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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-function
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In mathematics, E-functions are a type of power series that satisfy particular arithmetic conditions on the coefficients. They are of interest in transcendental number theory, and are more special than G-functions.
Definition
A function is called of type , or an -function, if the power series
satisfies the following three conditions:
All the coefficients belong to the same algebraic number field, , which has finite degree over the rational numbers;
For all ,
,
where the left hand side represents the maximum of the absolute values of all the algebraic conjugates of ;
For all there is a sequence of natural numbers such that is an algebraic integer in for , and and for which
.
The second condition implies that is an entire function of .
Uses
-functions were first studied by Siegel in 1929. He found a method to show that the values taken by certain -functions were algebraically independent. This was a result which established the algebraic independence of classes of numbers rather than just linear independence. Since then these functions have proved somewhat useful in number theory and in particular they have application in transcendence proofs and differential equations.
The Siegel–Shidlovsky theorem
Perhaps the main result connected to -functions is the Siegel–Shidlovsky theorem (also known as the Siegel and Shidlovsky theorem), named after Carl Ludwig Siegel and Andrei Borisovich Shidlovsky.
Suppose that we are given -functions, , that satisfy a system o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Tarrida%20del%20M%C3%A1rmol
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Fernando Tarrida del Mármol (1861 – 1915) was a mathematics professor born in Cuba and raised in Catalonia best known for proposing "anarchism without adjectives", the idea that anarchists should set aside their debates over the most preferable economic systems and acknowledge their commonality in ultimate aims.
Early life and career
Fernando Tarrida del Mármol was born in 1861 in Cuba, son to Juan Tarrida, a merchant from Sitges, and Margarita Mármol, sister to the future Cuban insurgent leader Donato Mármol. His father became a prominent businessman in Santiago de Cuba, being the founder of the Spanish Circle in that city in January 1869. Following the passing away of Margarita, Juan Tarrida moved back to Spain in 1873, establishing shoe and boot manufacturing plant in the Catalan town of Sitges. Tarrida received a degree in mathematics from the Pau lycée, in southern France. His classmate and later French prime minister Louis Barthou converted him to republicanism. Tarrida moved to the University of Barcelona for a degree in civil engineering, and became a professor of mathematics at Barcelona's Polytechnic.
Despite his family's wealth, he identified more closely with Barcelona's working class and visited their clubs to discuss politics and quality of life. The workers appreciated his charisma and sincerity. By the mid 1880s—Tarrida's twenties—he was a collectivist anarchist who identified with the federalism of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Francesc Pi i Margall. Tarrida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Lincoln%20Hawkins
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Walter Lincoln Hawkins (March 21, 1911 – August 20, 1992) was an American chemist and engineer widely regarded as a pioneer of polymer chemistry. For thirty-four years he worked at Bell Laboratories, where he was instrumental in designing a long-lasting plastic to sheath telephone cables, enabling the introduction of telephone services to thousands of Americans, especially those in rural communities. In addition to his pioneering research, Hawkins is also known for his advocacy efforts for minority students. He also served as the chairman of Montclair State University in 1973. Amongst his many awards, Hawkins was the first African-American to be elected to the National Academy of Engineering (1975), and, shortly before his death in 1992, he was awarded the National Medal of Technology by then-U.S. president, George H. W. Bush.
Early years
W. Lincoln Hawkins was born on March 21, 1911, in Washington, D.C. His father was a lawyer for the U.S. Census Bureau and his mother was a science teacher in the District of Columbia school system. Hawkins also had a brother, David Brown, and a sister. He was the grandson of a slave and obtained his secondary school education in the segregated school system of the Jim Crow Era.
When he was young, Hawkins was fascinated with how things worked. For example, it was not unusual for him to take apart one toy and reassemble it to make another one. He also made spring-driven toy boats to sail in the reflecting pool in front of the Lincoln Memor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosin%C3%AA%20Re%C5%9F%C3%AEd
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Tosinê Reşîd (also Tosinê Reşît; born 1941) is a contemporary Kurdish Yazidi writer, poet and playwright. He was born in the village of Koorakand (Kûrekend) in Armenia. He studied physics and chemistry at the Pedagogical Institute and graduated in 1964. After a few years of working as a teacher, he continued his studies in 1970 and received his PhD in chemistry in 1975. In the same year, he published his first book entitled Kilamê Rê (Word of the Way). During the 1970s, around 200 of his articles were used under the name of Kurdish Encyclopaedia in cultural programs of Radio Yerevan.
He published his first play based on the well known Kurdish folkloric epic Siyabend û Xecê in 1984. In 1993, he left Armenia and settled in Melbourne, Australia.
Books
Kilamê rê, Collection of Poems I, 1975.
Zozan, Collection of Poems II, 1983.
Nîvro, Collection of Poems III, 1987.
Siyabend û Xecê, Play, 70 pp., Roja Nû Publishers, 1988.
Şeva bê Xew, Collection of Short Stories, Apec Publishers, Sweden, 2000.
In Memory of Qanate Kurdo, with Husên Hebeş, Germany, 2000.
Min Bêriya Şevên Spî Kiriye (I Miss the White Nights), Collection of Short Stories, 256 pp., Avesta Publishers, 2005.
External links
Kurdish-language writers
1941 births
Living people
Armenian Yazidis
Kurdish scholars
Armenian emigrants to Australia
Australian people of Kurdish descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20factor
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For any complex number written in polar form (such as ), the phase factor is the complex exponential factor (). The phase factor is a unit complex number, i.e. a complex number of absolute value 1. It is commonly used in quantum mechanics. It is a special case of phasors, which may have arbitrary magnitude (i.e. not necessarily on the unit circle in the complex plane).
The variable appearing in such an expression is generally referred to as the phase. Multiplying the equation of a plane wave by a phase factor shifts the phase of the wave by :
In quantum mechanics, a phase factor is a complex coefficient that multiplies a ket or bra . It does not, in itself, have any physical meaning, since the introduction of a phase factor does not change the expectation values of a Hermitian operator. That is, the values of and are the same. However, differences in phase factors between two interacting quantum states can sometimes be measurable (such as in the Berry phase) and this can have important consequences.
In optics, the phase factor is an important quantity in the treatment of interference.
See also
Berry phase
Bra-ket notation
Euler's formula
Phasor
Plane wave
The circle group U(1)
Notes
References
Information theory
Quantum information science
Notation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldie%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Goldie's theorem is a basic structural result in ring theory, proved by Alfred Goldie during the 1950s. What is now termed a right Goldie ring is a ring R that has finite uniform dimension (="finite rank") as a right module over itself, and satisfies the ascending chain condition on right annihilators of subsets of R.
Goldie's theorem states that the semiprime right Goldie rings are precisely those that have a semisimple Artinian right classical ring of quotients. The structure of this ring of quotients is then completely determined by the Artin–Wedderburn theorem.
In particular, Goldie's theorem applies to semiprime right Noetherian rings, since by definition right Noetherian rings have the ascending chain condition on all right ideals. This is sufficient to guarantee that a right-Noetherian ring is right Goldie. The converse does not hold: every right Ore domain is a right Goldie domain, and hence so is every commutative integral domain.
A consequence of Goldie's theorem, again due to Goldie, is that every semiprime principal right ideal ring is isomorphic to a finite direct sum of prime principal right ideal rings. Every prime principal right ideal ring is isomorphic to a matrix ring over a right Ore domain.
Sketch of the proof
This is a sketch of the characterization mentioned in the introduction. It may be found in .
If R be a semiprime right Goldie ring, then it is a right order in a semisimple ring:
Essential right ideals of R are exactly thos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffer
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Duffer may refer to:
Duffer (Narnia), invisible dwarves in The Chronicles of Narnia
Duffer, in Australian English, a person occupied in cattle raiding
A weak player in the game of chess
In biology:
Discophora (butterfly), a genus of butterflies commonly known as duffers
Banded duffer (Discophora deo), a butterfly found in Asia
Common duffer (Discophora sondaica), a butterfly found in Southeast Asia
Great duffer (Discophora timora), a butterfly found in South Asia
Southern duffer (Discophora lepida), a butterfly found in India
See also
The Defence of Duffer's Drift, a 1904 book by Ernest Dunlop Swinton
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiprime%20ring
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In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, semiprime ideals and semiprime rings are generalizations of prime ideals and prime rings. In commutative algebra, semiprime ideals are also called radical ideals and semiprime rings are the same as reduced rings.
For example, in the ring of integers, the semiprime ideals are the zero ideal, along with those ideals of the form where n is a square-free integer. So, is a semiprime ideal of the integers (because 30 = 2 × 3 × 5, with no repeated prime factors), but is not (because 12 = 22 × 3, with a repeated prime factor).
The class of semiprime rings includes semiprimitive rings, prime rings and reduced rings.
Most definitions and assertions in this article appear in and .
Definitions
For a commutative ring R, a proper ideal A is a semiprime ideal if A satisfies either of the following equivalent conditions:
If xk is in A for some positive integer k and element x of R, then x is in A.
If y is in R but not in A, all positive integer powers of y are not in A.
The latter condition that the complement is "closed under powers" is analogous to the fact that complements of prime ideals are closed under multiplication.
As with prime ideals, this is extended to noncommutative rings "ideal-wise". The following conditions are equivalent definitions for a semiprime ideal A in a ring R:
For any ideal J of R, if Jk⊆A for a positive natural number k, then J⊆A.
For any right ideal J of R, if Jk⊆A for a positive natural number k, then J⊆A.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry%E2%80%93Sullivan%20invariant
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In mathematics, the Parry–Sullivan invariant (or Parry–Sullivan number) is a numerical quantity of interest in the study of incidence matrices in graph theory, and of certain one-dimensional dynamical systems. It provides a partial classification of non-trivial irreducible incidence matrices.
It is named after the English mathematician Bill Parry and the American mathematician Dennis Sullivan, who introduced the invariant in a joint paper published in the journal Topology in 1975.
Definition
Let A be an n × n incidence matrix. Then the Parry–Sullivan number of A is defined to be
where I denotes the n × n identity matrix.
Properties
It can be shown that, for nontrivial irreducible incidence matrices, flow equivalence is completely determined by the Parry–Sullivan number and the Bowen–Franks group.
References
Dynamical systems
Matrices
Algebraic graph theory
Graph invariants
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic%20sequence
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In mathematics and theoretical computer science, an automatic sequence (also called a k-automatic sequence or a k-recognizable sequence when one wants to indicate that the base of the numerals used is k) is an infinite sequence of terms characterized by a finite automaton. The n-th term of an automatic sequence a(n) is a mapping of the final state reached in a finite automaton accepting the digits of the number n in some fixed base k.
An automatic set is a set of non-negative integers S for which the sequence of values of its characteristic function χS is an automatic sequence; that is, S is k-automatic if χS(n) is k-automatic, where χS(n) = 1 if n S and 0 otherwise.
Definition
Automatic sequences may be defined in a number of ways, all of which are equivalent. Four common definitions are as follows.
Automata-theoretic
Let k be a positive integer, and let D = (Q, Σk, δ, q0, Δ, τ) be a deterministic finite automaton with output, where
Q is the finite set of states;
the input alphabet Σk consists of the set {0,1,...,k-1} of possible digits in base-k notation;
δ : Q × Σk → Q is the transition function;
q0 ∈ Q is the initial state;
the output alphabet Δ is a finite set; and
τ : Q → Δ is the output function mapping from the set of internal states to the output alphabet.
Extend the transition function δ from acting on single digits to acting on strings of digits by defining the action of δ on a string s consisting of digits s1s2...st as:
δ(q,s) = δ(δ(q, s1s2...st-1), st).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology%20of%20chemistry
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The word chemistry derives from the word alchemy, which is found in various forms in European languages. Alchemy derives from the Arabic word kimiya () or al-kīmiyāʾ (). The Arabic term is derived from the Ancient Greek , khēmia, or , khēmeia, 'art of alloying metals', from χύμα (khúma, “fluid”), from χέω (khéō, “I pour”).
However, the ultimate origin of the word is uncertain.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, al-kīmiyāʾ may be derived from the greek , which is derived from the ancient Egyptian name of Egypt, khem or khm, khame, or khmi, meaning "blackness", i.e., the rich dark soil of the Nile river valley. Therefore, alchemy can be seen as the "Egyptian art" or the "black art". However, it is also possible that al-kīmiyāʾ derived from , meaning "cast together".
Overview
There are two main views on the derivation of the Greek word. According to one, the word comes from the greek χημεία, pouring, infusion, used in connexion with the study of the juices of plants, and thence extended to chemical manipulations in general; this derivation accounts for the old-fashioned spellings "chymist" and "chymistry". The other view traces it to khem or khame, hieroglyph khmi, which denotes black earth as opposed to barren sand, and occurs in Plutarch as χημεία; on this derivation alchemy is explained as meaning the "Egyptian art". The first occurrence of the word is said to be in a treatise of Julius Firmicus, an astrological writer of the 4th century, but the prefix al th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20G.%20Davies
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David G. Davies is a microbiologist and associate professor at Binghamton University in Binghamton, New York (United States). His interests lie specifically in the study of biofilms. He has a Ph.D. in Microbiology from Montana State University (1996).
