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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mathematic%20operators
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In mathematics, an operator or transform is a function from one space of functions to another. Operators occur commonly in engineering, physics and mathematics. Many are integral operators and differential operators.
In the following L is an operator
which takes a function to another function . Here, and are some unspecified function spaces, such as Hardy space, Lp space, Sobolev space, or, more vaguely, the space of holomorphic functions.
See also
List of transforms
List of Fourier-related transforms
Transfer operator
Fredholm operator
Borel transform
Glossary of mathematical symbols
Operators
Operators
Operators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Electrical%20%26%20Mechanical%20Engineering
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The College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering (CEME) () is a constituent college of the National University of Sciences and Technology, located in Islamabad, Pakistan. The campus is on the main Peshawar Road, near the M-2 motorway terminal.
The college is the main training institute for the Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering officers and enlisted ranks.
Overview
The college is divided into two sections: Academic and Military. The Academic section falls under the supervision of the Academic Services Group - they are responsible for assembling the curriculum, making class schedules, and appointing teaching staff for Undergraduate, Post Graduate, and Doctoral Studies.
The Military Section of the college is housed mainly in the old Polytechnic buildings to the east of the campus. Sports facilities at EME include three tennis courts, a basketball court, a squash court, badminton court, football grounds, cricket pitches, a swimming pool, horse riding club, and two gymnasiums. The EME cricket and squash team won the Inter-NUST title in 2016. The campus includes all on-campus facilities, hostel accommodation, auditorium, academic blocks, conference halls, sports complex, and mess facilities. The library is fully computerized with a collection of 70,000 volumes.
History
On 1 April 1957, the College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering was established at Quetta as EME School. In 1969, EME School was given the status of a college and civilians wer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20J.%20Stenger
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Victor John Stenger (; January 29, 1935 – August 25, 2014) was an American particle physicist, philosopher, author, and religious skeptic.
Following a career as a research scientist in the field of particle physics, Stenger was associated with New Atheism and he authored popular science books. He published twelve books for general audiences on physics, quantum mechanics, cosmology, philosophy, religion, atheism, and pseudoscience, including the 2007 best-seller God: The Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist. His final book was God and the Multiverse: Humanity's Expanding View of the Cosmos (2014). He was a regular featured science columnist for the Huffington Post.
An advocate for removing the influence of religion from scientific research, commercial activity, and the political process, Stenger coined the quote: "Science flies you to the moon. Religion flies you into buildings".
Personal life
Victor J. Stenger was born on January 29, 1935, and raised in a working-class neighborhood of Bayonne, New Jersey. His father was a Lithuanian immigrant, and his mother was the daughter of Hungarian immigrants. He died on August 25, 2014, at the age of 79.
Career
Education and employment
Stenger attended public schools in Bayonne, New Jersey, and received a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Newark College of Engineering (now the New Jersey Institute of Technology). He then moved to Los Angeles on a Hughes Aircraft Company fellowship, earning
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-wave
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In physics, X-waves are localized solutions of the wave equation that travel at a constant velocity in a given direction. X-waves can be sound, electromagnetic, or gravitational waves. They are built as a non-monochromatic superposition of Bessel beams. Ideal X-waves carry infinite energy, but finite-energy realizations have been observed in various frameworks. X-wave pulses can have superluminal phase and group velocity.
In optics, X-waves solution have been reported within a quantum mechanical formulation.
See also
Nonlinear X-wave
Droplet-shaped wave
References
J. Lu and J. F. Greenleaf, "Nondiffracting X waves: exact solutions to free-space scalar wave equation and their infinite realizations", IEEE Trans. Ultrasonic Ferroelectric Frequency. Control 39, 19–31 (1992).
Erasmo Recami and Michel Zamboni-Rached and Hugo E. Hernandez-Figueroa, "Localized waves: A scientific and historical introduction" arxiv.org 0708.1655v2.
Various authors in the book Localized Waves edited by Erasmo Recami, Michel Zamboni-Rached and Hugo E. Hernandez-Figueroa
External links
The Virtual Institute for Nonlinear Optics (VINO), a research collaboration devoted to the investigation of X-waves and conical waves in general
Nolinear X-waves page at the nlo.phys.uniroma1.it website.
Wave mechanics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biangular%20coordinates
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In mathematics, biangular coordinates are a coordinate system for the plane where and are two fixed points, and the position of a point P not on the line is determined by the angles and
The sine rule can be used to convert from biangular coordinates to two-center bipolar coordinates.
Applications
Biangular coordinates can be used in geometric modelling and CAD.
See also
Two-center bipolar coordinates
Bipolar coordinates
Sectrix of Maclaurin
References
External links
G. B. M. Zerr Biangular Coordinates, American Mathematical Monthly 17 (2), February 1910
J. C. L. Fish, Coordinates Of Elementary Surveying
George Shoobridge Carr, A synopsis of elementary results in pure mathematics (see page 742)
Coordinate systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph%20College
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Randolph College is a private liberal arts and sciences college in Lynchburg, Virginia. Founded in 1891 as Randolph-Macon Woman's College, it was renamed on July 1, 2007, when it became coeducational.
The college offers 32 majors; 42 minors; ‘pre-professional’ programs in law, medicine, veterinary medicine, engineering physics, and teaching; and a dual degree program in engineering. Undergraduate degrees offered include the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, and Bachelor of Fine Arts. Randolph also offers three graduate degrees, the Master of Arts in Teaching, Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing, and the Master of Arts in Coaching and Sport Leadership.
Randolph College is an NCAA Division III school competing in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC). The college fields varsity teams in six men's and eight women's sports.
Notable alumnae include author Pearl S. Buck, who won the Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize, food and travel author Frances Mayes, former U.S. Senator Blanche Lincoln, and CNN senior political correspondent Candy Crowley.
Randolph is a member of The Annapolis Group of colleges in the United States, the Council of Independent Colleges in Virginia, and the Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges.
History
The college was founded by William Waugh Smith, then-president of Randolph-Macon College, under Randolph-Macon's charter after he failed to convince R-MC to become co-educational. Randolph-Macon Woman's College has historic ties to the Uni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Kratzer
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B. Adolf Kratzer (October 16, 1893 – July 6, 1983) was a German theoretical physicist who made contributions to atomic physics and molecular physics, and was an authority on molecular band spectroscopy. He was born in Günzburg and died in Münster.
From 1912 to 1914, Kratzer studied physics at the Technische Hochschule München (today, Technische Universität München), and then he spent two years in the army, after which he began studies at the University of Munich under Arnold Sommerfeld. He was granted his doctor of philosophy in 1920; his thesis was on the band spectra of molecules. While at Munich, he was Sommerfeld’s assistant; he had been trained by Sommerfeld’s assistant and student Wilhelm Lenz to fill this role. While at Munich, Kratzer extended the theory of diatomic molecular spectroscopy by including anharmonic forces between the nuclei, which changed the oscillation frequencies. It was Sommerfeld’s practice to send some of his assistants to be personal assistants for physics to the mathematician David Hilbert, at the University of Göttingen. Kratzer was sent to Göttingen during the period 1920 to 1921. Upon his return to Munich, he became a Privatdozent, and it was during this time that he became acquainted with Werner Heisenberg, also a student of Sommerfeld.
Based on his work at Munich, it was in 1922 that Kratzer's detailed analysis on the cyanide spectroscopic bands was published. His analysis resulted in the introduction of half-integral quantum number
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathCast
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MathCast is a graphical mathematics equation editor. With this computer application, a user can create equations in mathematical notation and use them in documents or web pages. Equations can be rendered into pictures or transformed into MathML.
MathCast features a Rapid Mathline, Equation List Management, and XHTML authoring.
MathCast is a free software application distributed under the GNU General Public License.
External links
MathCast home page
Sourceforge project page
Formula editors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-abelian%20class%20field%20theory
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In mathematics, non-abelian class field theory is a catchphrase, meaning the extension of the results of class field theory, the relatively complete and classical set of results on abelian extensions of any number field K, to the general Galois extension L/K. While class field theory was essentially known by 1930, the corresponding non-abelian theory has never been formulated in a definitive and accepted sense.
History
A presentation of class field theory in terms of group cohomology was carried out by Claude Chevalley, Emil Artin and others, mainly in the 1940s. This resulted in a formulation of the central results by means of the group cohomology of the idele class group. The theorems of the cohomological approach are independent of whether or not the Galois group G of L/K is abelian. This theory has never been regarded as the sought-after non-abelian theory. The first reason that can be cited for that is that it did not provide fresh information on the splitting of prime ideals in a Galois extension; a common way to explain the objective of a non-abelian class field theory is that it should provide a more explicit way to express such patterns of splitting.
The cohomological approach therefore was of limited use in even formulating non-abelian class field theory. Behind the history was the wish of Chevalley to write proofs for class field theory without using Dirichlet series: in other words to eliminate L-functions. The first wave of proofs of the central theorems of cl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on%20Van%20Hove
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Léon Charles Prudent Van Hove (10 February 1924 – 2 September 1990) was a Belgian physicist and a Director General of CERN. He developed a scientific career spanning mathematics, solid state physics, elementary particle and nuclear physics to cosmology.
Biography
Van Hove studied mathematics and physics at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). In 1946 he received his PhD in mathematics at the ULB. From 1949 to 1954 he worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey by virtue of his meeting with Robert Oppenheimer. Later he worked at the Brookhaven National Laboratory and was a professor and Director of the Theoretical Physics Institute at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands. In the 1950s he laid the theoretical foundations for the analysis of inelastic neutron scattering in terms of the dynamic structure factor. In 1958, he was awarded the Francqui Prize in Exact Sciences. In 1959, he received an invitation to become the head of the Theory Division at CERN in Geneva. In 1975 Prof. Van Hove was appointed CERN Director-General, with John Adams, responsible for the research activities of the Organization. The LEP project was proposed during Van Hove's tenure as Director General.
Awards
Francqui Prize, 1958
Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, 1962
Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1964
Max Planck Medal, 1974
Member, United States National Academy of Sciences, 1980
Member, American Philosophical Society, 1980
There i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNO%2B
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SNO+ is a physics experiment designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay, with secondary measurements of proton–electron–proton (pep) solar neutrinos, geoneutrinos from radioactive decays in the Earth, and reactor neutrinos. It is under construction (as of February 2017) using the underground equipment already installed for the former Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) experiment at SNOLAB. It could also observe supernovae neutrinos if a supernova occurs in our galaxy.
