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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Fine
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Ben Fine (born 1948) is Professor of Economics at the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies.
Background
Fine was born in Coventry in 1948. One of six brothers, he and all but one other followed their father and studied mathematics at the University of Oxford. Fine graduated at the age of 20, and then was recruited by Sir James Mirrlees, completing an economics degree. He took his doctorate in economics at the London School of Economics, under the supervision of Amartya Sen, in 1974. He moved to the newly established economics department at Birkbeck, University of London, later working part-time as an industrial economist at the Greater London Council prior to its abolition.
He was a member of the Social Science Research Committee of the UK’s Food Standards Agency, that met until 2016. Currently, Ben Fine is emeritus professor of economics at the Department of Economics at SOAS, University of London.
He is on the Economists' Oversight Group of the Citizens' Economic Council of the Royal Society of Arts, Commerce and Manufacturing (RSA).
Contributions
Fine initially worked on social choice theory, which later informed several studies of consumer choice and consumption patterns. He developed the 'systems of production' framework to understand the ways in which goods are produced and consumed, working with E. Leopold. Latterly he turned to understanding labour economics and inequalities in South Africa's extractives sector, based on some earlier work on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfinsen%27s%20dogma
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Anfinsen's dogma, also known as the thermodynamic hypothesis, is a postulate in molecular biology. It states that, at least for a small globular protein in its standard physiological environment, the native structure is determined only by the protein's amino acid sequence. The dogma was championed by the Nobel Prize Laureate Christian B. Anfinsen from his research on the folding of ribonuclease A. The postulate amounts to saying that, at the environmental conditions (temperature, solvent concentration and composition, etc.) at which folding occurs, the native structure is a unique, stable and kinetically accessible minimum of the free energy. In other words, there are three conditions for formation of a unique protein structure:
Uniqueness – Requires that the sequence does not have any other configuration with a comparable free energy. Hence the free energy minimum must be unchallenged.
Stability – Small changes in the surrounding environment cannot give rise to changes in the minimum configuration. This can be pictured as a free energy surface that looks more like a funnel (with the native state in the bottom of it) rather than like a soup plate (with several closely related low-energy states); the free energy surface around the native state must be rather steep and high, in order to provide stability.
Kinetical accessibility – Means that the path in the free energy surface from the unfolded to the folded state must be reasonably smooth or, in other words, that the foldin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmer%20matrix
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In mathematics, particularly matrix theory, the n×n Lehmer matrix (named after Derrick Henry Lehmer) is the constant symmetric matrix defined by
Alternatively, this may be written as
Properties
As can be seen in the examples section, if A is an n×n Lehmer matrix and B is an m×m Lehmer matrix, then A is a submatrix of B whenever m>n. The values of elements diminish toward zero away from the diagonal, where all elements have value 1.
The inverse of a Lehmer matrix is a tridiagonal matrix, where the superdiagonal and subdiagonal have strictly negative entries. Consider again the n×n A and m×m B Lehmer matrices, where m>n. A rather peculiar property of their inverses is that A−1 is nearly a submatrix of B−1, except for the A−1n,n element, which is not equal to B−1n,n.
A Lehmer matrix of order n has trace n.
Examples
The 2×2, 3×3 and 4×4 Lehmer matrices and their inverses are shown below.
See also
Derrick Henry Lehmer
Hilbert matrix
References
M. Newman and J. Todd, The evaluation of matrix inversion programs, Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Volume 6, 1958, pages 466-476.
Matrices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Zumel
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Francisco Zumel (-1607) was a Spanish philosopher and ecclesiastic. He was superior general of the Mercedarian Order and professor of physics and moral philosophy at the University of Salamanca. He was a Thomist and is most remembered for his polemical writings against the molinistas, the followers of Luis Molina.
His works were written in Latin and some of them remain in the Vatican Library, and thus far unpublished.
External links
Francisco Zumel
1540 births
1607 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Salamanca
16th-century Spanish philosophers
School of Salamanca
16th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians
17th-century Spanish philosophers
17th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion%20transformation
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In mathematical physics, inversion transformations are a natural extension of Poincaré transformations to include all conformal, one-to-one transformations on coordinate space-time. They are less studied in physics because, unlike the rotations and translations of Poincaré symmetry, an object cannot be physically transformed by the inversion symmetry. Some physical theories are invariant under this symmetry, in these cases it is what is known as a 'hidden symmetry'. Other hidden symmetries of physics include gauge symmetry and general covariance.
Early use
In 1831 the mathematician Ludwig Immanuel Magnus began to publish on transformations of the plane generated by inversion in a circle of radius R. His work initiated a large body of publications, now called inversive geometry. The most prominently named mathematician became August Ferdinand Möbius once he reduced the planar transformations to complex number arithmetic. In the company of physicists employing the inversion transformation early on was Lord Kelvin, and the association with him leads it to be called the Kelvin transform.
Transformation on coordinates
In the following we shall use imaginary time () so that space-time is Euclidean and the equations are simpler. The Poincaré transformations are given by the coordinate transformation on space-time parametrized by the 4-vectors V
where is an orthogonal matrix and is a 4-vector. Applying this transformation twice on a 4-vector gives a third transformation of the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completely%20metrizable%20space
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In mathematics, a completely metrizable space (metrically topologically complete space) is a topological space (X, T) for which there exists at least one metric d on X such that (X, d) is a complete metric space and d induces the topology T. The term topologically complete space is employed by some authors as a synonym for completely metrizable space, but sometimes also used for other classes of topological spaces, like completely uniformizable spaces or Čech-complete spaces.
Difference between complete metric space and completely metrizable space
The difference between completely metrizable space and complete metric space is in the words there exists at least one metric in the definition of completely metrizable space, which is not the same as there is given a metric (the latter would yield the definition of complete metric space). Once we make the choice of the metric on a completely metrizable space (out of all the complete metrics compatible with the topology), we get a complete metric space. In other words, the category of completely metrizable spaces is a subcategory of that of topological spaces, while the category of complete metric spaces is not (instead, it is a subcategory of the category of metric spaces). Complete metrizability is a topological property while completeness is a property of the metric.
Examples
The space , the open unit interval, is not a complete metric space with its usual metric inherited from , but it is completely metrizable since it is h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20line
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In mathematics, a complex line is a one-dimensional affine subspace of a vector space over the complex numbers. A common point of confusion is that while a complex line has dimension one over C (hence the term "line"), it has dimension two over the real numbers R, and is topologically equivalent to a real plane, not a real line.
The "complex plane" commonly refers to the graphical representation of the complex line on the real plane, and is thus generally synonymous with the complex line, and not a two-dimensional space over the complex numbers.
See also
Algebraic geometry
Complex vector
Riemann sphere
References
Geometry
Complex analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity%20theorem
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In mathematics and statistics, the continuity theorem may refer to one of the following results:
the Lévy continuity theorem on random variables;
the Kolmogorov continuity theorem on stochastic processes.
See also
Continuity (disambiguation)
Continuous mapping theorem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimp%20My%20Ride%20%28video%20game%29
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Pimp My Ride is a simulation/racing game published by Activision. This game is based on the popular MTV show of the same name. It was released in 2006 for the Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 2. It was panned for its poor physics, lack of replay value, and repetitive gameplay.
Gameplay
In the game, players are challenged to pimp out their customers' cars by Xzibit, transforming something old and rusty into something worthy of displaying on the streets. Cars can be redesigned from bumper to bumper and it will be players' responsibilities to capture the styles, likes and interests of their clients.
To raise cash for pimping a customer's car, players can crash into other cars, play minigames, which include "Hot Steppin'", a rhythm game, and "Ghost Ride the Whip", where the player must press buttons in time, greet people by driving slowly, and pressing buttons, collect cash tokens that spell out "P-I-M-P", and destroying signs and parking meters.
When pimping a car, the player will compete with another customizer, and whoever scores the highest wins.
Reception
The game received "unfavorable" reviews on all platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.
The PSP (PlayStation Portable) version was cited as the worst version of all and scored significantly lower than the other two versions, with critics deriding the game's frame rate, gameplay mechanics and replay value. Alex Navarro of GameSpot described the PSP version as having a "nausea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20economics
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For the application of engineering economics in the practice of civil engineering see Engineering economics (Civil Engineering).
Engineering economics, previously known as engineering economy, is a subset of economics concerned with the use and "...application of economic principles" in the analysis of engineering decisions. As a discipline, it is focused on the branch of economics known as microeconomics in that it studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of limited resources. Thus, it focuses on the decision making process, its context and environment. It is pragmatic by nature, integrating economic theory with engineering practice. But, it is also a simplified application of microeconomic theory in that it assumes elements such as price determination, competition and demand/supply to be fixed inputs from other sources. As a discipline though, it is closely related to others such as statistics, mathematics and cost accounting. It draws upon the logical framework of economics but adds to that the analytical power of mathematics and statistics.
Engineers seek solutions to problems, and along with the technical aspects, the economic viability of each potential solution is normally considered from a specific viewpoint that reflects its economic utility to a constituency.
Fundamentally, engineering economics involves formulating, estimating, and evaluating the economic outcomes when alternatives to accomplish a defined purp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine%20%28disambiguation%29
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A porcupine is a mammal best known for its coat of sharp spines, or quills, that provides a defense from predators.
Porcupine may also refer to:
Biology
Porcupine caribou, a subspecies of the caribou also called Grant's caribou
Porcupine flower, a plant from India
Porcupinefish, also commonly called blowfish
Porcupine, a protein encoded by the PORCN gene
Places
Porcupine Mountains, Michigan
Porcupine Hills, Manitoba and Saskatchewan
Porcupine Hills Formation, Alberta
Bodies of water
Porcupine River, a river with its source in the Yukon that flows through Alaska
Porcupine River (British Columbia), a tributary of the Stikine River in British Columbia
Porcupine Creek, also known historically as the Porcupine River, a tributary of the Skagway River in Alaska
Porcupine Bank, an area of seabed on the Irish shelf
Porcupine Seabight, a deep-water basin in the Porcupine Bank
Porcupine Abyssal Plain, an abyssal plain adjacent to the Irish continental margin
Parks
Porcupine Provincial Forest, Saskatchewan
Porcupine Provincial Forest (Manitoba), Manitoba
Porcupine Flat Campground
Porcupine Gorge National Park
Porcupine Meadows Provincial Park, British Columbia
Towns
Australia
Porcupine, Queensland, a locality in the Shire of Flinders
Canada
Porcupine, Ontario, a neighbourhood of Timmins
Rural Municipality of Porcupine No. 395, Saskatchewan
Porcupine Plain, Saskatchewan
United States
Porcupine, North Dakota
Porcupine, South Dakota
Porcupine, Wisconsin
Other uses
Porcu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Binger
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Michael W. Binger (born December 20, 1976 in Delray Beach, Florida) is a part-time professional poker player, based in Atherton, California. He has a brother, Nick Binger, who also has several high-profile tournament cashes.
Binger graduated from North Carolina State University before receiving a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from Stanford University in 2006. Just two months after receiving his PhD, he outlasted 8,770 players in the 2006 World Series of Poker (WSOP) $10,000 No limit Texas Hold'em Main Event, finishing third and earning $4,123,310. Binger had reached a final table earlier in that year's WSOP, finishing sixth.
Since the 2006 WSOP, Binger has finished in the money of six World Poker Tour events. At the 2007 WSOP, Binger tied Chris Ferguson, Phil Hellmuth and Humberto Brenes for second most cashes of any player in a single World Series of Poker season with eight. This included a final table appearance in Event 22 a $5,000 buy-in No limit Texas Hold'em tournament (finishing 3rd) won by James Mackey.
Binger won the 2008 WSOP Circuit Event – Lake Tahoe, $5,150 Championship, earning $181,379
As of 2019, his total live tournament winnings exceed $7,000,000, most of which ($5,167,037) have come at the WSOP.
References
External links
CardPlayer.com profile
Mike Binger Hendon Mob tournament results
1976 births
Living people
North Carolina State University alumni
World Series of Poker Circuit event winners
21st-century American physicists
Theoretical physicists
Pe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscale%20chemistry
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Microscale chemistry (often referred to as small-scale chemistry, in German: Chemie im Mikromaßstab) is an analytical method and also a teaching method widely used at school and at university levels, working with small quantities of chemical substances. While much of traditional chemistry teaching centers on multi-gramme preparations, milligrammes of substances are sufficient for microscale chemistry. In universities, modern and expensive lab glassware is used and modern methods for detection and characterization of the produced substances are very common. In schools and in many countries of the Southern hemisphere, small-scale working takes place with low-cost and even no-cost material. There has always been a place for small-scale working in qualitative analysis, but the new developments can encompass much of chemistry a student is likely to meet.
History
There are two main strands of the modern approach.
