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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20Human%20Nature
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On Human Nature (1978; second edition 2004) is a book by the biologist E. O. Wilson, in which the author attempts to explain human nature and society through sociobiology. Wilson argues that evolution has left its traces on characteristics such as generosity, self-sacrifice, worship and the use of sex for pleasure, and proposes a sociobiological explanation of homosexuality.
He attempts to complete the Darwinian revolution by bringing biological thought into social sciences and humanities. Wilson describes On Human Nature as a sequel to his earlier books The Insect Societies (1971) and Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (1975).
The book won the Pulitzer Prize in 1979.
Summary
2004 Preface
The conundrum of human nature, as I and a few others saw it in 1978, can be solved only if scientific explanations embrace both the how (neurosciences) and why (evolutionary biology) of brain action, with the two axes of explanation fitted together. In The Insect Societies (1971), I proposed that a coherent branch of biology might be constructed from a synthesis of social behavior and population biology. In 1975 I expanded the conception of the discipline outlined to include vertebrate animals. The result was Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, a double-column, 697-page account of theory based on an encyclopedic review of all known social organisms. In a 1989 poll the officers and fellows of the international Animal Behavior Society ranked it the most important book on animal behavior of all
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20entity
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In chemistry and physics, a molecular entity, or chemical entity, is "any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer, etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity". A molecular entity is any singular entity, irrespective of its nature, used to concisely express any type of chemical particle that can exemplify some process: for example, atoms, molecules, ions, etc. can all undergo a chemical reaction.
Chemical species is the macroscopic equivalent of molecular entity and refers to sets or ensembles of molecular entities.
According to IUPAC, "The degree of precision necessary to describe a molecular entity depends on the context. For example 'hydrogen molecule' is an adequate definition of a certain molecular entity for some purposes, whereas for others it is necessary to distinguish the electronic state and/or vibrational state and/or nuclear spin, etc. of the hydrogen molecule."
See also
New chemical entity
Chemical Entities of Biological Interest
Notes and references
Chemical nomenclature
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mead%E2%80%93Conway%20VLSI%20chip%20design%20revolution
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The Mead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution, or Mead and Conway revolution, was a very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design revolution starting in 1978 which resulted in a worldwide restructuring of academic materials in computer science and electrical engineering education, and was paramount for the development of industries based on the application of microelectronics.
A prominent factor in promoting this design revolution throughout industry was the DARPA-funded VLSI Project instigated by Mead and Conway which spurred development of electronic design automation.
Details
When the integrated circuit was originally invented and commercialized, the initial chip designers were co-located with the physicists, engineers and factories that understood integrated circuit technology. At that time, fewer than 100 transistors would fit in an integrated circuit "chip". The design capability for such circuits was centered in industry, with universities struggling to catch up. Soon, the number of transistors which fit in a chip started doubling every year. (The doubling period later grew to two years.) Much more complex circuits could then fit on a single chip, but the device physicists who fabricated the chips were not experts in electronic circuit design, so their designs were limited more by their expertise and imaginations than by limitations in the technology.
In 1978–79, when approximately 20,000 transistors could be fabricated in a single chip, Carver Mead and Lynn Conway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Cesarsky
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Catherine Jeanne Cesarsky (born Catherine Jeanne Gattegno on 24 February 1943) is an Argentine and French astronomer, known for her successful research activities in several central areas of modern astrophysics. She was formerly president of the International Astronomical Union (2006-2009) and the director general of the European Southern Observatory (1999–2007). In 2017 she became Chairman of the Board of the Square Kilometre Array radio telescope project.
Education
Born in France, Catherine Cesarsky was largely raised in Argentina and she received a degree in physical sciences at the University of Buenos Aires. She graduated with a PhD in astronomy in 1971 from Harvard University (Cambridge, Mass., USA). Her thesis focused on the propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy and was advised by physicist Russell Kulsrud.
Career
After obtaining her PhD, Dr. Cesarsky was awarded a postdoctoral research fellowship at the California Institute of Technology for three years, where she worked with Peter Goldreich.
In 1974, she moved to France, becoming a staff member of the Service d'Astrophysique, Direction des Sciences de la Matière, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, and she established her further career in France. From 1985 to 1993, she was the head of the Service d'Astrophysique. Later, as Director of Direction des Sciences de la Matière from 1994 to 1999, she led about 3000 scientists, engineers and technicians active within a broad spectrum of basic research programmes in phys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynold%20C.%20Fuson
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Reynold Clayton Fuson (June 1, 1895 – August 4, 1979) was an American chemist.
Biography
Born in Wakefield, Illinois, Fuson attended Central Normal College in Danville, Indiana, where after one year in 1914 he was certified as a teacher. He received a Bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of Montana, a Master's degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota.
He accepted a postdoctoral appointment at Harvard University with E. P. Kohler and remained there to serve briefly as an instructor. He joined the Department of Chemistry at the University of Illinois in 1927. He retired in 1963 after thirty-five years as a distinguished teacher and researcher.
After retirement from the University of Illinois, Fuson spent fourteen years at the University of Nevada as a distinguished visiting professor and then as a professor emeritus.
Fuson published 285 scientific articles and wrote or co-wrote five textbooks, including The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds with R. L. Shriner and later including David Curtin and remains in print today with additional authors.
Fuson’s research interests were wide-ranging. He enunciated the principle of vinylogy which is now taught in terms of resonance in valence bond theory, elucidated the mechanism of the conjugate addition of Grignard reagents to unsaturated carbonyls compounds, and discovered stable enols and enediols of sterically hindered molecules.
Fuson’s accomplish
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Darwin
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Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended from a common ancestor is now generally accepted and considered a fundamental concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history and was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey.
Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. His studies at the University of Cambridge's Christ's College from 1828 to 1831 encouraged his passion for natural science. His five-year voyage on from 1831 to 1836 established Darwin as an eminent geologist, whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's concept of gradual geological change. Publication of his journal of the voyage made Darwin famous as a popular author.
Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations and, in 1838, devised his theory of natural selection. Altho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Morgan
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Will Morgan (born November 1966) is a Minnesota politician and former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), he represented District 56B, which includes portions of Dakota County in the southern Twin Cities metropolitan area. He is a physics teacher at Burnsville High School in Burnsville.
Minnesota House of Representatives
Morgan was first elected in 2006, defeating incumbent Republican Rep. Duke Powell. He was re-elected in 2008, but was unseated by Republican Pam Myhra in the 2010 general election.
On November 6, 2012, Morgan defeated Republican challenger Roz Peterson to return to the Legislature.
References
External links
Rep. Morgan official web page
1966 births
Living people
People from Burnsville, Minnesota
Democratic Party members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Friedrich%20Burdach
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Karl Friedrich Burdach (12 June 1776 – 16 July 1847) was a German physiologist. He was born in Leipzig and died in Königsberg. He was the first to use the word "biology" and was a pioneer of neuroanatomy.
Life
Burdach came from a family of physicians in Leipzig. He graduated in medicine at Leipzig in 1800 and trained in Vienna; became professor of physiology in the University of Dorpat in 1811, and four years later took a similar position at the University of Königsberg. He was influenced into Natural Philosophy by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling (1775- 1854).
He provided in 1822 the name, due to the arching shape of its longest fibres, of the arcuate fasciculus, the term amygdala, and in 1800 the name "Biology" in the modern sense of the term. He used the word biology and morphology as footnotes in his book Propädeutik zum Studium der gesammten Heilkunde. Burdach was an advocate of vitalism. He believed in a life force that "created the whole world and produced each living thing."
Legacy
Burdach's work on the anatomy of the brain and nervous system introduced a number of names. It was published in three volumes Vom Baue und Leben des Gehirns (1819-1826). The column of Burdach or fasciculus cuneatus, the lateral portion of the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord is named for him. He differentiated the caudate nucleus from the putamen and identified the globus pallidus and its inner and outer segments.
Works
Diatetik für Gesunde (1805)
Enzyklopädie der Heilwis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20W.%20Greider
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Carolyn Widney Greider (born April 15, 1961) is an American molecular biologist and Nobel laureate. She joined the University of California, Santa Cruz as a Distinguished Professor in the department of molecular, cell, and developmental biology in October 2020.
Greider discovered the enzyme telomerase in 1984, while she was a graduate student of Elizabeth Blackburn at the University of California, Berkeley. Greider pioneered research on the structure of telomeres, the ends of the chromosomes. She was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Blackburn and Jack W. Szostak, for their discovery that telomeres are protected from progressive shortening by the enzyme telomerase.
Early life and education
Greider was born in San Diego, California. Her father, Kenneth Greider, was a physics professor. Her family moved from San Diego to Davis, California, where she spent many of her early years and graduated from Davis Senior High School in 1979. She graduated from the College of Creative Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, with a B.A. in biology in 1983. During this time she also studied at the University of Göttingen and made significant discoveries there.
Greider is dyslexic and states that her "compensatory skills also played a role in my success as a scientist because one has to intuit many different things that are going on at the same time and apply those to a particular problem" Greider initially suspected her dyslexia after se
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwind%20P.%20Kaufmann
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Berwind P. Kaufmann (April 23, 1897 – September 12, 1975) was an important American biologist. After starting off as a botanist looking at plant chromosomes, Berwind Kaufmann ended up making pioneering contributions to three principal fields of basic cytogenetics:
the formation of chromosomal rearrangements by exposure to ionizing radiation;
the identification of specialized regions (the nucleolar organizer and heterochromatic regions) of the somatic chromosomes of the fruit fly Drosophila;
and the determination of the biochemical composition of both plant and animal chromosomes using purified enzymes.
Career
Kaufmann was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He stayed in his hometown and attended the University of Pennsylvania, receiving his B.Sc. degree in 1918, M.A. in 1920, and Ph.D. in 1925. His doctoral thesis dealt with the structure of the chromosomes of Tradescantia and led to a major publication. In 1926 he went to Southwestern College, Memphis, Tennessee, where he taught biology. He left in 1929 to become professor and chairman of the Department of Botany at the University of Alabama. He took a sabbatical leave in 1932–1933 at the California Institute of Technology. He left Alabama in 1936 to go to the Department of Genetics of the Carnegie Institution of Washington at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, New York where he happily remained for 25 years, the balance of his career.
Anecdote
In a biographical memoir of Berwind Kaufmann, the Nobel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Lounsbery%20Award
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The Richard Lounsbery Award is given to American and French scientists, 45 years or younger, in recognition of "extraordinary scientific achievement in biology and medicine."
The Award alternates between French and American scientists, and is awarded by the National Academy of Sciences and the French Academy of Sciences in alternating years to a scientist from the other country. The award is selected by a seven-member jury representing both the French and the US Academies. The recipient receives a $75,000 prize, funding to visit a lab or research institution in the awarding country, and an invitation to give the Lounsbery Lecture in the awarding country.
The Lounsbery Award was established in 1979 by Vera Lounsbery in memory of her husband, Richard Lounsbery, and is funded by the Richard Lounsbery Foundation. Richard and Vera met in Paris after World War I, and the couple divided their time between Paris and New York.
Award recipients
Source:
2022 Claire Wyart, for her outstanding research on the sensory interface between the central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid that controls our posture and movements.
2021 Feng Zhang, for his pioneering achievements in the field of genome editing, including the discovery of novel CRISPR systems and their development as molecular tools.
2020 , for her work in developmental biology, in particular training and evolution of periodic patterns on the plumage of birds.
2019 Jay Shendure, for his pioneering work and leadership in the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20E.%20Siday
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Raymond Eldred Siday (1912–1956) was an English mathematician specialising in quantum mechanics. He obtained his BSc in Special Physics and later worked at the University of Edinburgh. He began collaborating with Werner Ehrenberg in 1933.
Raymond Siday is known for the Ehrenberg–Siday effect.
Family
He was the brother of Eric Siday, a pioneer of electronic music and amateur racing driver
Ehrenberg–Siday–Aharonov–Bohm effect
The Ehrenberg–Siday effect, later known as the Aharonov–Bohm effect, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon by which a charged particle is affected by electromagnetic fields in regions from which the particle is excluded. The earliest form of this effect was predicted by Ehrenberg and Siday in 1949, and similar effects were later rediscovered by Aharonov and Bohm in 1959.
Such effects are predicted to arise from both magnetic fields and electric fields, but the magnetic version has been easier to observe. In general, the consequence of Aharonov–Bohm effects is that knowledge of the classical electromagnetic field acting locally on a particle is not sufficient to predict its quantum-mechanical behavior.
Selected papers
References
Siday, R. E.
Siday, R. E.
Siday, Raymond Eldred
British mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Edgar%20Dick
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John Edgar Dick (born in 1954) is Canada Research Chair in Stem Cell Biology, Senior Scientist at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics at the University of Toronto in Canada. Dick is credited with first identifying cancer stem cells in certain types of human leukemia. His revolutionary findings highlighted the importance of understanding that not all cancer cells are the same and thus spawned a new direction in cancer research. Dick is also known for his demonstration of a blood stem cell's ability to replenish the blood system of a mouse, his development of a technique to enable an immune-deficient mouse to carry and produce human blood, and his creation of the world's first mouse with human leukemia.