Physics goals
The primary goal of the SNO+ detector is the search for neutrinoless double beta decay, specifically with regard to decay of , to understand if a neutrino is its own anti-particle (i.e. a majorana fermion). Secondary physics goals include measurement of neutrinos or antineutrinos from:
Proton-electron-proton (pep) and carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycles within the Sun to better understand neutrino-matter interaction and solar composition.
Beta decay of uranium and thorium within the Earth (geoneutrinos) to constrain Earth's radioactive heat budget.
Beta decay of fission daughter products in nuclear reactors (reactor antineutrinos) to better constrain neutrino oscillation parameters.
Supernova neutrinos and antineutrinos for early warning detection of supernova (see Supernova Early Warning System).
Nucleon decay into neutrinos, which would indicate a violation of baryon conservation.
Testing and construction
The previous experiment, SNO, used water within the sphere and relied on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Diamond
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Fred Irvin Diamond (born November 19, 1964) is a mathematician, known for his role in proving the modularity theorem for elliptic curves. His research interest is in modular forms and Galois representations.
Life
Diamond received his B.A. from the University of Michigan in 1984, and received his Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1988 as a doctoral student of Andrew Wiles. He has held positions at Brandeis University and Rutgers University, and is currently a professor at King's College London.
Diamond is the author of several research papers, and is also a coauthor along with Jerry Shurman of A First Course in Modular Forms, in the Graduate Texts in Mathematics series published by Springer-Verlag.
References
External links
Fred Diamond's website
1964 births
Living people
Number theorists
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Princeton University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Ohio State University faculty
Brandeis University faculty
Academics of King's College London
Place of birth missing (living people)
Nationality missing
Fermat's Last Theorem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20Grammar%20School
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Mathematical Grammar School (, abbr. "MG" or "MGB"), is a special school for gifted and talented students of mathematics, physics and informatics located in Belgrade, Serbia. It is ranked number one at International Science Olympiads by the number of medals won by its students (more than 400).
The School has developed its own Mathematical Grammar School Curriculum in various mathematics, physics, and IT subjects.
There are approx. 160 professors employed, mostly scientists. One half of the professors come from University of Belgrade staff, Institute of Physics Belgrade, and Mathematical Institute of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. More than half of the professors are former students of the School.
School's staff maintains connections to, collaborates with, and frequently visits world's leading scientific institutions, such as CERN, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research – Dubna, Lomonosov Moscow State University, UC Berkeley, Oxford, Cambridge, Warwick University, Imperial College London.
During the previous decade, students received full scholarships for UC Berkeley, Oxford, Cambridge, Warwick University, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Columbia University, Stanford University, Harvard University, University College London. The rest mostly obtain full scholarships from University of Belgrade.
The School has 550 students, aged 12–19. There are 155 girls, and 395 boys.
The average professors' work experience is 18 years.
Reputatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameca
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Ameca may refer to:
Biology
Ameca (fish), a monotypic ray-finned fish genus in the family Goodeidae, with the only species Ameca splendens
Places in Mexico
Ameca, Jalisco, a city and municipality in central Jalisco
Chiefdom of Ameca, a pre-Columbian state in Jalisco
Ameca Valley, a large expansive plateau in Jalisco
Ameca River
Amecameca, in the State of México, often informally abbreviated to "Ameca"
Humanoid Robot
Ameca (robot)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperelliptic%20surface
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In mathematics, a hyperelliptic surface, or bi-elliptic surface, is a surface whose Albanese morphism is an elliptic fibration. Any such surface can be written as the quotient of a product of two elliptic curves by a finite abelian group.
Hyperelliptic surfaces form one of the classes of surfaces of Kodaira dimension 0 in the Enriques–Kodaira classification.
Invariants
The Kodaira dimension is 0.
Hodge diamond:
Classification
Any hyperelliptic surface is a quotient (E×F)/G, where E = C/Λ and F are elliptic curves, and G is a subgroup of F (acting on F by translations). There are seven families of hyperelliptic surfaces as in the following table.
Here ω is a primitive cube root of 1 and i is a primitive 4th root of 1.
Quasi hyperelliptic surfaces
A quasi-hyperelliptic surface is a surface whose canonical divisor is numerically equivalent to zero, the Albanese mapping maps to an elliptic curve, and all its fibers are rational with a cusp. They only exist in characteristics 2 or 3. Their second Betti number is 2, the second Chern number vanishes, and the holomorphic Euler characteristic vanishes. They were classified by , who found six cases in characteristic 3 (in which case 6K= 0) and eight in characteristic 2 (in which case 6K or 4K vanishes).
Any quasi-hyperelliptic surface is a quotient (E×F)/G, where E is a rational curve with one cusp, F is an elliptic curve, and G is a finite subgroup scheme of F (acting on F by translations).
References
- the standard reference
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPS%20%28buffer%29
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CAPS is the common name for N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid, a chemical used as buffering agent in biochemistry. The similar substance N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (CAPSO) is also used as buffering agent in biochemistry. Its useful pH range is 9.7-11.1.
See also
CHES
Good's buffers § List of Good's buffers
References
Buffer solutions
Sulfonic acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merl
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Merl, or MERL, may refer to:
Merl (name)
Merl, Luxembourg, a quarter of Luxembourg City
Merl (Buffyverse), a fictional character in the television series Angel
Abbreviation
Mechanical Engineering Research Laboratory
Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories
Museum of English Rural Life
See also
Common blackbird, merl in Scottish English
Merle (disambiguation)
Merlin (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit%20%28biology%29
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Habit, equivalent to habitus in some applications in biology, refers variously to aspects of behaviour or structure, as follows:
In zoology (particularly in ethology), habit usually refers to aspects of more or less predictable behaviour, instinctive or otherwise, though it also has broader application. Habitus refers to the characteristic form or morphology of a species.
In botany, habit is the characteristic form in which a given species of plant grows (see plant habit).
Behavior
In zoology, habit (not to be confused with habitus as described below) usually refers to a specific behavior pattern, either adopted, learned, pathological, innate, or directly related to physiology. For example:
...the [cat] was in the habit of springing upon the [door knocker] in order to gain admission...
If these sensitive parrots are kept in cages, they quickly take up the habit of feather plucking.
The spider monkey has an arboreal habit and rarely ventures onto the forest floor.
The brittle star has the habit of breaking off arms as a means of defense.
Mode of life (or lifestyle, modus vivendi) is a concept related to habit, and it is sometimes referred to as the habit of an animal. It may refer to the locomotor capabilities, as in "(motile habit", sessile, errant, sedentary), feeding behaviour and mechanisms, nutrition mode (free-living, parasitic, holozoic, saprotrophic, trophic type), type of habitat (terrestrial, arboreal, aquatic, marine, freshwater, seawater, benthic, pelagic,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20G.%20Ernst
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W. Gary Ernst (born December 14, 1931) is an American geologist specializing in petrology and geochemistry. He currently is the Benjamin M. Page Professor Emeritus in Stanford University's department of geological sciences.
Ernst was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He received a B.A. degree in geology from Carleton College in 1953, an M.S. in geology from the University of Minnesota of 1955, and a Ph.D. in geochemistry from Johns Hopkins University in 1959.
From 1960 to 1989 he was a professor in the department of earth and space sciences and institute of geophysics and planetary physics at UCLA, where he also served terms as chair of the department of geology, chair of the department of earth and space sciences, and director of the institute of geophysics and planetary physics. In 1989 he joined Stanford University as professor in the department of geological and environmental sciences and dean of the school of earth sciences. He retired in 2004, but has continued to be active professionally.
Ernst's research interests have included the petrology, geochemistry, and plate tectonics of Circumpacific and Alpine mobile belts; ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in Eurasia; geology of the California Coast Ranges, the central Klamath Mountains, and White-Inyo Range; geobotany and remote sensing of the southwestern United States; and mineralogy and human health.
Honors and awards
Ernst has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1975. He has served as a trustee of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukumar
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Bandreddi Sukumar (born 23 January 1970) is an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer who works in Telugu cinema. He is known for his complex and multi-layered screenplays, and infusing grey shades in the characterisation of his protagonists. He is one of the highest paid directors in South Indian cinema.
Sukumar worked as a mathematics and physics lecturer at a junior college in Kakinada for nearly seven years before pursuing a career in films as a director. He began working as a writer and worked with Editor Mohan before assisting V. V. Vinayak on Dil (2003). He made his directorial debut with Arya in 2004, whose success catapulted him to stardom. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu and Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer for his work on Arya.
Sukumar's other notable films include Arya 2 (2009), 100% Love (2011), 1: Nenokkadine (2014), Nannaku Prematho (2016), Rangasthalam (2018) and Pushpa: The Rise (2021). Rangasthalam was the third highest grossing Telugu film at the time behind the Baahubali films. Pushpa: The Rise is the highest-grossing Indian film of 2021 and ranks among the highest-grossing Telugu films of all time.
Sukumar also produced films like Kumari 21F (2015), Uppena (2021), Virupaksha (2023) under the banner Sukumar Writings. In 2014, he received the K. V. Reddy Memorial award for his contributions to Telugu cinema.
Early life and family
Sukumar was born on 11 January 1970, in Mattaparru, a village near Malikipuram in erstwh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetic%20space
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In mathematics, more precisely in functional analysis, an energetic space is, intuitively, a subspace of a given real Hilbert space equipped with a new "energetic" inner product. The motivation for the name comes from physics, as in many physical problems the energy of a system can be expressed in terms of the energetic inner product. An example of this will be given later in the article.
Energetic space
Formally, consider a real Hilbert space with the inner product and the norm . Let be a linear subspace of and be a strongly monotone symmetric linear operator, that is, a linear operator satisfying
for all in
for some constant and all in
The energetic inner product is defined as
for all in
and the energetic norm is
for all in
The set together with the energetic inner product is a pre-Hilbert space. The energetic space is defined as the completion of in the energetic norm. can be considered a subset of the original Hilbert space since any Cauchy sequence in the energetic norm is also Cauchy in the norm of (this follows from the strong monotonicity property of ).
The energetic inner product is extended from to by
where and are sequences in Y that converge to points in in the energetic norm.