One is based on the idea that many of the experiments associated with general chemistry (acids and bases, oxidation and reduction, electrochemistry, etc.) can be carried out in equipment much simpler (injection bottles, dropper bottles, syringes, wellplates, plastic pipettes) and therefore cheaper than the traditional glassware in a laboratory, thus enabling the expansion of the laboratory experiences of students in large classes and to introduce laboratory work into institutions too poorly equipped for standard-type work. Pioneering development in this area was carried
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegilops%20ventricosa
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Aegilops ventricosa (syn. Gastropyrum ventricosum (Tausch) Á.Löve, Triticum ventricosum (Tausch) Ces.) is a plant species in the family Poaceae.
References
External links
Wheat Genetics Resource Center: Aegilops ventricosa
ventricosa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%20Hertzka
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Emil Hertzka (3 August 1869 – 9 May 1932) was an influential and pioneering music publisher who was responsible for printing and promoting some of the most important European musical works of the 20th century.
Early life and education
Hertzka was born in Budapest. He studied chemistry and music at the University of Vienna.
Publishing career
In 1901 he joined the Vienna-based music publishing house Universal Edition, which had only just been founded. In 1907 he became its Director and remained in that position until his death. It was due to Hertzka's efforts that UE came increasingly to concentrate upon the publication of new music, and his voluminous correspondence with many of Europe's leading composers is a valuable resource for modern scholars. By the time of his death in Vienna in 1932, UE's catalogue comprised almost 10.000 items, including works by Gustav Mahler, Arnold Schönberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Alexander Zemlinsky, Franz Schreker, Alfredo Casella, Leoš Janáček, Karol Szymanowski, Béla Bartók, Zoltán Kodály, Kurt Weill, Hanns Eisler, Ernst Krenek, Darius Milhaud, and Gian Francesco Malipiero.
Hertzka died of a heart attack on May 9, 1932.
Between 1932 and 1938, the Emil Hertzka Foundation offered an annual Composition Prize. This was first awarded in 1933, when it was shared between five composers, namely Roberto Gerhard, Norbert von Hannenheim, Julius Schloss, Ludwing Zenk and Leopold Spinner. The prize went to Joseph Matthias Hauer in 1934; to Viktor Ul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase%20traffic%20theory
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Three-phase traffic theory is a theory of traffic flow developed by Boris Kerner between 1996 and 2002. It focuses mainly on the explanation of the physics of traffic breakdown and resulting congested traffic on highways. Kerner describes three phases of traffic, while the classical theories based on the fundamental diagram of traffic flow have two phases: free flow and congested traffic. Kerner’s theory divides congested traffic into two distinct phases, synchronized flow and wide moving jam, bringing the total number of phases to three:
Free flow (F)
Synchronized flow (S)
Wide moving jam (J)
The word "wide" is used even though it is the length of the traffic jam that is being referred to.
A phase is defined as a state in space and time.
Free flow (F)
In free traffic flow, empirical data show a positive correlation between the flow rate (in vehicles per unit time) and vehicle density (in vehicles per unit distance). This relationship stops at the maximum free flow with a corresponding critical density . (See Figure 1.)
Congested traffic
Data show a weaker relationship between flow and density in congested conditions. Therefore, Kerner argues that the fundamental diagram, as used in classical traffic theory, cannot adequately describe the complex dynamics of vehicular traffic. He instead divides congestion into synchronized flow and wide moving jams.
In congested traffic, the vehicle speed is lower than the lowest vehicle speed encountered in free flow, i.e., t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatnagar%E2%80%93Gross%E2%80%93Krook%20operator
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The Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook operator (abbreviated BGK operator) term refers to a collision operator used in the Boltzmann equation and in the lattice Boltzmann method, a computational fluid dynamics technique. It is given by the following formula:
where is a local equilibrium value for the population of particles in the direction of link The term is a relaxation time, and related to the viscosity.
The operator is named after Prabhu L. Bhatnagar, Eugene P. Gross, and Max Krook, the three scientists who introduced it in a paper in Physical Review in 1954.
References
Statistical mechanics
Computational fluid dynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger%20Lambrechts
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Burger Lambrechts (born 3 April 1973) is a South African shot putter.
He attended Laerskool Nelspruit, where he was head-boy in 1986 and Hoërskool Waterkloof, where he was vice head-boy in 1991.
As far as tertiary education is concerned, Lambrechts attained a BSC (Genetics) from the University of Pretoria in 1995 and a BA ("Biology") from Western Michigan University in 1996.
His international career started with a fifteenth place at the 1992 World Junior Championships. The following year he took his first national shot put title. In 1994 he threw past the 19-metre mark for the first time, with 19.06 metres achieved in April in his birth city. At his first World Championships, in 1997, he reached the final and placed tenth. He only managed one valid throw. In 1998 he won the gold medal at the African Championships with a throw of 19.78 metres. This was the best winning result since 1982, when Youssef Nagui Asaad threw 20.44 metres. In the same year he threw 20.01 metres when winning the Commonwealth Games held in Kuala Lumpur, and 20.29 metres in Johannesburg in September. Rarely competing in other athletics events, Lambrechts did throw 53.68 metres with the hammer (1996) and 58.60 with the discus (October 1998).
The following year Lambrechts led a South African clean sweep in the shot put at the All-Africa Games while fellow South Africans (Frantz Kruger, Chris Harmse and Marius Corbett) won the other three throwing events for men. Throwing 19.50 metres, this time Lambrech
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence%20theory%20%28optics%29
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In physics, coherence theory is the study of optical effects arising from partially coherent light and radio sources. Partially coherent sources are sources where the coherence time or coherence length are limited by bandwidth, by thermal noise, or by other effect. Many aspects of modern coherence theory are studied in quantum optics.
The theory of partial coherence was awoken in the 1930s due to work by Pieter Hendrik van Cittert and Frits Zernike.
Topics in coherence theory
Mutual coherence function
See also
Nonclassical light
Optical coherence tomography
References
Eugene Hecht and Alfred Zajac, Optics, (1974) Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading, Massachusetts . (Chapter 12 provides an undergraduate level introduction.)
Interferometry
Physical optics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20automation
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to automation:
Automation – use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization.
Essence of automation
Control system – a device, or set of devices to manage, command, direct or regulate the behavior of other devices or systems.
Industrial control system (ICS) – encompasses several types of control systems used in industrial production, including supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, distributed control systems (DCS), and other smaller control system configurations such as skid-mounted programmable logic controllers (PLC) often found in industrial sectors and critical infrastructures.
Industrialization – period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one.
Numerical control (NC) – refers to the automation of machine tools that are operated by abstractly programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as opposed to controlled manually via handwheels or levers, or mechanically automated via cams alone.
Robotics – the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.
Branches of automation
Autono
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20biotechnology
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to biotechnology:
Biotechnology – field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Biotechnology also utilizes these products for manufacturing purposes.
Essence of biotechnology
Bioengineering
Biology
Technology
Applications of biotechnology
Cloning
Reproductive cloning
Therapeutic cloning
Environmental biotechnology
Genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA
Synthetic biology
Tissue engineering
Use of biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing
History of biotechnology
History of biotechnology
Timeline of biotechnology
Green Revolution
General biotechnology concepts
Bioeconomy
Biotechnology industrial park
Green Revolution
Human Genome Project
Pharmaceutical company
Stem cell
Telomere
Tissue culture
Biomimetics
Biotechnology industry
List of biotechnology companies
Leaders in biotechnology
Leonard Hayflick
Michael D. West
Craig Venter
David Baltimore
See also
Index of biotechnology articles
External links
A report on Agricultural Biotechnology focusing on the impacts of "Green" Biotechnology with a special emphasis on economic aspects
Building Biotechnology Glossary A glossary covering the science, legal, regulatory, and business aspects of biotechnology
StandardGlossary.com: Biotechnology A professional Biotechnology Glossary for beginners to learn Biote
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-Vandermonde%20identity
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In mathematics, in the field of combinatorics, the q-Vandermonde identity is a q-analogue of the Chu–Vandermonde identity. Using standard notation for q-binomial coefficients, the identity states that
The nonzero contributions to this sum come from values of j such that the q-binomial coefficients on the right side are nonzero, that is,
Other conventions
As is typical for q-analogues, the q-Vandermonde identity can be rewritten in a number of ways. In the conventions common in applications to quantum groups, a different q-binomial coefficient is used. This q-binomial coefficient, which we denote here by , is defined by
In particular, it is the unique shift of the "usual" q-binomial coefficient by a power of q such that the result is symmetric in q and . Using this q-binomial coefficient, the q-Vandermonde identity can be written in the form
Proof
As with the (non-q) Chu–Vandermonde identity, there are several possible proofs of the q-Vandermonde identity. The following proof uses the q-binomial theorem.
One standard proof of the Chu–Vandermonde identity is to expand the product in two different ways. Following Stanley, we can tweak this proof to prove the q-Vandermonde identity, as well. First, observe that the product
can be expanded by the q-binomial theorem as
Less obviously, we can write
and we may expand both subproducts separately using the q-binomial theorem. This yields
Multiplying this latter product out and combining like terms gives
Finally, equa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20van%20der%20Kooy
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Derek van der Kooy (born 1952), Fellow of Royal Society of Canada, is professor in the department of medical genetics and microbiology at the University of Toronto. He received a master's degree in psychology at the University of British Columbia and a Ph.D. in anatomy from Erasmus University in 1978, as well as in the department of anatomy at the University of Toronto in 1980. Van der Kooy gained postdoctoral research experience at Cambridge University and at the Salk Institute in California. In 2021 van der Kooy was elected to the Academy of Science Royal Society of Canada.
In 1981, he became an assistant professor, was promoted to associate professor in 1986, and has served as professor in the department of anatomy and cell biology at the University of Toronto from 1991 until 2002, when he became a professor in the department of medical genetics and microbiology. His lab is the Neurobiology Research Group.
His lab in the Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research carries out various neuroscience and developmental biology research projects. In 1994 his paper on neural stem cells in the adult mammalian forebrain was published in the journal Neuron. This work first established that adult mammalian neural stem cells were located in the subependyma of the forebrain lateral ventricle, where two types of lineage related precursor cells, progenitor cells and stem cells, were shown to be present. Proliferation of these cell types were characterized in further
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus%20Patau
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Klaus Patau (30 September 1908 – 30 November 1975; born Klaus Pätau; ) was a German-born American geneticist. He received his PhD from the University of Berlin in 1936, worked from 1938 to 1939 in London, and then returned to Germany, where he worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology until 1947. He emigrated to the United States in 1948 and obtained American citizenship. In 1960 he first reported the extra chromosome in trisomy 13. The syndrome caused by trisomy 13 is often called Patau syndrome. It is also known as Bartholin-Patau syndrome, since the clinical picture associated with trisomy 13 was described by Thomas Bartholin in 1656. At the time, laboratory techniques were unable to distinguish between chromosomes of similar size, so chromosomes were grouped into seven groups by size, lettered A through G. Chromosomes 13 through 15 were in group D, so Patau originally named his eponymous syndrome "trisomy D".
Patau was in the Department of Genetics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, as was his wife and collaborator, the Finnish cytogeneticist Eeva Therman (1916–2004). John M. Opitz completed his fellowship under Patau.
His son, Peter Hinrich Patau (1942—2017), was a journalist who contributed to several Wisconsin publications.
References
1908 births
1975 deaths
American geneticists
German geneticists
20th-century American physicians
Emigrants from Allied-occupied Germany to the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20J.%20Zak
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Paul J. Zak (born 9 February 1962) is an American neuroeconomist.
Background
Zak graduated with degrees in mathematics and economics from San Diego State University before acquiring a PhD in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania. He is professor at Claremont Graduate University in Southern California. He has studied brain imaging, and was among the first to identify the role of oxytocin in mediating trusting behaviors between unacquainted humans. Zak directs the Center for Neuroeconomics Studies at Claremont Graduate University and is a member of the Neurology Department at Loma Linda University Medical Center. He edited Moral Markets: The Critical Role of Values in the Economy (Princeton University Press, 2008). His book, The Moral Molecule was published in 2012 by Dutton. The book summarizes his findings on oxytocin and discusses the role of oxytocin in human experiences and behaviors such as empathy, altruism, and morality.
Zak's research aims to challenge the thought that people generally are driven primarily to act for what they consider their self-interest, and asks how morality may modulate one's interpretation of what constitutes "self-interest" in one's own personal terms. Methodological questions have arisen in regards to Zak's work, however. Other commentators though have called his work "one of the most revealing experiments in the history of economics."
According to The Moral Molecule, Zak's father was an engineer and he takes an engineering approach
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomechanical%20analysis
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Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is a technique used in thermal analysis, a branch of materials science which studies the properties of materials as they change with temperature.
Thermomechanical analysis is a subdiscipline of the thermomechanometry (TM) technique.
Related techniques and terminology
Thermomechanometry is the measurement of a change of a dimension or a mechanical property of the sample while it is subjected to a temperature regime. An associated thermoanalytical method is thermomechanical analysis. A special related technique is thermodilatometry (TD), the measurement of a change of a dimension of the sample with a negligible force acting on the sample while it is subjected to a temperature regime. The associated thermoanalytical method is thermodilatometric analysis (TDA).
