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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Medina
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John J. Medina is a developmental molecular biologist with special research interests in the isolation and characterization of genes involved in human brain development and the genetics of psychiatric disorders. Medina has spent most of his professional life as an analytical research consultant, working primarily in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries on research issues related to mental health.
He was founding director of the Talaris Research Institute, which supports researchers such as Patricia Kuhl and John Gottman. He directed Talaris until 2006, and now is the director of the Brain Center for Applied Learning Research at Seattle Pacific University, which has worked on creating learning environments at Woodland Park Zoo. He is also an affiliate professor of Bioengineering at the University of Washington School of Medicine.
Medina wrote the column "Molecules of the Mind" for Psychiatric Times.
Education
Medina earned his Ph.D. in molecular biology from Washington State University and is a national faculty fellow of Continuing Medical Education, Inc., of Irvine, CA. In 2004, he was appointed to the rank of affiliate scholar at the National Academy of Engineering.
Books
Attack of the Teenage Brain! Understanding and Supporting the Weird and Wonderful Adolescent Learner. Seattle, WA: ASCD, March 12, 2018.
Brain Rules for Aging Well: 10 Principles for Staying Vital, Happy, and Sharp. Seattle, WA: Pear Press, October 3, 2017.
"Brain Rules for Baby: How to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full%20measure
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Full measure or Full Measure may refer to:
"Full Measure" (Breaking Bad), a 2010 episode of Breaking Bad
Full measure (mathematics), a set whose complement is of measure zero
Full Measure (TV series), a 2015 series hosted by Sharyl Attkisson
Full Measure, a 1929 novel by Hans Otto Storm
"Full Measure", a 1966 song by The Lovin' Spoonful from Hums of the Lovin' Spoonful
Full Measure, a 2014 novel by T. Jefferson Parker
See also
The Last Full Measure (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Schedl
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Paul Daniel Schedl (born November 7, 1947, in Iowa City, Iowa) is a Professor of Molecular Biology at Princeton University.
Schedl has made significant contributions to the field of the control of gene expression in developmental systems using the model system Drosophila melanogaster. On the genomic level, his lab has uncovered the mechanisms of chromatin regulation by the Polycomb and trithorax group genes. At the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, he made discoveries in the regulation of alternative splicing of the sex determination gene, Sxl. At the level of translational control, he discovered the function of the orb and orb2 gene in early development.
Schedl obtained his PhD in 1975 at Stanford University, and was a Helen Hay Whitney postdoctoral fellow in Walter Gehring's lab at the University of Basel, Switzerland. Schedl has been a member of the faculty at Princeton University since 1978.
As of 2006, Schedl has published 132 papers, mentored 28 graduate students, sponsored 25 postdoctoral fellows and collaborated with 79 scientists.
Schedl was born to Harold Schedl, a professor of chemistry at the University of Iowa, and Naomi Schedl, a professor of art. He has two brothers, Andrew Schedl and Timothy Schedl.
References
External links
Paul Schedl's Official Webpage
Schedl Lab Webpage
Living people
1947 births
American molecular biologists
Princeton University faculty
University of Chicago alumni
Stanford University alumni
Foreign Members of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin%20variants
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Hemoglobin variants are different types of hemoglobin molecules, by different combinations of its subunits and/or mutations thereof. Hemoglobin variants are a part of the normal embryonic and fetal development. They may also be pathologic mutant forms of hemoglobin in a population, caused by variations in genetics. Some well-known hemoglobin variants, such as sickle-cell anemia, are responsible for diseases and are considered hemoglobinopathies. Other variants cause no detectable pathology, and are thus considered non-pathological variants.
Some normal hemoglobin types are; Hemoglobin A (Hb A), which is 95–98% of hemoglobin found in adults, Hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2), which is 2–3% of hemoglobin found in adults, and Hemoglobin F (Hb F), which is found in adults up to 2.5% and is the primary hemoglobin that is produced by the fetus during pregnancy.
Hemoglobin variants occur when there are genetic changes in specific genes, or globins, that cause changes or alterations in the amino acid. They could affect the structure, behavior, the production rate, and/or the stability of that specific gene. Usually there are four genes that code for alpha globin and two genes that code for beta globin. If the genes for alpha chains is mutated, the most common condition that occurs is alpha thalassemia, which causes a decrease in production of that gene. The level of severity of alpha thalassemia is determined by the number of genes that are affected.
Hemoglobin variants are most often inheri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Hirschberg
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Daniel S. Hirschberg is a full professor in Computer Science at University of California, Irvine. His research interests are in the theory of design and analysis of algorithms.
He obtained his PhD in Computer Science from Princeton University in 1975. He supervised the PhD dissertation of Lawrence L. Larmore.
He is best known for his 1975 and 1977 work on the longest common subsequence problem: Hirschberg's algorithm for this problem and for the related string edit distance problem solves it efficiently in only linear space. He is also known for his work in several other areas, including Distributed Algorithms. In Nancy Lynch's book Distributed Algorithms she gives details of an algorithm by Hirschberg and J. B. Sinclair for leader election in a synchronous ring. Lynch named this algorithm the HS algorithm, after its authors.
Selected publications
References
External links
Dan Hirschberg's Webpage at UCI
American computer scientists
Living people
Princeton University alumni
University of California, Irvine faculty
Researchers in distributed computing
Theoretical computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism%20%28disambiguation%29
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Isomorphism or isomorph may refer to:
Isomorphism, in mathematics, logic, philosophy, and information theory, a mapping that preserves the structure of the mapped entities, in particular:
Graph isomorphism a mapping that preserves the edges and vertices of a graph
Group isomorphism a mapping that preserves the group structure
Order isomorphism a mapping that preserves the comparabilities of a partially ordered set.
Ring isomorphism a mapping that preserves both the additive and multiplicative structure of a ring
Isomorphism theorems theorems that assert that some homomorphisms involving quotients and subobjects are isomorphisms
Isomorphism (sociology), a similarity of the processes or structure of one organization to those of another
Isomorphism (crystallography), a similarity of crystal form
Isomorphism (Gestalt psychology), a correspondence between a stimulus array and the brain state created by that stimulus
Cybernetic isomorphism, a recursive property of viable systems, as defined in Stafford Beer's viable system model
Isomorph (gene), a classification of gene mutation
See also
Isomorph Records, a British music label
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Journal%20of%20Chemistry
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The Australian Journal of Chemistry - an International Journal for Chemical Science is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by CSIRO Publishing. It was established in 1948 and covers all aspects of chemistry. The editors-in-chief are George Koutsantonis (University of Western Australia) and John Wade (University of Melbourne).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
CAB Abstracts
Chemical Abstracts Service
Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
EBSCO databases
Ei Compendex
Science Citation Index
Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.32.
See also
Environmental Chemistry (journal)
List of scientific journals in chemistry
References
External links
Chemistry journals
CSIRO Publishing academic journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1948
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20Chemistry%20%28journal%29
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Environmental Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by CSIRO Publishing. It covers all aspects of environmental chemistry, including atmospheric chemistry, (bio)geochemistry, climate change, marine chemistry, water chemistry, polar chemistry, fire chemistry, astrochemistry, earth and geochemistry, soil and sediment chemistry, and chemical toxicology. The editor-in-chief is Jamie Lead (University of South Carolina).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Biological Abstracts
BIOSIS Previews
CAB Abstracts
Chemical Abstracts Service
Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences
Current Contents/Physical Chemical & Earth Sciences
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 2.923.
See also
Australian Journal of Chemistry
List of scientific journals in chemistry
References
Geochemistry journals
CSIRO Publishing academic journals
English-language journals
Environmental chemistry
Academic journals established in 2004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal%20pair
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In computer science, a maximal pair within a string is a pair of matching substrings that are maximal, where "maximal" means that it is not possible to make a longer matching pair by extending the range of both substrings to the left or right.
Example
For example, in this table, the substrings at indices 2 to 4 (in red) and indices 6 to 8 (in blue) are a maximal pair, because they contain identical characters (abc), and they have different characters to the left (x at index 1 and y at index 5) and different characters to the right (y at index 5 and w at index 9). Similarly, the substrings at indices 6 to 8 (in blue) and indices 10 to 12 (in green) are a maximal pair.
However, the substrings at indices 2 to 4 (in red) and indices 10 to 12 (in green) are not a maximal pair, as the character y follows both substrings, and so they can be extended to the right to make a longer pair.
Formal definition
Formally, a maximal pair of substrings with starting positions and respectively, and both of length , is specified by a triple , such that, given a string of length , (meaning that the substrings have identical contents), but (they have different characters to their left) and (they also have different characters to their right; together, these two inequalities are the condition for being maximal). Thus, in the example above, the maximal pairs are (the red and blue substrings) and (the green and blue substrings), and is not a maximal pair.
Related concepts and time comp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20of%20Experimental%20Endocrinology
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The Max Planck Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, located in Hannover, Germany, was one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft). It was founded 1979 to supersede the Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology in Wilhelmshaven. Molecular developmental biology and neuroendocrinology were the two research areas of the institute. The institute was closed 2006 and parts of its research activities were moved to the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen.
References
Institute Description at the MPI website
Experimental Endocrinology
Molecular biology institutes
Endocrinology organizations
Medical and health organisations based in Lower Saxony
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20separation
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Frequency separation within astrophysics, is a term used in both Helioseismology and Asteroseismology. It refers to the spacing in frequency between adjacent modes of oscillation, having the same angular degree (l) but different radial order (n).
For a Sun-like star, the frequency can be further described using the 'large frequency spacing' between modes of different radial order (136 μHz in the Sun), and the 'small frequency spacing' between modes of even and odd angular degree within the same radial order (9.0 μHz in the Sun). The period corresponding to the large frequency spacing can be shown to be approximately the same as the time required for a sound wave to travel to the centre of the Sun and return, confirming the global nature of the oscillations seen.
A further frequency separation, the rotational splitting can be seen in high-resolution solar data between modes of the same angular degree, but different azimuthal order (m). This gives information
References
Seismology measurement
Astrophysics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive%20law%20between%20monads
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In category theory, an abstract branch of mathematics, distributive laws between monads are a way to express abstractly that two algebraic structures distribute one over the other one.
Suppose that and are two monads on a category C. In general, there is no natural monad structure on the composite functor ST. However, there is a natural monad structure on the functor ST if there is a distributive law of the monad S over the monad T.
Formally, a distributive law of the monad S over the monad T is a natural transformation
such that the diagrams
commute.
This law induces a composite monad ST with
as multiplication: ,
as unit: .
See also
distributive law
References
Adjoint functors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipschitz%20domain
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In mathematics, a Lipschitz domain (or domain with Lipschitz boundary) is a domain in Euclidean space whose boundary is "sufficiently regular" in the sense that it can be thought of as locally being the graph of a Lipschitz continuous function. The term is named after the German mathematician Rudolf Lipschitz.
Definition
Let . Let be a domain of and let denote the boundary of . Then is called a Lipschitz domain if for every point there exists a hyperplane of dimension through , a Lipschitz-continuous function over that hyperplane, and reals and such that
where
is a unit vector that is normal to
is the open ball of radius ,
In other words, at each point of its boundary, is locally the set of points located above the graph of some Lipschitz function.
Generalization
A more general notion is that of weakly Lipschitz domains, which are domains whose boundary is locally flattable by a bilipschitz mapping. Lipschitz domains in the sense above are sometimes called strongly Lipschitz by contrast with weakly Lipschitz domains.
A domain is weakly Lipschitz if for every point there exists a radius and a map such that
is a bijection;
and are both Lipschitz continuous functions;
where denotes the unit ball in and
A (strongly) Lipschitz domain is always a weakly Lipschitz domain but the converse is not true. An example of weakly Lipschitz domains that fails to be a strongly Lipschitz domain is given by the two-bricks domain
Applications of Lips
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us%20Bernhardi%20of%20Feldkirchen
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Bartholomäus Bernardi (1487–1551) was the rector and a professor of physics and philosophy at the University of Wittenberg during the time of Martin Luther. He became a Protestant reformer. He was also pastor of the congregation in Kemberg, Saxony—15.2 kilometers (9.4 miles) south of Wittenberg— and the third (after Jacob Knabe of Danzig and Nicholas Brunner of Nesselbach) Lutheran priest to marry.
Bernhardi
Bernhardi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milichiidae
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Milichiidae are a family of flies. Most species are very small and dark. Details of their biology have not yet been properly studied, but they are best known as kleptoparasites of predatory invertebrates, and accordingly are commonly known as freeloader flies or jackal flies. However, because of the conditions under which many species breed out, they also are known as filth flies.
Affinities and appearance
The Milichiidae are a family of flies in the suborder Brachycera. They were at one time included in the family Carnidae. At one time or another they have been assigned to various superfamilies, including Carnoidea, Chloropoidea, and Agromyzoidea. As usual for flies of these groups, Milichiidae imagines are tiny, but their heads are comparatively large, compared to many fly species of the same size, such as those in the family Phoridae.
Milichiidae are small-to-very-small flies, usually 1 to 3 mm in length. Typically they are black or at least dark. In some species, such as Milichiella argyrogaster, the abdomen of the male is silvery on its dorsal surface because of a covering of fine hairs. The eyes of Milichiidae are often red, though this need not be obvious because many species of the flies are small and dusky. Though the proboscis is fairly long in most species, this is not obvious because it commonly is geniculate, having a knee-like fold in the middle that holds it inconspicuously beneath the head when the animal is not feeding. When it is looking for a place to fee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20K.%20Bates
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Philip K. Bates (July 2, 1902 – December 21, 1993) was an American food scientist who was involved in the development of food freezing, dehydration, and concentration both in academia and in industry.
Early life
A native of Massachusetts, Bates earned his S.B. in biology and public health in 1924 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He would later earn his Ph.D in bacteriology from MIT in December 1928. While pursuing his PhD, Bates worked at MIT, Boston University's School of Medicine, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, and Tufts University School of Medicine.
