
5. Visit a vernal pool
Every spring, snowmelt and rainstorms create wide, shallow ponds in forest depressions called vernal pools. These fascinating habitats host a distinctive array of woodland life. Because they dry up by summertime, vernal pools aren’t home to any fish. Instead, you can discover clumps of translucent amphibian eggs, from species like wood frogs and spotted salamanders, if you peer carefully into these murky waters.
Because vernal pools are extremely sensitive to disturbance, you should only view them from their edges. To find a vernal pool to explore near you, check our list of 13 vernal pools in woodlands around Buzzards Bay.
6. Try trail running
There’s still a chill in the air on many early spring days, but we have an easy way to shake that cold: get moving! Trail running is a great way to explore local trails while keeping warm and getting in some exercise. Unlike the treadmill, trails always offer new challenges for your body and outdoor surprises that change through the season. Plus: even the region’s most popular trails can still be pretty quiet this time of year, meaning you’ll have many places all to yourself.
If you’re ready to lace up your sneakers, we’ve gathered 13 places in southeastern Massachusetts for you to hit the trails and leave winter in the dust.
7. Go maple sugaring
In the early spring, maple trees begin to flow with their delicious, sticky sap. This only happens when maples experience freezing nights and warm days, which “pumps” the sap through the tree as it periodically freezes and defrosts. During this time, maple producers will tap their trees to collect this sap, and then boil it to create concentrated syrup. If you have healthy trees on your property, you can try this at home, or join one of the Coalition’s annual early-spring maple tapping walks at LaPalme Farm in Acushnet.
8. Hunt for early-blooming wildflowers
Though we’ll have to wait a few more weeks for spring’s dramatic wildflowers, some early-blooming species have already begun showing their colors. Look for fuzzy pinkish-purple pussy willows on willow trees, bright crocuses in meadows and between trees, and spicebush showing pale yellow in lowland woods. Keen-eyed forest explorers scouring the undergrowth may spy trout lilies nodding their delicate yellow blooms, mayflowers (the Massachusetts state flower) in purple and white, and stunning lavender hepatica hiding in the shade. The best way to appreciate these spring beauties is by taking nothing but photos —picking wildflowers removes a source of food for bees and other pollinators.
Our favorite spots to seek out spring wildflowers include Old Harbor Wildlife Refuge in Westport, Wernick Farm in Dartmouth, Flora B. Peirce Nature Trail in New Bedford, LaPalme Farm in Acushnet, Shaw Farm Trail in Fairhaven, Tripps Mill in Mattapoisett, Halfway Pond Conservation Area in Plymouth, Birch Island Conservation Area in Wareham, Cataumet Greenway in Bourne, and Bourne Farm and Cardoza Farm in Falmouth.
9. Start a “surprise garden”
The time between the end of winter and the start of spring has another name: “mud season.” As the ground thaws and spring rains move in, the area around Buzzards Bay can get a little muddy.
When you don your boots to explore local woodlands, you’ll also be picking up hundreds of seeds deposited by plants and flowers in preparation for spring — seeds that the U.S. Forest Service recommends making into a “surprise garden.” All you have to do is soak the dirt from your muddy soles in water, mix it with potting soil, and store it somewhere warm to grow. When spring frosts end, you can plant these surprise seedlings outdoors and wait for them to reveal themselves!
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How teachers can create a holistic approach to learning
Give Your School The Lead Advantage
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The traditional schooling system is not suitable for students with diverse learning styles. It was designed at a different time when getting good marks in exams was more than sufficient to make a decent career. However, given the competition in today’s world, merely getting good marks is insufficient. It is essential to ensure the child is actually able to gain practical skills that can help them in real life. These skills comprise the core skills and the softer skills like emotional intelligence, creativity, and others. All these skills are taught in a holistic teaching environment.
So what exactly is holistic learning? UNESCO defines holistic learning as “an approach that seeks to fully activate all aspects of the learner’s personality (intellect, emotions, imagination, body) for a more effective and comprehensive learning.”
Let’s understand how teachers can create a holistic approach to learning in their classrooms and thus help in transforming education:
1. Use multimodal content
In this age, due to technology, we can easily access the best educational materials available. Unlike traditional teaching methods, holistic learning requires the use of different types of content like audio-visual materials, quizzes, DIY projects, etc. This is because they help in exploring the multiple aspects of a subject. For example, physics cannot be understood just by reading the theory and memorizing the formulae. If students can see the physical significance of the concepts, they can understand physics better. This is possible by providing audio-visual content and DIY projects to students.
Research shows that students learn better when you let them experience something. You can ask your students to perform experiments for subjects like Science and Geography. Further, they can explain their observations and learnings in front of the class. If they are a part of LEAD Powered Schools, they can also participate in activities such as the Student Led Conferences (SLC) that give students a larger platform to showcase their work and boost their confidence.
Every LEAD Powered School is equipped with a learning management system, and every teacher has access to a fully-loaded tab synced with the smart TV. The tab consists of audio-visual content and a lot of exercises to help students better understand the materials taught in school.
2. Develop a problem-solving mindset
Problem-solving is an important skill not just for adults but also for kids. However, most of us are never taught how to solve complex problems. Even as adults, we find it difficult to handle problems that require us to learn new things or think out of the box.
So what is the problem-solving mindset? And how to develop it? As per a definition by MIT, problem-solving is “the process of identifying a problem, developing possible solution paths, and taking the appropriate course of action.”
First, you can simply teach your students that whenever they face a problem, ask ‘why?’- ask questions to identify the problem and then make suggestions. This will help students develop their analytical skills and solve problems better. Encourage them to be not afraid of facing new problems and attempt to find a solution in a step-by-step manner. The best way of doing this is by including problem-solving in their curriculum itself.
At LEAD Powered Schools, one of the ways in which students learn this technique is through doing projects in the Coding and Computational Skills Program. Students don’t just learn the coding theory but also do full-scale projects that they have to build from scratch. Know more about our exclusive coding curriculum here:
3. Improve emotional intelligence
Everyone acknowledges the importance of academic intelligence; however, emotional intelligence is often neglected. Students with high emotional intelligence often have better engagement with their peers, enhancing a holistic learning environment. Further, they also tend to have more confidence and a better sense of responsibility.
So what can you do to improve their emotional intelligence?
And don’t just teach them these values. Help them practice the same through interactive learning sessions. LEAD recognizes that emotional intelligence is essential for the overall development of students. Hence we organize Social and Emotional Learning sessions (SEL) once every week in the LEAD Powered Schools. This helps students to understand the benefits of emotional intelligence and develop ways to improve it.
Overall holistic learning is beneficial to students in several ways. By improving their learning outcomes and helping them gain life skills, we can empower them to take on promising professional careers for themselves.
LEAD is transforming education by addressing the gaps between the traditional schooling system and implementing integrated education systems in schools across India to make a difference in students’ learning experience.
To know more about how LEAD can help you impart excellent education to your students Contact Us Now
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Ascension is a small island of volcanic origin and is found in the South Atlantic Ocean roughly midway between South America and Africa (7° 57' S, 14° 22' W) and forms part of the British Overseas Territory of St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
From a natural history perspective Ascension is a breeding site for the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and a number of seabird species of which the Sooty Tern is the most numerous. Ascension played a key role as a staging post during the 1982 Falklands conflict and still provides the link between the UK and the South Atlantic.
Our Work on Ascension Island
British military ornithological societies have monitored the colony of Sooty Terns Onychoprion fuscatus and other seabirds on Ascension Island in the South Atlantic since 1987. The first population census was completed in 1990 ten years prior to the commencement of the RSPB cat eradication on the Island. Sooty Terns were closely monitored during the two years when cats were culled and now we continue the monitoring in the post eradication phase. The longitudinal study has focused on the breeding biology of the Sooty Tern and concentrates on establishing trends in the breeding population, identifying and recording levels of predation, site fidelity, sub-annual breeding, investigating nest and adult survival rates, and more recently to identifying their migration sites.
The long term monitoring programme on Ascension was not planned and there is no lead organisation dictating the direction of the project. The programme has evolved over time and the focus now is on publishing the information that has already been gathered, filling gaps in existing data sets and to continue with the monitoring work. Over the years the lead role has changed hands a number of times. The organisations involved are:
- The Royal Air Force Ornithological Society (RAFOS) which mounted the first expeditions in Feb 87 and Nov 88 and has contributed to most expeditions since.
- The Army Ornithological Society (AOS), the main contributor, mounting expeditions in 1990, 1991, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 and the most recent in 2012.
- The Royal Navy Bird Watching Society (RNBWS) which has contributed field workers, ringers and boat surveys.
The main aim of this long term monitoring programme is to facilitate the expansion of the breeding population by identifying and reducing threats to the Sooty Tern colonies. The following tasks are conducted:
- Surveys of the breeding population are undertaken at regular intervals.
- The levels of predation in the colony are measured and recorded.
- A ringing and re-trap programme is maintained so that inter and intra colony movements can be monitored and survival rates determined.
- Perceived threats to the colony are investigated.
- Long term, quantifiable data that can be used as evidence for making conservation management decisions on Sooty Terns is collected and made available to interested parties.
Ascension Island Overview Map (Imagery © 2009 DigitalGlobe)
Useful Ascension Island References
Birds of Ascension Island
Ascension Island is home to 15 species of bird, both native and non-native. This section provides a short introduction to 5 species and, over time, will be expanded to cover all 15. For those who wish to learn more there are downloadable information sheets which include further references and, where possible, these are linked to the relevant research papers.
Masked Booby (Sula dactylatra)
The Masked Booby is a large robust seabird 80 cm long, wing span 165 cm and weight 1.6 kg. They are the commonest of the three boobies in the genus Sula found on Ascension. Adults are white with the wing tips and trailing edge of the wing black, black tail, straw coloured feet and bill.
Sooty Tern (Onychoprion fuscatus)
Sooty Terns are graceful swallow-like birds with forked tail and slender, pointed wings. Adults, both male and female, are generally white underneath with black back. On the forehead there is a white patch which does not extend further back than the eye. The leading edge of the wing is white. The bill, legs and feet are black. The adult is a relatively large tern length 44 cm, wingspan 90 cm.
White Tern (Gygis alba)
The White Tern is relatively small tern (length 30 cm, wingspan 78 cm). Male and female adults have snow-white plumage. A narrow ring of black surrounds the orbit and emphasises the dark coloured eye. White Terns are inquisitive little birds, so it is not rare for walkers on the east part of Ascension Island to find White Terns hovering overhead, carrying out an inspection. In this situation, the wings of the tern are quite translucent, thus accentuating the overall delicacy of this graceful bird.
Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus)
Common Noddies, despite their name, are fairly rare around Ascension Island. The bird is similar in size to a Sooty Tern (length 42 cm, wingspan 83 cm). Their plumage is mainly dark brown with black tail and wing tips. The tail is wedge shaped with a shallow V indentation. Both sexes have similar colouration.
Common Mynah (Acridotheres tristis)
Common Mynas are 25–26 cm medium sized but heavily built starlings (Feare & Craig 1998). Mynas were introduced to Ascension from Mauritius in 1879. These birds are noisy and hop or walk with ease. The adults have dark brown backs with lighter brown bellies. The head and wing tips are black. There is a white patch on the upper and lower surface of the wing. The tail has a white tip. The bill, face patch and legs are yellow.
Trend in the population of Sooty Terns breeding on Ascension Island, South Atlantic
Reliable population estimates are essential for effective wildlife management and conservation. On Ascension Island trends in seabird populations are required to quantify the results of a feral cat eradication programme. A count of nests at the peak of their incubation period was the method adopted by the Army Ornithological Society (AOS) to census Ascension Island Sooty Terns. The total population is so large that censuses involved estimated mean Apparently Occupied Nests (AoNs) density in sample quadrats and extrapolated these to the estimated area of the colony.
Maps of the colony between 1990 and 2011 are available to view using a KML file loaded into Google Earth (see Ascension Island KML File For Google Earth ™ below).
Using geolocators to discover where Sooty Terns go between breeding seasons on Ascension Island in the South Atlantic
Geolocators are tiny archival tags that can be deployed on birds in order to collect location data. Such tags collect light data through a photo cell and this allows us to estimate the longitude and the latitude of the bird carrying the tag through timing of sunrise and day length, respectively. Tags need to be retrieved by researchers in order for data to be used in such remote sensing studies.
A variety of deformities (injuries, loss of leg etc) in the birds on Ascension were discovered during routine capture, handling and ringing of adults and chicks. Sooty Terns with their tongue protruding through their lower mandible were discovered in 2005.
The use of Google Earth imagery to identify seabird nests
Masked Boobies Sula dactylatra, like many other species of Sulidae, do not construct elaborate nests. However, their nest sites produce a characteristic ‘nest signature’. We found that these nest signatures could apparently be seen in freely available satellite images (Google Earth ™) of the main island of Ascension in the south Atlantic.
Ascension Island KML File For Google Earth - Maps of the Sooty Tern Colonies
This KML shows the extents of the sooty tern colonies for various years on both Mars Bay and Waterside. The KML also highlights the boundaries of the three study areas on the Ascension Islands (Mars Bay, Waterside & Letter Box). In addition to this the aerial farm between Mars Bay and Portland Point has been modelled to try and illustrate the dangers that the sooty terns face as they fly out to sea to feed.
Tools used: ESRI's ArcMap and Northgates' KML Editor
Open Google Earth file (407KB)
To get Google Earth go to the Google Earth download page
Age categories P1-P7 of Sooty Tern chicks
The images in this document show the age and plumage development of Sooty Tern chicks through the 7 age categories, P1 to P7.
Plasticity in breeding periodicity: the sub-annual cycle of Sooty Terns on Ascension Island
This poster gives a clear overview of the sub-annual breeding cycle of the Sooty terns on Ascension Island.
Sooty Tern Ringing Data
Sooty Tern (Onychoprion fuscata) ringing data is available for download as a compressed file (ZIP format - 1.35 Mb) and contains data files in Microsoft Excel (XLS) and Microsoft Access (MDB) formats.
Study Sites Interactive Map
Hughes BJ, Martin GR, Giles AD, Dickey RC & Reynolds SJ, 2015. Identification of an assembly site for migratory and tropical seabirds in the South Atlantic Ocean. Global Ecology and Conservation. TBC.
Seabirds are good indicators of wider biodiversity and where they assemble in large numbers signifies sites important to many marine faunal species. Few such large assemblage sites have been identified and none in pelagic waters has been identified in the tropical Atlantic Ocean despite their importance for resident seabirds and those ‘on passage’ during migration. Here, we identify the likely location of just such an assembly site and provide preliminary information about the distribution of pelagic seabirds around Ascension Island in the tropical South Atlantic Ocean using a combination of trans-equatorial seabird migrant tracking data, records of at-sea surveys and land counts of seabirds returning from foraging trips. We found that waters north–north-west of Ascension Island are used more often by seabirds than those south and east of the island. Three-fifths of the species recorded in the assembly site breed at mid- or high-latitudes and some of these migratory seabirds stopover possibly to wait for favourable winds that facilitate onward flight. Our findings are important because to the best of our knowledge no seabird assembly sites have previously been identified in tropical Atlantic Ocean pelagic waters. We provide evidence to support the aspirations of the Marine Reserves Coalition that waters in the vicinity of Ascension Island should be recognised as a sanctuary for marine wildlife and we highlight an area that is worthy of further targeted investigation.
Uncorrected proof to be published by Elsevier B.V. (open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)).Download
Hughes BJ, Martin GR & Reynolds SJ, 2012. Estimate of Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus population size following cat eradication on Ascension Island, central Atlantic. Bulletin of the African Bird Club. 19: 166–171.
Feral cats, which had been depredating the population of Sooty Terns Onychoprion fuscatus on Ascension Island, were eradicated between 2002 and 2004. However, beneficial effects of this eradication with respect to the size of the breeding population have yet to be demonstrated. Census data have been gathered between 1990 and 2009, and we estimate that in 2010 the population comprised 414,000 birds. The duration of the breeding season was 193 days which is an increase of 30 days (or 18%) on the mean length of previous breeding seasons. There is an apparent increase in abundance of breeding birds but this was not statistically significant. Further censuses are imperative to characterise the population trend. There were anecdotal reports of numerous chicks fledging in 2010.
Hughes BJ, Martin GR & Reynolds SJ, 2011: The use of Google EarthTM satellite imagery to detect the nests of masked boobies Sula dactylatra. Wildlife Biology 17: 210-216.
Masked boobies Sula dactylatra, like many other species of Sulidae, do not construct elaborate nests. However, their nest sites produce a characteristic ’nest signature’. We found that these nest signatures could apparently be seen in freely available satellite images (Google EarthTM) of the main island of Ascension in the south Atlantic. We verified that this was the case by comparing nest signatures detected on these satellite images with field reports of occupied nests. We found that the locations of these nest signatures determined from satellite images agreed closely with the coordinates of actual nests on the ground. We used this information to determine the position and size of a previously unreported masked booby colony on the island. Thus, we show that the presence and abundance of some species can be estimated using freely available satellite imagery if a suitable signature in the satellite image can be found. Regularly updated satellite imagery of target sites could also be used for population monitoring. While this would be expensive, initial evaluation of the technique for particular species or populations can be achieved using freely available images. We encourage wildlife managers to view their study sites on Google EarthTM for evidence of their target species.
Bray A, Hughes BJ & Giles A, 2011. Sooty Terns on Ascension Island South Atlantic Integrated Population Monitoring Programme 24th Report. Unpublished Expedition Report, April 2011.
The expedition completed a full census of Sooty Terns. The colony size in early April 2011 was 181,000 AON [apparently occupied nests]. A further 2,526 sooty terns were ringed and 385 re-trapped. 20 Sooty Terns had geolocators fitted on metal rings on their legs which will require recovery next year. This will help us determine the movement of adults at sea between breeding periods. DNA samples were taken of Brown Noddies and White-tailed Tropic Birds. A survey of White Terns was taken across the whole island and stacks.
Hughes BJ, Martin GR & Reynolds SJ, 2010. Sooty Terns Onychoprion fuscatus on Ascension Island in the south Atlantic are a reproductively isolated population. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 18(3): 194-198.
Population size is determined by the balance of births and deaths, and of immigration and emigration. In order to investigate population dynamics of the Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus population on Ascension Island in the south Atlantic, we focussed on the key component of immigration by measuring the proportions of philopatric and immigrant recruits to the breeding population. The Sooty Tern colony had expanded by 7% following the eradication of Feral Cats Felis silvestris in 2003. Between 1975 and 2002 potential recruits to the breeding colony were ringed as chicks on Ascension Island and in colonies elsewhere in the Atlantic. Searches for these birds as adults breeding on Ascension commenced in June 2002 and continued until December 2008. Of the 600 chicks ringed on Ascension, 36 (or 6%) were recruited into the breeding population and of the 9,482 ringed in other colonies, only one (0.01%) was found breeding on Ascension Island. A further investigation of morphometric measurements revealed that Sooty Terns on Ascension were significantly different from those from neighbouring colonies. The sample of birds from Ascension was drawn from a different population and is possibly of a previously unidentified, sub-species. We conclude that immigration to the breeding population on Ascension is minimal and that they are a reproductively isolated population.
Reynolds SJ, Martin GR, Wearn CP, Hughes BJ, 2009. Sub-lingual oral fistulas in Sooty Terns (Onychoprion fuscata). Journal of Ornithology 150: 691-696.
Sub-lingual oral fistulas are a condition first reported in New Zealand Stitchbirds (Notiomystis cincta) in which a lesion develops on the periphery of the mandible in the oral cavity and a fistula develops through which the tongue protrudes. We report that it arises in another species, the Sooty Tern (Onychoprion fuscata), breeding on Ascension Island in the south Atlantic. We discovered five adults with oral fistulas out of a total of 13,664 adults and chicks ringed during 11 breeding seasons over 13 years. Compared with other threats to the Ascension breeding population of over 180,000 pairs of Sooty Terns, we report that oral fistulas are a minor threat to colony stability, especially because afflicted birds were incubating eggs. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that further investigations of whether the condition is sex-linked, of its pathogenesis, and of its causation would augment our knowledge of the biology of Sooty Terns; such information might also have conservation implications for our understanding of the condition in endangered Stitchbirds. We call upon ornithologists to report oral fistulas in other species, because it would seem unlikely that these are the only two species predisposed to the condition.
Hughes BJ & Bray A, 2009. Sooty Terns on Ascension Integrated Population Monitoring Programme 23rd Report. Unpublished Expedition Report, October 2009.
The report for the expedition that was conducted over the period 7-20 October 2009 is not currently available.
Hughes BJ, 2009. Productivity of Sooty Terns on Ascension Integrated Population Monitoring Programme 22nd Report. Unpublished Expedition Report, January 2009.
The report for the expedition that was conducted over the period 21-27 January 2009 is not currently available.
Hughes BJ, Martin GR & Reynolds SJ, 2008. Cats and seabirds: Effects of feral Domestic Cat Felis silvestris catus eradication on the population of Sooty Terns Onychoprion fuscata on Ascension Island, South Atlantic. Ibis 150 (Suppl. 1), 122-131.
The population of Sooty Terns Onychoprion fuscata breeding on Ascension Island in the Atlantic Ocean was monitored over 17 years (1990-2007). This period spanned the programme of feral Domestic Cat Felis silvestris catus eradication from the island, which commenced in 2001 with the last Cat recorded in 2004. We report on the abundance of Sooty Terns and Black Rats Rattus rattus before and after Cat eradication. The Sooty Tern breeding population in the 1990s averaged 368 000 and Cats were killing Terns at an average rate of 33 adults per night. Following Cat eradication, adult Terns are no longer predated. However, egg predation by both Rats and Common Mynas Acridotheres tristis has continued with Mynas destroying more eggs than Rats. Unexpectedly, we observed a change in Rat predatory behaviour. Following Cat eradication, Rats have become a major predator of Sooty Tern chicks. Despite this change, the Tern population has shown a season-on-season increase since Cat eradication, 48.8% in 2005, 8.2% in 2006 and 6.1% in 2007, and the breeding population increased to 420 000 birds in 2007. Incubation success improved from 66.0 to 84.4% during Cat eradication, before dropping down again to 67.9% after Cats were eradicated and Rat control measures were introduced. Index traplines were set for Rats and Rat numbers fluctuated widely immediately after Cats were eradicated but there were no significant differences that could be attributed to changes in Cat numbers. Ascension Island Sooty Terns breed every 9.6 months and juveniles defer breeding for seven seasons. Hence 2008 is the first year in which an increase in the breeding Sooty Tern population directly attributable to Cat eradication is likely to be detected. We conclude that long-term monitoring is essential to guide conservation practice even in this relatively simple predator-prey system.
Hughes BJ & Wearn C, 2008. Sooty Terns on Ascension Integrated Population Monitoring Programme 21st Report. Unpublished Expedition Report, December 2008.
The report for the expedition that was conducted over the period 4-12 December 2008 is not currently available.
Hughes BJ & Bray A, 2008. Sooty Terns on Ascension Integrated Population Monitoring Programme 20th Report. Unpublished Expedition Report, February 2008.
The report for the expedition that was conducted over the period 7-20 February 2008 is not currently available.
Reynolds SJ, Martin GR, Wallace LL, Wearn CP & Hughes BJ, 2007. Sexing sooty terns on Ascension Island from morphometric measurements. Journal of Zoology 274, 2-8.
Sooty terns Onychoprion fuscata are one of the most abundant seabirds but breeding populations in many colonies have diminished. Rapid sexing of sooty terns in the field could be crucial in advancing our understanding of their reproductive biology, and in promoting conservation. However, sooty tern males and females are identical in their plumage and, thus, difficult to sex in the field. Morphometric measurements were taken from 63 adult sooty terns breeding on Ascension Island in 2005. A small blood sample was taken from the brachial vein to determine the bird's sex using standard PCR-based molecular techniques. Males were consistently larger in all morphometric measurements than females but considerable overlap between the sexes resulted in no single measurement being a useful discriminator of sex. A principal components analysis on a correlation matrix of seven morphometric measurements indicated that the first principal component (PC1) was a good 'body size' axis explaining 40.5% of the variance in the original matrix. The suite of head measurements all had high character loadings on PC1 and were, therefore, good indicators of the body size of sooty terns. Tarsus length and wing length were less reliable predictors of sex. Discriminant analyses revealed that a disciminant function incorporating head measurements and wing length allowed 77.8% of sooty terns to be sexed correctly based upon morphometric measurements alone. Further morphometric approaches to sexing should be explored with sooty terns captured in subsequent years.
Bray A. 2007. Ascension Island. Bulletin AOS 2007.
Our visit was just before the start of the 25th anniversary of the Falklands War. It was a member of the Army Ornithological Society (AOS), Major Peter Hubert the Force Reconnaissance Officer who compiled a report on the birds on Ascension which was published in our Bulletin in May 1982. These reports went to Birdlife International who then asked the British Armed Forces to carry on with a monitoring programme as so little information was known except for the odd expedition report.
Griffin R & Vincent M, 2007. Masked Booby Sula dactylatra nesting on Letterbox Ascension Island. Bulletin AOS 2007.
For over a hundred years Feral cats have prevented Mask Boobies from nesting successfully on Ascension Island. Following the eradication of the feral cats in 4004, Boobies have returned to Letter Box area of the main Island from the predatory free offshore islets. We report on the latest survey on the AOS study site on Letter Box.
Hughes BJ & Bray A, 2007. Sooty Terns on Ascension Integrated Population Monitoring Programme 19th Report. Unpublished Expedition Report, May 2007.
The report for the expedition that was conducted over the period 29 April - 24 May 2007 is not currently available.
Hughes BJ and Wearn C, 2006. Rat predation and survival rate of Sooty Tern chicks Supplement 1 to Rat monitoring on the Sooty Tern colonies of Ascension Island, South Atlantic. Report for the Ascension Island Government, April 2006.