TDA is often referred to as zero force TMA. The temperature regime may be heating, cooling at a rate of temperature change that can include stepwise temperature changes, linear rate of change, temperature modulation with a set frequency and amplitude, free (uncontrolled) heating or cooling, or maintaining a constant increase in temperature. The sequence of temperatures with respect to time may be predetermined (temperature programmed) or sample controlled (controlled by a feedback signal from the sample response).
Thermomechanometry includes several variations according to the force and the way the force is applied.
Static force TM (sf-TM) is when the applied force is constant; previou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulation
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In organic chemistry annulation (from the Latin anellus for "little ring"; occasionally annelation) is a chemical reaction in which a new ring is constructed on a molecule.
Examples are the Robinson annulation, Danheiser annulation and certain cycloadditions. Annular molecules are constructed from side-on condensed cyclic segments, for example helicenes and acenes. In transannulation a bicyclic molecule is created by intramolecular carbon-carbon bond formation in a large monocyclic ring. An example is the samarium(II) iodide induced ketone - alkene cyclization of 5-methylenecyclooctanone which proceeds through a ketyl intermediate:
Benzannulation
The term benzannulated compounds refers to derivatives of cyclic compounds (usually aromatic) which are fused to a benzene ring. Examples are listed in the table below:
In contemporary chemical literature, the term benzannulation also means "construction of benzene rings from acyclic precursors".
Transannular interaction
A transannular interaction in chemistry is any chemical interaction (favorable or nonfavorable) between different non-bonding molecular groups in a large ring or macrocycle. See for example atranes.
References
Organic reactions
Ring forming reactions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20paleontology
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The history of paleontology traces the history of the effort to understand the history of life on Earth by studying the fossil record left behind by living organisms. Since it is concerned with understanding living organisms of the past, paleontology can be considered to be a field of biology, but its historical development has been closely tied to geology and the effort to understand the history of Earth itself.
In ancient times, Xenophanes (570–480 BC), Herodotus (484–425 BC), Eratosthenes (276–194 BC), and Strabo (64 BC–24 AD) wrote about fossils of marine organisms, indicating that land was once under water. The ancient Chinese considered them to be dragon bones and documented them as such. During the Middle Ages, fossils were discussed by Persian naturalist Ibn Sina (known as Avicenna in Europe) in The Book of Healing (1027), which proposed a theory of petrifying fluids that Albert of Saxony would elaborate on in the 14th century. The Chinese naturalist Shen Kuo (1031–1095) would propose a theory of climate change based on evidence from petrified bamboo.
In early modern Europe, the systematic study of fossils emerged as an integral part of the changes in natural philosophy that occurred during the Age of Reason. The nature of fossils and their relationship to life in the past became better understood during the 17th and 18th centuries, and at the end of the 18th century, the work of Georges Cuvier had ended a long running debate about the reality of extinction, leadin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrodifference%20equation
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In mathematics, an integrodifference equation is a recurrence relation on a function space, of the following form:
where is a sequence in the function space and is the domain of those functions. In most applications, for any , is a probability density function on . Note that in the definition above, can be vector valued, in which case each element of has a scalar valued integrodifference equation associated with it. Integrodifference equations are widely used in mathematical biology, especially theoretical ecology, to model the dispersal and growth of populations. In this case, is the population size or density at location at time , describes the local population growth at location and , is the probability of moving from point to point , often referred to as the dispersal kernel. Integrodifference equations are most commonly used to describe univoltine populations, including, but not limited to, many arthropod, and annual plant species. However, multivoltine populations can also be modeled with integrodifference equations, as long as the organism has non-overlapping generations. In this case, is not measured in years, but rather the time increment between broods.
Convolution kernels and invasion speeds
In one spatial dimension, the dispersal kernel often depends only on the distance between the source and the destination, and can be
written as . In this case, some natural conditions on f and k imply that there is a well-defined
spreading speed for waves of in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet%20surface
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In mathematics, a Fréchet surface is an equivalence class of parametrized surfaces in a metric space. In other words, a Fréchet surface is a way of thinking about surfaces independently of how they are "written down" (parametrized). The concept is named after the French mathematician Maurice Fréchet.
Definitions
Let be a compact 2-dimensional manifold, either closed or with boundary, and let be a metric space. A parametrized surface in is a map
that is continuous with respect to the topology on and the metric topology on Let
where the infimum is taken over all homeomorphisms of to itself. Call two parametrized surfaces and in equivalent if and only if
An equivalence class of parametrized surfaces under this notion of equivalence is called a Fréchet surface; each of the parametrized surfaces in this equivalence class is called a parametrization of the Fréchet surface
Properties
Many properties of parametrized surfaces are actually properties of the Fréchet surface, that is, of the whole equivalence class, and not of any particular parametrization.
For example, given two Fréchet surfaces, the value of is independent of the choice of the parametrizations and and is called the Fréchet distance between the Fréchet surfaces.
References
Metric geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syukuro%20Manabe
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is a Japanese–American meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. He was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi, for his contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying its variability, and predictions of climate change.
Early life and education
Born in 1931 in Shinritsu Village, Uma District, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. Both his grandfather and his father were physicians, who operated the only clinic in the village. A classmate recalled that, even in elementary school, he was already "interested in the weather, making comments such as 'If Japan didn't have typhoons, we wouldn't have so much rain.'" Manabe attended Ehime Prefectural Mishima High School. When he was accepted into the University of Tokyo, his family expected him to study medicine, but "whenever there's an emergency, the blood rushes to my head, so I would not have made a good doctor." Furthermore, "I had a horrible memory and I was clumsy with my hands. I thought that my only good trait was to gaze at the sky and get lost in my thoughts." He joined the research team of Shigekata Shono (1911-1969), and majored in meteorology. Manabe received a BA degree in 1953, an MA degree in 1955, and a DSc degree in 1958, all from the University of Tokyo.
Career
After finishing his doctorate, Manabe went to the United States to work at the General Circulation Res
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Periodic%20Table%20%28short%20story%20collection%29
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The Periodic Table () is a 1975 short story collection by Primo Levi, named after the periodic table in chemistry. In 2006, the Royal Institution of Great Britain named it the best science book ever.
Content
The stories are autobiographical episodes based on the author's experiences as a Jewish-Italian doctoral-level chemist under the Fascist regime in Italy and afterwards. They include various themes that follow a chronological sequence: his ancestry; his study of chemistry and practising the profession in wartime Italy; a pair of imaginative tales he wrote at that time, and his subsequent experiences as an anti-Fascist partisan; his arrest and imprisonment, interrogation, and internment in the Fossoli di Carpi and Auschwitz camps; and postwar life as an industrial chemist.
Each of the twenty-one stories in the book bears the name of a chemical element as its title and has a connection to the element in some way.
Chapters
"Argon" – The author's childhood, the community of Piedmontese Jews and their language
"Hydrogen" – Two children experiment with electrolysis
"Zinc" – Laboratory experiments in a university
"Iron" – The author's adolescence, between the racial laws and the Alps
"Potassium" – An experience in the laboratory with unexpected results
"Nickel" – Inside the chemical laboratories of a mine
"Lead" – The narrative of a primitive metallurgist (fiction)
"Mercury" – A tale of populating a remote and desolate island (fiction)
"Phosphorus" – An experience on a job i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet%20moulding%20compound
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Sheet moulding compound (SMC) or sheet moulding composite is a ready to mould glass-fibre reinforced polyester material primarily used in compression moulding. The sheet is provided in rolls weighing up to 1000 kg. Alternatively the resin and related materials may be mixed on site when a producer wants greater control over the chemistry and filler.
SMC is both a process and reinforced composite material. This is manufactured by dispersing long strands (usually >1”) of chopped fiber, commonly glass fibers or carbon fibers on a bath of thermoset resin (typically polyester resin, vinyl ester resin or epoxy resin). The longer fibers in SMC result in better strength properties than standard bulk moulding compound (BMC) products. Typical applications include demanding electrical applications, corrosion resistant needs, structural components at low cost, automotive, and transit.
Process
Paste reservoir dispenses a measured amount of specified resin paste onto a plastic carrier film. This carrier film passes underneath a chopper which cuts the fibers onto the surface. Once these have drifted through the depth of resin paste, another sheet is added on top which sandwiches the glass. The sheets are compacted and then enter onto a take-up roll, which is used to store the product whilst it matures. The carrier film is then later removed and the material is cut into charges. Depending on what shape is required determines the shape of the charge and steel die which it is then added
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%E2%80%93Thompson%20inequality
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In physics and mathematics, the Golden–Thompson inequality is a trace inequality between exponentials of symmetric and Hermitian matrices proved independently by and . It has been developed in the context of statistical mechanics, where it has come to have a particular significance.
Statement
The Golden–Thompson inequality states that for (real) symmetric or (complex) Hermitian matrices A and B, the following trace inequality holds:
This inequality is well defined, since the quantities on either side are real numbers. For the expression on right hand side of the inequality, this can be seen by rewriting it as using the cyclic property of the trace.
Motivation
The Golden–Thompson inequality can be viewed as a generalization of a stronger statement for real numbers. If a and b are two real numbers, then the exponential of a+b is the product of the exponential of a with the exponential of b:
If we replace a and b with commuting matrices A and B, then the same inequality holds.
This relationship is not true if A and B do not commute. In fact, proved that if A and B are two Hermitian matrices for which the Golden–Thompson inequality is verified as an equality, then the two matrices commute. The Golden–Thompson inequality shows that, even though and are not equal, they are still related by an inequality.
Generalizations
The Golden–Thompson inequality generalizes to any unitarily invariant norm. If A and B are Hermitian matrices and is a unitarily invariant norm, th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20gap
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In mathematics, the spectral gap is the difference between the moduli of the two largest eigenvalues of a matrix or operator; alternately, it is sometimes taken as the smallest non-zero eigenvalue. Various theorems relate this difference to other properties of the system.
See also
Cheeger constant (graph theory)
Cheeger constant (Riemannian geometry)
Eigengap
Spectral gap (physics)
Spectral radius
References
External links
Spectral theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidome
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The lipidome refers to the totality of lipids in cells. Lipids are one of the four major molecular components of biological organisms, along with proteins, sugars and nucleic acids. Lipidome is a term coined in the context of omics in modern biology, within the field of lipidomics. It can be studied using mass spectrometry and bioinformatics as well as traditional lab-based methods. The lipidome of a cell can be subdivided into the membrane-lipidome and mediator-lipidome.
The first cell lipidome to be published was that of a mouse macrophage in 2010. The lipidome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been characterised with an estimated 95% coverage; studies of the human lipidome are ongoing. For example, the human plasma lipidome consist of almost 600 distinct molecular species. Research suggests that the lipidome of an individual may be able to indicate cancer risks associated with dietary fats, particularly breast cancer.
See also
Genome
Proteome
Glycome
References
Further reading
External links
Lipidomics gateway
Lipids
Membrane biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORFeome
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In, molecular genetics, an ORFeome refers to the complete set of open reading frames (ORFs) in a genome. The term may also be used to describe a set of cloned ORFs. ORFs correspond to the protein coding sequences (CDS) of genes. ORFs can be found in genome sequences by computer programs such as GENSCAN and then amplified by PCR. While this is relatively trivial in bacteria the problem is non-trivial in eukaryotic genomes because of the presence of introns and exons as well as splice variants.
Use in research
The usage of complete ORFeomes reflects a new trend in biology that can be succinctly summarized as omics. ORFeomes are used for the study of protein-protein interactions, protein microarrays, the study of antigens, and other fields of study.
Cloned ORFeomes
Complete ORF sets have been cloned for a number of organisms including Brucella melitensis,
Chlamydia pneumoniae,
Escherichia coli,
Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Staphylococcus aureus
and human herpesviruses
A partial human ORFeome has also been produced.
References
Molecular genetics
Genomics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5rding%27s%20inequality
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In mathematics, Gårding's inequality is a result that gives a lower bound for the bilinear form induced by a real linear elliptic partial differential operator. The inequality is named after Lars Gårding.
Statement of the inequality
Let be a bounded, open domain in -dimensional Euclidean space and let denote the Sobolev space of -times weakly differentiable functions with weak derivatives in . Assume that satisfies the -extension property, i.e., that there exists a bounded linear operator such that for all .
Let L be a linear partial differential operator of even order 2k, written in divergence form
and suppose that L is uniformly elliptic, i.e., there exists a constant θ > 0 such that
Finally, suppose that the coefficients Aαβ are bounded, continuous functions on the closure of Ω for |α| = |β| = k and that
Then Gårding's inequality holds: there exist constants C > 0 and G ≥ 0
where
is the bilinear form associated to the operator L.
Application: the Laplace operator and the Poisson problem
Be careful, in this application, Garding's Inequality seems useless here as the final result is a direct consequence of Poincaré's Inequality, or Friedrich Inequality. (See talk on the article).