Career
After earning his PhD, Bates worked for Frigidaire in Dayton, Ohio in their research laboratory where he studied freezing's effect on bacteria in foods. He would return to Boston, Massachusetts to work for United Drug Company, later Rexall, becoming head of its laboratories and then chair of its pharmaceutical subsidiary, Riker Laboratories.
Bates worked for Carnation (now part of Nestle) in Van Nuys, California from 1952 until his 1966. During his time at Carnation, he would deal with product development and nutrition studies of new products. Bates also developed drying and concentration of liquid foods and aseptic packaging. He even worked on pesticide residual studies in dairy products prior to his 1966 retirement.
Service with the Institute of Food Technologists
A charter member of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) when it was founded in 1939, Bates would serve as IFT Tr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallopteridae
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Pallopteridae is a family of flies. The various species are collectively called flutter-wing flies, trembling-wing, or waving-wing flies, because of the striking vibration of the wings in many species. Over 70 species in about 15 genera are found in the temperate regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Biology
Adults have been found on flowers and low-hanging branches in shady habits. Known larvae are phytophagous or carnivorous (some species preying on beetles of the families Cerambycidae and Scolytidae. One species is recorded as preying on larvae of the family Cecidomyiidae. Some have been found in flower buds and stems.
Description
For terms see Morphology of Diptera
They are medium-sized or relatively small flies, they have spots on their wings (dark smoky apical spot in Palloptera ustulata). The wings are considerably longer than the abdomen. The head is semispherical and the postvertical bristles on the head are parallel or divergent. Vibrissae on the head are absent. The arista is bare or has a short pubescence. The mesonotom has four to six pairs of dorso-central bristles. Tibiae without subapical bristles. The costa is interrupted near the end of the subcosta. The subcosta reaches the costa. The subcosta is complete and well separated from vein 1. The cross vein closing the anal cell is usually convex and the angle the cross vein closing anal cell meets vein 6 at more than 90°.
See
Genera
These 14 genera belong to the family Pallopteridae:
Aenigmato
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Kroger
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Harry Kroger (August 13, 1936 – September 9, 2022) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. He used to be a Bartle professor of electrical engineering at Binghamton University, a part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system. He had been a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) since 1964 and became a Life Fellow of the IEEE in 2001. He initially retired to Florida, then moved back to Austin, Texas.
Family
Kroger was married to Mrs. Sandra Vought Kroger. They married in 1958. Sandy died in 2018, and Harry died in September 2022. They have three children; Charles Kroger (born 1960), John Kroger (born 1962), and Carolyn Kroger Estes (born 1964). He has ten grandchildren and two great grandchildren.
Education and career
Kroger received his B.S. degree from the University of Rochester in 1957 and the Ph.D. degree from Cornell University in 1962. Both of his degrees are in physics. The title of his doctoral dissertation was "Photon absorption by valence electrons in magnesium, chromium, iron and cobalt".
Kroger began his industrial research career at Sperry Research Center, Sudbury, Massachusetts, where he served as a research staff member and in several management positions in semiconductor and superconductor electronics. He then joined the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC), Austin, Texas, first as technical director of the Packaging/Interconnect Program, and later as program director for the Sup
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%E2%80%93Littlewood%20paradox
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The Ross–Littlewood paradox (also known as the balls and vase problem or the ping pong ball problem) is a hypothetical problem in abstract mathematics and logic designed to illustrate the paradoxical, or at least non-intuitive, nature of infinity. More specifically, like the Thomson's lamp paradox, the Ross–Littlewood paradox tries to illustrate the conceptual difficulties with the notion of a supertask, in which an infinite number of tasks are completed sequentially. The problem was originally described by mathematician John E. Littlewood in his 1953 book Littlewood's Miscellany, and was later expanded upon by Sheldon Ross in his 1988 book A First Course in Probability.
The problem starts with an empty vase and an infinite supply of balls. An infinite number of steps are then performed, such that at each step 10 balls are added to the vase and 1 ball removed from it. The question is then posed: How many balls are in the vase when the task is finished?
To complete an infinite number of steps, it is assumed that the vase is empty at one minute before noon, and that the following steps are performed:
The first step is performed at 30 seconds before noon.
The second step is performed at 15 seconds before noon.
Each subsequent step is performed in half the time of the previous step, i.e., step n is performed at 2 minutes before noon.
This guarantees that a countably infinite number of steps is performed by noon. Since each subsequent step takes half as much time as the previ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20bundle
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In mathematics, the dual bundle is an operation on vector bundles extending the operation of duality for vector spaces.
Definition
The dual bundle of a vector bundle is the vector bundle whose fibers are the dual spaces to the fibers of .
Equivalently, can be defined as the Hom bundle that is, the vector bundle of morphisms from to the trivial line bundle
Constructions and examples
Given a local trivialization of with transition functions a local trivialization of is given by the same open cover of with transition functions (the inverse of the transpose). The dual bundle is then constructed using the fiber bundle construction theorem. As particular cases:
The dual bundle of an associated bundle is the bundle associated to the dual representation of the structure group.
The dual bundle of the tangent bundle of a differentiable manifold is its cotangent bundle.
Properties
If the base space is paracompact and Hausdorff then a real, finite-rank vector bundle and its dual are isomorphic as vector bundles. However, just as for vector spaces, there is no natural choice of isomorphism unless is equipped with an inner product.
This is not true in the case of complex vector bundles: for example, the tautological line bundle over the Riemann sphere is not isomorphic to its dual. The dual of a complex vector bundle is indeed isomorphic to the conjugate bundle but the choice of isomorphism is non-canonical unless is equipped with a hermitian product.
The Hom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-based%20mathematics%20education
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Computer-based mathematics education (CBME) is an approach to teaching mathematics that emphasizes the use of computers.
Computers in math education
Computers are used in education in a number of ways, such as interactive tutorials, hypermedia, simulations and educational games. Tutorials are types of software that present information, check learning by question/answer method, judge responses, and provide feedback. Educational games are more like simulations and are used from the elementary to college level. E learning systems can deliver math lessons and exercises and manage homework assignments.
See also
ALEKS, a computer-based education system that includes mathematics among its curricula
Computer-Based Math, a project aimed at using computers for computational tasks and spending more classroom time on applications
Mathletics (educational software), a popular K-12 mathematics learning program from 3P Learning
Mathspace, a similar program for students aged 7-18, founded in Australia in 2010
Sokikom, a team-based math learning game
References
Mathematics education
Educational math software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placidus%20Fixlmillner
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Dom Placidus Fixlmillner, O.S.B., (May 28, 1721 – August 27, 1791) was a Benedictine monk and priest, and was one of the first astronomers to compute the orbit of Uranus.
Biography
Born in the village of Achleuthen near Kremsmünster, Austria, Fixlmillner was educated in Salzburg, where he displayed an aptitude in mathematics. At the age of 16, he joined the Benedictine monks of Kremsmünster Abbey, where his uncle was the abbot.
In 1756, he published a small non-astronomical treatise entitled Reipublicæ sacræ origines divinæ which was interrupted in 1761 when he returned to studying the transit of Venus. He was appointed director of an observatory at the abbey, which had been established by his uncle. He continued in charge of the observatory until his death.
Outside astronomy, he was in charge of the college connected with the abbey and acted as professor of canon law. He was honoured by the Holy See with the office of Notary Apostolic of the Roman Court.
He was one of the first to compute the orbit of Uranus after its discovery by Herschel. His numerous observations of Mercury were of much service to Lalande in constructing tables of that planet.
Besides the treatise already mentioned he was the author of Meridianus speculæ astronomicæ cremifanensis (Steyer, 1765), which treats of his observations in connexion with the latitude and longitude of his observatory, and Decennium astronomicum (Steyer, 1776). After his death, his successor, Dom Derfflinger, published the Ac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Yen
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John Yen is Professor of Data Science and Professor-in-Charge of Data Science in the College of Information Sciences and Technology at Pennsylvania State University. He currently leads the Laboratory of AI for Cyber Security at Penn State. He was the founder and a former Director of the Cancer Informatics Initiative there.
Yen's current research goals are (1) using AI and big data to address challenges in cybersecurity, facilitated by scalable analytics and machine/deep learning, and developing theories and methods to model,
simulate, and predict the behaviors and impacts of cyber attacks using distributed machine learning in cloud,
(2) advance the frontier of Artificial intelligence by solving grand challenges in cybersecurity.
Yen has been a Principal investigator or co-Principal investigator of several multimillion-dollar research projects. Sponsors of his research projects include National Science Foundation, Army Research Office, Office of Naval Research, and Department of Energy. He is the lead inventor of a novel Artificial Intelligence architecture R-CAST, which empowers AI (agents) with a computational representation of a shared mental model, inspired by Recognition-primed decision, for supporting decision making of a human-AI team with advanced AI capabilities such as anticipating information needs of
teammates (human or AI) based on the current decision making context, and proactively offering relevant information to
the teammate who needs it. This AI technol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ledley
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Robert Steven Ledley (June 28, 1926 – July 24, 2012), professor of physiology and biophysics and professor of radiology at Georgetown University School of Medicine, pioneered the use of electronic digital computers in biology and medicine. In 1959, he wrote two influential articles in Science: "Reasoning Foundations of Medical Diagnosis" (with Lee B. Lusted) and "Digital Electronic Computers in Biomedical Science". Both articles encouraged biomedical researchers and physicians to adopt computer technology.
In 1960 he established the National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), a non-profit research organization dedicated to promoting the use of computers and electronic equipment in biomedical research. At the NBRF Ledley pursued several major projects: the early 1960s development of the Film Input to Digital Automatic Computer (FIDAC), which automated the analysis of chromosomes; the invention of the Automatic Computerized Transverse Axial (ACTA) whole-body CT scanner in the mid-1970s; managing the Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (created in 1965 by Margaret O. Dayhoff); and the establishment of the Protein Information Resource in 1984. Ledley also served as editor of several major peer-reviewed biomedical journals.
In 1990, Ledley was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. He was awarded the National Medal of Technology in 1997. He retired as president and research director of the NBRF in 2010.
Family and education
Robert Ledley was born on June 28
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-Grammotoxin%20SIA
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omega-Grammotoxin SIA (ω-grammotoxin SIA) is a protein toxin that inhibits P, Q, and N voltage-gated calcium channels (Ca2+ channels) in neurons.
Sources
The source of ω-grammotoxin SIA is the venom of a tarantula spider (Grammostola rosea).
Chemistry
Amino acid sequence: Asp-Cys-Val-Arg-Phe-Trp-Gly-Lys-Cys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Ser-Asp-Cys-Cys-Pro-His-Leu-Ala-Cys-Lys-Ser-Lys-Trp-Pro-Arg-Asn-Ile-Cys-Val-Trp-Asp-Gly-Ser-Val
Molecular formula: C177H268N52O50S6
ω-Grammotoxin SIA can be purified from Grammostola rosea venom by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography.
Target
ω-Grammotoxin SIA is a 36 amino acid residue protein toxin from spider venom that inhibits P, Q, and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels in neurons. It binds to the channels with high affinity (if closed). It also binds to potassium channels but with lower affinity than to the calcium channels.
The toxin binding site has high affinity when channels are in closed states and low affinity when channels are activated. (4)
Mode of action
It is believed that ω-grammotoxin SIA inhibits channel function by binding with high affinity to closed, resting states of the channel and that bound toxin makes it more difficult for channels to be opened by depolarization, so much larger depolarizations are required for channel activation.
References
Spider toxins
Ion channel toxins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20L.%20Scott
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Michael Lee Scott (born 1959) is a professor of computer science at the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York.
Education and teaching
Scott received a PhD from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1985. He joined the faculty at Rochester the same year as an assistant professor of computer science. Scott was chair of the computer science department from 1996 until 1999, when he was succeeded by Mitsunori Ogihara. He served again as interim chair from July to December 2007 and from July to December 2017.
In 2001, Scott received the University of Rochester’s Robert and Pamela Goergen Award for Distinguished Achievement and Artistry in Undergraduate Teaching.
Scott published the text Programming Language Pragmatics in 2000. A second edition was published in 2005, a third in 2009, and a fourth in 2015. Translations have been made to Greek and simplified Chinese.
Research
In 2006, Scott and John Mellor-Crummey were awarded the Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing for a paper they wrote in 1991, "Algorithms for Scalable Synchronization on Shared-Memory Multiprocessors."
In 2005, Scott, along with William Scherer III and Doug Lea developed a set of algorithms to handle lock-free concurrent exchanges and synchronous queues. These algorithms are included in the Java 6 concurrency library.
In 2006 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
Personal
Scott is a Unitarian Universalist. He served as secretary of the New York S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20%28physics%29
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A bob is a heavy object (also called a "weight" or "mass") on the end of a pendulum found most commonly, but not exclusively, in pendulum clocks.
Reason for use
Although a pendulum can theoretically be any shape, any rigid object swinging on a pivot, clock pendulums are usually made of a weight or bob attached to the bottom end of a rod, with the top attached to a pivot so it can swing. The advantage of this construction is that it positions the centre of mass close to the physical end of the pendulum, farthest from the pivot. This maximizes the moment of inertia, and minimises the length of pendulum required for a given period. Shorter pendulums allow the clock case to be made smaller, and also minimize the pendulum's air resistance. Since most of the energy loss in clocks is due to air friction of the pendulum, this allows clocks to run longer on a given power source.
Use in clocks
Traditionally, a clock pendulum bob is a round flat disk, lens-shaped in section, to reduce its aerodynamic drag, but bobs in older clocks often have decorative carving and shapes characteristic of the type of clock. They are usually made of a dense metal such as iron or brass. Lead is denser, but is usually avoided because of its softness, which would result in the bob being dented during its inevitable collisions with the inside of the clock case when the clock is moved.
In most pendulum clocks the rate is adjusted by moving the bob up or down on the pendulum rod. Moving it up short
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Fine
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Arthur Isadore Fine (born November 11, 1937) is an American philosopher of science now emeritus at the University of Washington.
