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- Paul encourages us to work hard. He says those who do not work should not eat. 2 Thessalonians 3:6-12 2. Why do people work today - To provide for familieswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - To earn a living. -. To relies our set goals. -. To acquire property. -. To fulfill the will of God. -. To help those in need - To realize development in the society. - -. 3. Why people worked in traditional African society - To feed their families. -. To become famous. -. To be seen hardworking. -. To set good example to children. -. To be wealthy. -. To earn respect. -. Laziness was discouraged. 4. Reasons why god wants us to work - Work is ordained by God. -. To continue with his work of creation. -. To emulate Jesus who also worked hard to save man. -. To make our environment better. -. To improve our living conditions - To spread news about His Kingdom. -. To serve others through our abilities. Romans 12:6-8 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - To be self- reliant - - - 5. Division of work at home - Every member in the family has a role to play. -. Family members share work according to ability, age, type of work and status. -. Shared work becomes lighter and takes less time. -. Sharing work promotes unity, love and joy in the family. -. Sharing work encourages members to avoid laziness Colossians 3:23 - We should work with all our hearts as if we are serving God. Thessalonians 3:10:12 - Paul encourages us to work hard and avoid laziness. -. Those who do not work should not eat. 6. Forms of child labor 2 kings 5:2 a. A child is any person under the age of 18 years. B. Child-labour- using children to do adults work. C. Child labour includes:- - Operating heavy machines - Working as house helps. -. Working at farms and on construction sites.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Hawking - Carrying heavy loads - - - Why are children engaged in child labour? A. Poverty b. Death of parents c. Neglect by guardians and parents d. Drug abuse e. f. |
Neglect by guardians and parents d. Drug abuse e. f. g. Effects of child labour 1 Children do not enjoy life- spend most time working. 2 Children fail to go to school. 3 Affects the health of children. 4 Some are paid very little or no pay at all. 5 Children are exposed to harassment and sexual abuse. 6 Children engage in irresponsible behaviors 7 Children develop fear because of mistreatment. 8 Children are exposed to dangers that can even cause death.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 7. Working in the community - Community work:- a. Building roads b. Clearing rubbish c. Building dams. D. Digging bore holes. Effects of community work 2 Thessalonians 3:6-13 - Enhances unity in the community - Reduces poverty - Improves quality of life in the community. -. Encourages people to work hard. Nb: apostle Paul worked as a tent maker to earn his living. 8. Working for the nation Romans 13:6-8 Different jobs in Kenya - Doctors - Technician - Policeman - Farming - Nurses - Lawyers a. Everyone should work well in order to help our nation. B. If people are lazy, poverty will strike our nation hence thieves increase. C. Bible encourages us to work hard to support the government by paying taxes.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke d. Paying taxes enables the nation to develop. Dignity of manual work 2 Thessalonians 3:7-8, Acts 18:1-4, Genesis 4:2 9. -. Manual work- the work done using our hands. -. Examples: livestock keeping, digging, clearing, , , , - Manual work makes our lives better and helps us to have enough basic needs. -. Manual work keeps our environment safe. -. Examples of manual work in the bible:- a. Apostle Paul was a tent maker b. Cain was a farmer. C. Abel was a herdsman d. Joseph was a carpenter e. f. g. h. 10. Attitudes towards work Luke 18:9-14 a. Should appreciate it because it helps us earn a living. B. View work with dignity since through it we are able to provide basic needs. C. |
B. View work with dignity since through it we are able to provide basic needs. C. Work is a service to God and the community. D. All work is meant to help man live a comfortable life. E. f. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke g. 11. What it means to work for God. A. We use our talents and abilities to serve God through others. B. All work is a way of partnering with God e.g. doctors, teaching e.t.c. C. Preachers, pastors, priests and evangelists serve God directly. D. Voluntary work requires no pay but is a way of serving God through the needy. E. We are encouraged to receive servants of God; Jesus sent his disciples and commanded them not to carry money, food, clothes. Jesus expected people to provide for them. Questions 1 What is work? 2 Why did God put man in the Garden of Eden? 3 State 3 reasons why people worked in traditional communities 4 Apostle Paul worked as a? 5 Give two example of child labour 6 Why is it important for Christians to work together? 7 The slave girl who foretold the future and was healed by Paul was from? 8 Whoever does not work should not 9 Cain worked as a ? 10 Elisha worked as a before God called him to be a prophet.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke UNIT 9: THE HOPE OF THE WORLD A. Our hope after primary school - Hope is a strong desire or expectation that something will happen or true. -. People have hopes about different things at different times. -. Hope gives meaning to life - Examples of things one can hope for:- a. Getting a good job b. Getting married. C. Getting children d. Joining university. E. Start a business and travel across the world. -. Hopes that are realized in future are called distant hopes. Biblical approach Romans 8:23-25,28 - Paul tells us that the whole of God s creation expects His salvation. We should patiently hope for good things in life. Evaluation 1. Should accompany hope in order to have salvation. 2. A person without hope is called? 3. The book of Romans was written by?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4. |
A person without hope is called? 3. The book of Romans was written by?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4. List FOUR things one can hope for in life. 5. Which are the two main types of hopes? B. Our hopes for future adult life - An adult is a grown up person who in most cases is independent. -. An adult has to be over 18 years of age according to Kenyan Law. Rights and privileges of an adult in Kenya - Acquire a national identification card ID - Seek employment. -. Getting married. -. Running business - Joining church ministry - - Biblical Approach Psalms 138:7-8 - God keeps his promises and his love is everlasting. Jeremiah 29:10-14 - God knows the pans he has for us. 1 Corinthians 13:9-13 - God wants us to proper in all ways. -. Spiritual growth enables us to understand the plans of God. Quizwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1 Having good feelings about good things that will happen to us is called? 2 Who will receive eternal life? 3 The greatest hope that a committed Christian should have is? 4 Who is an adult according to the Kenyan law? 5 Write the authors of the following books a. Psalms b. Jeremiah c. Corinthians 6. Name the prophet who prophesied about the new covenant. C. How we overcome disappointments 1 Corinthians 13:9-13 - Disappointment- a feeling of sadness because something has not happened as you hoped for. -. Disappointment happens as a result of broken hopes Ways of overcoming disappointments a. Setting achievable goals b. Being focused on strengths c. Developing a positive attitude towards everything we do. D. Being prayerful. E. Trusting in God in all our undertakings. F. Being hardworking. G. Accept situation we cannot change. Results of disappointments - Feeling unhappywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Feeling discouraged - Feeling frustrated. -. Lack of sleep. -. Loss of appetite. Quiz 1 Disappointment is the 2 The leper who said thank you was a 3 List three things we can do to avoid disappointment 4 List two results of disappointment to a human being D. |
- Lack of sleep. -. Loss of appetite. Quiz 1 Disappointment is the 2 The leper who said thank you was a 3 List three things we can do to avoid disappointment 4 List two results of disappointment to a human being D. What the church hopes for - Church it refers to a congregation of believers worshippers. -. A person who believes and follows Jesus Christ is called a Christian. -. Christians hope for:- a. The second coming of Jesus b. Peace and unity in the world. C. Salvation of yet non-believers by Christ. D. Good deeds. E. Eternal life with Christ. -. New life in Christ is characterized by a. A holy life b. Preaching c. Teaching the good news. D. Singing. -. Christians can achieve their hopes through:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Praying to God b. Reading the bible c. Going to church and worshipping. D. Confession that Jesus is our savior. Quiz 1 Name two beliefs for Christians 2 Disciples of Jesus were first referred to as Christians in a town called? 3 Jesus ascended to heaven from the town of? 4 Name the helper that Jesus promised His disciples. 5 Name four things that the church hopes for. E. The Wisemen hope for the king - Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea - Prophet Micah prophesied that the messiah would be born in Bethlehem - Wisemen studied a unique star. -. The star first led them to Herod s palace- the then king of Judea. -. Jesus was the hope of the whole world, so God protected him from being killed by King Herod. -. The wisemen brought the following to the baby Jesus:- a. Gold b. Frankincence c. Myrrh - Jesus was brought up grew in Nazareth. Quiz 1 Name three gifts that the Wisemen brought to baby Jesus. 2 The name Jesus means?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3 Which King was the ancestor of Jesus? 4 is known to be the city of David. 5 The Wisemen came from the? 6 Prophet foretold the birth of Jesus. 7 Prophet prophesied about the killing of babies by Herod soldiers. F. |
6 Prophet foretold the birth of Jesus. 7 Prophet prophesied about the killing of babies by Herod soldiers. F. A sure hope for human kind Mathew 1:18-22, Romans 5:12, John 17:25-26 - Mary was a virgin Jewish lady and had an engagement with Joseph- a descendant of David. -. Mary conceived through the power of the Holy Spirit. -. The message was taken to Mary by Angel Gabriel. -. Prophet Isaiah refers to the baby as Emmanuel- meaning God with us - The gentiles were to put their hopes in him. -. When Jesus was presented to the temple, a man called Simeon was moved by the Holy Spirit and spoke good about the baby Jesus. Quiz 1 Who was the earthly father of Jesus? 2 Give four titles used by prophet Isaiah to describe Emmanuel 3 Who wanted to kill baby Jesus? 4 The wisemen were guided by a? 5 Jesus was a revelation and salvation for the who were not Israelites . 6 Name 3 occasions Jesus encountered with the gentiles. G. Our ambitions in life Micah 6:6-8 - An ambition is a determination to be successful in a certain area. -. Some of the ambitions include a. Being a doctorwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke b. Being a pilot d. Being a teacher - Prophet Micah teaches that we should worship God in a just way. Just- being fair in the way we treat others - God expects us to be:- a. Just b. Loving and caring to everybody c. Humble d. Prayerful. Quiz 1 What did Simeon, a man full of the Holy Spirit, foretell about what Jesus would do to the gentiles? 2 Name three purposes God has for your life H. Jesus Christ hope of eternal life - Eternal life- life with a beginning but has no end. -. Eternal life is also called everlasting life - Eternal life starts on earth when one repents his her sins and gets baptized. The origin of death - Adam and eve disobeyed God. -. The sin of disobedience separated people from God and God pronounced death as one of the punishment on man. Christians view of death - Death does not mark the end of life of a Christian believer. |
The origin of death - Adam and eve disobeyed God. -. The sin of disobedience separated people from God and God pronounced death as one of the punishment on man. Christians view of death - Death does not mark the end of life of a Christian believer. -. John 3:16 says God sent His son Jesus Christ so that however believes in him shall not perish but have everlasting life.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Quiz 1 Eternal life is also called? 2 When does eternal Life begin? 3 Initiation in Christianity is equivalent to in African Traditional Religion 4 The tree that man ate from is known as the tree of? 5 Apart from death, state other punishments God gave to a. Snake b. Eve c. Adam How eternal life is received - Death came by means of a man called Adam and resurrection will come through Jesus Christ. -. When the body is buried it is immortal or perishable but when raised it is immortal or imperishable. -. Jesus died and was buried. -. He rose from the dead after 3 days with a spiritual body. -. On the last day, the living will receive the spiritual bodies that will join Jesus in the clouds. Quiz 1 State 3 women who were first to see the resurrected Jesus 2 Jesus resurrected on 3 offered a tomb to bury the body of Jesus. 4 Name the seven deacons I. Life after death John 14:1-30 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - In the ATR African traditional religion people believe in life after death, so does Christians. -. In ATR children are named after the dead as a show of honor - The dead are involved in rituals such as circumcision - Christians bury the dead and wait for the day of resurrection - We should not be afraid of death but respect God and love so as to inherit the kingdom of God. Quiz 1 State the common belief among the ATS and Christians. Both believe in 2 What is the significance of bloodshed during circumcision? 3 Naming children is very important in ATS. Name four ways of naming the children in ATS 4 Go wash your face in the pool of Siloam . Siloam means? Luke 9:1-12 5 Give the meaning of the following names: a. Emmanuel b. Isaac c. Jacob d. |
Emmanuel b.Isaac c.Jacob d.Jesus e.Rabbi - www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke. |
BASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBookSAD DLEBAC KBASIC ENGLISH GRAMMARSor English Language LearnersHoward Sargeant Copyright 2007 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 1-59905-203-2Printed in the United States of America13 12 11 10 09 08 07Three WatsonIrvine, CA 92618-2767Web site: www.sdlback.comFirst published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 by arrangement with Learners Publishing Pte Ltd, Singapore3Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of grammar provided by SADDLEBACK'S BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 and 2. |
These common nouns are words for things.ruler chair hammer bicycle truthpen table saw ship calculatorcrayons sofa axe truck televisionpencil loyalty drill ferry fridgebook lamp ladder train cookerdictionary carpet lawnmower bus computercourage telephone spade laziness printerThese common nouns are words for animals. Notice that special names for young animals are included.animal its youngdog puppycat kittencow calfhorse foalsheep lambgoat kidfrog tadpole These common nouns are words for places.bank airporthotel gas stationlibrary parkmuseum farmmall zootheater factoryhospital nursery animal its youngfox cubelephant calfkangaroo joeybear cublion cubtiger cubwhale calfschool post officeuniversity police stationoffice restaurantmosque supermarkettemple stadiumshop synagoguegym church1 Nouns1 Nouns 8These common nouns are words for people who do certain things.singer manager sailor gardenerdancer secretary pilot police officerartist teacher driver plumberphotographer doctor writer farmermagician dentist friend clerkathlete lawyer brother technicianProper NounsThe names of particular people, places and things are proper nouns. They always begin with a capital letter. These people s names are proper nouns. Robin Hood Florence Nightingale Mom Miss ParkAladdin Muhammad Ali Dad Mrs. TaylorFrankenstein George Washington Granny Mr. YoungHarry Potter David Beckham Grandad Dr. LeeSanta Claus Julia Roberts Uncle David Professor RajMahatma Gandhi Nelson Mandela Aunt Diana JoseConfucius Alex Rodriguez Ms. Hall Yang MingThe names of the days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns. |
YoungHarry Potter David Beckham Grandad Dr. LeeSanta Claus Julia Roberts Uncle David Professor RajMahatma Gandhi Nelson Mandela Aunt Diana JoseConfucius Alex Rodriguez Ms. Hall Yang MingThe names of the days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns. Days of the week months Monday January July Tuesday February August Wednesday March September Thursday April October Friday May November Saturday June December Sunday Nouns: Proper NounsAUGUSTSunday 4 11 18 25Monday 5 12 19 26Tuesday 6 13 20 27Wednesday 7 14 21 28Thursday 1 8 15 22 29Friday 2 9 16 23 30Saturday 3 10 17 24 319Nouns: Proper NounsThe names of special days and celebrations are also proper nouns. New Year s Day Veterans' DayMother s Day ThanksgivingIndependence Day Memorial DayValentine s Day HalloweenLabor Day ChristmasRamadan Yom Kippur The names of famous places, buildings and monuments are proper nouns. Big Ben the Empire State Buildingthe Sphinx the Taj MahalGraceland the Eiffel Towerthe Grand Canyon the Golden Gate Bridgethe Sydney Opera House the Great Wall of ChinaBuckingham Palace Chaco Canyon Pueblothe Leaning Tower of Pisa the Statue of Liberty The names of people who live in a particular country are also proper nouns.country peopleAfghanistan AfghansAustralia Australians Britain the BritishChina the ChineseFrance the FrenchGermany GermansIndia IndiansIndonesia IndonesiansItaly ItaliansJapan the JapaneseKorea KoreansMalaysia Malaysians country peopleSamoa SamoansNew Zealand New ZealandersPakistan Pakistanisthe Philippines FilipinosRussia RussiansNicaragua NicaraguansSouth Africa South AfricansSpain SpaniardsSwitzerland the SwissThailand ThaisUSA AmericansVietnam the Vietnamese Write each common noun under the correct heading.theater lion father brother doctor restaurant builder stove elephant kangaroo museum library things animals places people Exercise 2Underline the common nouns and circle the proper nouns in these sentences. 1. I told Uncle John about my accident. 2. Kim and Stephanie wore masks on Halloween. 3. The lawnmower is broken. 4. We re going to the movies tomorrow. 5. The lion is playing with one of its cubs. 6. My sister s favorite soccer player is David Beckham. 7. I m watching a videotape about the Sahara Desert. 8. |
7. I m watching a videotape about the Sahara Desert. 8. The tourists visited Rome and saw the Colosseum. 9. Does this bus go to the stadium? 10. We re reading a story about a boy called Harry Potter. Exercise 3Read the following passage containing common nouns and proper nouns. Put a C in the box after a common noun and a P in the box after a proper noun. Mr. Peters lives in Maine in a big house by the sea . He has three cats and a dog . He likes to travel to different countries . Last Christmas , he went to Paris and saw the Eiffel Tower . He enjoyed eating French food in nice restaurants .1011Nouns: Singular Nouns; Plural NounsSingular NounsNouns can be singular or plural. When you are talking about just one thing or person, use a singular noun. For example:a tent a park an ideaa taxi a doctor an ovena house a lady an exercisePlural NounsUse a plural noun when you are talking about two or more people, places or things. Just add s to make most nouns plural.singular plurala computer computersa chair chairsa train trainsa player playersa teacher teachersa taxi taxis N o t e s n Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns. A river an armchair three biscuits a castle an idea five eggs n The article an is used before nouns that begin with the vowels a, e, i, o and u. an artist an eye an insect an oven an umbrellan The article a is used before nouns that begin with the other letters, called consonants. But some words don t follow these rules. |
For example:a tent a park an ideaa taxi a doctor an ovena house a lady an exercisePlural NounsUse a plural noun when you are talking about two or more people, places or things. Just add s to make most nouns plural.singular plurala computer computersa chair chairsa train trainsa player playersa teacher teachersa taxi taxis N o t e s n Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns. A river an armchair three biscuits a castle an idea five eggs n The article an is used before nouns that begin with the vowels a, e, i, o and u. an artist an eye an insect an oven an umbrellan The article a is used before nouns that begin with the other letters, called consonants. But some words don t follow these rules. A uniform, a unit, a user: a, not an, is used because the vowel u in these words is pronounced like the word you; an hour, an heir, an honor: an, not a, is used because the consonant h in these words is not pronounced.singular plurala mountain mountainsa river riversan envelope envelopesan insect insectsan oven ovensan uncle uncles 12singular pluralsandwich sandwicheswitch witchesbrush brushesflash flashesbox boxesfox foxessingular pluralday daystray traysrunway runwayschimney chimneystrolley trolleysvalley valleys Nouns that end in s, ss, ch, sh or x, are made plural by adding es.singular pluralbus busesglass glassesdress dressesbranch brancheschurch churchesbeach beaches Most nouns that end in y are made plural by changing the y to i and adding es.singular pluralbaby babiesfamily familiesstory storiesteddy teddiesfairy fairiespuppy puppieshousefly houseflieslibrary librariescity citieslily liliesparty partiesdictionary dictionariesNouns that have a vowel before the y are made plural by simply adding s at the end. |
A river an armchair three biscuits a castle an idea five eggs n The article an is used before nouns that begin with the vowels a, e, i, o and u. an artist an eye an insect an oven an umbrellan The article a is used before nouns that begin with the other letters, called consonants. But some words don t follow these rules. A uniform, a unit, a user: a, not an, is used because the vowel u in these words is pronounced like the word you; an hour, an heir, an honor: an, not a, is used because the consonant h in these words is not pronounced.singular plurala mountain mountainsa river riversan envelope envelopesan insect insectsan oven ovensan uncle uncles 12singular pluralsandwich sandwicheswitch witchesbrush brushesflash flashesbox boxesfox foxessingular pluralday daystray traysrunway runwayschimney chimneystrolley trolleysvalley valleys Nouns that end in s, ss, ch, sh or x, are made plural by adding es.singular pluralbus busesglass glassesdress dressesbranch brancheschurch churchesbeach beaches Most nouns that end in y are made plural by changing the y to i and adding es.singular pluralbaby babiesfamily familiesstory storiesteddy teddiesfairy fairiespuppy puppieshousefly houseflieslibrary librariescity citieslily liliesparty partiesdictionary dictionariesNouns that have a vowel before the y are made plural by simply adding s at the end. Singular pluralkey keysmonkey monkeysdonkey donkeystoy toysboy boyscowboy cowboys Nouns: Plural Nouns13Many nouns that end in f are made plural by changing the f to v and adding es.singular pluralhalf halvesleaf leavesshelf shelveswolf wolvesthief thievesBut some nouns that end in f are made plural simply by adding s.singular pluralchief chiefsroof roofshandkerchief handkerchiefscliff cliffspuff puffsSome nouns that end in f can be made plural in two ways.singular pluralscarf scarfs or scarveshoof hoofs or hoovesdwarf dwarfs or dwarveswharf wharfs or wharves Most nouns that end in fe are made plural by changing the f to v and adding s. |
Put a checkmark in the correct box. Common nouns proper nouns 1. Do you like cheese? 2. They stood next to the Niagara Falls. 3. May I borrow your umbrella? 4. The ambulance was driving very fast. 5. Carl did not agree with them. 6. She loves to visit Disneyland. 7. Would you like some more water? 8. The fog was very thick. 9. May I invite Tom to join us? 10. My car is very old. N o t e s You can use a pair of with these plural nouns. For example: a pair of trousers a pair of pants a pair of glasses a pair of scissors a pair of chopsticks a pair of sandals a pair of glovesNouns: Plural Nouns 15Read the following passage. Write S in the box after each singular noun and P in the box after each plural noun. Our teacher is a very nice lady . She s very kind to all the children in the class and she tells us very funny stories . Yesterday, she told a story about the animals on a farm . They all had a race . The pigs and sheep ran faster than the ducks and cows , but the heroes of the story were the mice . They were faster than all the other animals , even though they had the shortest legs ! Exercise 6Read the following passage. Notice that the plural nouns are missing. Write the correct plural form of the singular nouns in parentheses. The first one has been done for you. Three lady in pink dress took their baby for a walk in the zoo. They saw four giraffe , three hippo , two kangaroo and an elephant. They walked for so long that their foot became sore, so they sat down on a bench for a rest near some monkey . The monkey were playing with cardboard box and throwing stick at each other. After a while, the lady looked at their watch and decided it was time to go home. Ladies1617 N o t e sCollective NounsWords for groups of people, animals or things are called collective nouns. Here are some collective nouns for groups of people.a family a crewa team a cluba community a committeea choir a companya band a gangan orchestra the governmentan audience the armyCollective nouns may be used with a singular verb or with a plural verb. |