Energetic extension
The operator admits an energetic extension
defined on with values in the dual space that is given by the formula
for all in
Here, denotes the duality bracket between and so actually denotes
If and are elements
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules%20Duchesne
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Jules Charles Gérard Léon Duchesne (1911–1984) was a Belgian scientist. He was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences and the Gold Medal of the Francqui Foundation in 1961, for his work on molecular physics.
Work
At the laboratory of atomic and molecular physics, Duchesne studied the dynamic behaviour of molecules and identified the role of molecular vibrations in chemical reactivity. In 1950 this gave rise to the theory of infra-red photoactivation.
Duchesne studied the properties of the solid state. He was the first to establish the law governing the broadening of quadripolar nuclear resonance in crystals containing isomorphic impurities. In this way he discovered the effects of charge transfer, the fraction of the transfer and the location of the transferred electron.
From 1957 he concentrated on the properties of nitrogen and presented his findings to the academy as "La molécule de N2O4 et un nouveau type de liaison chimique" ("The N204 molecule and a new type of chemical bond")
In 1964, free radicals in various meteorites were identified at Liege. As a recognized expert in the field of carbonate rocks, Jules Duchesne was chosen by the NASA to study lunar samples collected by the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions.
From 1975, while continuing to write on atomic physics and molecular biophysics, he also broadened his scope, to include medical matters.
Personal
In 1948 he married Audrey Madeline Cripps (b 1919), who was English. This subsequently resulted
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert%20Chantrenne
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Hubert Chantrenne (1918–2007) was a Belgian scientist, and one of the pioneers of molecular biology at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. He elucidated the messenger role played by the ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the synthesis of proteins in ribosome, organelles of the cellular cytoplasm. In 1963, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Biological and Medical Sciences.
References
External links
L'ADN, cette "simple" molécule (in French)
Belgian molecular biologists
Academic staff of the Université libre de Bruxelles
1918 births
2007 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20J.%20Fripiat
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José J. Fripiat (1 July 1923 – 17 February 2014) was a Belgian scientist and former professor at the Universite Catholique de Louvain. He obtained a M.S. degree in Chemistry and Physics in 1944 at the Universite Catholique de Louvain. He started his career as a "soil physicist" in a research institute located in the Belgian Congo. While working in Congo he calculated and measured the motion of the water levels in soils of Central Africa and was able to predict it. In 1951, he received the Barman Award of the Belgium Royal Academy. In 1967, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences for his work on surface chemistry. In 1986, he went to the United States to work at the Laboratory for Surface Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.
External links
UCL/AGRO
Jose J. Fripiat
Fripiat, Jose J.
Fripiat, Jose J.
2014 deaths
1923 births
Belgian expatriates in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu%20B%C4%83lescu
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Radu Bălescu (Bucharest, 18 July 1932 – 1 June 2006, Bucharest) was a Romanian and Belgian (since 1959) scientist and professor at the Statistical and Plasma Physics group of the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB).
He studied at the Titu Maiorescu high school, in Bucharest (1943–1948) and the Athénée Royal d'Ixelles (1948–1950). At the ULB (1950–1958) he studied chemistry and obtained a PhD in 1958. He started his academic career in 1957 at the ULB as an assistant (with Prof. Ilya Prigogine) at the Service de Physique Théorique et Mathématique. He became a professor at the ULB in 1964. He worked on the statistical physics of charged particles (Bălescu-Lenard collision operator) and on the theory of transport of magnetically confined plasmas. Radu Balescu was involved in the European fusion programme for more than 30 years as a scientist and as the head of research unit of the ULB group in the Euratom-Belgian state Association.
In 1970 he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences. In 2000 he received the Hannes Alfvén Prize.
See also
EURATOM
References
Journal
External links
Radu Bălescu
Belgian physicists
Scientists from Bucharest
Romanian emigrants to Belgium
1932 births
2006 deaths
Free University of Brussels (1834–1969) alumni
Plasma physicists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-center%20bipolar%20coordinates
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In mathematics, two-center bipolar coordinates is a coordinate system based on two coordinates which give distances from two fixed centers and . This system is very useful in some scientific applications (e.g. calculating the electric field of a dipole on a plane).
Transformation to Cartesian coordinates
When the centers are at and , the transformation to Cartesian coordinates from two-center bipolar coordinates is
Transformation to polar coordinates
When x > 0, the transformation to polar coordinates from two-center bipolar coordinates is
where is the distance between the poles (coordinate system centers).
Applications
Polar plotters use two-center bipolar coordinates to describe the drawing paths required to draw a target image.
See also
Bipolar coordinates
Biangular coordinates
Lemniscate of Bernoulli
Oval of Cassini
Cartesian oval
Ellipse
References
Two-center bipolar coordinates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BaseKing
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In cryptography, BaseKing is a block cipher designed in 1994 by Joan Daemen. It is very closely related to 3-Way, as the two are variants of the same general cipher technique.
BaseKing has a block size of 192 bits–twice as long as 3-Way, and notably not a power of two as with most block ciphers. The key length is also 192 bits. BaseKing is an 11-round substitution–permutation network.
In Daemen's doctoral dissertation he presented an extensive theory of block cipher design, as well as a rather general cipher algorithm composed of a number of invertible transformations that may be chosen with considerable freedom. He discussed the security of this general scheme against known cryptanalytic attacks, and gave two specific examples of ciphers consisting of particular choices for the variable parameters. These ciphers are 3-Way and BaseKing.
BaseKing is susceptible to the same kind of related-key attack as 3-Way. Daemen, Peeters, and Van Assche have also demonstrated potential vulnerabilities to differential power analysis, along with some techniques to increase the resistance of a given implementation of BaseKing to such an attack.
References
Broken block ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20Hopf
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Ludwig Hopf (23 October 1884 in Nürnberg, Germany – 23 December 1939 in Dublin) was a German-Jewish theoretical physicist who made contributions to mathematics, special relativity, hydrodynamics, and aerodynamics. Early in his career he was the assistant to and a collaborator and co-author with Albert Einstein.
Biography
Hopf was born into a family of prominent hops merchants and municipal counselors in Nürnberg, Germany, the son of Elise (née Josephthal) and Hans Hopf. From 1902-1909 he studied math and physics at the Universities of Munich and Berlin.
Hopf studied under Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich, where he received his Ph.D. in 1909, on the topic of hydrodynamics. Shortly after this, Sommerfeld introduced Hopf to Albert Einstein at a physics conference in Salzburg. Later that year, Einstein, needing an assistant at the University of Zurich, hired Hopf; it was an added bonus that Hopf was a talented pianist, since Einstein played the violin and liked to play duets. Hopf was an ardent fan of psychoanalysis, had studied Freud and, once in Zurich, attached himself to Freud's ex-disciple Carl Jung. Hopf introduced Einstein to Jung, and Einstein returned to Jung's house several times over the years. In 1910, Hopf collaborated and published with Einstein two papers on classical statistical aspects of radiation. Hopf’s collaboration with Sommerfeld on integral representations of Bessel Functions resulted in the publication of a paper in 1911. Also i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dox
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Dox or DOX may refer to:
Chemistry
Desferrioxamine, a chelating agent used to remove excess iron from the body
Dissolved oxygen, a relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium
Doxorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic used in cancer therapy
DOx, 2,5-dimethoxy, 4-substituted amphetamines
Doxycycline, a semi-synthetic tetracycline
People
Arthur Wayland Dox, a biologist who popularized Czapek-Dox medium
Dox (poet), born Jean Verdi Salomon Razakandrainy (1913–1978), a significant poet from Madagascar
Gerrit L. Dox (1784–1847), an American politician, New York State Treasurer
Myndert M. Dox (1790–1830), an American soldier and government official
Peter Myndert Dox (1813–1891), an American politician.
Vril Dox, a DC Comics character
Other uses
Dox, a white dwarf star named SDSS J1240+6710 which contains a nearly pure oxygen atmosphere
dox, an IO/FDIS 639-3 code for Bussa language
Dox, a type of Warez
Dornier Do X, the German aircraft
Direct oximetry
Canid hybrid, a supposed hybrid between a fox and a dog
Doxing, researching and publishing personally identifiable information about an individual without their consent
Design of experiments, a statistical approach to experimental design
See also
Dock (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Macq
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Pierre Macq (8 July 1930 in Ganshoren – 17 September 2013) was a Belgian physicist who was the rector of the University of Louvain (UCLouvain) from 1986 until 1995. In 1973, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences for his work on experimental nuclear physics.
In 1991, the Hoover Chair was founded by Pierre Macq, at the Faculty of Economic, Social and Political sciences of the UCLouvain, thanks to a donation from the BAEF for university development.
References
External links
Chaire Hoover d'éthique économique et sociale
1930 births
2013 deaths
People from Ganshoren
Belgian physicists
Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni
Academic staff of the Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)
Academic staff of the Université catholique de Louvain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Thomas%20%28biologist%29
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René Thomas (14 May 1928 (Ixelles) - 9 January 2017 (Rixensart) was a Belgian scientist. His research included DNA biochemistry and biophysics, genetics, mathematical biology, and finally dynamical systems. He devoted his life to the deciphering of key logical principles at the basis of the behaviour of biological systems, and more generally to the generation of complex dynamical behaviour. He was professor and laboratory head at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, and taught and inspired several generations of researchers.
Biography
René Thomas was born on 14 May 1928, in Brussels, Belgium. His parents were the poet Lucien-Paul Thomas and Marieke Vandenbergh. He was the youngest of three siblings further including Anny and André Thomas. René Thomas was the father of three children: Isabelle, Pierre and Anne. He spent his childhood in La Hulpe, Belgium. Very young, he was already fascinated by biology and published his first scientific article at the age of 13 years old. He continued his studies at the Royal Athenaeum of Ixelles (Brussels), and at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), where he studied chemistry.
At ULB, Thomas attended lectures by Jean Brachet, who pioneered the field of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and their role in heredity and protein synthesis. Under Brachet's supervision, Thomas prepared and defended a PhD thesis on the denaturation of DNA in 1952.
After two years of postdoctoral training in the laboratories of Harriet Ephrussi (Paris, France, 1953–
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20of%20Morley
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Daniel of Morley (c. 1140 – c. 1210) was an English scholastic philosopher and astronomer.
Life
He apparently came from Morley, Norfolk, and is said to have been educated at Oxford.