Education and career
Having studied physics, philosophy, and mathematics, Fine graduated from the University of Chicago in 1958 with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics. He then, in 1960, earned a Master of Science in mathematics from the Illinois Institute of Technology with a thesis supervised by Karl Menger,
Fine earned his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1963 under the direction of Henry Mehlberg. Before moving to the University of Washington, Fine taught for many years at Northwestern University and, before that, at Cornell University and the University of Illinois at Chicago. He is a past president of the American Philosophical Association and the Philosophy of Science Association and has for many years been on the editorial board of the journal Philosophy of Science, one of the leading publications in the field.
In 2014, Fine was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.
Philosophical work
Fine famously proposed the natural ontological attitude (NOA) as a resolution to the debates over scientific realism. This philosophy takes on a neutral stance of realist and antirealist attitudes of acceptance in the industry's best theories, and calls out mistakes across existing theories.
Fine also developed one of the possible interpretations of quantum mechanics yet to be decided between and has contributed to the pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandi%27s%20series
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In mathematics, the infinite series , also written
is sometimes called Grandi's series, after Italian mathematician, philosopher, and priest Guido Grandi, who gave a memorable treatment of the series in 1703. It is a divergent series, meaning that it does not have a sum.
However, it can be manipulated to yield a number of mathematically interesting results. For example, many summation methods are used in mathematics to assign numerical values even to a divergent series. For example, the Cesàro summation and the Ramanujan summation of this series is 1/2.
Unrigorous methods
One obvious method to find the sum of the series
1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ...
is to treat it like a telescoping series and perform the subtractions in place:
(1 − 1) + (1 − 1) + (1 − 1) + ... = 0 + 0 + 0 + ... = 0.
On the other hand, a similar bracketing procedure leads to the apparently contradictory result
1 + (−1 + 1) + (−1 + 1) + (−1 + 1) + ... = 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 + ... = 1.
Thus, by applying parentheses to Grandi's series in different ways, one can obtain either 0 or 1 as a "value". (Variations of this idea, called the Eilenberg–Mazur swindle, are sometimes used in knot theory and algebra.). By taking the average of these two "values", one can justify that the series converges to .
Treating Grandi's series as a divergent geometric series and using the same algebraic methods that evaluate convergent geometric series to obtain a third value:
S = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ..., so
1 − S = 1 − (1 − 1 + 1 −
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Shield%20Nicholson
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Joseph Shield Nicholson, FBA FRSE (9 November 1850 – 12 May 1927) was an English economist.
Life
Nicholson was born in Wrawby in Lincolnshire on 9 November 1850 the only son of Mary Anne Grant and her husband Rev Thomas Nicholson, minister of Banbury. He was educated at Lewisham School in London.
Nicholson studied Logic and Metaphysics at King's College London and the University of Edinburgh, then studied Moral Philosophy at the University of Cambridge and Heidelberg University. He was a private tutor at Cambridge from 1876 to 1880 coming to fame in 1877 when he won the Cambridge Cobden Club prize for his essay "The Effects of Machinery on Wages".
In 1880 he became Professor of political economy at the University of Edinburgh. At this time he lived at 15 Jordan Lane in Morningside. He was the first President of the Scottish Society of Economists, serving from its creation in 1897 until 1903.
In 1884 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were George Chrystal, Alexander Crum Brown, Alexander Buchan and Peter Guthrie Tait.
in 1918, he was awarded the Guy Medal in Silver by the Royal Statistical Society.
In later life he lived at 3 Belford Park near Dean Village in Edinburgh.
In 1925, Nicholson resigned his chair due to ill health and died in Edinburgh on 12 May 1927. He is buried with his wife, Jane (Jeannie) Walmsley Hodgson, in the 20th-century extension to Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh, in the central section.
Works
Nicholson's writings r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%20Fenster
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Saul K. Fenster was the sixth president of New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) from 1978 until 2002.
Education
Fenster got his BS from City College of New York, MS from Columbia University, and PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Michigan.
Career
Before joining NJIT, Fenster served Fairleigh Dickinson University in faculty and administrative capacities, including six years as provost of the Rutherford campus. Dr. Fenster taught a number of mechanical engineering courses at the Teaneck campus and was Head of the M.E. department in the late 1960s.
Honors
He is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Society for Engineering Education. He is also a member of Tau Beta Pi, the engineering honors society.
References
External links
'New Jersey Institute of Technology : Press Releases - NJIT President Saul K. Fenster Announces His Retirement After Serving 23 Years'
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
New Jersey Institute of Technology people
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
City College of New York alumni
Columbia University alumni
Fairleigh Dickinson University faculty
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fellows of the American Society for Engineering Education
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%20matrix
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In mathematics, particularly matrix theory and combinatorics, a Pascal matrix is a matrix (possibly infinite) containing the binomial coefficients as its elements. It is thus an encoding of Pascal's triangle in matrix form. There are three natural ways to achieve this: as a lower-triangular matrix, an upper-triangular matrix, or a symmetric matrix. For example, the 5 × 5 matrices are:
There are other ways in which Pascal's triangle can be put into matrix form, but these are not easily extended to infinity.
Definition
The non-zero elements of a Pascal matrix are given by the binomial coefficients:
such that the indices i, j start at 0, and ! denotes the factorial.
Properties
The matrices have the pleasing relationship Sn = LnUn. From this it is easily seen that all three matrices have determinant 1, as the determinant of a triangular matrix is simply the product of its diagonal elements, which are all 1 for both Ln and Un. In other words, matrices Sn, Ln, and Un are unimodular, with Ln and Un having trace n.
The trace of Sn is given by
with the first few terms given by the sequence 1, 3, 9, 29, 99, 351, 1275, … .
Construction
A Pascal matrix can actually be constructed by taking the matrix exponential of a special subdiagonal or superdiagonal matrix. The example below constructs a 7 × 7 Pascal matrix, but the method works for any desired n × n Pascal matrices. The dots in the following matrices represent zero elements.
It is important to note that one cannot simply
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiss/Manfredi
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Weiss/Manfredi is a multidisciplinary New York City-based design practice that combines landscape, architecture, infrastructure, and art. The firm's notable projects include the Seattle Art Museum's Olympic Sculpture Park, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Visitor Center, the Tata Innovation Center at Cornell Tech, the Singh Center for Nanotechnology at the University of Pennsylvania, the Museum of the Earth, the Embassy of the United States, New Delhi, and Hunter's Point South Waterfront Park.
History
Marion Weiss and Michael Manfredi met in the late 1980s while working for Mitchel Giurgola Architects, LLP. In 1989, after both had left the firm and were working architecture professors, Weiss and Manfredi entered a design competition for the Women in Military Service for America Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery, which they eventually won, and founded Weiss/Manfredi. Prior to founding the firm, Weiss received her Master of Architecture at Yale University and her Bachelor of Science in Architecture from the University of Virginia. At Yale, she won the American Institute of Architects Scholastic Award and the Skidmore, Owings and Merrill Traveling Fellowship. In 2017, she was selected for Architectural Records's Women in Architecture Design Leader Award. Marion Weiss is the Graham Professor of Practice in Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania.
Manfredi received his Master of Architecture at Cornell University where he studied with Colin Rowe. He won the Paris Prize,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Wei%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Li Wei (; born June 8, 1943) is a Chinese computer scientist and a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 2002, he became President of Beihang University.
Education
Li graduated from the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics, Peking University in 1966. He then studied at the University of Edinburgh obtaining a PhD in computer science in 1983 supervised by Gordon Plotkin.
Career
After graduation, he was funded by the EPSRC at Newcastle University and the University of Edinburgh as Senior Programmer. He was also a visiting professor at the Saarland University.
He was elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1997.
Research interests
Li is mostly engaged in the applied research of Computer Software and Theory and Internet, including programming language, software development, artificial intelligence, and integrated circuit design.
Achievements
Li did some of the first work on structural operational semantics of concurrent programming languages such as Ada and Edison, including a theory of translation between such languages with methods for proving the correctness of translations.
1992, building release logic theory solved the incompleteness of information and fallibility of knowledge and nonmonotonicity of inference.
1998, first advocated research on Data Mining Technology。
References
1943 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Chinese computer scientists
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Peking University alumni
Academic staff
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial%20explosion
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In mathematics, a combinatorial explosion is the rapid growth of the complexity of a problem due to how the combinatorics of the problem is affected by the input, constraints, and bounds of the problem. Combinatorial explosion is sometimes used to justify the intractability of certain problems. Examples of such problems include certain mathematical functions, the analysis of some puzzles and games, and some pathological examples which can be modelled as the Ackermann function.
Examples
Latin squares
A Latin square of order is an array with entries from a set of elements with the property that each element of the set occurs exactly once in each row and each column of the array. An example of a Latin square of order three is given by,
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:center;width:6em;height:6em;table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| 1|| 2 || 3
|-
| 2 || 3 || 1
|-
| 3 || 1 || 2
|}
A common example of a Latin square would be a completed Sudoku puzzle. A Latin square is a combinatorial object (as opposed to an algebraic object) since only the arrangement of entries matters and not what the entries actually are. The number of Latin squares as a function of the order (independent of the set from which the entries are drawn) provides an example of combinatorial explosion as illustrated by the following table.
Sudoku
A combinatorial explosion can also occur in some puzzles played on a grid, such as Sudoku. A Sudoku is a type of Latin square with th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Scales%20Avery
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John Scales Avery (born in 1933) is a theoretical chemist noted for his research publications in quantum chemistry, thermodynamics, evolution, and history of science. Since the early 1990s, Avery has been an active world peace activist. During these years, he was part of a group associated with the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. In 1995, this group received the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts. Presently, he is an Associate Professor in quantum chemistry at the University of Copenhagen. His 2003 book Information Theory and Evolution set forth the view that the phenomenon of life, including its origin and evolution, that including human cultural evolution, has it background situated over thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and information theory.
Early life
Avery was born in Lebanon to American parents. Avery's parents were both born in the United States, in the state of Michigan, where they studied at the University of Michigan. His father studied medicine while his mother studied bacteriology. After graduation, his parents did research together at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Later, his father did research in a borderline area between physics and medicine with Arthur Holly Compton, discoverer of the "Compton effect", at the University of Chicago.
In 1926, his father moved the family to Beirut, where his father worked as a professor of anatomy at the American University of Beirut. The family stayed in Beirut unti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allyne%20L.%20Merrill
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Allyne L. Merrill (1863 – February 26, 1941) was an American physicist who served as faculty secretary of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1906 to June 1934.
In 1885 Merrill earned his Bachelor of Science in physics. In 1890 he played a key role in Samuel Cate Prescott's enrolment in MIT. At the time, Merrill was an instructor in mechanism at MIT. He was promoted to instructor in 1890, then assistant professor in 1903 and eventually professor during his tenure. Merrill was elected as faculty secretary in 1906 and served until 1934. Merrill and Prescott were part of the induction ceremony of Karl Taylor Compton as the new MIT President on June 6, 1930.
Selected work
Schwamb, P., A.L. Merrill, & W.H. James (Revised by V.L. Doughtie) (1951). Elements of Mechanism, 6th Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
References
Goldblith, S.A. (1993). Pioneers in Food Science, Volume 1: Samuel Cate Prescott – M.I.T. Dean and Pioneer Food Technologist. Trumball, CT: Food & Nutrition Press. pp. 6, 66.
MIT Technology information. – Accessed November 8, 2006.
1863 births
1941 deaths
American physicists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Physicians from Massachusetts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ar%C5%ABnas%20Raudys
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Šarūnas Raudys is head of the Data Analysis Department at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics in Vilnius, Lithuania. Within the department, he is guiding the data mining and artificial neural networks group. His group's research interests include multivariate analysis, statistical pattern recognition, artificial neural networks, data mining methods and biological information processing systems with applications to analysis of technological, economical and biological problems.
Education
USSR Doctor of Sciences, Institute of Electronics and Computer science, Riga, 1978.
Ph.D. Computer science, Institute Physics and Mathematics, 1969.
M.S. Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, 1963.
Panevezys, the first secondary school, 1958.
Selected publications
S. Raudys. (2001) Statistical and Neural Classifiers: An integrated approach to design. Springer. London. 312 pages.
S. Raudys and Jain K. (1991). Small sample size problems in designing Artificial Neural Networks. - Artificial Neural Networks and Statistical Pattern Recognition, Old and New Connections, I.K. Sethi and A.K. Jain (Eds), Elsevier Science Publishers B.V, 33-50.
S. Raudys. (1984) Statistical Pattern Recognition: Small design sample problems. A monograph, (a manuscript) Institute of Mathematics and Cybernetics, Vilnius, 480 pages, 30 copies distributed around the world.
S. Raudys, (1978) Optimization of nonparametric classification algorithm. Adaptive systems and ap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-matrix%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, the class of Z-matrices are those matrices whose off-diagonal entries are less than or equal to zero; that is, the matrices of the form:
Note that this definition coincides precisely with that of a negated Metzler matrix or quasipositive matrix, thus the term quasinegative matrix appears from time to time in the literature, though this is rare and usually only in contexts where references to quasipositive matrices are made.
The Jacobian of a competitive dynamical system is a Z-matrix by definition. Likewise, if the Jacobian of a cooperative dynamical system is J, then (−J) is a Z-matrix.
Related classes are L-matrices, M-matrices, P-matrices, Hurwitz matrices and Metzler matrices. L-matrices have the additional property that all diagonal entries are greater than zero. M-matrices have several equivalent definitions, one of which is as follows: a Z-matrix is an M-matrix if it is nonsingular and its inverse is nonnegative. All matrices that are both Z-matrices and P-matrices are nonsingular M-matrices.
In the context of quantum complexity theory, these are referred to as stoquastic operators.