After a while, the lady looked at their watch and decided it was time to go home. Ladies1617 N o t e sCollective NounsWords for groups of people, animals or things are called collective nouns. Here are some collective nouns for groups of people.a family a crewa team a cluba community a committeea choir a companya band a gangan orchestra the governmentan audience the armyCollective nouns may be used with a singular verb or with a plural verb. If the group is acting as a single unit, use a singular verb. If group members are acting as individuals, use a plural verb. For example:The crowd was orderly. OrThe crowd were clapping, yelling and cheering. Here are more collective nouns you can use for groups of people.a crowd of shoppers a gang of thievesa company of actors a panel of judgesa class of schoolchildren a platoon of soldiersMany groups of animals have their own special collective nouns.a herd of cattle a pack of wolves a litter of puppiesa flock of birds a pride of lions a troop of monkeysa drove of sheep a pod of dolphins a brood of chickensa gaggle of geese a school of fish a swarm of bees Always use a plural verb with the collective nouns, people and the police. For example:Those people live not lives in Asia. The police have caught not has caught the thief. Nouns: Collective Nouns18Some groups of things also have their own special collective nouns.a bunch of bananas a deck of cardsa cluster of grapes a flight of stepsa bunch of flowers a suite of roomsa bouquet of flowers a suite of furniturea range of mountains a set of toolsa fleet of ships a string of beadsa fleet of vehicles a grove of treesSome nouns name the amount or form of something.a loaf of bread a bar of soapa ball of string a bar of chocolateThe words a piece of mean a single serving or part of something.a slice piece of bread a slice piece of cheesea piece square of chocolate a slice piece of cakea sheet piece of paper a piece of chalka piece of information a piece of adviceExercise 7Read the following passage. Write the missing collective nouns in the blank spaces. Remember that sometimes there are two words you can use. Mom took Kate, Rudy and Derrick to the zoo. The zoo was very busy. A of people had gathered round the monkeys. |
Remember that sometimes there are two words you can use. Mom took Kate, Rudy and Derrick to the zoo. The zoo was very busy. A of people had gathered round the monkeys. One of the monkeys had a of bananas. Watching the monkey eat made the children feel hungry. Mom took a of bread and some of cheese out of the picnic hamper and everyone made sandwiches. After eating the sandwiches, the children had two of chocolate each. Rudy wanted to give one piece to a monkey, but the zookeeper gave Rudy a very useful of advice. Monkeys may look friendly, but sometimes they are very fierce, he said. 18Nouns: Collective NounsRead the sentences. Does the collective noun indicate a group acting together as a single unit? If so, circle the singular verb. Does the collective noun indicate a group in which each member acts individually? Circle the plural noun. 1. The jury were was arguing about the importance of evidence. 2. A whole company of soldiers is are marching in the parade. 3. A gaggle of geese is are running every which way in the barnyard. 4. Those people live lives in North America. 5. The police has have arrested the suspect. 6. That troupe of actors always stay stays at the Grand Hotel. 7. The committee is are handing in their ballots. 8. Our school band play plays many lively marches. 9. A big colony of ants lives live under the front porch. 10. The government are is entitled to collect taxes. Exercise 9Complete each phrase with a noun from the box that names a part or an amount of something. Bushel scoop ream pair drop grain pinch galaxy 1. A of stars 5. A of potatoes 2. A of sand 6. A of bookends 3. A of paper 7. A of ice cream 4. A of salt 8. A of rain1920masculine femininenephew nieceking queenprince princessemperor empresswizard witchactor actresspoliceman policewomanwaiter waitress Nouns: Masculine and Feminine NounsMasculine and Feminine NounsMasculine nouns are words for men, boys and male animals. |
They are older than I am. 25Object PronounsThe object of a verb receives the action of the verb. The personal pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us and them can all be used as the object of a verb. Look at the following two sentences:Lisa likes cats. She likes to stroke them. In the first sentence, the noun cats is the object of the verb likes. In the second sentence, the pronoun them is the object of the verb stroke. Here are some more pairs of sentences that show personal pronouns used as objects of verbs. I m doing my homework. Dad is helping me. Goodbye, children! I ll call you later. Where is John? I need to speak to him. Miss Garcia is very nice. All the children like her. The car is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it. Uncle Harry called Mary to ask her a question. My chocolates are all gone. Someone has eaten them. First Person, Second Person and Third PersonIn grammar, the person who is speaking is called the first person. The one spoken to is called the second person, and the one spoken about is called the third person. Here is a table to help you remember which pronouns to use.subject object first person singularImesecond person singularyouyouthird person singularhehimsheherititfirst person pluralweussecond person pluralyouyouthird person pluraltheythem Pronouns: Personal Pronouns26Reflexive PronounsReflexive pronouns are words that refer to the noun or pronoun that is the subject of the verb. |
N o t e sn Use this and these when you are talking about things near you.n Use that and those when you are talking about things farther away. Pronouns: Possessive Pronouns; Demonstrative Pronouns28Interrogative PronounsInterrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The words who, whose, what, which and whom are interrogative pronouns. Who used all my paper?Who is Mom talking to?Who are those people?Whose pen is this?Whose are these shoes?What is your brother s name?What does Tom want?What is the date today?What do you want to be when you grow up?Which of these desks is yours?Which do you prefer?Which of your sisters is the tallest?Whom did the President criticize?Inedefinite PronounsAn indefinite pronoun does not refer directly to any other word. Most indefinite pronouns express he idea of quantity. Everybody is welcome at the meeting. Many prefer their coffee with sugar. Does anybody care for a cheese sandwich?Few choose to live in the arid desert. Pronouns: Interrogative Pronouns; Indefinite Pronouns N o t e sn In writing and formal speaking, you can also use whom as the object of verbs and prepositions. For example: Whom did the president criticize? Whom is the principal talking to? Or To whom is the principal talking?but you cannot use whom as the subject of a verb. So you cannot say: Whom came to the party last night?You have to say: Who came to the party last night? N Who can be used as the subject or the object of a verb. For example: Who broke the window? As the subject Who are you inviting to your party? As the object n Who can be used as the object of a preposition. For example: Who is Mom talking to?n You can also use whom as the object of a preposition. |
As the subject Who are you inviting to your party? As the object n Who can be used as the object of a preposition. For example: Who is Mom talking to?n You can also use whom as the object of a preposition. For example: Whom is Mom talking to?If you put the preposition before the interrogative pronoun, you must use whom: To whom is Mom talking? 29Indefinite Pronounsalleachmostotheranothereitherneitherseveralanyeverybodynobodysomeanybodyeveryonenonesomebodyanyonefewno onesomeonebothmanyonesuchThe pronoun they is considered an indefinite pronoun when it makes an indefinite reference. They produce a lot of coal in your state. Why don't they repair the bad roads? Exercise 1Read the following passage. Write the missing subject and object pronouns in the blank spaces. My name is Charlie. Have two brothers. Are both older than . Sometimes they take me to the park and play football together. I like playing football with because they are very good. We are going to the park today. Would you like to come with ? Can all play together. Afterwards, can come to my house if want to. I think will like my dad. He is very funny and makes great pizzas. Do like pizza?29Pronouns: Indefinite Pronouns Some of the reflexive pronouns in the following sentences are used correctly, but some are not. Put a checkmark in the box if the reflexive pronoun is correct. Put an x in the box if it is not correct. Then write the correct reflexive pronoun in the blank space. 1. Sometimes I wash the dishes all by himself . 2. Dad had an accident. He cut herself with a knife. 3. Sally washes the car by herself . 4. Do you think the doctor can cure itself when he is ill? 5. The cat stays clean by licking itself . 6. Anna and May made the dinner all by herself . 7. Mom lets me walk to school by myself . 8. Can you dress themselves , boys and girls? 9. David can swim all by himself now.10. This light is automatic. It switches itself on at night. Exercise 3Write a short sentence using each of the interrogative pronouns below. |
5. Several applied for the job, but no one was hired. 32 3 Adjectives3 AdjectivesAdjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They give you more information about people, places, and things. Kinds of Adjectives Some adjectives tell about the size of people or things.a big housea long bridgetiny feeta large armya high mountainbig handsa huge shipa short mana short skirta tall buildinga thin boylong trousersSome adjectives tell about the color of things.a red carpeta gray suita brown beara white swanan orange balloongreen peppersa blue uniforma yellow ribbonblack shoesSome adjectives tell what people or things are like by describing their quality.a beautiful womana young soldiera flat surfacea handsome boyan old unclea hot drinka poor familya kind ladya cold wintera rich couple a familiar voicea sunny daya strange placea deep poolcool weatherSome adjectives tell what things are made of. They refer to substances.a plastic foldera stone walla clay pota paper baga metal boxa glass doora cotton shirta silk dressa concrete roada jade ringa wooden spoona porcelain vase33Some adjectives are made from proper nouns of place. These adjectives are called adjectives of origin.a Mexican hata British police officerthe French flaga Filipino dressan American customWashington applesa Japanese ladya Spanish dancean Indian templean Italian carThe Order of Adjectives Sometimes several adjectives are used to describe a single noun or pronoun. When you use two or more adjectives, the usual order is: size, quality, color, origin, substance. For example:a small green plastic box size color substancea stylish red Italian car quality color originHere are more examples.a large Indian templea tall white stone buildinga colorful cotton shirta long Chinese silk robedelicious Spanish foodan old graceful Japanese lady crunchy Australian applesa short handsome English manAdjectives of quality sometimes come before adjectives of size. For example:beautiful long hairelegant short hairBut adjectives of size always come before adjectives of color. For example:beautiful long black hairelegant short red hairIf you use any adjective of substance, it comes after the color adjective. For example:a beautiful long black silk dressAdjectives: The Order of Adjectives Read the following passage and underline the adjectives. |
For example:beautiful long hairelegant short hairBut adjectives of size always come before adjectives of color. For example:beautiful long black hairelegant short red hairIf you use any adjective of substance, it comes after the color adjective. For example:a beautiful long black silk dressAdjectives: The Order of Adjectives Read the following passage and underline the adjectives. Write S above adjectives of size, C above adjectives of color, Q above adjectives of quality and O above adjectives of origin. Sydney is a large Australian city with busy streets and expensive shops. In summer, it s a very hot place. People wear cool clothes and drink cool drinks. There are beautiful sandy beaches where people can rest and look up at the wide blue sky. There are big parks for tourists to visit. Japanese tourists like to sit and watch other people. British tourists take photographs of the strange plants and colorful birds. Exercise 2The following passage contains a lot of adjectives. Some of the adjectives appear in the wrong order. First underline the wrongly ordered adjectives. Then write them in their correct order on the lines below the passage. My friend Jeremy is a handsome tall boy. He always wears a white long T-shirt and a big red cap. He carries a blue huge canvas bag to school. His favorite food is red crunchy apples and he always has one in his bag. Our teacher is an English kind tall man called Mr. Clark. He wears a blue smart suit and glasses with black plastic thick frames.3435Adjective EndingsAdjectives have many different endings. Some adjectives end in -ful. These adjectives describe noun or pronouns that are full of something or have a lot of something.a beautiful facea painful injurya careful studenta cheerful babya joyful smilea helpful teachera powerful machinea wonderful timeplayful childrena skillful playera useful bookcolorful clothesSome adjectives end in -ous.a famous writera courageous soldiera mountainous areaan adventurous explorera dangerous joba poisonous snakea humorous filma generous giftmischievous childrenmarvelous resultsSome adjectives end in -y. A messy rooma noisy cardirty handsa sleepy doga cloudy skythirsty childrena muddy patha sunny daystormy weatheran easy testa lazy worker juicy fruitSome adjectives end in -less. These adjectives describe a person or thing that does not have something. |
These adjectives describe noun or pronouns that are full of something or have a lot of something.a beautiful facea painful injurya careful studenta cheerful babya joyful smilea helpful teachera powerful machinea wonderful timeplayful childrena skillful playera useful bookcolorful clothesSome adjectives end in -ous.a famous writera courageous soldiera mountainous areaan adventurous explorera dangerous joba poisonous snakea humorous filma generous giftmischievous childrenmarvelous resultsSome adjectives end in -y. A messy rooma noisy cardirty handsa sleepy doga cloudy skythirsty childrena muddy patha sunny daystormy weatheran easy testa lazy worker juicy fruitSome adjectives end in -less. These adjectives describe a person or thing that does not have something. A cloudless sky a meaningless worda sleeveless dressa fearless fightera careless driverhomeless peoplea joyless songseedless grapesa useless toolharmless animalsAdjectives: Adjective Endings 36Some adjectives end in -al.a national flagpersonal possessionsmusical instrumentsa traditional costumeelectrical goodsmagical powersa coastal townmedical equipmentHere are some adjectives that end in -ic, -ish, -ible, -able, -ive and -ly. A fantastic singera terrible messan imaginative storyan energetic doga sensible answerexpensive jewelerybasic grammarhorrible smellstalkative childrenenthusiastic shoutingvisible footprintsa creative artista selfish acta likeable childfriendly teachersfoolish behaviorcomfortable clothesa lovely dressstylish clothesvaluable advicea lively catchildish talksuitable colorsan elderly manMany adjectives end in -ing. Loving parentsan interesting booka caring nursea disappointing resulta flashing lightan outstanding swimmera smiling facean exciting ridea boring storychattering monkeysa gleaming carshocking news N o t e sWords like smiling, caring and flashing are present participles of verbs. They are formed by adding ing to the verbs. Many present participles can also be used as adjectives. Adjectives: Adjective Endings 37Many of adjectives end in ed. A closed doorsatisfied customersboiled eggsworried passengerswasted timeescaped prisonersa painted wallexcited studentsreduced pricesinvited guestsDescribing What Something Is Made OfSome nouns can be used like adjectives. |
They are formed by adding ing to the verbs. Many present participles can also be used as adjectives. Adjectives: Adjective Endings 37Many of adjectives end in ed. A closed doorsatisfied customersboiled eggsworried passengerswasted timeescaped prisonersa painted wallexcited studentsreduced pricesinvited guestsDescribing What Something Is Made OfSome nouns can be used like adjectives. For example, if you have a chair that is made of plastic, you can use the noun plastic as an adjective and say that the chair is a plastic chair. If you have a watch that is made of gold, you can say it is a gold watch. But the nouns wood and wool can t be used like this. To make adjectives of these nouns you have to add en. Noun adjectiveexamplewoodwoodena wooden doorwoolwoolena woolen jumperDescribing What Something Is LikeThere s another way to make adjectives from nouns. Suppose you want to say that something is like a certain material, although not made of it. To make these adjectives, add -en to some nouns and -y to other nouns.nounadjectiveexample goldgoldena golden sunrise bright yellow like gold silksilky or silkensilky skin as soft as silk leadleadena leaden sky dark gray like the color of lead N o t e sWords like closed, wasted and escaped are past participles of verbs. Many past participles can also be used as adjectives. Adjectives: Describing What Something Is Made Of 38careinterestingExercise 3The following sentences contain adjectives made by adding endings to nouns. Write the noun that each adjective comes from on the line after each sentence. The first one has been done for you. Remember that some nouns must be changed slightly before the ending is added. 1. She s always making careless mistakes. 2. It was a very painful injury. 3. Witches and wizards have magical powers. 4. These oranges are very juicy. 5. Dogs are usually more energetic than cats. 6. Our neighbors are not very friendly. 7. She keeps her toys in a large wooden box. 8. Take off your muddy shoes before you come in. 9. May I borrow your pencil sharpener? Mine is useless. 10. What a beautiful dress! Exercise 4Fill in the blank spaces with adjectives made from the verbs in parentheses. |
10. What a beautiful dress! Exercise 4Fill in the blank spaces with adjectives made from the verbs in parentheses. Remember that both present participles and past participles can be used as adjectives. Choose the adjective that suits the sentence best. The first one has been done for you. 1. It wasn t a very interest movie. 2. We could hear the excite fans screaming. 3. I hope the pupils don t think that my classes are bore . 4. My dad had a very worry look on his face. 5. Have the police found the steal car yet? 6. The supermarket sells lots of freeze food. 7. The players on the win team don t look tired at all. 8. Some of the old houses had break windows.3839The Comparison of AdjectivesThe Comparative FormTo compare two people or things, use the comparative form of an adjective. The comparative form is usually made by adding er to the adjective.adjectivecomparative formadjectivecomparative form darkdarkerhardharderlightlighterwarmwarmerhighhighercoldcolderlowlowerfastfasteroldolderslowsloweryoungyoungerrichricherpoorpoorertalltallersmallsmallersoftsofterThe Superlative FormWhen you compare three or more people or things, use the superlative form of an adjective. The superlative form is usually made by adding est to the adjective.adjectivesuperlative form adjectivesuperlative formdarkdarkestwarmwarmestlightlightestcoldcoldesthighhighestfastfastestlowlowestslowslowestoldoldestyoungyoungestrichrichestpoorpooresttalltallestsmallsmallestsoftsoftesthardhardest N o t e sThe word the is often used before the superlative form. For example:A bee is a small insect. A ladybird is smaller, but an ant is the smallest. N o t e sThe word than is often used to compare two things or people. For example, you say:Mr. Lee is taller than Philip. A car is faster than a bike. |
N o t e sThe word than is often used to compare two things or people. For example, you say:Mr. Lee is taller than Philip. A car is faster than a bike. Adjectives: The Comparison of Adjectives40If the adjective ends in e, add r to form the comparative and st to form the superlative.adjectivecomparativesuperlative nicenicernicestclosecloserclosestlargelargerlargestruderuderrudestsafesafersafestwidewiderwidestSuppose the adjective is a short word that ends in a consonant and has a single vowel in the middle. Just double the consonant and add er to make the comparative and est to make the superlative.adjectivecomparativesuperlativesadsaddersaddestwetwetterwettestslimslimmerslimmestthinthinnerthinnestbigbiggerbiggestSuppose the adjective has two syllables and ends in y. Just change the y to i and add er to make the comparative and add est to make the superlative. Adjective comparative superlativeadjective comparative superlativeeasyeasiereasiestheavyheavierheaviestfunnyfunnierfunniestlovelylovelierloveliestdirtydirtierdirtiestprettyprettierprettiestnoisynoisiernoisiesttidytidiertidiesthappyhappierhappiestfriendlyfriendlierfriendliestnaughty naughtiernaughtiesttinytiniertiniest Adjectives: The Comparison of Adjectives41Use more and most to compare most other two-syllable adjectives. You will also use more and most with all adjectives that have more than two syllables.adjectivecomparativesuperlative famousmore famousmost famouspreciousmore preciousmost precioushandsomemore handsomemost handsomeexcitingmore excitingmost excitingbeautifulmore beautifulmost beautifulexpensivemore expensivemost expensivecomfortablemore comfortablemost comfortabledeliciousmore deliciousmost deliciousinterestingmore interestingmost interestingdifficultmore difficultmost difficultIrregular Comparative and Superlative FormsA few adjectives don t form their comparative and superlative forms in any of the usual ways. |
Just change the y to i and add er to make the comparative and add est to make the superlative. Adjective comparative superlativeadjective comparative superlativeeasyeasiereasiestheavyheavierheaviestfunnyfunnierfunniestlovelylovelierloveliestdirtydirtierdirtiestprettyprettierprettiestnoisynoisiernoisiesttidytidiertidiesthappyhappierhappiestfriendlyfriendlierfriendliestnaughty naughtiernaughtiesttinytiniertiniest Adjectives: The Comparison of Adjectives41Use more and most to compare most other two-syllable adjectives. You will also use more and most with all adjectives that have more than two syllables.adjectivecomparativesuperlative famousmore famousmost famouspreciousmore preciousmost precioushandsomemore handsomemost handsomeexcitingmore excitingmost excitingbeautifulmore beautifulmost beautifulexpensivemore expensivemost expensivecomfortablemore comfortablemost comfortabledeliciousmore deliciousmost deliciousinterestingmore interestingmost interestingdifficultmore difficultmost difficultIrregular Comparative and Superlative FormsA few adjectives don t form their comparative and superlative forms in any of the usual ways. The comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives are different words, called irregular forms.adjectivecomparativesuperlative goodbetterbestbadworseworstlittlelessleastmanymoremostfarfarther or furtherfarthest or furthestFor example:My painting is good, Melanie s painting is better, but Andrew s painting is the best. Adjectives: The Comparison of Adjectives 42Adjective PhrasesPhrases can be used like single adjectives to describe nouns and pronouns. Phrases that are used in this way are called adjective phrases. Most adjective phrases come after the word they describe. Look at these examples. The adjective phrases are in bold and the nouns they describe are in color. Who is the girl with long hair?My friend lives in the house across the street. Mrs. Morris is tall and slim. This is the road to Toledo. The lady in the bookshop is a friend of mine. Some adjective phrases come before the word they describe. |