External links
Binghamton University faculty
State University of New York faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Montana State University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20conjugate
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In chemistry, a Lewis conjugate may refer to:
The conjugate acid of a Lewis base or the conjugate base of a Lewis acid
A molecule having a conjugated system of bonds in its Lewis structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative%20magma
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In mathematics, there exist magmas that are commutative but not associative. A simple example of such a magma may be derived from the children's game of rock, paper, scissors. Such magmas give rise to non-associative algebras.
A magma which is both commutative and associative is a commutative semigroup.
A commutative non-associative magma derived from the rock, paper, scissors game
Let , standing for the "rock", "paper" and "scissors" gestures respectively, and consider the binary operation derived from the rules of the game as follows:
For all :
If and beats in the game, then
I.e. every is idempotent.
So that for example:
"paper beats rock";
"scissors tie with scissors".
This results in the Cayley table:
By definition, the magma is commutative, but it is also non-associative, as shown by:
but
i.e.
Other examples
The "mean" operation on the rational numbers (or any commutative number system closed under division) is also commutative but not in general associative, e.g.
but
Generally, the mean operations studied in topology need not be associative.
The construction applied in the previous section to rock-paper-scissors applies readily to variants of the game with other numbers of gestures, as described in the section Variations, as long as there are two players and the conditions are symmetric between them; more abstractly, it may be applied to any trichotomous binary relation (like "beats" in the game). The resulting magma will be ass
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Liboff
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Richard Lawrence Liboff (December 30, 1931 – March 9, 2014) was an American physicist who authored five books and over 100 other publications in variety of fields, including plasma physics, planetary physics, cosmology, quantum chaos, and quantum billiards.
Career
He earned his Ph.D., 1961 from New York University. His advisors were Harold Grad in mathematics (13 moment method) and B. Zumino in physics (TCP theory). During his graduate years, he was a research assistant at the Courant Institute.
After graduation, he stayed on as assistant professor of physics. In 1965, he was appointed associate professor in the College of Engineering at Cornell. Later appointments at Cornell included membership in the Center for Applied Mathematics and the Department of Applied & Engineering Physics. Fulbright Program and Solvay Fellowships supported three sabbatical leaves abroad. He was appointed full professor in 1970. His research was supported by AFSOR and ARO. In 1969, he chaired the first International Meeting in Kinetic Theory, sponsored by the NSF and co-chaired by N. Rostoker.
He was a distinguished professor of physics at the University of Central Florida.
He died 9 March 2014 in New York, NY, US.
Bibliography
Notable publications
Among his publications, two works are of particular note:
With a student (G. K. Schenter) he analytically solved a second order non-linear differential equation. One of the three solutions they gave had physical relevance, as it is a generalize
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large
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Large means of great size.
Large may also refer to:
Mathematics
Arbitrarily large, a phrase in mathematics
Large cardinal, a property of certain transfinite numbers
Large category, a category with a proper class of objects and morphisms (or both)
Large diffeomorphism, a diffeomorphism that cannot be continuously connected to the identity diffeomorphism in mathematics and physics
Large numbers, numbers significantly larger than those ordinarily used in everyday life
Large ordinal, a type of number in set theory
Large sieve, a method of analytic number theory
Larger sieve, a heightening of the large sieve
Law of large numbers, a result in probability theory
Sufficiently large, a phrase in mathematics
Other uses
Large (film), a 2001 comedy film
Large (surname), an English surname
LARGE, an enzyme
Large, a British English name for the maxima (music), a note length in mensural notation
Large, or G's, or grand, slang for $1,000 US dollars
Large, a community in Jefferson Hills, Pennsylvania
See also
Big (disambiguation)
Giant (disambiguation)
Huge (disambiguation)
Humongous (disambiguation)
Macro (disambiguation)
Size (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huge
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Huge may refer to:
Huge cardinal, a number in mathematics
Huge (Caroline's Spine album), 1996
Huge (Hugh Hopper and Kramer album), 1997
Huge (TV series), a television series on ABC Family
Huge (digital agency)
Huge (magazine), a style magazine published by Kodansha in Japan
Human Genome Equivalent, a genomic sequence as long as the human genome, which can be used as a unit
Huge (film), a 2010 film directed by Ben Miller
The Huge Crew, trio of female bullies from Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide
King Huge, a character in the Adventure Time
See also
Hu Ge (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20Monte%20Carlo
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The Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modelling method is a variation of the standard Metropolis–Hastings algorithm to solve an inverse problem whereby a model is adjusted until its parameters have the greatest consistency with experimental data. Inverse problems are found in many branches of science and mathematics, but this approach is probably best known for its applications in condensed matter physics and solid state chemistry.
Applications in condensed matter sciences
Basic method
This method is often used in condensed matter sciences to produce atom-based structural models that are consistent with experimental data and subject to a set of constraints.
An initial configuration is constructed by placing atoms in a periodic boundary cell, and one or more measurable quantities are calculated based on the current configuration. Commonly used data include the pair distribution function and its Fourier transform, the latter of which is derived directly from neutron or x-ray scattering data (see small-angle neutron scattering, wide-angle X-ray scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and X-ray diffraction). Other data that are used included Bragg diffraction data for crystalline materials, and EXAFS data. The comparison with experiment is quantified using a function of the form
where and are the observed (measured) and calculated quantities respectively, and is a measure of the accuracy of the measurement. The sum is over all independent measurements, which will include the su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien%20Albert
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Adrien Albert (19 November 1907 – 29 December 1989) was a leading authority in the development of medicinal chemistry in Australia. Albert also authored many important books on chemistry, including one on selective toxicity.
His father, Jacques Albert, was a businessman in the music industry, and took a bride many years his junior; Mary Eliza Blanche. Albert had two much older half brothers, stemming from his father's previous marriage. After a few years, Jacques died, and so, Adrien Albert was raised by his mother and another relative. Albert attended schools in Randwick and Coogee, but soon settled into the Scots College in Sydney where he excelled in both music and science. He graduated in 1924.
Education and appointments
He was awarded BSc with first class honours and the University Medal in 1932 at the University of Sydney. He gained a PhD in 1937 and a DSc in 1947 from the University of London. His appointments included Lecturer at the University of Sydney (1938–1947), advisor to the Medical Directorate of the Australian Army (1942–1947), research at the Wellcome Research Institute in London (1947–1948) and in 1948 the Foundation Chair of Medical Chemistry in the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University in Canberra where he established the Department of Medical Chemistry. He was a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science.
Scholarship
Albert was a scholar of heterocyclic chemistry. He authored Selective Toxicity: The Physico-C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy%20diffusion
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In fluid dynamics, eddy diffusion, eddy dispersion, or turbulent diffusion is a process by which fluid substances mix together due to eddy motion. These eddies can vary widely in size, from subtropical ocean gyres down to the small Kolmogorov microscales, and occur as a result of turbulence (or turbulent flow). The theory of eddy diffusion was first developed by Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor.
In laminar flows, material properties (salt, heat, humidity, aerosols etc.) are mixed by random motion of individual molecules. By a purely probabilistic argument, the net flux of molecules from high concentration area to low concentration area is higher than the flux in the opposite direction. This down-gradient flux equilibrates the concentration profile over time. This phenomenon is called molecular diffusion, and its mathematical aspect is captured by the diffusion equation.
In turbulent flows, on top of mixing by molecular diffusion, eddies stir () the fluid. This causes fluid parcels from various initial positions, and thus various associated concentrations, to penetrate into fluid regions with different initial concentrations. This causes the fluid properties to homogenize on scale larger than that of eddies responsible for stirring, in a very efficient way compared to individual molecular motion. In most macroscopic flows in nature, eddy diffusion is several orders of magnitude stronger than molecular diffusion. This sometimes leads to the latter being neglected when studying turb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUSPEA
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CUSPEA (China-U.S. Physics Examination and Application, 李政道奖学金) was an examination and admission system used by the physics departments of some American and Canadian universities for graduate school admission from the People's Republic of China between 1979 and 1989.
It was created by the Chinese-American Nobel laureate in physics Professor Tsung-Dao Lee (诺贝尔物理学奖得主李政道教授) and Chinese physics community as an alternative graduate school admission procedure. At that time in China, higher education was still recovering from the Cultural Revolution; school transcripts and recommendation letters were difficult to evaluate. Furthermore, standardized tests such as the Graduate Record Examination were unavailable in China.
Details
The CUSPEA exam was in English and had a similar scope to that of Ph.D. written qualifying exams in major American universities. The questions were prepared by physics professors from participating North American universities—starting with Columbia University where Lee worked, and eventually expanded to 97 universities. Committees of physicists in China administer and grade the exams. The examinees are usually senior physics majors from top-ranking Chinese universities. Those who passed the exam are followed up by an interview by a small American delegation.
According to US physicist Sam Treiman, early applicants to the program included many older students, whose education had been interrupted by the Cultural Revolution.
Final admission to U.S. gra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulabhorn%20Research%20Institute
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Chulabhorn Research Institute () is a biomedical and chemistry research institute in Bangkok, Thailand. Initiated by Princess Chulabhorn in 1987, it was established as an independent agency funded by the Thai government.
The institute operates nine laboratories in biochemistry, biotechnology, medicinal chemistry, chemical carcinogenesis, environmental toxicology, immunology, natural products, organic synthesis and pharmacology. Besides research, the institute offers training as well as master's and doctoral degree programs in Environmental Toxicology, Technology tinkering Management.
The affiliated Chulabhorn Cancer Center was renamed to Chulabhorn Hospital in 2009. Chulabhorn Graduate Institute opened in June 2007.
References
External links
Research institutes in Thailand
Biochemistry research institutes
Organizations established in 1997
1997 establishments in Thailand
Chulabhorn Royal Academy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona%20School%20of%20Informatics
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The Barcelona School of Informatics (; ) is one of the schools of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Technical University of Catalonia), Spain. It was created in 1976, four years after the establishment of the university.
It is located in the north campus, and is the main school for computer science degrees.
References
External links
Education in Barcelona
Schools of informatics
Polytechnic University of Catalonia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews%E2%80%93Curtis%20conjecture
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In mathematics, the Andrews–Curtis conjecture states that every balanced presentation of the trivial group can be transformed into a trivial presentation by a sequence of Nielsen transformations on the relators together with conjugations of relators, named after James J. Andrews and Morton L. Curtis who proposed it in 1965. It is difficult to verify whether the conjecture holds for a given balanced presentation or not.
It is widely believed that the Andrews–Curtis conjecture is false. While there are no counterexamples known, there are numerous potential counterexamples. It is known that the Zeeman conjecture on collapsibility implies the Andrews–Curtis conjecture.
References
Combinatorial group theory
Conjectures
Unsolved problems in mathematics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-abelian
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Non-abelian or nonabelian may refer to:
Non-abelian group, in mathematics, a group that is not abelian (commutative)
Non-abelian gauge theory, in physics, a gauge group that is non-abelian
See also
Non-abelian gauge transformation, a gauge transformation
Non-abelian class field theory, in class field theory
Nonabelian cohomology, a cohomology
Abelian (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd%20Aalen
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Odd Olai Aalen (born 6 May 1947, in Oslo) is a Norwegian statistician and a professor at the Department of Biostatistics at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences at the University of Oslo.
Life
Aalen completed his examen artium in 1966 at Oslo Cathedral School before studying first mathematics and physics and then statistics in which he graduated at the University of Oslo in 1972.
Work
His research work is geared towards applications in biosciences. Aalen's early work on counting processes and martingales, starting with his 1976 Ph.D. thesis at the University of California, Berkeley, has had profound influence in biostatistics. Inferences for fundamental quantities associated with cumulative hazard rates, in survival analysis and models for analysis of event histories, are typically based on the Nelson–Aalen estimator or appropriate related statistics. The Nelson–Aalen estimator is related to the Kaplan-Meier estimator and generalisations thereof.
Aalen is currently professor emeritus at the Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Oslo.
Honors and awards
He is an elected member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
References
External links
The BMMS Centre
Aalen's home page
1947 births
Living people
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Norwegian statisticians
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Oslo alumni
People educa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleson%20measure
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In mathematics, a Carleson measure is a type of measure on subsets of n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn. Roughly speaking, a Carleson measure on a domain Ω is a measure that does not vanish at the boundary of Ω when compared to the surface measure on the boundary of Ω.
Carleson measures have many applications in harmonic analysis and the theory of partial differential equations, for instance in the solution of Dirichlet problems with "rough" boundary. The Carleson condition is closely related to the boundedness of the Poisson operator. Carleson measures are named after the Swedish mathematician Lennart Carleson.
Definition
Let n ∈ N and let Ω ⊂ Rn be an open (and hence measurable) set with non-empty boundary ∂Ω. Let μ be a Borel measure on Ω, and let σ denote the surface measure on ∂Ω. The measure μ is said to be a Carleson measure if there exists a constant C > 0 such that, for every point p ∈ ∂Ω and every radius r > 0,
where
denotes the open ball of radius r about p.
Carleson's theorem on the Poisson operator
Let D denote the unit disc in the complex plane C, equipped with some Borel measure μ. For 1 ≤ p < +∞, let Hp(∂D) denote the Hardy space on the boundary of D and let Lp(D, μ) denote the Lp space on D with respect to the measure μ. Define the Poisson operator
by
Then P is a bounded linear operator if and only if the measure μ is Carleson.