See also
Hurwitz matrix
M-matrix
Metzler matrix
P-matrix
References
Matrices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-matrix%20%28chemistry%29
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In chemistry, the Z-matrix is a way to represent a system built of atoms. A Z-matrix is also known as an internal coordinate representation. It provides a description of each atom in a molecule in terms of its atomic number, bond length, bond angle, and dihedral angle, the so-called internal coordinates, although it is not always the case that a Z-matrix will give information regarding bonding since the matrix itself is based on a series of vectors describing atomic orientations in space. However, it is convenient to write a Z-matrix in terms of bond lengths, angles, and dihedrals since this will preserve the actual bonding characteristics. The name arises because the Z-matrix assigns the second atom along the Z axis from the first atom, which is at the origin.
Z-matrices can be converted to Cartesian coordinates and back, as the structural information content is identical, the position and orientation in space, however is not meaning the Cartesian coordinates recovered will be accurate in terms of relative positions of atoms, but will not necessarily be the same as an original set of Cartesian coordinates if you convert Cartesian coordinates to a Z matrix and back again. While the transform is conceptually straightforward, algorithms of doing the conversion vary significantly in speed, numerical precision and parallelism. These matter because macromolecular chains, such as polymers, proteins, and DNA, can have thousands of connected atoms and atoms consecutively distant al
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20J.%20Hucker
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George J. Hucker (August 19, 1893 – May 18, 1988) was an American microbiologist who was involved in the founding of the Institute of Food Technologists and was involved in dairy microbiology.
Career at Cornell University
Hucker was a professor of bacteriology and chief of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York during the early 20th century.
Involvement in the Institute of Food Technologists
Hucker attended an international conference held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1937 that proved so successful that would lead to two more meeting preliminary meetings in 1938 and 1939. These two meetings at MIT would lead to another conference later in 1939 that would lead to the formation of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) with Hucker being elected as Secretary-Treasurer, a position he would serve until 1947, when he was elected IFT President. Hucker would serve as IFT President during 1947-48 while his previous position was given to Carl R. Fellers, head of the food technology department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Hucker would be named an IFT Fellow in 1976.
References
Paul Jones Chapman papers at Cornell University: 1940-83 - Accessed November 8, 2006.
H.J. Conn papers at Cornell University: 1811-1959 - Accessed November 8, 2006.
Cornell University chronicle: October 16, 2003 - Accessed November 8, 2006.
Goldblith, S.A. (1993). Pioneers in Food Science, Volume 1: Samuel Cate Prescott - M.I.T. Dean and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut%20de%20biologie%20mol%C3%A9culaire%20et%20cellulaire
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The Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IBMC) is a research institute of molecular and cellular biology that is owned by the French National Centre for Scientific Research and operated by the University of Strasbourg.
External links
Official site
Research institutes in France
Molecular biology institutes
French National Centre for Scientific Research
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20Institute%20of%20Technology%20College%20of%20Computing
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The College of Computing is a college of the Georgia Institute of Technology, a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia. It is divided into four schools: the School of Computer Science, the School of Interactive Computing, the School of Computational Science & Engineering, and the School of Cybersecurity and Privacy. The College of Computing's programs are consistently ranked among the top 10 computing programs in the nation. In 2022, U.S. News & World Report ranked the Computer Science graduate program #6 in the U.S. In 2016, Times Higher Education and the Wall Street Journal ranked the College #5 in the world.
The College of Computing has its roots in the creation of an interdisciplinary Master of Science in Information Science at Georgia Tech in 1964. The college still emphasizes an interdisciplinary focus in the structure of its degree programs, among which is a Bachelor of Science in Computational Media that is offered jointly with Georgia Tech's School of Literature, Media, and Communication in the Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts.
History
Early years
Georgia Tech's College of Computing traces its roots to the establishment of an Information Science degree program established in 1964. In 1963, a group of faculty members led by Dr. Vladimir Slamecka and that included Dr. Vernon Crawford, Dr. Nordiar Waldemar Ziegler, and Dr. William Atchison, noticed an interdisciplinary connection among library science, mathematics, and computer technology. The group drafted
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20Institute%20of%20Technology%20College%20of%20Engineering
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The College of Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology provides formal education and research in more than 10 fields of engineering, including aerospace, chemical, civil engineering, electrical engineering, industrial, mechanical, materials engineering, biomedical, and biomolecular engineering, plus polymer, textile, and fiber engineering. The College of Engineering is the oldest and largest college of the institution.
History
The history of the College of Engineering spans more than 125 years, since the founding of Georgia Tech. Beginning with classes for mechanical engineering in 1888, the College of Engineering has evolved into separate Schools for more than 10 fields of engineering.
Programs, departments and schools
Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering
Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering
School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering
School of Materials Science and Engineering
George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
Facilities
The offices of the College of Engineering are located on the third floor of Tech Tower.
References
External links
Engineering
Engineering schools and colleges in the United States
Engineering universities and colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Universities and colleges established in 1885
1885 establishments in Georgia (U.S.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Shorouk%20Academy
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El Shorouk Academy is a private Egyptian educational academy, officially licensed by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, and offering programs in Architecture, Engineering, Mass communication, Media, Computer science, Accounting, Management Information Systems and Business administration, it is located in El Shorouk, Cairo, Egypt and has been operating since 1995
History
The Academy was founded as The Higher Institute of Engineering in the year 1995 and its campus was located in 10th of Ramadan City, Giza, Egypt with only 5 engineering departments (Architectural Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Communication & Computer Engineering, and Power & Electrical Machines Engineering). Later on, the campus was relocated to El Shorouk City with the start of second term of the year 1999/2000 after the approval from the Ministry of Higher Education (Egypt) which has issued a ministerial decree no. 712 dated 31/5/2000.Then the Civil Engineering Department was established by the ministerial decree no.1437 dated 10/09/2000 and the first year of study was 2000/2001, in a later stage the Mathematics and Physics Engineering department was established to make a total of 7 engineering departments.
The Higher Institute of Computer & Information Technology was established on 09/06/2001, then after 8 years The Higher International Institute of Mass Communication Was established based on the ministerial decree no. 1216 dated 09/06/2009 including the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtoxin
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Kurtoxin is a toxin found in the venom of the scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus. It affects the gating of voltage-gated sodium channels and calcium channels.
Sources
Kurtotoxin is found in the venom of the South African scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus.
Chemistry
Kurtoxin is a protein containing 63 amino acid residues with a mass of 7386.1 daltons. Its formula is C324H478N94O90S8. It can be isolated from the venom of Parabuthus transvaalicus by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Kurtoxin is closely related to α-scorpion toxins, a family of toxins that slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. The complete primary amino-acid sequence of kurtoxin is: KIDGYPVDYW NCKRICWYNN KYCNDLCKGL KADSGYCWGW TLSCYCQGLP DNARIKRSGR CRA.
Target
In research on Xenopus oocytes it was found that kurtoxin affects low-threshold α1G and α1H calcium channels, but not the high-threshold α1A, α1B, α1C, and α1E Ca channels. Like other α-scorpion toxins kurtoxin was also found to interact with voltage-gated sodium channels.
In rat neurons, less selectivity for kurtoxin on calcium channels is found. Here the toxin interacts with high affinity with T-type, L-type, N-type, and P-type channels.
Mode of action
Kurtoxin inhibits ion calcium channels by modifying channel gating. The effect of the toxin is voltage-dependent. In a voltage-clamp experiment it was found that calcium channels are more strongly inhibited by minor depolarization than by a strong depolarization of the cell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz%20%28astrophysics%29
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A kugelblitz is a theoretical astrophysical object predicted by general relativity. It is a concentration of heat, light or radiation so intense that its energy forms an event horizon and becomes self-trapped. In other words, if enough radiation is aimed into a region of space, the concentration of energy can warp spacetime so much that it creates a black hole. This would be a black hole whose original mass–energy was in the form of radiant energy rather than matter, however as soon as it forms, it is indistinguishable from an ordinary black hole.
John Archibald Wheeler's 1955 Physical Review paper entitled "Geons" refers to the kugelblitz phenomenon and explores the idea of creating such particles (or toy models of particles) from spacetime curvature.
The kugelblitz phenomenon has been considered a possible basis for interstellar engines (drives) for future black hole starships.
See also
Bekenstein bound
Micro black hole
References
Black holes
General relativity
Light
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Suter
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Heinrich Suter (4 January 1848 in Hedingen – 17 March 1922 in Dornach) was a historian of science specializing in Islamic mathematics and astronomy.
Education and career
After graduation from the Industrie Schule at Zürich, Suter studied in Berlin (1869/70) and at ETH Zürich and the University of Zürich. He received in 1871 from the University of Zürich his Promovierung (Ph.D.) with dissertation Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften von den ältesten Zeiten bis Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts. His dissertation was published in 1872 as a book and was subsequently translated into Russian.
In 1874 Suter began teaching as a vicar at the Gymnasium in Schaffhausen, then taught from 1876 to 1886 in Aarau, and finally from 1886 until his retirement in 1916 in Zürich.
Suter in his early forties learned Arabic and acquired some knowledge of Syriac, Persian and Turkish. He studied the history of mathematics and astronomy in the Islamic societies. In Moritz Cantor's "Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik“ were published in 1892 Suter's translation of the mathematically related entries in the Kitāb al-Fihrist of Ibn al-Nadim and in 1893 Suter's translation of the mathematical parts of the catalog of the Khedivial Library in Cairo. One of his most important works is his work, commissioned by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences, on the astronomical tables of Al-Khwarizmi.
In 1904 Suter was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Heidelberg.
Publications
Books
1871. Geschichte der
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartness%20relation
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In constructive mathematics, an apartness relation is a constructive form of inequality, and is often taken to be more basic than equality. It is often written as (⧣ in unicode) to distinguish from the negation of equality (the denial inequality) which is weaker.
Description
An apartness relation is a symmetric irreflexive binary relation with the additional condition that if two elements are apart, then any other element is apart from at least one of them (this last property is often called co-transitivity or comparison).
That is, a binary relation is an apartness relation if it satisfies:
The complement of an apartness relation is an equivalence relation, as the above three conditions become reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. If this equivalence relation is in fact equality, then the apartness relation is called tight. That is, is a if it additionally satisfies:
4.
In classical mathematics, it also follows that every apartness relation is the complement of an equivalence relation, and the only tight apartness relation on a given set is the complement of equality. So in that domain, the concept is not useful. In constructive mathematics, however, this is not the case.
The prototypical apartness relation is that of the real numbers: two real numbers are said to be apart if there exists (one can construct) a rational number between them. In other words, real numbers and are apart if there exists a rational number such that or The natural apartness re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center-of-momentum%20frame
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In physics, the center-of-momentum frame (COM frame), also known as zero-momentum frame, is the inertial frame in which the total momentum of the system vanishes. It is unique up to velocity, but not origin.
The center of momentum of a system is not a location, but a collection of relative momenta/velocities: a reference frame. Thus "center of momentum" is a short for "center-of-momentum ".
A special case of the center-of-momentum frame is the center-of-mass frame: an inertial frame in which the center of mass (which is a single point) remains at the origin. In all center-of-momentum frames, the center of mass is at rest, but it is not necessarily at the origin of the coordinate system.
In special relativity, the COM frame is necessarily unique only when the system is isolated.
Properties
General
The center of momentum frame is defined as the inertial frame in which the sum of the linear momenta of all particles is equal to 0. Let S denote the laboratory reference system and S′ denote the center-of-momentum reference frame. Using a Galilean transformation, the particle velocity in S′ is
where
is the velocity of the mass center. The total momentum in the center-of-momentum system then vanishes:
Also, the total energy of the system is the minimal energy as seen from all inertial reference frames.
Special relativity
In relativity, the COM frame exists for an isolated massive system. This is a consequence of Noether's theorem. In the COM frame the total energy of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkie
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Pinkie may refer to:
Biology
Pinky finger or little finger
Pinkie, a baby mouse used as a food for exotic pets
Bilby or pinkie, an animal in Southern Australia
Pinkie, a rosemary cultivar
People
Pinkie Barnes (1915–2012), English international table tennis champion
Stuart 'Pinkie' Bates, Hammond organ player with the band The Divine Comedy
Bob Davie (ice hockey) (1912–1990), Canadian National Hockey League defenceman
Pinkie Gordon Lane (1923–2008), African-American poet, editor and teacher
Lawrence Stark (1920–2004), Second World War Royal Air Force fighter ace
Pinkie C. Wilkerson (1948–2000), African American member of the Louisiana House of Representatives; see Louisiana Center for Women in Government and Business Hall of Fame
Fictional characters
Pinkie Brown, a character in Graham Greene's novel Brighton Rock
Pinkie Leroy, a character in the 1950 Noël Coward musical Ace of Clubs
Pinkie Pie, a character in the My Little Pony franchise
Pinkie Wingate, Judy Garland’s character in the 1938 film Listen, Darling
Other uses
Pinkie (painting), a 1794 portrait by Thomas Lawrence
Pinkie House, a historic Scottish mansion
Pinkie Road, a proposed highway in Saskatchewan, Canada
Battle of Pinkie, a battle between Scotland and England in 1547.
Pinkie, a 1994 video game
See also
Pinky (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20v.%20Forty%20Barrels%20and%20Twenty%20Kegs%20of%20Coca-Cola
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United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, 241 U.S. 265 (1916), was a federal suit under which the government unsuccessfully attempted to force the Coca-Cola Company to remove caffeine from its product.
Context
In 1906, Harvey Washington Wiley was the head of the United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Chemistry when Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act. The Bureau started prosecuting companies which were selling products with harmful components and companies which were making misleading claims about their products. In 1903, Coca-Cola had already stopped using spent coca leaves (which only carried trace amounts of cocaine) and had dropped the claim that it cured headaches. But to compensate, the company had increased the amount of caffeine, and Wiley believed that even small amounts of caffeine in beverages was harmful to people.
He was particularly worried that Coca-Cola was being consumed by children as young as 4 years old. So, in 1909, he ordered the seizure of 40 barrels and 20 kegs of a Coca-Cola shipment.