The adjective phrases are in bold and the nouns they describe are in color. Who is the girl with long hair?My friend lives in the house across the street. Mrs. Morris is tall and slim. This is the road to Toledo. The lady in the bookshop is a friend of mine. Some adjective phrases come before the word they describe. The words in these phrases are often joined with hyphens.a long-legged bird an eight-year-old childa well-dressed ladya ten-cent coina fun-loving teenagera twenty-story buildinguser-friendly equipmenta large-sized shirtExercise 5Read the following passage. Write the correct comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives in parentheses in the blank spaces. The first one has been done for you. Paul likes playing football. He s a very good player, but his friend Sally is a good player. She s the good player in the whole school. She is fast and strong than all the boys, even the boys who are old and big than her. That s why Paul likes her. Paul thinks all games are exciting, but football is the exciting game and it s noisy than all the other games he plays with his friends. When the grass is wet, everyone gets dirty when they play football. But Sally gets dirty and wet than everyone else.better 42Adjectives: Adjective Phrases 4343to Tokyosmall and brownExercise 6Complete the following sentences. Write an adjective phrase that includes the preposition in parentheses. The first one has been done for you. 1. Is this the train to ? 2. They live in a big house near . 3. Emilly's desk is oppposite . 4. The bucket has a hole in . 5. Who is the man with ? Exercise 4Complete the following sentences. Write an adjective phrase, using the adjective in parentheses and another adjective linked with and or but. The first one has been done for you. 1. My dog is small . 2. His sister's hair is black . 3. Our teacher is oppposite . 4. Tomorrow's weather will be sunny . 5. The museum was quiet . 44 N o t e sn Some vowels have a consonant sound as well as vowel sound. Use the article a with nouns that begin with these vowels: Is there a university in your town? |
The museum was quiet . 44 N o t e sn Some vowels have a consonant sound as well as vowel sound. Use the article a with nouns that begin with these vowels: Is there a university in your town? Does every child in the school wear a uniform? We are taking a European vacation this summer.n Some words begin with a silent h. Use an with nouns that begin with a silent h: We ve been waiting here for an hour. Meeting the president was an honor for all of us.4 Determiners appleumbrellaentranceislandanfoxpeachmuseumladypencila4 DeterminersDeterminers, or noun signals, are special adjectives used before nouns. There are different kinds of determiners. The ArticlesThe words a, an and the are called the articles. The words a and an are indefinite articles. They are used with singular nouns. Use a before nouns that begin with a consonant. Use an before nouns that begin with a vowel. John is reading a book. Would you like a peach?Is that a dog or a fox?You ll need a ruler and a pencil. Is there also an entrance at the back of the building?Have you ever seen an elephant?I always take an apple to school. Do you have an umbrella that I can borrow?Would you like to live on an island? 45 The word the is called the definite article. Use the before a noun when you are talking to someone who already knows which person or thing you mean. Dad is sitting in the garden. Who made the mess on the carpet?Turn the television off now. I ll wait for you in the car. The boys are upstairs and the girls are outside in the street. Using Nouns without Articles When you are talking about something in general, not a particular thing, use a noun without an article. You can also use plural nouns without an article. Frogs are my favorite animals. Children like playing games. Babies cry a lot. Glasses are things that you wear to correct your eyesight. Birds are animals that can fly. People enjoy watching television. Nouns that don't show quantity are normally used without a or an. |
I ll wait for you in the car. The boys are upstairs and the girls are outside in the street. Using Nouns without Articles When you are talking about something in general, not a particular thing, use a noun without an article. You can also use plural nouns without an article. Frogs are my favorite animals. Children like playing games. Babies cry a lot. Glasses are things that you wear to correct your eyesight. Birds are animals that can fly. People enjoy watching television. Nouns that don't show quantity are normally used without a or an. The article the, however, may be used with nouns that don't show quantity. I like sunshine. I sometimes have fruit for breakfast. You ve got dirt on your face. A clock measures time. Put sugar in your tea to make it sweet. I need time to think of a new plan. Would you pass me the salt, please. Can I borrow the paint when you ve finished? N o t e sYou often use the singular nouns school, home, work, church without an article:We go to school by bus. Dad has already left home for work. They go to church on Sundays. Determiners: Using Nouns without Articles 46Demonstrative DeterminersThe words this, that, these and those are also special pronouns called determiners. They are used to point out which thing or person you mean. They are called demonstrative determiners. Use this and these to talk about things and people that are near you. Use this with singular nouns. Who lives in this house?This car belongs to my mom. Does this key fit the lock?This book is my favorite. Who gave you this money?This cheese tastes funny. Use that and those to talk about things that are farther away from you. Use that with singular nounsThis chair is mine and that chair is yours. That animal is making a funny noise. Would you pass me that book, please? Who is that man talking to Dad? How much is that dress? Use those with plural nounsI gave my sandwiches to those boys. Those children go to a different school. These shoes are mine and those shoes are yours. These apples look fresh but those apples look rotten. Those people are from Africa. Determiners: Demonstrative DeterminersUse these with plural nounsThese trousers are too short. I don t like these comics. These biscuits don t taste very good. I bought these apples for lunch. Is there an adult with these children? |
These apples look fresh but those apples look rotten. Those people are from Africa. Determiners: Demonstrative DeterminersUse these with plural nounsThese trousers are too short. I don t like these comics. These biscuits don t taste very good. I bought these apples for lunch. Is there an adult with these children? 47Quantifying DeterminersWords such as many, much and several tell about quantity without giving an exact number. They are called quantifying determiners. Some quantifying determiners are used only with plural nouns. They are few, a few, fewer, many, several and both. Few people have been to the moon. We went to Europe many years ago. A few children are absent today. Several friends went with me. I have fewer CDs than you. Both brothers have dark hair. Some quantifying determiners can be used with plural nouns and nouns that show no exact number. They are all, half, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, more, most, other and plenty of. All children seem to like chocolate. We ve eaten all the food in the refrigerator. Half the balloons have burst already. Jenny spends half her time watching television. Some girls like to play football. Can I have some water?Do you have enough books to read?I don t have enough material to make a dress. A lot of people like burgers. There s a lot of fruit in the bowl. They went to a park with lots of animals in it. You will gain weight if you eat lots of ice cream. You ve got more brothers than I have. There s more space in my room than yours. Most teachers enjoy teaching. Most lemonade contains sugar. He likes playing with other children. They had never tasted other food. Plenty of my friends have seen the Harry Potter movies. Drink plenty of water every day. Determiners: Quantifying Determiners48 Some determiners can be used only with nouns of no exact number. They are little meaning not much , a little meaning some , much and less. We have little time to play. There s a little rice left. Does the teacher give you much homework?I ve got less ice cream than you. Some quantifying determiners can only be used with singular nouns. They are another, every and each. I need another pencil. He likes every child in the class. Each house is painted a different color. The quantifying determiners either and neither refer to two people or things. I don t like either drink. Neither sister has long hair. |
Some quantifying determiners can only be used with singular nouns. They are another, every and each. I need another pencil. He likes every child in the class. Each house is painted a different color. The quantifying determiners either and neither refer to two people or things. I don t like either drink. Neither sister has long hair. Some quantifying determiners are used with singular, plural, or nouns of no exact quantity. They are any, no, no other and the other. Any dog will bite if it s afraid. Are there any good books in the library?There wasn t any space in the cupboard. No child likes getting hurt. There were no pencils in the drawer. We ve done no work today. There is no other way of solving the problem. She has no other friends. We have no other food in the refrigerator. Do you like this picture or the other picture?The other boys laughed at him. I like the other music better. Determiners: Quantifying Determiners49Interrogative DeterminersThe words what, which and whose are used before nouns to ask questions. Interrogative determiners appear just before nouns. What time is it?Which boy is your brother?Whose pen is this?Possessive DeterminersThe words my, your, his, her, its, our and their are used before nouns to show ownership. They are called possessive determiners. I gave my sandwich to John. Is this your desk?Alan crashed his bike into a wall. Mrs. Park keeps her house very clean. The dog was licking its paws. There s a snake in our garden. Susan and Peter have invited me to their party. This table will help you remember how to use possessive determiners.singular personal possessiveplural personal possessive pronoundeterminerpronoundeterminerI subject pronoun my we subject pronoun ourme object pronoun my us object pronoun ouryou subject object pronoun your you subject object pronoun yourhe subject pronoun his they subject pronoun theirhim object pronoun his them object pronoun theirshe subject pronoun herher object pronoun herit subject object pronoun its N o t e sThe possessive determiner your can be used when you are talking to one person or more than one person:I m very angry with you, John. |
They are called possessive determiners. I gave my sandwich to John. Is this your desk?Alan crashed his bike into a wall. Mrs. Park keeps her house very clean. The dog was licking its paws. There s a snake in our garden. Susan and Peter have invited me to their party. This table will help you remember how to use possessive determiners.singular personal possessiveplural personal possessive pronoundeterminerpronoundeterminerI subject pronoun my we subject pronoun ourme object pronoun my us object pronoun ouryou subject object pronoun your you subject object pronoun yourhe subject pronoun his they subject pronoun theirhim object pronoun his them object pronoun theirshe subject pronoun herher object pronoun herit subject object pronoun its N o t e sThe possessive determiner your can be used when you are talking to one person or more than one person:I m very angry with you, John. Your behavior has been very bad today. Jake and Josh, your dinner is ready. Determiners: Interrogative Determiners; Possessive Determiners50NumbersNumbers are determiners, too. Numbers are often used before nouns to tell you exactly how many people or things there are. Our family has two dogs. There are twelve months in the year. We bought three pizzas. My grandfather lived for a hundred years. Using Determiners Together You can use quantifying determiners with each other and with numbers. Some people like winter but many more people prefer summer. There s a little less space in this cupboard than in that one. There are five fewer children in my class than in your class. Use of between a quantifying determiner and another kind of determiner. I don t like any of these drinks. Some of my friends don t like country music. Each of the boys answered the question correctly. I ve had enough of your bad behavior!Five of these girls are taller than any of the boys. The quantifying determiner all may be used with or without of. For example you can say:We ate all of the food in the fridge. OrWe ate all the food in the fridge. He spends all of his time playing or He spends all his time playing football. Football. She likes all of my friends. Or She likes all my friends. Determiners: Numbers; Using Determiners Together Read the following passage. |
OrWe ate all the food in the fridge. He spends all of his time playing or He spends all his time playing football. Football. She likes all of my friends. Or She likes all my friends. Determiners: Numbers; Using Determiners Together Read the following passage. Write the correct article in each blank space. If no article is needed, leave the space blank. The first one has been done for you. John lives in apartment with his mom, dad and sister Katy. Apartment has three bedrooms, kitchen, bathroom and living room. John s mom works in office and his dad stays at home and looks after apartment. He spends much of his time in kitchen, preparing meals. John and Katy help their dad with housework. John likes using vacuum cleaner and Katy likes to sweep floor. Dad gives John and Katy money when they help him. They usually spend the money on computer games! Exercise 2 Notice the determiners in the following passage. What kind of determiners are they? Put a D in the box after a demonstrative determiner, a Q after a quantifying determiner, an I after an interrogative determiner, a P after a possessive determiner and an N after a number. Sally is my friend. We play together every day. I usually go to her house to play. Her parents are very nice, but she has two brothers who sometimes spoil our games. Last week, her brothers pulled my hair. Sally s mom was very angry with them. Stop behaving in that rough way! She shouted. I m glad I don t have any brothers. 51an525 Verbs and Tenses5 Verbs and TensesMost verbs describe actions, so they are called action verbs. Action verbs tell what people or things are doing. Here are some common action verbs.drink look jump swim fall eat shout walk throw climblaugh run sit catch dance Subject and Verb AgreementWhen you use a verb, you have to say who or what is doing the action. This who or what is the subject of the verb. The subject and the verb match each other. You say that the subject and the verb agree when they match each other. Use a singular verb if the subject is a singular noun. For example, the subjects my dad or our school , or any of the pronouns he, she or it, require a singular verb. Most singular verbs end in s. Look at the subjects and their verbs in these examples. |
For example, the subjects my dad or our school , or any of the pronouns he, she or it, require a singular verb. Most singular verbs end in s. Look at the subjects and their verbs in these examples. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are in color. He always drinks milk when he s hot. She eats bananas for breakfast. Mom walks to work every day. My sister dances like a professional dancer. The baby falls when she tries to walk. Our cat climbs the trees in our garden. This form of the verb is called the third person singular. You use it when the subject of the verb is not you or the person you are speaking to, but some other person a third person or a thing. Here are some more third person singular verbs that end in s.plays sings shines rides smilesdraws paints blows thinks stopsreads rains travels talks starts 53The third person singular form of some verbs is made by adding es at the end. Some examples are verbs that end in sh, ch, ss, x, zz and o. brushes watches kisses fixesrushes reaches misses mixespolishes teaches passes buzzes crashes catches presses does washes touches dresses goesHere are some sentences with verbs in their third person singular form. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are in color. She always brushes her teeth at bedtime. Dad polishes his shoes until they shine. My brother watches television after school. Kim catches the ball with one hand. Dad mixes flour and water when he makes bread. The bee buzzes around the flowers. My friend Sanjay goes to the same school as I do. How do you make the third person singular form of most verbs that end in y? Usually, you just change the y to an i and then add es. Carry carries hurry hurries copy copiescry cries fly flies marry marriesstudy studies worry worries bully bulliesA cat carries its kitten with its mouth. Mr. Chen hurries to work every morning. The baby cries a lot at night. This plane flies to the island every day. Alice tries hard at school. She copies all the questions in her notebook. Verbs and Tenses: Subject and Verb Agreement 54Some verbs that end in y have a vowel before the y. Just add an s at the end of these words to make the third person singular form.buy buys say says pray prayspay pays annoy annoys stay staysMom buys bread at the supermarket. Mr. |
Chen hurries to work every morning. The baby cries a lot at night. This plane flies to the island every day. Alice tries hard at school. She copies all the questions in her notebook. Verbs and Tenses: Subject and Verb Agreement 54Some verbs that end in y have a vowel before the y. Just add an s at the end of these words to make the third person singular form.buy buys say says pray prayspay pays annoy annoys stay staysMom buys bread at the supermarket. Mr. Carter pays all his bills with a credit card. My friend says he has a salt-water aquarium. She annoys me with her silly jokes. Anna stays with her aunt on weekends. If the subject of a verb is a plural noun, such as Mom and Dad or our teachers , use a plural verb. Do not add s, es or ies to plural verbs. Plural verbs are also used with the pronouns I, we, you and they. Mom and Dad love us. My sisters listen to music a lot. The stars shine brightly on a clear night. Some people drink tea. I like juicy hamburgers. We learn interesting things at school. You all know the words to this song, children. They always walk home from school together. Suppose the subject of a noun refers to a group of people. Depending on the meaning of the sentence, you may use either a singular or a plural verb. The audience was enjoying the play. The audience have all gone home. The class has thirty students. The class are handing in their papers. The band is performing until midnight. The band were arguing among themselves. N o t e sWords that refer to groups of people or animals are called collective nouns. Here are some more examples:crowd committee herd crew litter flockVerbs and Tenses: Subject and Verb Agreement 55Transitive and Intransitive VerbsSome verbs have an object. The object of a verb is the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb. Look at this sentence: Alice eats a banana for breakfast. The subject of the verb is Alice. She is the person who does the action: she eats. The object of the verb is a banana. A banana is affected by the action of the verb. So in this sentence, the object of the verb eat is a banana . Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs. Here are some sentences with transitive verbs. |
So in this sentence, the object of the verb eat is a banana . Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs. Here are some sentences with transitive verbs. The verbs are printed in bold and their objects are printed in color. John likes apples. Sam knows the answer to the question. My sister cooks all our meals. My brother rides his bike in the street. Dad buys tea at the market. Mom writes stories in her spare time. Some verbs don t have an object. A verb that does not have an object is called an intransitive verb. Here are some sentences with intransitive verbs. In China, lots of people walk to work. The boys play in the yard after school. Mr. Carter always drives very carefully. Doris is a very successful businesswoman. Michael and I both entered the race. He won but I lost. Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. Notice that the transitive meaning and the intransitive meaning are sometimes different.transitive verbsintransitive verbs The pilot flies the plane very well. Eagles fly high in the sky. The boys play football on weekends. The boys play in the yard on weekends. My mom runs her own company. My mom runs in the park for fun. We walk the dog every evening. We walk on the beach every evening. The verb is the action wordThe subjectdoes the actionThe object is affected by the action Verbs and Tenses: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Read the following sentences. Underline the verb in each sentence. 1. We live in an apartment on the boulevard. 2. Some children learn very fast. 3. We go for swimming lessons on Sunday. 4. I like my new bike. 5. Babies sometimes sleep during the day. 6. My dad buys a newspaper every morning. 7. These dolls belong to Kathleen. 8. I often walk to school with my dad. 9. My sister plays the piano very well. 10. Sarah sometimes reads in bed at night. Exercise 2Fill in the blank spaces with the third person singular form of the verbs in parentheses. Example: Ali look sad today. 1. Sumiko speak English very well. 2. Mr. Kim come to school on his motorbike. 3. My neighbor s dog bark very loudly. 4. My little brother always brush his teeth properly. |
My neighbor s dog bark very loudly. 4. My little brother always brush his teeth properly. 5. Dad is so tall that his head almost touch the ceiling. 6. Our dog catch the ball in its teeth. 7. Mom mix vinegar and oil to make salad dressing. 8. Sally try not to disturb her brother when he s reading. 9. Dad buy his newspaper from the store on the corner. 10. Her music annoy me when I m doing my homework. 56looksintransitive transitive objectverbverbExercise 3Underline the verbs in the following sentences. Then show whether the verb is transitive or intransitive by putting a checkmark in the correct box. Remember that depending on the meaning, some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. For each of the transitive verbs you have marked, write the object of the verb on the lines. The first one is done for you. 1. My brother and I often play chess. 2. Mom and Dad work in the garden on weekends. 3. The library closes at 5 P.M. 4. Mr. Ross drives his car very carefully. 5. The cat jumped over the wall. 6. My sister likes her new jeans. 7. Grandad walks the dog every evening. 8. Will you come with me to the shop? 9. The boys are skating in the park. 10. Dad is making sandwiches. 11. The children went to bed. 12. We buy our food at the supermarket. 13. Sally found a good hiding place. 14. They are learning to speak English. 15. Anna was reading an interesting book. 16. On weekends, I usually go to the beach with Dad. 17. The cat is sleeping under the tree. 18. They pushed the cart into the shed. 58The Simple Present TenseVerbs have forms called tenses that tell you when the action happens. If the action happens regularly, sometimes or never, use the simple present tense. We always wash our hands before meals. Joe sometimes lends me his bike. Dad jogs in the park every day. We often go to the movies on Satrurday. Mr. Ross takes a train to work. |
4. You on the basketball team, too? 5. Nobody in my class interested in football. 6. This computer more expensive than that one? 7. Sally my best friend. 8. Mom and Dad downstairs watching television. 9. Paul and Henry in the computer room. 10. The Eiffel Tower the tallest monument in Paris. Exercise 6Read the following passage. Fill in there s, there are, there isn t or there aren t in the blank spaces. I like playing in our park because some great things to play on. A big chute to slide on and a huge sandbox to play in. Also some swings. Dogs are not allowed in the park so no dogs to bother us. Also a lot of space for us to run around. It sometimes gets hot because many trees to give shade, but a fountain where we can drink water. It s the best place in the town for children. Another place as good as the park.61Rewrite the following sentences using contractions. The first one has already been done to help you. 1. It is another sunny day today. 2. This is my sister. She is five. 3. I am not very interested in sports. 4. She is not my best friend. You are my best friend. 5. Cats are not as noisy as dogs. 6. We are busy doing our homework. 7. She is busy cleaning the car in the garage. 8. Our teacher is not very tall. 9. My parents are not home from work yet. 10. My friend is not very good at math. It s another sunny day today.6263The Present Progressive TenseThe present progressive tense is used to talk about things that are continuing to happen. Make the present progressive tense by using am, is or are with a verb that ends in ing. I am learning how to swim. I am eating my lunch. I am watching television. She is reading a book. Dad is baking a cake. My sister is listening to music. Uncle David is cleaning his car. The dog is barking in the garden. We are singing our favorite song. My brother and I are playing a computer game. The teachers are showing us a film. They are bringing a television set into the classroom. The present progressive tense is also used to talk about things that are planned for the future. I am going to the library tomorrow. |