The rat, namely Rattus rattus and probably Rattus norvegicus are now the principal predators of Sooty Terns Sterna fuscata on Ascension Island. During the October 2005 breeding season, less than three years after feral cats were eradicated, rats have filled this predatory niche. We used rat indices to determine the expansion in rat numbers. The Sooty Tern chick survival rate was determined from ring recoveries and by counting carcasses in sample quadrats. At Mars Bay the rat population has expanded five-fold and rats now take a higher number of chicks than were previously predated by cats. In the study area rats killed a minimum of 52% and possibly extending to 100% of the chicks. Monitoring of the rat population is crucial for managing this problem. If the colony is to survive extensive and continual rat control measures will be required.
Hughes BJ & Vincent M, 2006. Sooty Terns on Ascension Integrated Population Monitoring Programme 18th Report. Unpublished Expedition Report, August 2006.
The report for the expedition that was conducted over the period 6-18 August 2006 is not currently available.
Feare C, 2006. Notes following a visit to Ascension Island. Unpublished Report.
This report is not currently available.
Bray A, 2006. Ascension Feb 06. Bulletin AOS 2006.
The disruption to our expedition in October 2005 meant that some work was not finished. We wanted to finish the land bird survey so a quick trip was organised in early February 2006. Team members were Andrew Bray, Roger Dickey, David Vaughan and Christopher Dickey. On arrival in Ascension we managed to see the last handful of the Sooty Tern juveniles at Waterside that were about to leave. There were also several pairs of Brown Noddies nesting in the area.
Hughes BJ, 2005. Non-native species and threats to Ascension Sooty Terns. UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum - Forum News 28: 3.
Despite the eradication of Feral Cat Felis catus predation on Sooty Terns Sterna fuscata by non native species continues. Many exotics were introduced to the island during the last 150 years but only recently was the damage they caused recognised, goats were the first vertebrate to be removed followed by cats in 2004.
Hughes BJ & Wearn C, 2005. Longevity of Sooty Terns Sterna fuscata on Ascension Island. Atlantic Seabirds 7: 42-43.
In June 2002 and April 2003, while carrying out fieldwork on Ascension Island in the South Atlantic, ringed Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata were captured bearing American ring numbers 1013 13651 and 1013 13584 respectively. Records from the Bird Banding Laboratory at Patuxent established the banding was undertaken in niovember 1975 aging the individuals at 26½ and 27½ years respectively. Terns are long lived birds and the oldest tern recorded is a Sooty Tern aged 36 years (Schreiber & Burger 2002). The oldest known breeder on the Seychelles is 34 years old, on Dry Tortugas 32 years, and in the Pacific 26½ years (Schreiber et al. 2002). The previous longevity records for Sooty Terns on Ascension were 16½ years on 7 July 1942 and 18 years in March 1944 (Thacher Cooke 1945). Our ring recoveries suggest that despite feral cat predation on Ascension, Sooty Terns in the South Atlantic live as long as other Sooty Terns in the Pacific, Indian and North Atlantic Oceans.
Hughes BJ & Bray A, 2005. Sooty Terns on Ascension Island South Atlantic Integrated Population Monitoring Programme 16th Report. Unpublished Expedition Report, November 2005.
The expedition completed a full census of the Sooty Terns Sterna fuscata. The colony size at the end of October 2005 was 183,000 AON [apparently occupied nests]. Predatory activities on our three study sites were recorded. Rat numbers have increased significantly and high levels of rat predation (35 rats per 100 trap nights) were measured. A further 2,000 sooty terns were ringed and 116 re-trapped. DNA and biometric measurements were taken from 66 ringed birds. The DNA was used to sex the terns and a paper on sexing sooty tern from biometrics is being prepared. Sooty terns that were feeding large chicks were trapped and ringed, with green colour rings, with the aim of re-trapping the birds next season so as to determine the length of the breeding cycle.
Hughes BJ and Wearn C, 2005. Rat monitoring on the Sooty Tern colonies of Ascension Island South Atlantic. Report for the Ascension Island Government, November 2005.
The Black Rat Rattus rattus is now a serious predator of Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata on Ascension Island. Predation is patchy but it occurs on both of the main sub-colonies on the island. We have insufficient data to ascertain if the losses due to rat predation are large enough to threaten the survival of the colony. However, there is an urgent need to develop contingency plans for reducing the rat population on the seabird colonies at Mars Bay and Waterside. Continual monitoring of the threat is essential. Until recently, rat predation on Sooty Terns has been negligible. A half century ago the British Ornithologists’ Union Centenary Expedition found no evidence of predation. Service ornithological societies have monitored predation by alien species on the Sooty Tern population of Ascension for more than 20 years and only recently have we recorded rat predation. During the years1982 to 2002, despite the fact that we spent over 1,000 man-days monitoring the colony, we never saw a rat, live or dead, on our study sites. We have used night vision goggles to monitor the colony after dark, but again no rats were seen. Today the picture is quite different. The two large colonies of Sooty Terns on Ascension are littered with highly visible poison bait stations, rat corpses can easily be found in the colonies, egg predation is widespread and some of this can be attributed to rat predation. The most telling evidence of rat predation is freshly killed juvenile Sooty Terns with small segments of the back muscles missing. Our ringing and trapping programmes have revealed a rapid increase in the numbers of rats in the colonies and a major increase in the level of rat predation. In this report we have documented the evidence we have collected from the most recent expedition and added it to the evidence we collected in June 2002, April 2003, February 2004 and November 2004. While visiting Ascension in October 2005 we monitored rats on our three study sites. We completed rat indices at these three locations and investigated predation by rats in the Sooty Tern colonies. We found no evidence of rats on the Letterbox site. On the Waterside and Mars Bay sites we found significant but localised populations of rats predating on Sooty Tern eggs and juvenile birds. We examined corpses of dead terns but found no evidence that rats were predating the adult Sooty Terns. We marked eggs and ringed chicks and monitored their survival rates. Egg survival rate at 8% was lower than all but one of the previous seasons. Rats destroyed 20,000 eggs this season. The rats found in one colony at Mars Bay are considerably larger than the Black Rats previously trapped. These rats were responsible for the heavy predation found on the site. Of the 200 chicks that we ringed on a sub-colony at Mars Bay, 38 chicks were found dead less than 2 weeks after they were ringed and after eight weeks, a total of 102 chicks were found dead. Rats predated over half of the chicks ringed in this area. There is no doubt that rats are the cause of this high mortality as chicks that were killed shortly before they were found showed clear evidence of rat predation. The local rat index at this location was the highest we have recorded at 34.5 rats per 100 trap nights.
Hughes BJ & Wearn C, 2004. Sooty Terns on Ascension Island South Atlantic Integrated Population Monitoring Programme 15th Report. Unpublished Expedition Report, December 2004.
The expedition completed a full census of the Sooty Terns. The colony size on 30 Nov 04 was 123,000 AON [apparently occupied nests]. Predatory activities on our three study sites were recorded. A further 500 Sooty Terns were ringed and 162 were re-trapped.
Hughes BJ, 2004. Conservation Value of Mars Bay Ascension Island. Report for the Ascension Island Government, March 2004.
Mars Bay is a small distinct area of scientific interest for flora, invertebrates and physiographical features. Despite having been recently declared a nature reserve no appraisal of its conservation value has been undertaken. This paper attempts to rectify this omission and to propose the next steps to secure the future of this site. Mars Bay is situated on the northwest corner of Ascension a tropical island 8º south and 14º west in the South Atlantic (Fig 1). The site is relatively unknown and has no history of conservation action until recently. At first glance it would appear to have little conservation value as it is devoid of indigenous mammals and the home of just one species of sea bird. Yet hidden away on the site are small pockets of endemic plants and creatures that are of immense interest and of international importance. [Report less Figures and Maps]
Hughes BJ & Bray A, 2004. Sooty Terns on Ascension Island South Atlantic Integrated Population Monitoring Programme 14th Report. Unpublished Expedition Report, February 2004.
The expedition was on Ascension Island from 8-28 Feb 2004. The team consisting of ten members completed a full census of the Sooty Terns. The colony size on 24 Feb 04 was 169,370 pairs (LCI = 160277; UCI = 178583). Predatory activities on our three study sites were recorded, no evidence of predation by feral cats was found. A further 2000 Sooty Terns were ringed and 163 were re-trapped. The team provided ringing training to members of the Ascension Island Conservation Office and a ringing policy for the Island was formulated. Studies of Sooty Terns ariel [sic] drinking and dipping were carried out and also the activities of the birds at night were recorded. A population survey of Fairy Terns and land-birds was completed. Clear evidence of attempts by eight pairs of Brown Noddy to breed in the Sooty Tern colony on the mainland was recorded. Guano deposits from Letterbox and DNA samples from three more avian species were collected. A list of data based [sic] maintained by Service Ornithological societies was compiled.
Hughes BJ, 2003. Sooty Terns on Ascension Island South Atlantic Integrated Population Monitoring Programme 13th Report. Unpublished Expedition Report, May 2003.
The population survey this season was carried out at the optimum time for maximum numbers and for direct comparison with previous seasons. The colony on Ascension is at its greatest 42-60 days after the first egg of the season is laid.
Hughes BJ, 2001. Sooty Terns on Ascension Island South Atlantic Integrated Population Monitoring Programme 11th Report. Unpublished Expedition Report, September 2001.
Monitoring and surveys at the Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata breeding colony in September 2001 was undertaken by B. John Hughes a member of the RSPB Ascension Island expedition and also a member of the Army Ornithological Society (AOS). The aim of the expedition was to maintain the baseline surveys of seabirds prior to the eradication of cats. A census was completed of the Ascension Island Frigate Bird Fregata aquila and the three species of Booby Sulidae found on Boatswain Bird Islet and 14 offshore stacks details are at Annex A. A census was also completed of the tiny Sooty Terns colony on Boatswain Bird Islet and the two large colonies at Mars Bay and Waterside on the south west corner of the island. This report is focused on the baseline survey of Sooty Terns.
Dickey RC, 2000. Exercise Booby VII Recce Report. Unpublished Recce Report, January 2000.
The aim of the recce [reconnaissance] was to ascertain the status of the Sooty Tern breeding colonies, by observation and by photography, in order to determine the optimum expedition dates for Nov/Dec 00.
Ratcliffe N, Hughes BJ & Roberts FA, 1999. The population status of Sooty Terns Sterna fuscata on Ascension Island. Atlantic Seabirds 1(4): 159-168.
Feral cats were introduced to Ascension Island in the 1800s and extirpated all seabirds with the exception of Sooty Terns to inaccessible islets, stacks and cliffs. Sooty Terns continue to breed in reduced numbers on the south-west plains of the island and are still subject to cat predation, so monitoring of their population trends is important. Measuring the impact of cat predation upon seabird populations depends on having reliable baseline data; censuses of Sooty Terns on Ascension were conducted in 1990, 1996, 1997 and 1998 and involved sampling clutch densities in sub-colonies and then extrapolating to the total colony area. The population varied significantly over the study period, with 176000 pairs in 1990, 202000 pairs in 1996, 151 000 pairs in 1997 and 207000 pairs in 1998. The 22% reduction in 1997 compared with 1996 and 1998 is thought to be due to a large proportion of mature birds deferring breeding because of reduced food availability induced by oceanographic perturbations. Such variability in breeding population size in relation to stochastic events means that censuses need to be undertaken frequently to ensure trends can be detected with confidence.
Hughes BJ, 1999. The Status of the Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) on Ascension Island, South Atlantic. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 28: 4-13.
One of the main aims of the Army Ornithological Society (AOS) during the last decade [1990s] was to establish the breeding population of Sooty Terns on Ascension Island. To this end five expeditions were mounted and carried out surveys on the Island in 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996 and 1998. Three of the expeditions completed full surveys of the Sooty Terns at the height of their breeding season. The colony size was measured on each occasion and clutch densities in sample quadrats recorded. The size of the colony varied from 13.5 ha in 1990 to 9.87 in 1996 and 10.33 ha in 1998. A total of 1,105 clutch density samples were measured. An analysis of all the field data was carried out by Dr Norman Radcliffe at the RSPB. The population of breeding pairs of Sooty Terns in 1990 was 176,000 with a 95% confidence level of 21,000, in 1996 the population was 202,000 with a 95% confidence level of 14,000 and in 1998 the population was 207,000 with a 95% confidence level of 12,000. The precision of the survey and the reliability of the population figure increased over the period of 8 years and 11 breeding cycles. The combination of the three surveys provide a reliable population estimate and a firm base line for future census. The aim of the society, to establish the breeding population of Sooty Terns on Ascension Island, has been achieved.
Dickey RC, 1997. Exercise Booby V General Information. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 26: 4-9.
Ascension Island, situated approximately 80 south of the Equator, 1540 km south of Liberia and midway between South America and Africa, has been visited now by five Ex BOOBY ornithological expeditions, the last being in Apr 94. The aims of the expeditions have been consistent; to continue to monitor the status of breeding seabirds and land birds on Ascension Island with particular attention being paid to that of the Sooty Terns Sterna fuscato which has seen significant decline in the last century. Additional studies on Ex BOOBY V included predation on the Sooty Tern colonies, a report of breeding bird distribution on the Letterbox feature, blood sample collection for DNA analysis and biometric data collection combined with the ringing of breeding birds, particularly Sooty Terns.
The aims of the AOS expeditions to Ascension Island in 1992 and 1994 was to replicate the breeding survey of March 1990 at the same stage in the breeding cycle so as to permit a valid comparison. This has now been achieved. The population sizes are similar, the latest count shows a small increase (11% ) in the number of birds. The adult breeding population of Sooty Terns on Ascension Island in November 1996 was 388,000.
Hughes BJ, 1997. Blood Samples for DNA Analysis of Avifauna on Ascension. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 26: 17-20.
The Army Ornithological Society (AOS) expedition to Ascension Island in November 1996 collected blood samples for DNA analysis from about half of the species of sea and land birds that occupy the Island. Most of the birds breed in reproductive isolation and are ideal targets for studies using DNA techniques. Samples collected by the expedition are the only known samples taken from birds on the island and were forwarded to the Zoology Museum, University of Copenhagen to add to their world wide DNA data base. The information in this data base is freely available to all and can be viewed via the Internet. In total 57 samples were taken from nine different species including the endemic Frigate Birds Fregata aquila. This report describes the field procedures used to capture the birds and the techniques used to obtain the specimen. Samples were taken from live birds which were rung and then released.
Etheridge C, 1997. Letterbox Breeding Survey Report. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 26: 22-23.
One of the aims of the Ex BOOBY V expedition to Ascension was to observe and record seabird activity around the Letterbox feature and especially to look for breeding and roosting sites of seabirds. Letterbox is the most easterly part of Ascension and forms a remote circular projection from the main island. Its close proximity to the densely populated Boatswain Bird Island (BBI) marks Letterbox as one of the most likely on-shore areas where seabirds may still breed. The only seabird species that still breeds in any number of the main island is the Sooty Tern in the south western part of the island. Along the northern edge of Letterbox are steep cliffs some 400 feet high. Across the top, the surface of ash and lava is relatively flat and slopes southwards to the eastern and southern shores. As in many other parts of Ascension, breeding seabirds on Letterbox have suffered badly from the introduction of cats and rats. A more detailed AOS Letterbox report has been prepared by Hughes and Walmsley (1992).
Hughes BJ, 1994. Exercise Booby IV Introduction. In Hughes BJ, Thompson RG, Walmsley JG & Varley MJ, 1994. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 24: 4-24.
Ascension Island is situated approximately eight degrees south of the equator in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The Army Ornithological Society's (AOS) expedition Exercise Booby IV visited the island in April 1994. The aims were to continue the monitoring programme of the breeding seabirds and land-birds on Ascension Island. Particular attention was given to the Sooty Tern breeding population which formally had up to one million birds, but had declined to 350,000 in 1990. Subsequent breeding attempts have been catastrophic and the number of breeding birds is below 100,000. Predation by feral cats on Sooty Terns was monitored and a land bird survey carried out.
Hughes BJ, 1994. The 1994 Sooty Terns Breeding Season. In Hughes BJ, Thompson RG, Walmsley JG & Varley MJ, 1994. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 24: 4-24.
Sooty Terns (Wideawakes) Sterna fuscata return to Ascension every 9.6 months to breed. Their numbers on the island at anyone time vary greatly and for three months in every nine the entire population is absent. The maximum numbers occur on the Island approximately 6 weeks after the first egg of the season is laid (Ashmole 1963). The expedition had planned its arrival to coincide with this peak of breeding terns so that a valid census could be obtained. On the morning of 13 Apr the expedition recorded 200 terns on the ground in one of their traditional nesting sites; by late afternoon this number had risen to 2000. The first eggs of the season were laid on the Waterside Fairs or colonies on 18 Apr. A census of breeding Sooty Terns was carried out on 28 Apr by Hughes and Walmsley. This was only 10 days after the first eggs were laid and some 32 days before the date of maximum occupation of nest sites.
Hughes BJ, 1994. Sea-Watch Data. In Hughes BJ, Thompson RG, Walmsley JG & Varley MJ, 1994. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 24: 4-24.
All Service ornithological expeditions to Ascension have carried out sea-watches but to date no summary of them has been published. Table 3 is a record of the 22 hours of sea - watches produced by the expeditions in 1988, 1990 and 1992. The original field sheets contained a few notes in the remarks column on movements of Red-footed Bobbies. These notes were extracted and compiled into a report on this species (Nash et al.1992). None of the other data has been used. One of the aims of these sea-watches, was to look for vagrants but none were seen. The watchers however recorded the direction, movement and numbers of seven indigenous seabird species, namely the Black and Brown Noddy, the Brown and Masked Booby, White and Sooty Tern and the Ascension Frigate Bird. The majority of records show the numbers of birds passing during intervals of 5 minutes. Most of the watches took place at either dawn or dusk.
Morrison DM & Thompson RG, 1994. Seabird populations on the stacks of Ascension Island. In Hughes BJ, Thompson RG, Walmsley JG & Varley MJ, 1994. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 24: 4-24.
There are 15 stacks around the coastline of the island usable by seabirds. The lack of safe nesting and roosting places on the mainland, and the overcrowding on Boatswain Bird Island, make the smaller stacks important to the birds. This is reflected by the fact that in December 1993 the stacks were given SSSI status.
Walmsley JG, 1994. Predation by feral cats on the Sooty Terns. In Hughes BJ, Thompson RG, Walmsley JG & Varley MJ, 1994. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 24: 4-24.
The seabirds of Ascension Island have been subjected to predation by feral cats for more than 150 years. During this time ten of the eleven breeding seabird species have ceased to breed on the main island and are now confined to the off - shore Boatswain Bird Island and small inshore rocky stacks and cliffs. The exception is the Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata, which continues to breed on the broken lava and clinker in the south-west part of the main island.
Varley MJ & Dickey RC, 1994. Land-birds survey. In Hughes BJ, Thompson RG, Walmsley JG & Varley MJ, 1994. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 24: 4-24.
One of the aims of Ex Booby IV was to carry out a survey of land-birds. There are only five resident species and only three occur in any numbers. The least numerous are Red- throated Francolin Ptemistes afer and House Sparrow Passer domesticus. The more numerous were Indian Mynah, Acridotheres tristis, Canary Serinus flaviventris and Waxbill Estrilda astrild. The aim of the survey was twofold, firstly to ascertain the distribution of all land-bird species on the island and secondly to attempt to estimate the number present.
Hughes BJ & Walmsley JG, 1992. Surveying a line for a cat-proof fence on Letterbox, Ascension Island, South Atlantic. Unpublished Reconnaissance Report.
Report details not currently available.
Thompson RG, 1992. Exercise Booby III - Ascension Island 30 Jun - 7 Jul 92. Bull ABWS 2/92 2.
The nine members of the expedition Exercise Booby III gathered together at Brize Norton on 29 June prior to the departure for Ascension on an RAF Tristar.
Hughes BJ, 1992. The Sooty Terns of Ascension Island Sep 91 - Mar 92. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 22: 17-25.
Sooty Terns (Wideawakes) are the only sea birds that breed in any numbers on the main Island of Ascension. Their status in the past has caused some concern (Nash 1991). These concerns have been heightened by new fears arising from a poor breeding season during the period Sep 91 - Mar 92.
Hughes BJ, 1992. The Red-footed Booby Sula sula of Ascension Island. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 22: 21-24
The Royal Air Force Ornithological Society team led by Sqn Ldr Mike Blair was the first of these expeditions to visit the Island. The next was the Army Ornithological Society with Ex Booby I in November 1988, followed by Ex Booby II in March 1990 and the latest expedition Ex Booby III in July 1992, all under the leadership of Maj Hilary Nash. The data on Red -footed Boobies recorded by each expedition was small but when combined they are sufficient to give a good picture of the current status of the species. 144 separate sightings of Red-footed Boobies were recorded by over 21 different individuals. There can be no doubt that a small group of Red-footed Boobies still survives on Ascension Island.
Hughes BJ & Walmsley JG, 1992. Reconnaissance for a Cat-Proof Fence on Letterbox- Summary. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol. 22: 25-30.
Cats were first introduced to Ascension Island in 1815 to control the increasing number of rats Rattus rattus. At that time there were reports of large breeding populations of seabirds: Boobies, Frigate Birds, Tropic Birds, Noddies and Terns. The cats were largely responsible for the decline and destruction of the mainland seabird colonies. Today the only indication which bears witness to the former wealth of seabirds on Ascension are large areas of guano and phosphate deposits in many parts of the Island and a declining Sooty Tern population, confined to the south -western part of the Island.
Nash RHJ, 1992. Report on the Census on Boatswain Bird Island. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 22: 30-40.
Exercise BOOBY III visited Ascension Island from 30 June to 7 July 1992. The Expedition was granted permission to land a party of three people on Boatswain Bird Island (BBI) for two nights in order to survey the breeding birds. This visit was made from 3 to 5 July. This report covers the observations made during those three days.
Walmsley JG, 1992. Feral Cat Predation on the Sooty Terns Sterna fuscata. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 22.
The onset of the Night Club activities confirms the presence of important number of feral cats on the breeding grounds. Daily collections of terns killed by feral cats in sample areas also show that the time has come when a more intensive and thorough control of the cat population, particularly in the breeding areas, is necessary if we are to save this important population from destruction.
Nash RHJ, Hughes BJ and Walmsley JG, 1991. Exercise Booby II ABWS Expedition to Ascension Island March 1990. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 21: 4-9 & 17-25.
Exercise BOOBY II was an ABWS sponsored expedition to Ascension. It was the third in a series of tri-service ornithological expeditions to assess the status of the breeding birds of Ascension Island. The expedition had 10 members, 7 from the Army, one from the Navy and two civilians, one from the ABWS and the other from RAFOS. Whilst on the Islands, the team was joined by Dr Philip Ashmole, Dr Myrtle Ashmole and Dr Ken Simmons, all professional zoologists, two of whom have spent a considerable period of time studying the Ascension birds.
Hughes BJ, 1991. Mapping the Sooty Terns. In Nash RHJ, Hughes BJ and Walmsley JG, 1991. Exercise Booby II ABWS Expedition to Ascension Island March 1990. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 21: 4-25.
The status of Wideawakes or Sooty Terns, Sterna fuscata on Ascension Island has never been accurately determined. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries vast numbers nested on the island and in this century estimates of their numbers have ranged from 750,000 in 1957 -59 (Ashmole, 1963) to 100,000 in 1987 (RAFOS).
This paper is concerned entirely with the mapping aspects of the census. Each colony on the island was surveyed, its area determined and its outline accurately drawn on a map. Sample density counts were conducted under the guidance of Dr N.P.Ashmole and were used to determine the estimated number of eggs in each fair.
Walmsley JG, 1991. Feral cat predation on Sooty Terns on Ascension Island. In Nash RHJ, Hughes BJ and Walmsley JG, 1991. Exercise Booby II ABWS Expedition to Ascension Island March 1990. The Adjutant, Journal of the Army Ornithological Society, Vol 21: 4-25.
Feral cats, Felis catus have been known to prey upon the breeding seabirds of Ascension Island for over 170 years. During this time they have succeeded in eliminating all breeding seabirds, with the exception of the Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata, and five species of land birds. All other seabirds are confined to the small offshore Boatswain Bird Island, 300 metres from the main island off the south east coast, and to inaccessible cliffs and offshore stacks. The number of feral cats on the island is unknown, but one cat to every thousand Sooty Terns was a figure put forward by Ashmole (1963).
During the limited time we spent on Ascension, quantitative data was collected on predation by cats on adult terns, up until the time the chicks hatched. This period represents the "night club" activities, the onset of egg -laying, and the establishing of breeding colonies or "fairs". Complementary information on cat kills was obtained from Mars Bay and Big John fairs up to the time of our departure.
Hortop J, 1989. Exercise Booby. Bull ABWS 1/89.
Why, however, was the RAF Ornithological Society (RAFOS) mounting an expedition to Ascension Island and why were there two pongos in the party? Whilst in Military terms the Island is significant in being a staging post, in ornithological terms it is valued for its massive sea bird colonies which assume international importance for many of the resident species. No formal survey of the Island had been carried out since the Storehouse British Ornithological Union (SOU) 18 month expedition in 1958/59.
The MOD Conservation Officer and ornithological societies of the 3 Services have been encouraged by international civilian bodies to mount a series of expeditions to re-establish census base lines following the increase in disturbance during and after the Falklands conflict.
Osborn D, 1994. The Royal Air Force Ornithological Society Expedition to Ascension Island 15-30 November 1988. The Royal Air Force Ornithological Society Journal 23: 19-29.
The RAFOS mounted an expedition to Ascension Island, from 15-30 November 1988, following a similar RAFOS expedition in February 1987, (see 1987 Report in RAFOS Journal No 19). The MOD Conservation Officer and the ornithological societies of the 3 Services had been encouraged by civilian organisations to monitor levels of change to the seabird colonies at this important site, after the influx of personnel during the Falklands crisis in 1982. These expeditions continue the trend of the military ornithological societies carrying out internationally important bird studies, wherever possible.