As a simple example, consider the Laplace operator Δ. More specifically, suppose that one wishes to solve, for f ∈ L2(Ω) the Poisson equation
where Ω is a bounded Lipschitz domain in Rn. The corresponding weak form of the problem is to find u in the Sobolev space H01(Ω) such tha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speechome
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Speechome in linguistics is different from other common biological -omes such as genome, proteome, and expressome in that it is not biological. However, speechome reflects the omics trend in biology and science in general.
The totality of human speech components such as phoneme which is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.
Academic researchers in speech and hearing science and machine-produced speech from Massachusetts, according to a CNN news story from March 2011, used complex recording devices and microphones to record every aspect of the evolution of their son's speech over the time span of three years; with the use of complex algorithms this enabled them to trace the development and context of individual words and phrases across that time.
See also
Human Speechome Project
References
Linguistic units
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars%20G%C3%A5rding
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Lars Gårding (7 March 1919 – 7 July 2014) was a Swedish mathematician. He made notable contributions to the study of partial differential equations and partial differential operators. He was a professor of mathematics at Lund University in Sweden 1952–1984. Together with Marcel Riesz, he was a thesis advisor for Lars Hörmander.
Biography
Gårding was born in Hedemora, Sweden but grew up in Motala, where his father was an engineer at the plant. He began to study mathematics in Lund in 1937 with the first intention of becoming an actuary.
His doctorate thesis, which was written under supervision of Marcel Riesz, was first on group representations in 1944, but in the following years he changed his research focus to the theory of partial differential equations. He held the professorship of mathematics at Lund University from 1952 until retirement in 1984.
His interest was not limited to mathematics, but also in art, literature and music. He played the violin and the piano. Further, he published a book on bird songs and calls in 1987, a result of his interest in bird watching.
Gårding was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1953.
Gårding died on 7 July 2014, aged 95.
Selected works
Books
1977. Encounter with Mathematics, 1st Edition.
2013. Encounter with Mathematics, softcover reprint of the 1st 1977 edition. Springer
Articles
References
External links
1919 births
2014 deaths
20th-century Swedish mathematicians
People connected to Lund Universi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoav%20Freund
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Yoav Freund (; born 1961) is an Israeli professor of computer science at the University of California San Diego who mainly works on machine learning, probability theory and related fields and applications.
He is best known for his work on the AdaBoost algorithm, an ensemble learning algorithm which is used to combine many "weak" learning machines to create a more robust one. He and Robert Schapire received the Gödel prize in 2003 for their joint work on AdaBoost.
He is an alumnus of the prestigious Talpiot program of the Israeli army.
Selected works
References
External links
Freund's homepage at UCSD
Living people
American computer scientists
Gödel Prize laureates
University of California, San Diego faculty
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
1961 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Lloyd
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Marcus Lloyd (born 1965) is an English dramatist and playwright known for works including Dead Certain and A Relative Stranger.
Early life and education
Lloyd, the eldest of four children of opera singer Robert Lloyd, grew up in Finchley, London. Having attended a local comprehensive school, he went on to study Physics at Worcester College, Oxford and then drama writing with playwright Bernard Kops while supporting himself working in the cloakroom of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
Career and awards
In 1995 his first play, Taking Pictures was directed by Gerard Murphy. It starred Kevin Elyot and Rebecca Thorn and was a winner in the New London Radio Playwrights Festival.
The following year he won BBC Television's Double Exposure screenwriting award for his 60 minute television play, A Relative Stranger, which was first broadcast on BBC2 in 1996 starring Siobhan Redmond (Alison Fraiman), Suzanna Hamilton (Jenny Bell), Ioan Gruffudd (Nigel Fraiman) and Jason Isaacs (Peter Fraiman).
Dead Certain, his first stage play, was first produced in 1999 at the Theatre Royal, Windsor and starred Jenny Seagrove (Elizabeth) and Steven Pinder (Michael). It has since received numerous other productions in the UK, New Zealand, Australia, Singapore and the US, including a year-long run in San Francisco.
In 2001 his screenplay Cuckoo won the prestigious Oscar Moore Foundation Screenwriting Prize and the award, presented by patron Emma Thompson, enabled him to devote himself full-time
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classis
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Classis may refer to:
Classis (ecclesiastical), governing body of pastors and elders in certain churches
Classis (biology), or class, a taxonomic rank or unit in biology
Classis (port), or Classe, ancient port of Ravenna, Italy
Roman classis, fleet of Roman navy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylic%20strain
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Allylic strain (also known as A1,3 strain, 1,3-allylic strain, or A-strain) in organic chemistry is a type of strain energy resulting from the interaction between a substituent on one end of an olefin (a synonym for an alkene) with an allylic substituent on the other end. If the substituents (R and R') are large enough in size, they can sterically interfere with each other such that one conformer is greatly favored over the other. Allylic strain was first recognized in the literature in 1965 by Johnson and Malhotra. The authors were investigating cyclohexane conformations including endocyclic and exocylic double bonds when they noticed certain conformations were disfavored due to the geometry constraints caused by the double bond. Organic chemists capitalize on the rigidity resulting from allylic strain for use in asymmetric reactions.
Quantifying allylic strain energy
The "strain energy" of a molecule is a quantity that is difficult to precisely define, so the meaning of this term can easily vary depending on one's interpretation. Instead, an objective way to view the allylic strain of a molecule is through its conformational equilibrium. Comparing the heats of formation of the involved conformers, an overall ΔHeq can be evaluated. This term gives information about the relative stabilities of the involved conformers and the effect allylic strain has one equilibrium. Heats of formation can be determined experimentally though calorimetric studies; however, calculated enthal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided%20power%20structure
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In mathematics, specifically commutative algebra, a divided power structure is a way of making expressions of the form meaningful even when it is not possible to actually divide by .
Definition
Let A be a commutative ring with an ideal I. A divided power structure (or PD-structure, after the French puissances divisées) on I is a collection of maps for n = 0, 1, 2, ... such that:
and for , while for n > 0.
for .
for .
for , where is an integer.
for and , where is an integer.
For convenience of notation, is often written as when it is clear what divided power structure is meant.
The term divided power ideal refers to an ideal with a given divided power structure, and divided power ring refers to a ring with a given ideal with divided power structure.
Homomorphisms of divided power algebras are ring homomorphisms that respects the divided power structure on its source and target.
Examples
The free divided power algebra over on one generator:
If A is an algebra over then every ideal I has a unique divided power structure where Indeed, this is the example which motivates the definition in the first place.
If M is an A-module, let denote the symmetric algebra of M over A. Then its dual has a canonical structure of divided power ring. In fact, it is canonically isomorphic to a natural completion of (see below) if M has finite rank.
Constructions
If A is any ring, there exists a divided power ring
consisting of divided power polynomials in the va
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalizations%20of%20Fibonacci%20numbers
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In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers form a sequence defined recursively by:
That is, after two starting values, each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers.
The Fibonacci sequence has been studied extensively and generalized in many ways, for example, by starting with other numbers than 0 and 1, by adding more than two numbers to generate the next number, or by adding objects other than numbers.
Extension to negative integers
Using , one can extend the Fibonacci numbers to negative integers. So we get:
... −8, 5, −3, 2, −1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ...
and .
See also Negafibonacci coding.
Extension to all real or complex numbers
There are a number of possible generalizations of the Fibonacci numbers which include the real numbers (and sometimes the complex numbers) in their domain. These each involve the golden ratio , and are based on Binet's formula
The analytic function
has the property that for even integers . Similarly, the analytic function:
satisfies for odd integers .
Finally, putting these together, the analytic function
satisfies for all integers .
Since for all complex numbers , this function also provides an extension of the Fibonacci sequence to the entire complex plane. Hence we can calculate the generalized Fibonacci function of a complex variable, for example,
Vector space
The term Fibonacci sequence is also applied more generally to any function from the integers to a field for which . These functions are precisely those of the for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Cameron%20%28mathematician%29
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Peter Jephson Cameron FRSE (born 23 January 1947) is an Australian mathematician who works in group theory, combinatorics, coding theory, and model theory. He is currently half-time Professor of Mathematics at the University of St Andrews, and Emeritus Professor at Queen Mary University of London.
Cameron received a B.Sc. from the University of Queensland and a D.Phil. in 1971 from the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, with Peter M. Neumann as his supervisor. Subsequently, he was a Junior Research Fellow and later a Tutorial Fellow at Merton College, Oxford, and also lecturer at Bedford College, London.
Work
Cameron specialises in algebra and combinatorics; he has written books about combinatorics, algebra, permutation groups, and logic, and has produced over 350 academic papers. In 1988, he posed the Cameron–Erdős conjecture with Paul Erdős.
Honours and awards
He was awarded the London Mathematical Society's Whitehead Prize in 1979 and is joint winner of the 2003 Euler Medal. In 2008, he was selected as the Forder Lecturer of the LMS and New Zealand Mathematical Society. In 2018 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Books
Notes
References
Short biography
External links
Home page at Queen Mary University of London
Home page at University of St Andrews
Peter Cameron's 60th birthday conference
Theorems by Peter Cameron at Theorem of the Day
Peter Cameron's blog
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
Academics of the University of St A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Journey%20of%20Man
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The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey is a 2002 book by Spencer Wells, an American geneticist and anthropologist, in which he uses techniques and theories of genetics and evolutionary biology to trace the geographical dispersal of early human migrations out of Africa. The book was made into a TV documentary in 2003.
Synopsis
According to the recent single-origin hypothesis, human ancestors originated in Africa, and eventually made their way out to the rest of the world. Analysis of the Y chromosome is one of the methods used in tracing the history of early humans. Thirteen genetic markers on the Y-chromosome differentiate populations of human beings.
It is believed, on the basis of genetic evidence, that all human beings in existence now descend from one single man who lived in Africa about 60,000 years ago. The earliest groups of humans are believed to find their present-day descendants among the San people, a group that is now found in western southern Africa. The San are smaller than the Bantu. They have lighter skins, more tightly curled hair, and they share the epicanthal fold with the people of Central and South East Asia.
Southern and eastern Africa are believed to originally have been populated by people akin to the San. Since that early time much of their range has been taken over by the Bantu. Skeletal remains of these ancestral people are found in Paleolithic sites in Somalia and Ethiopia. There are also peoples in east Africa today who speak substantially
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20phase%20approximation
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The random phase approximation (RPA) is an approximation method in condensed matter physics and in nuclear physics. It was first introduced by David Bohm and David Pines as an important result in a series of seminal papers of 1952 and 1953. For decades physicists had been trying to incorporate the effect of microscopic quantum mechanical interactions between electrons in the theory of matter. Bohm and Pines' RPA accounts for the weak screened Coulomb interaction and is commonly used for describing the dynamic linear electronic response of electron systems.
In the RPA, electrons are assumed to respond only to the total electric potential V(r) which is the sum of the external perturbing potential Vext(r) and a screening potential Vsc(r). The external perturbing potential is assumed to oscillate at a single frequency ω, so that the model yields via a self-consistent field (SCF) method a dynamic dielectric function denoted by εRPA(k, ω).
The contribution to the dielectric function from the total electric potential is assumed to average out, so that only the potential at wave vector k contributes. This is what is meant by the random phase approximation. The resulting dielectric function, also called the Lindhard dielectric function, correctly predicts a number of properties of the electron gas, including plasmons.
The RPA was criticized in the late 1950s for overcounting the degrees of freedom and the call for justification led to intense work among theoretical physicists. In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perigonia%20lusca
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Perigonia lusca, the half-blind sphinx or coffee sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1777.
Distribution
It is found from the northern tip of South America, through most of Central America, and up to Florida in the United States.
Description
The wingspan is 55–65 mm.
Biology
There are several generations per year in southern Florida. On the Galápagos Islands, adults are on wing in April and July. In the tropics, adults are probably on wing year round.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on Guettarda macrosperma, Guettarda scabra, Coffea species (including Coffea arabica), Ilex krugiana, Ilex paraguariensis, Genipa americana, Rondeletia, Gonzalagunia species (including Gonzalagunia spicata) and Cinchona succirubra. They are green with a yellow tail horn and a dark blue stripe down the back. There is at least one color morph.
Subspecies and formes
Perigonia lusca lusca (Mexico to Panama and Honduras, Venezuela, Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Bahamas, Cuba, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent, southern United States)
Perigonia lusca continua Vázquez-G., 1959 (Revillagigedo Island and Soccoro Island in Mexico)
Perigonia lusca f. interrupta Walker, 1875
References
External links
Perigonia
Moths described in 1777
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20testing%20on%20non-human%20primates
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Experiments involving non-human primates (NHPs) include toxicity testing for medical and non-medical substances; studies of infectious disease, such as HIV and hepatitis; neurological studies; behavior and cognition; reproduction; genetics; and xenotransplantation. Around 65,000 NHPs are used every year in the United States, and around 7,000 across the European Union. Most are purpose-bred, while some are caught in the wild.