Thence he proceeded to the University of Paris, and applied himself especially to the study of mathematics, but dissatisfied with the teaching there he left for Toledo, then famous for its school of Arabian philosophy.
At Toledo, he remained for some time.
Morley returned to England with a valuable collection of books.
He was apparently disappointed at the neglect of science in England, and a passage in his book has been interpreted to mean that he was on the point of setting out again for foreign parts when he met John of Oxford, Bishop of Norwich, who persuaded him to remain.
The date of Morley's death is unknown.
Works
Morley was author of a book called both Philosophia Magistri Danielis de Merlac, and Liber de Naturis inferiorum et superiorum, dedicated to John of Oxford. From the preface is derived all that is known of Morley's life.
The Arundel MS. divides the work into two books, one, De superiori parte mundi, the other, De inferiori parte mundi; in it Morley quotes frequently from Arabian and Greek philosophers, and vaunts the superiority of the former. He is not free, however, from astrological superstitions.
Another copy of the work is No. 95 in the Corpus Christi College, Oxford, MSS., and is erroneously catalogued under W. de Conchys.
This copy lacks the preface, and mention
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20L.%20Wright
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Edward L. (Ned) Wright (born August 25, 1947 in Washington, D.C.) is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist. He has worked on space missions including the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) projects.
Wright received his ABscl (Physics in 1969) and PhD (Astronomy in 1976) degrees in high-altitude rocket measurement of cosmic microwave background radiation from Harvard University, where he was a junior fellow. After teaching as a tenured associate professor in the MIT Physics Department for a while, Wright has been a professor at UCLA since 1981.
Wright researches infrared astronomy and cosmology. He has studied fractal dust grains which are able to absorb and emit efficiently at millimeter wavelengths, and other aspects that may be important factors in understanding the cosmic microwave background. As an interdisciplinary scientist on the Space InfraRed Telescope Facility (SIRTF) Science Working Group, Wright has worked on the SIRTF project (renamed the Spitzer Space Telescope) since 1976. He was an active member of the teams working on the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) since 1978. He is the principal investigator of the Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) project. Wright is also a member of the current science team on the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), which was launched in June 2001. WMAP followed up the COBE discovery of early fluctuations in the devel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Englert
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François, Baron Englert (; born 6 November 1932) is a Belgian theoretical physicist and 2013 Nobel Prize laureate.
Englert is professor emeritus at the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), where he is a member of the Service de Physique Théorique. He is also a Sackler Professor by Special Appointment in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel Aviv University and a member of the Institute for Quantum Studies at Chapman University in California. He was awarded the 2010 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics (with Gerry Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, Tom Kibble, Peter Higgs, and Robert Brout), the Wolf Prize in Physics in 2004 (with Brout and Higgs) and the High Energy and Particle Prize of the European Physical Society (with Brout and Higgs) in 1997 for the mechanism which unifies short and long range interactions by generating massive gauge vector bosons.
Englert has made contributions in statistical physics, quantum field theory, cosmology, string theory and supergravity. He is the recipient of the 2013 Prince of Asturias Award in technical and scientific research, together with Peter Higgs and the CERN.
Englert was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, together with Peter Higgs for the discovery of the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism.
Early life
François Englert is a Holocaust survivor. He was born in a Belgian Jewish family. During the German occupation of Belgium in World War II, he had to conceal his Jewish identity and live in orphanages and children's hom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9%20Collen
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Désiré, Baron Collen (born in Sint-Truiden, Belgium, 21 June 1943) is a Belgian physician, chemist, biotechnology entrepreneur and life science investor. He made several discoveries in thrombosis, haemostasis and vascular biology in many of which serendipity played a significant role. His main achievement has been his role in the development of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) from a laboratory concept to a life-saving drug for dissolving blood clots causing acute myocardial infarction or acute ischemic stroke. Recombinant t-PA was produced and marketed by Genentech Inc as Activase and by Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH as Actilyse, and is considered biotechnology's first life saving drug.
In 2008 Collen reached the mandatory retirement age of 65 years as Professor of the Faculty of Medicine at KU Leuven (Belgium), where he served as Director of the Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Research (now Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology) and the VIB Department for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy (now VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology). He authored and co-authored over 650 research papers in peer reviewed international journals which have been cited over 70,000 times, and 39 US Patents. He ranked among the 100 most cited scientific authors of the 1980s listed by Current Contents and among the top 100 living contributors to biotechnology in polls conducted by Reed Elsevier in 2005. In 2012 SciTech Strategies placed him among the top 400 most influential scienti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amand%20Lucas
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Amand Lucas (born 18 December 1936, Liège) is a Belgian scientist and professor at the Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, at the Institute for Studies in Interface Sciences. In 1985, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences for his work on theoretical physics.
References
Belgian physicists
Walloon people
Living people
Academic staff of the Université de Namur
1936 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%20numbering%20for%20sequences
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In mathematics, a Gödel numbering for sequences provides an effective way to represent each finite sequence of natural numbers as a single natural number. While a set theoretical embedding is surely possible, the emphasis is on the effectiveness of the functions manipulating such representations of sequences: the operations on sequences (accessing individual members, concatenation) can be "implemented" using total recursive functions, and in fact by primitive recursive functions.
It is usually used to build sequential “data types” in arithmetic-based formalizations of some fundamental notions of mathematics. It is a specific case of the more general idea of Gödel numbering. For example, recursive function theory can be regarded as a formalization of the notion of an algorithm, and can be regarded as a programming language to mimic lists by encoding a sequence of natural numbers in a single natural number.
Gödel numbering
Besides using Gödel numbering to encode unique sequences of symbols into unique natural numbers (i.e. place numbers into mutually exclusive or one-to-one correspondence with the sequences), we can use it to encode whole “architectures” of sophisticated “machines”. For example, we can encode Markov algorithms, or Turing machines into natural numbers and thereby prove that the expressive power of recursive function theory is no less than that of the former machine-like formalizations of algorithms.
Accessing members
Any such representation of sequences s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20van%20Moerbeke
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Pierre van Moerbeke (born 1 October 1944 in Leuven, Belgium) is a Belgian mathematician. He studied mathematics at the Catholic University of Leuven, where he received his degree in 1966. He then obtained a PhD in mathematics at Rockefeller University, New York City (1972). He is a professor of mathematics at Brandeis University (United States) and the UCL. He studies non-linear differential equations and partial differential equations, with soliton behavior. In 1988, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences.
See also
Kac-van Moerbeke lattice
External links
Official Webpage
Alternate webpage
Van Moerbeke, Pierre
Van Moerbeke, Pierre
Van Moerbeke, Pierre
Van Moerbeke, Pierre
Van Moerbeke, Pierre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-j%20symbol
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In quantum mechanics, the Wigner 3-j symbols, also called 3-jm symbols, are an alternative to Clebsch–Gordan coefficients for the purpose of adding angular momenta. While the two approaches address exactly the same physical problem, the 3-j symbols do so more symmetrically.
Mathematical relation to Clebsch–Gordan coefficients
The 3-j symbols are given in terms of the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients by
The j and m components are angular-momentum quantum numbers, i.e., every (and every corresponding ) is either a nonnegative integer or half-odd-integer. The exponent of the sign factor is always an integer, so it remains the same when transposed to the left, and the inverse relation follows upon making the substitution :
Explicit expression
where is the Kronecker delta.
The summation is performed over those integer values for which the argument of each factorial in the denominator is non-negative, i.e. summation limits and are taken equal: the lower one the upper one Factorials of negative numbers are conventionally taken equal to zero, so that the values of the 3j symbol at, for example, or are automatically set to zero.
Definitional relation to Clebsch–Gordan coefficients
The CG coefficients are defined so as to express the addition of two angular momenta in terms of a third:
The 3-j symbols, on the other hand, are the coefficients with which three angular momenta must be added so that the resultant is zero:
Here is the zero-angular-momentum state (). It is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic%20trends
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In chemistry, periodic trends are specific patterns that are present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of certain elements when grouped by period and/or group. They were discovered by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in the year 1863. Major periodic trends include atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, valency and metallic character. These trends exist because of the similar electron configurations of the elements within their respective groups or periods; they reflect the periodic nature of the elements. These trends give a qualitative assessment of the properties of each element.
Summary of trends
Atomic radius
The atomic radius is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outermost electron orbital in an atom. In general, the atomic radius decreases as we move from left to right in a period, and it increases when we go down a group. This is because in periods, the valence electrons are in the same outermost shell. The atomic number increases within the same period while moving from left to right, which in turn increases the effective nuclear charge. The increase in attractive forces reduces the atomic radius of elements. When we move down the group, the atomic radius increases due to the addition of a new shell.
Ionization energy
The ionization energy is the minimum amount of energy that an electron in a gaseous atom or ion has to absorb to come out of the influence of attracting force of the nucleus. It i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie%20Andr%C3%A9
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Jean-Marie André (born 31 March 1944, in Charleroi, Belgium and deceased 3 January 2023, in Namur, Belgium) was a Belgian scientist and professor of Theoretical and Chemical Physics at the Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix (now, University of Namur) in Belgium. He made important contributions to polymer chemistry. In 1984, he was awarded the Medal of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science (IAQMS), and in 1991, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences. He was a member of the IAQMS.
References
External links
Jean-Marie André
1944 births
2013 deaths
Scientists from Charleroi
Academic staff of the Université de Namur
Members of Academia Europaea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%20Vassart
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Gilbert Vassart is a Belgian scientist and professor at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles. His research interests include molecular endocrinology, especially related to the thyroid, and pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptor along with medical genetics.
He is the past director of the Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie humaine et moléculaire (IRIBHM) and teaches Medical Genetics at the Medical School of the Université Libre de Bruxelles.
Honors and awards
Docteur honoris causa of the University of Chicago (2002)
Docteur honoris causa of the Université René Descartes (2000)
Francqui Prize (1993)
Van Geysel European award for biomedical research (2000)
ISI Highly Cited Scientist in Biology & Biochemistry
References
External links
Gilbert Vassart (ULB)
Belgian endocrinologists
Academic staff of the Université libre de Bruxelles
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric%20Derouane
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Éric Gérard Joseph Derouane (4 July 1944 in Péruwelz – 17 March 2008 in Praia da Luz) was a French-speaking Belgian catalyst scientist.