Blair M, 1989. The RAFOS Expedition to Ascension Island 1987. The Royal Air Force Ornithological Society Journal 19: 1-35.
A team of eight RAFOS members took part in an expedition to Ascension Island in the period 9-25 February 1987. The island lies approximately 7.5 deg south of the Equator and 14.25 deg west of the Greenwich meridian. The nearest land is St. Helena, 1100km south east. Nigeria lies 1460km north and the Congo and Brazil are approximately equidistant to the east and west respectively at approximately 1750km. The International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP) has expressed considerable interest in the status of the endemic Ascension Frigatebird (Fregata aquila).
Hubert PJ, 1982. Ascension Island - Feb 1982. Bulletin Army Ornithological Society, 2/82 E.
However it is the sea-birds that are the main source of interest. At present only the Wideawake Terns breed in large numbers on Ascension Island. The main breeding grounds for the remaining ten species is an islet off the South East corner –Boatswain Bird Island, a 300 foot high lump of lava about 200 yards off shore, and looking rather like a white Christmas cake.
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On a sloping site high above San Francisco Bay in Oakland, California lays some magnificent vistas sprawling from the Bay Bright to the Golden Gate Bridge. There is one vista that stands magnificently in this prime Oakland area. It has the impression of a paradise sneaking right in front of nothing-land. Think of a piece of UFO in your favorite park and you get the notion of what I am driving home.
Designed by Kanner Arch architects, this Oakland house captures the imagination of what we’d all love to call home. But it looks more like a seven-star hotel than normal home. What strikes the eye most is the generous use of glass.
The architects of this house used plenty of it; huge windows everywhere you might think you are outside in the woods instead of inside the splendor of the Master bedroom. Even the adjacent four guest bedrooms and the kitchen all have unlimited use of glass.
If you stand on the natural shrubs outside from the down-slope neighborhood and you look upwards, you will love how the view of the house blends well to the clear California weather above.
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Back in 1997 when I first began my research project on the logistics of using goats to create firebreaks to protect homes in wildland areas, I dreamed that one day, livestock would become an important part of our firefighting toolbox. As I continued my work, my dream expanded beyond goats to what seemed a bigger, better tool: cattle. And now, my dream is coming true!
Cattle grazing firebreaks on landscapes invaded by cheatgrass have successfully contained three rangeland wildfires in four years in the Great Basin – the latest being the Welch wildfire near Elko, Nevada, on July 18.
The firebreaks are part of a study by USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) using targeted cattle grazing to create fuel breaks to slow wildfire spread. Projects begin in early spring, and target cheatgrass, a fuel known for it’s explosive fire behavior when dry. Cattle graze wide strips of cheatgrass down to 2- to 3-inch stubble, in locations where preventing wildfire spread is important for protecting lives and homes, wildlife habitat, and rangeland health.
“These fuel breaks are intended to slow a fire’s rate of spread, make it less intense, and provide time and space for firefighters to arrive and more safely attack and contain the fire,” explained ARS rangeland scientist Pat Clark with the Northwest Watershed Research Center in Boise, Idaho, who directs the project.
That’s just what appears to have happened for the Welch fire. Before it reached the grazed fuel break, the Welch fire generally had 2- to 4-foot high flames and was spreading at a rate of about a quarter of a mile an hour according to the fire report. After burning into the fuel break, flames dropped to less than 2 feet high and the fire’s spread slowed to less than 330 feet per hour. That gave firefighters time to get to the site and work to prevent further spread. If the fuel break had not been there and it had been windier, this wildfire could have escaped and burned several thousand to tens of thousands of acres within the South Tuscarora Range.
The ARS study is evaluating targeted grazing at nine sites throughout the northern Great Basin in Idaho, Oregon and Nevada. All of these cheatgrass-dominated landscapes at all these sites are at high risk of fire, but the Nevada fuel breaks are the only ones that have been directly tested by wildfires. In addition to the Welch fire, another near fire Near Beowawe, Nevada, in August 2020, was limited to just 54 acres by a cattle-grazed fire break. This compares positively to fires that more commonly race across thousands of acres of the Great Basin each summer. In July 2018, the same targeted grazing fuel break held the Boulder Creek fire to just 1,029 acres and kept the fire out of sage-grouse habitat just downwind.
What Will We Learn From These Studies?
Clark’s research is tracking how much fuel is reduced by targeted grazing in the spring when the cheatgrass is most palatable to cattle. He’s also monitoring how long the fuel load reductions last, and what effects grazing has on plant diversity. This will help us understand when and where to locate targeted grazing projects and what to do to mitigate any unexpected or undesirable vegetation changes.
The study is also revealing a lot about the logistics and challenges of managing cattle as targeted grazers. The principal goals of targeted grazing are to reduce fine fuel height and loading in the fuel-break strip and maintain fine fuels reduction up to the start of the wildfire season. That means that, while dormant-season grazing might help reduce the height and fuel loads from the previous summer, spring grazing is critical to success. Cheatgrass has a very short period of palatability, so graziers need to be ready with their stock as soon as soon as it begins to green up. In addition, since green up might happen at a different every year, both producers and land managers must be flexible in their grazing schedules and stocking rates.
Another challenge for the targeted grazing projects is keeping all the livestock focused on the strips and grazing down to the 2 to 3 inch goal stubble height. In Nevada, one firebreak was completely fenced so that the intense livestock use could be easily managed. In other places, riders are staying with the cattle to herd them as they work. Participants are continuing to look at other management options.
Mike Pellant, retired BLM range ecologist says, that fuels management is a large part of the solution to reducing the size of fires on rangelands. “The only ubiquitous fuels manager on this land is the livestock that graze it,” Pellant says. “So the challenge, can we marshal those livestock into strategically doing fuels work, it’s going to have a huge impact on the scale of the wildfires happening here now. I think there’s a lot of promise.”
How Can You Use This Information?
Pat Clark is looking for locations in Wyoming, Washington and Utah where similar studies can take place. If you’re in one of these states, consider reaching out to him to find out what the criteria are and if you might be able to assist. It’s also helpful to be supportive of the agencies trying to work on grazing management changes that are outside typical regulations. It can be an uphill climb and outside encouragement is important.
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While most of us spent our teenage years sculpting the perfect emo fringe, Swedish luminary Greta Thunberg was changing the world.
On Friday September 20th, 2019, at a strike for climate change in New York City, Greta– then aged 16 – delivered a line that would echo throughout communities: “This is an emergency – our house is on fire.”
It’s a key phrase that launches album #5 from Byron Bay metalcore warriors In Hearts Wake: the volatile, visceral and vicious Kaliyuga, a record that at once laments the damage humankind has so carelessly inflicted on its greatest source of life, yet looks hopefully at a future in which a new generation rebuilds it.
It fulfils a journey the quintet set out on over half a decade ago – 2014’s Earthwalker, 2015’s Skydancer and 2017’s Ark focused on the respective elements of earth, sky and water, leaving fire as the natural next step.
In November of 2018, the deadliest wildfires in Californian history devastated over 150,000 acres of land. At the time, Jake Taylor – frontman of In Hearts Wake and a devout environmentalist of his own accord – was living in Malibu: “Being right there and watching ash fall into my own backyard,” he recalls to BLUNT.
“That really intensified the seriousness of this whole climate crisis for me.”
Between January and October 2019, fires raged through almost 2.25 million acres of the Amazon rainforest. At the turn of 2020, Australia’s own east coast went up in flames.
These events led Taylor to a breaking point which hadn’t yet shown itself in his art; a staunch and uncensored warning of how truly fucked our futures are if we don’t improve their attitudes towards the planet. More than ever, Taylor’s guttural intensity carries an immense weight of real-world significance.
“The word I’d like to use is ‘urgency’,” he stresses.
“Rather than just being pure anger and frustration, these emotions come out [on Kaliyuga] in a sense of urgency. It gets labelled as ‘heavy’ music a lot, and I feel like that’s really got a place right now, because the world is in a heavy state. There are a lot of heavy things going on, so heavy music really has a voice in today’s society.”
The age of the hellbringer
In traditional Buddhist scripture, Kali Yuga (the “age of Kali”) marks the last of four phases the world goes through in a cycle of ages. It’s noted as the apocalyptic end before the world forcibly resets in the wake of humanity’s blind self-destruction.
“It was said [in the Sanskrit scriptures] that we would lose touch with the powers that be,” Taylor explains further. “Rather than the world around us, we would worship the flesh. There would be oppression, materialism, destruction and disease. We’ve kind of lost sight of, and lost touch with, what really matters.”
Reckoning with the world burning around him (Kaliyuga was recorded before the Australian bushfires of 2019, but towards the end of the Amazon wildfires’ peak), Taylor found that as the record started taking shape, the material strongly reflected the core message of the scripture outlining Kali Yuga.
“All of the songs were tales of the self, and tales of the collective injustices we needed to address,” he says. “They examine a lot of what’s happening in the world and they all have dystopian themes to them – so when it came to finding the overarching theme or soul of this record, I was like, ‘Ah, this feels a lot like Kali Yuga.’”
“It was a pretty instant thing, too – I didn’t have to convince any of the guys to get onboard with it.”
Rather than a display of the demon from whom the eponymous term Kali Yuga derives, In Hearts Wake use the Buddhist goddess also named Kali for their model, in an effort to contrast the innately virtuous morality of humankind with the self-destructive vices we use to violate it.
The gas mask-clad baby represents us.
Taylor ruminates that we “need to look at, and perhaps reconsider our perspective on, how we want to spend our money, how we want to impart medicine, how we want to use firearms and weapons, and how we want to power our planet and with what fuels. She’s holding up all these things that threaten our future and saying, ‘Are you willing to risk your life for these?’”
Making good in the badlands
By sheer proxy of their existence, In Hearts Wake are hypocrites.
That’s not to say that their message is invalid. Between the fuel it takes to fly a band around the world, the energy to power their live shows and producing their merchandise, it’s arguable they’d contribute more damage to the global ecosystem than the average, non-environmentally conscious punter.
But this is something Taylor and co. are well aware of. ‘Accountability’ is a word Taylor stresses in reference to how In Hearts Wake aim to practice what they preach.
“As with any journey,” he says, “it’s been about taking steps.”
“When we did Earthwalker, we went out and planted thousands of trees; for Skydancer, we took that initiative further and increased that awareness; and then we took that next step with Ark where we were doing the physical marine debris cleanups with our fans instead of signings.”
It was during those cleanup sessions that Taylor came face to face with a blindspot that loomed in the dissonance between his personal love for the environment and his career as a touring musician.
“We were pulling out hundreds and thousands of these plastic bottles and coffee cups – all this stuff that we were getting in piles on the beaches,” he recalls. “And then we got onstage that night and saw all the same stuff being used at our shows. We had to step back and go, ‘Hold on… Something’s not quite right about this.’
In order to justify spending the resources it would take to produce another record, In Hearts Wake set an ambitious goal to make Kaliyuga the world’s first carbon-offset metalcore album.
Because nothing like this had ever been done before, the band initially found themselves in a confusing spot.
“There was no ‘how to’ guide, unfortunately,” Taylor chuckles. “It’s a hard process to kick off because you’re trying to to look at all the blindspots, but you don’t quite know what they are – and then you’re always second guessing, like, ‘Are there more blindspots that I haven’t seen?’ It takes a lot of deep diving.
“The planet pays less for this, and that’s just a model that we, as human beings, need to adopt as best we can right now.”
“We did a lot of calculating to figure out what our carbon footprint was – calculating the data, flights, and driving miles, getting a power reader and putting it on the mains to gauge our power consumption, counting the lights, looking at the freights of things… And then we worked with a carbon consultant [Grace Gallagher, of Byron Bay environmental agency Control Union] to generate the data that we could use to offset that footprint.”
In the end, the recording process for Kaliyuga produced 26.37 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent – considerably less than most other bands would chew through.
In order to reverse the environmental impact made, they purchased carbon credits in the Yarra Yarra Biodiversity Corridor.
“By purchasing carbon credits,” Taylor explains, “you’re purchasing a stock of trees that will be planted in areas affected by deforestation, reintroducing native flora to First Nations land, and ultimately sequestering the carbon you’d spent to begin with. The credits are just the mechanism that calculates how much carbon those trees are going to sequester when they hit full growth.”
“The co-benefits are that it’s on First Nations land, it creates jobs – which the First Nations people are a part of – the animals native to that land are able to return, the ecosystem is restored, and everyone wins, really.”
When it came to manufacturing the physical copies of Kaliyuga, the band endeavoured to go completely plastic-free and utilise recycled materials in all aspects of the production.
To achieve this, they teamed up with the Holland-based company Deepgroves, who aim to revolutionise the vinyl game with 100 percent sustainable pressing methods. They churn the discs out using a calcium-based vinyl product (as opposed to highly pollutant PVC sourced from Thailand, as most mainstream plants do), make all the booklets and jackets from recycled materials, print using non-harmful soy-based inks, and seal with paper-based tapes.
They even run the entire factory on biofuel, and offset the carbon produced in shipping their products out.
“They are by no means making a second-grade product. For me, this is the way forward for the music industry. I can definitely see more and more people adopting this model as we move forward.”
“It does cost almost twice as much,” Taylor admits. “But we pay more now so that you pay less later. The planet pays less for this, and that’s just a model that we, as human beings, need to adopt as best we can right now.”
“And for the most part, people are really supporting this! I believe people actually care that if they’re getting something that speaks to the planet they live on, and if it’s a quality product, they’re willing to support it.”
Embracing a force of life
In Hearts Wake have pledged to plant one tree for every thousand views doled to the official video for Kaliyuga’s lead single, ‘Worldwide Suicide‘. At the time of writing, the clip sits at a relatively solid 313,000 plays.
The band are able to make such a mission possible thanks to Taylor’s side-hustle running the brand Earthwalker Tribe, which he established in 2016 as an effort to further his initiative producing high-quality merchandise with an eco-friendly spin.
“Being a big part of all the band’s merch over the years, there was something missing for me,” Taylor notes. “I wanted to have the freedom of not needing to have a lyric or a band name on a shirt – I wanted it to just be about cultivating a community that loves the Earth, and loves to be outdoors and explore it. And I wanted it to do good, so I set up the brand as an opportunity to plant as many trees as I could.”
As of this January, Taylor – in collaboration with non-profit org Trees For The Future – had planted a total of 13,900 trees; he notes that 2020 sales have been exceptionally strong so far, too, so that number is set to grow exponentially once he’s able to quantify sales data from the last seven months. The trees are planted in forests throughout Cameroon, Kenya, Senegal, Uganda and Tanzania – areas most sorely affected by deforestation in decades past.
“Earthwalker has become a bit of a bridge for me,” Taylor says. “I’ve been able to work with a bunch of tree-planting companies and meet with some amazing organisations all over the world. And now In Hearts Wake is able to plug into that, too – we’re planting a massive amount of trees for the ‘Worldwide Suicide’ video, and we’re also going to plant a tree for every vinyl record purchased as well.
“Who knows how far we’ll be able to take it from here – whether we start [planting trees] for every concert ticket sold or every t-shirt… There’s lots of exciting opportunities for us to explore. I’m not really sure how we’re going to unpack them all just yet.”
Kaliyuga is out now via UNFD. In Hearts Wake will be streaming a special performance this Thursday, the 13th of August, at 8pm. Tickets are available here.
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"Although Bulgaria is committed to increasing the protection of rare species and habitats in the region, the reverse appears to be happening," the commission said in a statement.
Under the EU Birds and Habitats Directive, any project that may have a significant negative effect on sites that are part of the network of protected areas should undergo a prior assessment before being approved. Also, the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive mandates that any project likely to have a significant effect on the environment is adequately assessed before being approved.
Bulgaria has authorised thousands of wind turbines without adequate assessments of their effect on Kaliakra's habitat and species, and on the thousands of birds and bats that fly over the site each year on their way to and from Africa, the commission said.
In June 2012 the commission contacted the Bulgarian government and issued a reasoned opinion – the precursor to legal action - and while Bulgaria has since taken steps to restrict the damage and prevent further developments, its previous actions have led the commission to refer it to the EU Court of Justice.
This move will only add to the woes of the Bulgarian wind industry, whcih has seen development stall this year following the government's imposition of a retroactive grid access charge for renewable energy projects. The country added 153MW of capacity in 2012, bringing the total to 657MW, but has added next to nothing in 2013.
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Let’s face it; no one likes tax time. Whether you are doing your personal or business tax, submitting the paperwork is something many procrastinate doing.
When it comes to Tax time, it pays to be organised! Most taxpayers will be expecting a refund, so getting your paperwork in order means you don’t miss or forget any expenses from the year, and everything you need is on hand to take the hassle out of your tax time.
Find All Your Documents
Saving everything to one place means it is there when you need it. You likely already have an accounts file for business expenses if you run a business. We don’t always consider doing this for our personal account keeping, but it does make tax time easier.
You might have receipts for tools and clothing in either physical or electronic form; saving them all to a file on your computer can make things easier, especially if you have a few email accounts!
Without accurate records, you may miss expenses which you can claim. When it comes to claiming deductions on your income, a good rule to follow is if you are going to claim it, you need to prove it.
Some other documents you may have an area:
- Previous years’ tax return
- Records of sale or purchase of any shares, business or property
- Private Health Insurance Details
- Spouse details
- Income statement from work, rental properties, interest, dividends, cryptocurrencies and foreign income
- Expense records such as receipts for work-related expenses, donations, applicable self-education, and any costs incurred for managing your tax affairs – such as an accountant preparing your tax
Create a List of Work-Related Expenses
Every profession has tools of the trade; some are physical tools, and others might be software subscriptions. Eligible work-related expenses may include car expenses, uniforms, mobile phone bills, and union fees. If something you require to do your job or that helps you do a better job is not reimbursed by your employer, you may be eligible to claim it as a work expense.
Once you have your list, make sure you have documents to support your claim.
Working At Home Expenses
With lock-downs and hybrid working arrangements on the rise, what you can claim as a work from home expense can be pretty confusing. Everyone’s circumstances are different, and a good accountant can walk you through the expenses you are eligible to claim.
In general, you can claim a deduction for the additional expenses you acquire due to working from home. These are called running expenses and relate to the use of facilities within your home and include:
- Electricity expenses for heating or cooling and lighting
- Decline in value of office furniture and furnishings as well other items used for work – for example, a laptop
- Internet expenses
- Phone expenses
As an employee working from home, generally:
- you can’t claim occupancy expenses
- there will be no capital gains tax (CGT) implications for your home.
In certain circumstances, you may also be entitled to claim occupancy expenses. The ATO refers to expenses you pay to own, rent or use your home as occupancy expenses. They include:
- Mortgage interest
- Council and water rates
- Land taxes
- House insurance premiums
If you are entitled to claim occupancy expenses, you may be taxed on any Capital Gains should you sell the property.
What To Send Your Accountant
If you are using an accountant to assist with your tax lodgement, they will need your list of documents and to supply:
- Such as your driver’s license or passport
- Bank account details
- For your refund
- Medicare card or number
- Private health insurance information
- Spouse details
- Including details of their income
Understanding what you are eligible to claim can be confusing, primarily if you work remotely or have multiple income streams. If you are a business owner, sometimes it’s not clear what is a business expense and what is a personal expense.
We are here to help. Talk to our team about taking the stress out of tax time!
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9 Bible Verses about Pottery
Most Relevant Verses
Now when David had come to Mahanaim, Shobi the son of Nahash from Rabbah of the sons of Ammon, Machir the son of Ammiel from Lo-debar, and Barzillai the Gileadite from Rogelim, brought beds, basins, pottery, wheat, barley, flour, parched grain, beans, lentils, parched seeds, honey, curds, sheep, and cheese of the herd, for David and for the people who were with him, to eat; for they said, “The people are hungry and weary and thirsty in the wilderness.”
The sons of Shelah the son of Judah were Er the father of Lecah and Laadah the father of Mareshah, and the families of the house of the linen workers at Beth-ashbea; and Jokim, the men of Cozeba, Joash, Saraph, who ruled in Moab, and Jashubi-lehem. And the records are ancient. These were the potters and the inhabitants of Netaim and Gederah; they lived there with the king for his work.
You turn things around!
Shall the potter be considered as equal with the clay,
That what is made would say to its maker, “He did not make me”;
Or what is formed say to him who formed it, “He has no understanding”?
“Woe to the one who quarrels with his Maker—
An earthenware vessel among the vessels of earth!
Will the clay say to the potter, ‘What are you doing?’
Or the thing you are making say, ‘He has no hands’?
But now, O Lord, You are our Father,
We are the clay, and You our potter;
And all of us are the work of Your hand.
The word which came to Jeremiah from the Lord saying, “Arise and go down to the potter’s house, and there I will announce My words to you.” Then I went down to the potter’s house, and there he was, making something on the wheel.read more.
But the vessel that he was making of clay was spoiled in the hand of the potter; so he remade it into another vessel, as it pleased the potter to make. Then the word of the Lord came to me saying, “Can I not, O house of Israel, deal with you as this potter does?” declares the Lord. “Behold, like the clay in the potter’s hand, so are you in My hand, O house of Israel. At one moment I might speak concerning a nation or concerning a kingdom to uproot, to pull down, or to destroy it; if that nation against which I have spoken turns from its evil, I will relent concerning the calamity I planned to bring on it. Or at another moment I might speak concerning a nation or concerning a kingdom to build up or to plant it; if it does evil in My sight by not obeying My voice, then I will think better of the good with which I had promised to bless it.
You will say to me then, “Why does He still find fault? For who resists His will?” On the contrary, who are you, O man, who answers back to God? The thing molded will not say to the molder, “Why did you make me like this,” will it? Or does not the potter have a right over the clay, to make from the same lump one vessel for honorable use and another for common use?
From Thematic Bible
Pottery » Figurative
We are the
And all of us are the
Pottery » Vessels made of
Then I went down to the potter's house, and there he was, making something on the wheel. But the vessel that he was making of clay was spoiled in the hand of the potter; so he remade it into another vessel, as it pleased the potter to make.
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In historic vote, marijuana legalization bill passed in U.S. House
A bill to decriminalize marijuana passed a chamber of Congress for the first time ever Friday, as Democrats and a handful of Republicans embraced the growing popularity of legal weed and sought to correct the historic racial disparities inflicted by the war on drugs.
The Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act, or MORE Act, would remove pot from the federal list of controlled substances, expunge low-level marijuana arrests, and set up a 5% sales tax to reinvest in communities disproportionately affected by drug enforcement, among other steps.
Democrats and the lone GOP backer, Florida Rep. Matt Gaetz, argued that the war on drugs has proven to be a failure that has done incalculable harm, especially to minorities, and that it’s time to align federal law with those in dozens of states that have decriminalized pot.
“If we were measuring the success in the war on drugs, it would be hard to conclude anything other than the fact that drugs have won,” said Gaetz.
“The failed war on drugs first began almost 50 years ago, when Richard Nixon declared drug abuse public enemy number one,” said Rep. Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.), noting that since then prison populations soared from about 200,000 to around 2.3 million now, and minorities account for up to 80% of pot arrests.
“We have ruined lives, families and communities. It is a stain on our democracy,” Jeffries said. “Marijuana use is either socially acceptable behavior or its criminal conduct, but it can’t be socially acceptable behavior in some neighborhoods and criminal conduct in other neighborhoods, when the dividing line is race.”
The bill passed with a simple majority, 228 to 164, with just 6 Democrats opposing it, and 5 votes approving on the GOP side, as well as Michigan independent Rep. Justin Amash.
Republicans objected vehemently to the bill, repeatedly saying Democrats were wasting time when they should be addressing the coronavirus. They reaffirmed the Nixonian argument that pot is dangerous, and that overlooking the risks in return for any purported benefits was a mistake.
“Marijuana is one of the most abused substances on this planet,” said Rep. Greg Murphy (R-N.C.). “Yes, legalizing weed would create revenue from taxes, but at what cost? Do we then start legalizing cocaine? Marijuana is a gateway drug, make no mistake about that. It undoubtedly leads to further and much more dangerous drug use.”
Democrats cited studies that debunk the gateway-drug argument. Republicans countered with studies finding harms from marijuana, and said the bill was more evidence of Democrats being soft on crime.
“Just like the clarion call to defund the police, followed rapidly by astonished surprise over the ensuing surge in violence, Democrats’ rush to legalize marijuana, without any heed or response to the rising epidemic of drugged driving across the country would mean more dead and injured Americans,” said Rep. Dan Bishop (R-N.C.).
Democrats countered that the bill includes extensive provisions to boost research into addressing negative impacts of drug use, including impairment at work and on the roads, and that it merely catches up to where the country is already going.
“We’re not rushing to legalize marijuana — the American people have already done that,” said Rep. Earl Blumenauer (D-Ore.]. “We’re here because Congress has failed to deal with a disastrous war on drugs, and do its part for the over 50 million regular marijuana users in every one of your districts.”
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Top of Lower End
General views down Lower End with the Malt Shovel in the background.
Postcard circa 1908
Postcard from same period
Miss Twigger's Cottage
Miss Twigger's Cottage was known as "The Cottage". This cottage and Bill Elliot's were cottages belonging to Pisford's (Ford's) Charity in Coventry.
Miss Twigger died in 1970. She had been the village schoolmistress.
Her father was a baker and kept the post office.
Miss Twigger's cottage, 1968.
Miss Twigger's cottage 1968. You can see her side door, which she used as the main entrance always. The lean-to at the back was originally the wash-house. Everyone had them tacked on to the backs of their cottages, but later most of them were demolished.
Miss Twigger's cottage, June 1970.
The Manor House
Among the main early village farms were Cross House (now known as the
Manor House) in the middle of the village (opposite a small green, taken
away about 1930). The Manor House was stripped down to its original timber framework in
the autumn of 1966 by its new owner; the previous owner - Mr. Cowley -
having died in Feb 1966. The whole framework was then blown down in a
severe storm. It was rebuilt in its current form.
The Manor House October 1966
detail of gable end facing towards Stoneleigh Road October 1966
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The White House will soon cut down the nearly 200-year-old Jackson Magnolia in front of the building's southern facade, CNN reports.