It s another sunny day today.6263The Present Progressive TenseThe present progressive tense is used to talk about things that are continuing to happen. Make the present progressive tense by using am, is or are with a verb that ends in ing. I am learning how to swim. I am eating my lunch. I am watching television. She is reading a book. Dad is baking a cake. My sister is listening to music. Uncle David is cleaning his car. The dog is barking in the garden. We are singing our favorite song. My brother and I are playing a computer game. The teachers are showing us a film. They are bringing a television set into the classroom. The present progressive tense is also used to talk about things that are planned for the future. I am going to the library tomorrow. My sister is giving me her bike when she gets her new one. We can t go to the movies tomorrow because my mom is working. We are having a barbecue on Sunday. All my friends are coming to my party next week. We re taking my cousin to the zoo later today. N o t e sThe ing form of a verb is called the present participle. You use the present participle with am, is or are to make the present progressive tense.am watching present participle is listening present participle are playing present participle Verbs and Tenses: The Present Progressive Tense Fill in the blank spaces with the present progressive tense of the verbs in parentheses. Try to use contractions such as I m, she s and they re where you can. 1. We go to the zoo tomorrow. 2. He fix my bike in the garage. 3. I help Mom in the kitchen. 4. My sister and I watch television in our bedroom. 5. The train leave in ten minutes. 6. They come with us to the museum. 7. We paint some pictures for Aunt Susan. 8. The boys and girls dance in the hall. 9. The cat chase some birds. 10. My brother tickle me. Exercise 9Complete the following sentences with either 1 the simple present form of the verb, or 2 the present progressive form of the verb. 1. The teacher always give us interesting project work. 2. The wind blow very strongly today. 3. I like chocolate ice cream. 4. Be quiet! |
I like chocolate ice cream. 4. Be quiet! We try to listen to the radio. 5. Let s go inside now. It begin to rain. 6. Penguins eat fish. 7. Dad never let us play in the street when it s dark. 8. The children go swimming every day. 9. We re trying to catch the ball that roll down the hill. 10. My teacher know a lot about plants and animals.6465The Simple Past Tense Use the simple past tense to talk about things that happened in the past. The simple past tense is usually made by adding ed to the verb. I opened the door and looked inside. The plane landed ten minutes ago. My cousin visited us last summer. We walked to school yesterday. She laughed when I told her the joke. If a verb ends in e, just add d to make the simple past tense. Who closed all the windows?We lived in that house when I was a baby. She smiled when she saw me. We raced each other on our bikes. If a verb ends in y, change the y to i before adding ed. I carried my mom s shopping bag. My brother cried when he fell off his bike. We hurried to the station to catch the train. Dad tried to help me with my homework. With some short verbs that end in a consonant, you must double the consonant before adding ed. I climbed over the fence and ripped my shirt. The stranger grabbed my arm. The dog wagged its tail when it saw the biscuits. He slammed the door and walked off angrily. Verbs and Tenses: The Simple Past Tense 66was and wereThe words was and were are the simple past forms of the verb be. N Was is the simple past form of am and is. Use was with singular nouns like my dad and the teacher , and with the pronouns he, she and it. N Were is the simple past form of are. |
N Was is the simple past form of am and is. Use was with singular nouns like my dad and the teacher , and with the pronouns he, she and it. N Were is the simple past form of are. Use were with plural nouns like my parents and Jenny and Mary , and with the pronouns we, you and they. Ten years ago, I was only a baby. When I was younger, I played with teddy bears. My friend was ill yesterday. Mom was angry when she saw the broken vase. It was very wet on Monday. It was six o clock when we got home. We were away on vacation last month. John and I were in the garden. You were nasty to me!You and Sally were not at school yesterday. Dinosaurs were prehistoric animals. Those were my best jeans. Here is a table to help you remember how to use was and were.singularplural first personI waswe weresecond personyou wereyou werethird personhe wasthey wereshe wasthey wereit wasthey were N o t e sYou may use these contractions when you are combining was and were with not. Full formshort form I was notI wasn the was nothe wasn tshe was notshe wasn tit was notit wasn twe were notwe weren tyou were notyou weren tthey were notthey weren tVerbs and Tenses: was and were67Irregular Verbs Many common verbs have unusual present and past tense forms. These are called irregular verbs. Remember that the simple past tense of most verbs is made by adding ed at the end: look becomes looked. Notice that the simple past tense of these common irregular verbs is quite different. Irregular verbsimple past tenseirregular verbsimple past tensebreakbrokekeepkeptbringbroughtkneelkneltbuyboughtknowknewcatchcaughtleaveleftcomecameloselostdodidmeetmetfallfellringrangfeedfedrunranfeelfeltseesawflyflewsellsoldgetgotsleepsleptgowentspeakspokehavehadwritewrote The simple past tense of other irregular verbs does not change at all. Verbsimple past tenseexample costcostI bought a new CD. It cost twenty dollars. CutcutMy brother cut his finger this morning. HithitShe hit the ball into a neighbor s garden. HurthurtI hurt my leg when I jumped off the wall. |
CutcutMy brother cut his finger this morning. HithitShe hit the ball into a neighbor s garden. HurthurtI hurt my leg when I jumped off the wall. LetletMom opened the door and let us in. PutputThe tea tasted horrible because I put too much sugar in it. ReadreadDad read us a story last night. Verbs and Tenses: Irregular Verbs Write each past tense verb below under the correct heading.laughed lived smiled landed cried pinned hurried played hopped tried grabbed raced verb edverb ddouble the last letter ed change y to i and add ed Exercise 11Complete the sentences with the simple past tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1. The boys whisper secrets to each other. 2. Uncle Ben hurry to catch his bus. 3. We return our books to the library. 4. She kiss the frog and it change into a prince. 5. Someone tap me on the shoulder. 6. The baby cry when we took her toy away. 7. John pin the badge onto his jacket. 8. Two doctors rush into the room. 9. This is the house that we live in when I was younger.10. Grandad lower himself into the chair.68Write was or were in the blank spaces in the following passage. It a beautiful summer s day and there n t a cloud in the sky. Mom, Dad and I all in the garden. Dad in the vegetable garden planting some seeds and Mom and I busy with other jobs. The sun hot and soon I feeling very tired. Mom and Dad n t tired at all. They went on working for a long time. I glad when it time to go inside and have a drink. Exercise 13Draw a circle around the correct past tense verb in each sentence below. 1. I losed lost my watch in the park. 2. David hurt hurted his knee when he falled fell . 3. I kicked the ball hard and it breaked broke a window. 4. My new shoes cost costed a lot of money. 5. I getted got this book from the library. 6. We had a garage where we keeped kept our car. 7. |
6. We had a garage where we keeped kept our car. 7. Ali shew showed me the cut on his knee. 8. The glass falled fell off the table and breaked broke . 9. We selled sold our old car and buyed bought a new one.10. The bell ringed rang and we all goed went into school. 11. The dog catched caught the ball in its mouth. 12. The man kneeled knelt down to talk to the little boy.13. I meeted met my friend in the park.14. Our cat runned ran onto the road in front of a car. 15. Jane writed wrote a letter to her best friend.6970The Past Progressive Tense Use the past progressive tense to talk about things that were happening in the past and had not stopped happening. They were continuing. To make the past progressive tense, use was or were and a verb that ends in ing. I was watching television. Ben was finishing his homework. She was putting her books into her schoolbag. Jenny and I were tidying the classroom. We were all dancing at the party. You weren t listening to the teacher. Some boys were looking out of the window. You can also use the past progressive tense to say what was happening when something else happened. Sam was doing his math homework when the phone rang. Dad was cooking our dinner when I got home. When I saw Joe, he was looking for his dog. We were all enjoying the movie when the power went out. What were they doing when the bell rang?Exercise 14Complete the sentences with the past progressive tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1. At the block party lots of people dance in the street. 2. I sit in my bedroom reading a book. 3. Someone make a very loud noise in the street. 4. Why you all laugh when I came in? 5. Mike and John wash their paintbrushes. 6. Sally practice the piano. 7. I ran so fast that my heart beat really hard. 8. Our neighbors have a barbecue. N o t e sThe ing form of a verb is called the present participle. |
8. Our neighbors have a barbecue. N o t e sThe ing form of a verb is called the present participle. You use the present participles with was or were to make the past progressive tense:was cleaning present participle were listening present participle 70 Verbs and Tenses: The Past Progressive Tense71have, has and had The verb have is used to say what people own or possess. N Use have with the pronouns I, we, you and they, and with plural nouns such as my parents and Tom and Susan . N Use has with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns such as my dad and the teacher .I have two brothers and one sister. Monkeys have long tails. My sister and I have a swing in our garden. John has a big brother. Sally has a pretty face. An elephant has a long trunk. It also has big ears. His brother has dark hair. Our apartment has big windows. Use have to talk about things that people do or get. I can t play football because I have a broken leg. We have art lessons on Mondays. You have a stain on your shirt. They have the desks nearest the teacher. Peter has a sore knee. You also use have to talk about things that people eat. We usually have lunch at school. Mom and Dad sometimes have their breakfast in bed. Jenny often has sandwiches for lunch. She sometimes has cola to drink. N o t e sThe words have and has are the simple present forms of the verb have. Verbs and Tenses: have, has and had 72Here is a table to help you remember how to use have and has.singularplural first personI havewe havesecond personyou haveyou havethird personhe hasthey haveshe hasthey haveit hasthey have The simple past tense form of have and has is had. I had a big toy car when I was small. It was sunny so we had lunch in the garden. They had a wonderful holiday in Europe. Sally and I had chicken for dinner. The boys had a fight in the playground. Dad had a sore back yesterday. She had long hair when I saw her a year ago. Our cat had three kittens last week. Use had when you're talking about wishes. |
Verbs and Tenses: have, has and had 72Here is a table to help you remember how to use have and has.singularplural first personI havewe havesecond personyou haveyou havethird personhe hasthey haveshe hasthey haveit hasthey have The simple past tense form of have and has is had. I had a big toy car when I was small. It was sunny so we had lunch in the garden. They had a wonderful holiday in Europe. Sally and I had chicken for dinner. The boys had a fight in the playground. Dad had a sore back yesterday. She had long hair when I saw her a year ago. Our cat had three kittens last week. Use had when you're talking about wishes. I wish I had a new bike. Kathleen wishes she had a big sister. Dad wishes he had a bigger garage. The boys wish they had more space to play football in. You can make the negative with didn t have. I wish I didn t have so much homework. Jack wishes he didn t have a broken leg. Dad wishes he didn t have to work on weekends. Do you wish you didn t have English classes today?Verbs and Tenses: have, has and had 73The Present Perfect TenseThe present perfect tense shows action in the indefinite past. The present perfect tense is also used to show action begun in the past and continuing into the present. To make the present perfect tense, use have or has and a verb that ends in ed. We have lived in this house for five years. And we still live there Your plane has already landed. And it s still on the ground She has dirtied her new shoes. She made them dirty and they re still dirty The teacher has pinned a notice on the board. And the notice is still there You don t need your key. I ve already opened the door. And it s still open Irregular Past ParticiplesRemember that irregular verbs don t have a simple past form that ends in -ed. Irregular verbs also have unusual past participles that don t end in -ed. |
I ve already opened the door. And it s still open Irregular Past ParticiplesRemember that irregular verbs don t have a simple past form that ends in -ed. Irregular verbs also have unusual past participles that don t end in -ed. The past participle of some verbs is the same as the simple past tense.irregular verb simple past tense past participle fightfoughtfoughthavehadhadloselostlostteachtaughttaughtwinwonwonVerbs and Tenses: The Present Perfect Tense; Irregular Past Participles N o t e sThe ed form of a verb is called the past participle when it is used with has or have to make the present perfect tense:have landed past participle has opened past participle 74 Here are more examples of irregular past participles.irregular simple past exampleverbpast tense participlekeepkeptkeptI have kept the letter you sent me. CatchcaughtcaughtThe police have caught the thieves. BringbroughtbroughtMaggie has brought her favorite CD to school. MakemademadeThe children have made a birthday card for their mom. SellsoldsoldThey ve sold their car and now they buyboughtboughthave bought motorcycles. Some common irregular verbs have a past participle that is different from the simple past tense.irregular simplepastexampleverbpast form participlebewasbeenAnna has been my best friend for years. BreakbrokebrokenI m sorry, I ve broken your pencil. DodiddoneJack has already done his homework. DrawdrewdrawnWe ve drawn a picture for you, Mom. DrinkdrankdrunkHave you drunk all your orange juice? EatateeatenSomeone has eaten all the chocolates. FallfellfallenOne of the pictures has fallen off the wall. GowentgoneI m sorry, but your train has already gone. KnowknewknownI ve known Michael for two years. SeesawseenKathleen has already seen that movie. SpeakspokespokenMiss Hill has spoken to the principal about the problem. Verbs and Tenses: Irregular Past Participles75 Some irregular verbs have a past participle that does not change at all.irregular pastexampleverbparticiplecutcutI ve cut my finger and it s bleeding badly. HithitThe children next door have hit their ball into the busy street. |
SpeakspokespokenMiss Hill has spoken to the principal about the problem. Verbs and Tenses: Irregular Past Participles75 Some irregular verbs have a past participle that does not change at all.irregular pastexampleverbparticiplecutcutI ve cut my finger and it s bleeding badly. HithitThe children next door have hit their ball into the busy street. CostcostThis vacation has cost us hundreds of dollars already. ReadreadDad hasn t read my school report yet. HurthurtCan Anna sit down? She s hurt her leg. PutputHave you put any sugar in my tea? Exercise 15Complete the following sentences with has or have. 1. My dog a long shiny coat. 2. Our teacher a very kind face. 3. You a lot of homework to do. 4. Sam and I desks near the front of the class. 5. Paul two brothers and a sister. 6. My friend Andy a big house. 7. Mice long tails. 8. Most dogs sharp teeth. 9. I more toys than my friend .10. These flowers a strange smell.75 Verbs and Tenses: Irregular Past ParticiplesComplete the sentence with the present perfect tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1. The children make the house very messy. 2. I see that actor in several movies. 3. The boys drink all the soda in the refrigerator. 4. Our dog hurt its leg. 5. One of the workmen fall off his ladder. 6. She s sad because her friends go to the park without her. 7. Dad have a shower already. 8. I ve been shouting so much that I lose my voice. 9. My sister s boyfriend buy her a diamond ring. 10. Alan do this jigsaw puzzle so many times that he could do it with his eyes shut. Exercise 17Draw a circle around the correct past participle in each sentence below. 1. Your child has broke broken my window! 2. Have you eaten ate all your dinner? 3. I have known knew Sally since we were in kindergarden. 4. Michael has drew drawn a picture for his grandad. 5. The new girl seems nice, but I haven t spoke spoken to her yet. 6. |
5. The new girl seems nice, but I haven t spoke spoken to her yet. 6. We ve drank drunk all the milk. 7. The ball has went gone over the garden fence. 8. Has Tom did done all his homework? 9. You have been was late for school every day this week.10. Help! I ve fell fallen down a hole!7677The Future Tense To show future action use the verbs shall and will with another verb that describes the action. N You can use either shall or will with the pronouns I and we. N Use will with the pronouns you, he, she, it and they. N Will is also used with singular nouns like my dad and with plural nouns like all the boys in my class .I shall do my homework after dinner. I will miss you when you leave. We shall take the dog for a walk later. We will visit Grandma this weekend. He will be home later. She will help us cook the food for the party. It will soon be dark outside. I think it will be sunny tomorrow. I expect they will give you a present. Mom will be very pleased with you. Your plant will die without water. The school will soon need a lot of repairs. John and I shall be glad when the exams are over. Bill and Kim will be late for school if they don t hurry. To make the negative form, use will and shall with not. The contraction for will not is won t.I will not help you unless you help me first. It won t be very sunny again until next summer. You won t like this food. It s horrible!We shall not go to the party without you. N o t e sYou can shorten shall and will as ll when you use these words with pronouns:full formcontraction I shall, I willI llwe shall, we willwe llyou willyou llhe willhe llshe willshe llit willit llthey willthey ll Verbs and Tenses: The Future Tense 78To talk about facts in the future or plans that will not change, use the simple present tense. Tomorrow is Sunday. Summer vacation ends on Friday. The new library opens next week. We fly to Paris on Wednesday. You can also talk about plans for the future and other future happenings by using be going to and another verb. |
It s horrible!We shall not go to the party without you. N o t e sYou can shorten shall and will as ll when you use these words with pronouns:full formcontraction I shall, I willI llwe shall, we willwe llyou willyou llhe willhe llshe willshe llit willit llthey willthey ll Verbs and Tenses: The Future Tense 78To talk about facts in the future or plans that will not change, use the simple present tense. Tomorrow is Sunday. Summer vacation ends on Friday. The new library opens next week. We fly to Paris on Wednesday. You can also talk about plans for the future and other future happenings by using be going to and another verb. Remember to: n Use am and was with the pronoun I. n Use is and was with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns like my mom and the teacher . N Use are and were with the pronouns we, you and they, and with plural nouns like my friends and John and Sally . I am going to visit my cousin tomorrow. I am going to see the new Star Wars movie next week. My friend John is going to move to Chicago next year. Dad is going to buy me a skateboard. Aunt Jane is going to have another baby soon. It is going to be windy tomorrow. I hope someone is going to fix the television soon. You are going to help me, aren t you?My friends are going to teach me how to play chess. Mom and Dad are going to buy a new computer. Your books are going to fall off the shelf if you re not careful. Are you going to read your book now?Verbs and Tenses: The Future Tense Decide whether shall and will are used correctly in each sentence. Put a checkmark in the box for a correct use and an x in the box for an incorrect use. 1. My dad will be home later. 2. I will never forget my days at school. 3. Tom and Kumar shall come with us. 4. The weather report says that it shall be sunny again tomorrow. 5. We will miss my cousins when they leave. 6. Raj and I shall feel happier when the exams are over. 7. It will be late when we arrive in London. 8. I shall stay awake all night and watch for Santa Claus. 9. |
8. I shall stay awake all night and watch for Santa Claus. 9. My grandparents shall enjoy coming to our house for Christmas. 10. The winter holidays shall give us all a good rest. Exercise 19Read the pairs of subjects and verbs below. Then write sentences about future events using the correct form of be going to. For example, for the first sentence you could write:My friend Tom is going to sleep at my house tonight.subjectverb 1. My friend Tomsleep 2. Weride 3. The dogcatch 4. Uncle Andy come 5. Itrain 6. Weeat 7. Jamal and Ihave 8. The teachersread 7980do, does and did The verb do is used to talk about actions. The words do and does are the simple present forms of the verb do. N Use do with the pronouns I, we, you and they, and with plural nouns such as my parents and Tom and Susan . N Use does with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns such as my dad and the teacher .I always do my homework after dinner. I do drawings with colored pencils. We do our shopping at the supermarket. You do magic tricks very well. They do their housework on the weekend. Mom and Dad do the cooking together. Jim and Alan always do well in math tests. The artist does beautiful paintings. She does very interesting work. He does the washing and she does the cooking. Julie always does her exercises before breakfast. My friend Hannah does karate at a local gym. The vacuum cleaner does a better job than the broom. Here is a table to help you remember how to use do and does.singularplural first personI dowe dosecond personyou doyou dothird personhe doesthey doshe doesthey doit doesthey do Verbs and Tenses: do, does and did81full formshort form I we did notI we didn tyou did notyou didn tthey did notthey didn the she it did nothe she it didn t The simple past form of do is did. I did my homework but forgot to take it to school. Sally did her hair in front of the mirror. The boys did very badly in their spelling test. Paul and Roger did some magic tricks for us. The children did the housework while their parents relaxed. |