Their use is controversial. According to the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, NHPs are used because their brains share structural and functional features with human brains, but "while this similarity has scientific advantages, it poses some difficult ethical problems, because of an increased likelihood that primates experience pain and suffering in ways that are similar to humans." Some of the most publicized attacks on animal research facilities by animal rights groups have occurred because of primate research. Some primate researchers have abandoned their studies because of threats or attacks.
In December 2006, an inquiry chaired by Sir David Weatherall, emeritus professor of medicine at Oxford University, concluded that there is a "strong scientific and moral case" for using primates in some research. The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection argues that the Weatherall report failed to address "the welfare needs and moral case for subjecting these sensitive, intelligent creatures to a lifetime of suffering in UK labs".
Legal status
Human bei
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa%27s%20minimal%20surface
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In mathematics, Costa's minimal surface, is an embedded minimal surface discovered in 1982 by the Brazilian mathematician Celso José da Costa. It is also a surface of finite topology, which means that it can be formed by puncturing a compact surface. Topologically, it is a thrice-punctured torus.
Until its discovery, the plane, helicoid and the catenoid were believed to be the only embedded minimal surfaces that could be formed by puncturing a compact surface. The Costa surface evolves from a torus, which is deformed until the planar end becomes catenoidal. Defining these surfaces on rectangular tori of arbitrary dimensions yields the Costa surface. Its discovery triggered research and discovery into several new surfaces and open conjectures in topology.
The Costa surface can be described using the Weierstrass zeta and the Weierstrass elliptic functions.
References
Ph.D. Thesis, IMPA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Bol. Soc. Bras. Mat. 15, 47–54.
Differential geometry
Minimal surfaces
Articles containing video clips
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Taffel
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Dr. Alexander Taffel (born in Odessa, Russia; died January 19, 1997, Riverdale, Bronx) was the second principal of the Bronx High School of Science, a long-time physics teacher and author of three textbooks in Physics. He is a recipient of the NBC Award for Public Service. He is most famous for his tenure as principal of the Bronx High School of Science, during which he nurtured the institution and its international reputation. He retired in 1978.
He died at his home of a stroke.
Early life
Taffel came to New York when he was 3. He graduated from City College with a degree in mathematics in 1929 and later received a master's in physics from Columbia University and a Ph.D. in science education from New York University.
Career
Before becoming a full time administrator, Taffel was a physics teacher who had become the chairman of the science department at James Monroe High School in the Bronx. Later he became principal of Haaren High School in Manhattan.
Principal of the Bronx High School of Science (1958-1978)
Transfer to modern facilities, teacher strike, student strike, 50th anniversary
Legacy
The Alexander Taffel Library at the Bronx High School of Science is named after Dr. Taffel.
References
External links
Memories of a Legend
A Brief History of The Bronx High School of Science
American school principals
Schoolteachers from New York (state)
The Bronx High School of Science
City College of New York alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Steinha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed%20Sohrabpour
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Saeed Sohrabpour (), (born in 1943 in Tehran), Full Professor of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at Sharif University of Technology, has been the vice president and chief adviser of Islamic Republic of Iran’s National Elites Foundation since 2011. He has also been elected as Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame and was the chancellor of Sharif University of Technology from 1997 to 2010. He is a member of the board of trustees of Iran’s National Library and Archives of I.R.. Furthermore, during his professional life, Sohrabpour has published prolific scientific papers in various high-ranked journals. Prof Sohrabpour is the president of Research Institute for Science, Technology and Industry Policy Making at the Sharif University of Technology, the chairman of the board for Iran Most Admired Knowledge Enterprise Award (MAKE), Center for Knowledge-based Management, and the chairman of the board for Iran EFQM Representative as well. Besides various honors and awards, he has been a fellow of Academy of Sciences of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Early life
Saeed Sohrabpour was born in Tehran, Iran, in 1943. In 1965, having completed his bachelor's in mechanical engineering with the top grade in Tehran University, College of Engineering, he was awarded a scholarship from Iran’s government. He continued his education with an M.S. and Ph.D. level in mechanical engineering at The University of California, Berkeley.
Career
After returning to Iran in 1971, he started teaching
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindel%C3%B6f%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Lindelöf's theorem is a result in complex analysis named after the Finnish mathematician Ernst Leonard Lindelöf. It states that a holomorphic function on a half-strip in the complex plane that is bounded on the boundary of the strip and does not grow "too fast" in the unbounded direction of the strip must remain bounded on the whole strip. The result is useful in the study of the Riemann zeta function, and is a special case of the Phragmén–Lindelöf principle. Also, see Hadamard three-lines theorem.
Statement of the theorem
Let be a half-strip in the complex plane:
Suppose that is holomorphic (i.e. analytic) on and that there are constants
, , and such that
and
Then is bounded by on all of :
Proof
Fix a point inside . Choose , an integer and large enough such that
. Applying maximum modulus principle to the function and
the rectangular area we obtain , that is, . Letting yields
as required.
References
Theorems in complex analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASU%20Institute%20of%20Molecular%20Biology%20and%20Genetics
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The Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (IMBG of the NASU) is a scientific research organisation in Kyiv, Ukraine. Founded in 1973 as a branch of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the institute specialises in genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, genetic engineering and cellular engineering.
External links
Official website (in English)
Research institutes in Ukraine
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Genetics or genomics research institutions
1973 establishments in the Soviet Union
Medical and health organizations based in Ukraine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymers%20%26%20Cell
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Biopolymers and Cell (Biopolym. Cell) is a scientific journal issued by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NASU.
It was established in January 1985, and its ISSN numbers are for the print version and for the online version.
The journal publishes original contributions in molecular biology and related areas:
Structure and function of biopolymers in different cells at different conditions;
Genome regulation;
Molecular mechanisms of differentiation;
Oncogenesis;
Cell-virus interaction;
Biotechnology;
Bioorganic chemistry;
Drug design;
Biology of peptides, nucleoside derivatives and modified oligonucleotides
Biopolym. Cell is issued bimonthly, with one volume per year. All articles have digital object identifiers (DOI).
The format of Biopolym. Cell corresponds to international standards. The journal provides rapid free open access to publications.
Since 2014 the articles are published in English.
Biopolymers and Cell is indexed and/or abstracted in: Scopus, SJR, Index Copernicus, BIOSIS Previews, elibrary.ru, Medical Journal Links, referative journals "Dzherelo" (Ukraine) and VINITI Database RAS, EBSCO, HINARI, Russian index of scientific citations. This journal has been included in the HAC of Ukraine (Higher Attestation (Certification) Commission) list according to following subjects (topics): biology, chemistry
Editor-in-chief:
Prof. Gennady Kh. Matsuka, the founder of Biopolymers and Cell was a di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20B.%20Thomas
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George Brinton Thomas Jr. (January 11, 1914 – October 31, 2006) was an American mathematician and professor of mathematics at MIT. Internationally, he is best known for being the author of the widely used calculus textbook Calculus and Analytical Geometry, known today as Thomas' Calculus.
Early life
Born in Boise, Idaho, Thomas' early years were difficult. His father, George Brinton Thomas Sr., was a bank employee, and his mother, Georgia Fay Thomas (née Goin), died in the 1919 Influenza Epidemic, just eight days before his fifth birthday. His father remarried shortly thereafter, to Lena Steward. They lived in a tent with a wooden floor and a coal stove.
After his stepmother Lena died from complications due to childbirth, the father and son moved to the Spokane Valley in Washington State, where they both attended Spokane University. George Thomas Sr. married again, to Gertrude Alice Johnson. Thomas began attending Washington State College (now Washington State University), after Spokane University went bankrupt. There, he earned a B.A. in 1934 and an M.A. in 1936, both in mathematics and mathematics education.
On August 15, 1936, Thomas married Jane Heath at her family's home in South Bend, Washington. The couple lived in Pullman, Washington for a year; Thomas worked at a local shoe store to save money for further graduate education.
In 1937, Thomas was accepted into the graduate mathematics program at Cornell University. At Cornell, Thomas worked as an instructo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20John%20Nilsson
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Nils John Nilsson (February 6, 1933 – April 23, 2019) was an American computer scientist. He was one of the founding researchers in the discipline of artificial intelligence. He was the first Kumagai Professor of Engineering in computer science at Stanford University from 1991 until his retirement. He is particularly known for his contributions to search, planning, knowledge representation, and robotics.
Early life and education
Nilsson was born in Saginaw, Michigan, in 1933. He received his Ph.D. from Stanford in 1958, and spent much of his career at SRI International, a private research lab spun off from Stanford.
Nilsson served as a lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force from 1958 to 1961; he was stationed at the Rome Air Development Center in Rome, New York.
Career
SRI International
Starting in 1966, Nilsson, along with Charles A. Rosen and Bertram Raphael, led a research team in the construction of Shakey, a robot that constructed a model of its environment from sensor data, reasoned about that environment to arrive at a plan of action, then carried that plan out by sending commands to its motors. This paradigm has been enormously influential in AI. Textbooks such as Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Essentials of Artificial Intelligence, and the first edition of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach show this influence in almost every chapter. Although the basic idea of using logical reasoning to decide on actions is due to John McCarthy, Nilsson's group wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog%20space
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In mathematics, a hedgehog space is a topological space consisting of a set of spines joined at a point.
For any cardinal number , the -hedgehog space is formed by taking the disjoint union of real unit intervals identified at the origin (though its topology is not the quotient topology, but that defined by the metric below). Each unit interval is referred to as one of the hedgehog's spines. A -hedgehog space is sometimes called a hedgehog space of spininess .
The hedgehog space is a metric space, when endowed with the hedgehog metric if and lie in the same spine, and by if and lie in different spines. Although their disjoint union makes the origins of the intervals distinct, the metric makes them equivalent by assigning them 0 distance.
Hedgehog spaces are examples of real trees.
Paris metric
The metric on the plane in which the distance between any two points is their Euclidean distance when the two points belong to a ray though the origin, and is otherwise the sum of the distances of the two points from the origin, is sometimes called the Paris metric because navigation in this metric resembles that in the radial street plan of Paris: for almost all pairs of points, the shortest path passes through the center. The Paris metric, restricted to the unit disk, is a hedgehog space where K is the cardinality of the continuum.
Kowalsky's theorem
Kowalsky's theorem, named after Hans-Joachim Kowalsky, states that any metrizable space of weight can be represented as a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%20space%20%28topology%29
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In mathematics, more specifically point-set topology, a Moore space is a developable regular Hausdorff space. That is, a topological space X is a Moore space if the following conditions hold:
Any two distinct points can be separated by neighbourhoods, and any closed set and any point in its complement can be separated by neighbourhoods. (X is a regular Hausdorff space.)
There is a countable collection of open covers of X, such that for any closed set C and any point p in its complement there exists a cover in the collection such that every neighbourhood of p in the cover is disjoint from C. (X is a developable space.)
Moore spaces are generally interesting in mathematics because they may be applied to prove interesting metrization theorems. The concept of a Moore space was formulated by R. L. Moore in the earlier part of the 20th century.
Examples and properties
Every metrizable space, X, is a Moore space. If {A(n)x} is the open cover of X (indexed by x in X) by all balls of radius 1/n, then the collection of all such open covers as n varies over the positive integers is a development of X. Since all metrizable spaces are normal, all metric spaces are Moore spaces.
Moore spaces are a lot like regular spaces and different from normal spaces in the sense that every subspace of a Moore space is also a Moore space.
The image of a Moore space under an injective, continuous open map is always a Moore space. (The image of a regular space under an injective, continuous open map i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20element
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In chemistry and crystallography, a symmetry element is a point, line, or plane about which symmetry operations can take place. In particular, a symmetry element can be a mirror plane, an axis of rotation (either proper and improper), or a center of inversion. For an object such as a molecule or a crystal, a symmetry element corresponds to a set of symmetry operations, which are the rigid transformations employing the symmetry element that leave the object unchanged. The set containing these operations form one of the symmetry groups of the object. The elements of this symmetry group should not be confused with the "symmetry element" itself. Loosely, a symmetry element is the geometric set of fixed points of a symmetry operation. For example, for rotation about an axis, the points on the axis do not move and in a reflection the points that remain unchanged make up a plane of symmetry.
Identity
The identity symmetry element is found in all objects and is denoted E. It corresponds to an operation of doing nothing to the object. Because every molecule is indistinguishable from itself if nothing is done to it, every object possesses at least the identity element. An object having no symmetry elements other than E is called asymmetric. Such an object is necessarily chiral.
Mirror planes
Mirror planes are denoted by σ. In a molecule that also has an axis of symmetry, a mirror plane that includes the axis is called a vertical mirror plane and is labeled σ , while one perpendicul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%20space
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In mathematics, Moore space may refer to:
Moore space (algebraic topology)
Moore space (topology), a regular, developable topological space.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20knapsack%20problem
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In theoretical computer science, the continuous knapsack problem (also known as the fractional knapsack problem) is an algorithmic problem in combinatorial optimization in which the goal is to fill a container (the "knapsack") with fractional amounts of different materials chosen to maximize the value of the selected materials. It resembles the classic knapsack problem, in which the items to be placed in the container are indivisible; however, the continuous knapsack problem may be solved in polynomial time whereas the classic knapsack problem is NP-hard. It is a classic example of how a seemingly small change in the formulation of a problem can have a large impact on its computational complexity.