The United States National Arboretum sent specialists to examine the tree, and found that it has deteriorated and must be removed. First lady Melania Trump signed off on the decision after reviewing these findings.
"The overall architecture and structure of the tree is greatly compromised and the tree is completely dependent on the artificial support," the report reads, according to CNN.
"Without the extensive cabling system, the tree would have fallen years ago. Presently, and very concerning, the cabling system is failing on the east trunk, as a cable has pulled through the very thin layer of wood that remains. It is difficult to predict when and how many more will fail."
The tree was planted by President Andrew Jackson in 1828, shortly after he assumed office. His wife, Rachel, had died only days after the election and he reportedly insisted on planting a sprout from her favorite tree at their Tennessee farm.
CNN notes that the tree appeared on the back of the $20 bill from 1928 to 1998, and that former President Barack Obama and former first lady Michelle Obama both gave seedlings from the trees as gifts during their time in the White House. The president gave a seedling to be planted in Cuba, while the first lady gave one to the Department of Agriculture to be planed in its community garden.
The Arboretum's report notes that the support system in place is falling apart, and creates a danger.
"Further cabling and support of the east leader is not an option due to the fragile, almost non-existent lower trunk. There is no longer a sound foundation, and the upper portion lacks sound wood for cabling. This half of the tree is considered a hazard.
"The west leader, on the other hand, could possibly be saved for a time, but will eventually succumb to the same fate. In addition, the high winds resulting from frequent helicopter landings complicates the future of the limb. It may fail in an unpredictable way."
© 2022 Newsmax. All rights reserved.
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This post first appeared on the 1st things 1st blog.
It’s 2020, and a lot of things happening now might seem very chaotic and confusing. Brexit inescapably happened. Man-caused global warming is changing landscapes. Oceans are flooded with plastic. The Covid19 pandemic brings risk to our lives and limits our mobility. Wildfires in Australia and the USA kill live beings. People are still experiencing discrimination and brutality because of skin color. Moreover, you might believe in some conspiracy theories that add to stress and anxiety about the current world situation. But do you want to stay under that stress, or would you instead want to have peace of mind?
First of all, what you can do is think about whether you can change any of that? Is it in your scope of control, or is it outside of your abilities? If you can’t control something, detach yourself from it. It is as it is. You have to adapt to it, but there is no necessity to keep worrying about it day after day.
If adversity happens to you directly and you are affected badly, you have to calm down and focus on what you can do to solve your situation. For example, if you lost a job due to Covid19, you have to find another one. Maybe even get some skills in another area than what you know already. Don’t panic. Clear your mind and surroundings at first.
If you have a chaotic mind, you probably also have a messy home. Start cleaning up your mind by cleaning up your home. Define places for each thing you want to keep. Get rid of or hide the things that bring you bad memories and emotions. It might take hours or days, but you will finally have a system for something you see every day.
Take a problem you want to solve and plan the way how you are going to solve it. Divide the path to the solution into multiple steps that you can take one by one. For example, you were in a restaurant business but decided to learn software development. So you will borrow some money, take online courses on some technologies, create a project for a friend, work on your LinkedIn profile, and apply for a junior position at a chosen IT company.
If you feel down, maybe you are lack of brain fuel. The human brain runs on glucose and needs at least 420 kcals per day to maintain normal function. That’s 42 grapes or cherries, 4 bananas, or 4 big apples a day. It can as well be more or less depending on your body mass and the mental work intensity.
To have a harmonious mind, make sure to spend time with people you care about. But also have some time alone. You need both: a feeling of connection and love; and time for meditation or prayer, journaling, and exercising.
When doing something, try not to multitask. Focus on one thing at a time. Multitasking brings you more stress and makes you less productive. If you have several or many things to do in a day, create time blocks for each of those things. For example, you will spend two hours reading and answering emails, one hour for the industry news, and one hour for an online meeting. Try to stick to your plan.
Simplify your life. It is recommendable to choose up to three most important tasks every day and only focus on them. Quality is more important than quantity. When you work a lot, you have a risk of mental burnout. That’s especially often in the tech industry.
Try to get information in your head classified. Either connect the points of knowledge in your head and group them into categories. Or read more about your interests and find some categorizations on Wikipedia or other resources. This gives you more trust in yourself and your opinions.
Get an essential objective in your life. It should be a big aim worth pursuing. Then make a plan for how you will achieve your dreams. And try to progress towards it. Know that failures will happen on the way. But focus on the process and enjoy the ride.
Cover photo by Hello I’m Nik.
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The photo and caption above have been lifted from a March 5 , 2021 reposting on the website of the Environmental Law Clinic (ELC) at the University of Victoria. The happy scene of an early fall gathering in 2005 in Lillian Hoffar Park (on the shore of Tsehum Harbour and within the 1931 Shoal Harbour Migratory Bird Sanctuary) is a precursor of similar events including the Friends of Shoal Harbour All Buffleheads Celebrations held in mid-October on Roberts Bay..
Here is a link to the March 5, 2021 ELC post: https://elc.uvic.ca/tshehum-inlet-lagoon/
Friends of Shoal Harbour are indebted to the Environmental Law Clinic for the 2005 event and for the guidance provided to FOSH in the years that followed.
Your editor (Farrell Boyce) was present at the 2005 Lillian Hoffar Park outing and at the North Saanich public hearing referred to in the abovementioned ELC post where a proposal to expand a marina in the Tsehum Lagoon (adjacent to Highway 17 as it approaches Swartz Bay Ferry Terminal) was shouted down by a noisy majority of attendees…Thanks to the shaky legal position of this proposal revealed by the ELC and the vigorous public opposition, the proposal was refused.
Here is a link to a report summarizing a September 19, 2016 presentation by Friends of Shoal Harbour to North Saanich Council: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1y1iN65CnDSxDT8gQaYcY-sHQ_Lqy7G3h/view?usp=sharing
This report will move the story ahead from the events of 2005 to the founding of Friends of Shoal Harbour in 2011 and beyond to where once again the ELC was of great service to us in 2013 through a study of municipal, provincial and federal legislation pertaining to the foreshore.
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HYDERABAD: To cut down on energy use, save money and make an impact on the environment, architects across the city are embracing green as their new way of life.
While there is awareness on the importance of environmentally responsible and resource-efficient way of living, experts believe that it is much more important to promote a healthy environment, which does not disrupt the natural resources around us.
“We need environmentally responsible and resourceefficient green buildings for a sustainable tomorrow. It’s time we encourage architects focused on designing green buildings,” said Akash Srivatsav, environmental activist.
“By adopting greener practices, we can take maximum advantage of environmental and economic performance,” an architect at Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) said.
In Hyderabad, the sustainable movement has gathered pace after the sector started focusing on affordable homes for ordinary citizens. In the current scenario, affordable homes in the range of Rs 20-30 lakh are the most sought after. IGBC is pioneering the concept since the setting up of the first platinum-rated green building — the CII Green Building Centre in the IT hub — in 2003 in Hyderabad. Presently, IGBC certifies over 500 green building projects in Hyderabad and the demand is set to double in the coming years.
“This growth has been possible with the participation of all stakeholders in the green building movement,” said Mohd Rasool, an architect.
To address this growing industry and government interest, housing companies are in the process of evolving norms for affordable homes and a specific rating system. In days to come, most architects, builders and developers plan to rebuild homes and make certain green changes to every home and ensure that they can create a sustainable lifestyle.
“By making few small changes one can cut down on energy usage, save money, and make a big impact on the environment,” Rassol said.
The Maharashtra Real Estate Regulatory Authority (MahaRERA) has declared 4,555 realty projects as "lapsed". In the first phase, MahaRERA will issue notices to developers registered with various developers' bodies, followed by those nearing construction.
The 1.2 million square feet "Ambience Mall" in the posh southern district of India's capital has been put up for auction as its current owner, the Ambience Group, has not paid debt of $149 million to Indiabulls Housing Finance and other creditors, according to a previously unreported public auction notice.
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Whether your home is old and used plaster for the wall or you went for a higher quality wall material for a more stable home, painting over plaster can be tricky. Plaster is definitely more resilient than drywall is and it’s difficult to know just how well the paint will take to the wall.
Painting a plaster wall is very similar to painting drywall. The plaster will soak in paint in higher concentration and more sporadically. Plaster walls need a good primer to create an even paint job and the best paint to use is acrylic latex-based paint for hard surfaces to paint.
Plaster is a tricky material to work with and needs care when being used, especially with paint. To understand more about plaster itself and how to paint it effectively, keep reading.
What Is Plaster?
Plaster is a dried powder that when mixed with water creates a paste that can be used to create a smooth wall. This paste has been used efficiently since the mid-1900s but plaster itself dates back to thousands of years ago.
Plaster, when hardened, creates a wall that is both insulating and flame retardant. This is what made it such a popular choice in the 1900s and is a reason to still be used today. Many plasters will chip or crack over time, but is durable and is efficient in their uses.
Most plasters are made of gypsum but may also be made of lime, and can create a hardened effect when dried completely.
Do I Need To Prime My Plaster?
When you decide to paint your wall and you find out that it is plaster, this is a good question to answer. The natural makeup of plaster makes it a very porous material that will drink up the paint that you put on it.
This will make the paint sporadic and unreliable in its finished look. It will not look very clean and may cause the paint to have to be replaced in a short span of time.
To create a good base for the paint to last and will keep its integrity, you must prime the wall correctly. This base is essential if you want a clean-finished wall in your home.
Best Paint For Plaster Walls
Plaster, once it is primed properly, will take any high-quality paint that is used for walls. It really comes to choosing the color that you wish to add to your home.
So the question really becomes what is the best primer that can be used on a plaster wall. Below is a table for your needs to search for good high-quality primers to use.
|Rust-Oleum 2004 Zinsser Bulls Eye 1-2-3 Primer, 1 Quart, 946 ml, White||Amazon.com||$11.99|
|KILZ 2 Interior/Exterior Multi-Surface Primer, Sealer & Stainblocker, White, Water-Based – New Look, Same Trusted Formula||Walmart.com||$16.83|
|Adhesion 1 Gal. White Bonding Interior/Exterior Primer||Homedepot.com||$42.98|
Preparing The Wall For Painting
Whenever you take on a project to handle by yourself it is important to prepare your workstation to fit the right conditions to start right and finish with a good end product.
In regards to plaster, whether you applied the wall by yourself or someone else did it, it is likely to have some lumps and bumps because of the texture by which plaster is made. There is a simple and easy fix to this, but it takes time.
Simply take some sandpaper and sand the uneven sections of the wall down to an even layer of plaster. This will create a nice even look on your wall and will make the finished product look much better.
When sanding, you can do so by hand, or you can use a machine sander on a low power level. You don’t want to push too much, because this could ruin the plaster and create a bigger problem than you had to start with. Apply slight pressure to take off bumps, but leave the wall itself.
When it comes to corners, you can sand these down as well. You might see some metal edges on your wall and this normal. It is ok to see this, just make it smooth with the rest of the wall and the paint will go on fine to the corner with metal edges showing.
In regards to the type of sandpaper grit to use, begin with a lower grit, perhaps 80 grit or maybe even a 60 grit, and work your way to a higher grit ending at 120 grit. This will give you an edge at the beginning that will take off the uneven sections and then the higher grit will give a nice finished look to it.
If there are sections where the plaster seems to be missing or absent, simply take some plaster and fill in those spaces. These areas will most likely be near corners or windows and doorways. It’s not a hard fix and is easy to workaround.
Painting The Plaster
Now that you have prepared your plaster wall for painting it is time to prime the wall. You can’t just go into painting the wall because plaster needs a delicate process to get the paint to stay.
Priming The Wall
Priming the wall requires multiple layers consisting of a mist layer and then a base layer to create the perfect surface for the paint to have a long-lasting effect.
But before you start applying the mist layer you should probably decide how you are going to apply it. By paint roller, or by paint sprayer. Each has its pros and cons and hopefully, the next sections will give you enough information to make your decision.
The sprayer gives a nice clean look to the plaster, it will look as though a mist covered the wall, not entirely covering it but creating a clean place to start the base layer. The sprayer will only be used for the mist layer and then maybe for the base layer but might be advised against it later on in this article.
When using the sprayer you will want to hold it 18 inches from the wall and use long slow swipes. This will ensure that you cover the entire wall and really get the paint to soak into the plaster itself.
Using the sprayer will be much faster than the roller, and will give you a more even finish. But it has its own setbacks, the main one being that it will get paint everywhere in the room that you are painting. Make sure to lay down drop cloths and to cover any outlets, windows, doors, or even outlet screw holes.
The paint roller has a higher functionality of precision when it comes to applying paint, but it may not be the best for putting on the mist layer. It may create an uneven layer that will cause problems later on in the painting process, not giving your paint the even finished look that you will want.
The roller will also be slower as it will require you to go back and forth to replenish paint more often. This may not be a huge deal, but it might be worse in the long run.
The Mist Layer
The mist layer, as was explained above, is what soaks into the plaster itself. Plaster is very thirsty for the paint that it will receive, which can make it uneven if not primed correctly.
The mist coat will act as part of the primer that must be applied to create an even finished look. It is actually best to use a 1-1 ratio of primer and water to have it soak in nicely to the plaster itself. So for every gallon of primer, mix it with 1 gallon of water.
This mixture will still dry well enough and create a good surface for the base layer to be added on top and will prevent the final paint job from peeling off.
You should plan to do at least 2 layers of this mist layer and to make it methodical. You need to get a good enough surface for later. Doing more layers might be beneficial, but it is up to you to decide how many layers you would like to apply. Each layer needs to be dry before moving on.
The Base Layer
The base layer is meant to prepare the wall for the final coat of paint and will look almost like a final paint job itself, just white. Having that nice neutral background will help the final color be more vibrant and look more like the actual color that it is.
This baselayer will use the same primer, just with less water mixed in. By doing this it will still soak into the plaster where it needs to but create the perfect conditions for your paint to finally go on.
But it can be tough to use the sprayer for this layer. Because you are using thicker paint it may create clogs or other such problems with your sprayer that may be bothersome. It might be simpler to begin using a roller at this point.
Make sure to apply multiple layers of this base to prepare for the finishing paint layer to be added without flaw. Make sure that each layer is dry before applying the next layer on and moving to the final step.
The Paint Layer
Now that you have finished priming the wall you can begin to paint the wall with its final layers. This will need some additional tools that will make it easier, and give it a better look.
You will need to have a paint roller, and a hand brush that can be used in spots that the roller won’t be able to get to. Use the hand brush to get these tight areas nicely applied with paint.
I would suggest starting with the corners, putting on a thin layer of the color that you are going to put on, and let it start to dry. Then begin to put the first layer of the paint onto the wall with the rollers.
When using a roller, use long methodical strokes without putting too much pressure onto the wall. If there are beads of paint being pushed out each side of the roller then you are most likely pushing too hard. These beads are easy to fix. Just blend them into the other layers that you have already added.
When it comes to a corner with the roller keep it roughly 1/2 of an inch from the corner and then go back and fill in the corner with the hand brush. This will give the corner a nice blend with the rolled paint.
The paint layer will need multiple layers, each adding to the final product. It will be pivotal to let these dry to give it this look. Make sure to blend any extra paint by going back over it. Also, it is important to avoid thick lines from showing through the paint. That is why long slow strokes are important when using a paint roller.
Old Plaster Vs. New Plaster
Old plaster can be easily recognizable as it will most likely look rugged and cracked in multiple spots. Others may have tried to hide it up with paint, but the old primer breaks down and often will need to be replaced.
But old plaster gives a house the feel of a masterpiece. High-quality plaster finishes are something that many people respect and will try to preserve the best they can. Old plaster, though it may be less durable due to its years can give a home a nice old-time feel with plenty of stability.
Though efforts to preserve old plaster occur, it may be that new plaster needs to replace the old plaster. The process is not too difficult and will leave your home looking nice afterward.
If you are removing old plaster, make sure to cover up your mouth and nose with a face mask to avoid breathing any of the plaster in. Also, it’s advised to wear protective goggles.
New plaster provides a great new look to your home that is not too difficult to apply to your walls. Whether you do it yourself or have a professional do it, the finished look will satisfy you, especially if it is painted correctly.
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Hemmed in by a Republican-controlled Congress and President Donald Trump, the top Democrats in the Senate and House have been working to parry GOP advances in general. But when it comes to education, could Democrats cut deals with Trump on at least a few issues?
The two parties have shown some willingness to find common ground in other areas. Prime example: the deal Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi struck with Trump last month to raise the debt ceiling and keep the federal government running through the rest of 2017.
The move stunned GOP leadership. But if Trump is willing to work publicly in that way with leaders of a party he frequently blasts, are there any deals to be had on education and education-related issues?
Based on conversations with some in the K-12 world, along with news developments, here are a few areas where there could be enough common ground, in theory, for Democrats to strike some kind of deal with Trump:
•, to protect those now covered by the Obama-era Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, which provides protections for those brought to the U.S. illegally as children.
•, specifically expanding benefits for child-care costs. Trump’s daughter and adviser, Ivanka Trump, has expressed interest in the issue.
•. First lady Melania Trump has expressed an interest in the issue.
• Issues related to higher education like Pell Grants, but not necessarily reauthorizing the Higher Education Act itself.
For several of those issues, Democrats have introduced relevant legislation, and a few have Republican co-authors.
Room to ‘Agree’
At least in principle, some top Democrats voice a willingness to offer an olive branch.
“At a time when many people across the country are still struggling, Republicans and Democrats in Congress should work together to find solutions that strengthen the middle class and help students, parents, and [college loan] borrowers get ahead,” Sen. Patty Murray, D-Wash., the top Democrat on the Senate education committee, said in a statement. “I believe there’s a lot we should be able to agree on, including addressing the rising costs of high-quality child care and a comprehensive approach to making college more affordable, accessible, and accountable.”
A deal on higher education, a relatively high-profile education issue, might be close to impossible, especially since U.S. Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos has riled Democrats for her shift away from the Obama administration’s work on college loans and student debt, as well as.
Still, some kind of accord on the Dream Act is likely the Democrats’ best bet to work with Trump and other Republicans, said Charles Barone, the policy director at Democrats for Education Reform. Barone said there’s even a decent chance a deal on the Dream Act and DACA could be reached before Christmas. (until Trump has said he will end DACA protections. Trump has also said he wants to protect “dreamers” without specifying how.)
“There are opportunities to work across the aisle where there wouldn’t be a reason to prevent Democrats from seeing what those opportunities might be,” said Barone, a one-time staffer to former Rep. George Miller of California and the late Sen. Paul Simon of Illinois, both Democrats. “I don’t think saying ‘We’re not going to work with this guy on anything’ is especially productive.”
Issues dealing with revenue, including school infrastructure spending and expanded child-care benefits, might be harder, even though Trump has expressed general interest in infrastructure spending. And bullying prevention is also a focus for Democrats in education. Sen. Bob Casey, D-Pa., has introduced a bill several times designed to crack down on bullying in schools, the Safe School Improvement Act. California Democratic Rep. Linda Sanchez has also introduced an anti-bullying bill this Congress. However, both bills deal with gender identity and sexual orientation, which are touchy topics in today’s Washington.
Barone noted that additional spending on things like K-12 infrastructure might take months to work out. At the same time, Barone pointed out that the late Sen. Ted Kennedy, a stalwart liberal, worked with Republican colleagues to establish the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) in the mid-1990s, after Republicans took control of Congress in the 1994 elections. “The Clinton people didn’t think that was feasible at all,” Barone said. “But Kennedy pursued it. And it was a big win.”
There’s a decent chance lawmakers could slip some kind of expanded child-care benefit into the GOP’s bigger tax-reform package, said Vic Klatt, a former House GOP education staffer who now works at the Penn Hill Group lobbying firm. In addition, the Senate could always pick up the bipartisan bill to overhaul the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act, which the, Klatt said. Some sort of deal involving Pell Grants for those in the workforce could move through Congress. And at least some Democrats, along with Trump, would be pleased with increases for federal charter school grants.
But anyone who thinks that the Dream Act, school infrastructure spending, or any other education-related compromise will be easy for Democrats to hammer out with Trump and the GOP is mistaken, Klatt noted. For example, while Klatt said he thinks some version of the Dream Act will pass, “It’s not going to be easy. And there’s going to be a lot of blood on the floor” before the end, especially in a House GOP caucus divided on the issue.
The recent collapse of thecould help matters, said Alice Johnson Cain, the executive vice president of Teach Plus, which helps teachers take leadership roles in shaping education policy.
“I think it would have been next to impossible for any of this if that had passed, in terms of the climate and the tone,” said Cain, who was, like Barone, an education staffer at one time for Miller.
Tone and Experience
Of course, the ACA repeal effort could very well come back in fiscal 2018, squelching any sort of dealmaking spirit. Addressing the debt ceiling was essentially a must-do item on Washington’s priority list, making it potentially different than other policy issues. And Democrats don’t control either the House or Senate, reducing their leverage.
Finding the right vehicle is also key, especially when there are sharp partisan divisions over the budget, Cain said. For example, even though she and her organization are hopeful about teacher-preparation issues being addressed, she said proposals by Trump and House Republicans to—and the subsequent outcry from teacher and other education groups—"does make it harder” to address those policy issues.
Ultimately, Cain said, what could get these sorts of tricky political deals done are “the long-standing relationships, and to some degree friendships, between staffers” with a lot of experience.
“There are a lot of tactical ways to do it, once people get together and say, ‘This is what we want,’ ” she said. “When I talk to my former colleagues [on Capitol Hill] now, I find myself saying, ‘Thank you. Thank you for sticking it out ... in these very difficult times.’ ”
A version of this article appeared in the October 11, 2017 edition of Education Week as Could Democrats, Trump Team Up on K-12 Issues?
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Desserts are typically understood as sweet foods consumed following a main meal. Nearly any sweet foods may work as dessert options. These types of desserts might include the following: cakes, cookies, pastries, custards, candies, and pies. Regional cuisines like Asian cuisines offer many variations of these desserts. Typical Asian food ingredients such as agar, bean paste, and durian fruit help create unique examples of Asian desserts: gao, ting, and tongsui, among others.
As the largest continent, Asia boasts many varieties of food from its diverse regions. The enormity of China marks it as one of the largest dessert producers. Japan also offers a sprawl of East Asian desserts. Middle Eastern regions add some sweet preferences to Asian desserts, as do portions of Russia.
Pastries are particularly popular Asian desserts. Rice-focused pastries dubbed gao are versatile and may have soft or firm textures, and glutinous rice cakes are also quite popular. In China, wheat flour pastries known as bing have prominence.
Subclassifications of bing range from sun and moon cakes to wife cakes. Sweet topping or fillings like glutinous rice and sweet red or mung bean paste populate many Asian pastries as well. Syrups infuse layered, nut-heavy pastries called baklava.
Honeys and syrups are also found in many other types Asian desserts. In fact, ting candies are sometimes comprised almost entirely of syrups made from malt or cane sugar. Syrup and milk-based sweet beverages and custards heavily influence some regions like India.
Other favored dessert ingredients are popular in Asian desserts. Nuts like chestnuts are common, as are fruits, particularly the durian fruit. Some regions such as Russia simply prefer chilled fruits covered in a sweet sauce. Strawberries Romanoff is one such example of a simplified fruit-based Asian desserts dish.
A few types of Asian desserts may possess the ices moniker. Many Asians fancy ice cream, and the frozen sweet may take on this shortened name. Ice creams made with green tea are especially popular in certain regions like Japan, where the confection may be covered with a rice-based dough. In addition to candied and custard-based Asian sweets, syrups may be combined with shaved ice for a sweet beverage-like dessert. Further, a gelatin-like material called agar is often used for creating Asian jellies, which are also referenced as ices.
Although individuals may not typically associate soups with the dessert course, various dessert soups are available in Asia. These common liquid confections consist of sweet, usually heated ingredients and spices. Many recipes further combine custards for a creamier soup. Collectively, these soups are often known as tongsui. Specific varieties include red bean soup, steamed milk custard, and sweet potato soup.
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The Conservative and Unionist Working Mens Club was built on land given by the Unwin Heathcote family in 1903. Three members of the same family joined together to gift the land, Col. Heathcote, his brother and cousin. The family itself found wealth in Sutton from the mill which it owned known as “Unwin’s Mill”.
The local organisation for a Constitutional and Conservative Association was formed in 1881. The Railway Inn was the place where it was originally set up. Prior to the building of the club, the group of men who were later to form the members of the Conservative Club met in any local hostelry.
Members at that time were Mr Daubeny; Mr Beecroft; Mr GG Bonser; Rev. Woodman; Mr Adlington; Mr Parker; Mr Beeley; Mr Briggs; Mr Bonser; Mr Hibbert; Mr A Bonser; Mr Brandreth; Mr Briggs; Mr Allen; Mr Oscroft; Mr Bradley; Mr Kirk; Mr Sampson; Mr Shaw; Mr North; Mr Oates; Mr Buckland; Mr Gething and Mr W Bonser.
The foundation stone was laid in 1904 by Col. A Unwin Heathcote of Stevenage. Col. Heathcote was presented with a silver trowel at the time with an inscription “Presented to Colonel Heathcote R.E. on the occasion of his laying the foundation stone of the Sutton in Ashfield Conservative and Unionist Club, July 12th 1904. In the evening, they carried on celebrating at the Denmans Head and a group of about 50 people enjoyed a celebration dinner in honour of the stone laying.
The land had a covenant attached to it stating that it could only be used for the purposes of a club, and any alteration would need to be sanctioned by the Unwin Heathcotes or their heirs.
At the time of the stone laying, the chairman was Mr A H Bonser, with vice chairman Mr J G Allsop. The treasurer was Mr J Briggs, and secretary Mr H Tudor. The club was established principally to educate young men in politics. The members needed to raise £1,500 for the building, which they did by selling shares. The end cost was £2000.
The architect was Mr F. P. Cook, and the builder, Mr Greenwood both of Mansfield. The building was made of local materials, brick with Ibstock facings and stone dressings.