Julie always does her exercises before breakfast. My friend Hannah does karate at a local gym. The vacuum cleaner does a better job than the broom. Here is a table to help you remember how to use do and does.singularplural first personI dowe dosecond personyou doyou dothird personhe doesthey doshe doesthey doit doesthey do Verbs and Tenses: do, does and did81full formshort form I we did notI we didn tyou did notyou didn tthey did notthey didn the she it did nothe she it didn t The simple past form of do is did. I did my homework but forgot to take it to school. Sally did her hair in front of the mirror. The boys did very badly in their spelling test. Paul and Roger did some magic tricks for us. The children did the housework while their parents relaxed. To make the negative form of verbs in the simple present tense, use do and does with not. I do not have any brothers or sisters. We do not want any more bread, thank you. My brother and I do not like football. You see beautiful mountains in Scotland but you do not see much sunshine. Mom does not buy our food at that supermarket. Jenny does not eat lunch at school because she does not like the food. My cat does not make as much noise as your dog. The simple past tense of does not and do not is did not. The contraction is didn t. Maggie did not have long hair when I first met her. I got sunburned because I did not wear my hat. The teacher didn t give us any homework. Mom and Dad didn t buy me a cell phone for my birthday. You didn t take the dog for a walk last night. N o t e sHere are the contractions you can use when do, does and did are used with not.full formshort form I we do notI we don tyou do notyou don tthey do notthey don the she it does nothe she it doesn tVerbs and Tenses: do, does and did Complete the following sentences with do, does or did. 1. I always my homework in my room. 2. Mom and Dad usually the laundry together. 3. You the same math problems last week. 4. We always our shopping at the farmers' market. 5. The children their work quietly while the teacher looks at their homework. 6. |
5. The children their work quietly while the teacher looks at their homework. 6. Uncle David magic tricks when he comes to visit. 7. Last night, Mom her exercises before bedtime. 8. Anna played the piano and Rachel a lively dance. 9. Kamal always well in math tests.10. If John the cooking, will you the dishes? Exercise 21Complete the following sentences with the contractions don t, doesn t or didn t. 1. Katy go to school on the bus. 2. I like chocolate ice cream. 3. If the weather improve, we ll have the party indoors. 4. Worry about the mess. It does not matter. 5. I answer all the questions on the math test. 6. Mom and Dad work on weekends. 7. My sister and I visit Grandma last Sunday. 8. My friend John finish his homework yesterday. 9. Our neighbors like dogs very much.10. Our teacher speak Japanese.8283The InfinitiveThe infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is often preceded by the word to. Infinitives often appear after other verbs. The rain began to fall. Sally and I agreed to meet this afternoon. I ve arranged to see the doctor at 3 o clock. I hope to visit Disneyland someday. I like to ride my bike in the street. My parents have decided to buy a new car. Paul is learning to swim. I didn t mean to upset you. Some verbs have an object before the infinitive. In these examples the objects are printed in color. Simon asked me to help him. The teacher told us not to run in the corridor. Susie persuaded her friends to play on the team. The manager allowed the staff to leave early. Infinitives often appear after adjectives. |
In these examples the objects are printed in color. Simon asked me to help him. The teacher told us not to run in the corridor. Susie persuaded her friends to play on the team. The manager allowed the staff to leave early. Infinitives often appear after adjectives. In these examples the adjectives are printed in color. The boys were afraid to cross the busy road. I m very pleased to see you again. This problem will be difficult to solve. The shelf is too high to reach. Don t you think it s rude to ignore the new girl in class?The experiment was interesting to watch. You re welcome to come with me. Verbs and Tenses: The Infinitive 84 You can also use infinitives after some nouns and pronouns to say what you are using something for. Take a book to read. I phoned for a taxi to take us to the airport. Has everyone got something to drink?I ve got lots of nice clothes to wear. Find a space on the floor to sit in. Infinitives sometimes follow words like how, what, which and where. My brother is learning how to cook. I can t decide which to choose the ice cream or the pudding. I don t know what to say. Sally can t remember where to hang her coat. Infinitives are also used after helping verbs such as will, can, should, may and must. After these helping verbs use infinitives without the word to. I can swim. We think she will win the race. You must try harder. Do you think we should wait?May I come in?The Imperative Form of Verbs When you give an order or command, use the base form of a verb, such as give, read or come. This base form is called the imperative. Open your books to page 25.Stop and look before you cross the road. Come to the front of the class. Show me your homework. Read the first sentence out loud. Choose a partner and stand in a circle. N o t e sThe helping verbs will, can, should, may and must are called auxiliary verbs. Verbs and Tenses: The Infinitive; The Imperative Form of Verbs 85 Imperatives are very direct. To be more polite, you can use please before the imperative. Please show me your homework. Please read the first sentence out loud. Please come to the front of the class. |
9. It was embarrassing . 10. The sea was warm and wonderful .Exercise 23Decide whether or not each sentence uses the infinitive correctly. Mark a correct use with a checkmark and an incorrect use with an x . 1. She likes play in the park. 2. The sun was beginning to shine. 3. I decided to help Dad with the dinner. 4. Mom asked me close the window. 5. The teacher warned me to be quiet. 6. I didn t know which tool use. 7. We couldn t decide how many cakes to buy. 8. Can I to watch the TV, Mom? 9. Do you think I should help him?10. I think I shall to go home now.86 Study the following pairs of verbs and nouns. Then write a sentence using each pair with the verb as an imperative. Try to use negatives in some of your sentences. For the first pair, you could write:Show him the picture. Or Don t show him the picture. Verbnoun 1. Showpicture 2. Bringbike 3. Eatsandwiches 4. Washhands 5. Listenparents 6. Waitname 7. Sleepclassroom 8. MakenoiseExercise 25Make a gerund from each verb below. Then write a sentence using that gerund. For example, the gerund you can make from the first verb is cycling. You could write the sentence: She loves cycling in the countryside. Verbgerund 1. Cycle 2. Paint 3. Eat 4. Sleep 5. Watch 6. Bake 7. Fly 8. Cookcycling87886 Auxiliary Verbs6 Auxiliary VerbsAuxiliary, or helping verbs, are used before infinitives to add a different meaning. For example, you use auxiliary verbs to say:n that someone is able to do something,n that someone is allowed to do something, or n that someone has to do something. The hellping verbs are can, could, would, should, ought to, will, shall, may, might and must. Can and couldUse can and could to say that someone is able to do something. She can draw really good pictures. Philip can run faster than Matt. Can you ride a bike?Can you help me with my homework?She could already read before she started school. Our teacher said we could go home early. |
For example, you use auxiliary verbs to say:n that someone is able to do something,n that someone is allowed to do something, or n that someone has to do something. The hellping verbs are can, could, would, should, ought to, will, shall, may, might and must. Can and couldUse can and could to say that someone is able to do something. She can draw really good pictures. Philip can run faster than Matt. Can you ride a bike?Can you help me with my homework?She could already read before she started school. Our teacher said we could go home early. I ran as fast as I could. Sarah could not come to the party because she was ill. You may also use can and could to say that someone is allowed to do something. My mom says you can come to our house for dinner. Dad says I can t walk to school on my own. You can t go in there without a ticket. Mom said I could have ice cream after my dinner. The big sign on the gate said PRIVATE, so we couldn t go in. N o t e sn Could is the simple past tense form of can.n When you put not after can, write it as one word: cannot. They cannot find their way home.n The contraction of cannot is can t, and the contraction of could not is couldn t.They can t find their way home. I m full. |
I ran as fast as I could. Sarah could not come to the party because she was ill. You may also use can and could to say that someone is allowed to do something. My mom says you can come to our house for dinner. Dad says I can t walk to school on my own. You can t go in there without a ticket. Mom said I could have ice cream after my dinner. The big sign on the gate said PRIVATE, so we couldn t go in. N o t e sn Could is the simple past tense form of can.n When you put not after can, write it as one word: cannot. They cannot find their way home.n The contraction of cannot is can t, and the contraction of could not is couldn t.They can t find their way home. I m full. I can t eat any more. Sarah couldn t come to the party because she was ill. 89Can and could are also used for asking for information or help, for offering something, and for suggesting something. Can you tell me if this train goes to Topeka?Could you show me where the accident happened?Could you open that window, please?You can borrow my pen, if you like. Your sister could come with us, if she wanted to. I could lend you my football. We can go to the library instead. You could ask your dad to help us. John can borrow his brother s skates.will and wouldUse will and would when you are asking someone to do something. Will you please stop making that noise?Would you pass me that book, please?Please, will you close the door?You can also use will and would to offer something or to suggest something. Will I hold this end of the rope?Will I carry the bag for you?Would you like another drink?Which cake would you like?shall and shouldYou can use shall and should to ask for advice, offer something and suggest something. Should I bring waterproof clothes?Shall I go by car, or will it be better to walk?Should I phone the police?Shall I help you with that heavy bag?Shall we go home now?You should try that new French restaurant. Auxiliary Verbs: will and would; shall and should N o t e sThe contraction of will not is won t and the contraction of would not is wouldn t:Won t you stay and eat with us?Wouldn t it be better to wait? |
The preposition gives the verb a special meaning. Here are some sentences that contain phrasal verbs. Read the meanings in parentheses. Who looks after takes care of the baby when your parents are at work?Mike has blond hair and blue eyes. He takes after looks like his mother. Dad bumped into met by chance an old friend at the station. My sister is getting into is starting to be interested in pop music. Is your mom getting over recovering from her illness?Some health inspectors came to look over inspect the factory. We hoped that the thieves wouldn t get away with escape punishment for their crime. I m going to the store because we ve run out of rice used all our rice .Exercise 1Complete the sentences below by writing can or can t on the blanks. 1. You borrow my book, if you want to. 2. Sam looked everywhere but he find his pencil. 3. Don t help me. I do it by myself. 4. Sandy open the window. She s not tall enough to reach it. 5. Why John come out to play? Because he s ill. 6. This is a film for adults only. Children watch it. 7. You help me with this heavy bag? 8. They ve lost the map and find their way back to the hotel. Auxiliary Verbs: Verb Phrases91 N o t e sSome verb phrases have three parts:get away withrun out of92would beComplete the sentences using would or wouldn t with a verb from the list below. The first one has been done for you.stopworkhelptakelikewaitbuybemoveenjoy 1. We hoped it sunny for our picnic. 2. I pushed the horse hard but it . 3. I asked Dad if he me some ice cream. 4. You some more orange juice? 5. Sally switched on her computer but it . 6. Mom and Dad said they me to the zoo as a treat. 7. We sat in the house and wished the rain . 8. Uncle David said he me with my homework. 9. The man said he until the doctor was free.10. I knew you playing my new video game. Exercise 3Tell whether each sentence below uses may or may not correctly. Show a correct use with a checkmark or an incorrect use with an x . 1. Andrew may not go out to play now because he has finished his homework. 2. |
1. Andrew may not go out to play now because he has finished his homework. 2. Take an umbrella. It may not rain. 3. Please may we not watch television now? 4. You may not hurt yourself with that sharp knife. 5. I may come out to play later if I m feeling better. 6. They are late. The bus may not have broken down. 7. May I read the story you have written? Yes, you may not. 8. May Andrew stay for dinner? Yes, he may. 9393should stopExercise 4Complete the sentences using should or shouldn t and a verb from the list below. The first one has been done for you.goeatstopbelievethinkwaittryreadletlisten 1. They making all that noise. It s disturbing people. 2. Mom says I more vegetables. 3. We everything we see on television. 4. You more about other people and less about yourself. 5. It s getting late. I home now. 6. You your best. 7. You letters that are addressed to other people. 8. Parents their children go out after dark. 9. Students outside the door until the teacher tells them to come in.10. Children to the advice their parents give them. Exercise 5Now rewrite the sentences from Exercise 4 above, using ought to or ought not to. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 94 6. 7. 8. 9.10.Exercise 6Complete the sentences using must or mustn t with a verb from the list below. The first one has been done for you.goeatstopbelievetellstealbereadparklisten 1. You at the curb and look before you cross the street. 2. Children to the teacher if they want to learn. 3. You everything your friends tell you. 4. You the question carefully before you write the answer. 5. If you want to be healthy, you a lot of fruits and vegetables. 6. You out on your own at night. 7. We because it is wrong. 8. Drivers their cars in the middle of the road. 9. If you want people to be nice to you, you nasty to them.10. You always the truth.must stop94957 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases7 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases Adverbs are words that tell you more about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. |
9. If you want people to be nice to you, you nasty to them.10. You always the truth.must stop94957 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases7 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases Adverbs are words that tell you more about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Many adverbs end in ly. You make these adverbs by adding ly to adjectives. She writes neatly. The traffic was moving slowly. We waited patiently to see the doctor. They waved goodbye sadly. David sings beautifully. The children walked quickly into the classroom. Adverb phrases are groups of words that functions as single adverbs to describe the action of the verb. Are you sitting in a comfortable chair?Mr. Dickson always dresses in fashionable clothes. He draws cartoons like a real cartoonist. The train arrived on time. Adverbs of Manner Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe the way people do things. They answer the question How? The girls answered all the questions correctly. He was driving carelessly. The plane landed safely. Katy plays the piano skillfully. Sam is behaving like a baby. Please speak in a clear voice. She writes in a very grown-up way. You can buy fruit very cheaply in this shop. They sell everything at very low prices. David sings like a professional singer. N o t e sSome words that end in ly are not adverbs. Some adjectives end in ly too. For example:Sam was feeling very lonely. She was wearing a lovely dress. It was a very lively party. 96Adverbs of TimeSome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question when? They are called adverbs of time. I m going to my new school tomorrow. The train has already left. We moved into our new house last week. My big brother goes to college in the autumn. Our favorite TV program starts at 6 o clock. It rained heavily last night. We re going on a trip in a few days time. We ll leave as soon as possible. My shoes will be too small for me next year. I haven t seen Mom this morning. Is she working today?Adverbs of PlaceSome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question where? They are called adverbs of place. It s very sunny but cold outside. |
I m going to my new school tomorrow. The train has already left. We moved into our new house last week. My big brother goes to college in the autumn. Our favorite TV program starts at 6 o clock. It rained heavily last night. We re going on a trip in a few days time. We ll leave as soon as possible. My shoes will be too small for me next year. I haven t seen Mom this morning. Is she working today?Adverbs of PlaceSome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question where? They are called adverbs of place. It s very sunny but cold outside. The boys are playing upstairs. That s our ball there. I couldn t find my book anywhere. They live in a house nearby. The dog is in the garden. Flowers like these grow in the park. We re going to New York City on our school trip. My brother is studying at an English university. They live on the northern side of the island. Adverbs of Time and Place97The library is closed today and tomorrow 10 11 May . It will be reopened on 12 May. LibrarianAdverbs of FrequencySome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question how often? They are called adverbs of frequency. Katy practices the piano regularly. The children always go to school on the bus. I ll never make that mistake again. Have you ever been to Japan?We ve been to Disneyland twice. The shops are often very busy. The newspaper is delivered daily. We walk home from school every day. I clean my bedroom every week. Have you forgotten my name? I ve told you three times already. Dad polishes his shoes twice a week. You should go to the dentist once every six months. Adverbs of DurationSome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question how long? They are called adverbs of duration. The library is temporarily closed. We re staying in a hotel overnight. The teacher left the classroom briefly. The snow lasted for three days. Mom was away a very long time. Stand still for a moment while I comb your hair. He talked to his girlfriend for over an hour. We waited for ages for a bus. I haven t seen my cousins for two years. We stayed up all night talking. Adverbs of Frequency and Duration98Adverbs of EmphasisWe have seen that most adverbs describe verbs, but remember that some adverbs also describe adjectives or other adverbs. They are usually used to add emphasis. Here are some examples. The emphasizing adverbs are printed in bold. |
They are usually used to add emphasis. Here are some examples. The emphasizing adverbs are printed in bold. The adjectives or adverbs they describe are printed in color. Anna can run really fast. That s a very good drawing. My rice is too hot. The film was just terrible. Your excuses are completely unbelievable. These old tools are totally useless. She sings quite beautifully. Exercise 1Choose an adjective from the box and turn it into an adverb to complete the sentences below. The first one has been done for you.closefirmbrightneatcarefulquicksadregularquietclear 1. She writes very . 2. You have to talk when you re in the library. 3. Carry the glass so you don t drop it. 4. You should exercise if you want to stay fit. 5. Goodbye. I m going to miss you, she said . 6. The sky was blue and the sun was shining . 7. If you follow us , you won t get lost. 8. I can t understand you. Please speak more . 9. Let s walk so we get home before it starts to rain. 10. Attach the sign to the wall.neatly98Adverbs: Adverbs of Emphasis99Are the bold words in the following sentences adverbs or adjectives? Write adverb or adjective on the line after each sentence. 1. The teacher smiled kindly. 2. She has a lovely smile. 3. The children in my class are very friendly. 4. John had no friends and felt very lonely. 5. It was raining, so they wisely decided to stay in. 6. My dad buys a daily newspaper. 7. Some snakes are deadly. 8. I ve nearly finished my homework. 9. I shook hands politely with the head teacher. 10. They played some very lively games. Exercise 3Circle the verb in each sentence below. Then underline the adverb or adverb phrase that describes the verb. What kind of adverb is it? Write M for manner, T for time, P for place, F for frequency or D for duration in the box after each sentence. The first one has been done for you. 1. Kent did his homework carelessly. 2. We start our vacation next week. 3. Farah read the poem in a very clear voice. 4. The accident happened during the afternoon. 5. The man walked very slowly. 6. My cousin arrived yesterday. 7. I left my schoolbag in the car. 8. |
7. I left my schoolbag in the car. 8. It stopped raining for a few minutes. 9. Dad goes jogging regularly. 10. We eat our meals in the dining room. MComplete the sentences with an adverb or adverb phrase from the box. The kind of adverb you will need is in parentheses after each sentence. The first one has been done for you. Outsidethis morning everon the busclearlyall dayin old clothesfor a weekalreadyevery day 1. His face was dirty and he was dressed . Manner 2. Have you been in a plane? Frequency 3. She was so ill that she missed school . Duration 4. I did some homework last night and finished it . Time 5. We went to play. Place 6. Dad takes the dog for a walk . Frequency 7. Sally left her pencil case . Place 8. Speak so everyone can hear you. Manner 9. It was a fine day and the children played in the garden . Duration 10. Go and do your homework. I ve done it. Time in old clothes1001018 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases8 Prepositions and Prepositional PhrasesPrepositions are words that show a connection between other words. Most prepositions are little words like at, in and on. Prepositional phrases are groups of words, such as out of and on top of. Preposition or Adverb?Some words can be used either as prepositions or as adverbs. If the word is followed by a noun or a pronoun, it is a preposition. Look at these pairs of examples. In each of the sentences marked preposition, there is a noun or pronoun after the preposition. This noun or pronoun is called the object of the preposition. Notice that objects are printed in color. She put her hand inside my bag. It was raining, so they decided to stay inside. His friends walked past him without speaking. A car drove past at high speed. John s house is across the street. They got into the boat and rowed across. Water was running down the walls. He tripped over his shoelaces and fell down. |
They got into the boat and rowed across. Water was running down the walls. He tripped over his shoelaces and fell down. Preposition noun adverb preposition noun adverb preposition nounadverb adverb preposition noun102Prepositions of PlaceSome prepositions show where something happens. They are called prepositions of place. Sally was sitting under a tree. There s a wooden floor underneath the carpet. Some geese flew over their house. John and Sarah were hiding inside the wardrobe. There was a tree beside the river. I have a friend who lives in Wyoming. A big truck parked in front of their car. The cat jumped on top of the cupboard. One girl sits in the middle of the playground and the others dance round her. Prepositions of TimeSome prepositions show when something happens. They are called prepositions of time. School starts at nine o clock. I brush my teeth in the morning and at night. We re going to the zoo on Saturday. No, you can t watch a video. It s past your bedtime already. I visited my grandparents during the summer. You must finish the work by Friday. I ll do my homework before dinner. Mom, can you help me with my homework? Not now. You ll have to wait until this afternoon. Prepositions of Place and Time103Prepositions of DirectionSome prepositions show where something is going. They are called prepositions of direction. The boys chased after each other. The football rolled down the hill. A man was walking his dog along the riverbank. The freeway goes right through the city. We were travelling towards Miami. A girl went past them on a bike. This road leads away from the stadium. They watched the train pull out of the station. Prepositions with Special UsesMany prepositions are used in other ways. |