Problem definition
An instance of either the continuous or classic knapsack problems may be specified by the numerical capacity of the knapsack, together with a collection of materials, each of which has two numbers associated with it: the weight of material that is available to be selected and the total value of that material. The goal is to choose an amount of each material, subject to the capacity constraint
and maximizing the total benefit
In the classic knapsack problem, each of the amounts must be either zero or ; the continuous knapsack problem differs by allowing to range continuously from zero to .
Some formulations of this problem rescale the variables to be in the range from 0 to 1. In this case the capacity constraint becomes
and the goal is to maximize the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBW
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SBW may refer to:
A series of aircraft manufactured by Canadian Car and Foundry
SBW (software), a distributed workbench for systems biology modeling
Sonny Bill Williams (born 1985), New Zealand rugby international and heavyweight boxer
IATA designation for Sibu Airport
ICAO designation for Snowbird Airlines
MRT station abbreviation for Sembawang MRT station, Singapore
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Murray%20%28mathematician%29
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Daniel Alexander Murray (1862–1934) was a Canadian mathematician.
Murray was born in Colchester County, Nova Scotia, and was educated at Dalhousie University and Johns Hopkins University, as well as universities in Berlin and Paris. He was successively associate professor of mathematics at New York University, instructor at Cornell University, professor at Dalhousie University, and, after 1907, professor of applied mathematics at McGill University.
Publications
Introductory Course in Differential Equations (1897)
An Elementary Course in the Integral Calculus (1898)
Plane and Spherical Trigonometry (1902)
Essentials of Trigonometry and Mensuration (1909)
Elements of Plane Trigonometry (1911)
External links
Canadian expatriate academics in the United States
Canadian mathematicians
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Cornell University faculty
Academic staff of the Dalhousie University
Academic staff of McGill University
New York University faculty
People from Colchester County
1862 births
1934 deaths
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Canadian expatriates in France
Canadian expatriates in Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclododecahexaene
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Cyclododecahexaene or [12]annulene () is a member of the series of annulenes with some interest in organic chemistry with regard to the study of aromaticity. Cyclododecahexaene is non-aromatic due to the lack of planarity of the structure. On the other hand the dianion with 14 electrons is a Hückel aromat and more stable.
According to in silico experiments the tri-trans isomer is expected to be the most stable, followed by the 1,7-ditrans and the all cis-isomers (+1 kcal/mol) and by the 1,5-ditrans isomer (+5 kcal/mol).
The first [12]annulene with sym-tri-trans configuration was synthesized in 1970 from a tricyclic precursor by photolysis at low temperatures. On heating the compound rearranges to a bicyclic [6.4.0] isomer. Reducing the compound at low temperatures allowed analysis of the dianion by proton NMR with the inner protons resonating at -4.5 ppm relative to TMS, evidence of an aromatic diamagnetic ring current.
In one study the 1,7-ditrans isomer is generated at low temperatures in THF by dehydrohalogenation of a hexabromocyclododecane with potassium tert-butoxide. Reduction of this compound at low temperature with caesium metal leads first to the radical anion and then to the dianion. The chemical shift for the internal protons in this compound is with +0.2 ppm much more modest than in the tri-trans isomer.
Heating the radical ion solution to room temperature leads to loss of one equivalent of hydrogen and formation of the heptalene radical anion.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Stachel
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John Stachel (; born 29 March 1928) is an American physicist and philosopher of science.
Biography
Stachel earned his PhD at Stevens Institute of Technology in Physics about a topic in General relativity in 1958. After holding different teaching positions at Lehigh University and the University of Pittsburgh, he went 1964 to Boston University where he was professor of physics until his emeritation.
In 1977, Stachel became the first editor of the Einstein Papers Project, then at Boston University. The first two volumes (out of a projected twenty-five) of The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein were published during his tenure.
He is head of the Boston University Center for Einstein Studies and, together with Don Howard, publishes the book series Einstein Studies.
Stachel also authored a text, entitled Einstein: From 'B' to 'Z'. In 2005, he delivered the British Academy's Master-Mind Lecture.
Bibliography (selection)
A. Einstein; J. Stachel, D.C. Cassidy, et al., eds., The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 1: The Early Years, 1879–1902, Princeton University Press 1987,
A. Einstein; J. Stachel, D.C. Cassidy, et al., eds., The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 2: The Swiss Years: Writings, 1900-1909, Princeton University Press 1989,
A. Ashtekar, J. Stachel, eds., Conceptual Problems of Quantum Gravity, Springer 1991,
D. Howard, J. Stachel, Einstein, The Formative Years 1879–1909, Birkhäuser 2000,
J. Stachel, 'Einstein from 'B' to 'Z' '', Birkhauser
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Nash's theorem may refer to one of the following:
the Nash embedding theorems in differential geometry
Nash's theorem on the existence of Nash equilibria in game theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hippocrates%20Project
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The Hippocrates Project is a program of the New York University Medical Center which works with modern technologies to "enhance the learning process". It was established in 1987, presumably named after the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates.
History
The Hippocrates Project began In 1987 in an unused microbiology laboratory by six medical students (Alan Simon, M.D.; Howard M. Karpoff, MD and others) and one member of the faculty, Martin Nachbar, MD (1937-2015). It was one of the early adopters of the use of computers and multimedia in education. Courseware was created, such as a computerized atlas of Histology in HyperCard and a multidimensional Neuroanatomy Atlas using SuperCard. Software expanded to include other courseware, digitized video, and 3-d simulations of surgery, such as Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. The Hippocrates Project also created early versions of the electronic medical record. As of 1997, the Hippocrates Project is officially an Educational Computing Division (ECD).
Accomplishments
Hippocrates has produced over 100 "medical education modules", most of which are used in NYU curricula as exercises or as educational resources. These "modules" may be "expository presentations, laboratory simulations, self-assessment and testing programs, three-dimensional anatomic reconstructions, animations, virtual reality environments, case studies, and databases". The Hippocrates Project also provides email services, hosts websites, grades examinations by computer a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Carolina%20Governor%27s%20School%20for%20Science%20and%20Mathematics
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The South Carolina Governor's School for Science and Mathematics (GSSM) is a public, boarding high school for students in grades 11 and 12, located in Hartsville, South Carolina. The school concentrates on science and mathematics, but offers the full spectrum of the humanities as well.
Academics
Students at GSSM select from a wide range of STEM courses during their two years on campus. Typically, 18 AP courses are offered and 45% of the STEM courses are listed as "Above AP". Students can conduct semester or year-long scientific investigations, in addition to the required Summer Program for Research Interns (SPRI). During SPRI, students conduct six weeks of mentored scientific, business or economics research at university or corporate R&D labs across South Carolina or in locations across the United States and other countries. In 2009, GSSM began the Research Exchange Scholars Program (later renamed the Research Experience Scholars Program) with exchange students from Pforzheim, Germany and Daejeon, Korea. The program has grown to include more locations in Germany and China, and plans are underway to include sites in a number of countries. In 2017, the RESP program included sites in Germany, Korea, and China.
In addition to a rigorous STEM curriculum, GSSM also offers a wealth of humanities courses and a January Interim mini-mester of experiential courses and national and international trips. Courses and trips vary from year to year.
Every student is assigned a college coun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic%20evolution%20of%20ligands%20by%20exponential%20enrichment
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Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), also referred to as in vitro selection or in vitro evolution, is a combinatorial chemistry technique in molecular biology for producing oligonucleotides of either single-stranded DNA or RNA that specifically bind to a target ligand or ligands. These single-stranded DNA or RNA are commonly referred to as aptamers.
Although SELEX has emerged as the most commonly used name for the procedure, some researchers have referred to it as SAAB (selected and amplified binding site) and CASTing (cyclic amplification and selection of targets) SELEX was first introduced in 1990. In 2015, a special issue was published in the Journal of Molecular Evolution in the honor of quarter century of the discovery of SELEX.
The process begins with the synthesis of a very large oligonucleotide library, consisting of randomly generated sequences of fixed length flanked by constant 5' and 3' ends. The constant ends serve as primers, while a small number of random regions are expected to bind specifically to the chosen target. For a randomly generated region of length n, the number of possible sequences in the library using conventional DNA or RNA is 4n (n positions with four possibilities (A,T,C,G) at each position). The sequences in the library are exposed to the target ligand - which may be a protein or a small organic compound - and those that do not bind the target are removed, usually by affinity chromatography or target capture on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar%20Karl%20Ugi
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Ivar Karl Ugi (9 September 1930 in Saaremaa, Estonia – 29 September 2005 in Munich) was an Estonian-born German chemist who made major contributions to organic chemistry. He is known for the research on multicomponent reactions, yielding the Ugi reaction.
Biography
After he went to Germany from Estonia in 1941 he began his studies of chemistry in 1949 at the University of Tübingen until 1951. He became Dr. rer. nat. in 1954 at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He did his habilitation 1960 at the same university. After a short but very successful career in industry at Bayer from 1962 until 1968 when he joined the University of Southern California at Los Angeles.
From 1971 he worked at the Technical University of Munich, and was an emeritus from 1999 until his death in 2005.
Research and development
The one pot reaction of a ketone or aldehyde, an amine, an isocyanide and a carboxylic acid to form a bis-amide is generally known as Ugi reaction.
Major works
References
Curriculum Vitae at TUM
1930 births
2005 deaths
People from Kuressaare
20th-century German chemists
Estonian chemists
Organic chemists
University of Tübingen alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Southern California faculty
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
Members of the Estonian Academy of Sciences
Estonian emigrants to Germany
Estonian expatriates in Germany
Estonian World War II refugees
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 4th Class
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veidekke
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Veidekke () is the largest Norwegian construction and civil engineering company and the fourth largest in Scandinavia. Veidekke's business involves a network of Scandinavia construction and engineering operations, rehabilitation work, major heavy construction contracts and development of dwellings for the company's own account as well as buildings for public use. They recently acquired Reinertsen's civil engineering arm. Other business segments are asphalt operations, production of crushed stone and gravel (aggregates) and maintenance of public roads.
Operations
Veidekke's core activities are linked with construction, property development, civil engineering and consulting, and industrial operations (asphalt/aggregates and road maintenance. Veidekke has developed in concrete, carpentry and road operations.
Engineering
Veidekke took control of 80% of the shares of civil engineering contractor Tore Løkke AS in Åfjord at Fosen in Sør-Trøndelag. They also acquired Reinertsen's onshore construction and civil engineering operations.
Construction
Veidekke is a major player in the Scandinavian construction market and undertakes all types of building and heavy construction projects. Veidekke's contracts include construction of residential and non-residential buildings, schools and other public buildings and renovation of buildings in addition to heavy construction projects such as roads, railways and industrial development projects.
Construction operations in Norway are the respon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20A.%20McIntosh
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Bruce A. McIntosh (October 30, 1929 – February 15, 2015) was a Canadian astrophysicist who worked at the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
His main area of research was meteors and asteroids. He was awarded the Czech Academy of Science gold medal for joint research on meteors with the Czechs. The Radar Meteor Survey he carried out with Peter Millman remains the benchmark to this day.
A main belt asteroid was named after him in 1988. Its proper name is 5061 McIntosh (1988 DJ) and has an absolute magnitude of 12.4.
References
External links
Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
Canadian astrophysicists
1929 births
2015 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20cytogenetics
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Molecular cytogenetics combines two disciplines, molecular biology and cytogenetics, and involves the analysis of chromosome structure to help distinguish normal and cancer-causing cells. Human cytogenetics began in 1956 when it was discovered that normal human cells contain 46 chromosomes. However, the first microscopic observations of chromosomes were reported by Arnold, Flemming, and Hansemann in the late 1800s. Their work was ignored for decades until the actual chromosome number in humans was discovered as 46. In 1879, Arnold examined sarcoma and carcinoma cells having very large nuclei. Today, the study of molecular cytogenetics can be useful in diagnosing and treating various malignancies such as hematological malignancies, brain tumors, and other precursors of cancer. The field is overall focused on studying the evolution of chromosomes, more specifically the number, structure, function, and origin of chromosome abnormalities. It includes a series of techniques referred to as fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH, in which DNA probes are labeled with different colored fluorescent tags to visualize one or more specific regions of the genome. Introduced in the 1980s, FISH uses probes with complementary base sequences to locate the presence or absence of the specific DNA regions. FISH can either be performed as a direct approach to metaphase chromosomes or interphase nuclei. Alternatively, an indirect approach can be taken in which the entire genome can be assessed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20David%20Tilman
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George David Tilman (born Titman; July 22, 1949), ForMemRS, is an American ecologist. He is Regents Professor and McKnight Presidential Chair in Ecology at the University of Minnesota, as well as an instructor in Conservation Biology; Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; and Microbial Ecology. He is director of the Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve long-term ecological research station. Tilman is also a professor at University of California, Santa Barbara's Bren School of Environmental Science & Management.