Other related concepts
The infimum of the set of constants C > 0 for which the Carleson condition
holds is known as the Ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tore%20Schweder
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Tore Schweder (born 16 January 1943) is a Norwegian statistician and is a professor at the Department of Economics and at the Centre for Ecology and Evolutionary Synthesis at the University of Oslo. Schweder has worked with scientists in a number of fields, including medicine, demography, sociology, economics, ecology, genetics and fisheries. Since 1990, most of his applied work has been concerned with assessment of marine resources (fish and whales), and with the problem of uncertainty in fisheries management. His methodological research interests also include basic connections between likelihood and confidence, cf. confidence distributions.
Schweder has been a member of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission since 1989, and is an elected member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. He was the 2011 recipient of the Sverdrup Prize. In April 2013, his wide-ranging contributions to the theory and applications of statistics were honoured by a Statistics Day at the Academy of Sciences.
External links
Schweder's page at the Department of Economics
Schweder's page at CEES
Statistical Day 2013
Norwegian statisticians
Fisheries scientists
1943 births
Living people
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
20th-century Norwegian zoologists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9%20cell
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The Leclanché cell is a battery invented and patented by the French scientist Georges Leclanché in 1866. The battery contained a conducting solution (electrolyte) of ammonium chloride, a cathode (positive terminal) of carbon, a depolarizer of manganese dioxide (oxidizer), and an anode (negative terminal) of zinc (reductant). The chemistry of this cell was later successfully adapted to manufacture a dry cell.
History
In 1866, Georges Leclanché invented a battery that consisted of a zinc anode and a manganese dioxide cathode wrapped in a porous material, dipped in a jar of ammonium chloride solution. The manganese dioxide cathode had a little carbon mixed into it as well, which improved conductivity and absorption. It provided a voltage of 1.4 volts. This cell achieved very quick success in telegraphy, signalling and electric bell work.
The dry cell form was used to power early telephones—usually from an adjacent wooden box affixed to the wall—before telephones could draw power from the telephone line itself. The Leclanché cell could not provide a sustained current for very long; in lengthy conversations, the battery would run down, rendering the conversation inaudible. This is because certain chemical reactions in the cell increase its internal resistance and, thus, lower its voltage. These reactions reverse themselves when the battery is left idle, making it good for many short periods of use with idle time between them, but not long periods of use.
Construction
The ori
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20sciences
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Special sciences are those sciences other than fundamental physics. In this view, chemistry, biology, and neuroscience—indeed, all sciences except fundamental physics—are special sciences. The status of the special sciences, and their relation to physics, is unresolved in the philosophy of science. Jerry Fodor, for instance, has argued for strong autonomy, concluding that the special sciences are not even in principle reducible to physics. As such Fodor has often been credited for having helped turn the tide against reductionist physicalism.
See also
References
Philosophy of science
Reductionism
Emergence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Lemonick
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Michael Lemonick ( , born 13 October 1953) is an opinion editor at Scientific American, a former senior staff writer at Climate Central and a former senior science writer at Time. He has also written for Discover, Yale Environment 360, Scientific American, and others, and has written a number of popular-level books on science and astrophysics, including The Georgian Star: How William and Caroline Herschel Revolutionized Our Understanding of the Cosmos, Echo of the Big Bang, Other Worlds: The Search For Life in the Universe, and Mirror Earth: The Search for Our Planet's Twin.
Son of Princeton University physics professor and administrator Aaron Lemonick and native of Princeton, New Jersey, Lemonick graduated from Princeton High School, and then earned degrees at Harvard University and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. He teaches communications and journalism at Princeton University. He currently resides in Princeton with his wife Eileen Hohmuth-Lemonick, a photographer and photography instructor at Princeton Day School.
Bibliography
Books
The Light at the Edge of the Universe: Leading Cosmologists on the Brink of a Scientific Revolution (May 11, 1993)
Other Worlds: The Search for Life in the Universe (May 14, 1998)
Echo of the Big Bang (2003); 2nd edition (Apr 24, 2005)
The Georgian Star: How William and Caroline Herschel Revolutionized Our Understanding of the Cosmos (Great Discoveries) (Dec 14, 2009)
Mirror Earth: The Search for Our Planet's Twin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%20Hall%20%28mathematician%29
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Marshall Hall Jr. (17 September 1910 – 4 July 1990) was an American mathematician who made significant contributions to group theory and combinatorics.
Education and career
Hall studied mathematics at Yale University, graduating in 1932. He studied for a year at Cambridge University under a Henry Fellowship working with G. H. Hardy. He returned to Yale to take his Ph.D. in 1936 under the supervision of Øystein Ore.
He worked in Naval Intelligence during World War II, including six months in 1944 at Bletchley Park, the center of British wartime code breaking. In 1946 he took a position at Ohio State University. In 1959 he moved to the California Institute of Technology where, in 1973, he was named the first IBM Professor at Caltech, the first named chair in mathematics. After retiring from Caltech in 1981, he accepted a post at Emory University in 1985.
Hall died in 1990 in London on his way to a conference to mark his 80th birthday.
Contributions
He wrote a number of papers of fundamental importance in group theory, including his solution of Burnside's problem for groups of exponent 6, showing that a finitely generated group in which the order of every element divides 6 must be finite.
His work in combinatorics includes an important paper of 1943 on projective planes, which for many years was one of the most cited mathematics research papers. In this paper he constructed a family of non-Desarguesian planes which are known today as Hall planes. He also worked on block
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland%20High%20School%20%28Wisconsin%29
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McFarland High School is a high school located in McFarland, in Dane County, Wisconsin. It is administered by the McFarland School District. The school's colors are Columbia blue, navy blue, and white and the mascot is the Spartan.
Academics
McFarland High School offers twelve AP (Advanced Placement) classes: calculus AB, calculus BC, physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, composition, literature, U.S. history, U.S. government, economics, and European history.
The school year is divided into two semesters, each about eighteen weeks long. McFarland High School uses block scheduling, with the school day consisting of four 85 minute blocks. The schedule was changed for the 2014-2015 school year to an AB schedule. The AB schedule is similar to the block schedule. However, instead four quarters of four classes each, it was split up into two semesters of eight classes each with four classes on A-day and four classes on B-day.
In 2016, a referendum to fund facility improvements was approved by voters. The referendum includes, a new baseball complex, auditorium, track, aquatic pool, and artificial turf for the football field. The football field, track, and baseball complex were completed in 2018. A new pool and auditorium were completed in 2019.
Extracurricular activities
Clubs at the McFarland High School include:
Eco Club
Ambassadors
eSports
Art Studio
Connect
PACPack
Black Student Union (BSU)
Blue Notes (Advanced Vocal Music Ensemble)
DECA
Drama
Gay–straight alli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20color%20spaces%20and%20their%20uses
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This is a list of color spaces, grouped by the color model that is used for part of their specification.
Models
Color models can be based on physics or human perception. Physical descriptions of color can be additive (describes mixing of light, RGB) or subtractive (describes mixing of pigment or removal of light, CMYK). Descriptions based on human perception are based on some experimental results on humans. Some models and their variants are employed in parts of the color spaces listed below.
Human perception
Instead of being based on color mixture, they are based on human experience or phenomenology.
CIE 1931 XYZ
CIE 1931 XYZ was the first attempt to produce a color space based on measurements of human color perception and the basis for almost all other color spaces.
CIEUVW
Measurements over a larger field of view than the "CIE 1931 XYZ" color space which produces slightly different results.
Uniform color spaces
Uniform color spaces (UCSs) are built such that the same geometrical distance anywhere in the color space reflects the same amount of perceived color difference. There have been many attempts at building such a color space.
As human vision has three components, the space is necessarily 3D; it is generally assigned such that one is the lightness and the other two the chroma. A uniform color space is useful for a wide range of tasks. It can be used to calculate color difference or to pick colors in a visually harmonious way, for example.
CIELUV
A modification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smile%20and%20Wave
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Smile and Wave is the third album by Canadian rock band Headstones. It was certified Gold in Canada, and sold 100,000 copies by April 2000.
Track listing
There are several hidden tracks following "Physics", including "Anything" as well as some recorded antics.
Awards and certifications
In 1997, Smile and Wave was certified gold by Music Canada. The following year, the album was nominated for Blockbuster Rock Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 1998.
Chart performance
Reception
Critics gave differing opinions on the music and lyrics of Smile and Wave. When reviewing the album's music, the Calgary Herald said the album went for the "rock jugular from start to finish", though the Toronto Star called the Headstones' work "a murky, steaming cauldron of pungent rock 'n' roll".
Alternatively, reviewers gave mixed reviews for Hugh Dillon's performance. The Edmonton Journal said Dillon's personality was better than his singing, while the Ottawa Journal felt that Dillion's sarcastic lyrics were almost too much for the album.
References
1997 albums
Headstones (band) albums
MCA Records albums
Albums recorded at Metalworks Studios
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond%20Laforest
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Edmond Laforest (20 June 1876 – 17 October 1915) was a Haitian poet.
Life and works
Born in Jérémie, Laforest was a teacher of French and mathematics. Some of his most noted works are Poèmes Mélancoliques (1901), Sonnets-Médaillons (1909), and Cendres et Flammes.
He killed himself by tying a Larousse dictionary around his neck and jumping off a bridge, to expose how the French language, imposed upon him by colonists, had killed him artistically.
References
1876 births
1915 deaths
20th-century Haitian poets
20th-century male writers
1915 suicides
Haitian educators
Haitian male poets
Suicides by drowning
Suicides in Haiti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheeger%20constant%20%28graph%20theory%29
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In mathematics, the Cheeger constant (also Cheeger number or isoperimetric number) of a graph is a numerical measure of whether or not a graph has a "bottleneck". The Cheeger constant as a measure of "bottleneckedness" is of great interest in many areas: for example, constructing well-connected networks of computers, card shuffling. The graph theoretical notion originated after the Cheeger isoperimetric constant of a compact Riemannian manifold.
The Cheeger constant is named after the mathematician Jeff Cheeger.
Definition
Let be an undirected finite graph with vertex set and edge set . For a collection of vertices , let denote the collection of all edges going from a vertex in to a vertex outside of (sometimes called the edge boundary of ):
Note that the edges are unordered, i.e., . The Cheeger constant of , denoted , is defined by
The Cheeger constant is strictly positive if and only if is a connected graph. Intuitively, if the Cheeger constant is small but positive, then there exists a "bottleneck", in the sense that there are two "large" sets of vertices with "few" links (edges) between them. The Cheeger constant is "large" if any possible division of the vertex set into two subsets has "many" links between those two subsets.
Example: computer networking
In applications to theoretical computer science, one wishes to devise network configurations for which the Cheeger constant is high (at least, bounded away from zero) even when (the number of computers in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber%20bundle%20construction%20theorem
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In mathematics, the fiber bundle construction theorem is a theorem which constructs a fiber bundle from a given base space, fiber and a suitable set of transition functions. The theorem also gives conditions under which two such bundles are isomorphic. The theorem is important in the associated bundle construction where one starts with a given bundle and surgically replaces the fiber with a new space while keeping all other data the same.
Formal statement
Let X and F be topological spaces and let G be a topological group with a continuous left action on F. Given an open cover {Ui} of X and a set of continuous functions
defined on each nonempty overlap, such that the cocycle condition
holds, there exists a fiber bundle E → X with fiber F and structure group G that is trivializable over {Ui} with transition functions tij.
Let E′ be another fiber bundle with the same base space, fiber, structure group, and trivializing neighborhoods, but transition functions t′ij. If the action of G on F is faithful, then E′ and E are isomorphic if and only if there exist functions
such that
Taking ti to be constant functions to the identity in G, we see that two fiber bundles with the same base, fiber, structure group, trivializing neighborhoods, and transition functions are isomorphic.
A similar theorem holds in the smooth category, where X and Y are smooth manifolds, G is a Lie group with a smooth left action on Y and the maps tij are all smooth.
Construction
The proof of the theore
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-manifold
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In mathematics, a 5-manifold is a 5-dimensional topological manifold, possibly with a piecewise linear or smooth structure.
Non-simply connected 5-manifolds are impossible to classify, as this is harder than solving the word problem for groups. Simply connected compact 5-manifolds were first classified by Stephen Smale and then in full generality by Dennis Barden, while another proof was later given by Aleksey V. Zhubr. This turns out to be easier than the 3- or 4-dimensional case: the 3-dimensional case is the Thurston geometrisation conjecture, and the 4-dimensional case was solved by Michael Freedman (1982) in the topological case, but is a very hard unsolved problem in the smooth case.
In dimension 5, the smooth classification of simply connected manifolds is governed by classical algebraic topology. Namely, two simply connected, smooth 5-manifolds are diffeomorphic if and only if there exists an isomorphism of their second homology groups with integer coefficients, preserving the linking form and the second Stiefel–Whitney class. Moreover, any such isomorphism in second homology is induced by some diffeomorphism. It is undecidable if a given 5-manifold is homeomorphic to , the 5-sphere.
Examples
Here are some examples of smooth, closed, simply connected 5-manifolds:
, the 5-sphere.
, the product of a 2-sphere with a 3-sphere.
, the total space of the non-trivial -bundle over .
, the homogeneous space obtained as the quotient of the special unitary group SU(3) by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte%20High%20School%20%28Butte%2C%20Montana%29
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Butte High School is a public high school in Butte, Montana. It was established in 1896.