You ll have to wait until this afternoon. Prepositions of Place and Time103Prepositions of DirectionSome prepositions show where something is going. They are called prepositions of direction. The boys chased after each other. The football rolled down the hill. A man was walking his dog along the riverbank. The freeway goes right through the city. We were travelling towards Miami. A girl went past them on a bike. This road leads away from the stadium. They watched the train pull out of the station. Prepositions with Special UsesMany prepositions are used in other ways. Here are some of them.of I bought a bag of rice and a quart of milk. Would you like a glass of orange juice?Kathleen is a member of the chess club. I need three pieces of paper. Most of the children in my class like school. There are several ways of cooking meat.for I made this bookmark for Mom. Is there room for me on this seat?I d like a new computer for Christmas. We re going downtown for a meeting. What s this bag for?This word is too difficult for me to spell. Prepositions of Direction and with Special Uses104withHe pounds nails in with a hammer. Mix the flour with water. She painted the picture with her new paints. Would you like to come with us to the arcade? I can do difficult problems with help from Mom. Who is the man with the beard?Michael came home with dirty hands. Cross the busy street with care.except and instead ofI like all kinds of food except pasta. Everyone likes chocolate except Tom. We go to school every day except Saturday and Sunday. You should eat fruit instead of candy. Dad is coming to the theater with us instead of Mom. We could watch TV instead of reading our books.like, as and thanThe words like, as and than are used to compare things. Kathleen looks like her dad. Andrew smiles like his mother. Peter sings like a professional singer. Are these shoes the same as those?Sue is nearly as tall as the teacher. My backpack is bigger than John s.Dad is taller than all of us. This painting is more beautiful than that one. The neighborhood streets are less busy than downtown streets. Prepositions with Special Uses105Prepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or NounsPrepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or NounsPrepositions are used with some adjectives. |
Here are some of them.of I bought a bag of rice and a quart of milk. Would you like a glass of orange juice?Kathleen is a member of the chess club. I need three pieces of paper. Most of the children in my class like school. There are several ways of cooking meat.for I made this bookmark for Mom. Is there room for me on this seat?I d like a new computer for Christmas. We re going downtown for a meeting. What s this bag for?This word is too difficult for me to spell. Prepositions of Direction and with Special Uses104withHe pounds nails in with a hammer. Mix the flour with water. She painted the picture with her new paints. Would you like to come with us to the arcade? I can do difficult problems with help from Mom. Who is the man with the beard?Michael came home with dirty hands. Cross the busy street with care.except and instead ofI like all kinds of food except pasta. Everyone likes chocolate except Tom. We go to school every day except Saturday and Sunday. You should eat fruit instead of candy. Dad is coming to the theater with us instead of Mom. We could watch TV instead of reading our books.like, as and thanThe words like, as and than are used to compare things. Kathleen looks like her dad. Andrew smiles like his mother. Peter sings like a professional singer. Are these shoes the same as those?Sue is nearly as tall as the teacher. My backpack is bigger than John s.Dad is taller than all of us. This painting is more beautiful than that one. The neighborhood streets are less busy than downtown streets. Prepositions with Special Uses105Prepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or NounsPrepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or NounsPrepositions are used with some adjectives. The adjectives in these examples are printed in color. Dad was angry with us. We were afraid of the big dog. She s not very interested in sports. John is very good at drawing. Prepositions are used with some verbs. The verbs in these examples are printed in color. I m looking for my pencil. Have you seen it?Can you think of another word for pleased ? Does this book belong to you?We re listening to CDs. I agree with you. I lent my skateboard to Sue. Tell me about the show you saw. Cut the cake into five pieces. They borrowed money from the bank. Prepositions are used with some nouns. |
The adjectives in these examples are printed in color. Dad was angry with us. We were afraid of the big dog. She s not very interested in sports. John is very good at drawing. Prepositions are used with some verbs. The verbs in these examples are printed in color. I m looking for my pencil. Have you seen it?Can you think of another word for pleased ? Does this book belong to you?We re listening to CDs. I agree with you. I lent my skateboard to Sue. Tell me about the show you saw. Cut the cake into five pieces. They borrowed money from the bank. Prepositions are used with some nouns. The nouns in these examples are printed in color. What s the answer to this question?Is there a reason for this delay?What s the matter with you?Here s an example of good behavior. Congratulations on winning the competition! Traffic can cause damage to the environment. Mr. Lee is pleased with our work. The teachers are always kind to us. What s wrong with the computer? Underline the prepositions in the following sentences. 1. There was a sign above the door. 2. The ball rolled under a car. 3. She put the letter in her pocket. 4. Sam hid behind the fence. 5. Tuesday comes after Monday. 6. Mr. Shin is from Korea. 7. The train went through the station without stopping. 8. I left the book on the table. 9. My favorite TV program starts at 6:00 o clock.10. There s a path between the two houses. Exercise 2Complete the following sentences with the prepositions from the box. The type of preposition you need is in parentheses. The first sentence has been done for you. Afterundertowardduringoninbeforeataway fromacross 1. A cat was sitting the roof of my car. Place 2. Some people were talking the movie. Time 3. A man was coming us on his bike. Direction 4. The party starts six o clock. Time 5. She put the book her bag. Place 6. We walked the street to the park. Place 7. I ll be late for school! It s nine o clock already! Time 8. She keeps her slippers her bed. Place 9. We always wash our hands meals. Time 10. She ran the dog because she was frightened. |
We always wash our hands meals. Time 10. She ran the dog because she was frightened. Direction on106107Circle the preposition in each sentence. Then underline the noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition. The first one has been done for you. 1. There is a new bookstore across the street. 2. Which letter comes after D? 3. She found the missing ticket under the carpet. 4. We opened the cupboard and found nothing in it. 5. Mom keeps a family photograph on her desk. 6. Students mustn t talk during the exam. 7. Our vacation starts on Friday. 8. You can play outside after lunch. 9. We ran inside the house when it started to rain.10. A plane flew over their heads. Exercise 4Complete each sentence by using a preposition from the box.offorwithexceptinstead of 1. We baked a cake Mom s birthday. 2. All the boys went swimming Tom. 3. Can I come you to the beach? 4. Most the children in my class like computer games. 5. Stir the sauce a wooden spoon. 6. Would you like rice pasta? 7. How many pounds hamburger did you buy? 8. Dad is good at everything cooking. 9. Children, what would you like dinner?10. Who s the lady the long blonde hair? Read the following sentences. Then tell whether like, as and than are used correctly in each sentence. Put a checkmark in the box for a correct use and put an x in the box for an incorrect use. If the wrong preposition is used, write the correct preposition on the line. The first one has been done for you. 1. John is nearly as tall than his dad. 2. Our house is smaller than David s. 3. That car isn t the same like this one. 4. Sally plays tennis like a professional player. 5. This video is longer than the one we watched last night. 6. Whales look as dolphins but they re much bigger. 7. The wind sometimes sounds like a howling dog. 8. This ring is more expensive as that one. 9. The sea was as calm as a swimming pool. 10. Mom is a few months younger than Dad. 108as 1099 Conjunctions9 ConjunctionsConjunctions are words used to link words, phrases or clauses. Some common conjunctions are and, but and or. |
Take the toy out of the box before you throw the box away. Before you leave the house, be sure that you ve got your backpack. I usually do my homework after I have my dinner. After I went to bed, I heard a strange noise downstairs. We ve moved to a new house since I last wrote to you. Since the new teacher arrived, we all enjoy our work more. You can t watch TV until you ve done your homework. Until the rice is cooked, we can t eat dinner. I ll call you when I get home. When the wind blows, the branches on the tree bend. Dad watches TV while he does his exercises. While we re waiting for the bus, let s play a game. People stand back as the train goes through the station. As the president s car goes past, everybody waves. We went inside as soon as it started to rain. As soon as you ve finished your homework, let me see it. Conjunctions of PlaceThe conjunctions where and wherever are used to talk about places. They are called conjunctions of place. Does anybody know where Mr. Carter lives?Where the road is narrow, big trucks can t get through. The dog follows Andrew wherever he goes. Wherever there are mountains, you will also find streams. Conjunctions of Time and Place114Conjunctions of ReasonThe conjunctions because, since, as and in case tell why someone does something. They are called conjunctions of reason. I sat down because I was feeling tired. Because we arrived late, we missed the beginning of the play. I took an apple since it was the only fruit in the bowl. Since you have finished your homework, you can help me make dinner. Mom switched off the TV as it was past my bedtime. As you re my best friend, I ll lend you my new bike. Take an umbrella in case it rains. In case you forget the number, I ve written it on this piece of paper. Conjunctions of PurposeThe conjunctions so, so that and in order to tell what the purpose of something is. They are called conjunctions of purpose. The children are wearing hats so they won t get sunburned. John finished his homework before dinner so he could watch his favorite TV program. Let s write down the address so we don t forget it. We left early so that we wouldn t be late. John took a map so that he wouldn t get lost. |
The children are playing. They are singing. Four Kinds of SentenceA declarative sentence makes a statement. It is raining. Tom likes football. The school bell was ringing. The children are playing with the dog. Topeka is in Kansas. An interrogative sentence asks a question. Where are my keys?Why is the sky blue?Who is talking to the teacher?Is this the way to the ice skating rink?An exclamatory sentence makes a very strong statement called an exclamation. It shows a strong feeling such as surprise or anger. What a kind thing to do!How beautiful she is! The silly boy! N o t e sAn interrogative sentence ends with a question mark ? Instead of a period. N o t e sAn exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation point ! Instead of a period. N o t e sA declarative sentence ends with a period. 119An imperative sentence gives an order. Ask Tom to come and see me. Don t tell me lies. Please leave. Go to your room!Speak up!Sentences with ObjectsThe subject of a sentence often does something to another person or thing. The person or thing that receives the action of the subject is called the object of the verb. Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs. Here are some sentences with transitive verbs. Subject transitive verb object Dad is reading a book. I am cooking dinner. You have broken my new toy. Mom likes her new car. She has forgotten her backpack. The dog licked my face. Our ball hit a window. They visited the museum. Anna is sewing a dress for her doll. Uncle Ben sent a package to his friend. Sentences: Sentences with Objects N o t e sAn imperative sentence can end with an exclamation point ! If the order is very firm. 120Verbs with Two ObjectsSome verbs have two objects. Look at the sentence below. Sam gave Anna a present. The thing that Sam gives is a present , so a present is the direct object of the verb. But there is another object: Anna . Anna is the person that receives the present, so Anna is the indirect object of the verb. Many verbs have both direct and indirect objects. Here are some examples.subject verb indirect object direct object Dad is reading the children a story. Grandma is baking me a cake. A kind man showed us the way. We have brought you some new magazines to read. Mr. |
A kind man showed us the way. We have brought you some new magazines to read. Mr. Berg is teaching the children French. Jack asked the teacher a question. I am writing my friend a letter. She sent her cousin an email. John has found us a secret place to play. Uncle Andy told them the good news. Verbs with No ObjectSome verbs don t have an object. A verb that does not have an object is called an intransitive verb. Here are some sentences with intransitive verbs. Mr. Park usually walks to work. Anna talks a lot in class. The sun is shining. It is snowing. I don t know. We have already eaten. The man smiled. Dad always drives carefully. Miss Lee always dresses very smartly. Can your little brother read?Sentences: Verbs with Two Objects; Verbs with No Object indirect object direct objectTell whether each sentence below is a declarative sentence, an interrogative sentence, an exclamatory sentence or an imperative sentence. The first one has been done for you. 1. The girls were playing volleyball. 2. Where is my bike? 3. What a lovely dog! 4. It s snowing again today. 5. Please show me that pair of black shoes. 6. Can Anna come out to play? 7. Do your homework now. 8. What time is it? 9. Pass me the orange juice, please. 10. On weekends, I often go fishing with Dad. 11. Can your little brother read? 12. Speak in a loud, clear voice. 13. That was a fantastic game! 14. What fun this is! 15. Jamal really likes horses. Exercise 2Underline the verbs in these sentences. Then tell whether each verb is transitive or intransitive. Put a checkmark in the correct box. Transitive verb intransitive verb 1. Dad is baking bread. 2. We buy our food at the supermarket. 3. We are learning Latin. 4. Come with me now. 5. The children went to bed. 121declarative sentence122 I DUnderline the objects in the following sentences. Write D for direct object or I for indirect object above each one. The first one has been done for you. 1. Uncle Bill gave Michael some money. 2. Mom is baking us a chocolate cake for Christmas. 3. The children crossed the road safely. 4. Please pass me that pencil. 5. |
4. Please pass me that pencil. 5. Henry sent Sam a letter from Japan. 6. I ve forgotten your name. 7. She s always giving her students advice. 8. We gave Dad a watch for his birthday. Exercise 4All the following sentences have verbs with direct objects. Rewrite each sentence, adding an indirect object to it. For example, for the first sentence you could write: Dad bought Mom some flowers. 1. Dad bought some flowers. 2. The teacher found an empty seat. 3. The police officer showed her badge. 4. Rudy sent a postcard. 5. Will you buy some bread at the supermarket ? 6. I ll bring my stamp collection. 123Simple SentencesA clause is a group of words that contains one subject and one verb. A sentence that consists of one clause is called a simple sentence. Here are some examples. The subjects are printed in bold and the verbs are printed in color. The girls are playing baseball. Sally found a good hiding place. I am eating my breakfast. Tom is wearing his new shoes today. Will you help me?The sky was very cloudy. I can hear the birds. Everyone was happy. Is it raining again?Compound SentencesA compound sentence contains two clauses joined by a conjunction such as and, or, but or so. Look at these examples. The verbs in the clauses are printed in color. Notice that there are two verbs, one on each side of the conjunction. Some people are always happy and some people are always sad. She opened the bag and took out a book. Do you want coffee or would you prefer lemonade?Is that a bird or is it a plane?John is good at English but he s not very good at math. Michael wants to see Star Wars but his friends have already seen it. Tom dropped his sandwich so I gave him mine. It started to rain so we went inside. Sentences: Simple Sentences; Compound Sentences124 Conditional SentencesTo talk about things that are possible, you often use if in a sentence. A sentence with if is called a conditional sentence. Here is an example of a conditional sentence with the if-clause printed in color. If it rains tomorrow, we shall not go to the beach. In the if-clause, use a verb in the simple present tense. In the main clause, use shall or will and an infinitive. Here are some more examples. |
9. Our new teacher is a young man. 10. Switch off the light and go to sleep. 125and Sentences: Positive and Negative SentencesMatch the if-clauses in the box with the main clauses below. Write two sentences for each pair of clauses. The first one has already been done for you. If they get no water if you don t write neatlyif we all work together if we don t leave nowif you let me explain if I need helpif you don t want to see this movie if you work hard 1. You ll do well in your exams 2. We ll be late 3. I won t be able to read your story 4. We ll choose a different movie 5. The plants will die 6. We ll finish the job more quickly If you work hard, you ll do well in your exams. You ll do well in your exams if you work hard.126127 7. I ll tell you what happened 8. I ll ask Mom and Dad Exercise 7Rewrite the following sentences to make them negative. Use negative words such as no, not and never. Use contractions in some of your sentences. The first one has been done for you. 1. Children like chocolate. 2. John is my best friend. 3. I ve got a new bike. 4. Everybody knows where I live. 5. There s some food in the refrigerator. 6. I saw the boy throw the stone. 7. We want to go to the ballgame. 8. Sam always tells the truth. Children don t like chocolate.127128 QuestionsThere are two kinds of questions: yes or no questions and question-word questions.yes or no questionsWhen you ask a yes or no question, you want the answer yes or the answer no. Use the verbs be, have and do along with helping verbs such as can, will and should when you ask these questions. Here are some examples of yes or no questions, with answers. Is this your seat? May I sit here?Yes. Yes. Can you ride a bike? Don t you like pizza?No. No. Do you like swimming? Are we late?Yes. No. In questions, the helping verb comes before the subject. The other verb comes after the subject. The verb be also comes before the subject when it is an ordinary verb rather than a helping verb. Here are some examples of statements and the questions you can make from them. |
The other verb comes after the subject. The verb be also comes before the subject when it is an ordinary verb rather than a helping verb. Here are some examples of statements and the questions you can make from them. Notice that the helping verbs are printed in bold and the subjects are in color. Statement question Dad is ill today. Is Dad ill today? She has finished her homework. Has she finished her homework? The cat doesn t like noise. Doesn t the cat like noise? Michael can ride a bike. Can Michael ride a bike? Sally could borrow your pencil. Could Sally borrow your pencil? You may leave now. May I leave now? I think it will rain tomorrow. Do you think it will rain tomorrow? I saw Tom at the football game. Did you see Tom at the football game? Miss Lee sang a song. Did Miss Lee sing a song? The computer needs to be repaired. Does the computer need to be repaired? Sentences: Questions129 Question-word questionsUse the question words what, which, who sometimes whom , whose, when, where and how to ask for information. The verbs be, have and do, and helping verbs such as can, will and should are also used in questions. The helping verb comes before the subject, as it does in yes or no questions. Here are some examples. Again, the helping verb is printed in bold and the subject is printed in color. What is your name?What date is it today?Which boy is your brother?Which house do you live in?Who is the boy next to Alan?Who or Whom did he ask?Whose book is this?When can I come to visit you?When does the spring vacation start?Where is the pencil that I left on my desk?Where do the birds go when they fly away in winter?How can Grandma read without her glasses?How does a plane stay in the sky? Sometimes the wh-word itself is the subject of the sentence. In this case, don t use do to form questions. Who wants to come with me?What caused the accident?Which is the fastest car?I ve got my coat. Whose is this? Sentences: Question-word questions130Question TagsSometimes people finish what they are saying with a short question. Why do they do this? Because they want to know if the person they are speaking to agrees with them. This short question is called a question tag. |
Why do they do this? Because they want to know if the person they are speaking to agrees with them. This short question is called a question tag. Look at the following sentence. The weather is lovely today, isn t it?The main part of the sentence is positive, but the question tag is negative. You expect the answer to a negative question tag to be yes. For example: The weather is lovely today, isn t it? Yes, it is. Use a helping verb and the subject of the sentence to make the question tag. Notice that the subject has been replaced by a pronoun in the example sentences. The pronoun in the question tag refers to the subject printed in color. Tom is older than you, isn t he?Sally has got a dog, hasn t she?Anna and I can go by train, can t we?Peter and David should leave now, shouldn t they?If the main part of the sentence has I am in it, use aren t I in the question tag. I m your best friend, aren t I?I m taller than Sumiko, aren t I?If the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive. You expect the answer to a positive question tag to be no. These questions aren t very difficult, are they?You haven t read this book, have you?Peter isn t as tall as I am, is he?She isn t eight yet, is she?There aren t many clouds in the sky, are there?There isn t much wind today, is there?There weren t any emails for me, were there? Sentences: Question TagsRewrite the following statements as yes or no questions. The first one has already been done for you. 1. It is raining again. 2. She can speak Japanese. 3. Margaret is at home. 4. My mom works in an office. 5. The teacher told the children a story. 6. Philip has got a new bike. 7. She is Sumiko s best friend. 8. Tom could sit with David. 9. Dad will help Jennifer with her homework. 10. We will be late. Is it raining again?131Choose one of the question words from the box to complete the sentences below. You may use some of the words more than once. The first one has been done for you.what who when why which whose where how 1. Are my keys? 2. |
The first one has been done for you.what who when why which whose where how 1. Are my keys? 2. Is the tall boy at the back of the class? 3. Time did they arrive? 4. Is the problem? 5. Are we going to the zoo? Tomorrow. 6. Do you know the answer? 7. Do the stars twinkle? 8. Coat is this? 9. Would you like for dinner? 10. Did you open the door without a key? 11. Is your favorite singer? 12. Does this train leave? 13. Bike is that over there? 14. Cafe do you prefer? 15. Can we find a restaurant?Where132Complete the following sentences by adding a question tag. Remember that a positive sentence needs a negative question tag, and a negative sentence needs a positive question tag. The first one has been done for you. 1. This is your house, ? 2. That isn t the right answer, ? 3. Your sister is very pretty, ? 4. Andrew can t ride a bike, ? 5. You ve already seen that movie, ? 6. I m lucky to have a friend like Alice, ? 7. The tunnel was very dark, ? 8. They didn t play very well, ? 9. We shouldn t look at the answers first, ? 10. Aunt Sarah could come to our house for dinner, ? 11. There was a bag in the car, ? 12. Sally hasn t got a dog, ? 13. We mustn t be late, ? 14. There is a post office nearby, ? 15. There were some people in the park, ? 16. We can stay an extra day, ? 17. The journey won t take long, ? 18. I m your best friend, ? 19. Andrew and Susan are your neighbors, ? 20. You didn t see the dog in the garden, ? Isn t it13313411 Direct and Indirect Speech11 Direct and Indirect SpeechDirect SpeechThe exact words that someone says are called direct speech. Quotation marks are used to set off direct speech. Mom said, Where are my keys? This ice cream is delicious, said Tom. Have you boys washed your hands? Asked Dad. Please get out of the car, the police officer ordered. What a beautiful dress! Said Sally. Indirect SpeechYou can report what someone says without using their exact words. |