In 1968 he obtained his MSc in Chemistry at Princeton University and his PhD at the University of Liège. He then became a Research Associate of the National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium). In 1973, he was appointed as Professor at the Facultés universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix in Namur, Belgium, where he has been the Director of the Laboratory of Catalysis. In 1995, he became Full Professor and Director of the Leverhulme Centre for Innovative Catalysis at the University of Liverpool. In 1994, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences. In March 2008, he died at his home in Portugal.
References
See also
Catalysis
1944 births
Belgian chemists
University of Liège alumni
Princeton University alumni
Academic staff of the Université de Namur
Walloon people
2008 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Lee%20Flowers
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Robert Lee Flowers (November 6, 1870 – August 24, 1951) served as president of Duke University from 1941 to 1948. Flowers graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy and worked for Trinity College as a professor in electrical engineering and mathematics before becoming an administrator. He served the university for over sixty years – holding the positions of Treasurer, Vice-President, President, and Chancellor.
Flowers was first employed as instructor for Trinity while the college was still in Randolph County. As an engineer, one of his first responsibilities was to wire the new buildings in Durham for electricity after the move in 1892. Affectionately known by students and alumni as "Professor Bobby Flowers," he was named president of Duke University following the death of President Few in 1941. His experience and stature were welcome because the demands of a world at war and the strains of transition to a peacetime economy dominated every aspect of university life during his presidency. In 1948, he stepped down as president and served as chancellor until 1951.
References
External links
Duke's Presidents
Robert Lee Flowers Records, 1891-1968 University Archives, Duke University
1870 births
1951 deaths
Presidents of Duke University
Duke University faculty
United States Naval Academy alumni
People from Alexander County, North Carolina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20BSD%20operating%20systems
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There are a number of Unix-like operating systems under active development, descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) series of UNIX variants developed (originally by Bill Joy) at the University of California, Berkeley, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. there were four major BSD operating systems, and an increasing number of other OSs derived from these, that add or remove certain features but generally remain compatible with their originating OS—and so are not really forks of them. This is a list of those that have been active since 2014, and their websites.
FreeBSD-based
FreeBSD is a free Unix-like operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). FreeBSD currently has more than 200 active developers and thousands of contributors. Other notable derivatives include DragonFly BSD, which was forked from FreeBSD 4.8, and Apple Inc.'s macOS, with its Darwin base including a large amount of code derived from FreeBSD.
Active
Discontinued
DragonFly BSD-based
NetBSD-based
NetBSD is a freely redistributable, open source version of the Unix-derivative Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) computer operating system. It was the second open source BSD descendant to be formally released, after 386BSD, and continues to be actively developed. Noted for its portability and quality of design and implementation, it is often used in embedded systems and as a starting point for the porting of other operating system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childs-Irving%20Hydroelectric%20Facilities
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Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Facilities consisted of two 20th-century power plants, a dam, and related infrastructure along or near Fossil Creek in the U.S. state of Arizona. The complex was named an Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1971 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places 20 years later. Decommissioned in 2005, the plants no longer produce electricity, and much of the infrastructure—including the dam, the Irving Power Plant, and thousands of feet of concrete flumes—have been removed, and the creek's original flow has been restored.
History
The water rights of Fossil Creek, which flows from the Mogollon Rim near Strawberry, Arizona, to the Verde River downstream of Camp Verde, were purchased in 1900 by rancher Lew Turner. His goal was to generate hydroelectric power for sale to mining communities in the Bradshaw Mountains and Black Hills in Yavapai County, such as the copper mines at Jerome.
Arizona Power Company—later a part of the Arizona Public Service Company (APS)—began construction of the Childs Power Plant in 1908. Because the land around Fossil Creek consists mainly of mountainous terrain and canyons, and the nearest railroad station was in Mayer, more than 400 mules and 600 men were used to pull more than 150 wagons along the trail from Mayer to the stream. Most of the workers were Apache and Mojave Indians, who built a dam, powerhouse, and about of concrete flumes to carry water to the Childs plant, along the Verde River near the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muller%27s%20morphs
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Hermann J. Muller (1890–1967), who was a 1946 Nobel Prize winner, coined the terms amorph, hypomorph, hypermorph, antimorph and neomorph to classify mutations based on their behaviour in various genetic situations, as well as gene interaction between themselves. These classifications are still widely used in Drosophila genetics to describe mutations. For a more general description of mutations, see mutation, and for a discussion of allele interactions, see dominance relationship.
Key: In the following sections, alleles are referred to as +=wildtype, m=mutant, Df=gene deletion, Dp=gene duplication. Phenotypes are compared with '>', meaning 'phenotype is more severe thanLoss of function
AmorphAmorphic describes a mutation that causes complete loss of gene function. Amorph is sometimes used interchangeably with "genetic null". An amorphic mutation might cause complete loss of protein function by disrupting translation ("protein null") and/or preventing transcription ("RNA null").
An amorphic allele elicits the same phenotype when homozygous and when heterozygous to a chromosomal deletion or deficiency that disrupts the same gene. This relationship can be represented as follows:
m/m = m/Df
An amorphic allele is commonly recessive to its wildtype counterpart. It is possible for an amorph to be dominant if the gene in question is required in two copies to elicit a normal phenotype (i.e. haploinsufficient).
HypomorphHypomorphic describes a mutation that causes a partial loss o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20B.%20Gerstein
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Mark Bender Gerstein is an American scientist working in bioinformatics and Data Science. , he is co-director of the Yale Computational Biology and Bioinformatics program.
Mark Gerstein is Albert L. Williams Professor of Biomedical Informatics, Professor of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry , Professor of Statistics & Data Science, and Professor of Computer Science at Yale University. In 2018, Gerstein was named co-director of the Yale Center for Biomedical Data Science.
Education
After graduating from Harvard College summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in physics in 1989,
Gerstein did a PhD co-supervised by Ruth Lynden-Bell at the University of Cambridge and Cyrus Chothia at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology on conformational change in proteins, graduating in 1993. He then went on to postdoctoral research in bioinformatics at Stanford University from 1993 to 1996 supervised by Nobel-laureate Michael Levitt.
Research
Gerstein does research in the field of bioinformatics. This involves applying a range of computational approaches to problems in molecular biology, including data mining and machine learning, molecular simulation, and database design. His research group has a number of foci including annotating the human genome, personal genomics, cancer genomics, building tools in support of genome technologies (such as next-generation sequencing), analyzing molecular networks, and simulating macromolecular motions. Notable databases and tools that the group has d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Cru%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, Grand Cru is a block cipher invented in 2000 by Johan Borst. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected.
Grand Cru is a 10-round substitution–permutation network based largely on Rijndael (or AES). It replaces a number of Rijndael's unkeyed operations with key-dependent ones, in a way consistent with the security purposes of each operation. The intent is to produce a cipher at least as secure as Rijndael, and perhaps much more secure. The block size and key size are both 128 bits, and the key schedule is the same as Rijndael's.
Grand Cru is designed on the principle of multiple layered security. It is equivalent to a chain of 4 subciphers with independent keys, such that if 3 of the keys are known, the remaining cipher should still be secure.
References
Block ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database%20of%20Molecular%20Motions
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The Database of Macromolecular Motions is a bioinformatics database and software-as-a-service tool that attempts to
categorize macromolecular motions, sometimes also known as conformational change. It was originally developed by Mark B. Gerstein, Werner Krebs, and Nat Echols in the Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry Department at Yale University.
Discussion
Since its introduction in the late 1990s, peer-reviewed papers on the database have received thousands of citations. The database has been mentioned in news articles in major scientific journals, book chapters, and elsewhere.
Users can search the database for a particular motion by either protein name or Protein Data Bank ID number. Typically, however, users will enter the database via the Protein Data Bank, which often provides a hyperlink to the molmovdb entry for proteins found in both databases.
The database includes a web-based tool (the Morph server) which allows non-experts to animate and visualize certain types of protein conformational change through the generation of short movies. This system uses molecular modelling techniques to interpolate the structural changes between two different protein conformers and to generate a set of intermediate structures. A hyperlink pointing to the morph results is then emailed to the user.
The Morph Server was originally primarily a research tool rather than general molecular animation tool, and thus offered only limited user control over rendering, animation parameters,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrtech
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LYRtech inc. () is a digital signal processing development company based in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Lyrtech designs and produces electronics systems for audio processing, video processing, networking, voice over IP processing, and wireless communications. Lyrtech also develops aerospace and military electronics for applications including geolocation, missile warning systems, and laser warning receivers.
In November 2006, Lyrtech released a small form factor software-defined radio development platform in partnership with Texas Instruments and Xilinx. Its Innovator division, acquired in 2006, for nearly $3M, was sold back for roughly $300,000 in late 2007 as part of a restructuring plan designed to save the company.
Lyrtech was ranked 43 in the 2007 Canadian Technology Fast 50 by Deloitte.
In November 2011, the company's assets were taken as repayment by one of the main creditors, Finex Corp. Following this move, Lyrtech was left without assets and operations and has been delisted from TSX-V. Last trades were at 0.005 (1/2 cent) per share, giving the company valuation at about $200,000.
External links
References
Companies listed on the NEX Exchange
Electronics companies of Canada
Electronic design automation companies
Companies established in 1983
1983 establishments in Quebec
Companies based in Quebec City
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Cutillo
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Brian A. Cutillo (1945–2006) was an American scholar and translator in the field of Tibetan Buddhism. He was also an accomplished neuro-cognitive scientist, musician, anthropologist and textile weaver.
Studies at MIT
Cutillo was a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology majoring in physics (1967).
While at MIT, Cutillo wrote the music for a 1967 production of At the Hawk’s Well by William Butler Yeats for An Evening of One Act Plays presented October 14–15, 1966.
Cutillo provided the cultural background and translations for the recording "The Music of Tibet". The recordings were made by Huston Smith, then Professor of Philosophy at MIT, in 1964. Smith provided an interpretation. The recording was reviewed in the journal Ethnomusicology in 1972.
Studies with Geshe Wangyal
Cutillo was introduced to Ngawang Wangyal while a student at MIT. He became one of his earliest American students. Ngawang Wangyal wrote the book The Door of Liberation published by Maurice Girodias Associates, Inc., (1973). Among the acknowledgments in the original edition are:
Ngawang Wangyal and Cutillo also translated the Illuminations of Sakya Pandita.