Academics and Student Life
Due to Butte High School's close association with local university Montana Tech, students are offered a large number of dual credit and AP courses, ranging from United States Government to Chemistry. Butte High School has a number of sports including, but not limited to: American football, volleyball, basketball, and golf. As for non-sport related activities, Butte High School has a speech and debate program as well as a band. Clubs are also a staple of a student's repertoire with Excel Club and History Club maintaining active student rosters.
Notable alumni
Athletes
Colt Anderson, NFL football player.
Bob O'Billovich, scout for the BC Lions.
Milt Popovich, NFL football player; Chicago Cardinals halfback.
Pat Ogrin, former NFL football player; Washington Redskins.
Sonny Holland, former college football coach.
Entertainment and Arts
Evel Knievel, daredevil.
Paul B. Lowney, cartoonist.
Mary MacLane, writer.
Tim Montana, singer.
Law and Politics
Mike Cooney, current Lieutenant Governor of Montana.
George Horse-Capture, Native American activist, curator, National Museum of the American Indian
Judy Martz, 22nd Governor of Montana
Stephanie Schriock, president of EMILY's List
John Walsh, Lieutenant Governor of Montana (2013–2014); United States Senator from Montana (2014–2015).
References
External links
Butte School District #1
Butte High
Public high schools
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Wilhelm%20Oseen
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Carl Wilhelm Oseen (17 April 1879 in Lund – 7 November 1944 in Uppsala) was a theoretical physicist in Uppsala and Director of the Nobel Institute for Theoretical Physics in Stockholm.
Life
Oseen was born in Lund, and took a Fil. Kand. degree (B.Sc.) at Lund University in 1897 and a Filosophie licentiat in 1900.
He visited Göttingen in the winter of 1900–01, where he attended David Hilbert's lectures on partial differential equations. He was probably also influenced by the other famous mathematician in Göttingen, Felix Klein, and, on a later visit, by the hydrodynamicist Ludwig Prandtl. A great influence was also exercised by his teacher in Lund, A. V. Bäcklund.
In 1934 Oseen became a member of the American Mathematical Society.
Work
Oseen formulated the fundamentals of the elasticity theory of liquid crystals (Oseen elasticity theory), as well as the Oseen equations for viscous fluid flow at small Reynolds numbers. He gave his name to the Oseen tensor and, with Horace Lamb, to the Lamb–Oseen vortex. The Basset–Boussinesq–Oseen (BBO) equation describes the motion of – and forces on – a particle moving in an unsteady flow at low Reynolds numbers.
He was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1936 in Oslo.
Nobel committee
Oseen was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1921, and a member of the Academy's Nobel Prize committee for physics from 1922. As a full professor of a Swedish university, Oseen also had the right to nominate Nobel Prize winners.
Oseen nomin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-server%20problem
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The -server problem is a problem of theoretical computer science in the category of online algorithms, one of two abstract problems on metric spaces that are central to the theory of competitive analysis (the other being metrical task systems). In this problem, an online algorithm must control the movement of a set of k servers, represented as points in a metric space, and handle requests that are also in the form of points in the space. As each request arrives, the algorithm must determine which server to move to the requested point. The goal of the algorithm is to keep the total distance all servers move small, relative to the total distance the servers could have moved by an optimal adversary who knows in advance the entire sequence of requests.
The problem was first posed by Mark Manasse, Lyle A. McGeoch and Daniel Sleator (1988). The most prominent open question concerning the k-server problem is the so-called k-server conjecture, also posed by Manasse et al. This conjecture states that there is an algorithm for solving the k-server problem in an arbitrary metric space and for any number k of servers that has competitive ratio exactly k. Manasse et al. were able to prove their conjecture when k = 2, and for more general values of k for some metric spaces restricted to have exactly k+1 points. Chrobak and Larmore (1991) proved the conjecture for tree metrics. The special case of metrics in which all distances are equal is called the paging problem because it models the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale%20School%20of%20Engineering%20%26%20Applied%20Science
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The Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science is the engineering school of Yale University. When the first professor of civil engineering was hired in 1852, a Yale School of Engineering was established within the Yale Scientific School, and in 1932 the engineering faculty organized as a separate, constituent school of the university. The school currently offers undergraduate and graduate classes and degrees in electrical engineering, chemical engineering, computer science, applied physics, environmental engineering, biomedical engineering, and mechanical engineering and materials science.
History
Establishment in the Sheffield Scientific School (1852–1919)
Engineering education at Yale began more than a century before the founding of a School of Engineering. In the first half of the nineteenth century, chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman made fundamental contributions to the fractional distillation of petroleum, and his son, chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman, Jr., commercialized the process as a fuel source. In 1852, William A. Norton moved from Brown University to become Yale's first Professor of Civil Engineering, which established a faculty of engineering at Yale.
In 1854, two years after Norton's appointment, engineering became part of the new Scientific School, renamed the Sheffield Scientific School in 1860 in honor of Joseph Earl Sheffield. In 1863, Yale granted the first American Ph.D. in engineering to J. Willard Gibbs, who later taught at Yale and becam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-theory
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T-theory is a branch of discrete mathematics dealing with analysis of trees and discrete metric spaces.
General history
T-theory originated from a question raised by Manfred Eigen in the late 1970s. He was trying to fit twenty distinct t-RNA molecules of the Escherichia coli bacterium into a tree.
An important concept of T-theory is the tight span of a metric space. If X is a metric space, the tight span T(X) of X is, up to isomorphism, the unique minimal injective metric space that contains X. John Isbell was the first to discover the tight span in 1964, which he called the injective envelope. Andreas Dress independently constructed the same construct, which he called the tight span.
Application areas
Phylogenetic analysis, which is used to create phylogenetic trees.
Online algorithms - k-server problem
Recent developments
Bernd Sturmfels, Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at Berkeley, and Josephine Yu classified six-point metrics using T-theory.
References
Metric geometry
Trees (data structures)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Schlack
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Paul Schlack (22 December 1897 – 19 August 1987) was a German chemist. He completed his studies at the Technical University of Stuttgart in 1921 and worked as a research chemist in Copenhagen for a year, before returning to Stuttgart. He received his PhD in 1924. Around this time he developed a keen interest in amide chemistry. He synthesized Nylon 6, widely known by its tradename Perlon, on 29 January 1938 whilst working for IG Farben.
External links
1897 births
1987 deaths
20th-century German chemists
20th-century German inventors
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
Polymer scientists and engineers
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
People educated at Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium
Scientists from Stuttgart
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference%20matrix
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In mathematics, a conference matrix (also called a C-matrix) is a square matrix C with 0 on the diagonal and +1 and −1 off the diagonal, such that CTC is a multiple of the identity matrix I. Thus, if the matrix has order n, CTC = (n−1)I.
Some authors use a more general definition, which requires there to be a single 0 in each row and column but not necessarily on the diagonal.
Conference matrices first arose in connection with a problem in telephony. They were first described by Vitold Belevitch, who also gave them their name. Belevitch was interested in constructing ideal telephone conference networks from ideal transformers and discovered that such networks were represented by conference matrices, hence the name. Other applications are in statistics, and another is in elliptic geometry.
For n > 1, there are two kinds of conference matrix. Let us normalize C by, first (if the more general definition is used), rearranging the rows so that all the zeros are on the diagonal, and then negating any row or column whose first entry is negative. (These operations do not change whether a matrix is a conference matrix.)
Thus, a normalized conference matrix has all 1's in its first row and column, except for a 0 in the top left corner, and is 0 on the diagonal. Let S be the matrix that remains when the first row and column of C are removed. Then either n is evenly even (a multiple of 4), and S is antisymmetric (as is the normalized C if its first row is negated), or n is o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Angell
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Frank Angell (July 8, 1857 – November 2, 1939) was an early American psychologist and the former athletic director at Stanford University.
Biography
Angell was born in 1857 in Scituate, Rhode Island. He graduated from the University of Vermont with an undergraduate degree in 1878. Angell spent several years teaching high school physics in Washington, DC. He earned his PhD in the Leipzig laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. He then founded the experimental psychology laboratories at Cornell University (1891) and Stanford University (1892). He remained at Stanford for the rest of his career, working primarily on psychophysics and as director of athletics. A track stadium at Stanford was named after him.
He was the nephew of University of Michigan president James B. Angell, and cousin of Yale University president James R. Angell.
Angell in 1891 married Louise Lee Bayard (died 1944), daughter of Secretary of State Thomas F. Bayard. Mrs. Bayard entered into a Hollywood acting career in the 1920s after bearing three children: Charles (died 1949), Thomas Bayard Angell, and daughter Mabel.
References
19th-century psychologists
20th-century American psychologists
Cornell University faculty
1857 births
1939 deaths
University of Vermont alumni
American expatriates in Germany
Stanford University faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Biocomputation%20and%20Physics%20of%20Complex%20Systems
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The Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI) is a research center of the University of Zaragoza devoted to the study of complex systems from a multidisciplinary perspective. Biochemists, physicists, mathematicians, computer scientists and researchers from other fields study complex systems, as well as different phenomena and processes related to them (protein folding, interaction between diseases, the spread of epidemics, multi-layer networks, collective social phenomena, etc.). The ultimate goal is to unravel various aspects of complexity, promote basic science and assess the impact of applied research and possible benefits for society.
History
The BIFI Institute was founded in October 2002 by a group of professors from the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Zaragoza, from the departments of theoretical physics, condensed matter physics and biochemistry and molecular biology. Its first director was the mathematician, José Félix Sáenz Lorenzo (2002–2011).
From November 2003 to 2010, the institute was located in the Cervantes Building in Corona de Aragón 42, Zaragoza. In October 2006, BIFI joined the Spanish Supercomputing Network hosting the supercomputer . This node became operational at the end of 2007.
In 2010, BIFI moved its facilities to the I+D+i Building, located at the Rio Ebro Campus of the University of Zaragoza, in the Actur district. The building was specifically designed to host the research institutes of the University of Za
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seidel%20adjacency%20matrix
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In mathematics, in graph theory, the Seidel adjacency matrix of a simple undirected graph G is a symmetric matrix with a row and column for each vertex, having 0 on the diagonal, −1 for positions whose rows and columns correspond to adjacent vertices, and +1 for positions corresponding to non-adjacent vertices.
It is also called the Seidel matrix or—its original name—the (−1,1,0)-adjacency matrix.
It can be interpreted as the result of subtracting the adjacency matrix of G from the adjacency matrix of the complement of G.
The multiset of eigenvalues of this matrix is called the Seidel spectrum.
The Seidel matrix was introduced by J. H. van Lint and in 1966 and extensively exploited by Seidel and coauthors.
The Seidel matrix of G is also the adjacency matrix of a signed complete graph KG in which the edges of G are negative and the edges not in G are positive. It is also the adjacency matrix of the two-graph associated with G and KG.
The eigenvalue properties of the Seidel matrix are valuable in the study of strongly regular graphs.
References
van Lint, J. H., and Seidel, J. J. (1966), Equilateral point sets in elliptic geometry. Indagationes Mathematicae, vol. 28 (= Proc. Kon. Ned. Aka. Wet. Ser. A, vol. 69), pp. 335–348.
Seidel, J. J. (1976), A survey of two-graphs. In: Colloquio Internazionale sulle Teorie Combinatorie (Proceedings, Rome, 1973), vol. I, pp. 481–511. Atti dei Convegni Lincei, No. 17. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome.
Seidel, J. J. (1991)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About%20Time%20%28book%29
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About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution (), published in 1995, is the second book written by Paul Davies, regarding the subject of time. His first book on time was his The Physics of Time Asymmetry (1977)(). The intended audience is the general public, rather than science academics.
About Time explores selected mysteries of spacetime, following on from Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, which Davies believes does not fully explain time as humans experience it. The author explains
The book delves into the nature of metaphysics, time, motion and gravity, covering a wide range of aspects surrounding the current cosmological debate, across 283 pages in great detail. It includes an index, a bibliography, and numerous diagrams.
See also
Basic introduction to the mathematics of curved spacetime
Sense of time
The Mind of God
How to Build a Time Machine, 2002 fiction book by the same author
References
1995 non-fiction books
Science books
Physics books
Time in fiction
Books by Paul Davies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch%E2%80%93Tate%20conjecture
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The Birch–Tate conjecture is a conjecture in mathematics (more specifically in algebraic K-theory) proposed by both Bryan John Birch and John Tate.
Statement
In algebraic K-theory, the group K2 is defined as the center of the Steinberg group of the ring of integers of a number field F. K2 is also known as the tame kernel of F. The Birch–Tate conjecture relates the order of this group (its number of elements) to the value of the Dedekind zeta function . More specifically, let F be a totally real number field and let N be the largest natural number such that the extension of F by the Nth root of unity has an elementary abelian 2-group as its Galois group. Then the conjecture states that
Status
Progress on this conjecture has been made as a consequence of work on Iwasawa theory, and in particular of the proofs given for the so-called "main conjecture of Iwasawa theory."
References
J. T. Tate, Symbols in Arithmetic, Actes, Congrès Intern. Math., Nice, 1970, Tome 1, Gauthier–Villars(1971), 201–211
External links
Conjectures
K-theory
Unsolved problems in mathematics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok%20Jhunjhunwala
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Ashok Jhunjhunwala (born 22 June 1953) is an Indian academic and innovator. He received his B.Tech. (Electrical Engineering) from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur and PhD from the University of Maine. He has been a faculty member at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras since 1981. He is currently holding the position of President of IIT Madras Research Park. During his career, he has contributed extensively to technology innovation and adoption in the Indian context.