You didn t see the dog in the garden, ? Isn t it13313411 Direct and Indirect Speech11 Direct and Indirect SpeechDirect SpeechThe exact words that someone says are called direct speech. Quotation marks are used to set off direct speech. Mom said, Where are my keys? This ice cream is delicious, said Tom. Have you boys washed your hands? Asked Dad. Please get out of the car, the police officer ordered. What a beautiful dress! Said Sally. Indirect SpeechYou can report what someone says without using their exact words. To do this, use a verb like say, ask or tell, followed by that. This is called indirect speech. There are several differences between a sentence with direct speech and a sentence with indirect speech. N You don t use quotation marks with indirect speech.n You change the tense of the verb.n You change the pronouns and determiners. Here are some examples. The verb tenses that change are printed in bold and the pronouns and determiners that change are printed in color. Remember that the past tense of can is could and the past tense of will is would.direct speechindirect speech Maggie said, I feel ill. Maggie said that she felt ill. Sumiko said, It s time to leave. Sumiko said that it was time to leave. I can t find my book, said Alice. Alice said that she couldn t find her book. John is hitting me, said Peter. Peter said that John was hitting him. Dad said, I haven t had my Dad said that he hadn t had his breakfast yet. Breakfast yet. My car won t start, said Mom. Mom said that her car wouldn t start. 135In indirect speech people often leave out the conjunction that. Maggie said that she felt ill. Sumiko said that it was time to leave. Alice said that she couldn t find her book. Peter said that John was hitting him. Dad said that he hadn t had his breakfast yet. When you are using indirect speech to report a statement that is still true now, you don t change the tense of the verb. Direct speechindirect speech John said, My mom doesn t like John said that his mom doesn t like fish. Fish. I live in a house by the sea, said Anna said that she lives in a house Anna.by the sea. Dad said, Paris is a beautiful city. Dad said Paris is a beautiful city. |
To report a question-word question, use the same question word in direct speech.direct speech indirect speech Mom said, Where are your shoes? Mom asked where my shoes were. Maggie said, Who has taken my Maggie asked who had taken her pen. Pen? What time does the show start? Sue asked what time the show started. Asked Sue. Peter said, Why did you leave Peter asked why I left before the end of before the end of the movie? The movie. Direct and Indirect Speech: Indirect Questions 137137When you are reporting yes or no questions, use if or whether after the verb.direct speech indirect speech Is it raining? Asked Tom. Tom asked if it was raining. Alice said, Can you help us? Alice asked whether I could help them. Dad said, Is the train on time? Dad asked if the train was on time. Exercise 1Fill in the blank spaces with a verb in the correct tense. The first one has been done for you.direct speechindirect speech 1. I am very tired, said Dad. Dad said that he very tired. 2. You look very handsome, Mike, Mom told Mike that he said Mom.very handsome. 3. The teacher said, Sam has not The teacher said that Sam made any mistakes. Not made any mistakes. 4. I am losing my patience, said Mr. Carter said that he losing Mr. Carter.his patience. 5. You can come to my house for Maggie told Jason that he dinner, Maggie told Jason.come to her house for dinner. 6. Dad said, Hurry up or we will be Dad told us to hurry up or we late. Be late. 7. The train is coming, said Peter. Peter said that the train coming. 8. I have cleaned up my room, said Kathleen said that she cleaned Kathleen.up her room. 9. The teacher said, It is time to stop The teacher said that it time writing. To stop writing.10. I don t want to watch TV, said John said that he want to John. Watch TV.Direct and Indirect Speech: Indirect Commandswas Exercise 2Complete these indirect speech sentences with the correct pronoun or determiner. The first one has been done for you.direct speechindirect Speech 1. My head is aching, said Sarah. Sarah said that head was aching. 2. |
9. Write your name at the top of the page, everyone, said Miss Lee.10. Does the ball belong to you boys? The woman asked. Mom asked if I was feeling ill.13914012 Punctuation12 PunctuationPunctuation Marks Punctuation marks are signs such as periods, commas and question marks. They are used in sentences to make the meaning clear.period Put a period at the end of a sentence. Tim lent me his skateboard. The children are playing in the garden. The train arrived late. It s not a very sunny day.comma Put a comma between items in a list. You need paper, scissors and glue. She likes reading, swimming, playing basketball and going to the movies. Tom, May Ling, Sue and Christopher all went shopping together. Put a comma after yes and no. Do you like football? Yes, I like it very much. Is this your house? Yes, it is. Is it still snowing? No, it s stopped. Has Sarah had breakfast yet? No, she hasn t. You also put a comma before or after the name of the person you are speaking to. Hello, Mr. Carter. Miss Lee, can I borrow a pencil, please?Goodbye, Andrew.., 141Commas are used before please and thank you. Could you pass me that pencil, please? Would you like some more orange juice, David? Yes, please. I ve had enough to eat, thank you. Would you like another cupcake, Sally? No, thank you. A comma is also used between the parts of a place name. Chicago, IllinoisTower Bridge, LondonAthens, Georgiathe Lincoln Memorial, Washington DCquestion mark Write a question mark at the end of a question, instead of a period. Can you hear me, children? Didn t you read the sign?Who is that man talking to Dad? Where is my schoolbag? Is there someone knocking at the door? How many apples are left?exclamation point Use an exclamation point at the end of a sentence that shows a strong feeling such as surprise or fear. An exclamation point is used instead of a period. What a silly thing to do! Help! A monster!You re completely wrong!What a shame!I told you not to go out on your own!How sad!You can also use exclamation points with strong orders. Sit down! Don t touch that knife!Be quiet! |
Help! A monster!You re completely wrong!What a shame!I told you not to go out on your own!How sad!You can also use exclamation points with strong orders. Sit down! Don t touch that knife!Be quiet! Give me that ball!Leave that computer alone!Do it now!!?Punctuation: Punctuation Marks 142Exclamation points are usually used after interjections. People often use just one or two words to express a sudden feeling such as fear, happiness, surprise or anger, or in greeting somebody. These short expressions are called interjections. Here are some examples:Hello! Ouch! Good morning! Hurray! Good night! Help! Well done! Look out! Oh dear! Happy Birthday! Apostrophe Use an apostrophe with s to show who something belongs to. This is Michael s room. This is my Dad s desk. Are you Kathleen s mom?This dog s tail is very long. The teacher collects everyone s books at the end of the class. Jack is going to his friend s house for lunch. You also use an apostrophe to show where one or more letters are missing in a contraction. I m am the boy who lives next door. She s is my best friend. He s has been to Europe twice. We re are going to the zoo today. You re are my favorite uncle. I d had better go home now. You ve have got dirt on your new shoes. He ll will lend you his bike. Punctuation: Punctuation Marks 143quotation marks Use quotation marks around the exact words that someone says. You put the mark at the beginning of the words, and the mark at the end. Use a comma before the last quotation mark, to separate the words from the rest of the sentence. This bike is mine, said Susan. I would like some apple juice, please, said the little boy. Let s play computer games, said James. Suppose the exact words that someone says come after the rest of the sentence. |
You put the mark at the beginning of the words, and the mark at the end. Use a comma before the last quotation mark, to separate the words from the rest of the sentence. This bike is mine, said Susan. I would like some apple juice, please, said the little boy. Let s play computer games, said James. Suppose the exact words that someone says come after the rest of the sentence. In this case put a period before the last quotation mark. Dad said, Come inside and have lunch. John, said Mom, please turn your music down. Put question marks and exclamation points in the same place as periods, before the last quotation mark. Is this the way to the station? The man asked. Sam said, Can I borrow your pencil? Don t do that! Said Mom. John said, What a great movie! Colon When you are reading a playscript, notice the colon between the name of a character and the words that they speak. Jack: What have you got in the bag?Maggie: My swimming suit. Jack: When are you going swimming?Maggie: This afternoon. Would you like to come?:Punctuation: Punctuation Marks 144Capital LetterUse a capital letter as the first letter of the first word in a sentence. Dogs have wet noses. Where is my ball?That isn t fair!This is my brother. You need a racket if you re going to play tennis. You also use a capital letter for the first letter of the first word in direct speech. Sam said, This is my brother. Where is my ball? Tom asked. Alice shouted, That isn t fair! You ll need a racket if you re going to play tennis, said Dad. The word I is always written as a capital letter. I m really pleased with your work. Do you know what I got for my birthday?Paul and I asked if we could help. Use a capital letter to begin the names of people and places. JohnAustraliathe SphinxMay LingGermanythe Taj MahalDavid Beckhamthe United States of Americathe Grand CanyonDr. RajMexico Citythe Great Wall of ChinaMiss LeeBeijingthe Pacific OceanGrandadBuckingham PalaceMount FujiUncle Davidthe Statue of Libertythe Rio GrandeProfessor Parkthe Erie Canalthe Himalayas Punctuation: Capital Letter 145You also use capital letters after the initials in someone s name. |
You also use a capital letter for the first letter of the first word in direct speech. Sam said, This is my brother. Where is my ball? Tom asked. Alice shouted, That isn t fair! You ll need a racket if you re going to play tennis, said Dad. The word I is always written as a capital letter. I m really pleased with your work. Do you know what I got for my birthday?Paul and I asked if we could help. Use a capital letter to begin the names of people and places. JohnAustraliathe SphinxMay LingGermanythe Taj MahalDavid Beckhamthe United States of Americathe Grand CanyonDr. RajMexico Citythe Great Wall of ChinaMiss LeeBeijingthe Pacific OceanGrandadBuckingham PalaceMount FujiUncle Davidthe Statue of Libertythe Rio GrandeProfessor Parkthe Erie Canalthe Himalayas Punctuation: Capital Letter 145You also use capital letters after the initials in someone s name. T.K. LeeJ.K. RowlingJ.R.R. TolkienM.C. Hammer The days of the week and months of the year begin with a capital letter. MondayJanuaryJulyTuesdayFebruaryAugustWednesdayMarchSeptemberThursdayAprilOctoberFridayMayNovemberSaturdayJuneDecemberSundayThe names of holidays and special celebrations also begin with a capital letter. Valentine s DayVeterans DayYom KippurHalloweenChristmasIndependence DayMemorial DayThanksgivingCapital letters are also used in the titles of books, films and plays. The Lady and the Tramp Star WarsHarry Potter and the Sorcerer s StoneThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Alice in WonderlandThe Sword in the StoneHamlet, Prince of DenmarkCats and DogsUniversal World AtlasPunctuation: Capital Letter 146Nationalities and languages also begin with a capital letter. AustralianGermanIndonesianKoreanSpanishFrenchEgyptianRussianHinduJapaneseSouth AfricanChineseBritishEnglishPakistaniCantoneseYou also use a capital letter for the first letter in words and phrases that you use for saying hello and goodbye. Good morning. Have a nice day. Bye. Hi. See you later. Take it easy. Punctuation: Capital LetterPut the correct punctuation mark at the end of each sentence. 1. Sally is my sister s friend 2. What time is it 3. Don t speak to your mother like that 4. |
Sally is my sister s friend 2. What time is it 3. Don t speak to your mother like that 4. Good morning Did you sleep well 5. Oh dear Did he hurt himself Exercise 2Rewrite the following sentences by putting commas and apostrophes in the correct places. 1. This food is delicious isnt it? 2. Hello David. Have you seen Toms new bike? 3. Good morning children said Miss Lee. 4. I cant speak French very well. 5. Excuse me Mr. Chen. Could you help me with this question please. 6. Sams mom bought rice eggs and flour. 7. Yes thank you. Ive had a lovely day. 8. Shes my big brothers girlfriend.147 6. Mom asked if I had cleaned my room 7. Help I m falling 8. Could you open a window, please 9. He s very handsome, isn t he10. What a lovely dayPut capital letters in the correct places as you rewrite these sentences. 1. Have you seen mr. Chen? 2. Can I help with the cooking, mom? 3. We went to paris for a holiday. 4. Do you like my new car? Asked uncle david. 5. We visited new york and saw the statue of liberty. 6. My friend doesn t speak english. 7. They spent christmas in london. 8. We went to the library on thursday. 9. Were you born in june or july?10. Have you read the lord of the rings by j.r.r. Tolkien? 11. They re going to italy next summer. 12. Have a good day, mrs. |
They re going to italy next summer. 12. Have a good day, mrs. Park.148149A List of Irregular VerbsA List of Irregular VerbsHere is a table to remind you of the forms of irregular verbs. Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlebeam, is, arebeingwasbeenbeatbeatsbeatingbeatbeatenbecomebecomesbecomingbecamebecomebeginbeginsbeginningbeganbegunbendbendsbendingbent bentbitebitesbitingbitbittenblowblowsblowingblewblownbreakbreaksbreakingbrokebrokenbringbringsbringingbroughtbroughtbuildbuildsbuildingbuiltbuiltburnburnsburningburnedburnedburstburstsburstingburstburstbuybuysbuyingboughtboughtcatchcatchescatchingcaughtcaughtchoosechooseschoosingchosechosencomecomescomingcamecomecreepcreepscreepingcreptcreptcutcutscuttingcutcutdigdigsdiggingdugdugdodoesdoingdiddonedrawdrawsdrawingdrewdrawn150Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participledrinkdrinksdrinkingdrankdrunkdrivedrivesdrivingdrovedriveneateatseatingateeatenfallfallsfallingfellfallenfeedfeedsfeedingfedfedfeelfeelsfeelingfeltfeltfightfightsfightingfoughtfoughtfindfindsfindingfoundfoundflyfliesflyingflewflownforgetforgetsforgettingforgotforgottenfreezefreezesfreezingfrozefrozengetgetsgettinggotgotgivegivesgivinggavegivengogoesgoingwentgonegrowgrowsgrowinggrewgrownhavehashavinghadhadhearhearshearingheardheardhidehideshidinghidhiddenhithitshittinghithitholdholdsholdingheldheldhurthurtshurtinghurthurtkeepkeepskeepingkeptkeptkneelkneelskneelingkneltkneltknowknowsknowingknewknownlaylayslayinglaidlaidleadleadsleadingledled151Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlelearnlearnslearninglearnedlearnedleaveleavesleavingleftleftlendlendslendinglentlentletletslettingletletlielieslyinglaylainlightlightslightinglit lightedlit lightedloseloseslosinglostlostmakemakesmakingmademademeetmeetsmeetingmetmetpaypayspayingpaidpaidputputsputtingputputreadreadsreadingreadreadrideridesridingroderiddenringringsringingrangrungriserisesrisingroserisenrunrunsrunningranrunsaysayssayingsaidsaidseeseesseeingsawseensellsellssellingsoldsoldsendsendssendingsentsentshakeshakesshakingshookshakenshineshinesshiningshoneshoneshootshootsshootingshotshotshowshowsshowingshowedshownshutshutsshuttingshutshutsingsingssingingsangsung152Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlesinksinkssinkingsanksunksitsitssittingsatsatsleepsleepssleepingsleptsleptsmellsmellssmellingsmelledsmelledspeakspeaksspeakingspokespokenspendspendsspendingspentspentspreadspreadsspreadingspreadspreadstealstealsstealingstolestolensticksticksstickingstuckstucksweep sweepssweepingsweptsweptswellswellsswellingswelledswollenswimswimsswimmingswamswumswingswingsswingingswungswungtaketakestakingtooktakenteachteachesteachingtaughttaughtteartearstearingtoretorntelltellstellingtoldtoldthinkthinksthinkingthoughtthoughtthrowthrowsthrowingthrewthrownunderstandunderstandsunderstandingunderstoodunderstoodwakewakeswakingwokewokenwearwearswearingworewornweepweepsweepingweptweptwinwinswinningwon wonwritewriteswritingwrotewritten Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar More than 80 practice exercises are included for readyreinforcement A wealth of examples are provided on every topic Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammartips and useful language notesBeginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatlybenefit from a clear understanding of English grammarbasics. |
12. Have a good day, mrs. Park.148149A List of Irregular VerbsA List of Irregular VerbsHere is a table to remind you of the forms of irregular verbs. Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlebeam, is, arebeingwasbeenbeatbeatsbeatingbeatbeatenbecomebecomesbecomingbecamebecomebeginbeginsbeginningbeganbegunbendbendsbendingbent bentbitebitesbitingbitbittenblowblowsblowingblewblownbreakbreaksbreakingbrokebrokenbringbringsbringingbroughtbroughtbuildbuildsbuildingbuiltbuiltburnburnsburningburnedburnedburstburstsburstingburstburstbuybuysbuyingboughtboughtcatchcatchescatchingcaughtcaughtchoosechooseschoosingchosechosencomecomescomingcamecomecreepcreepscreepingcreptcreptcutcutscuttingcutcutdigdigsdiggingdugdugdodoesdoingdiddonedrawdrawsdrawingdrewdrawn150Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participledrinkdrinksdrinkingdrankdrunkdrivedrivesdrivingdrovedriveneateatseatingateeatenfallfallsfallingfellfallenfeedfeedsfeedingfedfedfeelfeelsfeelingfeltfeltfightfightsfightingfoughtfoughtfindfindsfindingfoundfoundflyfliesflyingflewflownforgetforgetsforgettingforgotforgottenfreezefreezesfreezingfrozefrozengetgetsgettinggotgotgivegivesgivinggavegivengogoesgoingwentgonegrowgrowsgrowinggrewgrownhavehashavinghadhadhearhearshearingheardheardhidehideshidinghidhiddenhithitshittinghithitholdholdsholdingheldheldhurthurtshurtinghurthurtkeepkeepskeepingkeptkeptkneelkneelskneelingkneltkneltknowknowsknowingknewknownlaylayslayinglaidlaidleadleadsleadingledled151Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlelearnlearnslearninglearnedlearnedleaveleavesleavingleftleftlendlendslendinglentlentletletslettingletletlielieslyinglaylainlightlightslightinglit lightedlit lightedloseloseslosinglostlostmakemakesmakingmademademeetmeetsmeetingmetmetpaypayspayingpaidpaidputputsputtingputputreadreadsreadingreadreadrideridesridingroderiddenringringsringingrangrungriserisesrisingroserisenrunrunsrunningranrunsaysayssayingsaidsaidseeseesseeingsawseensellsellssellingsoldsoldsendsendssendingsentsentshakeshakesshakingshookshakenshineshinesshiningshoneshoneshootshootsshootingshotshotshowshowsshowingshowedshownshutshutsshuttingshutshutsingsingssingingsangsung152Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlesinksinkssinkingsanksunksitsitssittingsatsatsleepsleepssleepingsleptsleptsmellsmellssmellingsmelledsmelledspeakspeaksspeakingspokespokenspendspendsspendingspentspentspreadspreadsspreadingspreadspreadstealstealsstealingstolestolensticksticksstickingstuckstucksweep sweepssweepingsweptsweptswellswellsswellingswelledswollenswimswimsswimmingswamswumswingswingsswingingswungswungtaketakestakingtooktakenteachteachesteachingtaughttaughtteartearstearingtoretorntelltellstellingtoldtoldthinkthinksthinkingthoughtthoughtthrowthrowsthrowingthrewthrownunderstandunderstandsunderstandingunderstoodunderstoodwakewakeswakingwokewokenwearwearswearingworewornweepweepsweepingweptweptwinwinswinningwon wonwritewriteswritingwrotewritten Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar More than 80 practice exercises are included for readyreinforcement A wealth of examples are provided on every topic Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammartips and useful language notesBeginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatlybenefit from a clear understanding of English grammarbasics. This is the ideal supplement to your language artsprogram whether your students are native English speakers orbeginning English language learners. |
Have a good day, mrs.park.148149A List of Irregular VerbsA List of Irregular VerbsHere is a table to remind you of the forms of irregular verbs. Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlebeam, is, arebeingwasbeenbeatbeatsbeatingbeatbeatenbecomebecomesbecomingbecamebecomebeginbeginsbeginningbeganbegunbendbendsbendingbent bentbitebitesbitingbitbittenblowblowsblowingblewblownbreakbreaksbreakingbrokebrokenbringbringsbringingbroughtbroughtbuildbuildsbuildingbuiltbuiltburnburnsburningburnedburnedburstburstsburstingburstburstbuybuysbuyingboughtboughtcatchcatchescatchingcaughtcaughtchoosechooseschoosingchosechosencomecomescomingcamecomecreepcreepscreepingcreptcreptcutcutscuttingcutcutdigdigsdiggingdugdugdodoesdoingdiddonedrawdrawsdrawingdrewdrawn150Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participledrinkdrinksdrinkingdrankdrunkdrivedrivesdrivingdrovedriveneateatseatingateeatenfallfallsfallingfellfallenfeedfeedsfeedingfedfedfeelfeelsfeelingfeltfeltfightfightsfightingfoughtfoughtfindfindsfindingfoundfoundflyfliesflyingflewflownforgetforgetsforgettingforgotforgottenfreezefreezesfreezingfrozefrozengetgetsgettinggotgotgivegivesgivinggavegivengogoesgoingwentgonegrowgrowsgrowinggrewgrownhavehashavinghadhadhearhearshearingheardheardhidehideshidinghidhiddenhithitshittinghithitholdholdsholdingheldheldhurthurtshurtinghurthurtkeepkeepskeepingkeptkeptkneelkneelskneelingkneltkneltknowknowsknowingknewknownlaylayslayinglaidlaidleadleadsleadingledled151Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlelearnlearnslearninglearnedlearnedleaveleavesleavingleftleftlendlendslendinglentlentletletslettingletletlielieslyinglaylainlightlightslightinglit lightedlit lightedloseloseslosinglostlostmakemakesmakingmademademeetmeetsmeetingmetmetpaypayspayingpaidpaidputputsputtingputputreadreadsreadingreadreadrideridesridingroderiddenringringsringingrangrungriserisesrisingroserisenrunrunsrunningranrunsaysayssayingsaidsaidseeseesseeingsawseensellsellssellingsoldsoldsendsendssendingsentsentshakeshakesshakingshookshakenshineshinesshiningshoneshoneshootshootsshootingshotshotshowshowsshowingshowedshownshutshutsshuttingshutshutsingsingssingingsangsung152Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlesinksinkssinkingsanksunksitsitssittingsatsatsleepsleepssleepingsleptsleptsmellsmellssmellingsmelledsmelledspeakspeaksspeakingspokespokenspendspendsspendingspentspentspreadspreadsspreadingspreadspreadstealstealsstealingstolestolensticksticksstickingstuckstucksweep sweepssweepingsweptsweptswellswellsswellingswelledswollenswimswimsswimmingswamswumswingswingsswingingswungswungtaketakestakingtooktakenteachteachesteachingtaughttaughtteartearstearingtoretorntelltellstellingtoldtoldthinkthinksthinkingthoughtthoughtthrowthrowsthrowingthrewthrownunderstandunderstandsunderstandingunderstoodunderstoodwakewakeswakingwokewokenwearwearswearingworewornweepweepsweepingweptweptwinwinswinningwon wonwritewriteswritingwrotewritten Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar More than 80 practice exercises are included for readyreinforcement A wealth of examples are provided on every topic Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammartips and useful language notesBeginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatlybenefit from a clear understanding of English grammarbasics. This is the ideal supplement to your language artsprogram whether your students are native English speakers orbeginning English language learners. Skill-specific lessonsmake it easy to locate and prescribe instant reinforcementor intervention. BASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBook. |
Table of ContentsUnit 1InfinitivesPart A Causative Verbs and Infinitive Form6B To-infinitives as Subjects10C To-infinitives in Predicates14D To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In Order18E Review GerundsPart A Gerunds and Common Verbs with Gerunds 24B Infinitives vs. Gerunds 28C Gerunds after Prepositions 32D Special Expressions with Gerunds 36E Review ParticiplesPart A Present and Past Participles 42B Perfect Participle Clauses46C Review Perfect TensesPart A Simple Past vs. Present Perfect 52B Past Perfect 56C Present Perfect Progressive 60D Past Perfect Progressive 64E Adverbs with Perfect Tenses 68F Review Modal AuxiliariesPart A Expressing Ability74B Polite Requests 78C Necessity and Obligation 82D Advice and Suggestion86E Expectation90F Review 94Unit 6Noun ClausesPart A Noun Clauses with Question Words96B Noun Clauses with That, If, and Whether100C Noun Clauses vs. Noun Phrases 104D Review Relative ClausesPart A Restrictive Clauses 110B Non-restrictive Clauses 114C Review Direct and Indirect SpeechPart A Direct Speech 120B Indirect Speech 124C Review Active and Passive VoicesPart A Active and Passive Voices 130B Active and Passive Forms 134C Stative Passives 138D Review 142Unit 10 Prepositions with NounsPart A Nouns Followed by Prepositions 144B Prepositions Followed by Nouns 148C Review Index155Transcripts Answer Key6 Unit 1 InfinitivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewDear Diary,I was so happy today because I overcame my fearof speaking in front of the class. My friend Emilywas so helpful because she helped me realizethat standing and speaking in front of others wasnot a big deal. After class was over, Emily had mestand on a desk. Then, she made me give myspeech over and over until I became comfortablein front of her. She convinced me to speakconfidently with a loud voice and also forced meto stand up straight while speaking. |