Originally, the main entrance faced Forest Street, and the club had an entrance hall, a smoking and reading room, a billiard room with two tables, lounge and bar. Upstairs was the club room, which was named the Portland Room. The Portland Room was capable of seating 250 people, and could be divided by screens. There was also a committee room, and accommodation for the caretaker. The rooms were originally lit by gas.
The Devonshire room was opened by the Duke of Devonshire in 1975.
On 14th July 1914, the Conservative and Unionist Working Mens Club Ltd took over 1523 sq yds of land from McWilliam Bishop a county surveyor, at a cost of £430. The land was at the side of the club. It was later used as the bowling green.
The club had some noteable visitors, such as world snooker champion Fred Davies and Sidney Lee, trick shot champion, who gave an exhibition of billiards, snooker and trick shots there in Nov 1957
A bowling club was established, with the club playing various fixtures on their spectacularly kept bowling green which they took particular pride in.
Part of the original piece of land given to the club by the Unwin Heathcotes was sold in 1979 to be used by the TSB bank for £35,000. This followed a modification of the existing covenant on that portion of the site, for the land to be used for shopping purposes.
In April 1981 the club decided to consider making ladies associate members
The club was extended and refurbished in 1982 by Richards of Matlock Mill on Sheepbridge Lane supplying stewards accommodation, staircase and 1 st floor toilet, with a new lounge, ladies toilet and new bar downstairs. The official opening was on 23rd April 1983 by Mr Tim Smith, MP for Beaconsfield. Tim Smith had been the Conservative MP for Ashfield, taking office in 1977, following the resignation of David Marquand.
Edward Heath visited on 30.5.1983 to address a public meeting in support of the forthcoming election where Roderick Seligman was the nominated candidate.
It closed on 29 th Sept 2010.
On 14.6.2011 the club was put up for auction. Eventually it was taken by Ashfield District Council, and demolished in September 2013.
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From September 9 to 13, the Festival for Art, Technology and Society Ars Electronica, will simply ask the question: what should be done now? For the first time, this will be the theme not only in Linz – in the city center and on the JKU campus – but at 120 locations around the globe.
From Silicon Valley to Auckland, from Bergen to Johannesburg, in big cities like L.A., London, Berlin, Moscow, Hong Kong, Seoul and Tokyo, on a research ship in Antarctica or on the bed of the Adriatic Sea – in the midst of the corona pandemic, this year’s festival is more international than ever before. For the first time, Ars Electronica will take place not only in Linz but at 120 locations around the world. Festival venues can be found on every continent. They will show exhibitions, hold workshops and conferences, stage performances and concerts and offer guided “journeys.”
All programs are aimed at the regional audience – Stay Home, Stay Safe! – and are linked by Ars Electronica to form a unique festival on the Net. Through streams, chats, blogs, social media and Mozilla Hubs, anyone can take part in this unique world tour, visit familiar and unfamiliar places and meet new people: people who use peaceful means to fight against the destruction of our environment, who creatively rebel against the powerful, who demand that technology be oriented towards humans and not the other way around – in short, people who engage with the burning questions of our time. (from the press release)
The announced mode of presentation, theme and spirit of the Festival leaves space to browsing it online (and in the respective locations). We will talk more about it, after living the experience.
Ars Electronica, Linz (Austria), online and around the world
images: (cover 1) The Translucent St Stephens Cathedral (2) Ars Electronica Festival – poster (3) Kinetic Garden – Christiaan Zwanikken
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At CM, students thrive in a community where they develop their academic, athletic, and artistic interests and talents. They cultivate and expand their intellectual curiosity and leadership capacities. They sharpen their ability to think deeply, study effectively, and communicate their ideas and beliefs with conviction. Our school offers an excellent educational core and a wide range of electives, independent study opportunities, advanced placement, honors, and college preparatory courses. CM students have a range of curricular options that provide students with options to pursue passions preparing them for a collegiate setting.
Our course work invites students to engage with complex problems. By immersing themselves in learning, students find passions that influence their hearts and minds. Helping students search out and express their deepest desires in life helps them discover their own calling and gain confidence to achieve their aspirations. CM prides itself on being a place in which students discover where their “greatest joy meets the world's greatest need” (Frederick Buechner).
As the world rapidly changes and its need grow ever more profound, our curriculum teaches key skills: adaptability, teamwork, creativity, problem solving, critical reasoning, and openness to multiple interpretations. We expect our students to develop grit and nurture their imaginations. In the future, graduates will need these skills, broad content knowledge, and most importantly, the confidence to trust in their core beliefs and moral compass.
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While Microsoft's largely left its Windows activation the same since Windows XP, it appears the company may now be changing its activation requirements with the upcoming October 26 release of Windows 8.
A new report from Justin Kerr of Maximum PC claims Microsoft is looking to close "loopholes" in the current activation requirements in an effort to reduce piracy rates for its signature operating system. One of the ways Microsoft hopes to achieve this is by modifying the OEM versions of the operating system, making it more difficult for pirates to avoid paying Microsoft for the operating system. Instead of providing OEMs with a single activation key, Kerr states, OEMs "will be required to write a unique Windows product key into the BIOS of each new machine shipped."
Additionally, OEMs will now have to contact Microsoft directly to obtain product keys. OEM machines will now feature a "Genuine Microsoft" sticker to alert consumers of the machine's authenticity. Certificates of authenticity were previously the only requirement Microsoft imposed on OEMs to ensure authenticity.
Kerr states the new OEM activation requirements will only be used in Windows 8 products (and presumably Windows RT products as well), although the program could potentially be expanded to Microsoft's previous operating systems.
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Turkey's ethnic make-up: A complex melting pot
The question of ethnicity and demographics in Turkey has always been a sensitive one.
The modern Turkish state was founded on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk on the foundation of Turkish nationalism.
The Turkish language is the only language of educational instruction in Turkey, and the 1934 Surname Law ensured that all citizens had 'Turkish' surnames.
Yet, in reality, Turkey is an ethnically mixed and diverse country, a result of its location at the crossroads of the Middle East, Europe and Central Asia, and the legacy of the multi-ethnic and multi-religious Ottoman Empire.
The Turkish state has generally avoided gathering official date on the ethnic cleavages of the country, and the last census to ask a question about the respondents language was in 1965.
In that census, 90 percent of Turkish citizens gave Turkish as their first language, 7 percent said Kurdish and 1 percent Arabic.
Today, out of a population of almost 80 million, there are estimated to be around 55 million ethnic Turks, 12.5 million Kurds, 2.5 million people of Circassian origin, 2 million Bosnians, and Albanian, Georgian and Arab origin populations of around 1 million each.
This diverse array of backgrounds points to what can perhaps be regarded as the inaccuracy of referring to an 'ethnic Turk', whose ethnic origins may have been anything from Greek to Central Asian.
The Turkish Constitution itself does not tie a 'Turk' to an ethnicity, but regards it as a label for anyone who is “bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship”.
The Kurds are the one ethnic group to have resisted, to a degree, assimilation into the wider Turkish milieu.
Largely located in Turkey's mountainous south-east, and with their Kurdish brethren across the borders in Syria, Iraq and Iran, they have attempted to maintain the use of the Kurdish language, despite state restrictions, and their identity, even if some Turkish nationalists insist that they are merely 'Mountain Turks'.
Many Kurds have long complained of marginalisation by the state, and the cause of Kurdish nationalism, championed by the armed Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) has been at the root of unrest in Turkey for several decades – marked by violence from both the PKK and the Turkish state, and the repression of Kurdish activists.
President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's AK Party was able to garner the backing of many Kurds, especially the more religiously conservative, in its rise to power. Yet, now, with the rise of the HDP, a party with its roots in Kurdish nationalism, they have a major challenge.
With the Kurdish demographic only growing in Turkey, that challenge will only become more important.
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The next step is to draw two front legs, do it carefully but don’t be afraid of being wrong. How to draw step by step,how to draw,draw a monkey step by step easy,to draw a monkey,how to draw a realistic monkey,realistic monkey step by step very easily,how to art a monkey,art a monkey,how to draw a monkey for.
Draw fine lines in the hand, leg, and stomach.
How to draw a rabbit step by step. Step 6 is to make a curved line to draw the rabbit’s back. How to draw a robot for kids: Step by step guide😍 december 20, 2019.
On either side of the head, draw a curved line as guides for roger rabbit's cheeks. Draw a smaller curve for the neck under the chin. Using big round curves draw the back and neck.
According to the foreshortening, only one side is fully visible to the viewer. Then draw the front leg at the bottom. Next, also using two circles, sketch out the torso of the rabbit.
I construct the central part of the face. How to draw a rabbit Add details to the ears to make them look real.
A new cartoon drawing tutorial is uploaded every week, so stay tooned! Now draw a large oval at an angle to the the existing one. Draw curved lines across the upper arm to enclose the top of the glove.
For the very first step, draw a small circle middle of the paper. How to draw roger rabbit. If you like it, follow these steps to try it out!
With the help of a circle sketch out the muzzle at the lower part of the head. The eighth step is to draw the back legs, this is very easy, do as shown above. Draw the head as a sort of “egg” shape.
A bottle lid must be small. With the help of a circle sketch out the head. Rabbits are cute little animals which we often call them as bunnies.
Draw the front and hind legs as well as the tail as depicted int he picture below. Add an eye, two big long ears at the top of the head and a tiny nose. Detail the contour of the back with a curved line.
Draw 2 intersecting circles and an oval below it keeping the line as their diameter. In this step, we draw the rabbit’s facial features. It should be located in the center of the sheet.
This is very simple and easy tutorial for kids. The cheeks complete the shape of the entire head. Draw the rump and hind leg.
How to draw a rabbit's nose step 1. How to draw a sleeping rabbit step by step may 11, 2019 drawing tutorial category: Add eyes, long ears at the top and a small nose.
In this quick tutorial you’ll learn how to draw peter rabbit in just a few quick steps, but first… peter rabbit is a member in the casting group for peter rabbit the television series. Start the curve for the big hind leg almost. How to draw a rabbit in a hat.
Using simple geometric construction it guides you from sketching a basic shape to a refined line art. Step 01 step 02 step 03 step 04 step 05 step 06 step 07 step 08 step 09 step 10 step 11 step 12 step 13 step 14 step 15 Let's draw rabbits and hares!
This circle is for the rabbit face. In this quick tutorial you’ll learn how to draw a rabbit in just a few quick steps, but first… rabbits belong to the leporidae family of mammals, along with hares. How to draw rabbit step by step for kids.
Start the drawing of the rabbit by first getting the overall shapes of the major parts of it’s body as in the above example. Step 2 form the triangular ears and paws of the rabbit. How to draw 😍how to draw rabbit:
Place a coin to draw a circle; Below that, draw the rabbit’s body and hands. Use large circles to draw the back and neck.
So why not use this step by step guide to help children gain confidence in their artistic ability with this simple rabbit craft activity. the clear steps are great for helping your child to focus. 13 steps to draw a rabbit. It almost lined the ears.
Draw a long curved line similar to the letter u under both circles as a guide for the lower part of roger rabbit's mouth. Shade the ears and tail. The line should dip down quite a bit.
In this tutorial, we will learn to draw a rabbit in an interactive manner. The book is for children 5+ and adults. I start with a rough shape of the rabbit’s head, using the hb graphite pencil.
Start the curve for the big hind leg almost in the back. You can take a compass to draw the circle. Rabbits it is a lovely rabbit, with an exaggerated pair of long ears, and the eyes are closed, as if it is taking a nap or feeling the beauty of life, and it is so much fun.
In this step we will make the mouth and lower body of the rabbit. Rabbits move very rapidly, due to their long hind legs and shorter I draw a triangular figure of the nose in the bottom part of the long central shape.
Draw many small ovals above the stomach. Draw a smaller curve for the neck under the chin. Next draw the front leg on the bottom.
Draw the back and legs. In 1893 she knew a boy that I hope by showing you my way of how to draw an rabbit and how to draw rabbitbrows will help you improve your art drawings!.
Use this how to draw a rabbit craft activity to teach your child how following five simple steps will result in a great rabbit drawing this easter!artistic flair doesn't come naturally to us all. Step by step tutorial, teach you how to draw this rabbit, very simple. As you can see, the eye looks like a small circle, the mouth is just a dash, and the ears have the shape of two cylinders.
Remember the leg closer to you will be bigger. Or any other thing that should be smooth and circular. The top margin of the shape should be rounded, and the bottom margin should be flatter.
Draw a long, curved line downward from the hair to outline the back, and connect it to the wrist using a short curved line. With the help of ovals sketch out ears and paws. So, let’s begin the lesson about how to draw a rabbit.
Draw a straight vertical line. This is a cute rabbit, looks very cautious, as if eating while watching carefully around. Color your drawing with your choice, you can use a combination of grey and black for it.
Draw the outline of the body for the robot, just draw a round for the head and depict the rest body with lines. Next draw the body itself which for a rabbit in this position can sort of be broken down into two parts, the smaller front and the larger back. It almost lines up under the ears.
He was designed by beatrix potter inspired from her pet rabbit named peter piper. Add a nose and mouth.
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SmallSat Cybersecurity and Resiliency
Southwest Virginia Node
Jonathan Black, director, Aerospace and Ocean Systems Laboratory, Hume Center, Virginia Tech
Chris Goyne, director, Aerospace Research Laboratory, University of Virginia; Daniel Doyle, research assistant professor, Aerospace and Ocean Systems Lab; Scott Kordella, senior advisor, space systems, MITRE Corp
The project leverages an existing University Innovation Exchange Commonwealth-wide partnership with MITRE Corp. to address the challenging and increasingly important issue of smallsat cybersecurity. Small satellites are proliferating at an exponential rate, and in the last few years space assets have been designated critical infrastructure by the National Security Space Policy and NIST. NSA-certified Type 1 encryption and other Federal grade cybersecurity measures are impractical for small satellites and experimental manufacturers, and therefore there is a clear need for the proposed working group to develop best practices for smallsat cybersecurity, execute cyber risk assessments, and analyze resiliency on a lab-based evolvable flatsat. This project is therefore Commonwealth-wide from inception, will include the ability for remote access to the flatsat lab capability and integration with CCI testbed(s), and will work with federal and state agencies and companies across the Commonwealth to transition to self-sustainment.
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February is National Hot Breakfast Month!
Posted on Tuesday, February 5th, 2013 at 1:25 pm
We are constantly reminded that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Not only does it cure the 8-hour hunger our bodies have endured while sleeping, but it jump starts our metabolisms and gets us filled with vitamins and nutrients to start the day right. The great thing about breakfast is that there are so many options to choose from. Unfortunately, many aren’t picking the right one. With busy lifestyles and the tempting smell of sugary baked goods at our local coffee shops, it’s easy to eat something that will get us started on the wrong foot.
One easy way to get healthy, proper nutrients in the morning is to eat a complete hot meal. That’s why the Jimmy Dean Company started celebrating National Hot Breakfast Month during the month of February! Throughout February, you can celebrate by serving up several breakfast favorites like pancakes, scrambled eggs, bacon, sausage and so much more!
There are also several natural and organic options for breakfast. With eggs, choose organic varieties. Organic chickens fed a vegetarian, organic diet and are free from hormones and antibiotics. You can scramble up some eggs and season with your favorite herbs or add some organic vegetables and make an omelet. If you’re crunched for time, bake a quiche during the weekend and keep it refrigerated throughout the week. You can quickly cut a slice, eat it up and be on your way out the door.
You can also buy organic varieties of your favorite breakfast meats. Be sure to check the sodium content on these. Many cured meats are packed with salt, which can act as a preservative.
To round out the meal, look for organic pancake mixes or simply make your own. This way, you’ll have more control over what goes inside. You can even dress them up and add fresh, organic fruits, nuts, or chocolate chips. The possibilities are endless!
If you’re looking for that well-rounded breakfast, add a side of fruit to your meal. Half of a fresh grapefruit or a bowl of berries in a great way to get some vitamin C and fiber into your diet right away!
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Note from BW of Brazil: Over the past few years I’v noticed numerous articles and interviews posted online discussing discrimination against persons around the world who are classified as white. Imagine that. After centuries in which persons with white skin have raped, pillaged and plundered the resources and bodies of people of color the world over, now descendants of those same people are complaining about a tendency in which they see a sort of reverse discrimination against them in lands of their forefathers or lands in which their forefathers stole and colonized.
You know what? If you follow some of the happenings around the world in places such as Europe and the United States, one could actually see and agree with some of the actions that are being taken that put whites at certain (not absolute) disadvantages. That’s actually a longer discussion beyond the scope of today’s post, but what amazes me about this discourse of anti-white discrimination is that those same whites seem to have a sort of selective amnesia about the continued dominance of white skin in nearly every sphere of Western societies. This influence also saturates nations that don’t have majority white populations.
Regardless of how they may see an apparent acceleration in diversity in various areas of societies, the fact remains that when most people of color themselves (consciously or subconsciously) think of beauty, power, intelligence and humanity itself, the individuals they often think of come wrapped in white skin. So while it may be true that there is an agenda to diversify the European world, today, whiteness continues to be the standard for which ALL people of color will be judged throughout their lives. Around the world, as in Brazil, there is simply too much evidence of this to even need to debate the topic. So for white people who may be reading this article today who feel there is an agenda at play to diversify the European world or replace whiteness, maybe you should study the past five centuries of European-oriented domination of non-white peoples around the world. Maybe then you will be better able to understand what we’ve been saying ever since!
White people: the normative social standard
By Joice Berth
If you are a white person, you are a person absolutely within the social standard, within normativity.
No matter if your hair is shaved, no matter if your beard has grown to the belly, no matter if you do not shave your legs and underarms, no matter if your hair is purple, lilac or pink. You are within the standard.
The default is to be white and heterosexual. Preference thin, very thin. But if you are white and fat, that’s ok, they will induce you to lose weight to be 100% within the standard. White and fat people, mostly men, are 50% within the standard. White women, heterosexual and fat women are 30% within the standard. But they are still within because the default is white.
If you are not straight but still white, you are 50% within the standard. You will have problems, but will find a place in the sun, because society wants white people. Society wants white couples, white families, white businesses, white schools and universities, white bankers, white owners of buildings, white teachers and doctors, all white.
This is the default.
If you have a monogamous relationship with another white person, you are within the standard. It doesn’t matter that both are vegan and NGOs owners in the style of white savior or abdicating the comfort of their privileges. It is standard. If you are white and have a polyamorous relationship, it’s is also standard, provided that all are white.
In any situation where you remain white in a society that places beng white as standard, you are standard.
Now, whites that are standard: stop finding themselves subversives only because they have something that clashes with the conservative flow of normality, either aesthetically or politically. White people from your midst criticize you, but deep down love you because they recognize you. And they will adjust something if possible, but if you resist they will accept you, in a good way, because you are white.
Recognizing this is the closest thing you can do to subvert the logic. Recognizing that you are the standard in any situation. But why doesn’t the white standard like to acknowledge that it is standard? Why use this privilege to joke about making a revolution. Hence we collide with a legion of patricinhas (preppy/valley girls) grateful-protectors-of-animals-why-black-feminism and unshaven-ones-of-love-has-no-color-Guevara-loyalists-racist-loosermanos-caricatures, thinking they are fighting against oppression, when in truth they are just reinforcing the white standard that gives rights to all, even to think that they are outside of the standard.
Think of how to break this standard that you all in your eagerness in seeing yourselves outside are increasingly inside.
I, who am really not the standard, because despite being thin, I am negra retinta (a dark-skinned black woman), I know the path and I speak of this path daily. Backed by over 50,000 manas e manos (guy and girls).
Listen…and stop being pathetic.
We cannot take any more of your laughter in psychedelic whirlpools that you promote to talk about the “political tragedies” that don’t even affect you and how much you need to leave Brazil because “tá foda” (it’s fucked up). You are the standard. Practice what you say, be what you pretend to be to impress your mozões (great loves of their lives).
You wear a polo shirt and hair down to your waist, with no problem, it’s not the aesthetic upon which the revolution is based, because if it were you would have already liberated the entire Latin America. Be real fighting against yourselves and the standard that you represent. It’s more dignified.
Source: Casa da Mãe Joanna
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by Mike Augusta
When you select a product, your choice should be based upon your knowledge of how and to whom you're going to sell. You may have the greatest bargain in the world, but it will be of no value to you if you don't know who's going to buy it, or how you are going to get the word out about it.
The first rule of achievement of a fortune is to produce or buy your product for pennies and sell for dollars. So after preliminary market research to determine who'll buy your product, the next question to answer is: How much will the majority of this market be willing to pay for your product?
For the sake of our discussion, let's say that you've written a "How TO" manual on how to make $100,000 a year compiling and selling mailing lists. You check with a number of printers and get a production cost of $1.50 per book in lots of 1,000. You figure that with sharp advertising, you can "sell a million" of these books at $10 per copy, but that advertising will cost you $1.50 per book. Thus far, the basic cost of your book is $3 per copy.
Even though you will probably be the one selling most of your books, you must realize that it will take you an awfully long time to move out a million copies of this book. It will keep you busy 25 hours a day, 8 days a week to do it all by yourself. So the thing to do is recruit as many other people as you can to help do the selling. This means setting up a dealer distributor network.
To do this, you must make it worthwhile for other people to sell your product. You offer a percentage of the sales price to each book they sell for you. Generally, this is about 50% for each single copy sold; 60% when purchased in quantity lots of 25 to 99 copies; and 75% when purchased in lots of 100 copies or more. The important thing is to shave your profits to a minimum when you have other people doing the work for you.
Let's use our example of a $10 book that costs you $1.50 to produce in lots of 1,000. For people who buy from you in lots of 100 copies, you could cut your profit to $1 per book, sell it to them for $2.50 per book, and let them do all the advertising, as well as the selling. Don't offer more than 50% on single copy dropship sales, because you'll have to furnish this type of dealer with selling materials, and continue to do most of the advertising yourself.
Setting up your distributor program will require advertising and a sales kit for the sellers. Thus, you should make up a series of "Dealers Wanted" ads and place them in as many different publications as you can.
The national "opportunity" magazines are the best place to place your advertising for dealers. Remember, the ad should be a call for dealers, distributors and independent extra income seekers. Do not try to sell your product in this ad. Use it only to enlist or recruit people to sell for you. Remember too, the more you run your dealers wanted ad, and the more different publications you run it in, the more people you'll get to sell your product for you. The easiest way to go is with "Dealers Wanted" advertisements in as many worldwide publications as possible.
You'll lose your shirt attempting to recruit sales people via direct mail, and you'll never make any headway with just a "Dealers Wanted insert" in each book you sell. If you want sales people, you must advertise for them.
To actually get these interested opportunity seekers to sell your product for you, you'll need a dynamic sales letter and seller's kit to send out in response to the replies to your advertising. This kind of sales letter is usually four pages in length, printed on 11 by 17 inch paper, to sell the prospect on the idea of selling for you, use the amount of space and paper that's necessary.
If you've written the sales letter properly, that's all there is to it. Some people charge an "up-front" dealer's registration fee. We don't recommend this, for a number of reasons--mainly because it immediately eliminates a great many people who might want to least try to sell the product for you, but are not willing to "pay" to sell for you.
Some sellers charge $1 to $5 for details and complete dealership set-up to offset the cost of the initial seller's kit and postage. This is what we recommend at the start. If you offer your program for nothing, you'll get as many responses from curiosity seekers and opportunity collectors as from bona fide prospects.
If you charge for the dealership set-up, you should include a sample of your product. For the more elaborate sales kits and expensive products, most people ask for deposit, which is refunded after a certain number of sales are made by the dealer. Any charges more than $5 should not be mentioned in your "Dealers Wanted" advertisements, but held over and fully explained in your sales.
This is how you set up a dealer/distributor network: Get other people to sell your product for you! You can, and should be prepared from the start, before you place your first dealers wanted ad, and proceed only as you can afford the advertising costs from the profits of sales of your product.
It's simple, and it's easy, and, it can make your rich! You had to have real interest to have ordered this report. We hope that it has motivated you with the entrepreneurial spirit, and that you act on it!
Tell others about
Comments? Questions? Email Here
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A Cluster Randomized Trial of the Sunbeam Program
Over the past few decades, we’ve seen a steady increase in the number of older adults living in Independent Living and Assisted Care facilities. The reason for this increase is simple: the population of people over the age of 60 has significantly increased and will continue to do so. By the year 2020, just two years from now, the number of people who are 60 years or older is projected to pass one billion for the first time.
As our population ages, fall-related hospital admissions and costs of follow-up care are also on the rise. In fact, no other injury, including automobile accidents, costs the health care system more than injuries related to a fall.
Falls are the leading cause of fatal injury among older adults, resulting in more than 2.8 million injuries treated in emergency rooms nationwide. In 2014, the cost of fall injuries was $31 billion, a number expected to increase to $67.7 billion by 2020.
These are statistics most of us are familiar with. After all, the fact that falls are a serious problem for seniors, their families, and communities, is hardly news.
We also know that falls are not purely random events.
They can, in fact, be predicted by assessing a number of risk factors, including:
- Poor nutrition
- A lack of muscle tone and strength
- Poor balance
- Living environment
- A decline in cognition
- Foot pain or injury
- Vision impairment
- Having had a fall in the past
For senior living communities, many options are available to address these risk factors and thereby decrease the number of falls throughout their population. One of the highest priorities is often to address problems that might be limiting a person’s mobility.
We know that older adults with mobility impairment have an increased risk of falls. We also know that improving the mobility of residents with moderate to severe mobility impairment may increase their level of independence and reduce their burden of care on staff. Sounds great, right?
Unfortunately, focusing on improved mobility without also building strength and balance might actually increase a person’s risk of falling.
For many people, increased mobility comes with confidence in their ability to engage in a wider variety of activities. But, without improved strength and balance to support those new activities, the person can inadvertently increase their risk of falling. Since a fall is almost certain to decrease mobility, a vicious cycle is born. One step forward and two steps back.