Early life and education
Dick was raised on a farm in southern Manitoba. His early education was gained in a one-room schoolhouse. Later he moved to Winnipeg to study to become an X-ray technician. There he noticed one of his roommates was attending university and studying biology. Dick realized he was more interested in biology and decided to switch pursuits.
Dick started off at the University of Manitoba specializing in microbiology and graduating with a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1984.
Career and research
In 1984, he moved to Toronto. In order to support his wife and two children, Dick worked part-time at an X-ray lab while he finished his post-doctorate work in Alan Bernstein’s lab. Be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Ittel
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Steven Dale Ittel (born 1946 in Hamilton, Ohio) is an American chemist specializing in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis.
Training
Ittel attended Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he received a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1968. He was then commissioned as an officer in the United States Public Health Service and studied photochemical smog in the New York City metropolitan area from 1968 to 1970. He attended Northwestern University, where he received his PhD in chemistry under the direction of James A. Ibers in 1974.
Career
Ittel worked on hydride activation of lanthanides for Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) at Monsanto's Mound Laboratories for a short time. Upon receiving his PhD from Northwestern University, he joined DuPont’s Central Research Department at the Experimental Station in Wilmington, Delaware.
Ittel is best known for his contributions to organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. He discovered fluxional processes in both diamagnetic and paramagnetic π-allyl organometallic complexes bearing M-H-C agostic interactions. He was responsible for a series of C-H activation reactions based upon fleeting zero-valent iron complexes bearing bidentate phosphorus ligands.
While working on the air oxidation of cyclohexane to adipic acid (an intermediate in the preparation of nylon-66) he discovered a series of bis(pyridylimino)isoindoline complexes of cobalt to be very effective catalysts for the decomposition of the int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20M.%20Russell
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James Michael Russell is an American paleoclimatologist and climatologist. He is the Royce Family Professor of Teaching Excellence and a Professor of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences at Brown University. Russell researches the climate, paleoclimate, and limnology.
Education
Russell received a B.A. in Earth and Environmental Science from Wesleyan University in 1998. Russell then worked as a Junior Scientist at the Limnological Research Center at the University of Minnesota for one year before beginning his Ph.D. in Ecology at the University of Minnesota. Russell's doctoral advisor was . Russell's dissertation in 2004 was titled The Holocene Paleolimnology and Paleoclimatology of Lake Edward, Uganda-Congo.
Career and research
Russell is a paleoclimatologist and climatologist. After graduating from the University of Minnesota, Russell joined the Large Lakes Observatory at the University of Minnesota Duluth. In 2006, Russell joined the faculty of Brown University, where he was awarded tenure and the Royce Family Professorship of Teaching Excellence, in recognition of his teaching ability in 2018.
Russell's primary fields are paleoclimatology, paleolimnology, and paleoecology. He is particularly well known for his work reconstructing climates from Tropical lake sediments.
According to Scopus, he has published 113 research articles so far with 37366 citations and has an H-index of 32.
Editorial activities
2017-2020: Associate Editor for Paleoceanography and Pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostic%20interaction
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In organometallic chemistry, agostic interaction refers to the interaction of a coordinatively-unsaturated transition metal with a C−H bond, when the two electrons involved in the C−H bond enter the empty d-orbital of the transition metal, resulting in a three-center two-electron bond. Many catalytic transformations, e.g. oxidative addition and reductive elimination, are proposed to proceed via intermediates featuring agostic interactions. Agostic interactions are observed throughout organometallic chemistry in alkyl, alkylidene, and polyenyl ligands.
History
The term agostic, derived from the Ancient Greek word for "to hold close to oneself", was coined by Maurice Brookhart and Malcolm Green, on the suggestion of the classicist Jasper Griffin, to describe this and many other interactions between a transition metal and a C−H bond. Often such agostic interactions involve alkyl or aryl groups that are held close to the metal center through an additional σ-bond.
Short interactions between hydrocarbon substituents and coordinatively unsaturated metal complexes have been noted since the 1960s. For example, in tris(triphenylphosphine) ruthenium dichloride, a short interaction is observed between the ruthenium(II) center and a hydrogen atom on the ortho position of one of the nine phenyl rings. Complexes of borohydride are described as using the three-center two-electron bonding model.
The nature of the interaction was foreshadowed in main group chemistry in the structural c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn%20Bertozzi
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Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi (born October 10, 1966) is an American chemist and Nobel laureate, known for her wide-ranging work spanning both chemistry and biology. She coined the term "bioorthogonal chemistry" for chemical reactions compatible with living systems. Her recent efforts include synthesis of chemical tools to study cell surface sugars called glycans and how they affect diseases such as cancer, inflammation, and viral infections like COVID-19. At Stanford University, she holds the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professorship in the School of Humanities and Sciences. Bertozzi is also an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and is the former director of the Molecular Foundry, a nanoscience research center at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
She received the MacArthur "genius" award at age 33. In 2010, she was the first woman to receive the prestigious Lemelson–MIT Prize faculty award. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (2005), the Institute of Medicine (2011), and the National Academy of Inventors (2013). In 2014, it was announced that Bertozzi would lead ACS Central Science, the American Chemical Society's first peer-reviewed open access journal, which offers all content free to the public. Since 2021 she has been a member of the Accademia dei Lincei.
As an open lesbian in academia and science, Bertozzi has been a role model for students and colleagues.
Bertozzi was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, jointly with Morten
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota%20Sigma%20Pi
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Iota Sigma Pi () is a national honor society in the United States. It was established in 1902 and specializes in the promotion of women in the sciences, especially chemistry. It also focuses on personal and professional growth for women in these fields. As with all honor societies, they create professional networks along with recognizing achievements of women in chemistry.
History
The society was formed during a period when women gained little recognition for their work. Therefore, women began to set up their own awards to highlight their abilities on their resumes.
The national society was formed in 1902 by Agnes Faye Morgan. She was appointed department chair of the Department of Household Science and Arts at the University of California and was one of the first to integrate chemistry into the curriculum of home economics. She continued to participate in the society throughout her professional life and had a particular focus on research. She also founded a local honour society for women in home economics named Alpha Nu.
The society goals were to encourage women to pursue chemistry academically, to "stimulate personal accomplishment in chemical fields" and to promote the academic, business and social lives of its members.
Early chapters opened at the University of Washington around 1910 and continued to spread across the country, and eventually held meetings for the American Chemical Society. In the 1930s, there was an offer of amalgamation from the Phi Lambda Upsilon h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20Sigma%20Kappa
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Alpha Sigma Kappa – Women in Technical Studies ( – WiTS) is a social sorority for women in the fields of mathematics, architecture, engineering, technology and the sciences.
The sorority was founded at the University of Minnesota in 1989 by a group of women who had formerly been affiliated with the Sisters of Triangle Fraternity program. Alpha Sigma Kappa became a national organization in 1996.
History
Alpha Sigma Kappa originally grew from a Little Sisters of Triangle organization at the University of Minnesota. In the late 1980s, Little Sister programs were being phased out by fraternal organizations across the country; Triangle Fraternity's National Council resolved to do so with their local Little Sisters organizations. To maintain a formal relationship, the University of Minnesota's Little Sisters group chose to found Alpha Sigma Kappa. The sorority was created on May 1, 1989, by eighteen Founding Sisters. The founding sisters include:
When Alpha Sigma Kappa was founded, scientific careers were filled primarily by men. In 1989, only seventeen percent of the students enrolled in the Institute of Technology at the University of Minnesota were female. The Founding Sisters of the organization wished to create a sorority dedicated to supporting women who entered these fields. Alpha Sigma Kappa was intended to bring women pursuing technical studies together in a social setting: working to develop, encourage, and support the academic and social needs of these women. At the t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace%20Judson
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Horace Judson may refer to:
Horace Freeland Judson (1931–2011), historian of molecular biology
Horace A. Judson, American educator and academic administrator
Horace S. Judson (1863–1926), American glove manufacturer and politician from New York
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes%20Fay%20Morgan%20Research%20Award
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The Agnes Fay Morgan Research Award was established in 1951 by the Iota Sigma Pi honorary society for women in chemistry. The award is given for research achievement in chemistry or biochemistry to a woman not over forty years of age at the time of her nomination. Individual chapters, Iota Sigma Pi members, chemists, and groups of chemists may nominate eligible chemists for the prize.
The award was named for Agnes Fay Morgan (1884–1968), biochemist and nutritionist, born in Peoria, Illinois, USA. She studied at the University of Chicago (BS, MS, PhD), and taught at the University of California, Berkeley (1915–54), where she helped organize (1919) what was to become a nationally outstanding home economics department. A founder of the science of nutrition, her research focused on the analysis of nutrients in foods, the stability of vitamins and proteins during food processing, and the physiological effects of vitamin deficiencies. Especially noteworthy was her discovery of the role of pantothenic acid in adrenal function and pigmentation. Her work for government and private agencies included the development of improved methods of dehydrating foods.
Award recipients
Source: Iota Sigma Pi
See also
List of chemistry awards
List of science and technology awards for women
References
Awards established in 1951
Chemistry awards
Science awards honoring women
Early career awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%20output
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In physics, work output is the work done by a simple machine, compound machine, or any type of engine model. In common terms, it is the energy output, which for simple machines is always less than the energy input, even though the forces may be drastically different.
In [thermodynamics], work output can refer to the thermodynamic work done by a heat engine, in which case the amount of work output must be less than the input as energy is lost to heat, as determined by the engine's efficiency.
References
Thermodynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garvan%E2%80%93Olin%20Medal
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The Francis P. Garvan–John M. Olin Medal is an annual award that recognizes distinguished scientific accomplishment, leadership and service to chemistry by women chemists. The Award is offered by the American Chemical Society (ACS), and consists of a cash prize (US$5,000) and a medal. The medal was designed by Margaret Christian Grigor.
Background
Any individual may nominate a single eligible chemist in one year. Nominees must be a female citizen of the United States.
The award was established by Francis Garvan and Mabel Brady Garvan in 1936 in honor of their daughter. It was initially an essay contest, that ran for seven years, as a memorial to their daughter (the American Chemical Society's Prize Essay Contest). It was solely funded by the Francis P. Garvan Medal Endowment from its establishment in 1936 until 1979. W. R. Grace & Co. assumed co-sponsorship of the award from 1979 to 1983. In 1984, Olin Corporation assumed co-sponsorship. Mabel Brady Garvan remained involved with the Award through 1967.
The Garvan–Olin Award is the ACS' third-oldest award, and the first award established to honor women chemists.
Award recipients
1937 Emma P. Carr
1940 Mary Engle Pennington
1942 Florence B. Seibert
1946 Icie Macy Hoobler
1947 Mary Lura Sherrill
1948 Gerty Cori
1949 Agnes Fay Morgan
1950 Pauline Beery Mack
1951 Katharine B. Blodgett
1952 Gladys A. Emerson
1953 Leonora N. Bilger
1954 Betty Sullivan
1955 Grace Medes
1956 Allene R. Jeanes
1957 Lucy W. Pickett
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force%20field
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Force field may refer to:
Science
Force field (chemistry), a set of parameter and equations for use in molecular mechanics simulations
Force field (physics), a vector field indicating the forces exerted by one object on another
Force field (technology), a barrier made up of energy, plasma or particles to protect a person, area or object from attacks or intrusions or as a means of containment or confinement
Force field, a region in the spinal cord that causes limbs to exert a consistent force depending on the limbs' position
Force-field analysis, a concept in the social sciences
Arts and entertainment
Force Field (album), by the Atomic Bitchwax, 2017
Forcefield (album), by Tokyo Police Club, 2014
"Force Field", by Smash Mouth from Smash Mouth (album), 2001
Forcefield (art collective), an American noise band and art collective
Forcefield (band), a British hard rock band
"Force Field", the theme tune of the British game show The Crystal Maze
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation%20%28histology%29
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In the fields of histology, pathology, and cell biology, fixation is the preservation of biological tissues from decay due to autolysis or putrefaction. It terminates any ongoing biochemical reactions and may also increase the treated tissues' mechanical strength or stability. Tissue fixation is a critical step in the preparation of histological sections, its broad objective being to preserve cells and tissue components and to do this in such a way as to allow for the preparation of thin, stained sections. This allows the investigation of the tissues' structure, which is determined by the shapes and sizes of such macromolecules (in and around cells) as proteins and nucleic acids.
Purposes
In performing their protective role, fixatives denature proteins by coagulation, by forming additive compounds, or by a combination of coagulation and additive processes. A compound that adds chemically to macromolecules stabilizes structure most effectively if it is able to combine with parts of two different macromolecules, an effect known as cross-linking.
Fixation of tissue is done for several reasons. One reason is to kill the tissue so that postmortem decay (autolysis and putrefaction) is prevented.
Fixation preserves biological material (tissue or cells) as close to its natural state as possible in the process of preparing tissue for examination. To achieve this, several conditions usually must be met.