Cutillo writes in the preface to Illuminations:
Milarepa translations
Cutillo's best known work includes two books of Milarepa poems translated with Kunga Rinpoche, Drinking the Mountain Stream and Miraculous Journey.
When starting the Lotsawa publishing company to publish these two collections of songs, Cutillo was also instrumental
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Sea%20Biological%20Station
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The White Sea Biological Station (WSBS) () named by A.N. Pertsov is an educational and research centre under the auspices of the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University.
Location
The station is situated on the Karelian coast of the White Sea. WSBS is an isolated settlement. There is no road and communication with nearest village Poyakonda and the rest of the world is possible by boats in summer time and by snow-mobiles in winter.
WSBS is situated on the Cape Kindo peninsula on the shore of Velikaja Salma Bay. Cape Kindo is a piece of untouched northern taiga with the mosaic of coniferous and deciduous forests, wetlands and small lakes. Along the shore there are some grass meadows. The whole territory of Cape Kindo included to large local nature park "Polarny Krug". Hunting and forestry are the very limited in this area. This is the area of Karelian skerries. Veliky Island, the largest island of the Kandalaksha State Nature Reserve is on the opposite side of the 500 m strait.
Velikaja Salma Bay is characterized by an especially rich fauna and flora, which is in part a result of the strong tidal currents that form in the narrow straits. These currents prevent the formation of the ice and make it possible for research activities to be continued throughout the year
Climate
Relatively warm summer with temperature of air about 16 °C on average, temperature of surface water in summer sometime could be about 18–19 °C, but on the depths more than 25 m. It is always ab
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20of%20life%20%28biology%29
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The tree of life or universal tree of life is a metaphor, model and research tool used to explore the evolution of life and describe the relationships between organisms, both living and extinct, as described in a famous passage in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859).
Tree diagrams originated in the medieval era to represent genealogical relationships. Phylogenetic tree diagrams in the evolutionary sense date back to the mid-nineteenth century.
The term phylogeny for the evolutionary relationships of species through time was coined by Ernst Haeckel, who went further than Darwin in proposing phylogenic histories of life. In contemporary usage, tree of life refers to the compilation of comprehensive phylogenetic databases rooted at the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth. Two public databases for the tree of life are TimeTree, for phylogeny and divergence times, and the Open Tree of Life, for phylogeny.
History
Early natural classification
Although tree-like diagrams have long been used to organise knowledge, and although branching diagrams known as claves ("keys") were omnipresent in eighteenth-century natural history, it appears that the earliest tree diagram of natural order was the 1801 "Arbre botanique" (Botanical Tree) of the French schoolteacher and Catholic priest Augustin Augier. Yet, although Augier discussed his tree in distinctly genealogical terms, and although his design clearly mimicked the visual conventions of a contemporary family
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20fluid%20mechanics%20journals
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This is a list of scientific journals related to the field of fluid mechanics.
See also
List of scientific journals
List of physics journals
List of materials science journals
Fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving%20shock
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In fluid dynamics, a moving shock is a shock wave that is travelling through a fluid (often gaseous) medium with a velocity relative to the velocity of the fluid already making up the medium. As such, the normal shock relations require modification to calculate the properties before and after the moving shock. A knowledge of moving shocks is important for studying the phenomena surrounding detonation, among other applications.
Theory
To derive the theoretical equations for a moving shock, one may start by denoting the region in front of the shock as subscript 1, with the subscript 2 defining the region behind the shock. This is shown in the figure, with the shock wave propagating to the right.
The velocity of the gas is denoted by u, pressure by p, and the local speed of sound by a.
The speed of the shock wave relative to the gas is W, making the total velocity equal to u1 + W.
Next, suppose a reference frame is then fixed to the shock so it appears stationary as the gas in regions 1 and 2 move with a velocity relative to it. Redefining region 1 as x and region 2 as y leads to the following shock-relative velocities:
With these shock-relative velocities, the properties of the regions before and after the shock can be defined below introducing the temperature as T, the density as ρ, and the Mach number as M:
Introducing the heat capacity ratio as γ, the speed of sound, density, and pressure ratios can be derived:
One must keep in mind that the above equations are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20F.%20Stewart
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George F. Stewart (February 22, 1908 – March 18, 1982) was an American food scientist who was involved in processing, preservation, chemistry, and microbiology of poultry and egg-based food products. He also became the first president of the International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST) after it was formed at the 1970 conference in Washington, D.C., from the International Congress of Food Science and Technology.
Early life and college
Born in Mesa, Arizona, Stewart developed an interest in the southwestern U.S. and the environment that never left him. He would earn a B.S. in Chemistry from the University of Chicago in 1930 and a Ph.D. in Dairy chemistry from Cornell University in 1933.
Industrial career
Stewart worked as a chemist for Ocoma Foods in Omaha, Nebraska, for five years. This gave him early experience in the dynamics of the food industry. The experience Stewart gained in the food industry would prove valuable when he returned to academia.
Iowa State University and World War II
University of California involvement
In 1951, Stewart joined the University of California, Davis faculty as chair of the Department of Avian Sciences (then known as Poultry Husbandry). He would lead the transition of the department between the University of California, Berkeley and Davis between 1951 and 1958 and expand the department in faculty and building size. Taking a sabbatical year in Australia as a Fulbright scholar in 1958, Stewart played a key role in modernizing A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melnikov%20distance
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In mathematics, the Melnikov method is a tool to identify the existence of chaos in a class of dynamical systems under periodic perturbation.
Introduction
The Melnikov method is used in many cases to predict the occurrence of chaotic orbits in non-autonomous smooth nonlinear systems under periodic perturbation. According to the method, it is possible to construct a function called the "Melnikov function" which can be used to predict either regular or chaotic behavior of a dynamical system. Thus, the Melnikov function will be used to determine a measure of distance between stable and unstable manifolds in the Poincaré map. Moreover, when this measure is equal to zero, by the method, those manifolds crossed each other transversally and from that crossing the system will become chaotic.
This method appeared in 1890 by H. Poincaré and by V. Melnikov in 1963 and could be called the "Poincaré-Melnikov Method". Moreover, it was described by several textbooks as Guckenheimer & Holmes,Kuznetsov, S. Wiggins, Awrejcewicz & Holicke and others. There are many applications for Melnikov distance as it can be used to predict chaotic vibrations. In this method, critical amplitude is found by setting the distance between homoclinic orbits and stable manifolds equal to zero. Just like in Guckenheimer & Holmes where they were the first who based on the KAM theorem, determined a set of parameters of relatively weak perturbed Hamiltonian systems of two-degrees-of-freedom, at which homoclinic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Stevens%20%28scientist%29
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Robert David Stevens (born 1965) is a professor of bio-health informatics. and former Head of Department of Computer Science at The University of Manchester
Education
Stevens gained his Bachelor of Science degree in biochemistry from the University of Bristol in 1986, a Master of Science degree in bioinformatics in 1991 and a DPhil in Computer Science in 1996, both from the University of York.
Career and research
Stevens current research interests are the construction of biological ontologies, such as the Gene Ontology, and the reconciliation of semantic heterogeneity in bioinformatics. This research has been funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the European Union.
Stevens has been Principal investigator for a range of research projects including Ondex, ComparaGrid, SWAT (Semantic Web Authoring Tool) and the Ontogenesis Network.
Stevens served as Program Chair and co-organiser for the International Conference on Biomedical Ontology (ICBO) 2012 and co-founded the UK Ontology Network. He has also participated in the Health care and Life Sciences Interest Group (HCLSIG) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Stevens is currently on the editorial board of the Journal of Biomedical Semantics. Stevens started as a lecturer, then became a senior lecturer, Reader and became a Professor in August 2013.
Stevens has taught on several undergraduate and postgraduate courses on sof
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina
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Spirulina may refer to:
Biology
Spirulina (dietary supplement), a cyanobacterium product and biomass that can be consumed by humans and other animals
Arthrospira, a genus of cyanobacteria closely related to Spirulina
Spirulina (genus), a genus of cyanobacterium
Spirulina (suborder), a group of cephalopods
Spirula, the only extant member of that suborder
See also
Spiralinella, a genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks, or micromollusks
Spirolina, is a genus of foraminifera in the family Peneroplidae
Taxonomy disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Waldhauer
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Frederick (Fred) Donald Waldhauer (1927–1993) was an American electrical engineer known for his work in hearing aids and combining art and technology.
Biography
Waldhauer was born on December 6, 1927, and grew up in Brooklyn, New York, United States. He received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Cornell University and his master's degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University.
Much of Waldhauer's career was focused on telephony and digital transmission, including work on T1 carrier systems. From 1948 to 1956, he was at RCA. From 1956 to 1987, he was a member of technical staff at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel. He published numerous technical and scientific papers on feedback and high-speed digital transmission, as well as writing a book on feedback theory, and early transistor design. He holds more than 14 patents.
Waldhauer became a Fellow of the IEEE in 1977, and was a longtime member of the Audio Engineering Society. In addition to his professional memberships, Mr Waldhauer was a professional engineer in the state of New Jersey and a patent attorney.
In Waldhauer's latter years, at Bell Laboratories, his efforts focused on advanced hearing aid design and technology.
After retiring from Bell Laboratories, Waldhauer continuing work on hearing aid designs at what became Resound (acquired in October 2006 by GN (Great Northern) corporation). Waldhauer's work on programmable multi-band compression at Bell Laboratories, and later at
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygala%20tenuifolia
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Polygala tenuifolia (yuǎn zhì; ) is an herb in the family Polygalaceae which is hardy to USDA Zone 6.
Phytochemistry
P. tenuifolia contains tenuifolin, senegenin, and polygalacic acid.
Medicinal uses
Yuan zhi is used primarily as an expectorant. It is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called yuǎn zhì () and believed to have neuropsychiatric effects. It has been studied as a potential drug source in depression and Alzheimer's. However, quality of the herb varies widely, and as of 2020 there have been no toxicological studies or clinical trials.
References
tenuifolia
Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20for%20Women%20in%20Science
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The Association for Women in Science (AWIS) was founded in 1971 at the annual Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) meeting. The organization aims to combat job discrimination, lower pay, and professional isolation. The main issue areas that the modern Association addresses are fair compensation, work-life integration, attrition, and professional development.