Fall Prevention Through Strength and Balance Training is Proven to Be Remarkably Effective
One of the most effective ways to combat a lack of muscle strength, balance, and limited mobility is through Progressive Resistance Training, or PRT. In clinical trial after trial, PRT has been proven to have a significantly positive effect on muscle strength. And muscle strength has a significant effect on fall prevention.
Components of an effective fall prevention exercise program:
- High-level balance work
- Strength Training
- Exercises can be individually upgraded – made progressively more challenging over time
- An initial conditioning phase is followed by an ongoing maintenance program
The Sunbeam Program (Strength and Balance Exercises in Aged Care), a fall prevention program using principles of Progressive Resistance Training, was recently tested for its effectiveness and the results are astounding.
The trial was designed to determine if combined high-level balance and moderate-intensity progressive resistance training is effective in reducing the rate of falls in residents of aged care facilities.
The study’s key research questions:
- Is a supervised progressive resistance training and balance group based exercise program more effective than usual care for prevention of falls among residents over a 12-month follow-up period?
- Does the program result in improvements to the secondary outcomes: quality of life, cognition, mobility, and confidence?
- Is the program cost effective?
221 participants were selected from 16 residential aged care facilities. Treatment was randomized, with 72 participants receiving progressive resistance and balance training (the exercise group) and 158 receiving usual care.
Twice a week for a total of 25 weeks, participants in the exercise group received 60 minutes of progressive resistance training on HUR Fitness Machines plus balance exercises. A 6-month maintenance program followed this initial intervention, with participants training twice a week for 30 minutes at a time.
Participants performed 2-3 sets of 10-15 reps on a circuit of 5 HUR machines:
- Adduction/ Abduction ST5520
- Leg Press Incline ST5545
- Dip/ Shrug STE3125
- Leg Extension/ Leg Curl STE5530
- Abdomen/ Back Extension STE5310
Exercises on each machine were individually progressed so that participants could complete 3 sets of 10 reps at moderate intensity each time they trained. The study’s balance training consisted of a combination of complex static and dynamic standing exercises that were progressed by decreasing the base of support. For example, participants began supporting themselves while training with two hands on the back of a chair. After several sessions, they progressed to supporting themselves with just one hand, then with none.
Key Finding: A 55% Reduction in Falls
For participants in the strength and balance training group, there was a 55% reduction in falls, greater than any previous intervention in a residential care setting.
The incidence ratio of falls per person per year for this group was 1.3 falls per year vs 2.9 falls per year for the usual care group. Participants in the usual care group were also found to be more likely to have multiple falls and falls resulting in injury, while participants in the exercise group were significantly less likely to become injured if they did fall and scored higher on the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) than the usual care group at 12-months.
What’s more, participants in the exercise group averaged just 36 hours of training, even though 50 hours was the goal. So, even though participants trained 14 hours under the goal, they still achieved a 55% reduction rate.
Conclusion: Falls are Largely Preventable
If you are a professional working with older adults, HUR can add tremendous muscle to your fall prevention program, increasing the quality of life for residents and reducing the overall costs of care.
Along with a full suite of strength training machines specifically engineered for older adults of all ability levels, the HUR SmartBalance is technology-driven testing, training, and reporting system that makes it easier than ever for next-generation rehabilitation and senior living providers to respond to healthcare’s increasingly results-driven demands. Find out more about HUR SmartBalance.
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- 1 How much is a good pair of inline skates?
- 2 Should you buy inline skates a size bigger?
- 3 What are inline skates good for?
- 4 Are inline skates easier?
- 5 What’s better inline skates or rollerblades?
- 6 Is there a weight limit for inline skates?
- 7 What happens if inline skates are too big?
- 8 How do I make my inline skates more comfortable?
- 9 Can you lose weight by inline skating?
- 10 Is inline skating bad for your knees?
- 11 Is inline skating dangerous?
How much is a good pair of inline skates?
Inline Skate Pricing $50 to $100: Most quality inline skates cost between $50 and $100. These skates are mostly recreational inline skates, which are good for beginner and intermediate skaters. $150 and up: If you need a specialized pair of inline skates, you’ll find them priced at $150 or more.
Should you buy inline skates a size bigger?
Purchasing the skates a half size larger than your standard shoe size in Rollerblade and K2 and even a bit larger in Roces will give you the ability to alter the fit better to a wider foot. Another great consideration for those with a wider foot is to buy a bit better skate.
What are inline skates good for?
Inline skating is a very effective workout when it is done properly. There are many benefits to inline skating for fitness, including its ability to burn calories, reduce wear-and-tear on your bones and joints, and improve balance and coordination.
Are inline skates easier?
Inline skates can also be easier to learn because they have a longer wheel base, extending a bit beyond the heel and toe of the foot. They aren’t as speedy as Inline Skates because of their wheel size but you’ll find a lot of stability which can help alleviate the fears of beginner skaters.
What’s better inline skates or rollerblades?
Rollerblades are better for longer distances because you go faster. Roller skates are good indoor skates and used in roller derby, rollerblades are used for hockey. You can actually do artistic skating on both (but using those little cones is done with inline because they’re more maneuverable).
Is there a weight limit for inline skates?
The weight limit for Rollerblade® skates is 220 lbs / 100 KG.
What happens if inline skates are too big?
A skate that is too large will cause blisters, hammertoes, bunions or calluses which come from the constant irritation which in turn gives you constant foot pain. With kids, parents will sometimes purchase a skate too big to give the skater some additional growing room.
How do I make my inline skates more comfortable?
Don’t worry about having a super straight back, let it arch a little bit like a cat so it’s a bit relaxed forward. Try varying your position by bending your knees more or less. You can be too low which can put pressure, but you can also be too upright.
Can you lose weight by inline skating?
Rollerblading is one of the most efficient cardiovascular activities you can do in terms of burning the most calories per unit of time. person will burn about 260 calories in 30 minutes of rollerblading. If you’re larger, you’ll burn more calories, and if you’re smaller, you’ll burn less.
Is inline skating bad for your knees?
Rest assured because the answer to the question “Is roller blading bad on the knees?” is NO, it does not harm your knees more than running or other forms of physical exercise do. That means that if your knees are healthy enough for jogging or swimming, then they can totally put up with skating.
Is inline skating dangerous?
The most prominent danger of rollerblading is to suffer a nasty fall, break a ligament, or experience an injury that is difficult to recover. According to the Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC), almost 3.4% of all the reported severe sports injuries per 1000 participants come from inline skating [source].
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African immigrants, coping, discrimination, moderators, social exclusion
This cross-sectional study examined coping strategies as moderators of the relationship between perceived discrimination and social exclusion among African immigrants in the United States (N = 409). Moderation models using path analyses were conducted to examine the moderating effects of three coping strategies (active coping, use of instrumental support, and religious coping) on the relationship between discrimination and four dimensions of social exclusion: (1) material deprivation, (2) limited access to basic social rights, (3) limited social participation, and (4) insufficient cultural integration. Increases in perceived discrimination were associated with increased social exclusion on all four dimensions. Increased use of active coping was found to weaken the positive relationship between perceived discrimination and material deprivation and between discrimination and limited social participation. Use of instrumental support also buffered the negative effects of discrimination on limited social participation. Recommendations for practice and future research are presented.
Original Publication Citation
Sherinah K Saasa, Discrimination, Coping, and Social Exclusion among African Immigrants in the United States: A Moderation Analysis, Social Work, Volume 64, Issue 3, July 2019, Pages 198–206.
BYU ScholarsArchive Citation
Saasa, Sherinah K., "Discrimination, Coping, and Social Exclusion among African Immigrants in the United States: A Moderation Analysis" (2019). Faculty Publications. 4003.
Family, Home, and Social Sciences
© 2019 National Association of Social Workers
Copyright Use Information
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|M.Sc Student||Zabar Shiran|
|Subject||Microstructure of Starch Derivatives|
|Department||Department of Chemical Engineering||Supervisor||PROF. Havazelet Bianco-Peled|
This research is focused on starch derivatives being used as food additives because of their physiological activity which resembles that of dietary fibers.
RS III is a derivative of starch which is resistant to enzymatic digestion in the small intestine but is fermented by the microbial flora in the colon. RSIII has health benefits such as pro-biotic effects, improving lipid and cholesterol metabolism, and reducing the risk of colon cancer.
Another interesting family of starch derivatives is complexes of crystalline amylose and fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids have a beneficial influence on the human body but it is hard to use them as food additives in their natural form. Complexes of amylose-fatty acids might supply a protection from oxidation and thermal treatments to those sensitive components and in addition, provide controlled release in the digestion system and to achieve a maximal absorption.
We investigated starch derivatives using two main approaches: 1) RS as food additive that encourages pro-biotical activity, 2) Starch derivative as a complex with fatty acids as transportation and drug release into the large intestine.
Various polymorphs of RSIII were produced from different plants at two incubation temperatures and with a number of melting and crystallization cycles. Amylose-fatty acids complexes were formed using two methods at three crystallization temperatures.
All starch derivatives were first characterized using X-ray diffraction and small angle x-ray scattering where an appropriate model was fitted to the experimental results in order to investigate the lamellar structure.
An enzymatic hydrolysis was performed in order to understand the factors that affect the enzymatic digestion rate of RS. The thermal stability and degree of crystallization of the amylose-fatty acid complexes were characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimeter.
The results of the first part indicated that crystallization at low temperature leads to lamellar structure and at high temperature, the structure is unorganized and the system can be described as a two phase system.
Adding cycles of melting and crystallization causes the formation of more organized crystals with larger amount of lamellas in every crystal and the overall yield is increasing.
In the second part we found that the particles are arranged in layers with periodically structure. The conformational structure of the fatty acid has a major affect on the characteristic of the formed crystal. In most of the characteristic that were examined, the crystallization temperature has no influence except crystallization at high temperature.
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Responsive web design
Responsive web design means creating web pages that are consistent in quality across a variety of devices and screen sizes.
● A responsive website is visually appealing, functional, and usable no matter what device the consumer is accessing it from.
● Users switch between different devices multiple times a day. If your site becomes slow, hard to navigate, or visually unappealing when accessed from a different device, consumers will quickly lose interest.
● Web designers should focus on responsive design and functionality at a component level. Responsiveness must be built into your processes and your systems.
Josh Souter is an executive creative director at Adobe with over 16 years of experience in art direction and creative leadership. In his current role at Adobe, Josh leads a talented team of UX, design, and copywriting professionals.
Q: What is responsive web design?
A: Responsive web design means creating web pages that render well on a variety of devices, windows, and screen sizes. When a website is designed responsively, it will stay consistent no matter how or where you view it. Great responsive web design recognizes that it’s not just the screen size that changes from desktop to mobile. The consumer mindset changes, too.
Q: Why is responsive web design important?
A: If web designers don’t take their audience, audience mindset, and platform into account, their website will lack usability and functionality. If your site is slow, hard to navigate, or visually unappealing when accessed from a different device, consumers will quickly lose interest. For example, your developer designs an experience that is beautiful on large desktops, but when viewed on mobile devices, the text becomes jumbled, and the photos require annoying amounts of scrolling. In today’s world, users view content on different devices all day long, sometimes simultaneously. If you haven’t planned your web content for that behavior and mindset, your website won’t succeed.
Q: How can I make my websites more responsive?
A: Responsiveness must be built into your processes and your systems, not just a web page here and there, or a specific marketing campaign. If you think about responsiveness only in terms of one-off projects, you will end up duplicating efforts among web designers, engineers, and content creators and could create three times as much work for your team. In the past, web designers would start by designing a website for a desktop computer. Then they would think about how to make it work on mobile devices and tablets. But that amount of work isn’t sustainable for an agile organization.
Instead, web designers should focus on responsiveness and functionality at a component level. Instead of thinking about an entire product page, think through how the marquee on a product page works responsively. Think about the cards, carousels, and the calls to action (CTA). Consider what it takes for each component to shine in different viewport widths and screen resolutions. Then, when design teams receive page development requests, they already have the components ready to go. They can hone in on specific page content to complete the user experience.
At the content level, you can optimize your design to match the audience mindset across different devices. The purchasing CTA for mobile users could link directly to your downloadable app, while the desktop computer version would link to the desktop app download, and then offer options for mobile or tablet as a secondary CTA.
Q: What is the difference between responsive web design and adaptive web design?
A: Responsive web design fluidly adapts to different screen sizes across devices. It responds to whatever dimensions the user has chosen in their viewport and uses CSS media queries to adjust for different styles.
On the other hand, adaptive design uses static layouts based on breakpoints — the point at which a website’s content and design adapt to provide the best possible experience, typically determined by window or screen dimensions. It detects the current screen size of the user's device and loads a layout pre-designed for the most common screen widths. But it doesn’t adapt if the user makes a change, like deciding to resize their browser window.
Responsive web design takes into account all the in-between sizes that adaptive web design does not. It is more flexible, but it can be more difficult to implement, too. Adaptive design is like building three different versions of a website, and those versions might not be correct depending on certain user choices.
Q: What are the key components of responsive web design?
A: The first component to consider is your different responsive designs. Then, determine what technologies you’ll use to create them. You’ll probably need to tap into tools like a Flexbox container or a CSS grid container. Designers are finding that users are breaking out of the industry standard breakpoints, so it’s time to adapt.
The second component is data. Invest in collecting both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data can help you make decisions based on how many people are visiting your site and how much money they are spending on your products and services. Qualitative data gathered by talking to your customers can help you understand their behaviors and expectations.
The third component is the creative content on each web page. Mature companies are instituting responsive content into their designs. For example, when you view a web page on a mobile device, the words on the page might change. There may be less written content to make it easier to scroll through the page.
Q: What are the benefits of responsive web design?
A: Responsive websites give marketers another place to optimize for customer experience. They also increase your site performance. When your responsiveness goes up, your bounce rates go down. Your engagement increases as you optimize for different viewpoints and customer mindsets.
Customers benefit when a brand considers where they are and what they need. When they are at work using a desktop computer, they enjoy rich, interactive experiences. On their mobile devices, they experience fast page loads and touch-friendly interfaces for smaller screens.
Q: What tools can I use for responsive web design?
A: Adobe Experience Manager has state-of-the-art tools for building a responsive web system. Designers can build experience fragments that are responsive, allowing marketers and content creators to simply select the fragments they want to publish without ever thinking about responsive design. It also offers image optimization.
Adobe XD is a great tool for prototyping and building responsive web experiences, and for demonstrating the benefits of those experiences to stakeholders. Adobe XD’s application programming interface (API) allows designers to view prototypes on their phone and interact with them like customers would. Users can export assets directly from Adobe XD to Experience Manager.
Adobe Target also gives marketers the tools to test and optimize software for different devices.
Q: How will responsive web design evolve in the future?
A: Expect to see innovations around headless content management systems (CMS). New technology could make it possible for marketers to pull content directly from creators, apply responsive styles, and output responsive websites without needing the middlemen of front engineers and publishers.
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Matthew 7:24 “Therefore everyone who hears these words of mine and puts them into practice is like a wise man who built his house on the rock.”
In my NIV Bible, the heading for this portion of scripture is “The Wise and Foolish Builders”. How we respond to the words of Jesus determines the foundation of the house we build. It’s a major league choice that we have because the alternatives are rock or sand. The structures built upon rock survive the storms and floods while those built upon sand don’t.
Yesterday I used the Three Little Pigs children’s story as an illustration of foolish choices and misplaced trust. The first two little pigs were more interested in playing than working and took the shortcuts that enabled them to play. They didn’t consider the consequences of their decisions until it was too late. In terms of today’s scripture, they were the foolish builders. Their homes built of straw or sticks are the equivalent of building them upon the sand.
The third little pig built correctly. He was the wise builder and his home of bricks is the equivalent of building upon a rock foundation. It not only withstands the storm and wind (huffing and puffing), but it withstands the floods as well. When the foundation of a house goes – the house goes with it. The issue is to be able to withstand whatever comes.
Such a simple story yet it’s significance is profound: doing things the right way leads to good results, while doing them the wrong way leads to catastrophic results. The obvious question then is how do we determine what the right way is? Or more accurately, what are the right ways?
Every area of life is affected: how we live, work, raise our children, relate to others, treat our spouse, respond to our parents – to authority, to responsibility – it goes on and on. There are so many ‘voices’ saying, “This is the way.” – and so many of them lead to building upon sand – houses of straw or sticks.
How do we recognize the wise from the foolish? Jesus makes it clear that the answer is hearing His words AND putting them into practice. His words aren’t suggestions where we can pick and choose. Nor do we have the option of not becoming familiar with what they are – our lives are to embrace them. We are to become so a part of them that they are engraved upon our lives. Let us set our hearts upon becoming wise builders so that every area of our lives will glorify our Lord.
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It’s time to take your daughter to a store to purchase her first bra, or maybe you noticed your son return home from school or sports practice smelling very potent. Welcome to puberty! Puberty is the time when your kids sprout up and fill out.
Typically, girls begin going through puberty after their 8th birthday. Boys typically begin puberty after their 9th or 10th birthday. Technically, however, puberty begins when an area of the brain called the hypothalamus starts to release puberty hormones. What happens next depends on the gender.
For girls, hormones go to the ovaries, which releases eggs and the production of the estrogen hormone that matures the female body and prepares her for pregnancy. For boys, hormones travel to the testicles and give the signal to begin production of sperm and the hormone testosterone.
Let’s dive deeper shall we? For girls, puberty generally starts a bit early than boys, between 8 and 13-years-old. For most girls, the first evidence of puberty is breast development but the growth of pubic hair can also signal the start of puberty. The first signs of puberty are followed one or two years later by a noticeable growth spurt. Her body will begin to build up fat, specifically in the breasts and around her hips and thighs. Finally, she’ll have her first period. Depending on the age at which they begin their pubertal development, girls may get their first period between the ages of 9 and 16-years-old.
For boys, the physical changes of puberty typically begin with the enlargement of the testicles and growth of pubic hair, followed by several growth spurts between 10 and 16-years-old. His body shape will begin to change as his shoulders broaden and he gains weight and muscle. Infamously, that first crack in his voice is a sign that it will become deeper. His penis and testicles will get larger and erections, which boys begin experiencing as infants, will become frequent. During and after puberty development, however, ejaculation will also occur.
Start “the talk” early
Kids now are exposed to so much information about sex and relationships on their phones, TVs, and the internet. By the time they reach puberty they may be familiar with some of these more advanced ideas. Experts advice not to wait for your child to come to you with questions about their changing body, because that day may never arrive, especially if they don’t know it’s okay to talk to you about such a sensitive subject.
Often, youth entering puberty can feel insecure about their appearance, but it can help them to know that everyone goes through these changes, many of them awkward. They also should know that the timing of these changes can vary greatly. According to KidsHealth here are the facts kids should know about puberty development;
· Girls become more rounded, especially in the hips and legs.
· Girls' breasts begin to swell and then grow, sometimes one faster than the other
· Girls and boys get pubic hair and underarm hair, and their leg hair becomes thicker and darker.
· Both girls and boys often get acne and start to sweat more.
· Both girls and boys have a growth spurt.
· Boys' penises and testicles grow larger.
· Boys' voices change and become deeper.
· Boys grow facial hair and their muscles get bigger.
· Boys sometimes have wet dreams, which means they ejaculate in their sleep.
· When a girl begins menstruating, once a month, her uterine lining fills with blood in preparation for a fertilized egg. If the egg isn't fertilized, she will have a period. If it is fertilized, she will become pregnant.
· A girl's period may last 3 days to a week, and she can use sanitary napkins (pads), tampons, menstrual cups or menstrual discs.
Let your kids know you’re available to talk any time, but it’s important to initiate these conversations. It’s your responsibility as a parent to discuss puberty development and the feeling associated with those changes. If there are questions or concerns about puberty development that you just can’t answer, ask your kid’s doctor for some help!
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Can T Make Or Receive Calls On New Iphone. If your device doesn’t have a sim card in it then it can’t make or receive calls or texts. Go to settings > general > transfer or reset iphone > reset > reset network settings.
Most probably, this will also fix the iphone won't make or receive calls problem. Ideally, you should make it a point to check the iphone settings if your phone is unable to make and/or receive calls. If you don’t have a sim card in then you will see “ no sim ” at the top left of your device.
We’ve Been Seeing A Lot Of Issues With Ios 15/14.8 Lately And One Of Them Is That Your Iphone Cannot Make And Receive Calls Until It Has Been Updated.
It is a safe step to do since it neither corrupts your data, nor it affects any running apps. That is because restarting it is the easiest method and it can fix most of the common problems. Normally, the airplane toggle on your device should fix the issue.
Solution 1： restart your iphone. Can't make or receive calls on new iphone! So, go to settings > general > software update, and check for any new update to download.
Having Problems Making Or Receiving Calls?
I have tried disabling everything i can think of but still no calls. We also see some users fix this problem by dialing *#31#, and you can try this if Press and hold the side button until your iphone's display goes black.
Can't Phone Out Or Receive.
When i try to make a call to customer service from my new phone it says you're roaming. Usually some quick troubleshooting will do the trick. Watch this video to check your call and connectivity settings, sim card, line suspension and how you can fix it.if.
If It’s True, Then That Could Be The Reason Why You Aren’t Receiving Calls On Your Iphone.
Just set up new iphone 11 from old iphone 8 and all data transferred over, but can't make calls from new phone. New phone iphone 13 months no problems. This resets the access point for your network connection.
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New posts to our lab website have been slow in recent months. Students and I have been busy with experiments, and of course the new semester is upon us. However, I’ve also been occupied with a new project. In collaboration with Scott Carroll at soapberrybug.org, generous help from Colby ITS, and support from NSF, I’ve been working to build a website and educational resources to involve K-12 public school teachers and students in our work on soapberry bugs. The project and website are called Bugs In Our Backyard.
Bugs in our Backyard is a “citizen science” initiative. Since our lab is studying the genetics, development, and evolution of alternative wing morphs in the soapberry bug, we are interested in the relative numbers of long- and short-winged bugs in different populations. Over roughly the last 70 years, soapberry bugs have been expanding north from Florida on introduced golden rain trees, planted in mostly urban areas. They now live as far north of Maryland. However, only long-winged bugs are capable of flying to these new locations. So how have wing morphs influenced this expansion? Are bugs in the north more likely to have long wings than those in the south? — We can’t answer these questions form the lab. However, there are hundreds of young students and teachers across the East Coast who have these bugs living, literally, in their own backyards and schoolyards. Our hope is to provide them with the background knowledge and a little training to enable them to become partners in this research project. The data will be publicly available for everyone to analyze. Complementary teaching modules on related topics are also in the plans. Ultimately, I hope to organize a companion program at Colby, in which students here can interact with teachers and students at our partner K-12 schools, exploring the genetics and ecology of soapberry bugs, while also studying the history, art, and social experiences of American urbanization.
Lot’s to do. We’re just getting started. But it’s very exciting. Look for more updates in the future!
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The Serbian Radical Party leader, who has been on hunger strike in the Hague since November 10, faces charges of murder and torture dating from the Balkans wars of the early 1990's.
Judges at the UN tribunal prosecuting Seselj stripped him of his right to defend himself after he refused to appear.
Seselj, who surrendered to the tribunal in 2003, has refused to cooperate with the court-assigned defence lawyers, calling them "spies".
The leader of the biggest party in the Serbian parliament faces charges of persecution, extermination, murder and torture of Croats, Muslims and other non-Serbs.
Güncelleme Tarihi: 20 Eylül 2018, 18:16
He is accused of organising crimes with the former Yugoslav president, Slobodan Milosevic, who died in March while still on trial - also at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).
According to the prosecution, his hate-mongering speeches led thousands of Serbian volunteers to sign up and fight in wars in Croatia and Bosnia.
Alphons Orie, the presiding judge, said the defendant's weakened state as a result of refusing both food and medicine did not justify delaying the start of his trial.
He said: "He persists in not taking food ... he persists in being absent.
"The court finds that the accused's self-representation has essentially obstructed the proper and expeditious proceedings."
He instructed standby defence lawyers to take over.
The 52-year-old began his hunger strike more than two weeks ago, demanding free choice of legal counsel, the unconditional right to defend himself and unrestricted visits by his wife.
Seselj was banned from representing himself in August after disrupting pre-trial hearings, but the tribunal's appeals chamber later restored his right to self-defence while assigning a standby counsel should Seselj obstruct proceedings again.
He has accused the ICTY of trying to infect him with a deadly disease and of carrying out "satanic rituals".
Seselj's supporters say he has already had to wait too long for his trial and accuse the UN court - which was set up in 1993 to try crimes committed during the 1990s Balkan wars - of bias against Serbs.
Orie said the prosecution would present 102 witnesses and allotted 81.5 hours of court time to hear them, meaning the prosecution case is likely to last until next spring.
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Drug Detox Centers in Fontana, California
Looking for a Drug Detox Center in Fontana, California?
Contact Us Now and Get a Response in Minutes
List of Drug Detox Centers in Fontana, California & Mental Health Services near Fontana, California
List of Addiction Counseling Services near Fontana, California
Additional information about Fontana, California
Fontana () is a city in San Bernardino County, California. Founded by Azariel Blanchard Miller in 1913, it remained in fact rural until World War II, when buccaneer Henry J. Kaiser built a large steel mill in the area. It is now a regional hub of the trucking industry, with the east-west Interstate 10 and State Route 210 crossing the city and Interstate 15 passing transversely through its northwestern quadrant.
It is house to a renovated historic theater, a municipal park, and the Auto Club Speedway on the site of the Kaiser Steel Mill. Fontana next hosts the Fontana Days Half Marathon and 5K run. This race is the fastest half-marathon course in the world.
The United States Census Bureau estimated Fontana’s 2019 population at 214,547, making it the second-most populous city in San Bernardino County and the 19th largest in the state. The name fontana is Italian for fountain or water source, being in near proximity to the Santa Ana River to the east.
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Thu, Dec 9, 2021 4:58 PM
By ANNE D'INNOCENZIO, AP Retail Writer
NEW YORK (AP) — Lowe's CEO Marvin Ellison personally knows about racism.