After class was over, Emily had mestand on a desk. Then, she made me give myspeech over and over until I became comfortablein front of her. She convinced me to speakconfidently with a loud voice and also forced meto stand up straight while speaking. I am sograteful for all of her help. Claire A causative verb is a verb that enables, causes, or allows a person to do something to another person. For help, both to-infinitives and bare infinitives are acceptable. I helped them to move the sofa. I helped them move the sofa. Causative Verbswith To-infinitivesGet, force, allow, encourage, persuade,convince, and help are followed by an objectand the to-infinitive form of a verb. Let, make, have, and help are followed by anobject and the bare infinitive form of a verb. They persuaded us to join their group. She convinced me to leave early. My parents did not let me go to the rock concert. That food made my stomach feel sick. The teacher had me do the sum on the board. Causative Verbs and Infinitive FormPart AUnit 1 Infinitiveswith Bare InfinitivesPart A 71. My teacher forces me do chores around her house.2. I always help my grandmother to do my homework.3. Mark s brother had his friend help him with his homework.4. Jenny encourages others do the dishes after dinner.5. Allen hates it when his mom makes him to try new things. Exercise 2Match the sentence parts.1. My violin teacher made convinced me to practice for two hours every night.2. Are you sure I can t convince make you to come with us? 3. Sometimes late at night, my father gets lets me drive the car.4. Emily and Claire are always having persuading us to go shopping with them.5. My teacher is going to get have me take a special math class next month. 6. Even though Peter doesn t like it, his father always forces has him to go to musiclessons after school. Exercise 3Choose the correct causative verb.1. After begging for three hours, I finally convinced my friend to let me borrow hislaptop. 2. My mother made me take ballet lessons when I was younger.3. |
After begging for three hours, I finally convinced my friend to let me borrow hislaptop. 2. My mother made me take ballet lessons when I was younger.3. My mother has me make my bed every morning. 4. My desire to get into a good university forces me to study hard every day. 5. They convinced me to go to the shop for them.6. Hopefully, she can persuade her father to let her stay out late on Friday. Exercise 1Circle the causative verbs in the sentences. Some sentences havemore than one causative verb. Practice 1Practice 28 Unit 1 InfinitivesExercise 5Underline the mistakes. Write the corrections on the lines. If there are nomistakes, write OK on the line.1. Yesterday, Peter and Allen let Jenny to beat them in the race. 2. The woman convinced the filthy boy to take a shower after he had been playing inthe mud. 3. Every day, my friend convinces me eat the same thing for lunch. 4. Yesterday, Allen s father had him to go to the hair stylist with his little sister. 5. After-school academies help children reinforce topics that they learn in school. 6. Tomorrow, we will get his friend help us move the giant sofa. Exercise 6Use the pictures to write sentences with causative verbs.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 4Listen and answer the questions. Track 21. What is the client s name? 2. What does the lawyer want the jury to do? 3. What does not guilty mean? 4. What was Mr. Pearson forced to do? Part A 9Grammar in UseExercise 7Circle the four mistakes in the passage.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 8Rewrite the incorrect sentences correctly. Bruce,I can t believe what happened to me yesterday! I was walking with Joe, andhe persuaded me play a joke on Michelle. We took her backpack. Then wetold her it was stolen. But we made a mistakeand took the wrong bag. The one we tookbelonged to the teacher s daughter. Theteacher made us to say sorry to herdaughter. |
But we made a mistakeand took the wrong bag. The one we tookbelonged to the teacher s daughter. Theteacher made us to say sorry to herdaughter. Then she forced us tell Michelleabout the joke. It was really embarrassing. I ll never let myself to listen to Joe again!BrianPart B To-infinitives as Subjects10 Unit 1 InfinitivesA to-infinitive phrase may be used as the subject ofa sentence. When the to-infinitive phrase is long,the sentence begins with it and the to-infinitivephrase comes at the end of the sentence. For an object preceding an infinitive gives thatinfinitive a specific subject. An indirect object may follow take and cost. A to-infinitive can begin a sentence. This is usuallydone with short infinitive phrases or to give thesentence a more formal feeling. It is unusual to see an owl during the day. It takes time to learn a new language. It is worthwhile for people to invest their savings. It is unusual for owls to come out during the day. How long did it take her to do her homework?It cost her a lot of money to get a good tutor. To ski takes strong legs and good balance. To be kind to others is important. To-infinitives as SubjectsGrammar ExplanationPreviewLeadershipTo lead requires good organization and a clear set of goals. It takes good communication skillsto pass the vision of the goals to others, and it isalways important for the leader to inspire hisfollowers to work hard for that goal. Practice 1Part B 111. To do that again. For me would be It awful 2. Eighty years the championship. To win took the team It 3. Dollars lunch. To buy It four costs 4. Everyone to fail Not to do requires job. Their Exercise 2Unscramble the sentences.1. Necessary - adults 2. Important - president 3. Unfortunate - a child 4. Rude - teenagers Exercise 3Make sentences using it and the words given.1. It cost her three hundred dollars repair her computer.2. To respect your parents is very important.3. Every morning, it takes him one hour to fix his hair.4. |
It cost her three hundred dollars repair her computer.2. To respect your parents is very important.3. Every morning, it takes him one hour to fix his hair.4. It is bad for business to too many customer complaints.5. When did it occur to you to ask for directions?6. How long does take you to finish a pint of ice cream?Exercise 1Check the sentences that are correct. Practice 212 Unit 1 Infinitives1. For me to help do chores around the house.2. To never do your homework.3. One dollar to take the bus.4. To stand up for what you believe.5. To hear my friend sing. Exercise 6Complete the sentences with your own information. Begin each sentencewith it.1. It costs about eight dollars to see a movie. 2. It takes a while to get to school in the morning. 3. It takes a lot of studying to do well in school. 4. It is strange for our boss to take us out for dinner. 5. It is quite common for Peter to forget his homework. Exercise 5Rewrite each sentence into a more formal sentence beginning with aninfinitive. Exercise 4Look at the pictures and answer the questions you hear.1. 2. 3. 4. Track 3Part B 13Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the conversation with words from the box.1. To find my house is .2. It takes around .3. It is important for .4. It is also important for .5. Finally, .Exercise 8Give directions to your house using the prompts. Man:OK, how do we get to your house?Woman: Well, 1. My house is pretty easy. It takes abouttwenty minutes 2. There from here. Start bytaking Orchard Road for about fifteen minutes. It is important foryou 3. Slowly because there is a school nearby. It is unusual for there 4. Children playing in thestreet, but be careful. It is also important for you 5. |
Slowly because there is a school nearby. It is unusual for there 4. Children playing in thestreet, but be careful. It is also important for you 5. To the big grey wall on your leftbecause you must turn right onthe street after the wall. Afterturning, go to the end of the streetand look for the big blue house. Man:OK, let s go!to pay attention to drive to find to be to getPart C To-infinitives in Predicates14 Unit 1 InfinitivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewQ: Why should you be admitted to Tiger College?Even though there are many other opportunitiesfor me, I want to attend Tiger College. Eversince I was a small child, my father expected meto work my hardest, so I could go to the bestcollege. I did well on my tests and refused tosettle for number two in my class, and I hope to study under the guidance of Tiger sworld-renowned faculty. I will be delighted tostart classes this fall, and I promise tomaintain my high work ethic. The to-infinitive comes after a verb. The to-infinitive comes after an object. The to-infinitive comes after an adjective. A to-infinitive can be placed at several different positions within a sentence. They wanted to stay for a few extra days. We asked to see the menu. I asked her to stay for a few more hours. I lifted the heavy box to impress the girls. He will be disappointed not to see you. It will be strange to meet her after so many years. To-infinitives in PredicatesPractice 11. Me to give my teacher less My mother persuaded homework. 2. Information allows to get The Internet us anywhere. From 3. Off forgot to Peter oven. The turn 4. Embarrassed are going the play. We to be to act in 5. To travel the world. Around Jenny s planning sister is Part C 15Exercise 2Unscramble the sentences.1. The President promised the citizens something. He listened to their problems. 2. After not eating all day, my brother will need food. He will eat a big dinner. 3. She was very nervous. |
After not eating all day, my brother will need food. He will eat a big dinner. 3. She was very nervous. She flew for the first time. 4. I expect to have a good job when I grow up. I am going to be a doctor. 5. After the airplane landed, I was so excited. I saw my grandparents. Exercise 3Combine the two clauses using an infinitive. Exercise 1Write A if the infinitive comes after an adjective, O if it comes after anobject, or V if it is after a verb.1. I will be happy to finish this essay.2. My grandmother plans to give me a diamond ring when I get married.3. The skier appeared to injure his leg after the girl ran into him.4. When will your father ask Peter to finish building the dresser?5. Claire and Emily were very sad to leave Italy and return home. Practice 216 Unit 1 InfinitivesExercise 5Choose the correct answer for each sentence. Exercise 4Listen and answer the questions.1. She really to like her new boyfriend.a. Prefers b. seems c. agrees d. decides2. I am sorry, I can t to ignore it any longer. You have food on your face. A. wish b. deserve c. attempts d. pretend3. My father always reminds me that he me to lose every time we playbasketball against each other.a. Expects b. plans c. determines d. agrees4. Hollywood actors are always eager for the camera.a. To fly b. to sneeze c. to smile d. to sleep1. What is the speaker s profession? 2. Which city are they in? 3. What does he want everybody to do? 4. What is he going to show the audience how to do? Exercise 6Use the pictures to write sentences using infinitives. Track 41. 2. 3. 4. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the passage with words from the box.wake up seems try excited home in the middleMy daily life 1. To be pretty boring. |
4. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the passage with words from the box.wake up seems try excited home in the middleMy daily life 1. To be pretty boring. Every day, I go to school tolisten to my teachers talk about the same thing. After school, Iget 2. To meet my friends so we can go playsoccer. I then go 3. To eat dinner. After that I 4. To finish myhomework, but I usually stop 5. To take a nap. I then 6. Tofinish my homework before going back tosleep for the night. Exercise 8Complete the sentences with information about your daily life.1. After I come home from school, I want .2. Every day, I am happy .3. Every day, my parents require me .4. Every day, I am amazed . To-infinitives with Too,Enough, and In OrderPart D18 Unit 1 InfinitivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewMy parents are always telling me that their liveswere so much harder when they were kids. When Iwant to get a ride to go to a friend s house, they saythey had to walk in a meter of snow to get toschool. Or if I don t like my dinner, they say thatthey never had enough to eat. When I need newclothes because mine are too old to wear, theytell me that they always wore clothes that were toosmall to wear because their family never hadenough money to buy new ones. I don t believeeverything they say. I think they tell me this inorder to make me feel guilty. Too shows that an adverb or adjective is excessive for a certain purpose. I.e., that there is more than a person would wantor like Enough shows that an adverb, adjective, or noun issufficient for a certain thing. I.e., that a person does not need any more of thatthing In order to is used to show purpose. It can also be implied when just a to-infinitive is used. Using a comma, it can precede the main clause. Itcan also follow the main clause. In this case, thereis no comma. To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In OrderI was too tired to do any work. |
I think they tell me this inorder to make me feel guilty. Too shows that an adverb or adjective is excessive for a certain purpose. I.e., that there is more than a person would wantor like Enough shows that an adverb, adjective, or noun issufficient for a certain thing. I.e., that a person does not need any more of thatthing In order to is used to show purpose. It can also be implied when just a to-infinitive is used. Using a comma, it can precede the main clause. Itcan also follow the main clause. In this case, thereis no comma. To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In OrderI was too tired to do any work. Too adjective adverb to-infinitiveI have too much work to do today. Too much uncountable noun to-infinitiveI have too many presents to buy. Too many plural countable noun to-infinitiveWe had enough time to finish the project. Enough noun to-infinitiveHe s not fast enough to play for the team. Adjective adverb enough to-infinitiveI studied hard in order to pass the test. I studiedhard to pass the test. My father drove down Oak Street in order toavoid traffic. In order to avoid traffic, my fatherdrove down Oak Street. Practice 1Part D 191. Emily doesn t have time to go to all her after-school classes andfinish her homework.2. My parents sent me chocolate to finish before I leave.3. There are cars on the road to drive home quickly.4. With forty students and only twenty-five desks, there are studentsto place in desks.5. Jenny feels that there is pressure on her to perform well in school. Exercise 2Complete the sentences with too much, too many, or enough.1. I must have creativity. I want to write novels. 2. After doing poorly on my exam, I must have a good interview. I want to get into agood college. 3. You want to see all of France. You must climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower. 4. Peter kept his brother from telling their parents that he broke the vase. Peter cleanedhis brother s room for a week. 5. |
Peter kept his brother from telling their parents that he broke the vase. Peter cleanedhis brother s room for a week. 5. Allen wants to buy his girlfriend a bracelet. Allen will need to get a job. Exercise 3Combine the two sentences to form one sentence using in order to-infinitive.1. In order to fly a kite, in order to get my work done.2. My friend doesn t practice enough to become a great pianist.3. He weighs too much to fly to America.4. I need to wake up early tomorrow to make sure I don t get thirsty.5. It usually costs a thousand dollars it must be a windy day.6. When hiking, I always take enough water to sit on the baby s swing. Exercise 1Match the sentence parts. Practice 220 Unit 1 InfinitivesExercise 4Listen and choose the best responses.1. He brought enough candy to share with everyone. Did ? 2. We have too much work to do it properly. Do ? 3. You must always watch the ball in order to hit a baseball. What ? 4. I take cooking lessons to impress Jenny. Why ? 5. Allen wants to be taller in order to be a good basketball player. Why ? Exercise 6Rewrite the sentences in question form.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 5Use the pictures to write sentences using too, enough, and in order to. Track 51. A.b.c.2. A.b.c.3. A.b.c.4. A.b.c. Part D 21Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the sentences with too, enough, or in order to.1. Make the best ChocolateChip cookies, follow these easy steps.2. Get your flour, baking soda, and salt andmix them together. Be sure to add baking soda or yourcookies will look like crackers.3. Next, make sure to add sugar and vanilla to make your cookiessweet, and mix them together along with the flour and a couple of eggs.4. |
Get your flour, baking soda, and salt andmix them together. Be sure to add baking soda or yourcookies will look like crackers.3. Next, make sure to add sugar and vanilla to make your cookiessweet, and mix them together along with the flour and a couple of eggs.4. After that, stir in the chocolate chips evenly avoid somecookies having many chips and some cookies with too few.5. Then, put your dough in the refrigerator for ten minutes let the baking soda rise so your cookies aren t flat like cardboard.6. Next, preheat your oven to 350 degrees, and put spoonfuls of cookie doughonto a cookie sheet. Don t make your cookies thick or themiddle will never bake.7. Finally, put your cookies into the oven for ten minutes. Be sure to allow time for the oven to preheat ensurethat your cookies are baked properly.8. Now you can take the cookies out of the oven and enjoy them!1. In order to make cookies, what ingredients do you need? 2. Why must you put the dough in the refrigerator? 3. Why shouldn t you make your cookies too thick? Exercise 8Answer questions about the reading. 22 Unit 1 InfinitivesReviewPart EA: I bought a new English book inorder to study harder. A: Yes, but sometimes I don t haveenough time to study. A: Yes, I will just do my best!B: Cool. It s a good idea to learn a newlanguage. B: Well, don t study too much. It takestime to learn a new language. Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.1.2.3.bought a new English book joined a new gym got a canoestudy harder get fit take up a sportto learn a new language get in shape learn a new sportstudy exercise practice1. My mother promised the author to finish his book.2. Because he misbehaved, the teacher had we need to have tickets.3. It took three years for Allen stand outside of the classroom.4. In order to get into the stadium, to buy me new shoes for my birthday.5. I never agreed to allow my cousin to stay in my room.1. Successful. |
In order to get into the stadium, to buy me new shoes for my birthday.5.I never agreed to allow my cousin to stay in my room.1.successful. It hard work to takes become 2.finish homework. Sister I help her will my 3.to care. Irresponsible One be not must 4.strange others. It is very help to see a selfish man Exercise 2Match the sentence parts. Exercise 3Unscramble the sentences. It is better to be safe than sorry. ProverbExercise 4Write a complete sentence using the words and tense given.1. Present I - too tired - to do 2. Future My friend - convince - comic books 3. Past We - invite - our friends 4. Future He - not have - enough - cake 5. Past In order to - catch - friend - he - run Exercise 5Circle two mistakes in each sentence and then rewrite the sentencecorrectly.1.Yesterday, Peter makes his friend to go with him to the doctor s office. 2.Mark wanted her help he with his homework. 3.She doesn t got a high enough score pass the test. 4.I m study French order to go to Paris. 5.You can never to do enough help others to live well. Review 23. |
INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS 1. 1996: What is plantation farming system? 2. 1997: State the main characteristics of shifting cultivation. 3. 1997: Differentiate between olericulture and pomoculture 4. 1997: State three characteristics of shifting cultivation. 5. 2001: State six reasons why agriculture is important in Kenya s economy 6. 2002: State two ways in which agriculture contributes directly to the development of industries. 7. 2004: Give the limitations of pastoral Farming. 8. 2004: State any two disadvantages of pastoral nomadism system of farming. FACTORS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURE K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS 1. 1995: List four environmental factors that affect crop distribution in Kenya. 2. 1996: State two ways by which wind affects the growth of crops. 3. 1997: a State two ways by which wind affects the growth of crops. B Give two roles of micro-organisms in the soil that are beneficial to crops c State three properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. 4. 1999: List down the four aspects of rainfall that affect agriculture. 5. 1999: Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields. 6. 2000: Outline three effects of soil organisms which benefit crop growth. 7. 2001: State two causes of hard pan in a crop yield. 8. 2002: a Name tow processes of rock weathering. B Differentiate between soil texture and soil structure. C State three benefits of good soil structure in crop production. 9. 2003: a List two aspects of light that influence crop growth. B The diagram below shows an experiment set up using soil types , H and J and observations made after 24 hours. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow. I What is the experiment represented above designed to study? Ii Name the three soil types H and J. iii What is the characteristic texture of soil types G and J? Iv State how a farmer would improve the structure of soil type G. 10. 2004: a Give 3 reasons why soil is important to crops. B State two benefits of optimum soil temperature in crop production. C Give 3 factors of soil that influence soil productivity. 11. 2004: Give three reasons why soil is important to crops. 12. |
11. 2004: Give three reasons why soil is important to crops. 12. 2004: a Give four reasons why a well drained soil is suitable for crop production. B State two benefits of optimum soil temperature in crop production. C Give three soil factors that influence soil productivity. 13. 2005: State three advantages of adding organic matter to sandy soil. 14. 2005: a State tow roles of good soil aeration in crop growth. B Give two roles of micro-organisms in the soil that are beneficial to corps. C State three properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. FARM TOOLS AND MACHINERY 1. 1995: Give one use of each of the following hammers; i Ball pein hammer ii Sledge hammer State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on a wheelbarrow. 2. 1996 The diagram labeled N I, N II, N III below represent some tolls used in farms. I What functional advantage does the tool labeled N II have over the tool labeled NIII? Ii What is the function of tool labeled NI iii Give the maintenance practice of NI3. Study the photographs below carefully and answer the questions that follows: a i Identify 1------------------------ 2 ----------------------- ii Give the land preparation stage when 2 is used b i Which of the tools is suited for a field with roots, trash and other obstacles? Ii Give a reason for your answer in b i 4. 1996: State one use of each of the following tools; i Spoke shave ii Plumb bob 5. 1997: Name two tools used for cutting galvanized iron pipes. 6. 1998: State four maintenance requirements of a jack plane. 7. 1998: List four tools used for laying concrete blocks when constructing a wall. 8. 1999: a What is the difference between a tenon saw and a crosscut saw? B What safety measure should be taken when using a crosscut saw? C Give three maintenance practices that should be carried out on crosscut saws. 9. 2000: Give the factor, that are considered when selecting a garden tool for primary cultivation. 10: 2000 a State one use of each of the following tools, i sickle ii Secateurs. B Give two reasons for proper maintenance of farm implements. |
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