First, a fixative usually acts to disable intrinsic biomolecules—particularly pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alces%20%28journal%29
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Alces is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes original papers on the biology and management of moose (Alces alces) throughout their circumpolar distribution, as well as other ungulate or carnivore species that overlap their range. It has been edited
in published in Lakehead University (Thunder Bay, Ontario) since 1978 . A single volume per year is published; a volume has one or sometimes two issues, with occasional supplements.
History
The history of the Alces journal is connected with the North American Moose Conference and Workshop, whose Annual Meetings have taken place
since 1963 . From the early days, a summary of the events was produced for each meeting in mimeographed form. Since the Fifth meeting of the conference in Alaska in 1968, formal publication of conference proceedings started, becoming regular annual issues since 1972 .
These proceedings are considered the predecessor of the Alces journal, and are including in the numbering of its volumes. The name Alces was adapted for the journal in 1981 (volume 17) .
Special issues
Alces has also had special issues for several of the International Moose Symposia. While the materials of the First International Moose Symposium (Québec City, 1973) and Second International Moose Symposium (Uppsala, 1984) appeared in other journals, the proceedings of the Third (Syktyvkar, 1990), Fourth (Fairbanks, 1997) and Fifth (Øyer, Norway) International Moose Symposia appeared as supplements or special issues of Alces.
C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial%20method
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Combinatorial method may refer to:
Combinatorial method (linguistics), a method used for the study of unknown languages
Combinatorial principles, combinatorial methods used in combinatorics, a branch of mathematics
Combinatorial optimization, combinatorial methods in applied mathematics and theoretical computer science used in finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20frequency%20content%20measure
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In signal processing, the high frequency content measure is a simple measure, taken across a signal spectrum (usually a STFT spectrum), that can be used to characterize the amount of high-frequency content in the signal. The magnitudes of the spectral bins are added together, but multiplying each magnitude by the bin "position" (proportional to the frequency). Thus if X(k) is a discrete spectrum with N unique points, its high frequency content measure is:
In contrast to perceptual measures, this is not based on any evidence about its relevance to human hearing. Despite that, it can be useful for some applications, such as onset detection.
The measure has close similarities to the spectral centroid measure, being essentially the same calculation but without normalization according to overall magnitude.
References
P. Brossier, J. P. Bello and M. D. Plumbley. Real-time temporal segmentation of note objects in music signals, in Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference (ICMC 2004), Miami, Florida, USA, November 1–6, 2004.
Masri, P. (1996). Computer modeling of Sound for Transformation and Synthesis of Musical Signal. PhD dissertation, University of Bristol.
Digital signal processing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20Computer%20Society
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The Brazilian Computer Society () was established in 1978, as a scientific and educational organization dedicated to the advancement of computer science in Brazil and the associated technologies and applications. SBC is a leading forum for researchers, students and computing professionals working in the various fields of Computer Science and Information Technology, being the largest computer society in South America.
It is structurally organized as a board of directors, seven regional chapters and a network of 170 institutional representation offices in universities and research institutions throughout Brazil. Research activities are fostered by 27 special interest groups.
Newton Faller Award
The Newton Faller Award is awarded by the SBC to honor members who have distinguished themselves throughout their lives for services to the SBC.
The award is exclusive to current members and founders and is delivered during the opening ceremony of the SBC Congress. It is named in memory of Newton Faller (1947–1996), a Brazilian computer scientist and electrical engineer.
Recipients include:
Source: Brazilian Computer Society
2019: José Augusto Suruagy Monteiro (UFPE)
2018: José Palazzo Moreira de Oliveira (UFRGS)
2017: Paulo Roberto Freire Cunha (UFPE)
2016: Carlos Eduardo Ferreira (USP)
2015: Taisy Silva Weber (UFRGS)
2014: Ricardo Augusto da Luz Reis (UFRGS)
2013: Ricardo de Oliveiro Anido (UNICAMP)
2012: Philippe Alexandre Olivier Navaux (UFRGS)
2011: Daltro José Nunes (UFRGS)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTF
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OTF may refer to:
Science and technology
OTF knife, or sliding knife, a type of pocketknife
OpenType, a standard for digital typography (file extension .otf)
Optical transfer function, a metric for evaluating optical systems
Triflate, in organic chemistry, a functional group represented by the symbol -OTf
Off-the-film metering, in camera metering systems, a type of through-the-lens metering
Other uses
Obstructing the field, an infringement in cricket
Only the Family, an American hip-hop collective and the associated record label, OTF
Ontario Teachers' Federation, Canada
Open Technology Fund, an American nonprofit corporation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20Occupations%20Basic%20Entrance%20Test
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The HOBET (Health Occupations Basic Entrance Test) is an entrance exam used in the United States to determine if a person is qualified to enter a health occupation worker.
The HOBET covers the following topics:
Reading
Paragraph and Passage Comprehension
Informational Source Comprehension
Mathematics
Numbers and Operation
Algebraic Applications
Data Interpretation
Measurement
Science
Human Body Science
Life Science
Earth and Physical Science
Scientific Reasoning
English and Language Usage
Grammar and Word Meanings in Context
Spelling and Punctuation
Structure
References
Nursing in the United States
Standardized tests
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GenePattern
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GenePattern is a freely available computational biology open-source software package originally created and developed at the Broad Institute for the analysis of genomic data. Designed to enable researchers to develop, capture, and reproduce genomic analysis methodologies, GenePattern was first released in 2004. GenePattern is currently developed at the University of California, San Diego.
Functionality
GenePattern is a powerful scientific workflow system that provides access to hundreds of genomic analysis tools. Use these analysis tools as building blocks to design sophisticated analysis pipelines that capture the methods, parameters, and data used to produce analysis results. Pipelines can be used to create, edit and share reproducible in silico results.
Project Objectives
Accessibility: Run over 200 regularly updated analysis and visualization tools (that support data preprocessing, gene expression analysis, proteomics, Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, flow cytometry, and next-generation sequencing) and create analytic workflows without any programming through a point and click user interface.
Reproducibility: Automated history and provenance tracking with versioning so that any user can share, repeat and understand a complete computational analysis
Extensibility: Computational users can import their methods and code for sharing using tools that support easy creation and integration
Multiple interfaces: Web browser, application, and programmatic interf
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam%20Science%20Park
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Amsterdam Science Park is a science park in the Oost city district of Amsterdam, Netherlands with foci on physics, mathematics, information technology and the life sciences. The 70 hectare (175 acre) park provides accommodations for science, business and housing. Resident groups include institutes of the natural science faculties of the University of Amsterdam, several research institutes, and related companies. Three of the colocations of the Amsterdam Internet Exchange are at the institutes SURFsara, NIKHEF, and Equinix-AM3 at the science park.
In 2009, the Amsterdam Science Park railway station was by opened then-mayor Job Cohen.
Science and business
FOM Institute AMOLF (Physics of Biomolecular systems and Nanophotonics)
Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL)
National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI)
Faculty of Science (FNWI) of the University of Amsterdam offering education programmes in biology, chemistry, computer science, earth science, physics, mathematics etc. and comprising eight research institutes, including:
Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)
Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC)
Institute of Physics (IoP)
Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics (KdVI)
Netherlands eScience Center (NLeSC)
National Institute for Subatomic Physics (Nikhef)
SURFsara (computer centre)
EGI.eu, the coordinating organisation for the European Grid Infrastructure
More than 90 companies in the fields o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Tarab%20Ali
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Dr. Ali Tarab Ali (born July 20, 1947) is a Member of Parliament in the National Assembly of Tanzania and is the Shadow Minister for Health and Social Welfare. He received a Master's degree and Ph.D, both in biochemistry, from Kharkov State University in the Soviet Union (now Kharkiv University in Ukraine). Prior to being a member of Parliament, Ali was a biochemist within the Ministry of Health for Zanzibar and a lecturer at Muhimbili University College of Health Science.
He is also a lecturer for biochemistry at Hurbert kairuki memorial university (HKMU). His students includes Mtenga (Revised by Rx).
References
External links
Parliament of Tanzania website
1947 births
Living people
Tanzanian educators
Members of the National Assembly (Tanzania)
Civic United Front politicians
National University of Kharkiv alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20J.%20Fogel
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Dr. Lawrence Jerome Fogel (March 2, 1928 – February 18, 2007) was a pioneer in evolutionary computation and human factors analysis. He is known as the inventor of active noise cancellation and the father of evolutionary programming. His scientific career spanned nearly six decades and included electrical engineering, aerospace engineering, communication theory, human factors research, information processing, cybernetics, biotechnology, artificial intelligence, and computer science.
Aerospace engineering and antenna design
During 1948-1949, shortly after completing his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from New York University, Lawrence Fogel worked at Watson Laboratories (USAF) computing radiation patterns for VHF and UHF radio direction finders for use in ground-to-air operations. He designed feedback amplifier filters to improve the signal-to-noise ratio for these radio systems. At Eglin Air Force Base, he controlled the final flight test program for the Diversity Antenna Array. Between 1950 and 1953, Fogel worked for Coles Signal Laboratory (U.S. Army Signal Corps) as an engineer in charge of the installation of electronic communication and navigation equipment in Army aircraft and helicopters. He completed his master's degree in electrical engineering at this same time from Rutgers University. During his time with Stavid Engineering, Inc. (New Jersey) between 1953 and 1956, he directed field operations of the Regulus Missile guidance system for submarines and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumon
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Kumon Institute Education Co. Ltd. is an educational network based in Japan and created by Toru Kumon. It uses his Kumon Method to teach mathematics and reading primarily for young students.
History
Kumon was founded by Toru Kumon, a Japanese educator, in July 1958, when he opened the first Kumon Maths Centre in Moriguchi, Osaka. Prior to creating the Kumon franchise, Kumon taught at Kochi Municipal High School and Tosa Junior/Senior High School. Inspired by teaching his own son, Takeshi, Kumon developed a curriculum focused on rote memorization.
Kumon initially grew slowly, only gaining 63,000 students over its first 16 years. However, in 1974, Kumon published a book titled The Secret of Kumon Math, leading to a doubling of its size in the next two years. Kumon opened their first United States locations in 1983, and by 1985, Kumon reached 1.4 million students.
Kumon soon added more educational subjects, leading them to change their name from Kumon Institute of Mathematics to Kumon Institute of Education. At this point, the first Kumon Logo was created. In 1985, Kumon's success lead to an increase in enrollments.
Kumon attracted national attention in the United States after it was implemented at Sumiton Elementary School, in Sumiton, Alabama. This was the first instance in which an American school integrated the Kumon Math Method into the regular K–4 mathematics curriculum. Sumiton continued to use the Kumon program through 2001, and influenced other schools to also adopt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine%20Fuchs
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Elaine V. Fuchs is an American cell biologist famous for her work on the biology and molecular mechanisms of mammalian skin and skin diseases, who helped lead the modernization of dermatology. Fuchs pioneered reverse genetics approaches, which assess protein function first and then assess its role in development and disease. In particular, Fuchs researches skin stem cells and their production of hair and skin. She is an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Rebecca C. Lancefield Professor of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development at The Rockefeller University.
Early life and education
Fuchs grew up outside Chicago, in a family of scientists—her father, aunt, and sister were also scientists, and her family encouraged her to pursue higher education. She said those influences were especially important to her as a child. During an interview with Faiza Elmasry in 2010, Fuchs said, "I think like many of the children in our world, I got interested in science just from having a butterfly net and from having a few strainers and some boots and going down to the streams and creeks and being out in the fields." Even her mother, who was a homemaker, inspired her to pursue her interest in science at a time when not many women went into scientific fields. "She was a housewife but she took pride in everything that she did. She encouraged my sister and me in all different ways. My mom always said, 'You're a good cook, you'll make a fine scientist,' when I told her that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20science%20and%20technology%20awards%20for%20women
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This list of science and technology awards for women is an index to articles about notable awards made to women for work in science and the STEM (Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields generally. It includes awards for astronomy, space and atmospheric science; biology and medicine; chemistry; engineering; mathematics; neuroscience; physics; technology; and general or multiple fields.
Astronomy, space, atmospheric science
Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy – annual award for outstanding contributions to astronomy by a woman within five years of earning a doctorate degree
Peter B. Wagner Memorial Award for Women in Atmospheric Sciences – awarded annually since 1998, based on paper completion, to a woman studying for a Masters or PhD in atmospheric science at a university in the United States
Biology and medicine
Elizabeth Blackwell Medal, given by the American Medical Women's Association to a woman physician "who has made the most outstanding contributions to the cause of women in the field of medicine"
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Excellence in Science Award
Group on Women in Medicine and Science Leadership Awards, Association of American Medical Colleges
Margaret Oakley Dayhoff Award from the Biophysical Society, Rockville, Maryland – given to a woman who "has achieved prominence for 'substantial contributions to science'" and showing high promise in the early part of her career
Pearl Meister Greengard Prize –
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Ruben
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Samuel Ruben (14 July 1900 – 16 July 1988) was an American inventor who made lasting contributions to electrochemistry and solid-state technology, including the founding of Duracell. He is listed as an inventor in over 200 patents.