He grew up in segregated rural Tennessee. His father was a sharecropper-turned-insurance salesman and his mother was one of the first in their family to graduate from high school. Both parents taught him and his six siblings to never allow their surroundings to limit their expectations or their vision of what they could be.
Today at 55, Ellison stands out as one of only three Black Fortune 500 CEOs, bringing with him 35 years of retail experience including as the former CEO of J.C. Penney and various senior operations roles at rival Home Depot.
When he took over the helm of Lowe’s in 2018, Ellison diversified the company’s ranks to better reflect its customer base. Now, 55% of its executive leaders and 60% of its board are female or ethnically diverse.
Following the police killing of George Floyd, Lowe’s began holding meetings with employees to create “comfortable″ settings to have “uncomfortable” conversations about race; it also invested $55 million in minority-owned businesses.
Ellison’s decision three years ago to overhaul an antiquated website and increase Lowe’s business with professional customers like electricians helped the company to pivot during the pandemic, when more people were relying on online services. And even as Lowe’s now deals with industrywide supply chain issues and higher costs, it’s using its clout to keep holiday shelves stocked while trying to tame inflation at its stores.
The Associated Press interviewed Ellison on a wide variety of topics, including his thoughts on racial diversity in Corporate America, the federal mandate to vaccinate-or-test workers, its online business and inflation. Lowe’s hasn’t required vaccines or testing ahead of the mandate, but Ellison says he’ll comply with any federal regulations. His responses have been edited for clarity and length.
Q. Why aren’t there more Black Fortune 500 CEOs?
A. I think it screams missed opportunity. I don’t believe I am one of the three most talented Black executives in America. There are plenty of uniquely talented individuals out there that simply need an opportunity to demonstrate their leadership ability and their ability to make a contribution to their company or to their industry. I think that part of the solution should be companies, including Lowe’s, should continue to improve how they develop talent, how they source talent, and how they evaluate individuals for upward mobility.
Q. You had publicly said that you felt exhausted in the aftermath of the George Floyd killing. Can you talk about that?
A. I think I can speak for any Black person, CEO or otherwise, that when you see an episode like the murder of George Floyd and the social unrest that occurs around the country, it is exhausting. We all, as citizens of this country, want to see our environment, the places we live and the people we love protected. And we want to see a better life for our children and grandchildren from what we have had. But within that exhaustion, I want to make sure that I take the lead within my own company to make sure that I educate and I put leaders in position that can allow us to be a better company.
Q. Do you think Corporate America has done enough in the aftermath of Floyd?
A. I don’t judge Corporate America. I judge Lowe’s. I’m not going to get out and start to criticize or educate other companies because I’ve got my hands full right here with 350,000 associates that stretch all 50 states and have tons of complexity. What I can tell you about is what Lowe’s has done, and I think we’ve made incredible progress. I think we’ve done it because it’s the right thing to do, and it’s good for business.
Q. How concerned are you about the omicron variant?
A. We control what we control. So I can’t control the current variant. I can’t control future variants, but I can control the health and safety of the associates and the customers. I can control what we do to support our associates. We’re trying to stay laser focused on that. We’re just trying to continue to learn, be as agile as possible and try to manage the business throughout these uncertain times.
Q. What’s your vision for online?
A. We want to serve a customer any way they choose to shop. We had an inability to do that when I started over three years ago because our online infrastructure was built on a decade-old platform. If we’ve learned nothing from the pandemic, we’ve learned that customers require options and choices on how they choose to shop and any retailer that doesn’t provide those options and choices in a way that take friction points out the customer is going to lose.
Q. How has inflation affected shopping habits?
A. Earlier in the year, we saw record inflation where lumber prices were spiking so high that the typical do-it-yourself customer just basically said, ‘I will delay this project because it’s just too expensive to build that deck.’ Then later in the year we saw record deflation. Prices dropped almost as fast as they rose. And so the moment that happened, you saw the do-it-yourself customers come back into the marketplace and start to buy again.
Q. Do you think the government should require vaccine mandates and testing at companies?
A. What we’re going to do at Lowe’s is we’re going to be compliant to any government requirement. If the mandate comes from OSHA for us as a retailer, we’re going to spend zero time debating whether or not the government has the right to do it. We’re just going to execute it because that’s the role we have to play. Thus far, we don’t have any concerns relative to this impeding our staff or limiting our ability to run our business or serve our customers.
Follow Anne D’Innocenzio: http://twitter.com/ADInnocenzio
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Acrylic Paints: 4 Reasons to Make the Switch From Oils
For an oil painter, figuring out how to paint in acrylics requires some tirelessness, yet the prizes can be prompt and enduring. Assuming you acrylic keychain work in oils you may essentially consider attempting acrylic colors given a portion of the benefits over oil.
I will let you know front and center I don’t paint. My significant other is an expert craftsman and works widely in acrylics. What I tell you here comes from long stretches of chasing after her and being presented to her universe of filling in as a visual craftsman. All things considered, what I portray is all the more a quantitative investigation of one medium contrasted with another. There are abstract qualities about working with any medium that might pursue or occupy from your assessment of that medium. The emotional issues, for example, how agreeable you might become with any medium is up to the singular craftsman. Having said that, there are objective contrasts among acrylics and oil that I portray here.
The primary benefit to utilizing acrylics rather than oils is their quick drying times. This advantage is really the mind-boggling objection I hear from specialists used to working in oil when they depict their endeavors at acrylic paints. They gripe that the paint dries excessively fast for them. This issue can be handily managed in two ways.
To start with, there are retardant specialists you can add to the acrylic paints to slow their drying times. Assuming you exceed everyone’s expectations vital that you utilize a quality added substance, as sub-par items when added to acrylic paints can bring about chipping and breaking. You don’t need your work of art to fall to pieces in a couple of months later it’s finishing.
A superior method for managing the fast drying seasons of acrylics may be to utilize this trademark to make you a superior craftsman. At a craftsmanship show I heard the adjudicator of the occasion portraying what he searched for in the victors and one component was the work ought to be just about as free as conceivable from botches. He portrayed slip-ups as spaces of the canvas where he could see the craftsman had endeavored to get something spot on and had “exhausted it”. He was looking not only for bits of work extraordinary in sythesis and shading yet for the craftsman that had submitted brush to material with certainty and conviction. He needed to compensate those craftsmen as victors that he had found painted in such a manner in order to persuade him they knew what they needed on the material and they had fostered their method with the end goal that they knew how to get it. The quick drying seasons of acrylic paints can empower you as a craftsman to focus on your brush strokes as you made them and continue on rather than fiddling with a space excessively long.
Obviously, assuming you paint something you basically can’t live with it will be adequately dry to cover up it soon enough since it dries rapidly. Or on the other hand maybe you can simply clear off the awful paint strokes with a clammy cloth before it gets an opportunity to dry, especially simple assuming that it was applied on top of the base material or dry paint.
The second benefit of acrylics is their absence of smell. Indeed, even with utilizing the scentless turpentine substitutes, for example, Turpinoid to clean your brushes, oil paints are still rank since they have a linseed oil base. This oil paint smell can work it’s direction into your room and your furniture so that it is hostile to a few and difficult to eliminate. You might have become accustomed to it. You might have the advantage of a studio where smell isn’t an issue. Assuming you are painting at home, I’m certain it is an issue and it disappears by working in acrylics.
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Yoga has been round a long time-longer than interval training, Zumba courses, and free weights. Health and wellness slogan has change into a robust tool within the hand of entrepreneurs in varied elements of human endeavor. As instructed above, cardiovascular coaching plus power training plus healthy consuming is the definition of well being associated health. The lungs, heart, and circulatory system are additionally the focal factors in health and fitness.
Motion and weight loss plan must complement each other, in short, go for wholesome lifestyles. Well being-associated fitness reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases and other illnesses like cancer and arthritis, and should remedy respiratory problems like asthma.
Health And Wellness
The term health and wellness are ceaselessly used interchangeably, however the meanings are barely totally different from each other. Particularly if you have a certain well being situation, it’s best to ask for recommendations to make sure your diet plan is not going to trigger one other well being drawback. Moreover having depleted cognitive control and higher tendency to over reward themselves with excessive- calorie meals in actual-life conditions.
For health related health, the activity parts included are not just for energy, and muscular improvement and endurance coaching. Health and wellness entails that the food we take is also a reflection of our physical health. Nevertheless, many individuals are embracing the attitudes to wholesome lifestyles, whereas some corporations are busy raking in the profits.
Well being is said to fitness; that is one thing that may be easily missed. Younger adults who exercise may have a decrease risk of cardiovascular sickness and better survival chances a long time later. Many meals retailers, fast food joints, vitamins and dietary supplements could see an elevated demand in their products as a result of the trends in well being and wellness.
Yoga’s Health And Health Benefits
Yoga has been around a long time-longer than interval training, Zumba classes, and free weights. Your training will let you excrete the toxins in your body, however if you replace the flushed toxins with one other unhealthy food, you’re then losing your time, as a result of you will either take a very very long time before you get a consequence, or won’t be able to get a constructive one in the end.
There are numerous ways to realize well being and health. When discussing about well being, many individuals think about the situation of their bodies and overlook about their minds. Well being-related bodily fitness includes two main elements; Activity and food plan.
health and fittness, health fitness revolution, health and fitness presentation, health and fitness forum, health and fitness pdf book
Well being-related bodily health includes two main elements; Exercise and weight loss program. Health has long been linked to a decreased risk of heart illness in older adults.
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- Where you can Place an On-line Sport Bet
- The Sports Betting Method – How To Make It Work
A career in the style sector seems glamorous and profitable. Have you take into account obtaining into the fashion business, but may well think that you are not able to manage it? There are so several different roles and positions that you can play in the vogue world. 1 does not automatically be a trend designer but nonetheless be able to have a extremely good results job in the vogue business.
Getting able to make a living with issues you like is constantly pleasant. If you are a vogue admirer and love to see lovely clothes, accessories or sketches around you, you ought to consider commencing a profession in the vogue globe. Underneath are some important roles in the fashion planet the place you can consider part in – from design, generation, marketing, to many far more.
This is 1 of the most higher profile positions in the fashion market. Designers are accountable for conceptualizing their suggestions on trends and realizing them on their closing products. Designers can be employed by businesses which own a team of designers, or operate for their own brand name and generation line, or, even as a freelancer supplying styles for big difference organizations.
There are several sorts of trend designers:
one. Clothing designers: Certainly these are clothing designers, ranging from lingerie, sporting activities use, everyday wear to substantial fashion couture, for gentlemen, females and kids.
two. Footwear designers: They layout footwear for males, girls and little ones from a design stage of see, as well as from a foot-health’s point of view.
3. mira duma : Accessories has a broad certainly – from purses, hat, eyewear to gloves, scarves and jewelry items.
Generation entails the sampling of garments and equipment right up until producing the ultimate parts that would deliver to stores and buyers. This huge perform includes a team of various professions:
1. Merchandiser: Merchandisers engage in a important part in the generation process of a style item.They are liable for getting uncooked supplies for generation, picking cloth, textiles and trims. They have to make choices based mostly on pricing, quality and newest pattern and innovation of uncooked resources.
2. Technical Designers: Technological designers are the 1 responsible for doing fittings during the entire sampling to manufacturing process. They might not be the a single who created the garment but are the experts in providing alternative to the garment to improve the fitting of garment.
3. Sample Makers: Sample is the basis for a garment to be sewed. Pattern makers generate and keep patterns for clothes that designers have sketched out. Sample makers are key individuals in realization of a garment.
four. Pattern Graders: The sizing of garment commences with the pattern grading. Sample graders are professionals in creating dimension specs for diverse sizes. They are essential folks in for any trend brand names, as a consistent sizing across products can maintain buyer loyalty and confidence.
five. Fitting Versions: In the end clothes and footwear are manufactured for putting comfort and ease and type together. Fitting is a crucial part in trend business and the most specific fitting is to use model as the entire body for fitting.
A lot of companies have their own committed models for fitting their lines, who has the exact sizing measurement the manufacturer requires. Occasionally you would see ads seeking for sampling models, from kids, guys, girls to in addition size types.
6. Top quality Control Experts: Quality handle is of prime significance for any kind of goods, and is no exception in style industry. Quality control professionals search at the high quality of raw components, like peeling, shrinking and color fading of textile and total top quality of a trend product, for occasion, the total assembling of an accessory item.
7. Planners: Vogue planners coordinate intently with designers, merchandisers and customers to determine the generation prepare for the coming seasons. They appear at equally manufacturing and advertising side even though paying out shut attention to the newest trend craze.
Marketing and advertising is as critical as producing a perfect piece of style product. No matter whether it truly is marketing in a wholesale or retail side, people in style marketing bears the mission of advertising the trend product into this quickly altering entire world.
1. Trend Consumer/ Retail Merchandisers: Item merchandisers are the types who buy completely ready-created goods to be bought in a store like section retailers. These merchandisers perform researches and analyze market place trend, the relative client needs and stocks. They bear enormous obligation in phrases of revenue making, since having the eye to acquire the right item for product sales can make a distinction in earnings.
two. Showroom Sales Specialists: Some brand names personal their showrooms, displaying their selection for vogue customers (wholesalers) to make their orders. In comparison with retail revenue, showroom product sales specialists ought to know their seasonal returning client greater and be in a position provide in depth info on the marketing collections.
3. Retail Keep Supervisor/ Boutique Owners: Retail shop manager, product sales and boutique proprietors are the first line personnel going through retail buyers like you and me.
Other Fashion-relevant Professions
Apart from in the subject of developing, generating or advertising a fashion item, 1 may well be attracted by other positions like as a writer of trend journal, online blogs and style occasion management etc. Beneath is a checklist highlighting the other feasible jobs associated to trend business:
1. Fashion Writers: Writers or freelance writers can publish for publications, on the web weblogs or web sites on critiques, trends and recommendations. Fashion writers can also build into style magazine editors.
two. Personal Stylists:Some department retailers supply individual styling providers whilst some private consumer would make use of personalized stylist providing them suggestions in personal styling.
3. Style occasion Administration/ General public Relations: There are nameless fashion activities which calls for professional public relations and function administration personnel to get treatment of. There are PR companies specialised in keeping fashion related events.
Grasp the Chances!
Besides the previously mentioned mentioned careers in the fashion business, there are still several other options like photographer, costume designer and catalog/ trend display versions, and so on. A single of the most reachable way to keep yourself up to date with occupation opportunities and fashion craze is to be active in fashion discussion board and subscribe to fashion publications.
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SMS Behavior Reinforcement Campaign
September 5, 2020
Nepal Scouts initiated 15 days Public Awareness Campaign (SMS), from 5th to 19th September 2020, to make aware of the Community to fight against COVID-19. The campaign was conducted in collaboration with Nepal Scouts, Ministry of Health and Population, and HISSAN with the support of UNICEF. 100 volunteers including Nepal Scouts and public health students were mobilized in the campaign on a daily basis.
Volunteers visited the most crowded places in the valley by making it 13 different clusters. The main objective of the campaign was to disseminate the information and message regarding preventive measures and transmission of COVID – 19, called the SMS campaign.
The main agenda of the SMS (Social distancing, Use of Mask, and Use of soap and water/sanitization) campaign was to reinforce 3 major steps to prevent oneself from the disease and to promote the mask-wearing behavior in a proper way among the individuals. Flex and banners were used to spread the knowledge regarding COVID – 19, its sign and symptom, preventive measures, proper stepwise method of using a mask, and many other informational points regarding the disease.
Activities conducted during 15 days campaign are:
- – Pamphlets containing information about symptoms of COVID-19 and proper use of masks were distributed in the respective community.
Mask and Sanitizer Distribution:
- – Mask and sanitizer were distributed for those who were unable to afford it.
- – Mask and sanitizer were also given to people who were ignoring to use it while roaming around the areas.
Miking and Jingles:
- – Information about SMS campaign and COVID-19 were circulated in the locality through miking done by the volunteers simultaneously.
- – Jingles containing COVID 19 information were also played through the speaker to aware people.
- – Awareness of proper use of mask and its disposal was given to the community people.
- – Awareness of 7 steps of hand-washing was also given in the locality.
- – Preventive measures, signs, and symptoms of COVID-19 were also clarified to the community.
The National Coordinator Lok Bahadur Bhandari said that being at the leadership level it is his responsibility to make this campaign a complete success. ‘First and foremost need of today is to save our neighbors, community, and the nation by keeping our self-safe while conveying the message’.
In upcoming days, these types of activities should be carried out across the nation to make every citizen aware of the preventive measures to fight against COVID – 19 and re-enforce the practice of “SMS”. Every volunteer should take the skills they learned during this campaign to their community and the local level. The campaign would be meaningful only if they can do so. Coordinator Bhandari stressed on the important role of public health students in this. Nepal Scouts is always ready to provide support and leadership to other similar campaigns, said Coordinator Bhandari.
According to Mr. Ram Prasad Bhattarai, Director of Nepal Scouts, who participated in the campaign, Nepal Scouts volunteers operated hand washing stations in different parts of the country to prevent the spread of COVID – 19 at the very beginning.
Nepal Scouts’ volunteers are in the front line in raising public awareness, collecting travel details, constructing quarantine and isolation chambers, sewing and distributing masks, managing dead bodies of COVID 19 infected. In addition, volunteers have been playing an active role in providing food and grains to the animals and birds starving due to the lockdown, and providing food and prepared food to the street people and workers.
The campaign was concluded by organizing a zoom meeting. At the closing ceremony, various speakers put forward their views. HISAN Chairman Ramesh Silwal said that Nepal Scouts has proved itself more capable than other scouts in the world in this difficult situation.
On behalf of the Ministry of Health and Population, medical specialist Dr. Khem Karki and Representative from UNICEF Elke Wisch appreciated a great job of the volunteers and the whole team who inspired each one in the community to adopt the preventive measures to fight against COVID -19. Representative Wisch also stressed on further collaboration to fight against epidemic and disaster management.
By the 15th day, more than 1.2 million people have benefited from the campaign.
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On 21st August, Housing Secretary Robert Jenrick announced that the ban on evictions had been extended for another four weeks, until 20th September, to protect renters who have been affected by the coronavirus outbreak. This new update means that no legal evictions will have taken place for six months.
The announcement came days before the original eviction ban was meant to end on 23rd August.
The government also announced that landlords will need to provide tenants six months notice if they are planning on evicting them. The extended notice period will last until at least the end of March, but won’t apply to cases that involve serious issues such as anti-social behaviour and domestic abuse.
Once courts resume eviction hearings the most egregious cases will be prioritised. For example, those cases involving anti-social behaviour and other crimes, in addition to the cases where landlords have not received rent for over a year and would thus face unmanageable debts.
According to independent research, 87% of tenants have continued to pay their rent in full since the beginning of the pandemic with a further 8% agreeing on reduced rates with their landlords.
The government praised the vast majority of landlords who have demonstrated “understanding and leadership” by taking action to support tenants.
This article is intended as a guide only and the information was correct at the time of publication. For further information please refer to the government’s website.
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Editor's note: This page was updated on June 25, 2021, to acknowledge the reintroduction of the PASTEUR Act in Congress. The measure was first introduced in December 2020.
Bipartisan legislation introduced in the House and Senate aims to jump-start the development of urgently needed new antibiotics, specifically those that can address unmet patient needs, by changing the way the U.S. government pays for them.
“The Pioneering Antimicrobial Subscriptions To End Up Surging Resistance Act of 2021” known as the PASTEUR Act after famed microbiologist Louis Pasteur, would help to reinvigorate the antibiotics pipeline by providing sizable, subscription-based government contracts for access to innovative, high-priority antibiotics. Representatives Mike Doyle (D-PA) and Drew Ferguson (R-GA), and Senators Michael Bennet (D-CO) and Todd Young (R-IN) are the lead sponsors of the bill in the House and Senate, respectively.
Although pharmaceutical revenue is typically tied to how much of a drug is sold, these contracts would instead pay for new antibiotics based on their value to public health. This approach addresses the core issue confronting the antibiotics market: the pressing need for innovative drugs that don’t have high sales potential.
Why Are Sales Low for New Antibiotics?
Antibiotics are typically taken for short periods, often rendering cures for a wide range of illnesses in just 5-7 days. Contrast this with treatments for cancer, diabetes, and other chronic diseases, which are often taken for months, years, and sometimes for life. Additionally, since bacteria start developing resistance as soon as they’re exposed to a new antibiotic, treatment guidelines typically recommend that doctors use older drugs, when possible, to preserve the effectiveness of newer drugs. This approach is good for public health, but bad for sales.
As a result, the comparatively low sales translate into unsustainable business operations. For example, from 2014 to 2016, drug companies made more than $8 billion in profits on cancer drugs alone, but incurred a net loss of $100 million on antibiotics during the same period.
Numerous authoritative reports and commissions have identified the need for policies like those in the legislation, which are aimed at “delinking” antibiotic revenue from sales, as essential to breathing life back into a chronically insufficient antibiotics pipeline. The PASTEUR Act would also foster appropriate use of these life-saving drugs by including financial support for hospital antibiotic stewardship programs to help slow the spread of resistance and preserve the effectiveness of existing and new antibiotics.
Pew, together with public health leaders from around the world, has been advocating for such policies for years. Meanwhile, the need for the measure has never been more pressing. Major pharmaceutical companies have largely abandoned antibiotic development, in favor of more lucrative disease areas, and the small companies left are struggling to stay afloat because of the very problems that the PASTEUR Act aims to address. In 2019 alone, two small antibiotics companies—Achaogen and Melinta Therapeutics—filed for bankruptcy, even though each had recently brought a new antibiotic to market. Another company, Tetraphase, has been acquired for a small fraction of its valuation only a few years ago.
Passage of the bipartisan PASTEUR Act would be a major step toward reinvigorating innovation in development of urgently needed new antibiotics. The legislation offers policymakers a clear path to ensure that the U.S. has access to effective antibiotics, and Pew urges Congress to pass it as soon as possible.
Taking action promptly would help the increasing number of patients suffering from hard-to-treat, resistant infections and ensure that the U.S. is better prepared to combat new superbugs. Steps such as those in the PASTEUR Act are needed to address the growing public health and national security threat posed by antibiotic resistance.
Wes Kim works on The Pew Charitable Trusts’ antibiotic resistance project.
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The ABC of Photography – V
A type of photographic printing paper that, in the wet darkroom, allows a range of contrast grades to be produced by changing the colour of the filter in the enlarger head.
Stands for vibration compensation, the name of the optical camera shake-reduction system on some Tamron lenses.
A slider is available in Adobe Camera Raw and Photoshop that enables you to increase the saturation of colours. It doesn’t increase saturation universally – it concentrates on colours that are not saturated already, with a more limited effect on colours that are already intense. This often leads to a more visually pleasing result.
A large-format film camera that uses sheet film. Depending on the camera design, film sizes can range from 5×4 inches to 20×24 inches. All view cameras have a front standard with a lens mount and a rear standard with a film holder and ground glass screen for focusing. Both standards can be moved backward and forwards and at different angles to alter perspective, focus, and depth of field. They are connected by a flexible and extendable bellow. View cameras can be used with digital backs instead of film.
Darkening of the corners of an image. This appearance is often deliberately created to highlight a subject in the center of the image and can be applied by digitally burning in corners. It’s also commonly seen in images taken with toy cameras such as the Holga. If vignetting is unintended, it’s usually due to lens fall-off, and can be corrected using post-processing software.
Stands for vibration reduction, Nikon’s name for its image-stabilization system.
Sources: Pixabay, NASA, Wikipedia, Susan Wingfield Lamar High School
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Wikipedia has a main-page feature that asks annoying “Did you know?” questions that are so specialised you’re supposed to click on the article to find out something or nothing.
Once the question was “Did you know… that Spon Street survived the air raid that obliterated much of Coventry City Centre and is now a Conservation Area?” Well, actually I did, for once.
Spon Street is now “Coventry’s hidden treasure” – “a unique selection of quality and niche shops… occupying a range of historic renovated medieval buildings”: http://www.sponstreetcoventry.co.uk.
It’s also a conservation tragic-comedy.
In the early twentieth century Coventry, according to its historian, Mary Dormer Harris, had so much genuine medieval architecture it could have been the “English Nuremburg”; J B Priestley in his English Journey (1934) commented, “you peep round a corner and see half-timbered and gabled houses that would do for the second act of the Meistersinger”.
After the Luftwaffe devastated the centre of the city in November 1940, the City Architect, Donald Gibson (1908-1991), set about destroying much of what the Germans left.
He grasped the opportunity to give the people of Coventry a splendid new city centre, spacious, clean, modern and new, aligned on an axis with the tower of the bombed Cathedral, with duplex shopping arcades based on – of all things – Chester’s Rows.
Meanwhile, a Worcester architect, F W B (Freddie) Charles (1912-2002) took a contrary approach.
He was the architect of Shrewsbury’s fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Bear Steps and a founder of the Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings: http://www.avoncroft.org.uk.
In Coventry he transplanted timber-framed buildings from elsewhere to join surviving structures on Spon Street, a former road into the centre severed by the inner ring-road.
7-10 Much Park Street became 163-4 Spon Street in 1970-4; 142-3 Spon Street was restored on a different-shaped site as 16 Spon Street in 1972-5; the former Green Dragon Inn at 122-123 Much Park Street became 20-21 Spon Street after partial collapse between 1972 and 1982. 159-162 and 167-168 Spon Street were restored in situ, with new “medieval” facades in 1981-5.
So it was that some fragments of Coventry’s wealth of medieval buildings that existed in 1900 and survived 1940 were – literally – sent to Coventry.
For details of Mike Higginbottom’s lecture Survivals & Revivals: past views of English architecture, please click here.
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PTSA Video Library Project
These past si
x months have been challenging in many ways and we feel that a video library will help our families relieve the stresses that come along with the Covid-19 situation. The school administration and the PTSA would like to invite families to help us create a video library for our school website. Our goal is to inspire, educate and enlighten the Ma'ema'e community and families during these difficult times.