Claim
On March 13, 1911, the government initiated the case under the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act. It tried to force the Coca-Cola Company to remove caffeine from the Coca-Cola formula, believing that the product was adulterated and misbranded.
"Adulterated": The allegation of adulteration was, in substance, that the product contained an added poisonous or added deleterious ingredient (namely, caffeine) which might render the produ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, Mercy is a tweakable block cipher designed by Paul Crowley for disk encryption.
The block size is 4096 bits—unusually large for a block cipher, but a standard disk sector size. Mercy uses a 128-bit secret key, along with a 128-bit non-secret tweak for each block. In disk encryption, the sector number would be used as a tweak. Mercy uses a 6-round Feistel network structure with partial key whitening. The round function uses a key-dependent state machine which borrows some structure from the stream cipher WAKE, with key-dependent S-boxes based on the Nyberg S-boxes also used in AES.
Scott Fluhrer has discovered a differential attack that works against the full 6 rounds of Mercy. This attack can even be extended to a seven-round variant.
References
Broken block ciphers
Feistel ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wellstone
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The Wellstone is a 2003 hard science fiction novel by Wil McCarthy. It was the first sequel to 2000's The Collapsium, starting what was to become a four-part Queendom of Sol series.
Overview
In The Wellstone, McCarthy explores the lives of immortal humans known as immorbids in the future. Nanotechnology has created the wellstone, programmable matter that can emulate nearly any other form of matter, and nanotech fax machines that can not only fabricate objects on demand, but store and retrieve human bodies (with minds intact), cure disease or reverse aging, or be used as teleporters. Ultradense exotic matter known as collapsium makes gravity manipulation and faster-than-light communication possible. Humanity has formed a solar system–wide society based on monarchy.
Many of the technologies in this novel are also described in McCarthy's 2003 nonfiction book, Hacking Matter.
References
2003 American novels
2003 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Novels by Wil McCarthy
Hard science fiction
Nanotechnology in fiction
Teleportation in fiction
Faster-than-light communication
Bantam Spectra books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20by%20example
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In logic and mathematics, proof by example (sometimes known as inappropriate generalization) is a logical fallacy whereby the validity of a statement is illustrated through one or more examples or cases—rather than a full-fledged proof.
The structure, argument form and formal form of a proof by example generally proceeds as follows:
Structure:
I know that X is such.
Therefore, anything related to X is also such.
Argument form:
I know that x, which is a member of group X, has the property P.
Therefore, all other elements of X must have the property P.
Formal form:
The following example demonstrates why this line of reasoning is a logical fallacy:
I've seen a person shoot someone dead.
Therefore, all people are murderers.
In the common discourse, a proof by example can also be used to describe an attempt to establish a claim using statistically insignificant examples. In which case, the merit of each argument might have to be assessed on an individual basis.
Valid cases of proof by example
In certain circumstances, examples can suffice as logically valid proof.
Proofs of existential statements
In some scenarios, an argument by example may be valid if it leads from a singular premise to an existential conclusion (i.e. proving that a claim is true for at least one case, instead of for all cases). For example:
Socrates is wise.
Therefore, someone is wise.
(or)
I've seen a person steal.
Therefore, (some) people can steal.
These examples outline the informal version of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%27s%20lemma%20%28Laplace%20equation%29
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In mathematics, Weyl's lemma, named after Hermann Weyl, states that every weak solution of Laplace's equation is a smooth solution. This contrasts with the wave equation, for example, which has weak solutions that are not smooth solutions. Weyl's lemma is a special case of elliptic or hypoelliptic regularity.
Statement of the lemma
Let be an open subset of -dimensional Euclidean space , and let denote the usual Laplace operator. Weyl's lemma states that if a locally integrable function is a weak solution of Laplace's equation, in the sense that
for every smooth test function with compact support, then (up to redefinition on a set of measure zero) is smooth and satisfies pointwise in .
This result implies the interior regularity of harmonic functions in , but it does not say anything about their regularity on the boundary .
Idea of the proof
To prove Weyl's lemma, one convolves the function with an appropriate mollifier and shows that the mollification satisfies Laplace's equation, which implies that has the mean value property. Taking the limit as and using the properties of mollifiers, one finds that also has the mean value property, which implies that it is a smooth solution of Laplace's equation. Alternative proofs use the smoothness of the fundamental solution of the Laplacian or suitable a priori elliptic estimates.
Generalization to distributions
More generally, the same result holds for every distributional solution of Laplace's equation: If s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial%20matrix
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In mathematics, a polynomial matrix or matrix of polynomials is a matrix whose elements are univariate or multivariate polynomials. Equivalently, a polynomial matrix is a polynomial whose coefficients are matrices.
A univariate polynomial matrix P of degree p is defined as:
where denotes a matrix of constant coefficients, and is non-zero.
An example 3×3 polynomial matrix, degree 2:
We can express this by saying that for a ring R, the rings and
are isomorphic.
Properties
A polynomial matrix over a field with determinant equal to a non-zero element of that field is called unimodular, and has an inverse that is also a polynomial matrix. Note that the only scalar unimodular polynomials are polynomials of degree 0 – nonzero constants, because an inverse of an arbitrary polynomial of higher degree is a rational function.
The roots of a polynomial matrix over the complex numbers are the points in the complex plane where the matrix loses rank.
The determinant of a matrix polynomial with Hermitian positive-definite (semidefinite) coefficients is a polynomial with positive (nonnegative) coefficients.
Note that polynomial matrices are not to be confused with monomial matrices, which are simply matrices with exactly one non-zero entry in each row and column.
If by λ we denote any element of the field over which we constructed the matrix, by I the identity matrix, and we let A be a polynomial matrix, then the matrix λI − A is the characteristic matrix of the matrix A. Its deter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian%20matrix
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In mathematics, a Hamiltonian matrix is a -by- matrix such that is symmetric, where is the skew-symmetric matrix
and is the -by- identity matrix. In other words, is Hamiltonian if and only if where denotes the transpose.
Properties
Suppose that the -by- matrix is written as the block matrix
where , , , and are -by- matrices. Then the condition that be Hamiltonian is equivalent to requiring that the matrices and are symmetric, and that . Another equivalent condition is that is of the form with symmetric.
It follows easily from the definition that the transpose of a Hamiltonian matrix is Hamiltonian. Furthermore, the sum (and any linear combination) of two Hamiltonian matrices is again Hamiltonian, as is their commutator. It follows that the space of all Hamiltonian matrices is a Lie algebra, denoted . The dimension of is . The corresponding Lie group is the symplectic group . This group consists of the symplectic matrices, those matrices which satisfy . Thus, the matrix exponential of a Hamiltonian matrix is symplectic. However the logarithm of a symplectic matrix is not necessarily Hamiltonian because the exponential map from the Lie algebra to the group is not surjective.
The characteristic polynomial of a real Hamiltonian matrix is even. Thus, if a Hamiltonian matrix has as an eigenvalue, then , and are also eigenvalues. It follows that the trace of a Hamiltonian matrix is zero.
The square of a Hamiltonian matrix is skew-Hamiltonian (a matrix is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindric%20algebra
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In mathematics, the notion of cylindric algebra, invented by Alfred Tarski, arises naturally in the algebraization of first-order logic with equality. This is comparable to the role Boolean algebras play for propositional logic. Cylindric algebras are Boolean algebras equipped with additional cylindrification operations that model quantification and equality. They differ from polyadic algebras in that the latter do not model equality.
Definition of a cylindric algebra
A cylindric algebra of dimension (where is any ordinal number) is an algebraic structure such that is a Boolean algebra, a unary operator on for every (called a cylindrification), and a distinguished element of for every and (called a diagonal), such that the following hold:
(C1)
(C2)
(C3)
(C4)
(C5)
(C6) If , then
(C7) If , then
Assuming a presentation of first-order logic without function symbols,
the operator models existential quantification over variable in formula while the operator models the equality of variables and . Hence, reformulated using standard logical notations, the axioms read as
(C1)
(C2)
(C3)
(C4)
(C5)
(C6) If is a variable different from both and , then
(C7) If and are different variables, then
Cylindric set algebras
A cylindric set algebra of dimension is an algebraic structure such that is a field of sets, is given by , and is given by . It necessarily validates the axioms C1–C7 of a cylindric algebra, w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20nationale%20sup%C3%A9rieure%20de%20m%C3%A9canique%20et%20des%20microtechniques
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The École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM) is a French school of engineering. It is part of Polyméca, a network of schools focusing on mechanical engineering.
History
The school was founded in 1902 by the Université de Franche-Comté as Laboratoire de Chronométrie. In 1961, it turned to École nationale supérieure de chronométrie et micromécanique (ENSCM). Since the school is established in an area with a strong legacy on horology, ENSMM is deeply dedicated to the design and manufacturing of micro-mechanical devices and robotics.
Location
It is located in the city of Besançon, France eastern area (by car, 4 hours from Paris, 2 hours and a half from Strasbourg and 2 hours and a half from Lyon).
Curriculum
Study in France
The school educates 250 engineers every year on 6 fields:
Materials science
Mechatronics
Mechanical engineering
Micromechanics
Optoelectronics and Microelectromechanical systems
Industrial engineering
Students can choose to spend their last year within ENSMM or in one of the schools of the Polyméca network.
Study abroad
The ENSMM has concluded a partnership with several universities worldwide:
Technische Universität, Vienne, Austria
Institut National d’Informatique, Alger, Algeria
Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil
Universidade Polytechnique, São Paulo, Brazil
École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, Canada
Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Southwe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nance%20Dicciani
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Nance Dicciani (born 1947) is an American chemical engineer. She contributed significantly to the development of ultrasonic scanners for examining pregnant women with her doctoral dissertation, "Ultrasonically-Enhanced Diffusion of Macro Molecules in Gels." Her experience in chemistry and business have resulted in her achieving top positions in several companies, most recently Specialty Materials, a strategic business group of Honeywell. Forbes magazine has ranked her as one of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women.
Background and education
Nance Dicciani was born in 1947 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her father was an industrial engineer, who supported her interest in the sciences. She studied chemical engineering, obtaining a bachelor's degree at Villanova University in 1969, a masters at the University of Virginia in 1970, and her doctoral degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1977. In her doctoral dissertation, "Ultrasonically-Enhanced Diffusion of Macro Molecules in Gels," she applied chemical engineering to medical imaging, work that significantly contributed to the development of ultrasonic scanners for examining pregnant women. In 1987, she earned an M.B.A. from the Wharton Business School.
Career
In 1977, Dicciani became an engineer with Air Products and Chemicals. She was promoted to various positions in research and development, achieving the position of director of commercial development in 1988. She was involved in developing the company's first non-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette%20Mertz
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Henriette Mertz (1896 – August 17, 1985) was an American patent attorney from Chicago and a proponent of pseudoarchaeological hyperdiffusionism in relation to ancient American history. During World War II, she worked as a code-breaker for the U.S. government's cryptography department. She published several controversial works during the 1960s and 1970s relating to the early discovery and settlement of America.
She died on August 17, 1985, in Chicago at 89; her book The Mystic Symbol was published posthumously.
Career
Mertz was a cryptographer for the U.S. Navy during World War II. She then worked at the U.S. Copyright Office in Washington, D.C., as a patent lawyer. She traveled extensively to locations including the Amazon, the Andes, and Mexico.
Theories
In 1936, Mertz met a man in Mexico who she said "looked to be pure Chinese" but described himself as "Indian". It turned out that his family was originally from China, but had settled and lived in Mexico for many generations. After the war, she read An Inglorious Columbus (1885) by writer Edward P. Vining, which argued that Chinese explorers had founded Mexican culture and religion. To Mertz, this explained the curious case of the Mexican-Chinese-Indian man she had met many years prior. Lacking any training as a historian, she started developing her own theories about the Chinese discovery of the Americas, and decided to self-publish Pale Ink (1953) after the manuscript was rejected by commercial publishers.
Bat Creek
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newick%20format
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In mathematics, Newick tree format (or Newick notation or New Hampshire tree format) is a way of representing graph-theoretical trees with edge lengths using parentheses and commas. It was adopted by James Archie, William H. E. Day, Joseph Felsenstein, Wayne Maddison, Christopher Meacham, F. James Rohlf, and David Swofford, at two meetings in 1986, the second of which was at Newick's restaurant in Dover, New Hampshire, US. The adopted format is a generalization of the format developed by Meacham in 1984 for the first tree-drawing programs in Felsenstein's PHYLIP package.
Examples
The following tree:
could be represented in Newick format in several ways
((,)); no nodes are named
(A,B,(C,D)); leaf nodes are named
(A,B,(C,D)E)F; all nodes are named
(:0.1,:0.2,(:0.3,:0.4):0.5); all but root node have a distance to parent
(:0.1,:0.2,(:0.3,:0.4):0.5):0.0; all have a distance to parent
(A:0.1,B:0.2,(C:0.3,D:0.4):0.5); distances and leaf names (popular)
(A:0.1,B:0.2,(C:0.3,D:0.4)E:0.5)F; distances and all names
((B:0.2,(C:0.3,D:0.4)E:0.5)F:0.1)A; a tree rooted on a leaf node (rare)
Newick format is typically used for tools like PHYLIP and is a minimal definition for a phylogenetic tree.
Rooted, unrooted, and binary trees
When an unrooted tree is represented in Newick notation, an arbitrary node is chosen as its root. Whether rooted or unrooted, typically a tre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurotoxin
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Maurotoxin (abbreviated MTX) is a peptide toxin from the venom of the Tunisian chactoid scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus, from which it was first isolated and from which the chemical gets its name. It acts by blocking several types of voltage-gated potassium channel.
Chemistry
Maurotoxin is a peptide of 34 amino acids (sequence VSCTGSKDCYAPCRKQTGCPNAKCINKSCKCYGC) cross-linked by four disulfide bridges (Cys3-Cys24, Cys9-Cys29, Cys13-Cys19, Cys31-Cys34), with an atypical pattern of organization compared with other scorpion toxins; this unusual pairing of cysteine residues may be mediated by the presence of adjacent prolines. The peptide contains an alpha helix linked by two disulfide bridges to a two-stranded antiparallel beta sheet.