Early life
Born in Harrison, New Jersey to a Jewish family, Samuel Ruben got his start in electronics when he became a licensed ham radio operator and built radios with spare parts. He had no college degree, withdrawing from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn after a few years due to stress. Samuel Ruben met professor Bergen Davis of Columbia University who tutored him and allowed him to sit in on some Columbia classes. He later returned as a research student at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. Ruben received several honorary degrees. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree from his alma mater Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, as well as from Columbia University in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Science where he served as a Senior Staff Associate, and Butler University. He also taught at Harvard as a lecturer in chemistry. He endowed a scholarship for Chemical Engineering at Polytechnic (1968–1972).
Company history
Samuel Ruben established Ruben Laboratories in the early 1920s, when Bergen Davis persuaded Electrochemical's main investor Malcolm Clephane to finance a private laboratory for Ruben in lower Manhattan. Ruben moved himself and the lab to New Rochelle, New York, where he would stay for the next
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilin%20%28biochemistry%29
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Bilins, bilanes or bile pigments are biological pigments formed in many organisms as a metabolic product of certain porphyrins. Bilin (also called bilichrome) was named as a bile pigment of mammals, but can also be found in lower vertebrates, invertebrates, as well as red algae, green plants and cyanobacteria. Bilins can range in color from red, orange, yellow or brown to blue or green.
In chemical terms, bilins are linear arrangements of four pyrrole rings (tetrapyrroles). In human metabolism, bilirubin is a breakdown product of heme. A modified bilane is an intermediate in the biosynthesis and uroporphyrinogen III from porphobilinogen.
Examples of bilins are found in animals (cardinal examples are bilirubin and biliverdin), and phycocyanobilin, the chromophore of the photosynthetic pigment phycocyanin, in algae and plants. In plants, bilins also serve as the photopigments of the photoreceptor protein phytochrome. An example of an invertebrate bilin is micromatabilin, which is responsible for the green color of the Green Huntsman Spider, Micrommata virescens.
In plants
Most photosynthetic, oxygen-producing organisms contain the positive chlorophyll biosynthesis regulator GENOMES UNCOUPLED 4 (GUN4). Research suggests that GUN4 regulates chlorophyll synthesis, by activating the enzyme Magnesium chelatase, which catalyzes the insertion of Mg2+ into Protoporphyrin IX. Bilins noncovalently bind to CrGUN4, an algal GUN4 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which has been shown to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulvio%20Melia
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Fulvio Melia (born 2 August 1956) is an Italian-American astrophysicist, cosmologist and author. He is professor of physics, astronomy and the applied math program at the University of Arizona and was a scientific editor of The Astrophysical Journal and an associate editor of The Astrophysical Journal Letters. A former Presidential Young Investigator and Sloan Research Fellow, he is the author of six English books (and various foreign translations) and 230 refereed articles on theoretical astrophysics and cosmology.
Career
Melia was born in Gorizia, Italy. He was educated at Melbourne University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and held a post-doctoral research position at the University of Chicago, before taking an assistant professorship at Northwestern University in 1987. Moving to the University of Arizona as an associate professor in 1991, he became a full professor in 1993. From 1988 to 1995, he was a Presidential Young Investigator (under President Ronald Reagan), and then an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow from 1989 to 1992. He became a fellow of the American Physical Society in 2002. He is also a professorial fellow in the School of Physics, Melbourne University, and a distinguished visiting professor at Purple Mountain Observatory in Nanjing, China.
From 1996 to 2002, he was a scientific editor with the Astrophysical Journal, and has later been an associate editor with The Astrophysical Journal Letters. He is also the chief editor of the Theoretical Astr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party%20fair%20exchange%20protocol
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In cryptography, a multi-party fair exchange protocol is protocol where parties accept to deliver an item if and only if they receive an item in return.
Definition
Matthew K. Franklin and Gene Tsudik suggested in 1998 the following classification:
An -party single-unit general exchange is a permutation on , where each party offers a single unit of commodity to , and receives a single unit of commodity from .
An -party multi-unit general exchange is a matrix of baskets, where the entry in row and column is the basket of goods given by to .
See also
Secure multi-party computation
References
Cryptographic protocols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio%20Russo
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Lucio Russo (born 22 November 1944) is an Italian physicist, mathematician and historian of science. Born in Venice, he teaches at the Mathematics Department of the University of Rome Tor Vergata.
Among his main areas of interest are Gibbs measure of the Ising model, percolation theory, and finite Bernoulli schemes, within which he proved an approximate version of the classical Kolmogorov's zero–one law.
In the history of science, he has reconstructed some contributions of the Hellenistic astronomer Hipparchus, through the analysis of his surviving works, and the proof of heliocentrism attributed by Plutarch to Seleucus of Seleucia and studied the history of theories of tides, from the Hellenistic to modern age.
Books
The Forgotten Revolution
In The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn (Italian: La rivoluzione dimenticata), Russo promotes the belief that Hellenistic science in the period 320–144 BC reached heights not achieved by Classical age science, and proposes that it went further than ordinarily thought, in multiple fields not normally associated with ancient science.
According to Russo, Hellenistic scientists were not simply forerunners, but actually achieved scientific results of high importance, in the fields of "mathematics, solid and fluid mechanics, optics, astronomy, anatomy, physiology, scientific medicine," even psychoanalysis. They may have even discovered the inverse square law of gravitation (Russo's argument
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements%20of%20Algebra
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Elements of Algebra is an elementary mathematics textbook written by mathematician Leonhard Euler around 1765 in German. It was first published in Russian as "Universal Arithmetic" (Универсальная арифметика), two volumes appearing in 1768-9 and in 1770 was printed from the original text. Elements of Algebra is one of the earliest books to set out algebra in the modern form we would recognize today (another early book being Elements of Algebra by Nicholas Saunderson, published in 1740), and is one of Euler's few writings, along with Letters to a German Princess, that are accessible to the general public. Written in numbered paragraphs as was common practice till the 19th century, Elements begins with the definition of mathematics and builds on the fundamental operations of arithmetic and number systems, and gradually moves towards more abstract topics.
In 1771, Joseph-Louis Lagrange published an addendum titled Additions to Euler's Elements of Algebra, which featured a number of important mathematical results.
The original German title of the book was Vollständige Anleitung zur Algebra, which literally translates to Complete Instruction to Algebra. Two English translations are now extant, one by John Hewlett (1822), and the other, which is translated to English from a French translation of the book, by Charles Tayler (1824). On the 300th birth anniversary of Euler in 2007, mathematician Christopher Sangwin working with Tarquin Publications published a digitized copy based on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSJ
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JSJ may refer to:
IATA code for Jiansanjiang Airport
JSJ decomposition, a process in mathematics of decomposing a topological space
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor%20Ganea
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Tudor Ganea (October 17, 1922 –August 1971) was a Romanian-American mathematician, known for his work in algebraic topology, especially homotopy theory. Ganea left Communist Romania to settle in the United States in the early 1960s. He taught at the University of Washington.
Life and work
He studied mathematics at the University of Bucharest, and then started his research as a member of Simion Stoilow's seminar on complex functions. His papers from 1949–1952 were on covering spaces, topological groups, symmetric products, and the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category. During this time, he earned his candidate thesis in topology under the direction of Stoilow.
In 1957, Ganea published in the Annals of Mathematics a short, yet influential paper with Samuel Eilenberg, in which the Eilenberg–Ganea theorem was proved and the celebrated Eilenberg–Ganea conjecture was formulated. The conjecture is still open.
By 1958, Ganea and his mentee, , were the two leading algebraic topologists in Romania. Later that year at an international conference on geometry and topology in Iași, the two met Peter Hilton, starting long mathematical collaborations. Ganea left for France in 1961, where he obtained in 1962 his Ph.D. from the University of Paris under Henri Cartan, with thesis Sur quelques invariants numeriques du type d'homotopie. He then emigrated to the United States. After spending a year at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, he joined the faculty at the University of Washington
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicomimetics
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Physicomimetics is physics-based swarm (computational) intelligence. The word is derived from physike (φυσική, Greek for "the science of physics") and mimesis (μίμησις, Greek for "imitation").
Overview
In response to growing concerns that single monolithic robotic vehicles are expensive, brittle, and vulnerable, there has been a trend towards the development of distributed networks of small, inexpensive vehicles. The capability of these networks to dynamically monitor and sense environmental conditions while maintaining cost-effectiveness, robustness, and flexibility, is considered to be among their greatest assets.
Dynamic sensor networks are critically needed for various tasks such as search and rescue, surveillance, perimeter defense, locating and mapping of chemical and biological hazards, virtual space telescopes, automated assembly of micro-electromechanical systems, and medical surgery (e.g., with nanobots).
The core technology used to achieve these goals is a novel approach referred to as "artificial physics" or "physicomimetics". With physicomimetics, robotic agents perceive and react to artificial physics forces. By synthesizing the appropriate virtual forces, various important task-driven behaviors can be effectively achieved, such as lattice-shaped distributed antennas, perimeter defense, and dynamic surveillance. Furthermore, the systems self-organize, can self-repair, and are fault-tolerant. Recently the paradigm has been adapted to function optimization.
Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalart%E2%80%93Allmaras%20turbulence%20model
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In physics, the Spalart–Allmaras model is a one-equation model that solves a modelled transport equation for the kinematic eddy turbulent viscosity. The Spalart–Allmaras model was designed specifically for aerospace applications involving wall-bounded flows and has been shown to give good results for boundary layers subjected to adverse pressure gradients. It is also gaining popularity in turbomachinery applications.
In its original form, the model is effectively a low-Reynolds number model, requiring the viscosity-affected region of the boundary layer to be properly resolved ( y+ ~1 meshes).
The Spalart–Allmaras model was developed for aerodynamic flows. It is not calibrated for general industrial flows, and does produce relatively larger errors for some free shear flows, especially plane and round jet flows. In addition, it cannot be relied on to predict the decay of homogeneous, isotropic turbulence.
It solves a transport equation for a viscosity-like variable . This may be referred to as the Spalart–Allmaras variable.
Original model
The turbulent eddy viscosity is given by
The rotation tensor is given by
where d is the distance from the closest surface and is the norm of the difference between the velocity at the trip (usually zero) and that at the field point we are considering.
The constants are
Modifications to original model
According to Spalart it is safer to use the following values for the last two constants:
Other models related to the S-A model:
DES
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Resnick
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Robert Resnick (January 11, 1923 – January 29, 2014) was a physics educator and author of physics textbooks.
He was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on January 11, 1923 and graduated from the Baltimore City College high school in 1939. He received his B.A. in 1943 and his Ph.D. in 1949, both in physics from Johns Hopkins University. From 1949 to 1956, he was a member of the faculty at the University of Pittsburgh, where he first met David Halliday, with whom he wrote his most widely read textbook. He later became a professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and was head of the interdisciplinary science curriculum for fifteen years. During his years at RPI, he authored or co-authored seven textbooks on relativity, quantum physics, and general physics, which have been translated into more than 47 languages. It is estimated that over 10 million students have studied from his books. In 1960, Physics, the first-year textbook he wrote with Prof. Halliday, was published. The book has been used widely and is considered to have revolutionized physics education. Now in its tenth edition in a five-volume set revised by Jearl Walker, and under the title Fundamentals of Physics, it is still highly regarded. It is noted for its clear standardized diagrams, very thorough but highly readable pedagogy, outlook into modern physics, and challenging, thought-provoking problems. In 2002 the American Physical Society named the work the most outstanding introductory physics text of the 20th century
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wohl%20degradation
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The Wohl degradation in carbohydrate chemistry is a chain contraction method for aldoses. The classic example is the conversion of glucose to arabinose as shown below. The reaction is named after the German chemist Alfred Wohl (1863–1939).
In one modification, d-glucose is converted to the glucose oxime by reaction with hydroxylamine and sodium methoxide. In the second step the is formed by reaction with acetic anhydride in acetic acid with sodium acetate. In this reaction step the oxime is converted into the nitrile with simultaneous conversion of all the alcohol groups to acetate groups.
In the final step sodium methoxide in methanol is added, leading to removal of all the acetate groups and ejection of the nitrile group and collapse of the second carbon from a tetrahedral structure to an aldehyde.
Ruff–Fenton degradation
In a variation, the Ruff–Fenton degradation (Otto Ruff 1898, H.J.H. Fenton 1893) converts the aldose first to the alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acid with bromine and calcium hydroxide and then to the shortened aldose by reaction with Iron(III) sulfate and hydrogen peroxide.
See also
Nef reaction
References
Carbohydrate chemistry
Elimination reactions
Degradation reactions
Name reactions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophora%20chrysophylla
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Sophora chrysophylla, known as māmane in Hawaiian, is a species of flowering plant in the pea and bean family, Fabaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii. It is highly polymorphic, growing as a shrub or tree, and able to reach a height of in tree form. Yellow flowers are produced in winter and spring.
Biology
S. chrysophylla has ridged golden brown branches. The tree has pinnately compound leaves with 6 to 10 pairs of leaflets. Each leaflet is long and wide. Leaves are smooth, or with gray or yellow hairs on the underside. The specific name is derived from the Greek words χρυσός (chrysós), meaning "gold," and φυλλον (phyllos), meaning "leaf." Flowers are found at the bases of leaves or the ends of branches in clusters – that is, they occur in axillary or terminal racemes. The corolla is yellow. The petal size ranges from long, and wide.