History
AWIS was founded in 1971 at the annual meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), after a series of champagne brunches organized by an informal women's caucus. After establishing an executive director and an office in Washington, DC, chapters were organized across the country for individual members. Its founding co-presidents were Neena Schwartz and Judith Pool. Along with other women in science associations, an early AWIS action involved initiating a class action lawsuit against the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in response to poor representation on NIH grant review committees. The lawsuit was dropped after representatives of the groups, including Schwartz, met with Robert Marsten, then head of the NIH, who solicited recommendations and committed to appointing more women. Early projects include the creation of the AWIS Educational Foundation (now known as the Educational Awards) to receive donations and award fellowships. In 1997, AWIS won the Presidents Mentoring Award.
Organization
As of 2015, the AWIS executive director was Janet Ba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANRORC%20mechanism
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The ANRORC mechanism in organic chemistry describes a special type of substitution reaction. ANRORC stands for Addition of the Nucleophile, Ring Opening, and Ring Closure in nucleophilic attack on ring systems and it helps to explain product formation and distribution in some nucleophilic substitutions especially in heterocyclic compounds. It is widely used in medicinal chemistry.
This reaction mechanism has been extensively studied in reactions of metal amide nucleophiles (such as sodium amide) and substituted pyrimidines (for instance 4-phenyl-6-bromopyrimidine 1) in ammonia at low temperatures. The main reaction product is 4-phenyl-6-aminopyrimidine 2 with the bromine substituent replaced by an amine. This rules out the formation of an aryne intermediate A which would also give the 5-substituted isomer.
The exclusion of a second intermediate in this reaction, the Meisenheimer complex B in favor of the ring-opened ANRORC intermediate is based on several pieces of evidence. With other amines such as piperidine the ring-opened compound after loss of hydrogen bromide to the nitrile is also the isolated reaction product:
More evidence is gained by isotope labeling with deuterium at C5:
The deuterium atom is no longer present in the reaction product and this is again explained by the ANRORC mechanism where the ring-opened intermediate 4 is a tautomeric pair enabling fast H-D exchange:
The final piece of evidence is provided by an isotope scrambling experiment with both ni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promachoteuthis%20sloani
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Promachoteuthis sloani is a species of squid from the northern Atlantic Ocean. It is known from only three specimens and very little is understood of its biology. P. sloani is characterised by several morphological features: nuchal fusion is absent between the head and mantle, the arms generally bear 3–4 series of suckers, and papillae are present on the tentacles.
The holotype is an immature female of 58 mm mantle length (ML) in near-perfect condition. It was caught by R/V G.O. SARS in 2004 at . The paratype, also an immature female, is larger at 102 mm ML. It was caught by R/V Walther Herwig in 1973 at . Both were trawled in nets that fished to depths greater than 2,650 m.
References
Toll, R.B. 1982. The comparative morphology of the gladius in the Order Teuthoidea (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in relation to systematics and phylogeny. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Miami, 390 pp.
Voss, N.A. 1992. Family Promachoteuthidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 513: 183–185.
Toll, R.B. 1998. The gladius in teuthoid systematics. Smithson. Contributions Zool. 586: 55–68.
External links
Tree of Life web project: Promachoteuthis sloani
Promachoteuthis sloani: Description Continued
Squid
Molluscs described in 2006
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solving%20quadratic%20equations%20with%20continued%20fractions
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In mathematics, a quadratic equation is a polynomial equation of the second degree. The general form is
where a ≠ 0.
The quadratic equation on a number can be solved using the well-known quadratic formula, which can be derived by completing the square. That formula always gives the roots of the quadratic equation, but the solutions are expressed in a form that often involves a quadratic irrational number, which is an algebraic fraction that can be evaluated as a decimal fraction only by applying an additional root extraction algorithm.
If the roots are real, there is an alternative technique that obtains a rational approximation to one of the roots by manipulating the equation directly. The method works in many cases, and long ago it stimulated further development of the analytical theory of continued fractions.
Simple example
Here is a simple example to illustrate the solution of a quadratic equation using continued fractions. We begin with the equation
and manipulate it directly. Subtracting one from both sides we obtain
This is easily factored into
from which we obtain
and finally
Now comes the crucial step. We substitute this expression for x back into itself, recursively, to obtain
But now we can make the same recursive substitution again, and again, and again, pushing the unknown quantity x as far down and to the right as we please, and obtaining in the limit the infinite continued fraction
By applying the fundamental recurrence formulas we may easily comput
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20selection
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Negative selection may refer to:
In biology
Negative selection (natural selection), the selective removal of rare alleles that are deleterious
Negative selection (artificial selection), when negative, rather than positive, traits of a species are selected for
In politics
Negative selection (politics), a process that occurs in rigid hierarchies, most notably dictatorships
In immunology
Negative selection (immunology), in which B-cells and T-cells that recognize MHC molecules bound to peptides of self-origin, or just MHC molecules with high affinity are deleted from the repertoire of immune cells.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20selection%20%28natural%20selection%29
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In natural selection, negative selection or purifying selection is the selective removal of alleles that are deleterious. This can result in stabilising selection through the purging of deleterious genetic polymorphisms that arise through random mutations.
Purging of deleterious alleles can be achieved on the population genetics level, with as little as a single point mutation being the unit of selection. In such a case, carriers of the harmful point mutation have fewer offspring each generation, reducing the frequency of the mutation in the gene pool.
In the case of strong negative selection on a locus, the purging of deleterious variants will result in the occasional removal of linked variation, producing a decrease in the level of variation surrounding the locus under selection. The incidental purging of non-deleterious alleles due to such spatial proximity to deleterious alleles is called background selection. This effect increases with lower mutation rate but decreases with higher recombination rate.
Purifying selection can be split into purging by non-random mating (assortative mating) and purging by genetic drift. Purging by genetic drift can remove primarily deeply recessive alleles, whereas natural selection can remove any type of deleterious alleles.
See also
Assortative mating
Balancing selection
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Dysgenics
Fluctuating selection
Genetic purging
Koinophilia
Mutation–selection balance
Stabilizing selection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FYVE%20domain
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In molecular biology the FYVE zinc finger domain is named after the four cysteine-rich proteins: Fab 1 (yeast orthologue of PIKfyve), YOTB, Vac 1 (vesicle transport protein), and EEA1, in which it has been found. FYVE domains bind phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, in a way dependent on its metal ion coordination and basic amino acids. The FYVE domain inserts into cell membranes in a pH-dependent manner. The FYVE domain has been connected to vacuolar protein sorting and endosome function.
Structure
The FYVE domain is composed of two small beta hairpins (or zinc knuckles) followed by an alpha helix. The FYVE finger binds two zinc ions. The FYVE finger has eight potential zinc coordinating cysteine positions and is characterized by having basic amino acids around the cysteines. Many members of this family also include two histidines in a sequence motif:
The FYVE finger is structurally similar to the RING domain and the PHD finger.
Examples
The following is a list of human proteins containing this domain:
ANKFY1, EEA1, FGD1, FGD2, FGD3, FGD4, FGD5, FGD6, FYCO1, HGS, MTMR3, MTMR4, PIKFYVE, PLEKHF1, PLEKHF2
RUFY1, RUFY2, RUFY3, RUFY4, WDFY1, WDFY2, WDFY3, ZFYVE1, ZFYVE9, ZFYVE16, ZFYVE19, ZFYVE20, ZFYVE21, ZFYVE26, ZFYVE27, ZFYVE28
References
Further reading
Protein domains
Peripheral membrane proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain%20transfer
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In polymer chemistry, chain transfer is a polymerization reaction by which the activity of a growing polymer chain is transferred to another molecule:
where • is the active center, P is the initial polymer chain, X is the end group, and R is the substituent to which the active center is transferred.
Chain transfer reactions reduce the average molecular weight of the final polymer. Chain transfer can be either introduced deliberately into a polymerization (by use of a chain transfer agent) or it may be an unavoidable side-reaction with various components of the polymerization. Chain transfer reactions occur in most forms of addition polymerization including radical polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, coordination polymerization, and cationic polymerization, as well as anionic polymerization.
Types
Chain transfer reactions are usually categorized by the nature of the molecule that reacts with the growing chain.
Transfer to chain transfer agent. Chain transfer agents have at least one weak chemical bond, which therefore facilitates the chain transfer reaction. Common chain transfer agents include thiols, especially dodecyl mercaptan (DDM), and halocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride. Chain transfer agents are sometimes called modifiers or regulators.
Transfer to monomer. Chain transfer to monomer may take place in which the growing polymer chain abstracts an atom from unreacted monomer existing in the reaction medium. Because, by definition, polymer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Ivanov%20%28mathematician%29
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Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov (; 11 August 1862 – 17 December 1939) was a Russian-Soviet mathematician who worked in the field of number theory. Together with Georgy Voronoy he continued Pafnuty Chebyshev's work on the subject.
Life and work
Ivanov was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He finished his studies in mathematics at Saint Petersburg University with his candidate thesis, "About prime numbers". In 1891 there followed his master thesis "integral complex numbers", and in 1901 his doctoral thesis, "About some questions in connection with the number of prime numbers".
Starting in 1891, Ivanov lectured at St. Petersburg University; from 1896, he lectured at the women's university, and after 1902 at Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University.
In 1924 Ivanov was elected corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
References
External links
Иванов, Иван Иванович - dic.academic.ru
1862 births
1939 deaths
Mathematicians from the Russian Empire
Soviet mathematicians
Number theorists
Mathematicians from Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Burials at Bogoslovskoe Cemetery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonios%20Antoniadis
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Antonios Antoniadis is a professor emeritus of the Medical School of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece). For 14 years he was the director of the Α΄ Microbiology laboratory of the same
School and Head of the “WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses” which he himself created in 1996.
He is currently the President of the executive board of the Hellenic Pasteur Institute.
As a medical doctor, he specialized in Medical Microbiology and he obtained the Diploma in Bacteriology (Dip.Bact-Lond.) from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Diseases, University of London. He also
trained at the Yale Arbovirus Research Unit (University of Yale, USA), at the Department of Disease Assessment of the US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID, Fort Detrick USA), at the Central Public Health Laboratory (CPHL) in London, UK. and at the National Laboratory of Microbiology (NBL) in Stockholm, Sweden. During the academic year 1992 – 93 he was visiting professor at the University of Heidelberg, Germany.