Early life
Ashok Jhunjhunwala was born in Kolkata on 22 June 1953 in a Marwari family. His grandfather was a Gandhian and a close associate of Vinoba Bhave, working with Mahatma Gandhi.
He studied in St Lawrence High School in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) in India, completing the Higher Secondary examination in 1970. He did his B.Tech degree from IIT Kanpur and MS and PhD from University of Maine, USA and was a faculty member at Washington State University.
Academic career
Prof. Ashok Jhunjhunwala’s first appointment was in Washington State University, USA from 1979 to 1980. Prof. Jhunjhunwala then joined IIT Madras in 1981 in the Department of Electrical Engineering. His research areas include Optical Communication, Computer Networks, Wireless Communication, Decentralized(DC) Solar and Electric Vehicles, where he has significantly contributed in various dimensions.
Over the last few decades he has looked at cost and affordability of various components of the telecommunications and the Inter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak%20Kolthoff
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Izaak Maurits (Piet) Kolthoff (February 11, 1894 – March 4, 1993) was an analytical chemist and chemistry educator. He is widely considered the father of analytical chemistry for his large volume of published research in diverse fields of analysis, his work to modernize and promote the field, and for advising a large number of students who went on to influential careers of their own.
Kolthoff's best-known research contribution was the development of the "cold process" for producing synthetic rubber, which he undertook under the U.S. synthetic rubber program during World War II. He was also active in social causes, including promoting world peace and opposing nuclear weapons testing.
Kolthoff received a PhD in chemistry from the University of Utrecht in his native Netherlands. In 1927, he immigrated to the United States, joining the faculty at the University of Minnesota, where he worked for more than 60 years.
Early life and education
Kolthoff was born in Almelo, Netherlands, on February 11, 1894, the son of Moses and Rosetta (Wysenbeek) Kolthoff. He was the youngest of three children. At an early age, Kolthoff received the nickname "Piet" for unknown reasons; he continued to be called by this nickname throughout his life.
Kolthoff's introduction to chemistry in high school inspired a keen interest in the subject. He graduated from high school in 1911 and enrolled at the University of Utrecht in Utrecht, Netherlands. Kolthoff wanted to study chemistry, but at that time s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20D.%20O%27Bryant%20School%20of%20Mathematics%20%26%20Science
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The John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics and Science (abbreviated as O'B), formerly known as Boston Technical High School is a college preparatory public exam school along with Boston Latin School and Boston Latin Academy. The O’Bryant specializes in science, technology, engineering and mathematics ("STEM") in the city of Boston, Massachusetts, and is named for one of Boston's prominent African-American educators John D. O'Bryant. The school is currently located on 55 Malcolm X Boulevard in the neighborhood of Roxbury, Massachusetts. With a student body of 1,500 7th–12th graders, this school is part of the Boston Public Schools.
History
Now over one hundred years old, the O'Bryant began as the Mechanic Arts High School in 1893. Until the early 1970s, it was an all-boys school. In 1944, the school became Boston Technical High School. The original building containing the various shops, woodworking, machine shop, forge shop and drafting rooms was built around 1900 and was located on the corner of Dalton and Belvidere Streets in the Back Bay. The Hilton Hotel is located there today. In 1909 the five-story class room, chemistry and physics labs building was completed on Scotia Street adjacent to the older building. Later, the school moved to the building that originally housed Roxbury Memorial High School (1930 to 1960) at 205 Townsend Street in Roxbury, Massachusetts. That school building is now the home of Boston Latin Academy. Boston Technical High School remained there unt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinez%20Hewlett
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Martinez "Marty" Joseph Hewlett (born December 6, 1942) is Professor Emeritus of Molecular and Cellular Biology at the University of Arizona. He received his PhD in 1973 and served in David Baltimore's laboratory. His specialty is researching Bunyaviridae. He is an adjunct professor at the Dominican School of Philosophy and Theology of the Graduate Theological Union and a lay member of the Dominican Order. Hewlett has written two books on the relationship between science and religion with Ted Peters, as well as the novel Sangre de Cristo: A Novel of Science and Faith, republished as Divine Blood.
References
External links
Institute for Science, Spirituality and Sustainability Profile
1942 births
Living people
University of Arizona faculty
Lay Dominicans
American Roman Catholics
Theistic evolutionists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%20for%20the%20Mathematical%20Sciences
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The Council for the Mathematical Sciences (CMS) is an organisation that represents all types of British mathematicians at a national level. It is not a professional institution, but a collaboration of them.
History
It was established in 2001 by the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications, the London Mathematical Society and the Royal Statistical Society to provide a forum for mathematics.
Purpose
to represent the interests of mathematics to government, Research Councils and other public bodies;
to promote good practice in the mathematics curriculum and its teaching and learning at all levels and in all sectors of education;
to respond coherently and effectively to proposals from government and other public bodies which may affect the mathematical community;
to work with other bodies such as the Joint Mathematical Council and HoDoMS.
Structure
It is situated off the A4200 in Russell Square, next to the University of London in the offices of the London Mathematical Society. It is accessed via the Russell Square tube station on the Piccadilly Line.
References
External links
Web site
2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
Learned societies of the United Kingdom
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
Mathematical societies
Organisations based in the London Borough of Camden
Organizations established in 2001
Mathematical Sciences
Royal Statistical Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Mathematical%20Council
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The Joint Mathematical Council (JMC) of the United Kingdom was formed in 1963 to "provide co-ordination between the Constituent Societies and generally to promote the advancement of mathematics and the improvement of the teaching of mathematics".
The JMC serves as a forum for discussion between societies and for making representations to government and other bodies and responses to their enquiries. It is concerned with all aspects of mathematics at all levels from primary to higher education.
Members
The participating bodies are
Adults Learning Mathematics
Association of Teachers of Mathematics
Association of Mathematics Education Teachers
British Society for the History of Mathematics
British Society for Research into Learning Mathematics
HoDoMS
Edinburgh Mathematical Society
Institute of Mathematics and its Applications
London Mathematical Society
Mathematical Association
Mathematics in Education and Industry
National Association for Numeracy and Mathematics in Colleges
National Association of Mathematics Advisers
National Numeracy
STEM Learning
NRICH
Operational Research Society
Royal Academy of Engineering
Royal Statistical Society
Scottish Mathematical Council
United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
The observing bodies are
Advisory Committee on Mathematics Education
Department for Education (England)
Department of Education (Northern Ireland)
Education Scotland
National Centre for Excellence in Teaching Mathematics
Office for Standards in Educat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg%20Public%20School
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Pittsburg Public School is a high school located in Pittsburg, Oklahoma, U.S.. There are roughly 200 students.
The athletic sports include basketball and baseball/softball. There are also academic sports such as 4-h and quiz bowl available to students as well.
The classes mostly consist of main subjects, such as algebra I and II, biology, chemistry, history and other required classes for passing high school. French used to be available to the students, but the teacher has left. All foreign languages are now taken online. Driver's education is offered at the school for free, which takes up a class period for students.
Pittsburg has a semester based year. The classes are usually 45 minutes long and students have seven classes a day. Lunch is strictly on-campus, and is also 45 minutes long.
The school is located at .
References
Public high schools in Oklahoma
Public middle schools in Oklahoma
Public elementary schools in Oklahoma
Schools in Pittsburg County, Oklahoma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20cohomology
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In mathematics, specifically in symplectic topology and algebraic geometry, a quantum cohomology ring is an extension of the ordinary cohomology ring of a closed symplectic manifold. It comes in two versions, called small and big; in general, the latter is more complicated and contains more information than the former. In each, the choice of coefficient ring (typically a Novikov ring, described below) significantly affects its structure, as well.
While the cup product of ordinary cohomology describes how submanifolds of the manifold intersect each other, the quantum cup product of quantum cohomology describes how subspaces intersect in a "fuzzy", "quantum" way. More precisely, they intersect if they are connected via one or more pseudoholomorphic curves. Gromov–Witten invariants, which count these curves, appear as coefficients in expansions of the quantum cup product.
Because it expresses a structure or pattern for Gromov–Witten invariants, quantum cohomology has important implications for enumerative geometry. It also connects to many ideas in mathematical physics and mirror symmetry. In particular, it is ring-isomorphic to symplectic Floer homology.
Throughout this article, X is a closed symplectic manifold with symplectic form ω.
Novikov ring
Various choices of coefficient ring for the quantum cohomology of X are possible. Usually a ring is chosen that encodes information about the second homology of X. This allows the quantum cup product, defined below, to record in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novikov%20ring
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In mathematics, given an additive subgroup , the Novikov ring of is the subring of consisting of formal sums such that and . The notion was introduced by Sergei Novikov in the papers that initiated the generalization of Morse theory using a closed one-form instead of a function. The notion is used in quantum cohomology, among the others.
The Novikov ring is a principal ideal domain. Let S be the subset of consisting of those with leading term 1. Since the elements of S are unit elements of , the localization of with respect to S is a subring of called the "rational part" of ; it is also a principal ideal domain.
Novikov numbers
Given a smooth function f on a smooth manifold with nondegenerate critical points, the usual Morse theory constructs a free chain complex such that the (integral) rank of is the number of critical points of f of index p (called the Morse number). It computes the (integral) homology of (cf. Morse homology):
In an analogy with this, one can define "Novikov numbers". Let X be a connected polyhedron with a base point. Each cohomology class may be viewed as a linear functional on the first homology group ; when composed with the Hurewicz homomorphism, it can be viewed as a group homomorphism . By the universal property, this map in turns gives a ring homomorphism,
,
making a module over . Since X is a connected polyhedron, a local coefficient system over it corresponds one-to-one to a -module. Let be a local coefficient system cor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20wave%20instrument
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A plasma wave instrument (PWI), also known as a plasma wave receiver, is a device capable of detecting vibrations in outer space plasma and transforming them into audible sound waves or air vibrations that can be heard by the human ear. This instrument was pioneered by then-University of Iowa physics professor, Donald Gurnett. Plasma wave instruments are commonly employed on space probes such as GEOTAIL, Polar, Voyager I and II (see Plasma Wave Subsystem), and Cassini–Huygens.
Operating principle
Vibrations in the audible frequency range are perceived by humans when air vibrates against their eardrum. Air, or some other vibrating medium such as water, is essential for sound perception by the human ear. Without a medium to transmit it, the sound produced by a source will not be heard by a human. There is no air in outer space, nor is there any other type of medium capable of transmitting vibrations from a source to a human ear. However, there are sources in outer space that vibrate at frequencies audible to humans if only there were some transmitting medium to carry those vibrations from the source to a human eardrum.
One such source capable of vibrating at audible frequencies (ranging from 45 to 20,000 vibrations per second) is plasma. Plasma is a collection of charged particles, such as free electrons or ionized gas atoms. Examples of plasma include solar flares, solar wind, neon signs, and fluorescent lamps. Plasma interacts with electrical and magnetic fields in ways th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Silverman
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Sir Bernard Walter Silverman, (born 22 February 1952) is a British statistician and former Anglican clergyman. He was Master of St Peter's College, Oxford, from 1 October 2003 to 31 December 2009. He is a member of the Statistics Department at Oxford University, and has also been attached to the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, and the Oxford-Man Institute of Quantitative Finance. He has been a member of the Council of Oxford University and of the Council of the Royal Society. He was briefly president of the Royal Statistical Society in January 2010, a position from which he stood down upon announcement of his appointment as Chief Scientific Advisor to the Home Office. He was awarded a knighthood in the 2018 New Years Honours List, "For public service and services to Science".
Education
Silverman was educated at the City of London School, an independent day school in Central London, from 1961 to 1969, on a Carpenter Scholarship (similar to today's full bursary), followed by Jesus College at the University of Cambridge.
Career
1970–73 Undergraduate, Jesus College, Cambridge.
1973–74 Graduate Student, Jesus College, Cambridge.
1974–75 Research Student, Statistical Laboratory, Cambridge.
1975–77 Research Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge.
1976–77 Calculator Development Manager, Sinclair Radionics Ltd.
1977–78 Junior Lecturer in Statistics, Oxford University and Weir Junior Research Fellow of University Colle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HoDoMS
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HoDoMS (Heads of Departments of Mathematical Sciences) is an educational company that acts as a body to represent the heads of United Kingdom higher education departments of mathematical sciences. It aims to discuss and promote the interests of higher education mathematics in the UK and to facilitate dialogue between departments.
Governance
HoDoMS is operated by a committee including four officer roles which are listed below with incumbents. The committee includes observers from the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications, The OR Society, the Royal Statistical Society, the Council for the Mathematical Sciences and the Edinburgh Mathematical Society.
Activities
The main activity of HoDoMS is to run an annual conference bringing members together for briefings and discussion on current issues. For example, the 2020 conference heard briefings on policy issues such as research funding, the Research Excellence Framework 2021, the Teaching Excellence Framework as well as practicalities such as online marking, knowledge exchange, teaching as a career for mathematics undergraduates, and academics and mental health.