Target
Scorpion toxins constitute the largest group of potassium (K+) channel blockers and are useful pharmacological probes to investigate ion channels and their functions.
Maurotoxin (MTX) blocks various K+ -channels:
Apamin-sensitive small conductance Ca2+ - activated K+ channels (SK)
Intermediate conductance Ca2+ - activated K+ channels (IK)
Several types of voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3 and shaker B)
The structural and pharmacological features of MTX suggest that MTX belongs to a new class of natural K+ channel blockers structurally intermediate between the Na+ (60–70 residues and four disulfide bridges) and K+ channel scorpion toxin families (less than 40 residues and three disulfide bridges).
The intermed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education%20in%20Chemistry
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Education in Chemistry (often referred to by its brand 'EiC') is a print and online magazine covering all areas of chemistry education, mainly concentrating on the teaching of chemistry in secondary schools and universities. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, which also publishes Chemistry Education Research and Practice, a peer-reviewed academic journal on the same topic.
History
The feasibility of a "British Journal of Chemistry Education" was first discussed by the Royal Society of Chemistry in late 1962 (a similar journal, the Journal of Chemical Education had been in existence in the USA since 1924). Its launch was secured by the lobbying of Professor Ronald S. Nyholm who became the first Chair of the editorial board. The magazine was launched in 1963 under the editor Dr F. W. Gibbs with the first issue published in January 1964. Gibbs' first editorial, "Scientists and Teachers", set out the aims of the publication, "This journal has been launched with the avowed aim of improving the teaching and learning of chemistry at all levels." The journal was initially published quarterly.
Education in Chemistry celebrated 50 years since its launch in 2013 with an event attended by its current and former staff, contributors, editorial board and some special guests including Bill Bryson.
Current publication
The editor is Lisa Clatworthy. It has been available as an app for mobile devices which was discontinued in mid-2018. It has also trialled a blog, and occa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Hin%20Tjio
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Joe Hin Tjio (; 2 November 1919 – 27 November 2001), was an Indonesian-born American cytogeneticist. He was renowned as the first person to recognize the normal number of human chromosomes on December 22, 1955 at the Institute of Genetics of the University of Lund in Sweden, where Tjio was a visiting scientist.
Early life
Tjio was born to Indonesian parents of Chinese origin in Pekalongan, Java, then part of the Dutch East Indies and later known as Indonesia. His father was a photographer. Tjio was educated in Dutch colonial schools, trained in agronomy in college, and did research on potato breeding. He was imprisoned for 3 years and tortured by the Japanese in a concentration camp during World War II.
Career
After the war ended, Tjio went to the Netherlands, whose government provided him with a fellowship for study in Europe. He worked in plant breeding in Denmark, Spain and Sweden. From 1948 to 1959 he did plant chromosome research in Zaragoza in Spain and spent his summers in Sweden working with Professor Albert Levan in Lund.
In 1955, Tjio made his discovery of the correct human chromosome count (46 chromosomes, rather than 48 as counted in 1921 by Theophilus Painter) and the findings were published (with Levan as his co-author) in the Scandinavian journal Hereditas on January 26, 1956.
In 1958 Tjio went to the United States and in 1959 he joined the staff of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. He received his Ph.D. in biophysics and cytogenetic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydne%20Vogel
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Sydne Vogel (born June 20, 1979) is an American former competitive figure skater. She is the 1996 Skate America bronze medalist and 1997 World Junior champion.
Personal life
Sydne Vogel was born to Joy and Dennis Vogel. She graduated with her B.S. in Biology from CUNY Brooklyn College in 2009. She attended medical school and completed her emergency medicine residency in Augusta, GA in 2018.
Vogel married Jeff Allen McKechnie on November 14, 2010. They have a daughter Iona Rose and were expecting a second child in late 2017.
Skating career
Vogel began skating as a hockey player and switched to figure skating two years later. She was coached by Traci Coleman from 1987 to 1995 and then by Vladimir Kaprov. She placed fifth on the novice level at the 1994 U.S. Championships in Detroit. The result spurred her to work harder to learn all of the triple jumps. At the 1995 U.S. Championships in Rhode Island, she defeated the favorite, Tara Lipinski, for the gold medal in Junior Ladies.
In early November 1996, Vogel won bronze at Skate America and gold at the 1997 World Junior Championships, held at the end of the same month. She then developed shin splints in her right leg and a back injury, forcing her to withdraw from the 1997 U.S. Championships. Vogel appeared in competitions and shows sporadically until 2006. She performed for Royal Caribbean International in 2006 on the MS Adventure of the Seas and the MS Navigator of the Seas.
Results
References
Navigation
1979 births
Li
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift%20matrix
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In mathematics, a shift matrix is a binary matrix with ones only on the superdiagonal or subdiagonal, and zeroes elsewhere. A shift matrix U with ones on the superdiagonal is an upper shift matrix. The alternative subdiagonal matrix L is unsurprisingly known as a lower shift matrix. The (i,j):th component of U and L are
where is the Kronecker delta symbol.
For example, the 5×5 shift matrices are
Clearly, the transpose of a lower shift matrix is an upper shift matrix and vice versa.
As a linear transformation, a lower shift matrix shifts the components of a column vector one position down, with a zero appearing in the first position. An upper shift matrix shifts the components of a column vector one position up, with a zero appearing in the last position.
Premultiplying a matrix A by a lower shift matrix results in the elements of A being shifted downward by one position, with zeroes appearing in the top row. Postmultiplication by a lower shift matrix results in a shift left.
Similar operations involving an upper shift matrix result in the opposite shift.
Clearly all finite-dimensional shift matrices are nilpotent; an n by n shift matrix S becomes the null matrix when raised to the power of its dimension n.
Shift matrices act on shift spaces. The infinite-dimensional shift matrices are particularly important for the study of ergodic systems. Important examples of infinite-dimensional shifts are the Bernoulli shift, which acts as a shift on Cantor space, and the Gauss
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20instability
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Dynamic instability may refer to any of several scientific phenomena:
Aircraft dynamic modes, including aircraft dynamic instability
Atmospheric instability, in meteorology
Dynamic instability of microtubules, in biology
Firehose instability, in astrophysics
Flutter, in aeroelasticity, a branch of mechanics
Hydrodynamic instability, in fluid dynamics
Others in :Category:Fluid dynamic instabilities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriad%20Genetics
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Myriad Genetics, Inc. is an American genetic testing and precision medicine company based in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. Myriad employs a number of proprietary technologies that permit doctors and patients to understand the genetic basis of human disease and the role that genes play in the onset, progression and treatment of disease. This information is used to guide the development of new products that assess an individual's risk for developing disease later in life (predictive medicine), identify a patient's likelihood of responding to a particular drug therapy (precision medicine), assess a patient's risk of disease progression and disease recurrence (precision medicine), and measure disease activity.
History
The global search for the genetic basis of breast cancer began when Mary-Claire King, Ph.D., from the University of California, Berkeley announced the localization through linkage analysis of a gene associated with increased risk for breast cancer (BRCA1) to the long arm of chromosome 17.
To further locate the actual gene, Dr. Skolnick and his colleagues invented a gene mapping technique known as Restriction Fragment-length Polymorphisms (RFLP). Gilbert joined Kimberlin in 1991, and they teamed up with Skolnick to form Myriad Genetics.
In August 1994, Mark Skolnick and researchers at Myriad, along with colleagues at the University of Utah, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), and McGill University sequenced BRCA1. They attempted to patent this ge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20bin%20Ateyatalla%20Al%20Khalifa
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Ahmed bin Ateyatalla Al Khalifa
() has a bachelor’s degree in Maths and Computer Science from University of Salford in Manchester, United Kingdom. Following completion of his education, he worked in the Central Informatics Organisation (CIO), Bahrain, for more than 20 years. During his time at the CIO he managed a number of national projects including Government Data Network project, National Y2K project, National Smartcard project, National GIS Project and National Census project. In addition to him being the executive director for the Bahrain national charter, Census 2001 project, municipal council elections and parliament elections projects. He was made president of CIO in 2004.
Al Khalifa was assigned the seat as Minister of Cabinet Affairs in September 2005. His portfolio included the Civil Service Bureau (CSB), Central Informatics Organisation (CIO), the e-Government Authority (EGA), Telecommunications including Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA), Bahrain Internet Exchange (BIX) and the Bahrain Institute of Public administration (BIPA). He was heavily involved in the National Economic Strategy (NES) 2030 and was the leader for the Portfolio Office covering all programs and projects in his domain.
In 2006, he was responsible for the nationwide scandal revealed in Al Bandar report.
In 2011 Al Khalifa was appointed minister for Follow Up in the Royal Court.
References
Cisco Networkers Bahrain 2010 Keynote Session (6/6)
Cisco Networkers Bahrain 2010 Keyn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, Crab is a block cipher proposed by Burt Kaliski and Matt Robshaw at the first Fast Software Encryption workshop in 1993. Not really intended for use, Crab was developed to demonstrate how ideas from hash functions could be used to create a fast cipher.
Crab has an unusually large block size of 8192 bits. Its creators suggested using an 80-bit key, but the cipher could use any key size. The authors didn't specify an actual key schedule, only that the key is used to generate two large sets of subkeys: a permutation of the numbers 0 through 255, and an array of 2048 32-bit numbers. The block is divided into 256 32-bit subblocks, which are permuted at the beginning. Then the algorithm makes four passes over the data, each time applying one of four transformations adapted from MD5.
A brief note on the cryptanalysis of Crab is included in Markku-Juhani Saarinen's paper on block ciphers based on SHA-1 and MD5, published at FSE 2003. The author demonstrates a weakness in Crab that permits a distinguisher using no more than a dozen chosen plaintexts, and speculates that this can be converted into a full key-recovery attack using no more than 216 chosen plaintexts. Such an attack would depend on the key schedule used.
References
A patent on an encryption device that uses Crab.
Broken block ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko%20Leko
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Marko T. Leko (; September 17, 1853 – November 4, 1932) was a Serbian scientist, chemist, professor and president of the Serbian Red Cross. He played a major role in the professionalisation of chemistry in Serbia.
Leko was born in Belgrade, Serbia, on September 17, 1853, to a merchant family. He attended and graduated from Polytechnic School in Zurich and obtained his doctoral degree in 1875. For a short period, he was employed in Hoffman's laboratory.
Career
He has 52 publications mostly in the areas of organic and analytical chemistry. Thanks to work he dedicated in writing his doctoral dissertation and the number of works that followed, he was able to solve one of the most sought problems of the time: does ammonium chloride and its closely related compounds belong to compounds of five valences nitrogen, NH4Cl, or to compounds such as NH3·HCl.
His work in analytical chemistry had two main interests: researching natural resources of Earth (mineral waters), and finding and improving new analytical methods. He was also interested in the chemical properties of natural spas and streams, and a stream located in Palanački Kiseljak bears his name Marko Leko. In 1899 he was promoting spas in Obrenovac region.
Leko was an active member of the Serbian Red Cross. At first, he was a treasurer (1915–1920), vice president (1921) and president (1924).
Teaching
At the time of the founding of Belgrade University in 1905, he was elected as an associate professor. He was deeply offended b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adisu%20Massala
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Adisu Massala (, Addīsū Messele, born 16 June 1961) is an Israeli politician.
Biography
Adisu Masala was born in Gondar province, Ethiopia. He made aliyah in 1980 after crossing the Ethiopia–Sudan border and boarding a plane bound for Israel. He studied social work and mechanical engineering at Bar-Ilan University, gaining a BA and went on to work as a social worker. He also became chairman of the United Ethiopian Jewish Organisation.
Political career
Masala was elected to the Knesset in the 1996 elections on the Labor Party list. However, he was one of three MKs to break away from the party to form One Nation, led by Amir Peretz. Adisu was placed fourth on the party's list for the 1999 elections, but lost his seat as the party won only two seats. He was placed fourth on the One Nation list again for the 2003 elections, but the party won only three seats.
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
Bar-Ilan University alumni
Black Jewish members of the Knesset
Ethiopian emigrants to Israel
Ethiopian Jews
Israeli Jews
Israeli Labor Party politicians
Israeli people of Ethiopian-Jewish descent
Jewish Israeli politicians
Members of the 14th Knesset (1996–1999)
One Nation (Israel) politicians
People from Amhara Region
People from Gondar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Longuet-Higgins
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Hugh Christopher Longuet-Higgins (11 April 1923 – 27 March 2004) was a British scholar and teacher. He was the Professor of Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge for 13 years until 1967 when he moved to the University of Edinburgh to work in the developing field of cognitive science. He made many significant contributions to our understanding of molecular science. He was also a gifted amateur musician, both as performer and composer, and was keen to advance the scientific understanding of this art. He was the founding editor of the journal Molecular Physics.
Education and early life
Longuet-Higgins was born on 11 April 1923 at The Vicarage, Lenham, Kent, England, the elder son and second of the three children of Henry Hugh Longuet Longuet-Higgins (1886-1966), vicar of Lenham, and his wife, Albinia Cecil Bazeley. He was educated at The Pilgrims' School, Winchester, and Winchester College. At Winchester College he was one of the "gang of four" consisting of himself, his brother Michael, Freeman Dyson and James Lighthill. In 1941, he won a scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. He read chemistry, but also took Part I of a degree in Music. He was a Balliol organ scholar. As an undergraduate he proposed the correct bridged structure of the chemical compound diborane (B2H6), whose structure was then unknown and turned out to be different from structures predicted by contemporary valence bond theory. This was published with his tutor, R. P. Bell. He completed a Doc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moufang
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Moufang is the family name of the following people:
Christoph Moufang (1817–1890), a Roman Catholic cleric
Ruth Moufang (1905–1977), a German mathematician, after whom several concepts in mathematics are named:
Moufang–Lie algebra
Moufang loop
Moufang polygon
Moufang plane
David Moufang (born 1966), German ambient techno musician
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20David%20Buckingham
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Amyand David Buckingham (28 January 1930 – 4 February 2021) born in Pymble, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia was a chemist, with primary expertise in chemical physics.