Early life and education
Tilman (born Titman) was born in Aurora, Illinois in 1949. He earned his Bachelor of Science degree in zoology in 1971 and his PhD in ecology in 1976 at the University of Michigan. Some of his doctoral research was published in the journal Science.
Career and research
In an August 2001 interview, Tilman states that his passion with ecology stems from his love for both math and biology, and ecology is a field that allows him to express both together along with his love for the outdoors. His work explores how both natural and managed ecosystems can be used to meet the needs of humans, whether it be for food, energy, or ecosystem services. Tilman has performed several studies to further determine the usefulness of grasslands for utilization in biofuel.
Resource competition
Tilman is best known for his work on the role of resource competition in community structure and on the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning. One of his most cited
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeos
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Palaeos.com is a web site on biology, paleontology, phylogeny and geology and which covers the history of Earth. The site is well respected and has been used as a reference by professional paleontologists such as Michael J. Benton, the professor of vertebrate palaeontology in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol. It is frequently cited in Science Online.
Palaeos.com was started by Toby White and Alan Kazlev; the pair were later joined by Chris Taylor, Mikko Haaramo of the Department of Geology at the University of Helsinki, and Chris Clowes. It features professional-level, yet readable articles about:
Palaeontology, evolution and systematics
Geochronology, earth systems and time scale
Diversity of life and ecology
The site's developers have started a wiki, Palaeos.org, which uses MediaWiki software to provide conventional voluntary membership.
Some pages use images from websites run by David Peters, whose works sometimes considered as highly unreliable.
References
External links
Palaeos.com
Palaeos.org (wiki)
Paleontology websites
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear%20program
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In mathematics, a bilinear program is a nonlinear optimization problem whose objective or constraint functions are bilinear. An example is the pooling problem.
References
Bilinear program at the Mathematical Programming Glossary.
Mathematical optimization
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar%20Ma%C4%87a%C5%A1ev
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Aleksandar Maćašev (), born in 1971, is a Serbian artist and designer known for his controversial Joseph Goebbels (TM) project in which Joseph Goebbels was depicted as the father of contemporary media culture.
Biography
Maćašev was born in the town of Bečej in former Yugoslavia, on August 3, 1971. Upon graduation from high school of mathematics in Bečej, he completed his mandatory military service and was discharged on the eve of the outbreak of Yugoslav wars. He moved to Belgrade in 1991 to attend the Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, and graduated in 1998. He was one of a handful of young artists selected to be exhibited in the “Conversation” exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Arts in Belgrade. Beginning in 2001 he worked for various advertising agencies in Belgrade: New Moment (former Saatchi and Saatchi), BBDO Ovation, Pristop and Mass Vision. He conceived the first course in web design in Serbia for BK Academy of Arts where he taught from 2004 to 2006. He has worked as a freelance artist and designer since 2004. He currently resides in New York City.
Work
Maćašev is best known for the use of advertising and mass media vocabulary in his work, as well as for his elusive professional identity, which fluctuates between applied and fine arts. "His graphic work is challenging, political and often uncomfortable." He targets issues like mass-media culture, religious bigotry, political hypocrisy and making private issues public. Maćašev's work has been fea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming%20graph
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Hamming graphs are a special class of graphs named after Richard Hamming and used in several branches of mathematics (graph theory) and computer science. Let be a set of elements and a positive integer. The Hamming graph has vertex set , the set of ordered -tuples of elements of , or sequences of length from . Two vertices are adjacent if they differ in precisely one coordinate; that is, if their Hamming distance is one. The Hamming graph is, equivalently, the Cartesian product of complete graphs .
In some cases, Hamming graphs may be considered more generally as the Cartesian products of complete graphs that may be of varying sizes. Unlike the Hamming graphs , the graphs in this more general class are not necessarily distance-regular, but they continue to be regular and vertex-transitive.
Special cases
, which is the generalized quadrangle
, which is the complete graph
, which is the lattice graph and also the rook's graph
, which is the singleton graph
, which is the hypercube graph . Hamiltonian paths in these graphs form Gray codes.
Because Cartesian products of graphs preserve the property of being a unit distance graph, the Hamming graphs and are all unit distance graphs.
Applications
The Hamming graphs are interesting in connection with error-correcting codes and association schemes, to name two areas. They have also been considered as a communications network topology in distributed computing.
Computational complexity
It is possible in linear time
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEVT
|
The Hokie Electric Vehicle Team of Virginia Tech, better known as HEVT, is a nationally recognized undergraduate student design team in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Tech. HEVT was formed in 1994 to compete in the 1995 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Challenge, one of the many competitions organized by the Argonne National Laboratory through the United States Department of Energy. HEVT has been involved in the Department of Energy Advanced Vehicle Technology Competitions (AVTCs) ever since. HEVT attributes a significant amount of its success to their Advisor, Professor Doug Nelson in Mechanical Engineering. Dr. Nelson has received the Outstanding Faculty Advisor award at competition 3 times. He has greatly aided the education of students at Virginia Tech and helped the team succeed at competition The overall highlights of past competitions are as follows:
Outreach
HEVT devotes time each month to community outreach, in which they provide the community with information about sustainability, hybrid technology, AVTCS and the team. Outreach events target youth, community members, influencers, other students and the media. A few of HEVT's outreach events that have occurred within the past few years include National Odyssey Day, EcoDrive, Relay for Life and Innovation under the Hood.
Competitions
FutureCar
Virginia Tech's HEVT placed first in the 1996 challenge held in Detroit. In 1996 HEVT also received awards for best workmanship, most energy effic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej%20%C5%A0ali
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Andrej Šali (born 1963, Kranj, Slovenia) is a computational structural biologist. Since 2003, he has been Professor in the Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences at University of California, San Francisco. He also serves as an editor of the journal Structure.
Education
Šali received his Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from University of Ljubljana, 1987; his Ph.D. in Molecular Biophysics from Birkbeck College, University of London, 1991 (working with Tom Blundell); and did postdoctoral work at Harvard University (working with Martin Karplus).
Research
Sali joined the faculty of the Rockefeller University in 1995, following his postdoctoral research at Harvard University. He is using computation grounded in the laws of physics and evolution to study the structure and function of proteins. For example, he developed comparative protein structure modeling by satisfaction of spatial restraints, implemented in program MODELLER and integrative structure determination of macromolecular assemblies, implemented in program IMP.
Research impact
Sali contributes greatly to structural biology by developing and applying computational methods for structural modeling and analysis of proteins. The two most often used programs developed by his research group include "MODELLER" for comparative protein structure modeling and "IMP" for integrative structure determination.
As of January 2022, Šali published approximately 400 papers, which were cited approximately 89,000 t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20Parish
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Rachel Parish (born 21 May 1981) is an English international sportswoman who won a shooting gold medal and silver medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. Before going to university, she went to Wellington College in Berkshire. Already holding a degree in Biochemistry and Genetics from The University of Nottingham from 2002, Parish then read medicine at Southampton University, graduating as a doctor in 2007. Parish is also a keen fencer, and has captained both the Nottingham and Southampton university fencing teams.
Selected for the Commonwealth Games at Melbourne in 2006, she shot in the double trap pairs competition in partnership with Charlotte Kerwood and together they took the gold medal. Rachel also won a silver medal in the double trap individuals.
She also claimed double trap team silver and individual bronze at the 2017 ISSF Grand Prix in Moscow, which was held alongside (but not part of) that year's World Shotgun Championships.
References
External links
Profile for the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games
1981 births
Living people
English female sport shooters
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England
Commonwealth Games medallists in shooting
Shooters at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Shooters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
British female sport shooters
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish%20Institute%20for%20Technological%20Research
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The Flemish institute for technological research ( or VITO), is an independent Flemish research organisation that provides scientific advice and technological innovations that facilitate the transition to a sustainable society, and this in the areas of energy, chemistry, materials, health and land use.
Organisation
VITO is a public limited company incorporated under the decree of 23 January 1991. This decree was replaced by the decree of 30 April 2009. VITO is part of the policy domain of the Department of Economy, science & Innovation (EWI) of the Flemish government.
VITO works partly with its own resources (contract research, patents), partly with grants from the Flemish government, so that government commissioners from the Department of Economy, science and Innovation (EWI) are also part of the Board of Directors.
Civil Engineer Dirk Fransaer was Managing Director, starting in 2001. Since May 2023, Inge Neven is the CEO of VITO. Also part of the Board of Directors: Director Research & Development: Walter Eevers, Director Human Resources & General Services: Agnes Bosmans, Director Finance: Rob Fabry, and Commercial Director: Bruno Reyntjens.
The head office of VITO is located in Mol. VITO also has offices in Berchem, Genk, Ostend, Ghent and Kortrijk. The international offices are located in Qatar, Beijing and Dubai.
VITO is active in 40 countries and has around 850 employees with 43 different nationalities.
Objectives
Accelerate the transition to a competitive, cl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofer%20Biham
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Ofer Biham () is a faculty member at The Racah Institute of Physics of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel. Biham received his Ph.D. for research on quasiperiodic systems at the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1988, under the supervision of David Mukamel.
In later years, Biham was involved in the development of methods for the calculation of unstable periodic orbits in chaotic systems, models for efficient simulations of traffic flow and quantum computation.
The focus of Biham's current research is on the development of computational methodologies for the simulation of stochastic processes in interstellar chemistry and in genetic networks. Biham is known for the Biham–Middleton–Levine traffic model which he formulated with A. Alan Middleton and Dov Levine in 1992. It is possibly the simplest model containing phase transitions and self-organization.
His doctoral students include Daniel Lidar.
Bibliography
References
External links
Ofer Biham's homepage
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Israeli physicists
Israeli Jews
Jewish physicists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannan%20Soundararajan
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Kannan Soundararajan (born December 27, 1973) is an Indian-born American mathematician and a professor of mathematics at Stanford University. Before moving to Stanford in 2006, he was a faculty member at University of Michigan, where he had also pursued his undergraduate studies. His main research interest is in analytic number theory, particularly in the subfields of automorphic L-functions, and multiplicative number theory.
Early life
Soundararajan grew up in Madras and was a student at Padma Seshadri High School in Nungambakkam in Madras. In 1989, he attended the prestigious Research Science Institute. He represented India at the International Mathematical Olympiad in 1991 and won a Silver Medal.
Education
Soundararajan joined the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1991 for undergraduate studies, and graduated with highest honours in 1995. Soundararajan won the inaugural Morgan Prize in 1995 for his work in analytic number theory while an undergraduate at the University of Michigan, where he later served as professor. He joined Princeton University in 1995 and did his Ph.D under the guidance of Professor Peter Sarnak.
Career
After his Ph.D. he received the first five-year fellowship from the American Institute of Mathematics, and held positions at Princeton University, the Institute for Advanced Study, and the University of Michigan. He moved to Stanford University in 2006 where he is, as of November 2022, the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Mathematics.
H
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIRST%20Tech%20Challenge
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{{Infobox Sports league
| title = FIRST Tech Challenge
| current_season = Centerstage
| current_season2 =
| last_season = Powerplay
| upcoming_season =
| logo = FIRST Tech challenge logo.png
| pixels = 150px
| Formerly = FIRST Vex Challenge
| sport = Robotics-related games
| founded = 2004
| inaugural = 2005
| country = International
| teams =
| competitors =
| venue = Houston, US (world level), numerous smaller locations (qualifier and regional levels)
| champion = 2023 Inspire Award Winner: 18438: Wolfpack MachinaChampionship Winning Alliance: 18457: GatorBytes 21229: Quality Control 14481: Don't Blink| website =
| director = Rachel Moore
| TV = NASA TV, Twitch
| related_comps = FIRST Robotics CompetitionFIRST Lego League ChallengeFIRST Lego League Explore
| founder = Dean Kamen Woodie Flowers
| footnotes =
}}FIRST Tech Challenge (FTC), formerly known as FIRST Vex Challenge', is a robotics competition for students in grades 7–12 to compete head to head, by designing, building, and programming a robot to compete in an alliance format against other teams. FIRST Tech Challenge is one of the four major robotics programs organized by FIRST, which its other three programs include FIRST Lego League Explore, FIRST Lego League Challenge, and FIRST Robotics Competition.
The competition consists of local and regional qualifiers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20potential
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The quantum potential or quantum potentiality is a central concept of the de Broglie–Bohm formulation of quantum mechanics, introduced by David Bohm in 1952.
Initially presented under the name quantum-mechanical potential, subsequently quantum potential, it was later elaborated upon by Bohm and Basil Hiley in its interpretation as an information potential which acts on a quantum particle. It is also referred to as quantum potential energy, Bohm potential, quantum Bohm potential or Bohm quantum potential.