HoDoMS also collaborates with other organisations, for example with the London Mathematical Society on an 'Education Day' in 2019 and with the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications and the Isaac Newton Institute on an 'Induction Course for New Lecturers in the Mathematical Sciences' in 2021
History
The first meeting of HoDoMS took place on 14th September
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%20types
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Brain typing is a system developed by Jonathan P. Niednagel that applies elements from neuroscience, physiology, and psychology to estimate athletic ability. It is based on the psychological typology of Carl Jung and the later work of Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers. Currently, no controlled experiments have been done to assess the effectiveness of Brain Typing (though there are anecdotal reports of both successes and failures, along with a pilot study on blood samples conducted in conjunction with Divyen H. Patel of Genome Explorations), and as a result the American Psychological Association considers Brain Typing a pseudoscience.
What separates brain typing from Jungian typology and its offshoots, such as the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and socionics, is its emphasis on motor skills. Each of the sixteen brain types is said to specialize in certain regions of the brain responsible for varying degrees of mental and motor skills. Niednagel believes the types are inherited, possessing a genetic basis. The brain types website and books also explain how it differs from the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in that it believes the ENTP/FCIR type is by far the most common of the sixteen types, whereas some other types presumed as common in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, such as the ISTJ/BEIL, are actually only about 3% of the populace according to their estimates.
Brain types have been criticized by the American Psychological Association as not valid and built fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Teachers%20of%20Mathematics
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The Association of Teachers of Mathematics (ATM) was established by Caleb Gattegno in 1950 to encourage the development of mathematics education to be more closely related to the needs of the learner. ATM is a membership organisation representing a community of students, nursery, infant, primary, secondary and tertiary teachers, numeracy consultants, overseas teachers, academics and anybody interested in mathematics education.
Aims
The stated aims of the Association of Teachers of Mathematics are to support the teaching and learning of mathematics by:
encouraging increased understanding and enjoyment of mathematics
encouraging increased understanding of how people learn mathematics
encouraging the sharing and evaluation of teaching and learning strategies and practices
promoting the exploration of new ideas and possibilities
initiating and contributing to discussion of and developments in mathematics education at all levels
Guiding principles
ATM lists as its guiding principles:
The ability to operate mathematically is an aspect of human functioning which is as universal as language itself. Attention needs constantly to be drawn to this fact. Any possibility of intimidating with mathematical expertise is to be avoided.
The power to learn rests with the learner. Teaching has a subordinate role. The teacher has a duty to seek out ways to engage the power of the learner.
It is important to examine critically approaches to teaching and to explore new possibilities, whe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drifter%20drill
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A drifter drill, sometimes called a rock drill, is a tool used in mining and civil engineering to drill into rock. Rock drills are used for making holes for placing dynamite or other explosives in rock blasting, and holes for plug and feather quarrying.
While a rock drill may be as simple as a specialized form of chisel, it may also take the form of a powered machine. The mechanism may be worked or powered by hand, by steam, by compressed air (pneumatics), by hydraulics, or by electricity.
Machine rock drills come in two basic forms: those that operate by percussion (using a reciprocating motion), and those that are abrasive (using a rotary motion). A smaller, hand-held percussion rock drill is considered a type of jackhammer.
History and types
The simplest form of rock drill consists of a long chisel or drill steel that was struck with a sledgehammer. Mark Twain, who worked unsuccessfully as a silver miner in the early 1860s before taking up journalism, described the process: "One of us held the iron drill in its place and another would strike with an eight-pound sledge--it was like driving nails on a large scale. In the course of an hour or two the drill would reach a depth of two or three feet, making a hole a couple of inches in diameter." This hole was then filled with the blasting powder. In "jump-driving", a team of 2-4 men worked a single hole, each taking turns pounding. Around 1900, the average jump-driver could produce of hole a day.(Steam Shovel 136)
Powe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Makepeace%20Bennett
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John Makepeace Bennett (31 July 1921 – 9 December 2010) was an early Australian computer scientist. He was Australia's first professor of computer science and the founding president of the Australian Computer Society. His pioneering career included work on early computers such as EDSAC, Ferranti Mark 1* and SILLIAC, and spreading the word about the use of computers through computing courses and computing associations.
Personal life
John Bennett was born in 1921 at Warwick, Queensland, the son of Albert John Bennett and Elsie Winifred née Bourne.
In 1952 he married Rosalind Mary Elkington (who was also working at Ferranti). They had four children: Christopher John, Ann Margaret, Susan Elizabeth and Jane Mary.
In 1986 Bennett, aged 65, retired with his wife to Sydney's Northern Beaches.
Bennett died at home on 9 December 2010 and was survived by his wife, four children and six grandchildren.
Education and War Service
John Bennett was educated at The Southport School. After which, he went to the University of Queensland to study civil engineering.
From 1942 until 1946 (during WWII), he served in the RAAF. He worked on a radar unit on the Wessel Islands and later worked in airfield construction. He then returned to the University of Queensland to study electrical and mechanical engineering and mathematics.
Professional life
In 1947 he went to Cambridge University to become Maurice Vincent Wilkes' first research assistant as part of the team working to build EDSAC. This
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Eddington
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Adam Eddington III is a major character in three young adult novels by Madeleine L'Engle. A marine biology student, he is the protagonist of The Arm of the Starfish (1965), and a reluctant romantic love interest for Vicky Austin in A Ring of Endless Light (1980), a romantic relationship that continues in Troubling a Star (1994). He is one of three characters to have major appearances in both L'Engle's O'Keefe family series of books and her Austin family series.
Major traits
Adam is highly intelligent, with a strong aptitude for science, especially marine biology, a field in which Adam's uncle and namesake made a name for himself a generation earlier. Although he describes himself as "not a churchgoer", he sang in a church choir as a child and retains a strong moral sense along with a questioning, philosophical nature. Initially somewhat naive, Adam unwisely trusts a beautiful young woman in The Arm of the Starfish, which results in the death of a friend. Because of this, Adam tries unsuccessfully to maintain an emotional distance from Vicky Austin when he meets her the following summer. He appreciates Vicky for her kind, forthright, and poetic nature and the two become close to each other anyway. By the end of his third and final appearance, Adam and Vicky appear to have formed quite a strong and close, lasting romantic relationship.
Appearances
The Arm of the Starfish
The Arm of the Starfish (1965, ) introduces readers to the character and establishes much of his early
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd%20Binnig
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Gerd Binnig (; born 20 July 1947) is a German physicist. He is most famous for having won the Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Heinrich Rohrer in 1986 for the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope.
Early life and education
Binnig was born in Frankfurt am Main and played in the ruins of the city during his childhood. His family lived partly in Frankfurt and partly in Offenbach am Main, and he attended school in both cities. At the age of 10, he decided to become a physicist, but he soon wondered whether he had made the right choice. He concentrated more on music, playing in a band. He also started playing the violin at 15 and played in his school orchestra.
Binnig studied physics at the Goethe University Frankfurt, gaining a bachelor's degree in 1973 and remaining there to do a PhD with in Werner Martienssen's group, supervised by Eckhardt Hoenig, and being awarded to him in 1978.
Career
In 1978, Binnig accepted an offer from IBM to join their Zürich research group, where he worked with Heinrich Rohrer, Christoph Gerber and Edmund Weibel. There they developed the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.
The Nobel committee described the effect that the invention of the STM had on science, saying that "entirely new fields are opening up for the study of the structure of matter." The physical principles on which the STM was based were already known before the IBM team developed the STM, but Binnig and his collea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Rohrer
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Heinrich Rohrer (6 June 1933 – 16 May 2013) was a Swiss physicist who shared half of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics with Gerd Binnig for the design of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The other half of the Prize was awarded to Ernst Ruska. The Heinrich Rohrer Medal is presented triennially by the Surface Science Society of Japan with IBM Research – Zurich, Swiss Embassy in Japan, and Ms. Rohrer in his memory. The medal is not to be confused with the Heinrich Rohrer Award presented at the Nano Seoul 2020 conference.
Biography
Rohrer was born in Buchs, St. Gallen half an hour after his twin sister. He enjoyed a carefree country childhood until the family moved to Zürich in 1949. He enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in 1951, where he was student of Wolfgang Pauli and Paul Scherrer. His PhD thesis was supervised by Prof P. Grassmann who worked on cryogenic engineering. Rohrer measured the length changes of superconductors at the magnetic-field-induced superconducting transition, a project begun by Jørgen Lykke Olsen. In the course of his research, he found that he had to do most of his research at night after the city was asleep because his measurements were so sensitive to vibration.
His studies were interrupted by his military service in the Swiss mountain infantry. In 1961, he married Rose-Marie Egger. Their honeymoon trip to the United States included a stint doing research on thermal conductivity of type-II superconductors and metals with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20Alex%20M%C3%BCller
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Karl Alexander Müller (20 April 1927 – 9 January 2023) was a Swiss physicist and Nobel laureate. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987 with Georg Bednorz for their work in superconductivity in ceramic materials.
Biography
Müller was born in Basel, Switzerland, on 20 April 1927, to Irma (née Feigenbaum) and Paul Müller. His mother is Jewish. His family immediately moved to Salzburg, Austria, where his father was studying music. Alex and his mother then moved to Dornach, near Basel, to the home of his grandparents. Then they moved to Lugano, in the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland, where he learned to speak Italian fluently. His mother died when he was 11.
In the spring of 1956 Müller married Ingeborg Marie Louise Winkler. They had a son, Eric, in the summer of 1957, and a daughter, Sylvia, in 1960.
Education
After his mother's death, Müller was sent to school at the Evangelical College in Schiers, in the eastern part of Switzerland. Here he studied from 1938 to 1945, obtaining his baccalaureate (Matura).
Müller then enrolled in the Physics and Mathematics Department of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich). He took courses by Wolfgang Pauli, who made a deep impression on him. After receiving his Diplom, he worked for one year, then returned to ETH Zürich for a PhD, submitting his thesis at the end of 1957.
Career
Müller joined the Battelle Memorial Institute in Geneva, soon becoming the manager of a magnetic resonance group. During this time
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Malament
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David B. Malament (born 21 December 1947) is an American philosopher of science, specializing in the philosophy of physics.
Biography
Malament attended Stuyvesant High School and received a B.A. in mathematics 1968 at Columbia College, Columbia University, and Ph.D. in philosophy 1975 at Rockefeller University. After teaching for nearly a quarter-century at the University of Chicago, Malament left to become Distinguished Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science at the University of California, Irvine, where he is now emeritus. His book Topics in the Foundations of General Relativity and Newtonian Gravitation Theory (Chicago, 2012) was awarded the 2014 Lakatos Award.
Malament's work focuses the conceptual foundations of the special and general theories of relativity. Regarding whether simultaneity in special relativity, the Einstein synchronisation is conventional, Malament argues against conventionalism and is regarded by some as having refuted Adolf Grünbaum's argument for conventionalism. Grünbaum, as well as Sahotra Sarkar and John Stachel, don't agree, whereas Robert Rynasiewicz sides with Malament.
During the Vietnam War Malament was a conscientious objector to the draft, spending time in jail for refusing induction into the military. He published an article on the subject of selective conscientious objection in an early issue of the journal Philosophy and Public Affairs.
References
External links
Malament's homepage at UCI
Articles available at the phi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFAE
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The Institute for High Energy Physics (Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, IFAE) of Barcelona, Spain, is a Public Consortium between the
Generalitat de Catalunya (Government of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia) and the
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). It was formally created on July 16, 1991,
by Act number 159/1991 of the Generalitat. As an organization it is independent from both the
UAB and the Generalitat, ruled by its own Statutes, and governed by a Governing Board.
It is located on the campus of UAB in Bellaterra, Barcelona.
The IFAE has its own Titular Personnel as well as Associated Personnel consisting on members
of the Physics Department of UAB working on Particle Physics. It has also an agreement with
Universitat de Barcelona (dated 8/7/1992) which also allows the faculty of that university
working on Particle Physics to be Associated Personnel of IFAE.
The IFAE is also ascribed to the UAB as a University Institute (Act number 231/1995 of the
Generalitat) which allows its members to teach in its Doctoral Programme in Physics, and thus
benefits from a productive symbiotic relationship with this major education and research institution.
The institute is dedicated to forefront experimental and theoretical research in the fields of
high energy physics and high energy astrophysics as well as in related technologies.
Current projects
Detector construction, algorithm development and Monte Carlo simulation for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Colli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef%20Blau
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Yosef Blau is an American Orthodox rabbi. He currently serves as the mashgiach ruchani at Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary since 1977. He is also the former president of the Religious Zionists of America.
Education
Blau earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1959 from Yeshiva College studying Mathematics. He earned a Masters of Science degree at Yeshiva University's Belfer Graduate School of Science in 1960, and was ordained at Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary in 1961 by Rabbi Yosef Dov Soloveitchik.
Career
In the past, he served as the assistant principal at the Maimonides School in Brookline, Massachusetts, principal at the Hebrew Theological College in Skokie, Illinois, and principal at the Jewish Educational Center in Elizabeth, New Jersey.
In communal life, Blau served as national president of Yavneh, the National Religious Jewish Students Association, and as a member of that organization's National Advisory Board. He also served as vice president of the National Conference of Yeshiva Principals.
Blau is a member of the Rabbinical Council of America and serves on the executive board of the Orthodox Caucus, a national task force addressing practical issues challenging the Jewish world. He is also on the executive commission of the Orthodox Forum and the rabbinic advisory board of USSR, (Students Serving Soviet Jewry). He has lectured and taught Torah around the world.
Blau previously served on the executive board of directors of The Awareness Center.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Center%20for%20Chemical%20and%20Biological%20Sciences
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The International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), also known as the Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry and Dr Panjwani for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, is a federally funded national research institute and national laboratory site managed by the University of Karachi for the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of the Government of Pakistan.