Life and career
David Buckingham obtained a Bachelor of Science and Master of Science, under Professor Raymond Le Fevre, from the University of Sydney and a PhD from the University of Cambridge supervised by John Pople. He was an 1851 Exhibition Senior Student in the Physical Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford from 1955 to 1957, Lecturer and then Student (Fellow) at Christ Church, Oxford from 1955 to 1965 and University Lecturer in the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory from 1958 to 1965. He was Professor of Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Bristol from 1965 to 1969. He was appointed Professor of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge in 1969.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1975, a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1986 and a Foreign Associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1992. He was a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. Buckingham was elected to the Australian Academy of Science in 2008 as a Corresponding Fellow.
He was awarded the first Ahmed Zewail Prize in Molecular Sciences for pioneering contributions to the molecular sciences in 2006.
He won the Harrie Massey Medal and Prize in 1995.
He also played 10 first class cricket matches for Cambridge University and Free Foresters between 1955 and 1960,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint%20filter
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In signal processing, the adjoint filter mask of a filter mask is reversed in time and the elements are complex conjugated.
Its name is derived from the fact that the convolution with the adjoint filter is the adjoint operator of the original filter, with respect to the Hilbert space of the sequences in which the inner product is the Euclidean norm.
The autocorrelation of a signal can be written as .
Properties
References
Digital signal processing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Stanley%20Breed
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Robert Stanley Breed (October 17, 1877 – February 10, 1956) was an American biologist, born in Brooklyn, Pennsylvania. He received a bachelor's degree from Amherst College in 1898, an M.S. from the University of Colorado in 1899, and a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1902. In 1902 he became professor of biology at Allegheny College and was there secretary of the faculty in 1907–1910. He became known especially for his researches on the post-embryonic development of insects and for his contributions to scientific journals on the public milk supply. In 1903 he published The Changes which Occur in the Muscles of a Beetle during Metamorphosis.
In 1913, Breed became head of bacteriology at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York. In 1927, he served as president of the Society of American Bacteriologists. From the 1920s until his death in 1956, he was a principal editor of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology''.
Death and interment
Breed died in 1956, and was buried at the Evergreen Cemetery in Brooklyn Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania.
External links
Journal of Bacteriology memorial article, 1956 by Harold J. Conn
American science writers
American biologists
People from Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
1877 births
1956 deaths
Amherst College alumni
University of Colorado alumni
Harvard University alumni
Allegheny College faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphase%20matrix
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In signal processing, a polyphase matrix is a matrix whose elements are filter masks. It represents a filter bank as it is used in sub-band coders alias discrete wavelet transforms.
If are two filters, then one level the traditional wavelet transform maps an input signal to two output signals , each of the half length:
Note, that the dot means polynomial multiplication; i.e., convolution and means downsampling.
If the above formula is implemented directly, you will compute values that are subsequently flushed by the down-sampling. You can avoid their computation by splitting the filters and the signal into even and odd indexed values before the wavelet transformation:
The arrows and denote left and right shifting, respectively. They shall have the same precedence like convolution, because they are in fact convolutions with a shifted discrete delta impulse.
The wavelet transformation reformulated to the split filters is:
This can be written as matrix-vector-multiplication
This matrix is the polyphase matrix.
Of course, a polyphase matrix can have any size, it need not to have square shape. That is, the principle scales well to any filterbanks, multiwavelets, wavelet transforms based on fractional refinements.
Properties
The representation of sub-band coding by the polyphase matrix is more than about write simplification. It allows the adaptation of many results from matrix theory and module theory. The following properties are explained for a matrix, bu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Green%20%28engineer%29
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Paul Eliot Green, Jr. (January 14, 1924 – March 22, 2018) was an American electrical engineer who researched spread spectrum and radar technology. He was the son of playwright Paul Green.
Biography
Green was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina on January 14, 1924. Green majored in physics at the University of North Carolina. He also served in the Naval ROTC and continued in the Navy Reserve for many years, eventually retiring as a lieutenant commander. He received a master's degree in electrical engineering from North Carolina State University in 1948. His masters studies focused on cryptographic research, and were followed by Ph.D. from M.I.T. (1953) on a thesis on spread spectrum, supervised by Wilbur Davenport, Robert Fano and Jerome Wiesner. This involved co-creating the Rake receiver (with Robert Price) and supervision of its deployment in a first-ever spread-spectrum system, the Lincoln F9C (1950).
Following his studies, Green and Price (at MIT Lincoln Laboratory), attempting to bounce radar waves off the planet Venus (1958). With Gordon Pettengill, he worked out a theory of range-Doppler mapping that was used on the Magellan probe mapping of Venus' surface twenty years later. He also designed the LASA (Large Aperture Seismic Array) for earthquake prediction, first deployed in Montana and Norway (at NORSAR) in 1963.
In 1969, Green became head of IBM Research, communications dept., involved in the Systems Network Architecture, in particular, the Advanced peer-to-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Hartmann
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Georg Hartmann (sometimes spelled Hartman; February 9, 1489 – April 9, 1564) was a German engineer, instrument maker, author, printer, humanist, priest, and astronomer.
Early life and studies
Hartmann was born in Eggolsheim near Forchheim, present-day Bavaria. At the age of 17, he began studying theology and mathematics at the University of Cologne. After finishing his studies, he traveled through Italy, staying in Rome for a few years, and finally settled in Nuremberg in 1518.
Career
After his days studying at Cologne, Hartmann went to Rome to continue his studies where he was friends with Andreas Copernicus, brother to Nicholas Copernicus. While in Nuremberg, Hartmann served as vicar of the St. Sebald church from his arrival in 1518 until 1544. He constructed astrolabes, globes, sundials, and quadrants during his time in Nuremberg. Georg Hartmann designed and manufactured many different types of instruments in his workshop. Different types of dials manufactured by Hartmann included Block dials, Declining dials, Shepherd's dials, Moon dials, Chalice dials, and Cylinder dials. Along with these dials Hartmann was known for his design and manufacture of brass Astrolabes. Hartmann kept a very detailed self-written manual in German describing how to manufacture his sundials and astrolabes which was translated into English by John Lamprey in his book "Hartmann's Practika", published in 2002. Hartmann is credited with being the first person to design refractive sundials in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread%20of%20a%20matrix
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In mathematics, and more specifically matrix theory, the spread of a matrix is the largest distance in the complex plane between any two eigenvalues of the matrix.
Definition
Let be a square matrix with eigenvalues . That is, these values are the complex numbers such that there exists a vector on which acts by scalar multiplication:
Then the spread of is the non-negative number
Examples
For the zero matrix and the identity matrix, the spread is zero. The zero matrix has only zero as its eigenvalues, and the identity matrix has only one as its eigenvalues. In both cases, all eigenvalues are equal, so no two eigenvalues can be at nonzero distance from each other.
For a projection, the only eigenvalues are zero and one. A projection matrix therefore has a spread that is either (if all eigenvalues are equal) or (if there are two different eigenvalues).
All eigenvalues of a unitary matrix lie on the unit circle. Therefore, in this case, the spread is at most equal to the diameter of the circle, the number 2.
The spread of a matrix depends only on the spectrum of the matrix (its multiset of eigenvalues). If a second matrix of the same size is invertible, then has the same spectrum as . Therefore, it also has the same spread as .
See also
Field of values
References
Marvin Marcus and Henryk Minc, A survey of matrix theory and matrix inequalities, Dover Publications, 1992, . Chap.III.4.
Linear algebra
Matrix theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor%20Mildred%20Sidgwick
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Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick (née Balfour; 11 March 1845 – 10 February 1936), known as Nora to her family and friends, was a physics researcher assisting Lord Rayleigh, an activist for the higher education of women, Principal of Newnham College of the University of Cambridge, and a leading figure in the Society for Psychical Research.
Biography
Eleanor Mildred Balfour was born in East Lothian, daughter of James Maitland Balfour and Lady Blanche Harriet. She was born into perhaps the most prominent political clan in 19th-century Britain, the 'Hotel Cecil': her brother Arthur would eventually himself become prime minister. Another brother, Frank, a biologist, died young in a climbing accident.
One of the first students at Newnham College in Cambridge, in 1876 she married (and became converted to feminism by) the philosopher Henry Sidgwick. In 1880 she became Vice-Principal of Newnham under the founding Principal Anne Clough, succeeding as principal on Clough's death in 1892. In 1890 Sidgwick was elected to the Ladies Dining Society that had been founded by Louise Creighton and Kathleen Lyttleton. Other members included the economist Mary Paley Marshall, the classicist Margaret Verrall, the Irish-born sugffragist Mary Ward, former Newnham lecturer Ellen Wordsworth Darwin, the mental health campaigner Ida Darwin, Baroness Eliza von Hügel and the U.S. socialites Caroline Jebb and Maud Darwin.
Eleanor and her husband resided at Newnham until 1900, the year of Henry Sidgwick's death.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange%20matrix
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In mathematics, especially linear algebra, the exchange matrices (also called the reversal matrix, backward identity, or standard involutory permutation) are special cases of permutation matrices, where the 1 elements reside on the antidiagonal and all other elements are zero. In other words, they are 'row-reversed' or 'column-reversed' versions of the identity matrix.
Definition
If J is an n × n exchange matrix, then the elements of J are
Properties
Premultiplying a matrix by an exchange matrix flips vertically the positions of the former's rows, i.e.,
Postmultiplying a matrix by an exchange matrix flips horizontally the positions of the former's columns, i.e.,
Exchange matrices are symmetric; that is, JnT = Jn.
For any integer k, Jnk = I if k is even and Jnk = Jn if k is odd. In particular, Jn is an involutory matrix; that is, Jn−1 = Jn.
The trace of Jn is 1 if n is odd and 0 if n is even. In other words, the trace of Jn equals .
The determinant of Jn equals . As a function of n, it has period 4, giving 1, 1, −1, −1 when n is congruent modulo 4 to 0, 1, 2, and 3 respectively.
The characteristic polynomial of Jn is when n is even, and when n is odd.
The adjugate matrix of Jn is .
Relationships
An exchange matrix is the simplest anti-diagonal matrix.
Any matrix A satisfying the condition AJ = JA is said to be centrosymmetric.
Any matrix A satisfying the condition AJ = JAT is said to be persymmetric.
Symmetric matrices A that satisfy the condition AJ = JA ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%20A.%20Fulton%20Schools%20of%20Engineering
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The Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering (often abbreviated to the Fulton Schools) is the engineering college of Arizona State University. The Fulton Schools offers 25 undergraduate and 48 graduate degree programs in all major engineering disciplines, construction and computer science. In 2023 the Fulton Schools became the first university in the nation to offer a bachelor's degree, master's degree and doctoral degree in manufacturing engineering.
The Fulton Schools comprises seven engineering schools located on both ASU's Tempe and Polytechnic campuses. The seven schools include the following:
School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering
School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence
School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering
School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy
School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
The Polytechnic School
The Global School, not an official Fulton School, refers to the Fulton Schools’ collective efforts in engaging in a globally-connected network of higher education initiatives and collaborations with government entities to broaden access to engineering education and build partnerships (in development).
History
The Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering began in 1954 as the College of Applied Arts and Sciences. In 1956, the first bachelor's degree program in engineering was approved. The School of Engineering was created in 1958. In 1970, the Divis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Ghiselin
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Michael T. Ghiselin (born May 13, 1939) is an American biologist and philosopher as well as historian of biology, formerly at the California Academy of Sciences.
He is known for his work concerning sea slugs, and for his criticism of the falsification of the history of Lamarckism in biology textbooks.
Academic life
Ghiselin received his B.A. in 1960 from the University of Utah and his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1965. He became a Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard University (1964–65) and later became Postdoctoral Fellow at the Marine Biological Laboratory in 1965. There he stayed until 1967 as he was appointed assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley and later was chosen as a Guggenheim Fellow (1978–79). Ghiselin served as research professor of biology at the University of Utah (1980–83) and was MacArthur Prize Fellow from 1981 to 1986. Since 1983 he has been a senior research fellow at the California Academy of Sciences.
Career
Ghiselin is famous for his work on sea slugs, and has had both a species (Hypselodoris ghiselini) and the defensive chemical that it contains (ghiselinin) named after him. In 2009 he co-authored a major study on chemical defense with Guido Cimino: Chemical Defense and the Evolution of Opisthobranch Gastropods.
In 1969 he proposed three models including the size-advantage model to explain sequential hermaphroditism. In some fish species, he reasoned, males can maximize their reproductive success by breeding wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachylia%20ficus
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Pachylia ficus, known as the fig sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It lives from the northern tip of South America in Uruguay through Central America to the southern tip of the United States straying into Arizona and Texas.
Description
It has a wingspan of , with orange-brown wings.
Biology
There are several generations per year in the tropics, peninsular Florida and southern Texas. Adults have been recorded in February, September and November in Brazil and in June in Panama. The adults feed on the nectar of various flowers, including Asystasia gangetica and the endangered ghost orchid (Dendrophylax lindenii). They also pollinate the ghost orchid.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on Ficus aurea, Ficus carica, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus religiosa, Ficus pumila, Ficus gamelleira, Ficus prinoides, Ficus pumila and Artocarpus integrifolius. There are several colour morphs. Pupation takes place in a cocoon spun amongst leaf litter.