The tree blooms in winter and spring. The height of the flowering season is in mid-spring. Māmane wood is dense, hard and durable. Seedpods are persistent, and remain on the tree for most of the year. They are twisted, brown to brownish-gray, have four wings and are long and usually wide. Seedpods are tightly constricted around the yellow-orange or brown to grayish-black seeds, which are long. Untreated, the seeds have germination rates of less than 5%. The tree is perennial and highly polymorphic.
Habitat
Māmane is an endemic species of Hawaii, and can be found on all main islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe. It inhabits low shrublands,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%20%28disambiguation%29
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B is the second letter of the Latin alphabet.
B may also refer to:
Science, technology, and mathematics
Astronomy
Astronomical objects in the Barnard list of dark nebulae (abbreviation B)
Latitude (b) in the galactic coordinate system
Biology and medicine
Haplogroup B (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup B (Y-DNA), a Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroup
Blood type B
ATC code B Blood and blood forming organs, a section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
Vitamin B
Hepatitis B
Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum, assigned the abbreviation B as a repository of herbarium specimens
Computing
B (programming language)
B-Method, for computer software development
B-tree, a data structure
Bit (b)
Byte (B)
, an HTML element denoting bold text
Physical and chemical quantities and units
One of the reciprocal lattice vectors (b*)
Breadth (b); see length
Impact parameter (b)
Molality (b)
Barn (unit) (b), a unit of area
Magnetic field (B)
Napierian absorbance (B)
Rotational constant (B)
Second virial coefficient (B)
Susceptance (B)
Bel (B), a logarithmic unit equal to ten decibels
Other uses in science, technology, and mathematics
B, a modal logic
bottom quark (symbol: b), an elementary particle
B meson, a type of meson
Boolean domain (), in mathematics
Boron, symbol B, a chemical element
Bulb (photography), a shutter-speed setting
B battery, a battery used to provide the plate voltage of a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress%20in%20Physics
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Progress in Physics is an open-access academic journal, publishing papers in theoretical and experimental physics, including related themes from mathematics. The journal was founded by Dmitri Rabounski, Florentin Smarandache, and Larissa Borissova in 2005, and is published quarterly. Rabounski is the editor-in-chief, while Smarandache and Borissova act as associate editors. It was included on Beall's List of potentially-predatory journals at the time that list was last updated. Since 2008, the Norwegian Scientific Index has rated it a "Level 0" journal, indicating that publication there does not count for official academic career or public funding purposes.
Aims and reviewing process
The journal aims to promote fair and non-commercialized science, as stated in its Declaration of Academic Freedom:
The journal describes itself as peer-reviewed. The review procedure is specified as follows:
The referees of the papers published are not listed, although anonymity of referees is specifically criticized in "Article 8: Freedom to publish scientific results" of the Declaration of Academic Freedom. This document harshly criticizes the current peer-review system using the words "censorship", "alleged expert referees", "blacklisting", and "bribes". The journal has published papers by several authors, who, along with some of the editors, claim to have been blacklisted by the Cornell University arXiv as proponents of fringe scientific theories.
Indexing and abstracting
The journal is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGG
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Agg or AGG may refer to:
As an acronym:
Anti-Grain Geometry, computer graphics rendering library
Aesthetic group gymnastics, gymnastics In a group
Abnormal grain growth, materials science phenomenon
Art Gallery of Guelph
AGG (programming language)
Attorney General of the Gambia
Attorney General of Georgia
Attorney General of Ghana
Attorney General of Gibraltar
Attorney General of Grenada
Attorney General of Guam
Attorney General of Guatemala
Attorney General of Guyana
Auditor-General of Ghana
As another abbreviation or symbol:
Angor language (ISO 639-3 code)
Arginine, an amino acid with codon AGG
iShares Core Total US Bond Market ETF, an exchange-traded fund
Tirofiban, trade name Aggrastat, an antiplatelet drug
People:
Alfred John Agg (1830–1886), Australian colonial public servant
Antonio Gandy-Golden (born 1998), American football player
Lily Agg (born 1993), Irish professional footballer
See also
Species aggregate, abbreviated "agg."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adversary%20model
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In computer science, an online algorithm measures its competitiveness against different adversary models. For deterministic algorithms, the adversary is the same as the adaptive offline adversary. For randomized online algorithms competitiveness can depend upon the adversary model used.
Common adversaries
The three common adversaries are the oblivious adversary, the adaptive online adversary, and the adaptive offline adversary.
The oblivious adversary is sometimes referred to as the weak adversary. This adversary knows the algorithm's code, but does not get to know the randomized results of the algorithm.
The adaptive online adversary is sometimes called the medium adversary. This adversary must make its own decision before it is allowed to know the decision of the algorithm.
The adaptive offline adversary is sometimes called the strong adversary. This adversary knows everything, even the random number generator. This adversary is so strong that randomization does not help against it.
Important results
From S. Ben-David, A. Borodin, R. Karp, G. Tardos, A. Wigderson we have:
If there is a randomized algorithm that is α-competitive against any adaptive offline adversary then there also exists an α-competitive deterministic algorithm.
If G is a c-competitive randomized algorithm against any adaptive online adversary, and there is a randomized d-competitive algorithm against any oblivious adversary, then G is a randomized (c * d)-competitive algorithm against any adaptive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%20L.%20Borgman
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Christine L. Borgman is Distinguished Professor and Presidential Chair in Information Studies at UCLA. She is the author of more than 200 publications in the fields of information studies, computer science, and communication. Two of her sole-authored monographs, Scholarship in the Digital Age: Information, Infrastructure, and the Internet (MIT Press, 2007) and From Gutenberg to the Global Information Infrastructure: Access to Information in a Networked World (MIT Press, 2000), have won the Best Information Science Book of the Year award from the American Society for Information Science and Technology. She is a lead investigator for the Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS), a National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center, where she conducts data practices research. She chaired the Task Force on Cyberlearning for the NSF, whose report, Fostering Learning in the Networked World, was released in July 2008. Prof. Borgman is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), a Legacy Laureate of the University of Pittsburgh, and is the 2011 recipient of the Paul Evan Peters Award from the Coalition for Networked Information, Association for Research Libraries, and EDUCAUSE. The award recognizes notable, lasting achievements in the creation and innovative use of information resources and services that advance scholarship and intellectual productivity through communication networks. She is also the 2011 recipient of the Research in Inform
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20spectroscopy
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Applied spectroscopy is the application of various spectroscopic methods for the detection and identification of different elements or compounds to solve problems in fields like forensics, medicine, the oil industry, atmospheric chemistry, and pharmacology.
Spectroscopic methods
A common spectroscopic method for analysis is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), where chemical bonds can be detected through their characteristic infrared absorption frequencies or wavelengths. These absorption characteristics make infrared analyzers an invaluable tool in geoscience, environmental science, and atmospheric science. For instance, atmospheric gas monitoring has been facilitated by the development of commercially available gas analyzers which can distinguish between carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, oxygen, and nitric oxide.
Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy is used where strong absorption of UV radiation occurs in a substance. Such groups are known as chromophores and include aromatic groups, conjugated system of bonds, carbonyl groups and so on. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects hydrogen atoms in specific environments, and complements both infrared (IR) spectroscopy and UV spectroscopy. The use of Raman spectroscopy is growing for more specialist applications.
There are also derivative methods such as infrared microscopy, which allows very small areas to be analyzed in an optical microscope.
One method of elemental analysis that is important in foren
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-boundary%20catalysis
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In chemistry, phase-boundary catalysis (PBC) is a type of heterogeneous catalytic system which facilitates the chemical reaction of a particular chemical component in an immiscible phase to react on a catalytic active site located at a phase boundary. The chemical component is soluble in one phase but insoluble in the other. The catalyst for PBC has been designed in which the external part of the zeolite is hydrophobic, internally it is usually hydrophilic, notwithstanding to polar nature of some reactants. In this sense, the medium environment in this system is close to that of an enzyme. The major difference between this system and enzyme is lattice flexibility. The lattice of zeolite is rigid, whereas the enzyme is flexible.
Design of phase-boundary catalyst
Phase-boundary catalytic (PBC) systems can be contrasted with conventional catalytic systems. PBC is primarily applicable to reactions at the interface of an aqueous phase and organic phase. In these cases, an approach such as PBC is needed due to the immiscibility of aqueous phases with most organic substrate. In PBC, the catalyst acts at the interface between the aqueous and organic phases. The reaction medium of phase boundary catalysis systems for the catalytic reaction of immiscible aqueous and organic phases consists of three phases; an organic liquid phase, containing most of the substrate, an aqueous liquid phase containing most of the substrate in aqueous phase and the solid catalyst.
In case of conventiona
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Cooper%20%28physicist%29
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Susan C. Cooper was professor of experimental physics at Oxford University from 1995 to 2015, and a professorial fellow of St Catherine's College, Oxford.
Education
Cooper was originally a theatre major. Cooper received her undergraduate degree from Colby College in 1971. She received her PhD from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1980, where her doctoral advisor was William Chinowsky and her thesis was titled Jets in e+e− Annihilation. In her thesis, Cooper studied the properties of jets created by electron-positron annihilation using data collected by the Mark I detector at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory's SPEAR collider.
Career
Cooper held postdoctoral positions at DESY from 1980 to 1982 and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory from 1982 to 1986, including spokesman of Crystal Ball experiment. She was on the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1986 to 1989, starting in near-IR astronomy to look for brown dwarfs as dark matter and was on the staff of the Max Planck Institute in Munich from 1989 to 1996, including founder and spokesman of the CRESST experiment to search for WIMP dark matter. In the 1990s, Cooper was a leader of the CRESST (Cryogenic Rare Event Search with Superconducting Thermometers) experiment based at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory, which is an experiment seeking to detect dark matter. Cooper was deputy head of particle physics from 2004 to 2015 and associate chairman of physics at Oxford from 2004 to 2014. She
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%20Van%20Broeckhoven
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Christine Van Broeckhoven (born 9 April 1953) is a Belgian molecular biologist and professor in Molecular genetics at the University of Antwerp (Antwerp, Belgium). She is also leading the VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp of the Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB). Christine Van Broeckhoven does research on Alzheimer dementia, bipolar mental disorders and other neurological diseases. Since 1983 she has had her own laboratory for molecular genetics at the University of Antwerp, and since 2005 is focussing her research on neurodegenerative brain diseases. She is an associate editor of the scientific journal Genes, Brain and Behavior.
Honors
For her achievements as a scientist, Van Broeckhoven received the Belgian Quinquennial Prize of the Belgian National Science Foundation and in 1993 she and three other scientists were awarded the American Potamkin Prize for their work on the amyloid precursor protein (APP) which can cause severe, early Alzheimer's disease. In 2005, she was awarded the Arkprijs van het Vrije Woord. In 2006, she was awarded as laureate for Europe the international L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science of l'Oréal and UNESCO, "For the genetic investigation of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases". She was the winner of the European Inventor Award 2011, category research., and she received the Metlife Foundation Award for Medical Research in Alzheimer's Disease in 2012.
Involvement in politics
On 19 March
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20form
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In mathematics, a Riemann form in the theory of abelian varieties and modular forms, is the following data:
A lattice Λ in a complex vector space Cg.
An alternating bilinear form α from Λ to the integers satisfying the following Riemann bilinear relations:
the real linear extension αR:Cg × Cg→R of α satisfies αR(iv, iw)=αR(v, w) for all (v, w) in Cg × Cg;
the associated hermitian form H(v, w)=αR(iv, w) + iαR(v, w) is positive-definite.
(The hermitian form written here is linear in the first variable.)
Riemann forms are important because of the following:
The alternatization of the Chern class of any factor of automorphy is a Riemann form.
Conversely, given any Riemann form, we can construct a factor of automorphy such that the alternatization of its Chern class is the given Riemann form.
References
Abelian varieties
Bernhard Riemann
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating%20multilinear%20map
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In mathematics, more specifically in multilinear algebra, an alternating multilinear map is a multilinear map with all arguments belonging to the same vector space (for example, a bilinear form or a multilinear form) that is zero whenever any pair of arguments is equal. More generally, the vector space may be a module over a commutative ring.
The notion of alternatization (or alternatisation) is used to derive an alternating multilinear map from any multilinear map with all arguments belonging to the same space.
Definition
Let be a commutative ring and be modules over . A multilinear map of the form is said to be alternating if it satisfies the following equivalent conditions:
whenever there exists such that then
whenever there exists such that then
Vector spaces
Let be vector spaces over the same field. Then a multilinear map of the form is alternating iff it satisfies the following condition:
if are linearly dependent then .
Example
In a Lie algebra, the Lie bracket is an alternating bilinear map.
The determinant of a matrix is a multilinear alternating map of the rows or columns of the matrix.
Properties
If any component of an alternating multilinear map is replaced by for any and in the base ring then the value of that map is not changed.