We encourage families to send in a one minute video of advice, tips, experiences and/or inspirational stories in one of the following categories:
Physical Health (i.e. how you stay healthy by doing physical activities by yourself or with your family, nutrition, sleep, etc)
Social and Emotional Health (i.e. meditation, humorous experiences, showing compassion and kindness, how you stay connected with your friends and family, new hobbies or activities that help promote good mental health)
Any other positive experiences and inspiration that can help our community and families
SUBMIT VIDEOS using this link:
We will also accept photos in the following categories:
Family outings and activities
Families and their pets
SUBMIT PHOTOS using this link:
Videos and photos submitted will not be edited. By submitting a video or photo, you are allowing the school and PTSA to post it on the school website and/or the PTSA Facebook page. Deadline for submission is Friday, December 11, 2020. We look forward to seeing your entries.
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The book based on the video series “12 Weeks to Wellness & Optimal Health” is now here.
As I work with clients in my office, by phone, or by Skype, and as I speak at health seminars or medical conferences, people often ask, “Of all the health strategies we’ve been discussing and learning about—which is the most important?”
Hello Healthy is a book about helping you get the synergy effect by applying all the strategies necessary to reach your full health and wellness potential. The twelve chapters of this book are a series of twelve sessions in a practical program that you can follow as you go about your daily routine. These are twelve major strategies that I specifically address with each patient, regardless of their health concerns or wellness goals. They provide the foundation that each of us can use to master our genetic risk by actually turning off disease- causing genes and turning on the genes that promote health.
As you come to better understand the principles we’ll be discussing—and incorporate them as part of your new lifestyle—you’ll be able to enjoy a higher level of health and wellness than you’ve ever thought possible.
Hello Healthy is how friends and family may soon be addressing you!
— Wes Youngberg, DrPH, MPH, CNS, FACLM
Lifestyle Medicine Specialist & Clinical Nutritionist
There is no better description of this book than what others have said about “Hello Healthy”
“What you hold in your hand is nothing short of a health education masterpiece. In it Wes Youngberg weaves a tapestry of anecdotes that provide a powerful and compelling case for health-behavior change and adoption of a healthy lifestyle. Wes provides a detailed rationale and very practical cutting-edge health advice that, if followed, will produce in the reader a reasonable approach to life transformation. His easy going writing style is “smooth” yet so filled with up-to-date health counsel that it cannot be classified as casual reading. Anyone can make improvements following his modern rendition of age-old principles that we use in our own Lifestyle Medicine practice at Wildwood. This is must reading for the sick and required reading for the well!”
–Zeno L. Charles-Marcel, MD
Vice President for Medical Affairs.
Wildwood Lifestyle Center and Hospital
“Once again, Wes Youngberg shares health strategies that transcend the usual medical dialogue. By giving each of us information that we can use personally, he has empowered health behaviors that can impact our enjoyment of life, our productivity, and our longevity. With a practitioner’s understanding of the difficulty of change, Wes gently encourages each of us to seek the best for ourselves.”
–Richard Hart, MD, DrPH
President, Loma Linda University Health
“With U.S. healthcare spending having just crossed the $3 trillion dollar line, Dr. Wes Youngberg’s book couldn’t have come at a more crucial time. The topics covered in his book are the ones patients have been asking me for the past two decades when I worked at a medical group. Now that I’m back in an academic center, these are the very topics we are researching and teaching our public health graduate students, because these are the challenges they’ll face when they get out into the real wold. If you don’t have time for grad school, but care about your health and lifestyle medicine, this book will save you a lot of time, money, and improve the health and quality of life for you and your family.”
–Ernie Medina, Jr., DrPH, CHFS
Assistant Professor-Preventative Care; Executive Director
Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle & Disease Prevention
Loma Linda University School of Public Health
“Dr. Youngberg does it again! He uses the latest research and real patient stories to teach us how we as individuals and as a society can transform our health. He shows that those with disease can still achieve optimal wellness. Following his plan form the beginning could help save our troubled Healthcare system by preventing disease from even starting. This book is for anyone wanting to live a long, prosperous healthy life.”
–Eric Madrid, MD, ABIHM
Rancho Family Medical Group, Temecula California
Author of “Vitamin D Prescription,
The Healing Power of the Sun and
how it can save your life
“Heart disease has been the leading killer of Americans for the past 100 years and despite advances in medical therapy it shows no sign of relenting. It is clear that Americans are bringing this on themselves by the lifestyle choices they make. As a Cardiologist I see the effects of smoking and poor diet and sedentary lifestyle affecting younger and younger patients. It doesn’t have to be this way. Nearly 90% of Heart disease and other lifestyle diseases could be prevented by the principles articulated so well in Dr. Youngberg’s book. The principles of a healthy lifestyle are laid out in an easy to understand approach, along with compelling stories of real people who have made changes in their lifestyle and benefited from a more abundant life as a result. I highly recommend this book to anyone who desires to live a healthier and fulfilling life, free of lifestyle diseases.”
–Brian Schwartz, MD
Director, Interventional Cardiology Fellowship Program
Kettering Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio.
“Poor health is the modern world’s ‘plague,’ literally destroying mankind’s potential to live a productive, satisfying life. This book explains in simple, practical terms how to reverse that plague and achieve optimal health. Read it. Live it. Share it. It just might be the best thing you’ll ever do.”
–John Kelly, MD, MPH, Founding President American College of Lifestyle Medicine.
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When to use?
Use as a weekly additive to re-mineralise pond water to control the build up of organic waste, bacteria and pollutants which cause bacterial infections and ill health.
Mediclay stimulates the biological system in favour of beneficial bacteria helping to reduce algae. Mediclay will also “polish” the water resulting in amazing clarity to observe your fish.
How to use:
There are two different dose rates depending on what is required: Dose A – To improve water quality and clarity. 100g per 1000 gallons (4500 Litres) / per week Dose B – If fish have body damage or have symptoms of ill health. 200g per 1000 gallons (4500 Litres) / per week
Mix the required dose in a clean bucket/watering can of pond water then pour over the surface of the pond or at a filter outlet to ensure an even spread.
For clarifying the water, Mediclay is best applied via the pump or venturi so that it is rapidly mixed with the water returning to the pond.
Use in conjunction with other NT Labs water treatments but leave 48 hours after using an NT Labs Medication before applying Mediclay.
Mediclay can be used at any time of year (water temperature) and will not alter the water pH.
Use within 48 hours of applying a medication.
Q: What is Mediclay? A: Mediclay is a high-purity montmorillonite clay containing a variety of minerals and trace elements which are beneficial to fish health and water quality and clarity. Montmorillonite clays are produced by the weathering of volcanic ash, and are hence high in minerals.
Q: What does Mediclay do? A: Weekly additions of Mediclay will re-mineralise your pond water to control the build-up of organic waste. Additionally, Mediclay will clarify the water and encourage the biological filter to perform at its best, reducing the potential for harmful ammonia and nitrite spikes. It is also widely accepted that the use of montmorillonite clays, such as Mediclay, enhance the skin quality and brightens the colours of fish.
Q: How does Mediclay work? A: This is a more complicated question than it may appear. It largely boils down to the negative charge of the clay particles and their size/structure. However, we have written an article on our Knowledge Hub, you can find it here: How does Mediclay work?
Q: How does Mediclay remove toxic substances from the water? A: As Mediclay particles have a negative chemical (ionic) charge, positively charged ions will be attracted to and will bond with particles of Mediclay. This doesn’t technically remove these toxic substances, such as heavy metals, ammonia and pesticides, but instead locks them away preventing them from harming fish. During water changes and filter cleans, the Mediclay will slowly be removed and thus these toxic substances are removed as well.
Q: How often can I use Mediclay? A: You can use Mediclay as a weekly additive to your pond or sporadically throughout the year when you think your pond needs a bit of a pick-me-up. The use of Mediclay will never harm your fish, provided you follow the dosage shown on the label.
Q: Can I use Mediclay alongside a medicinal treatment? A: Yes, but we recommend you wait two days after applying Mediclay before using a medicinal treatment. As good as Mediclay is, it doesn’t distinguish between the ‘extra’ particles in the water that we don’t want there and the medications we add on purpose!
Q: Will adding Mediclay alter the pH of my pond? A: Continued use over an extended time period may raise the pH. However, this depends on the current pH level of the pond. If you need a product to adjust the pH, take a look at our KH – Buffer Up instead.
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OK health nuts...here's my fourth and final installment on hydrogenated oils. I'll move on to other interesting topics now. We cook a lot with coconut oil (stored in a jar in the fridge as a solid), and butter. Read on to learn more about what to eat and what NOT to eat!
Fortunately, this information is beginning to penetrate the public consciousness. Recently, a news special covered the subject. The reporter got some of the details wrong, but the general message was right on the money. And the one surprising tidbit of information in the report was the fact that most of the deep-fried foods served in fast food joints are fried in partially hydrogenated oils!
Now, deep frying all by itself is pretty bad. After all, you are applying a lot of heat. But if that heat is applied to a saturated fat, there is a limit to how much harm it can do. A saturated fat doesn't have a "business end". There is no part of it that is chemically active. It's inert. Your body can burn it for fuel, but it can't use it to carry out any of your metabolic processes.
A saturated fat is inert, so it can't be hurt much by heat. However, it's not all that good for you, but it's not terrible either. So if you're going to fry, fry in a fully saturated fat like lard, or coconut oil. Or, use butter, which consists mostly of short-chain saturated fats that are easily burned for fuel, plus conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) which improves health (Bruce Fife, Detox, 68). And butter tastes great. It's so good, in fact, that you don't even need to use very much to get a lot of flavor. So at home you can fry with butter to get gourmet-quality food that is also healthy.
Even better, you could fry with coconut oil -- which consists of medium chain fatty acids that contain 2/3's the calories of long-chain saturated fats. They're also metabolized differently, so they're burned for energy instead of being stored as fat. And if that's not enough, 50% of coconut oil consists of lauric acid, a medium-chain fatty acid that's anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungus, and anti-yeast. (For more information, see Coconut Oil and Palm Kernel Oil: Miracle Medicine and Diet Pill.)
For commercial deep frying, though, butter is prohibitively expensive. Things were better when foods were fried in beef tallow and coconut oil, because they had a lot of flavor and the saturated fats aren't harmed by the heat. But all that saturated fat sounds bad, so restaurants switched to partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. One "healthy" Mexican restaurant even advertised that they fried in vegetable oil. That would be somewhat better than partially hydrogenated oil -- assuming that they weren't using partially hydrogenated vegetable oil in the first place -- but subjecting the unsaturated fatty acids contained in a vegetable oil to the high heat of a deep frying vat is deadly, especially when the oil is used and reused all day long. The result would be the same kind of trans fats that you get in the hydrogenation process!
But the absolute worst commercial frying is done by the fast-food chains, who almost uniformly do their deep frying in cheap, deadly partially hydrogenated oil. Any fats that escaped being transmogrified in the hydrogenation process are now subjected to the deep frying process. It's a miracle that any of the unsaturated fats escape being transmogrified, if any of them do.
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Your indoor citrus trees have a thing or two to say about your relationship. Don’t take this the wrong way; they appreciate what you do for them. But unless you make some changes, this isn’t going to last.
I’ll admit, putting this resource together for you was a little selfish on my part. I have recently jumped back into the circus that is trying to grow indoor citrus trees while living in a cold-weather climate. Our February 2022 issue of Food Gardening Magazine inspired me because we have created a whole collection on growing oranges. I’ve been down this road before and got sloppy when summer came around, but this time it’ll be different, I’m sure of it!
I bought my latest pair of citrus trees at a local gardening center because shipping is a bit harsh on the plants. The woman in the gardening center said that citrus trees like humidity so much that if given the choice, they’d prefer to be on a cool damp porch or in the basement (above 65 degrees F), than in a warm but dry room. I think that’s a mistake a lot of us make, thinking our citrus trees just want to be warm when what they really want is humidity.
Citrus trees enjoy the sunshine and fresh air, which is why I have always put mine outside in the summer. They enjoy the warm days and the cool rains of summer. But getting your citrus trees to create fruit in the winter takes work all year. Maybe you already know that. And look, your indoor citrus trees really do like you. They want this relationship to work. They love the way you smile when you look at them and hold their leaves in your hand, even when you crush up a lime leaf or two for the intoxicating scent or a recipe. Still, something is usually missing if they’re looking a bit unhappy.
Learn how to keep your indoor citrus trees happy and healthy
I completely understand the desire to have indoor citrus trees. There’s nothing like a little tropical color in your kitchen to brighten up a cold winter day. They smell great, look great, and the fruits are delicious. It also helps that January through March is generally when citrus trees fruit, so you get a little gardening joy in the dark days of winter in your indoor container garden. Citrus, however, are not typically cool weather trees. So if you’re growing indoor citrus trees in cold dry winter, it takes extra love.
There are some exceptions. Satsumas and kumquats can withstand below-freezing temperatures and are a little more tolerant of just about everything. For the most part, however, citrus trees would be happy if they could spend the winter in Florida. Since most of us aren’t going to pack up our Meyer lemon tree and head south for the winter, it’s important to keep some essential care tips in mind.
1. Citrus trees need sunshine. Most require at least 8 hours of sunlight daily. That means your indoor citrus trees need to be near a south-facing window.
2. Citrus trees need warmth. You don’t need to crank your heat to 90, but if you expect your citrus trees to thrive indoors, you’ll need to keep the heat around 65, dropping it by 5 to 10 degrees overnight.
3. Citrus trees need water. Not many surprises here. Moist, but well-drained soil. Maybe even let it dry a bit between waterings. Cactus and succulent mix tend to be a good choice here, they want chunky soil.
4. But not too much. That means not too much water or too much dry. You do not want root rot. Ideally, give your indoor citrus trees a big ole drink of water, let the soil dry out, then repeat. And don’t leave extra water just sitting in the saucer. You can add stones to the bottom of your saucer, which will absorb moisture and add to the humidity surrounding the plant.
5. Not too cold, either. One more water tip – don’t pour icy cold mid-winter tap water into your citrus tree soil. You don’t want a cold shower, and neither does your tree. Use room temperature water; otherwise, you could shock the tree.
6. Use a humidifier. If I haven’t stressed it enough, they love and need humidity, so in the winter you’ll need to keep a humidifier (or two) running in the room you’re keeping your citrus trees. Mine do really well with a warm mist humidifier, the difference was visibly noticeable when I switched. If you don’t have a humidifier, give ’em a spritzer. No, not the kind with wine and club soda. That’s for you. But your citrus will need a daily spritz of water to keep from drying out.
7. Feed the tree. If your indoor citrus trees are actively growing, give them a little nutrient boost with a fertilizer designed specifically for citrus. Citrus trees get fertilized three times per year (winter, late spring, and late summer). See our Collections for guides on fertilizing different types of citrus.
8. Watch for pests. Yeah, citrus trees are susceptible to pests just like any other indoor plant. Scale and aphids are fairly common. However, some homemade insecticidal soap will usually take care of these pests.
9. Be the pollinator. If your tree is indoors year-round, you may need to give it some help with pollination if it’s not self-pollinating. It’s easy, though. Just give the branches a little shake when the flowers are open.
10. Move ’em out. Once warm weather rolls around, try to give you indoor citrus trees some outdoor time. When you have regular temperatures of at least 50 degrees overnight, start giving your citrus time outside, slowly building up to leaving it outdoors. It might take a couple of weeks to do this, but your tree will love you for it and you’ll reap the benefits in the next growing season.
Do you have any indoor citrus trees? What tips would you add to this?
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There are currently no FDA-approved means to prevent or cure Parkinson’s—a disease that afflicts more than 10 million adults worldwide, and is expected to rise to 1.2 million by 2030. Patients usually start to show symptoms around age 50, and are prescribed the drug L-Dopa to alleviate some symptoms like tremors or involuntary body movements. Unfortunately it doesn’t slow down or stop the progression of Parkinson’s.
We may soon have a better form of treatment on the way. In a study published Wednesday in the journal Science Translational Medicine, researchers at San Francisco-based Denali Therapeutics developed a drug called DNL201 that targets LRRK2, a protein that is commonly mutated in Parkison’s and ends up killing brain cells. DNL201 stamped out the rogue protein’s presence in lab mice suffering from Parkinson’s, and was also shown to be safe in a Phase 1 clinical trial in 150 people (which included both healthy individuals as well as those with Parkinson’s). Should future clinical trials prove successful as well, this new drug could be a powerful new intervention against a growing health crisis.
Parkinson’s arises due to the destruction of neurons that produce dopamine, best known as the “feel-good” chemical that’s associated with pleasure and reward but is also crucial for motor function. Scientists estimate that 85 percent or more of all cases are caused by complex interactions between environmental and common genetic risk factors.
Got a tip? Send it to The Daily Beast here
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| 0.952342
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(Natural News) Arthritis is a general term for a group of degenerative conditions that target the joints and the tissues that surround the joints. There are several types of arthritis including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis.
Although each type is influenced by unique factors, arthritis is generally marked by chronic inflammation in the hands, hips and knees. This inflammation is typically accompanied by immense pain and stiffness, which may affect an individual’s daily activities.
Fortunately, there are several natural therapies and remedies that work to control inflammation and slow the progression of the disease. Remedies help with pain management, while holistic therapies like meditation and yoga help improve an individual’s attitude toward the disease and overall quality of life.
One of the best ways you can ease the strain and pressure on the joints is to lose weight. Many people who have arthritis are also overweight or obese, and it is this excess weight that can wear down joints over time. Follow a balanced diet and make sure you hit all the important food groups. Most oily and fatty foods that cause weight gain can also trigger arthritis, so steer clear of deep-fried foods, processed meats and refined grains.
Exercise plays a crucial role in weight loss, and it also helps your joints stay flexible. Try to do 30 minutes of low-impact exercises at least five days a week, such as water aerobics and swimming. These types of exercises ensure you don’t further stress the joints, unlike running and walking. Yoga, a popular form of meditation exercise, can also help you keep joints flexible.
Use hot and cold therapies
A simple hot or cold treatment can deliver fast-acting relief from inflammation and joint pain. Take long, hot baths to ease stiffness, or use a cold compress to relieve painful swollen joints.
This form of traditional Chinese medicine involves inserting thin needles through the skin at specific points on the body. This practice is designed to relax muscles, improve blood circulation and activate the body’s natural painkillers. (Related: Acupuncture found to reduce nerve sensitivity.)
High levels of stress can worsen inflammation and trigger arthritis flares. Here are some ways you can ease stress:
- Practice mindfulness exercises. Do gentle stretches or breathe slowly for two minutes.
- Do a quick physical exercise. Go for a walk, ride a bike or lift weights. This helps empty the mind and boosts energy levels instead.
- Drink chamomile tea.
- Listen to music or watch a movie.
- Take a long hot shower.
Eat foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids
Healthy fats like omega-3 fatty acids have powerful anti-inflammatory effects against arthritis. Common sources of omega-3 fatty acids include salmon, herring, mackerel, oysters, chia seeds and walnuts. Add these anti-inflammatory foods to a balanced diet to prevent arthritis flares.
Get a massage
A gentle massage can help relieve swollen joints and ease stiffness. But timing is incredibly important. A massage may do more harm than good during an active arthritis flare when the joints are extremely sensitive. Wait until the flare subsides before you get a massage.
Use herbal remedies
Many herbs and spices have antioxidants and active plant compounds that combat joint pain and inflammation. Some of the most potent natural medicines for arthritis include turmeric, aloe vera, frankincense, cat’s claw, eucalyptus, ginger, tea leaves, thunder god vine and willow bark. These ingredients can be added to dishes, herbal teas or homemade fruit juices.
Joint pain and stiffness caused by arthritis can hinder daily activities. Although there is no cure for this autoimmune disease, several natural treatments and home remedies can help reduce inflammation and minimize pain.
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We offer excellent courses for children ages 7-13. Kids classes are on Tuesdays and Fridays. Check our interactive schedule online for the latest class times. For more information please contact the Dojo and someone will assist you.
To help you decide whether Aikido is the right choice for your child, download this free e-book from Gaku Homma Sensei, chief instructor of Nippon Kan in Denver, Colorado. It provides a great resource on parental concerns about martial arts in general, as well as descriptions of Aikido techniques and exercises.
Regardless of your choice for your kids, martial arts is a nice activity for your children which can develop character a thousand folds. Below are some thoughts on how to approach this decision. Parents usually choose martial arts for their kids because of the following things:
Physical Fitness. Just like with adults, one of the most common reasons for enrolling a child into a martial arts class is fitness. Aikido can help improve cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, balance, strength and overall energy levels. It is a very good source of exercise that also teaches life skills.
Life Skills. These skills include discipline, self control, patience, confidence and courage. The idea with these classes and this motivation is to reinforce what is already being taught at home. Aikido can be a valuable tool for helping to really drive home the points you make at home in a very real way.
Self Defense. The focus of Aikido for children, while still teaching self defense movements, is conflict resolution, personal responsibility and evasion. In that respect, attending a good martial arts class would benefit both the bully by teaching to respect others as, and the bullied, by teaching how to calm a situation or defend oneself if need be.
Behavior skills. This is also related to life skills. Aikido can greatly aid in these areas. Parents are looking for help improving attention span, respect, demeanor and self control.
Aikido is an excellent choice as a martial art for kids. It is a non-combative Japanese martial art where there is no competitive sparring, but rather a focus on fostering cooperation and harmonization through daily practice. Although punches and kicks are used to illustrate points, students learn to redirect attacks and aggressive energy without hurting themselves and effectively diffusing a situation without hurting their aggressor as well. This is of great value for kids because they learn the physical skills necessary for self-defense while learning focus and confidence. Prospective students and parents are welcome to stop by and observe class.
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https://cityaikidola.org/aikido-for-children/
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|
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| 0.951966
| 518
| 2.3125
| 2
|
Aim To assess how child emergency department (ED) attendances are distributed between hospitals across England, Wales and Northern Ireland and how care is organised for children with a head injury.
Methods A cross-sectional survey was performed of the 245 hospitals in England Wales, Northern Ireland and the Crown Dependencies (Channel Islands and Isle of Man) which were eligible to participate in the enquiry from September 2009 to April 2010. The survey covered hospital details, departments and procedures, ED activity, imaging, admission and discharge procedures, referral and transfer, documentation, training and audit, information and advice, and non-accidental head injuries.
Results 64% of hospitals have an established pathway for management of head injured children. Not infrequently hospitals asserting designation as specialist trauma or specialist neurosurgical centres do not offer an intensive care service for children. 82% of child ED attendances are to hospitals that would not care for a critically ill child on-site. Hospitals that do offer such care are much more likely to have children's trained staff available in the ED. They are also more likely to have access to surgical support beyond neurosurgery.
Conclusion Given the extent of variation between hospitals in the facilities available for head injured children, further comparative studies into the standards of care delivered and outcomes (including a confidential enquiry) are indicated.
- Emergency ambulance systems
- emergency departments
Statistics from Altmetric.com
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.
Funding This work was undertaken by the Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE) as part of the Child Health Enquiry under the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH) programme. The CEMACH programme of work is funded by the National Patient Safety Agency. Additional contributors to the Child Health Enquiry include the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety of Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and the States of Jersey and Guernsey. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not those of the funding bodies.
Competing interests None.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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| 0.939706
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Videos Addressing HIV/AIDS Issues
- Lucie Cluver Presentation at Regional PSS Forum – Dr. Lucie Cluver presents the results of her groundbreaking study of children whose parents are ill with or have died from HIV and AIDS (15 mins, with slides). This presentation was delivered at the Regional Psychosocial Support Forum 2011, co-hosted by SADC, REPSSI, UNICEF and the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund.
- Interview with Lucie Cluver – Child carers in South Africa – An interview with Lucie Cluver from Oxford University. She talks about her research on children who care for their HIV positive parents. We learn about how they live, how they are often bullied in school and what children across the world can do to support.
- Children of AIDS Face Mental Health Needs – This is the Voice of America Special English Health Report. In June of nineteen eighty-one, public health officials in the United States reported on the first cases of what came to be known as AIDS. Thirty years later, there is growing progress against the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. But today an estimated sixteen and a half million children have lost one or both parents to AIDS. Most of these AIDS orphans live in sub-Saharan Africa. And millions more children live with adults who are sick from AIDS.
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https://worldforumfoundation.org/2015/12/05/videos-addressing-hivaids-issues/
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Macmillan Readers: The Umbrella without CD
Macmillan Readers series is one of the most popular simplified readers for learners of English. The information is carefully controlled, with pictures explaining difficult vocabulary. This brilliant starter-level book is a romantic story of mistaken identity. The purchase of an umbrella leads to a romantic encounter.
- ISBN: 9780230035898
- English Type: British English
- Carefully controlled information, structure and vocabulary
- Pictures help to understand the story and explain difficult words and phrases
- The book has been consolidated down to 300 words for Starter-level students
- Free resources including worksheets, tests and author data sheets
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Buggy Beads Counting Frame Abacus
|Ships FREE with $25+ order|
|Gift wrap is available|
1 to 3 business days
Expedited delivery available.
- This Buggy Beads counting abacus adds a fun look to math learning activities.
- Develops skills: Counting, Addition, Problem Solving, Math, Manipulative Skills
If the creepy crawlers look cute, kids absolutely don’t mind dealing with them. This educational toy from Learning Resources brings a buggy buddy to teach your child math. Buggy Beads Counting Frame Abacus is a great looking kids math tool that is shaped as a green leaf with little ladybugs that children can count, add, subtract, and more! Buggy Beads Counting Frame Abacus comes with 20 ladybugs in 2 rows and 2 colors. This ladybug theme abacus will help kids to learn counting to 10 or 20. This math toy from Educational Toys Planet comes with an Activity Guide to turn the aBUGcus into fun learning time. The Leaf measures 8 x 4.5 inches.
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|Manufacturer Recommended Age||5 years|
|Quantity Available in Stock||19|
|Manufacturer Part Number||dsc-w-lr-1761|
|Amazon ASIN Code||B00H56X9JG|
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