References
External links
Fig sphinx Moths of America
Dilophonotini
Moths described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Sphingidae of South America
Moths of South America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Atwater
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Harry Albert Atwater, Jr. is an American physicist and materials scientist and is the Otis Booth Leadership Chair of the division of engineering and applied science at the California Institute of Technology. Currently he is the Howard Hughes Professor of Applied Physics and Materials Science and the director for the Liquid Sunlight Alliance (LiSA), a Department of Energy Hub program for solar fuels. Atwater's scientific effort focuses on nanophotonic light-matter interactions and solar energy conversion. His current research in energy centers on high efficiency photovoltaics, carbon capture and removal, and photoelectrochemical processes for generation of solar fuels. His research has resulted in world records for solar photovoltaic conversion and photoelectrochemical water splitting. His work also spans fundamental nanophotonic phenomena, in plasmonics and 2D materials, and also applications including active metasurfaces and optical propulsion.
From 2014 to 2020, Atwater served as director of the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP), the DOE Energy Innovation Hub for solar fuels. Atwater was an early pioneer in nanophotonics and plasmonics; he gave the name to the field of plasmonics in 2001. Atwater is a Member of US National Academy of Engineering, and a Web of Science Highly Cited Researcher. He is also founder of 5 early-stage companies, including Captura, which is developing scalable approaches to carbon dioxide removal from oceanwater, and Alta De
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachysphinx%20modesta
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Pachysphinx modesta, the modest sphinx or poplar sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Thaddeus William Harris in 1839.
Gallery
Distribution
It ranges from the southern United States up and throughout Canada.
Biology
Adults are on wing from mid-June to mid-July in Canada. In the northern part of the range, there is one generation with adults on wing from may to July. Farther south, there might be two generations per year.
The larvae feed on poplar, willow and cottonwood species.
References
External links
Smerinthini
Moths described in 1839
Moths of North America
Taxa named by Thaddeus William Harris
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank%20%28differential%20topology%29
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In mathematics, the rank of a differentiable map between differentiable manifolds at a point is the rank of the derivative of at . Recall that the derivative of at is a linear map
from the tangent space at p to the tangent space at f(p). As a linear map between vector spaces it has a well-defined rank, which is just the dimension of the image in Tf(p)N:
Constant rank maps
A differentiable map f : M → N is said to have constant rank if the rank of f is the same for all p in M. Constant rank maps have a number of nice properties and are an important concept in differential topology.
Three special cases of constant rank maps occur. A constant rank map f : M → N is
an immersion if rank f = dim M (i.e. the derivative is everywhere injective),
a submersion if rank f = dim N (i.e. the derivative is everywhere surjective),
a local diffeomorphism if rank f = dim M = dim N (i.e. the derivative is everywhere bijective).
The map f itself need not be injective, surjective, or bijective for these conditions to hold, only the behavior of the derivative is important. For example, there are injective maps which are not immersions and immersions which are not injections. However, if f : M → N is a smooth map of constant rank then
if f is injective it is an immersion,
if f is surjective it is a submersion,
if f is bijective it is a diffeomorphism.
Constant rank maps have a nice description in terms of local coordinates. Suppose M and N are smooth manifolds of dimensions m and n re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Hofmeister
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Wilhelm Friedrich Benedikt Hofmeister (18 May 1824 – 12 January 1877) was a German biologist and botanist. He "stands as one of the true giants in the history of biology and belongs in the same pantheon as Darwin and Mendel." Largely self-taught he was the first to study and establish alternation of generations and the details of sexual reproduction in the bryophytes.
Biography
Hofmeister and his sister Clementine were the children of Friederich and Frederike (nee Seidenschnur) Hofmeister. His father was a book and music publisher and seller in Leipzig. He left vocational high school (Realschule) at the age of 15 and was apprenticed in a bookshop in Hamburg by an acquaintance of his father. He met Muriel Agnes Lurgenstein and they married in 1847, subsequently having nine children. That same year, he was initiated freemasonry at Lodge Apollo in Hamburg. She (died 28 March 1870) and seven children pre-deceased him. His second marriage to Johanna Schmidt on 26 February 1876 was short because he died in 1877 following several strokes.
He did most of his research in his free-time, largely from four to six in the morning before going to work. Nevertheless, he was only 27 when he published his ground-breaking monograph on the alternation of generations in plants. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Rostock in 1851. Not until 1863 was he employed as a Professor, and Director of the Botanic Garden, at the University of Heidelberg. In 1872, he moved to the Uni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphenylarsine
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Triphenylarsine is the chemical compound with the formula As(C6H5)3. This organoarsenic compound, often abbreviated AsPh3, is a colorless crystalline solid that is used as a ligand and a reagent in coordination chemistry and organic synthesis. The molecule is pyramidal with As-C distances of 1.942–1.956 Å and C-As-C angles of 99.6–100.5°.
This compound is prepared by the reaction of arsenic trichloride with chlorobenzene using sodium as the reducing agent:
AsCl3 + 3 PhCl + 6 Na → AsPh3 + 6 NaCl
Reactions
Reaction of triphenylarsine with lithium gives lithium diphenylarsenide:
AsPh3 + 2 Li → LiAsPh2 + LiPh
Triphenylarsine is the precursor to tetraphenylarsonium chloride, [AsPh4]Cl, a popular precipitating agent.
AsPh3 forms metal complexes with metals. Most are analogues of the corresponding triphenylphosphine derivatives. Examples include [[IrCl(CO)(AsPh3)]]2, [[RhCl(AsPh3)3]], and [[Fe(CO)4(AsPh3)]].
Tetraphenylarsonium chloride is prepared from triphenylarsine:
(C6H5)3As + Br2 → (C6H5)3AsBr2
(C6H5)3AsBr2 + H2O → (C6H5)3AsO + 2 HBr
(C6H5)3AsO + C6H5MgBr → (C6H5)4AsOMgBr
(C6H5)4AsOMgBr + 3 HCl → (C6H5)4AsCl.HCl + MgBrCl
(C6H5)4AsCl.HCl + NaOH → (C6H5)4AsCl + NaCl + H2O
References
Phenyl compounds
Organoarsenic compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%20High%20School%20%28Kentucky%29
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Paris High School is one of the two public high schools in Paris, Kentucky, United States. Paris High School serves roughly 200 students in grades 9–12.
About
Paris High School offers the following of AP classes, Art History, Biology, Calculus, and English Literature. Since 2012, the school hosts the Paris Academy of Health Sciences (AOHS). Paris High School has partnerships for extended learning with Maysville Community College, Racer Academy through Murray State University, and the University of Kentucky. PHS' mission statement: "Paris High School is a learning community dedicated to developing well-rounded, productive, engaged citizens in a safe and supportive environment."
History
Pre-history and the Bourbon Academy
The Bourbon Academy, was formed in 1798 as an act of Kentucky Legislature and was the earliest school in the county. The Bourbon Academy was donated 6000 acres of land for its endowment; and opened for classes starting in May 1800, with teacher Isaac Tull and a tuition requirement. Its educational successes started the tradition and value of educating children in Paris and Bourbon County.
Paris City School
Paris City School was founded in 1865 as a segregated public high school for white students, under the leadership of principal Julius Herrick. The during the first year the class consisted of the principal, 3 teachers and 130 students, and was held in the former Bourbon Academy building on Pleasant Street. Classes were free for Paris residents, but
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur%20Davenport
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Wilbur B. Davenport Jr. (July 27, 1920 – August 28, 2003) was a professor emeritus of communication science and engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Early life and education
Davenport earned his bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn University in 1941 where he was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity. He received his master's degree in 1943 from MIT and then served from 1943 to 1946 in the U.S. Naval Reserve as a lieutenant (junior grade). He returned to MIT and earned his Ph.D. in 1950, just after being named an assistant professor at the institute in 1949.
Career
He became a full professor from 1960 to 1982. From 1951 he worked with Lincoln Lab as leader of the research group on communications technology. In 1961 he was appointed associate head of the Research Laboratory of Electronics before returning to the Lincoln Lab in 1963. While at the RLE he worked on the spread spectrum techniques on secure communications. In 1974 he was appointed to head MIT's Electrical Engineering Department. While serving as department head he oversaw a curriculum change for computer students and a department name change to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. He stepped down from the position after four years.
During this time he was a director for the GenRad Corporation from 1974 to 1982.
After retiring from M.I.T. he moved to Honolulu, Hawaii and becam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Lamb
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Henry Taylor Lamb (21 June 1883 – 8 October 1960) was an Australian-born British painter. A follower of Augustus John, Lamb was a founder member of the Camden Town Group in 1911 and of the London Group in 1913.
Early life
Henry Lamb was born in Adelaide, Australia, the son of Sir Horace Lamb , who was the professor of mathematics at Adelaide University. When Horace Lamb was appointed to the Chair of Mathematics at the Victoria University of Manchester in 1885 the family moved back to England. Henry Lamb was educated at Manchester Grammar School, before studying medicine at Manchester University Medical School and Guy's Hospital in London, but Lamb abandoned medicine in 1906 to study painting at the Chelsea School of Art, then run by William Orpen and Augustus John. In 1907, Lamb studied at the Académie de La Palette in Paris, an art academy where the painters Jean Metzinger, André Dunoyer de Segonzac and Henri Le Fauconnier taught.
Lamb met his future wife Nina Forrest in 1905 during the final term of his medical studies in Manchester and they ran away to London together that summer. A popular story is that Lamb nicknamed her "Euphemia" because of an apparent resemblance to Mantegna's portrait of Saint Euphemia; it was however her middle name. They were married in May 1906 when she became pregnant but she lost the baby due to a miscarriage. The relationship was short-lived, but they did not divorce until 1927 shortly before Henry married Pansy Pakenham.
In 1908, 1910 and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih%20Tezcan
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Semih Tezcan (; born May 3, 1932) is a Turkish academic. He graduated from Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Civil engineering in 1954. In 1962, he went to Canada, and joined University of British Columbia as an assistant professor.
Tezcan became associate professor in 1964, and Professor in 1966 at UBC. He received the Gzowski Gold Medal, Best Civil Engineering Paper Award from Engineering Institute of Canada. He was the founding president of the Turkish Canadian Society from 1963 to 1968.
He became the second president of Boğaziçi University, succeeding the first president Dr. Aptullah Kuran, (former American Robert College in İstanbul) where he served between 1979 and 1982. Tezcan was the President of YÖK (Yükseköğretim Kurulu) between 1980 and 1981. In addition to his academic career in Boğaziçi University, Tezcan is currently the President of Higher Education and Research Foundation, and the President of Türkiye Deprem Vakfı (TDV). Tezcan has also served many years as the Honorary Consul-General of Indonesia in Istanbul from August 1985 to February 2008.
Semih Tezcan has been married to Özlem Tezcan since August 15, 1984, and they have two sons.
References
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYFWc7NBta4
Turkish non-fiction writers
Turkish engineering academics
Turkish civil engineers
1932 births
Living people
Istanbul Technical University alumni
Robert College alumni
Turkish emigrants to Canada
Academic staff of Boğaziçi University
Academic staff of the Unive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt%20Edl%C3%A9n
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Bengt Edlén (2 November 1906, Gusum – 10 February 1993, Lund) was a Swedish professor of physics and astronomer who specialized in spectroscopy. He was the first who identified the unknown coronal spectral lines in the Corona, which was used to calculate the temperature of the corona.
Biography
Bengt Edlén was born on 2 November 1906 in Gusum, Sweden. He graduated from high school in Norrköping in 1926 and entered the Uppsala University the same year. He was awarded his bachelor's degree after three semester and graduated with a PhD in 1934 with his thesis about the spectra and energy of the elements in the beginning of the periodic system.
He received international fame after finding unidentified spectral lines in the Sun's spectrum which were speculatively believed to originate from a hitherto unidentified chemical element termed coronium. Edlén later showed that those lines are from multiply ionized iron (Fe-XIV). His discovery was not immediately accepted, since the alleged ionization required a temperature of millions of degrees. Later such solar corona temperatures were verified. He also made an important contribution in analyzing spectra of Wolf–Rayet stars.
Edlén was professor at Lund University from 1944 to 1973. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1947. He received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1945 for the solution of the Corona Mystery, the Howard N. Potts Medal in 1946 for researches in the extreme ultraviole
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metzler%20matrix
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In mathematics, a Metzler matrix is a matrix in which all the off-diagonal components are nonnegative (equal to or greater than zero):
It is named after the American economist Lloyd Metzler.
Metzler matrices appear in stability analysis of time delayed differential equations and positive linear dynamical systems. Their properties can be derived by applying the properties of nonnegative matrices to matrices of the form M + aI, where M is a Metzler matrix.
Definition and terminology
In mathematics, especially linear algebra, a matrix is called Metzler, quasipositive (or quasi-positive) or essentially nonnegative if all of its elements are non-negative except for those on the main diagonal, which are unconstrained. That is, a Metzler matrix is any matrix A which satisfies
Metzler matrices are also sometimes referred to as -matrices, as a Z-matrix is equivalent to a negated quasipositive matrix.
Properties
The exponential of a Metzler (or quasipositive) matrix is a nonnegative matrix because of the corresponding property for the exponential of a nonnegative matrix. This is natural, once one observes that the generator matrices of continuous-time Markov chains are always Metzler matrices, and that probability distributions are always non-negative.
A Metzler matrix has an eigenvector in the nonnegative orthant because of the corresponding property for nonnegative matrices.
Relevant theorems
Perron–Frobenius theorem
See also
Nonnegative matrices
Delay differenti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signature%20matrix
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In mathematics, a signature matrix is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are plus or minus 1, that is, any matrix of the form:
Any such matrix is its own inverse, hence is an involutory matrix. It is consequently a square root of the identity matrix. Note however that not all square roots of the identity are signature matrices.
Noting that signature matrices are both symmetric and involutory, they are thus orthogonal. Consequently, any linear transformation corresponding to a signature matrix constitutes an isometry.
Geometrically, signature matrices represent a reflection in each of the axes corresponding to the negated rows or columns.
Properties
If A is a matrix of N*N then:
(Due to the diagonal values being -1 or 1)
The Determinant of A is either 1 or -1 (Due to it being diagonal)
See also
Metric signature
References
Matrices
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