Every alternating multilinear map is antisymmetric, meaning that
or equivalently,
where denotes the permutation group of order and is the sign of
If is a unit in the base ring then every antisymm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20Potts%20model
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In computational biology, a Cellular Potts model (CPM, also known as the Glazier-Graner-Hogeweg model) is a computational model of cells and tissues. It is used to simulate individual and collective cell behavior, tissue morphogenesis and cancer development. CPM describes cells as deformable objects with a certain volume, that can adhere to each other and to the medium in which they live. The formalism can be extended to include cell behaviours such as cell migration, growth and division, and cell signalling. The first CPM was proposed for the simulation of cell sorting by François Graner and James Glazier as a modification of a large-Q Potts model. CPM was then popularized by Paulien Hogeweg for studying morphogenesis.
Although the model was developed to describe biological cells, it can also be used to model individual parts of a biological cell, or even regions of fluid.
Model description
The CPM consists of a rectangular Euclidean lattice, where each cell is a subset of lattice sites sharing the same cell ID (analogous to spin in Potts models in physics). Lattice sites that are not occupied by cells are the medium. The dynamics of the model are governed by an energy function: the Hamiltonian which describes the energy of a particular configuration of cells in the lattice. In a basic CPM, this energy results from adhesion between cells and resistance of cells to volume changes. The algorithm for updating CPM minimizes this energy.
In order to evolve the model Metropo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right%20inverse
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A right inverse in mathematics may refer to:
A right inverse element with respect to a binary operation on a set
A right inverse function for a mapping between sets
See also
Right-cancellative
Loop (algebra), an algebraic structure with identity element where every element has a unique left and right inverse
Section (category theory), a right inverse of some morphism
Left inverse (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotlar%E2%80%93Stein%20lemma
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In mathematics, in the field of functional analysis, the Cotlar–Stein almost orthogonality lemma is named after mathematicians Mischa Cotlar
and Elias Stein. It may be used to obtain information on the operator norm on an operator, acting from one Hilbert space into another
when the operator can be decomposed into almost orthogonal pieces.
The original version of this lemma
(for self-adjoint and mutually commuting operators)
was proved by Mischa Cotlar in 1955 and allowed him to conclude that the Hilbert transform
is a continuous linear operator in
without using the Fourier transform.
A more general version was proved by Elias Stein.
Cotlar–Stein almost orthogonality lemma
Let be two Hilbert spaces.
Consider a family of operators
, ,
with each
a bounded linear operator from to .
Denote
The family of operators
,
is almost orthogonal if
The Cotlar–Stein lemma states that if
are almost orthogonal,
then the series
converges in the strong operator topology,
and that
Proof
If R1, ..., Rn is a finite collection of bounded operators, then
So under the hypotheses of the lemma,
It follows that
and that
Hence the partial sums
form a Cauchy sequence.
The sum is therefore absolutely convergent with limit satisfying the stated inequality.
To prove the inequality above set
with |aij| ≤ 1 chosen so that
Then
Hence
Taking 2mth roots and letting m tend to ∞,
which immediately implies the inequality.
Generalization
There is a generalization of the Cotlar–Stein lem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge%20locus
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In neuroscience the bridge locus for a particular sensory percept is a hypothetical set of neurons whose activity is the basis of that sensory percept. The term was introduced by D.N. Teller and E.Y. Pugh Jr. in 1983, and has been sparingly used. Activity in the bridge locus neurons is postulated to be necessary and sufficient for sensory perception: if the bridge locus neurons are not active, then the sensory perception does not occur, regardless of the actual sensory input. Conversely if the bridge locus neurons are active, then sensory perception occurs, regardless of the actual sensory input. It is the highest neural level of a sensory perception. So, for example, retinal neurons are not considered a bridge locus for visual perception because stimulating visual cortex can give rise to visual percepts.
Not all scholars believe in such a neural correlate of consciousness. Pessoa et al., for example, argue that there is no necessity for a bridge locus, basing their argument on the requirement of an isomorphism between neural states and conscious states. Thompson argues that there are good reasons to think that the notion of a bridge locus, which he calls a "localizationist approach", is misguided, questioning the premise that there has to be one particular neural stage whose activity forms the immediate substrate of perception. He argues, based upon work by Zeki & Shipp, DeYoe & Van Essen, and others, that brain regions are not independent stages or modules but have dense f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBN
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DBN may refer to:
Computer science
Deep belief network
Dynamic Bayesian network
Other uses
DBN (band), a German dance music trio
1,5-Diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene, a chemical
See also
DBN1, a gene (and neuron growth protein)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader%20Engheta
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Nader Engheta () (born 1955 in Tehran) is an Iranian-American scientist. He has made pioneering contributions to the fields of metamaterials, transformation optics, plasmonic optics, nanophotonics, graphene photonics, nano-materials, nanoscale optics, nano-antennas and miniaturized antennas, physics and reverse-engineering of polarization vision in nature, bio-inspired optical imaging, fractional paradigm in electrodynamics, and electromagnetics and microwaves.
Background
After earning a B.S. degree from the school of engineering (Daneshkadeh-e-Fanni) of the University of Tehran, he left for the United States in the summer of 1978 and earned his Masters and PhD degrees from the Caltech.
He is one of the original pioneers of the field of modern metamaterials, and is the originator of the fields of near-zero-index metamaterials, plasmonic cloaking and optical nano circuitry (optical metatronics,).
His metamaterial-based optical nano circuitry, in which properly designed nano structures function as "lumped' optical circuit elements such as optical capacitors, optical inductors and optical resistors. These are the building blocks for the metatronic circuits operating with light. This concept has been recently verified and realized experimentally by him and his research group at the University of Pennsylvania. This provides a new circuit paradigm for information processing at the nanoscale.
His near-zero-index structures exhibit unique properties in light-matter interacti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perryfields%20Academy
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Perryfields Academy (formerly Perryfields High School) is a coeducational secondary school located on the Brandhall housing estate in Oldbury, West Midlands, England.
History
It has served the local community since 1956, first as a secondary modern school and then as a community comprehensive school with Mathematics and Computing College status.
In May 2021 Perryfields High School converted to academy status and was renamed Perryfields Academy. The school is now sponsored by Broadleaf Partnership Trust.
School structure
The school has five house groups which pupils are split into: Pioneer, Mariner, Enterprise, Voyager and Challenger.
Ranking
In 2009, it was the highest ranking secondary school in Sandwell, with 74% of pupils gaining 5 or more GCSEs at grade C or above.
Awards and honors
The school won the Diana Princess of Wales Anti-Bullying Award in 2006 for its policy on tackling bullying.
References
External links
Oldbury, West Midlands
Secondary schools in Sandwell
Academies in Sandwell
Educational institutions established in 1956
1956 establishments in England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Maxam
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Allan Maxam (born October 28, 1942) is one of the pioneers of molecular genetics. He was one of the contributors to develop a DNA sequencing method at Harvard University, while working as a student in the laboratory of Walter Gilbert.
Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam developed a DNA sequencing method - now called Maxam-Gilbert sequencing - which combined chemicals that cut DNA only at specific bases with radioactive labeling and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine the sequence of long DNA segments.
Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert’s 1977 paper “A new method for sequencing DNA” was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society for 2017. It was presented to the Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University.
References
Gilbert, Walter and Maxam. Allan, The Nucleotide Sequence of the Lac Operator, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 3581-3584 (1973).
Maxam AM, Tizard R, Skryabin KG, Gilbert W, Promoter region for yeast 5S ribosomal RNA, Nature. 1977 June 16;267(5612):643-5
See also
Walter Gilbert
Fred Sanger
1942 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
American geneticists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titratable%20acid
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In chemistry, titratable acid generally refers to any acid that can lose one or more protons in an acid–base reaction.
The term is used slightly differently in other fields. For example, in renal physiology, titratable acid is a term to describe acids such as phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid which are involved in renal physiology. It is used to explicitly exclude ammonium (NH4+) as a source of acid, and is part of the calculation for net acid excretion.
It gets its name from the use of NaOH in acid–base titration to estimate the quantity of titratable acid.
See also
Acids in wine
References
Acid–base physiology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylphosphine
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Trimethylphosphine is an organophosphorus compound with the formula P(CH3)3, commonly abbreviated as PMe3. This colorless liquid has a strongly unpleasant odor, characteristic of alkylphosphines. The compound is a common ligand in coordination chemistry.
Structure and bonding
It is a pyramidal molecule with approximate C3v symmetry. The C–P–C bond angles are approximately 98.6°.
The C–P–C bond angles are consistent with the notion that phosphorus predominantly uses the 3p orbitals for forming bonds and that there is little sp hybridization of the phosphorus atom. The latter is a common feature of the chemistry of phosphorus. As a result, the lone pair of trimethylphosphine has predominantly s-character as is the case for phosphine, PH3.
PMe3 can be prepared by the treatment of triphenyl phosphite with methylmagnesium chloride:
3 CH3MgCl + P(OC6H5)3 → P(CH3)3 + 3 C6H5OMgCl
The synthesis is conducted in dibutyl ether, from which the more volatile PMe3 can be distilled.
Reactions
With a pKa of 8.65, PMe3 reacts with strong acids to give salts [HPMe3]X. This reaction is reversible. With strong bases, such as alkyl lithium compounds, a methyl group undergoes deprotonation to give PMe2CH2Li.
PMe3 is easily oxidised to the phosphine oxide with oxygen. It reacts with methyl bromide to give tetramethylphosphonium bromide.
Coordination chemistry
Trimethylphosphine is a highly basic ligand that forms complexes with most metals. As a ligand, trimethylphosphine's Tolman cone a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower%20%28mathematics%29
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In the mathematical fields of set theory and extremal combinatorics, a sunflower or -system is a collection of sets in which all possible distinct pairs of sets share the same intersection. This common intersection is called the kernel of the sunflower.
The naming arises from a visual similarity to the botanical sunflower, arising when a Venn diagram of a sunflower set is arranged in an intuitive way. Suppose the shared elements of a sunflower set are clumped together at the centre of the diagram, and the nonshared elements are distributed in a circular pattern around the shared elements. Then when the Venn diagram is completed, the lobe-shaped subsets, which encircle the common elements and one or more unique elements, take on the appearance of the petals of a flower.
The main research question arising in relation to sunflowers is: under what conditions does there exist a large sunflower (a sunflower with many sets) in a given collection of sets? The -lemma, sunflower lemma, and the Erdős-Rado sunflower conjecture give successively weaker conditions which would imply the existence of a large sunflower in a given collection, with the latter being one of the most famous open problems of extremal combinatorics.
Formal definition
Suppose is a set system over , that is, a collection of subsets of a set . The collection is a sunflower (or -system) if there is a subset of such that for each distinct and in , we have . In other words, a set system or collection of sets
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Freeman%20%28inventor%29
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Andrew Freeman (March 10, 1909 – January 17, 1996) was an American electrical engineer and the inventor of the electric block heater for automobiles.
Andrew L. Freeman was born in Upham, North Dakota. He attended the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, North Dakota, where he majored in electrical engineering. He served as general manager of Minnkota Power Cooperative from 1940 to 1982. Since 2004, Minnkota Power Cooperative, Inc. has sponsored the Andrew Freeman Design Innovation Competition at the University of North Dakota College of Engineering and Mines.
Freeman first developed a block heater around 1947, and received U.S. Patent #2487326 on November 8, 1949.
In 1947, Freeman co-founded and served as president of Five Star Manufacturing Company of East Grand Forks, MN to manufacture headbolt heaters.
References
External links
UND Center for Innovation North Dakota Entrepreneur Hall of Fame
American electrical engineers
University of North Dakota alumni
Inventors from North Dakota
1909 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Engineers from North Dakota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Mason%20%28meteorologist%29
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Sir Basil John Mason (18 August 1923 – 6 January 2015) was an expert on cloud physics and former Director-General of the Meteorological Office from 1965 to 1983 and Chancellor of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) from 1994 to 1996.
Education and early life
Mason was born in Docking, Norfolk. and educated at Fakenham Grammar School and University College, Nottingham.
He served in the Radar branch of the RAF during the Second World War as a Flight-lieutenant. After being awarded a first class degree in physics by the University of London he was in 1948 appointed lecturer in the postgraduate Department of Meteorology at Imperial College, London. He married Doreen Jones, with whom he had two sons.
Career
He worked at Imperial College from 1948 to 1965, being appointed Professor of Cloud Physics in 1961. His work concerned the physical processes involved in the formation of clouds and the release of rain, snow or hail and led to the Mason Equation, which defines the growth or evaporation of small water droplets.
In the 1960s, he helped to modernise the World Meteorological Organization
From 1965 to 1983 he was Director of the UK Meteorological Office at Bracknell where he also developed theories to explain how electric charge is separated in thunderclouds, ultimately leading to lightning. Mason was elected a Fellow at Imperial College in 1974. His doctoral students included John Latham.
John Mason died in 2015. After his death, the S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Cousot
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Patrick Cousot (born 3 December 1948) is a French computer scientist, currently Silver Professor of Computer Science at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, USA. Before he was Professor at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS), Paris, France, the École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France and the University of Metz, France and a Research Scientist at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) at the Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France.