The national site is known for its dedicated focus and research in primarily in organic chemistry and natural products but takes research in environmental cleanup and other fundamental branches of chemistry including the computational, green, medicinal, and protein chemistry. The site was established through the private funding made possible by the Husein Ebrahim Jamal Foundation in 1976 before becoming certified for the federal funding and achieved its status as national laboratory site in its success years.
The HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry 's research programs are functioning under the International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), along with Center for Molecular Medicines and National Institute of Virology (NIV)— the national laboratory sites of the Ministry of Health to combat the emerging infectious diseases.
Overview
The national site has its genesis and long efforts led by the University of Karachi dedicated for educating and researching on natural product chemistry when the University of Karachi's Department of Chemistry established the "Postgraduate Inst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropone
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Tropone or 2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one is an organic compound with some importance in organic chemistry as a non-benzenoid aromatic. The compound consists of a ring of seven carbon atoms with three conjugated alkene groups and a ketone group. The related compound tropolone (2-hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one) has an additional alcohol (or an enol including the double bond) group next to the ketone. Tropones are uncommon in natural products, with the notable exception of the 2-hydroxyl derivatives, which are called tropolones.
Tropone has been known since 1951 and is also called cycloheptatrienylium oxide. The name tropolone was coined by M. J. S. Dewar in 1945 in connection to perceived aromatic properties.
Properties
Dewar in 1945 proposed that tropones could have aromatic properties. The carbonyl group is more polarized as a result of the triene ring, giving a partial positive charge on the carbon atom (A) and a partial negative charge on oxygen. In an extreme case, the carbon atom has a full positive charge (B) forming a tropylium ion ring which is an aromatic 6 electron system (C).
Tropones are also basic (D) as a result of the aromatic stabilization. This property can be observed in the ease of salt formation with acids. The dipole moment for tropone is 4.17 D compared to a value of only 3.04 D for cycloheptanone. This difference is consistent with stabilization of the dipolar resonance structure.
Synthesis
Numerous methods exist for the organic synthesis of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Society%20for%20the%20History%20of%20Mathematics
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The British Society for the History of Mathematics (BSHM) was founded in 1971 to promote research into the history of mathematics at all levels and to further the use of the history of mathematics in education.
The BSHM is concerned with all periods and cultures, and with all aspects of mathematics. It participates in the Joint Mathematical Council of the United Kingdom.
The Society's journal, the British Journal for the History of Mathematics, is published on behalf of BSHM by Taylor & Francis.
Neumann Prize
The Neumann prize is awarded biennially by the BSHM for "a book in English (including books in translation) dealing with the history of mathematics and aimed at a broad audience." The prize was named in honour of Peter M. Neumann, who was a longstanding supporter of and contributor to the society. It carries an award of £600.The previous winners are:
2021: The Flying Mathematicians of World War I, Tony Royle
2019: Going Underground, Martin Beech
2017: A Mind at Play, Jimmy Soni & Rob Goodman
2015: The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage, Sydney Padua.
2013: The History of Mathematics: A Very Short Introduction, Jacqueline Stedall.
2011: The Math Book, Clifford A. Pickover.
2009: The Archimedes Codex, Reviel Netz and William Noel.
Other prizes
HiMEd Awards
LMS-BSHM Hirst Prize (jointly awarded by the London Mathematical Society and the BSHM)
Schools Prize
Taylor and Francis Early Career Research Prize
Undergraduate Essay Prize
Past Presidents o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSHM
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BSHM may refer to:
British Society for the History of Mathematics
British Society for the History of Medicine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Leonard%20Huskins
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Charles Leonard Huskins (November 30, 1897 – July 26, 1953) was an English-born Canadian geneticist who specialized in the field of cytogenetics. He is also sometimes referred to as C. Leonard Huskins or C.L. Huskins.
Huskins was born in Walsall, England, and moved with his family at the age of 9 to Red Deer, Alberta, Canada. He served in the Canadian Infantry and as an aviator in the Royal Flying Corps (which became the RAF) in World War I.
After the war Huskins returned to Canada and enrolled in the University of Alberta from which he received his bachelor's degree in 1923 and his master's degree in 1925. With the aid of a scholarship for graduate study abroad, he went to England where he obtained his Ph.D. from King's College London in 1927. Huskins stayed on in England from 1927 to 1930 to do research with the renowned geneticist William Bateson at what is now the John Innes Centre.
In 1930 Huskins returned to Canada to teach at McGill University in Montreal. He taught initially (1930-1934) in the Department of Botany and then (1934-1945) as professor in the Department of Genetics, the first head of a department of genetics in Canada. In 1945 he left McGill for the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he was professor of botany until his death. In 1942-1943 Huskins spent a year at Columbia University on a Guggenheim Fellowship he was awarded "to prepare a book on the cytology and genetics of plants, animals and man." Except for that year, he spent essentially all of h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliqua%20%28disambiguation%29
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A siliqua is a Roman silver coin.
Silique is a botanical term for a fruit of two fused carpels with the length being more than twice the width.
Siliqua may also refer to:
Places
Siliqua, Sardinia, a comune in the Province of Cagliari
Biology
Siliqua (bivalve), a genus of clam
Ceratonia siliqua, the carob tree, a flowering evergreen shrub or tree species native to the Mediterranean region
Ensis siliqua, the pod razor, a coastal bivalve species of European waters
Other uses
Motorola RAZR V3, Motorola Siliqua, a model of mobile phone
See also
Silica (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Nachmansohn
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David Nachmansohn (17 March 1899 – 2 November 1983) was a German-Jewish biochemist responsible for elucidating the role of phosphocreatine in energy production in the muscles, and the role of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in nerve stimulation. He is also recognised for his basic research into the biochemistry and mechanism underlying bioelectric phenomena.
Early life and education
He was born in Ekaterinoslav, Russia (now Dnipro, Ukraine), moving to Berlin at an early age. In 1926 he went to the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Biologie where he worked in the laboratory under Otto Meyerhof.
Nachmansohn discovered that rapidly contracting muscles contained more phosphocreatine than slowly contracting ones, which eventually led to the hypothesis that phosphocreatine was involved in the regeneration of the ATP that was built up to provide energy during muscular contraction.
Exile and research career
Leaving Nazi-era Berlin, Nachmansohn arrived in Paris in 1933 and took up a position in the Sorbonne. There he discovered that acetylcholinesterase is present at high concentrations in many different types of excitable nerve and muscle fibres and in brain tissue - lending support for Otto Loewi and Henry Dale's then novel proposal that acetylcholine functions in the transmission of impulses from nerves across junctions to other nerves or to muscles.
Nachmansohn obtained very active solutions of acetylcholinesterase from the electric organ of the marbled electric ray (Torpedo marm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3%20R%C3%A1tz
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László Rátz (9 April 1863 in Sopron – 30 September 1930 in Budapest) was a Hungarian mathematics high school teacher best known for educating such people as John von Neumann and Nobel laureate Eugene Wigner. He was a legendary teacher of "Budapest-Fasori Evangélikus Gimnázium", the Budapest Lutheran Gymnasium, a famous secondary school in Budapest in Hungary.
Biography
He was born on 9 April 1863 in Sopron, a city in Hungary on the Austrian border, near the Lake Neusiedl/Lake Fertő. His father, Ágost Rátz, was a hardware merchant and ironmonger, and his mother was Emma Töpler of Danube Swabian origin. He graduated from the Lutheran Grammar School of Sopron in 1882.
The courses of study for elementary and middle school the first two years are not available. He was a student in the Hungarian royal state grammar school, "Főreáliskola in Sopron" between 1875 and 1880, now Széchenyi István Gimnázium (Sopron). From 1880 to 1882 he studied at the Sopron Lutheran High School and graduated in 1882. From 1883 to 1887 he was a student at the University of Budapest.
Then he attended the Science University of Budapest from 1883 to 1887. His university studies were at the Academy of Science in Budapest until 1887. He also studied philosophy at Berlin University between 4 October 1887 and 7 August 1888, and natural science at Strasbourg University from 31 October 1888. He worked as a practicing teacher in the Main Practising Secondary School of Budapest Science University from September
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalling
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Marshalling may refer to:
Activity
Marshalling (computer science)
Marshalling (heraldry)
Marshalling, the activity conducted in a railway marshalling yard
Marshalling area, a location in the vicinity of a reception terminal or pre-positioned equipment storage site where arriving unitpersonnel, equipment, materiel, and accompanying supplies are reassembled, returned to the control of the unit commander, and prepared for onward movement.
Aircraft marshalling
Motorsport marshaling
Marshalling, the switchgear in which the signals from the field instrumentation are collected before the connection to the DCS (grouping of I/O).
Law
Doctrine of Marshalling - an equitable concept in the law
See also
Marshal (disambiguation)
Marshall (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Kirkman
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Thomas Penyngton Kirkman FRS (31 March 1806 – 3 February 1895) was a British mathematician and ordained minister of the Church of England. Despite being primarily a churchman, he maintained an active interest in research-level mathematics, and was listed by Alexander Macfarlane as one of ten leading 19th-century British mathematicians. In the 1840s, he obtained an existence theorem for Steiner triple systems that founded the field of combinatorial design theory, while the related Kirkman's schoolgirl problem is named after him.
Early life and education
Kirkman was born 31 March 1806 in Bolton, in the north west of England, the son of a local cotton dealer. In his schooling at the Bolton Grammar School, he studied classics, but no mathematics was taught in the school. He was recognised as the best scholar at the school, and the local vicar guaranteed him a scholarship at Cambridge, but his father would not allow him to go. Instead, he left school at age 14 to work in his father's office.
Nine years later, defying his father, he went to Trinity College Dublin, working as a private tutor to support himself during his studies. There, among other subjects, he first began learning mathematics. He earned a B.A. in 1833 and returned to England in 1835.
Ordination and ministry
On his return to England, Kirkman was ordained into the ministry of the Church of England and became the curate in Bury and then in Lymm. In 1839 he was invited to become rector of Croft with Southworth, a ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Tredennick
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Harry L. "Nick" Tredennick was an American manager, inventor, VLSI design engineer and author who was involved in the development for Motorola's MC68000 and for IBM's Micro/370 microprocessors.
He held BSEE and MSEE degrees from Texas Tech University, and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. Tredennick was named a Fellow of the IEEE; the citation reads "For the design and implementation of the execution unit and controller of the MC68000 workstation microprocessor".
He died July 26, 2022, in an All-terrain vehicle accident.
Career
From 1977 to 1979, he was a Senior Design Engineer at Motorola, where he specified and designed the microcode and the controller core of the MC68000 microprocessor, one of the first microprocessors designed by structured VLSI design.
From 1979 to 1987, Tredennick worked on microcode and logic design for the IBM Micro/370 microprocessor at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center. While at IBM, in 1983/1984 he took sabbatical leave to teach computer organization, chip design, and the Flowchart Method at UC Berkeley.
In 1986, Tredennick co-founded NexGen and was director of product development there in 1987-1988. NexGen later developed the Nx686 microprocessor which became the AMD K6 when the company was acquired by AMD in 1996.
As Chief Scientist of Altera Corporation from 1993 to 1995 he began advocating Reconfigurable Computing as an essential paradigm shift in computer science, a topic he spoke and publishe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling%20mathematics
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The mathematics of gambling is a collection of probability applications encountered in games of chance and can get included in game theory. From a mathematical point of view, the games of chance are experiments generating various types of aleatory events, and it is possible to calculate by using the properties of probability on a finite space of possibilities.
Experiments, events, and probability spaces
The technical processes of a game stand for experiments that generate aleatory events. Here are a few examples:
The occurrences could be defined; however, when formulating a probability problem, they must be done extremely carefully. From a mathematical point of view, the events are nothing more than subsets, and the space of events is a Boolean algebra. We find elementary and compound events, exclusive and nonexclusive events, and independent and non-independent events.
In the experiment of rolling a die:
Event {3, 5} (whose literal definition is the occurrence of 3 or 5) is compound because {3, 5}= {3} U {5};
Events {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {5}, {6} are elementary;
Events {3, 5} and {4} are incompatible or exclusive because their intersection is empty; that is, they cannot occur simultaneously;
Events {1, 2, 5} and {2, 5} are nonexclusive, because their intersection is not empty;
In the experiment of rolling two dice one after another, the events obtaining "3" on the first die and obtaining "5" on the second die are independent because the occurrence of the first does not
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20P.%20Guarente
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Leonard Pershing Guarente (born 1952) is an American biologist best known for his research on life span extension in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, roundworms (Caenorhabditis elegans), and mice. He is a Novartis Professor of Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Early life and education
Leonard Guarente was born and raised in Revere, Massachusetts and was the first person in his family to attend college, when he started his undergraduate work at MIT in 1970. He earned his Ph.D. at MIT, studying under Jon Beckwith and Mark Ptashne. He did a post doc at Harvard.
Science
MIT hired Guarente and he opened his own lab in 1981; he earned tenure there in 1986. For the first nine years, his lab studied gene regulation in yeast.
In 1991 his lab started to study genes involved in aging. In 1993, Cynthia Kenyon's lab at UCSF discovered that a single-gene mutation in (Daf-2) could double the lifespan of C. elegans. That same year, David Sinclair joined the Guarente lab, and they developed the hypothesis that caloric restriction slows aging by activation of sirtuins. The Kenyon and Guarente labs came to lead the field studying the genetics of aging.