In the framework of the de Broglie–Bohm theory, the quantum potential is a term within the Schrödinger equation which acts to guide the movement of quantum particles. The quantum potential approach introduced by Bohm provides a physically less fundamental exposition of the idea presented by Louis de Broglie: de Broglie had postulated in 1925 that the relativistic wave function defined on spacetime represents a pilot wave which guides a quantum particle, represented as an oscillating peak in the wave field, but he had subsequently abandoned his approach because he was unable to derive the guidance equation for the particle from a non-linear wave equation. The seminal articles of Bohm in 1952 introduced the quantum potential and included answers to the objections which had been raised against the pilot wave theory.
The Bohm quantum potential is closely linked with the results of other approaches, in particular relating to work by Erwin Madelung of 1927 and to work by Carl Fr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Gray%20%28chemist%29
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George William Gray (4 September 1926 – 12 May 2013) was a Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Hull who was instrumental in developing the long-lasting materials which made liquid crystal displays possible. He created and systematically developed liquid crystal materials science, and established a method of practical molecular design. Gray was recipient of the 1995 Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology.
Education and career
Born in Denny, Scotland, Gray was educated at the University of Glasgow and while working as an assistant lecturer at the University College in Hull (then part of the University of London) obtained his PhD in 1953.
He developed his academic career at the college, which became the University of Hull in 1954, from 1946 to 1990. He was appointed senior lecturer in 1960, Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1974, and GF Grant Professor of Chemistry in 1984. He remained an Emeritus Professor at Hull.
In 1990 he joined the chemical company Merck, then became an independent consultant in 1996.
Liquid crystals
In 1973, in conjunction with the Royal Radar Establishment, he showed that 4-Cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl possessed a stable nematic phase at room temperature. This compound and other long-lasting cyano-biphenyls made the twisted nematic display (LCD) popular. Gray wrote the first English book covering the subject of liquid crystals, "Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals", published in 1962.
Gray was recipient of the 1995 Kyoto P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response%20time
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Response time may refer to:
The time lag between an electronic input and the output signal which depends upon the value of passive components used.
Responsiveness, how quickly an interactive system responds to user input
Response time (biology), the elapsed time from the presentation of a sensory stimulus to the completion of the subsequent behavioral response
Response time (technology), the time a generic system or functional unit takes to react to a given input
Display response time, the amount of time a pixel in a display takes to change
Round-trip delay time, in telecommunications
Emergency response time, the amount of time that emergency responders take to arrive at the scene of an incident from the time that the emergency response system was activated
Search response time or query response time, the time it takes a web server to respond when it receives a query
See also
Delay (disambiguation)
Latency (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Precipitation is any meteorological phenomenon featuring water falling from the clouds, such as rain, snow, or hail.
Precipitation may also refer to:
Alkaline precipitation, meteorological precipitation characterized by high alkalinity
Precipitation (chemistry), condensation of a solid from a solution during a chemical reaction:
Ammonium sulfate precipitation, a method of purifying proteins
Precipitation hardening, a method used to strengthen malleable materials
Protein precipitation, a method of separating contaminants from biological products
For precipitation resulting from the denaturation of proteins, see coagulation
Ethanol precipitation, a method of concentrating DNA
Precipitation (horse), a racehorse
Electron precipitation, an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when previously trapped electrons enter the Earth's atmosphere
See also
Coprecipitation
Quantitative precipitation forecast
Precipitate (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Frobenius%20Lie%20algebra
|
In mathematics, a quasi-Frobenius Lie algebra
over a field is a Lie algebra
equipped with a nondegenerate skew-symmetric bilinear form
, which is a Lie algebra 2-cocycle of with values in . In other words,
for all , , in .
If is a coboundary, which means that there exists a linear form such that
then
is called a Frobenius Lie algebra.
Equivalence with pre-Lie algebras with nondegenerate invariant skew-symmetric bilinear form
If is a quasi-Frobenius Lie algebra, one can define on another bilinear product by the formula
.
Then one has
and
is a pre-Lie algebra.
See also
Lie coalgebra
Lie bialgebra
Lie algebra cohomology
Frobenius algebra
Quasi-Frobenius ring
References
Jacobson, Nathan, Lie algebras, Republication of the 1962 original. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1979.
Vyjayanthi Chari and Andrew Pressley, A Guide to Quantum Groups, (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge .
Lie algebras
Coalgebras
Symplectic topology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Kieffer
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Susan Elizabeth Werner Kieffer (born November 17, 1942 in Warren, Pennsylvania) is an American physical geologist and planetary scientist. Kieffer is known for her work on the fluid dynamics of volcanoes, geysers, and rivers, and for her model of the thermodynamic properties of complex minerals. She has also contributed to the scientific understanding of meteorite impacts.
Biography
Kieffer received her B.S. in physics/mathematics from Allegheny College in 1964 and is an alumna of the California Institute of Technology receiving both an M.S. (1967) in geological sciences and Ph.D. (1971) in planetary sciences. She received an Honorary Doctor of Science from Allegheny in 1987, and the Distinguished Alumnus Award, equivalent to an honorary Ph.D. from other institutions, from Caltech in 1982.
She is currently an Emeritus Professor of Geology in the Department of Geology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She began her teaching career as a Professor of Geology at the University of California, Los Angeles (1973) before working with the United States Geological Survey in Flagstaff, Arizona (1979–1990). After serving as a Regents Professor of Geology at Arizona State University (1991-1993) she went on to chair the Geological Sciences Department at the University of British Columbia (1993–1995).
She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of the Washington State Acad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Fiers
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Walter Fiers (31 January 1931 in Ypres, West Flanders – 28 July 2019 in Destelbergen) was a Belgian molecular biologist.
He obtained a degree of Engineer for Chemistry and Agricultural Industries at the University of Ghent in 1954, and started his research career as an enzymologist in the laboratory of Laurent Vandendriessche in Ghent. In 1956–57, he worked with in Copenhagen (Denmark). In 1960, he obtained a fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation and joined the group of Bob Sinsheimer as a postdoc. At the California Institute of Technology Walter Fiers was exposed to Molecular Biology, which was then just developing, studying viral DNA. He demonstrated the physical, covalently closed circularity of Bacteriophage PhiX-174 DNA. In 1962, Fiers moved to Madison, Wisconsin, to work in the laboratory of future Nobel laureate, Gobind Khorana.
At the end of 1962, Fiers returned to Belgium and set up the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the University of Ghent. His research involved Bacteriophage MS2; he was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a gene (1972) and of a viral genome (bacteriophage MS2)(1976). In 1978 Fiers and his team were the first to reveal the complete nucleotide-sequence of SV40. The development of totally new procedures and knowledge led to the ability to clone almost any gene and to replicate these efficiently into bacteria or in other heterologous hosts.
In 1997 Fiers retired and became Professor Emeritus, the following year he re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Sigmund
|
Karl Sigmund (born July 26, 1945) is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Vienna and one of the pioneers of evolutionary game theory.
Career
Sigmund was schooled in the Lycée Francais de Vienne. From 1963 to 1968 he studied at the Institute of Mathematics at the University of Vienna, and obtained his Ph.D. under the supervision of Leopold Schmetterer. He spent his postdoctorate years (1968 to 1973) at Manchester ('68-'69), the Institut des hautes études scientifiques in Bures-sur-Yvette near Paris ('69-'70), the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (1970-'71), the University of Vienna (1971-'72) and the Austrian Academy of Sciences (1972-'73). In 1972 he received habilitation.
In 1973, Sigmund was appointed C3-professor at the University of Göttingen, and in 1974 became a full professor at the Institute of Mathematics in Vienna. His main scientific interest during these years was in ergodic theory and dynamical systems. From 1977 on, Sigmund became increasingly interested in different fields of biomathematics, and collaborated with Peter Schuster and Josef Hofbauer on mathematical ecology, chemical kinetics and population genetics, but especially on the new field of evolutionary game dynamics and replicator equations. Together with Martin Nowak, Christoph Hauert and Hannelore Brandt, he worked on game dynamical approaches to questions related with the evolution of cooperation in biological and human populations.
Since 1984, Sigmund has also worked as a part-time scie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef%20Schell
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Jozef Stefaan "Jeff", Baron Schell (20 July 1935 – 17 April 2003) was a Belgian molecular biologist.
Schell studied zoology and microbiology at the University of Ghent, Belgium. From 1967 to 1995 he worked as a professor at the university. From 1978 to 2000 he was director and head of the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research (Institut für Züchtungsforschung) at the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft in Cologne, Germany. He received many prizes, among which were the Francqui Prize in 1979, the Wolf Prize in Agriculture in 1990, and the Japan Prize in 1998, which he shared with Marc Van Montagu. He also was appointed Professeur Honoraire, Collège de France, Paris in 1998. He was granted the title of Baron by Baudouin of Belgium.
Schell was a pioneer in genetics who focused on the interaction between plants and soil bacteria. Along with his colleague, Marc Van Montagu, Jeff Schell discovered the gene transfer mechanism between Agrobacterium and plants, which resulted in the development of methods to alter Agrobacterium into an efficient delivery system for gene engineering in plants. Besides being a prominent scientist, in 1982 he co-founded, with Marc Van Montagu, the successful biotech company Plant Genetic Systems Inc., now part of Bayer CropScience.
See also
Walter Fiers
Mary-Dell Chilton
Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)
Selected publications
References
1935 births
2003 deaths
Flemish scientists
Flemish businesspeople
Belgian molecular biologists
Ghent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendelstein%207-X
|
The Wendelstein 7-X (abbreviated W7-X) reactor is an experimental stellarator built in Greifswald, Germany, by the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP), and completed in October 2015. Its purpose is to advance stellarator technology: though this experimental reactor will not produce electricity, it is used to evaluate the main components of a future fusion power plant; it was developed based on the predecessor Wendelstein 7-AS experimental reactor.
, the Wendelstein 7-X reactor is the world's largest stellarator device. After two successful operation phases ending in October 2018, the reactor was taken offline for upgrades. The upgrade completed in 2022. New fusion experiments in February 2023 demonstrated longer confinement and increased power. The goal of this phase is to gradually increase power and duration for up to 30 minutes of continuous plasma discharge, thus demonstrating an essential feature of a future fusion power plant: continuous operation.
The name of the project, referring to the mountain Wendelstein in Bavaria, was decided at the end of the 1950s, referencing the preceding project from Princeton University under the name Project Matterhorn.
The research facility is an independent partner project of the Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics with the University of Greifswald.
Design and main components
The Wendelstein 7-X device is based on a five-field-period Helias configuration. It is mainly a toroid, consisting of 50 non-planar and 20 plana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20Vanden%20Berghe
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Herman, Baron Vanden Berghe (Herman van den Berge) (born Overboelare, 12 June 1933, died Oud-Heverlee, 23 January 2017) was a Belgian pioneer in human genetics. He founded the Centrum voor Menselijke Erfelijkheid (Center for Human Genetics) at the medical faculty of the Catholic University of Leuven in Leuven (Louvain), Belgium. He was a cytogeneticist and applied cytogenetics to oncology. Among other findings, he discovered the deletion 5q syndrome in myelodysplasia. A native Flemish-speaker, he was also fluent in a number of other languages, including French and English, which facilitated his international role in medical genetics.
Professor Vanden Berghe was granted the title of Baron by Baudouin I, King of Belgium and from 2000 to 2003 served as chairman of the King Baudouin Foundation. He was a founding member of the International Forum for Biophilosophy established in Belgium by Royal Decree in 1988. The Forum is responsible for the Golden Eurydice Award.
See also
Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)
Notes
References
Janssen J et al., Clonal analysis of myelodysplastics syndromes – evidence of multipotent stem-cell origin, Blood, 73, 248–254, 1989.
Arthur DC et al., The clinical-significance of karyotype in acute myelogenous leukemia, Cancer Genet Cytogen, 40, 203–216, 1989.
Herman Van Den Berghe leaving Leuven University as an emeritus (in Dutch)
Herman Van den Berghe, entry in Who Named It
1933 births
2017 deaths
Belgian geneticists
Academic staff of K
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Van%20Montagu
|
Marc, Baron Van Montagu (born 10 November 1933 in Ghent) is a Belgian molecular biologist. He was full professor and director of the Laboratory of Genetics at the faculty of Sciences at Ghent University (Belgium) and scientific director of the genetics department of the Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB). Together with Jozef Schell he founded the biotech company Plant Genetic Systems Inc. (Belgium) in 1982, of which he was scientific director and member of the board of directors. Van Montagu was also involved in founding the biotech company CropDesign, of which he was a board member from 1998 to 2004. He is president of the Public Research and Regulation Initiative (PRRI).
Van Montagu and his colleagues were credited with the discovery of the Ti plasmid. They described the gene transfer mechanism between Agrobacterium and plants, which resulted in the development of methods to alter Agrobacterium into an efficient delivery system for gene engineering and to create transgenic plants. They developed plant molecular genetics, in particular molecular mechanisms for cell proliferation and differentiation and response to abiotic stresses (high light, ozone, cold, salt and drought) and constructed transgenic crops (tobacco, rape seed, corn) resistant to insect pest and tolerant to novel herbicides. His work with poplar trees resulted in engineering of trees with improved pulping qualities.
After his retirement as director of the Laboratory of Genetics at Gh
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