Together with his wife Radhia Cousot (1947–2014), Patrick Cousot is the originator of abstract interpretation, an influential technique in formal methods. In the 2000s, he has worked on practical methods of static analysis for critical embedded software (Astrée), such as found in avionics.
In 1999 he received the CNRS Silver Medal and in 2006 the great prize of the EADS Foundation. In 2001, he was bestowed an honorary doctorate by Saarland University, Germany. With Radhia Cousot, he received the ACM SIGPLAN Programming Languages Achievement Award in 2013 and the IEEE Computer Society Harlan D. Mills award in 2014, "For the invention of 'abstract interpretation', development of tool support, and its practical application". He received a Humboldt Research Award in 2008 and the 2018 IEEE John von Neumann Medal "for introducing abstract interpretation, a powerful framework for automatically calculating program properties with broad application to verification and optimisation". In 2020 Cousot was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill%20University%20School%20of%20Computer%20Science
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The School of Computer Science (SOCS) is an academic department in the Faculty of Science at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The school is the second most funded computer science department in Canada. It currently has 34 faculty members, 60 Ph.D. students and 100 Master's students.
History
The creation of a Computer Science organization was led by Chair of Electrical Engineering (and later Dean of Engineering) George Lee (John) d'Ombrain. He is credited with bringing the first computer to McGill University in 1958. The first graduate student in computing at McGill University was Gerald Ratzer, who arrived from Cambridge in September 1964. There he pursued an M.Sc. in the Faculty of Graduate Sciences, under the supervision of David Thorpe, Director of the McGill Computing Centre. The School of Computer Science was formally created in 1969.
Computer Science was originally housed in Burnside Hall, which was built in 1970. It is notable for containing the Computing Centre, which contributed funds to Computer Science faculty such as Timothy Howard Merrett. The School moved into the McConnell Building in 1988.
The term "School" was used to reinforce the idea of independence from the Faculty of Engineering. Over the years, the School of Computer Science continued to face difficulties over sharing resources such as academic slots, teaching assistants, and space with their Engineering peers. This was partly due to cross-appointments of faculty from Electrical Engine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirov%20Plant
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The Kirov Plant, Kirov Factory or Leningrad Kirov Plant (LKZ) () is a major Russian mechanical engineering and agricultural machinery manufacturing plant in St. Petersburg, Russia. It was established in 1789, then moved to its present site in 1801 as a foundry for cannonballs. The Kirov Plant is sometimes confused with another Leningrad heavy weapons manufacturer, Factory No. 185 (S.M. Kirov). Recently the main production of the company is Kirovets heavy tractors.
History
In 1868 Nikolay Putilov (1820-1880) purchased the bankrupt plant; at the Putilov Works the Putilov Company (a joint-stock holding company from 1873) initially produced rolling stock for railways. The establishment boomed during the Russian industrialization of the 1890s, with the work-force quadrupling in a decade, reaching 12,400 in 1900. The factory traditionally produced goods for the Russian government, with railway products accounting for more than half of its total output. Starting in 1900 it also produced artillery, eventually becoming a major supplier of it to the Imperial Russian Army alongside the state arsenals. By 1917 it grew into a giant enterprise that was by far the largest in the city of St. Petersburg.
In December 1904, during the antecedent to the 1905 Russian Revolution, four workers at the plant, then called 'Putilov Ironworks', were fired because of their participation in strikes during Bloody Sunday. However, the plant manager asserted that they were fired for unrelated reasons. Vi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentaethylene%20glycol%20monododecyl%20ether
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Within chemical compound surfactants, Pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E5) is a nonionic surfactant. It is formed by the ethoxylation chemical reaction of dodecanol (lauryl alcohol) to give a material with 5 repeat units of ethylene glycol.
Multilamellar vesicle formation
Within the study of biological membranes and cell biology, for vesicle formation, the lamellar phase at 40wt% solution of C12E5 (Pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether) dissolved in D2O form multilamellar vesicles under shear rate.
See also
Octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, C12E8
References
Non-ionic surfactants
Glycol ethers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford%20Knapp
|
Bradford Knapp (December 24, 1870 – June 11, 1938) was the President of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, now known as Auburn University from 1928 to 1933.
Biography
Bradford Knapp was born in Vinton, Iowa, on December 24, 1870, to Seaman A. Knapp. In 1899, he attended Iowa State College and graduated with a B.A. in chemistry from Vanderbilt University in 1892. In 1894, he attended Georgetown University and received a B.L. from the University of Michigan in 1896. In 1909, he worked as an assistant for his father in the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture. From 1911 to 1915, he took up his father's position as Chief of Farm Demonstration Work. In 1915, he became Chief of Southern Extension Work for the States Relations Service of the USDA.
In 1920, he became Dean of the College of Agriculture at the University of Arkansas. From 1923 to 1928, he served as President of the Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College. He served as the President of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, now known as Auburn University from 1928 to 1933, of Texas Technological College from 1933 to 1938.
He served on the National Council of Boy Scouts, the federal Farm Board, and the National Economic League. He wrote for the Progressive Farmer.
References
External links
Papers, 1891-1940 and undated, in the Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library at Texas Tech University
Papers, 1856-1931, of his father Seaman Knapp in the Southwest Collection/Specia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter%20Nelson%20River%20School
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Otter Nelson River School is an elementary and high school located at Cross Lake, Manitoba, at the south end of the community. The school teaches grades 1 to 4 and grades 9 to 12 and has approximately 1000 students.
The school teaches Math, English, Science, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Global Issues, Geography, and First Nation Languages and Studies. The school's sports include Basketball, Cross-country, Volleyball, Track and Field, Soccer, and Wrestling.
Darts Multiplex
A Darts Multiplex has been under construction in Cross Lake ever since their ambitious run to the MHSAA Darts Final Four in 2011. The facility is expected to be completed by early 2014.
References
Elementary schools in Manitoba
High schools in Manitoba
Educational institutions in Canada with year of establishment missing
Buildings and structures in Northern Region, Manitoba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther%20Lederberg
|
Esther Miriam Zimmer Lederberg (December 18, 1922 – November 11, 2006) was an American microbiologist and a pioneer of bacterial genetics. She discovered the bacterial virus λ and the bacterial fertility factor F, devised the first implementation of replica plating, and furthered the understanding of the transfer of genes between bacteria by specialized transduction.
Lederberg also founded and directed the now-defunct Plasmid Reference Center at Stanford University, where she maintained, named, and distributed plasmids of many types, including those coding for antibiotic resistance, heavy metal resistance, virulence, conjugation, colicins, transposons, and other unknown factors.
As a woman in a male-dominated field and the wife of Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg, Esther Lederberg struggled for professional recognition. Despite her foundational discoveries in the field of microbiology, she was never offered a tenured position at a university. Textbooks often ignore her work and attribute her accomplishments to her husband.
Early years
Esther Miriam Zimmer was the first of two children born in the Bronx, New York, to a family of Orthodox Jewish background. Her parents were David Zimmer, an immigrant from Romania who ran a print shop, and Pauline Geller Zimmer. Her brother, Benjamin Zimmer, followed in 1923. Zimmer was a child of the Great Depression, and her lunch was often a piece of bread topped by the juice of a squeezed tomato. Zimmer learned Hebrew and she used this pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biphenol
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In organic chemistry, a biphenol refers to compounds with the formula (C6H4OH)2. Such compounds formally result from the coupling of two phenols.
Three symmetrical isomers of biphenol exist:
2,2'-Biphenol (RN 1806-29-7) m.p. 109 °C
3,3'-Biphenol (RN 612-76-0) m.p. 124.8 °C
4,4'-Biphenol (RN 92-88-6) m.p. 283 °C
Additionally, three unsymmetrical isomers of biphenol exist:
2,3'-Biphenol (RN 31835-45-7)
2,4'-Biphenol (RN 611-62-1) m.p. 162-163 °C
3,4'-Biphenol (RN 18855-13-5) m.p. 190 °C
Phenols
Biphenyls
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASU%20Institute%20of%20Cryobiology%20and%20Cryomedicine%20Issues
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The Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine in Kharkiv is one of the institutes of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, and is the largest institute devoted to cryobiology research in the world.
Background
Established in 1972, the focus of the research is on cryoinjury, cryosurgery, cryopreservation, lyophilization and hypothermia. Since 1985 the Institute has published the open access peer-reviewed scientific journal Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine.
See also
Cryobiology
National Academy of Science of Ukraine
References
External links
Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine
Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine (journal)
Cryobiology
Research institutes in Ukraine
Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
Medical research institutes in the Soviet Union
Biological research institutes
Medical and health organizations based in Ukraine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Harold%20Gray
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Louis Harold Gray FRS (10 November 1905 – 9 July 1965) was an English physicist who worked mainly on the effects of radiation on biological systems. He was one of the earliest contributors of the field of radiobiology A summary of his work is given below. Amongst many other achievements, he defined a unit of radiation dosage (absorbed dose) which was later named after him as an SI unit, the gray.
Early life
Gray was born as an only child on 10 November 1905 to parents Harry and Amy Gray. His father worked at a post office.
Career
1933 - Hospital physicist at Mount Vernon Hospital, London
1936 - Developed the Bragg–Gray equation, the basis for the cavity ionization method of measuring gamma-ray energy absorption by materials
1937 - Built an early neutron generator at Mount Vernon Hospital
1938 - Studied biological effects of neutrons using the generator
1940 - Developed concept of RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness) of doses of neutrons
1952 - Initiated research into cells in hypoxic tumors and hyperbaric oxygen
1953 - Oliver Scott established the British Empire Cancer Campaign Research Unit in Radiobiology at Mount Vernon Hospital with Hal Gray as director which in 1970 became the Cancer Research Campaign's Gray Laboratory and then (in 2001) the Gray Cancer Institute.
1953 - 1960 - Under Gray's direction, Jack W. Boag developed pulse radiolysis
1962 - Ed Hart, of Argonne National Laboratory, and Jack Boag discovered the hydrated electron using pulse radioly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrization
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In mathematics, symmetrization is a process that converts any function in variables to a symmetric function in variables.
Similarly, antisymmetrization converts any function in variables into an antisymmetric function.
Two variables
Let be a set and be an additive abelian group. A map is called a if
It is called an if instead
The of a map is the map
Similarly, the or of a map is the map
The sum of the symmetrization and the antisymmetrization of a map is
Thus, away from 2, meaning if 2 is invertible, such as for the real numbers, one can divide by 2 and express every function as a sum of a symmetric function and an anti-symmetric function.
The symmetrization of a symmetric map is its double, while the symmetrization of an alternating map is zero; similarly, the antisymmetrization of a symmetric map is zero, while the antisymmetrization of an anti-symmetric map is its double.
Bilinear forms
The symmetrization and antisymmetrization of a bilinear map are bilinear; thus away from 2, every bilinear form is a sum of a symmetric form and a skew-symmetric form, and there is no difference between a symmetric form and a quadratic form.
At 2, not every form can be decomposed into a symmetric form and a skew-symmetric form. For instance, over the integers, the associated symmetric form (over the rationals) may take half-integer values, while over a function is skew-symmetric if and only if it is symmetric (as ).
This leads to the notion of ε-quadratic forms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20National%20Chemistry%20Olympiad
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The Indian National Chemistry Olympiad (INChO for short) is an Olympiad in Chemistry held in India.
The theory part of the INChO examination is held in end-January/beginning of February of every year. It is conducted by the Indian Association of Chemistry Teachers. School students (usually of standards 11 and 12) first need to qualify the National Standard Examination in Chemistry (NSEC) held in November of the preceding year. Among the 30,000+ students who sit for the NSEC, only the top 1% are selected for the INChO.
About 35 students are selected from the written examination. A total of 30 students are chosen from these to attend the Orientation-Cum-Selection-Camp (OCSC), chemistry, held at HBCSE, Mumbai.
Most students qualifying for the INChO are those completing their twelfth standard. However, in some cases, students have been selected for INChO at the end of the eleventh or tenth standard.
OCSC Chemistry
The Orientation-Cum-Selection-Camp (OCSC), Chemistry, consists of rigorous training and testing in theory and experiment. The top four performers here are selected to represent India in the International Chemistry Olympiad. Before the INChO, the selected team undergoes rigorous training in theory and experiments in a Pre-Departure Training Camp held in HBCSE.
See also
National Standard Examination in Chemistry
Junior Science Talent Search Examination
References
External links
Information about India at the Science Olympiads
Chemistry education
Chemistry Olym
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Board%20for%20Higher%20Mathematics
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The National Board for Higher Mathematics (NBHM), founded in 1983 by the Indian Government, is a board in India intended to foster the development of higher mathematics, help in the establishment and development of mathematics centres, and give financial assistance to research projects and to doctoral and post-doctoral scholars. It is funded by the Department of Atomic Energy and is an autonomous body. NBHM functions autonomously preparing its budget based on the funds made available by Dept. of Atomic Energy.
Programs
The NBHM gives direct financial support to the following (among others):
The Mathematical Olympiads in India: NBHM finances the MO Cell and also arranges money for the IMO Training Camp and India's participation in the International Mathematical Olympiad.
Undergraduate and masters' scholarships.