In 1995 the Guarente lab identified the gene SIR4 (Silent information regulator 4) as a longevity regulator. When SIR4 was mutated in a single cell organism S. cerevisiae longevity was extended. It was later determined that the complex of SIR2 and SIR4 are responsible for longevity phenotype, and that ove
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcicludine
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Calcicludine (CaC) is a protein toxin from the venom of the green mamba that inhibits high-voltage-activated calcium channels, especially L-type calcium channels.
Sources
Calcicludine is a toxin in the venom of the green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps).
Chemistry
Calcicludine is a 60-amino acid polypeptide with six cysteines forming three disulfide bridges. Calcicludine structurally resembles dendrotoxin, but works differently, since even at high concentrations, calcicludine has no effect on dendrotoxin-sensitive potassium channels in chicken and rat neurons.
Target
Calcicludine is a blocker of high-voltage-activated calcium channels (L-, N- and P-type channels). It has highest affinity to the L-type calcium channel (IC50 = 88nM[2]). However, sensitivity of the drug on the channel depends on the species and the tissue. For example, the IC50 for block of L-type calcium channels on a cerebellar granule cell is 0.2 nM, but the IC50 of the block of rat peripheral DRG neuronal L-type channels is around 60-80 nM.
Mode of Action
Calcicludine has a unique mode of action, which is still incompletely understood. It has been suggested to act by a partial pore block or an effect on channel gating.
Toxicity
Calcicludine has been shown to work on rat cardiac cells and rat cerebellum granule cells.
References
Dendroaspis
Neurotoxins
Snake toxins
Ion channel toxins
Calcium channel blockers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20A.%20Sinclair
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David Andrew Sinclair (born June 26, 1969) is an Australian-American biologist and academic known for his research on aging and epigenetics. Sinclair is a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School and is the co-director of its Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research. He is the president of the non-profit Academy for Health & Lifespan Research and an officer of the Order of Australia (AO).
Early life and education
David Andrew Sinclair was born in Australia in 1969 and grew up in St Ives, New South Wales. His paternal grandmother had emigrated to Australia following the suppression of the Hungarian Uprising of 1956, and his father changed the family name from Szigeti to Sinclair. Sinclair studied at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, obtaining a BSc in biochemistry with honours in 1991 and a Ph.D. in molecular genetics in 1995, focusing on gene regulation in yeast. He also won the Australian Commonwealth Prize.
Career
In 1993, he met Leonard P. Guarente, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor who studied genes involved in the regulation of aging, when Guarente was on a lecture tour in Australia, and the meeting spurred Sinclair to apply for a post-doc position in Guarente's lab. Earlier that year Cynthia Kenyon's lab at UCSF had discovered that a single-gene mutation in (Daf-2) could double the lifespan of C. elegans.
In 1999, after four years of working as a postdoctoral researcher for Guarente, Sinclair was hired at Harvard Medical Sc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Maskell%20Patterson
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Robert Maskell Patterson (March 23, 1787 – September 5, 1854) was an American chemist, mathematician, and physician. He was a professor of mathematics, chemistry and natural philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania and professor of natural philosophy at the University of Virginia. He also served as director of the United States Mint and as president of the American Philosophical Society (elected in 1809).
Biography
Born in Philadelphia, to Robert Patterson, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and director of the Mint from 1805 to 1824, who had emigrated to the British North American colonies from Ireland. His mother was Amy Hunter Ewing and he was one of eight children of that marriage. Patterson attended the University of Pennsylvania graduating in 1804 with a B.A., followed by his M.D. in 1808. He journeyed to France that year, where he studied with Haüy, Vauquelin, Legendre and Poisson. In 1811, Patterson went to England where he studied with Humphry Davy. Returning to the United States in 1812, he was appointed a professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Patterson remained at Penn until 1828 when he joined the faculty of the University of Virginia. He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1834. Patterson returned to Philadelphia in 1835 to become director of the U.S. Mint. He was asked by a committee of the American Philosophical Society in 1836 to write a brief report on recommendations for astronomical and phy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva%20%28disambiguation%29
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A larva is a juvenile form in biology that has little if any resemblance to its adult form.
Larva may also refer to:
Larva (film), a 2005 American science fiction horror film
Larva (TV series), a computer-animated television series made by TUBA Entertainment in Seoul, South Korea
Larva (mask), or volto, a type of Venetian mask worn at the Carnival of Venice
Larva, Spain, a municipality in the province of Jaén
Larva (Vampire Princess Miyu), a Japanese manga and anime character
See also
Larvae (Roman religion)
Lava (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, Nimbus is a block cipher invented by Alexis Machado in 2000. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected.
The algorithm uses a 128-bit key. It operates on blocks of 64 bits and consists of 5 rounds of
encryption. The round function is exceedingly simple. In each round the block is XORed with a subkey, the order of its bits is reversed, and then it is multiplied mod 264 by another subkey, which is forced to be odd.
Nimbus was broken by Vladimir Furman; he found a differential attack using only 256 chosen plaintexts.
References
Broken block ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Maynard%20Daly
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Marie Maynard Daly (April 16, 1921October 28, 2003) was an American biochemist. She was the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. from Columbia University and the first African-American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. Daly made important contributions in four areas of research: the chemistry of histones, protein synthesis, the relationships between cholesterol and hypertension, and creatine's uptake by muscle cells.
Education
Daly attended Hunter College High School, a laboratory high school for girls run by Hunter College faculty, where she was also encouraged to pursue chemistry. She then enrolled in Queens College, a small, fairly new school in Flushing, New York. She lived at home to save money and graduated magna cum laude from Queens College with her bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1942. Upon graduation, she was named a Queens College Scholar, an honor that is awarded to the top 2.5% of the graduating class.
Labor shortages and the need for scientists to support the war effort enabled Daly to garner fellowships to study at New York University and Columbia University for her master's and Ph.D. degrees, respectively.
Daly worked as a laboratory assistant at Queens College while studying at New York University for her master's degree in chemistry, which she completed in 1943. She became a chemistry tutor at Queens College and enrolled in the doctoral program at Columbia University, where she was supervised by Mary Letitia Caldwell, for a P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, Q is a block cipher invented by Leslie McBride. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected.
The algorithm uses a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It operates on blocks of 128 bits using a substitution–permutation network structure. There are 8 rounds for a 128-bit key and 9 rounds for a longer key. Q uses S-boxes adapted from Rijndael (also known as AES) and Serpent. It combines the nonlinear operations from these ciphers, but leaves out all the linear transformations except the permutation. Q also uses a constant derived from the golden ratio as a source of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".
Q is vulnerable to linear cryptanalysis; Keliher, Meijer, and Tavares have an attack that succeeds with 98.4% probability using 297 known plaintexts.
References
Broken block ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countably%20generated%20space
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In mathematics, a topological space is called countably generated if the topology of is determined by the countable sets in a similar way as the topology of a sequential space (or a Fréchet space) is determined by the convergent sequences.
The countably generated spaces are precisely the spaces having countable tightness—therefore the name is used as well.
Definition
A topological space is called if for every subset is closed in whenever for each countable subspace of the set is closed in . Equivalently, is countably generated if and only if the closure of any equals the union of closures of all countable subsets of
Countable fan tightness
A topological space has if for every point and every sequence of subsets of the space such that there are finite set such that
A topological space has if for every point and every sequence of subsets of the space such that there are points such that Every strong Fréchet–Urysohn space has strong countable fan tightness.
Properties
A quotient of a countably generated space is again countably generated. Similarly, a topological sum of countably generated spaces is countably generated. Therefore, the countably generated spaces form a coreflective subcategory of the category of topological spaces. They are the coreflective hull of all countable spaces.
Any subspace of a countably generated space is again countably generated.
Examples
Every sequential space (in particular, every metrizable space) is countab
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Bray
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Dennis Bray is an active emeritus professor at University of Cambridge. His group is also part of the Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology. After a first career in Neurobiology, working on cell growth and movement, Dennis Bray moved in Cambridge to develop computational models of cell signaling, in particular in relation to bacterial chemotaxis.
On 3 November 2006 he was awarded the Microsoft European Science Award for his work on chemotaxis of E. coli.
Books
Wetware: A Computer in Every Living Cell (2009) ,
Essential Cell Biology (2003) (with Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander Jonhson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter) ,
Cell Movements: From Molecules to Motility (2000) ,
Essential Cell Biology: An Introduction to the Molecular Biology of the Cell (1997) (with Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter) ,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (3rd ed, 1994) (with Bruce Alberts, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, James D. Watson) ,
Cell Movements (1992) ,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (2nd ed, 1989) (with Bruce Alberts, Keith Roberts, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff) ,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (1st ed, 1982) (with Bruce Alberts, Keith Roberts, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, James D Watson) ,
Main scientific publications
Bray D (1970) Surface movements during growth of single explanted neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,
Bray D (1973) Model for Membrane Movements in the Neural Growth Cone. Na
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianchi%20classification
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In mathematics, the Bianchi classification provides a list of all real 3-dimensional Lie algebras (up to isomorphism). The classification contains 11 classes, 9 of which contain a single Lie algebra and two of which contain a continuum-sized family of Lie algebras. (Sometimes two of the groups are included in the infinite families, giving 9 instead of 11 classes.) The classification is important in geometry and physics, because the associated Lie groups serve as symmetry groups of 3-dimensional Riemannian manifolds. It is named for Luigi Bianchi, who worked it out in 1898.
The term "Bianchi classification" is also used for similar classifications in other dimensions and for classifications of complex Lie algebras.
Classification in dimension less than 3
Dimension 0: The only Lie algebra is the abelian Lie algebra R0.
Dimension 1: The only Lie algebra is the abelian Lie algebra R1, with outer automorphism group the multiplicative group of non-zero real numbers.
Dimension 2: There are two Lie algebras:
(1) The abelian Lie algebra R2, with outer automorphism group GL2(R).
(2) The solvable Lie algebra of 2×2 upper triangular matrices of trace 0. It has trivial center and trivial outer automorphism group. The associated simply connected Lie group is the affine group of the line.
Classification in dimension 3
All the 3-dimensional Lie algebras other than types VIII and IX can be constructed as a semidirect product of R2 and R, with R acting on R2 by some 2 by 2 matr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20solution
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In chemistry, a regular solution is a solution whose entropy of mixing is equal to that of an ideal solution with the same composition, but is non-ideal due to a nonzero enthalpy of mixing. Such a solution is formed by random mixing of components of similar molar volume and without strong specific interactions, and its behavior diverges from that of an ideal solution by showing phase separation at intermediate compositions and temperatures (a miscibility gap). Its entropy of mixing is equal to that of an ideal solution with the same composition, due to random mixing without strong specific interactions. For two components
where is the gas constant, the total number of moles, and the mole fraction of each component. Only the enthalpy of mixing is non-zero, unlike for an ideal solution, while the volume of the solution equals the sum of volumes of components.
Features
A regular solution can also be described by Raoult's law modified with a Margules function with only one parameter :
where the Margules function is
Notice that the Margules function for each component contains the mole fraction of the other component. It can also be shown using the Gibbs-Duhem relation that if the first Margules expression holds, then the other one must have the same shape. A regular solutions internal energy will vary during mixing or during process.
The value of can be interpreted as W/RT, where W = 2U12 - U11 - U22 represents the difference in interaction energy between like and unli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd%20Sturmfels
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Bernd Sturmfels (born March 28, 1962 in Kassel, West Germany) is a Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley and is a director of the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences in Leipzig since 2017.
Education and career
He received his PhD in 1987 from the University of Washington and the Technische Universität Darmstadt. After two postdoctoral years at the Institute for Mathematics and its Applications in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the Research Institute for Symbolic Computation in Linz, Austria, he taught at Cornell University, before joining University of California, Berkeley in 1995. His Ph.D. students include Melody Chan, Jesús A. De Loera, Mike Develin, Diane Maclagan, Rekha R. Thomas, Caroline Uhler, and Cynthia Vinzant.
Contributions
Bernd Sturmfels has made contributions to a variety of areas of mathematics, including algebraic geometry, commutative algebra, discrete geometry, Gröbner bases, toric varieties, tropical geometry, algebraic statistics, and computational biology. He has written several highly cited papers in algebra with Dave Bayer.
He has authored or co-authored multiple books including Introduction to tropical geometry with Diane Maclagan.
Awards and honors
Sturmfels' honors include a National Young Investigator Fellowship, an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship, and a David and Lucile Packard Fellowship. In 1999 he received a Lester R. Ford Award for his expository article Polynomial equations and co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Aspnes
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James Aspnes is a professor in Computer Science at Yale University. He earned his Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1992. His main research interest is distributed algorithms.
In 1989, he wrote and operated TinyMUD, one of the first "social" MUDs that allowed players to build a shared virtual world.
He is the son of David E. Aspnes, Distinguished University Professor at North Carolina State University.
Awards
Dijkstra Prize, 2020.
Dylan Hixon '88 Prize for Teaching Excellence in the Natural Sciences, Yale College, 2000.
IBM Graduate Fellowship, 1991–1992.
NSF Graduate Fellowship, 1987–1990.
Phi Beta Kappa, 1987.
References
External links
James Aspnes's Home Page at Yale
Year of birth missing (living people)
MUD developers
Living people
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Yale University faculty
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