Research Scholarship
For M.A. (Master of Arts) and M.Sc. (Master of Science) in Mathematics, NBHM conducts the Nationwide test.
The Institution
One of the most popular movements in the spreading Higher Mathematics in India taken up by NBHM is its funding to various university and institute libraries across India for books and journals in mathematics. NBHM manages its whole Library Movement through its National Library Committee. The business of the committee is divided into five major zones of India, viz. North, East, West, South and North Central zones. Besides extending the financial support to host of libraries in India, NBHM has recognized 12 libraries across
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture%20Room
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Lecture Room is a Chinese television programme produced by China Central Television (CCTV), in which scholars from various disciplines are invited to provide lectures. It was first broadcast on 9 July 2001 on CCTV-10. In its early days, featured topics included biology, physics, economics, history and literature, and the lecturers were from around the world. Its focus has gradually changed, as recent programmes focus more on Chinese history and Chinese culture.
The show's title is literally translated as The Hundred Schools of Thought Forum. Lecture Room is only an English adaptation of its Chinese title.
Lecture series
Yi Zhongtian, Influential Personalities of the Han Dynasty; Analysis of the Three Kingdoms (品三国)
Liu Xinwu, Liu Xinwu Exposes the Secrets of Dream of Red Chamber I-IV (刘心武揭密红楼梦 1–4)
Yan Chongnian, Emperors of the Qing Dynasty, The Fall of Ming and Rise of Qing
Mao Peiqi, Emperors of the Ming Dynasty
Wang Liqun, People in Han Dynasty
Meng Xianshi, Incident at Xuanwu Gate (玄武门之变)
Yuan Tengfei, Vicissitudes of the Two Song Dynasties, Sai Bei San Chao
Meng Man, History of the Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian
Other notable lecturers and guest lecturers
Bill Gates, entrepreneur (2003)
Han Qide, medical scientist
Stephen Hawking, physicist (2002)
Tsung-Dao Lee, physicist (2001, 2002)
Robert Mundell, economist (2003)
Ouyang Ziyuan, geochemist
Mary Poovey, writer (2002)
Samuel C. C. Ting, physicist (2001, 2002)
Wang Meng, writer (2003)
Wu Guanzhong, artist (2001)
Chen Nin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard%20Vollmer
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Gerhard Vollmer (born 17 November 1943) is a German physicist and philosopher. He is perhaps best known for his development of an evolutionary theory of knowledge.
Life
Vollmer was born in Speyer. He studied in Munich, Berlin, Hamburg and Freiburg. After finishing his degree in physics in 1968 he studied philosophy and linguistics in Freiburg. He worked as a trainee in Deutschen Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg. In Freiburg he attained a doctorate (1971) in theoretical physics. He stayed here after completing a year's stint as a research assistant in Montreal in 1975. In 1974, Vollmer attained an additional doctorate in philosophy.
From 1975 Vollmer taught at the Leibniz University Hannover. From 1981 he lectured on the Philosophy of Biology at the University of Giessen. From 1991 he has taught philosophy at the TU Braunschweig. He holds lectures and classes in logic, epistemology and philosophy of science, natural philosophy, and artificial intelligence. He has also worked on evolutionary ethics, which he says consists of attempts to add evolutionary points of view to philosophical ethics.
Honours and associations
In 1963 he was awarded the Magnus Schwerd Prize for outstanding achievements in mathematics at school.
Vollmer became a member in 1998 of the Leopoldina Academy of Sciences Halle. He is a member of Giordano Bruno Foundation (a society dedicated to a sort of evolutionary humanism, weblink below) and (in 2001) was elected to the learned society, Braunsch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loomis%E2%80%93Whitney%20inequality
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In mathematics, the Loomis–Whitney inequality is a result in geometry, which in its simplest form, allows one to estimate the "size" of a -dimensional set by the sizes of its -dimensional projections. The inequality has applications in incidence geometry, the study of so-called "lattice animals", and other areas.
The result is named after the American mathematicians Lynn Harold Loomis and Hassler Whitney, and was published in 1949.
Statement of the inequality
Fix a dimension and consider the projections
For each 1 ≤ j ≤ d, let
Then the Loomis–Whitney inequality holds:
Equivalently, taking we have
implying
A special case
The Loomis–Whitney inequality can be used to relate the Lebesgue measure of a subset of Euclidean space to its "average widths" in the coordinate directions. This is in fact the original version published by Loomis and Whitney in 1949 (the above is a generalization).
Let E be some measurable subset of and let
be the indicator function of the projection of E onto the jth coordinate hyperplane. It follows that for any point x in E,
Hence, by the Loomis–Whitney inequality,
and hence
The quantity
can be thought of as the average width of in the th coordinate direction. This interpretation of the Loomis–Whitney inequality also holds if we consider a finite subset of Euclidean space and replace Lebesgue measure by counting measure.
The following proof is the original one
Corollary. Since , we get a loose isoperimetric inequality:
Iterating the t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scherk%20surface
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In mathematics, a Scherk surface (named after Heinrich Scherk) is an example of a minimal surface. Scherk described two complete embedded minimal surfaces in 1834; his first surface is a doubly periodic surface, his second surface is singly periodic. They were the third non-trivial examples of minimal surfaces (the first two were the catenoid and helicoid). The two surfaces are conjugates of each other.
Scherk surfaces arise in the study of certain limiting minimal surface problems and in the study of harmonic diffeomorphisms of hyperbolic space.
Scherk's first surface
Scherk's first surface is asymptotic to two infinite families of parallel planes, orthogonal to each other, that meet near z = 0 in a checkerboard pattern of bridging arches. It contains an infinite number of straight vertical lines.
Construction of a simple Scherk surface
Consider the following minimal surface problem on a square in the Euclidean plane: for a natural number n, find a minimal surface Σn as the graph of some function
such that
That is, un satisfies the minimal surface equation
and
What, if anything, is the limiting surface as n tends to infinity? The answer was given by H. Scherk in 1834: the limiting surface Σ is the graph of
That is, the Scherk surface over the square is
More general Scherk surfaces
One can consider similar minimal surface problems on other quadrilaterals in the Euclidean plane. One can also consider the same problem on quadrilaterals in the hyperbolic plane. In 20
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Cardinality may refer to:
Cardinality of a set, a measure of the "number of elements" of a set in mathematics
Cardinality of a musical set, the number of pitch classes
Cardinality (data modeling), a term in database design, e.g. many-to-many or one-to-many relationships
Cardinality (SQL statements), a term used in SQL statements which describes the "uniqueness" of the data in a given column
Cardinal utility, in contrast with ordinal utility, in economics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoen%E2%80%93Yau%20conjecture
|
In mathematics, the Schoen–Yau conjecture is a disproved conjecture in hyperbolic geometry, named after the mathematicians Richard Schoen and Shing-Tung Yau.
It was inspired by a theorem of Erhard Heinz (1952). One method of disproof is the use of Scherk surfaces, as used by Harold Rosenberg and Pascal Collin (2006).
Setting and statement of the conjecture
Let be the complex plane considered as a Riemannian manifold with its usual (flat) Riemannian metric. Let denote the hyperbolic plane, i.e. the unit disc
endowed with the hyperbolic metric
E. Heinz proved in 1952 that there can exist no harmonic diffeomorphism
In light of this theorem, Schoen conjectured that there exists no harmonic diffeomorphism
(It is not clear how Yau's name became associated with the conjecture: in unpublished correspondence with Harold Rosenberg, both Schoen and Yau identify Schoen as having postulated the conjecture). The Schoen(-Yau) conjecture has since been disproved.
Comments
The emphasis is on the existence or non-existence of an harmonic diffeomorphism, and that this property is a "one-way" property. In more detail: suppose that we consider two Riemannian manifolds M and N (with their respective metrics), and write
if there exists a diffeomorphism from M onto N (in the usual terminology, M and N are diffeomorphic). Write
if there exists an harmonic diffeomorphism from M onto N. It is not difficult to show that (being diffeomorphic) is an equivalence relation on the objects of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition%20matrix
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In mathematics, and in particular modular representation theory, a decomposition matrix is a matrix that results from writing the irreducible ordinary characters in terms of the irreducible modular characters, where the entries of the two sets of characters are taken to be over all conjugacy classes of elements of order coprime to the characteristic of the field. All such entries in the matrix are non-negative integers. The decomposition matrix, multiplied by its transpose, forms the Cartan matrix, listing the composition factors of the projective modules.
References
See also
Matrix decomposition
Representation theory of groups
Matrices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauer%E2%80%93Suzuki%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the Brauer–Suzuki theorem, proved by , , , states that if a finite group has a generalized quaternion Sylow 2-subgroup and no non-trivial normal subgroups of odd order, then the group has a center of order 2. In particular, such a group cannot be simple.
A generalization of the Brauer–Suzuki theorem is given by Glauberman's Z* theorem.
References
gives a detailed proof of the Brauer–Suzuki theorem.
Theorems about finite groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibutylboron%20trifluoromethanesulfonate
|
Dibutylboron trifluoromethanesulfonate (also called dibutylboron triflate or DBBT) is a reagent in organic chemistry. Its chemical formula is C9H18BF3O3S. It is used in asymmetric synthesis for example in the formation of boron enolates in the aldol reaction.
References
Organoboranes
Reagents for organic chemistry
Triflate esters
Butyl compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou%20Dianzi%20University
|
Hangzhou Dianzi University (HDU; ) is a provincial public university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. It is affiliated with the Zhejiang Provincial People's Government, and co-sponsored with SASTIND.
The university was founded in 1956. Prior to 2004, it was known as Hangzhou Electrical Engineering College.
History
There are three phases in the development of Hangzhou Dianzi University.
Zhejiang Electrical College
Hangzhou Dianzi University, initially known as Aviation Industry Finance School, was established in March 1956, and it was affiliated with the Second Ministry of Machine Building.
In June 1958, the school changed its name to Hangzhou Aviation Industry School, under the administration of the First Ministry of Machine Building.
In December 1958, the school was assigned to Zhejiang province, and it merged with the Motor Division of Zhejiang Machinery College (now Zhejiang Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering) into Zhejiang Electrical College, under the administration Zhejiang Provincial Machinery Agency.
In April 1961, the school changed its name to Zhejiang Machinery Industry School, under the administration of Zhejiang Provincial Machinery Department.
In November 1962, the Central government reclaimed the administration of the school, under the administration of the Third Ministry of Machine Building.
In March 1963, the school is assigned to under the administration of the Fourth Ministry of Machine Building.
In January 1965, the school changed i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey%20Butchart
|
John Harvey Butchart (May 10, 1907 – May 29, 2002) was a mathematics professor who was well known for his hiking exploits in and around the Grand Canyon in Arizona, United States. Beginning in 1945, Butchart explored the Grand Canyon's backcountry on foot. He wrote extensively about his adventures and influenced generations of canyoneers.
Sparse human communities have lived, worked, and traveled in the harsh and beautiful Canyon terrain at least since the Ancestral Puebloans. Native Americans occupied parts of the canyon in the mid 1800s when American explorers first arrived, followed over time by prospectors, miners, researchers, and the outdoor tourists who now dominate the community. Most of the millions of visitors to Grand Canyon National Park remain in the developed South and North Rim areas. A smaller number hike into the Canyon along a few well-maintained trails. A very small number venture beyond, into the true wilderness of the Park. Harvey Butchart led the way, using extraordinary physical exertion and individual skill to travel where few others can.
Upon moving to Flagstaff in 1945, he began exploring the Grand Canyon. After hiking most of the main routes, he began to explore unofficial routes, old Native American trails, and even animal trails. His mentors included Merrel Clubb and Emery Kolb. He sometimes hiked alone but most often traveled with friends and students. That community of enthusiasts persists to the present, focused around the Backcountry Informat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Schweigger
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Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger (8 April 1779 – 6 September 1857) was a German chemist, physicist, and professor of mathematics born in Erlangen.
J.S.C.Schweigger was the son of Friedrich Christian Lorenz Schweigger, professor of theologie in Erlangen (1786 until his death in 1802). He studied philosophy in Erlangen. His PhD involved the Homeric Question revived at that time by Friedrich August Wolf. Johann Tobias Mayer, Georg Friedrich Hildebrandt and Karl Christian von Langsdorf convinced him to switch to physics and chemistry and he lectured on this subjects in Erlangen until 1803 before taking a position as schoolteacher in Bayreuth and in 1811 in Nuremberg. During 1816-1819 he was appointed professor of philosophy in Erlangen teaching physics and chemistry. 1816 he was elected member of the Leopoldina. 1819 he moved on to the university of Halle.
In 1820 he built the first sensitive galvanometer, naming it after Luigi Galvani. He created this instrument, acceptable for actual measurement as well as detection of small amounts of electric current, by wrapping a coil of wire around a graduated compass. The instrument was initially called a multiplier.
He is the father of Karl Ernst Theodor Schweigger and adopted one of his students Franz Wilhelm Schweigger-Seidel as his own son.
Written works
Einleitung in die Mythologie auf dem Standpunkte der Naturwissenschaft, Halle (1836) - Introduction to mythology, from the standpoint of natural science.
Über naturwissenscha
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