Since 1980 his research is focused on viral tropical diseases and in particular on Viral hemorrhagic fevers. The outcome of his research was the laboratory diagnosis of several “new” diseases in Greece and in Europe leading to a rapid public health response during outbreaks, epidemics and /or pandemics. In the context of this research he has worked in the Democracy of Central Africa, Senegal, Niger
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard%20Meinel
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Reinhard Meinel (born 21 October 1958, in Jena) is the Head of the Relativistic Astrophysics group at the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Jena, Germany. In 1993 he published together with Gernot Neugebauer a complete analytical solution to the field equations of Albert Einstein's Theory of gravity in the case of a rigidly rotating disk of dust. He is internationally recognized as being one of the leading experts on the field of analytical gravity, and listed as a major contributor to general relativity.
Education and career
He graduated in Physics at the University of Jena and obtained his Diploma (1981) and his Ph.D. (1984) in physics there. After working at the GDR Center for Research and Technology in Microelectronics (now the ZMDI semiconductor company) and the Institute for Nuclear Research (now Helmholtz-Zentrum) in Dresden and the Institute for Astrophysics (now Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam) in Potsdam, he returned to the University of Jena where he was appointed extraordinary Professor in 1999.
In 1989, he signed the "Aufbruch 89" [Initiative 89] founding proclamation of the New Forum which contributed to the fall of the GDR regime shortly after.
Professor Meinel is also actively engaged in teaching, and was awarded the Teaching Award of the Physics Faculty in Jena on 6 June 2007 for his course on Quantum Mechanics I.
See also
Friedrich Schiller University of Jena
Sources
https://www.physik.uni-jena.de/en/meinel.html
https://journals.aps.org/prl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Westervelt
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Peter Westervelt (December 16, 1919 – January 24, 2015) was an American physicist, noted for his work in nonlinear acoustics, and Professor Emeritus of Physics at Brown University.
Education
He received his BS in Physics from MIT in 1947, and his PhD in Physics from MIT in 1951, at which time he joined the Physics Department at Brown University.
Career
Westervelt began his career in 1940-41 at the MIT Radiation Laboratory and the Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory, where he worked with researchers including Frederick Vinton Hunt, Leo Beranek (National Medal of Science winner) and Phillip Morse during the Second World War.
During his long and distinguished career, he held responsible assignments with the National Academy of Sciences, and the National Research Council, and was elected Fellow of the American Physical Society, the Acoustical Society of America, and the American Astronomical Society. He served as Assistant Attache for Research, U.S. Navy, at the American Embassy in London, U.K., and as a Consultant to Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (now BBN Technologies). Westervelt also performed research at the University of Texas at Austin, where he developed new techniques, having widespread application, for the study of sound-by-sound scattering and the laser-excited thermoacoustics. Westervelt was awarded the Lord Rayleigh Medal in 1985, by the British Institute for Acoustics. He became Professor Emeritus at the Brown University Physics Department in 1989.
Research
He is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runge%E2%80%93Kutta%E2%80%93Fehlberg%20method
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In mathematics, the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method (or Fehlberg method) is an algorithm in numerical analysis for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. It was developed by the German mathematician Erwin Fehlberg and is based on the large class of Runge–Kutta methods.
The novelty of Fehlberg's method is that it is an embedded method from the Runge–Kutta family, meaning that identical function evaluations are used in conjunction with each other to create methods of varying order and similar error constants. The method presented in Fehlberg's 1969 paper has been dubbed the RKF45 method, and is a method of order O(h4) with an error estimator of order O(h5). By performing one extra calculation, the error in the solution can be estimated and controlled by using the higher-order embedded method that allows for an adaptive stepsize to be determined automatically.
Butcher tableau for Fehlberg's 4(5) method
Any Runge–Kutta method is uniquely identified by its Butcher tableau. The embedded pair proposed by Fehlberg
The first row of coefficients at the bottom of the table gives the fifth-order accurate method, and the second row gives the fourth-order accurate method.
Implementing an RK4(5) Algorithm
The coefficients found by Fehlberg for Formula 1 (derivation with his parameter α2=1/3) are given in the table below, using array indexing of base 1 instead of base 0 to be compatible with most computer languages:
The coefficients in the below table do not work.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadyl%20ion
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The vanadyl or oxovanadium(IV) cation, VO2+, is a functional group that is common in the coordination chemistry of vanadium. Complexes containing this functional group are characteristically blue and paramagnetic. A triple bond is proposed to exist between the V4+ and O2− centers. The description of the bonding in the vanadyl ion was central to the development of modern ligand-field theory.
Natural occurrence
Minerals
Cavansite and pentagonite are vanadyl-containing minerals.
Water
VO2+, often in an ionic pairing with sodium (NaH2VO4), is the second most abundant transition metal in seawater, with its concentration only being exceeded by molybdenum. In the ocean the average concentration is 30 nM. Some mineral water springs also contain the ion in high concentrations. For example, springs near Mount Fuji often contain as much as 54 μg per liter.
Vanadyl containing compounds
Oxovanadium(IV)
vanadyl acetylacetonate, VO(acac)2
vanadyl sulfate pentahydrate, VOSO4·5H2O
Oxovanadium(V)
vanadyl isopropoxide, VO(O-iPr)3 (iPr denotes isopropyl)
vanadyl nitrate, VO(NO3)3
vanadyl perchlorate,
Related species
pervanadyl ion, , also known as the dioxovanadium(V) ion
metavanadate ion,
orthovanadate ion,
thiovanadyl ion, VS2+
titanyl ion, TiO2+
niobyl ion, NbO2+
tantalyl ion, TaO2+
References
External links
Oxycations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut%20H%C3%B6nl
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Helmut Hönl (February 10, 1903 in Mannheim, Germany – March 29, 1981 in Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German theoretical physicist who made contributions to quantum mechanics and the understanding of atomic and molecular structure.
Biography
From 1921 to circa 1923, Hönl studied at the University of Heidelberg and the University of Göttingen, followed by the University of Munich, where he studied under Arnold Sommerfeld. He was granted his doctor of philosophy in 1926. In 1929, he became assistant to Paul Peter Ewald at the Stuttgart Technische Hochschule until 1933, after which he was a Privatdozent. 1940 he became extraordinary professor at the University of Erlangen and 1943 ordinary professor for theoretical physics at the University of Freiburg, where he emerited 1971.
Even before acquiring his doctorate at Munich, Hönl had done seminal work which contributed to the advancement of quantum mechanics and the understanding of atomic and molecular structure and spectra. Some of his work was done in collaboration with Fritz London. As is the case in any fast developing field with a high level of interest, others independently make similar findings. This was the case with his work on the intensity of Zeeman effect spectral lines. Both Hönl and Samuel Goudsmit and Ralph de Laer Kronig published results in 1925. Their work was promptly put into use. In the first paper of the trilogy which launched the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum theory in 1925, Werner Heisen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-rank%20operator
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In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, a finite-rank operator is a bounded linear operator between Banach spaces whose range is finite-dimensional.
Finite-rank operators on a Hilbert space
A canonical form
Finite-rank operators are matrices (of finite size) transplanted to the infinite dimensional setting. As such, these operators may be described via linear algebra techniques.
From linear algebra, we know that a rectangular matrix, with complex entries, has rank if and only if is of the form
Exactly the same argument shows that an operator on a Hilbert space is of rank if and only if
where the conditions on are the same as in the finite dimensional case.
Therefore, by induction, an operator of finite rank takes the form
where and are orthonormal bases. Notice this is essentially a restatement of singular value decomposition. This can be said to be a canonical form of finite-rank operators.
Generalizing slightly, if is now countably infinite and the sequence of positive numbers accumulate only at , is then a compact operator, and one has the canonical form for compact operators.
If the series is convergent, is a trace class operator.
Algebraic property
The family of finite-rank operators on a Hilbert space form a two-sided *-ideal in , the algebra of bounded operators on . In fact it is the minimal element among such ideals, that is, any two-sided *-ideal in must contain the finite-rank operators. This is not hard to prove. Take a non
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSMO%20solvation%20model
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COSMO (COnductor-like Screening MOdel) is a calculation method for determining the electrostatic interaction of a molecule with a solvent. COSMO is a dielectric continuum model (a.k.a. continuum solvation model). These models can be used in computational chemistry to model solvation effects. COSMO has become a popular method of these solvation models in recent years. The COSMO formalism is similar to the method proposed earlier by Hoshi et al. The COSMO approach is based - as many other dielectric continuum models - on the surface segmentation of a molecule surface (usually referred to as 'solvent accessible surface' SAS approach).
Continuum solvation models - such as COSMO - treat each solvent as a continuum with a permittivity . Continuum solvation models approximate the solvent by a dielectric continuum, surrounding the solute molecules outside of a molecular cavity. In most cases it is constructed as an assembly of atom-centered spheres with radii approximately 20% larger than the Van der Waals radius. For the actual calculation the cavity surface is approximated by segments, e.g., hexagons, pentagons, or triangles.
Unlike other continuum solvation models, COSMO derives the polarization charges of the continuum, caused by the polarity of the solute, from a scaled-conductor approximation. If the solvent were an ideal conductor the electric potential on the cavity surface must disappear. If the distribution of the electric charge in the molecule is known, e.g. from quant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20genetics
|
Genetics is the study of genes and tries to explain what they are and how they work. Genes are how living organisms inherit features or traits from their ancestors; for example, children usually look like their parents because they have inherited their parents' genes. Genetics tries to identify which traits are inherited and to explain how these traits are passed from generation to generation.
Some traits are part of an organism's physical appearance, such as eye color, height or weight. Other sorts of traits are not easily seen and include blood types or resistance to diseases. Some traits are inherited through genes, which is the reason why tall and thin people tend to have tall and thin children. Other traits come from interactions between genes and the environment, so a child who inherited the tendency of being tall will still be short if poorly nourished. The way our genes and environment interact to produce a trait can be complicated. For example, the chances of somebody dying of cancer or heart disease seems to depend on both their genes and their lifestyle.
Genes are made from a long molecule called DNA, which is copied and inherited across generations. DNA is made of simple units that line up in a particular order within it, carrying genetic information. The language used by DNA is called genetic code, which lets organisms read the information in the genes. This information is the instructions for the construction and operation of a living organism.
The informatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant
|
In biology, and especially in genetics, a mutant is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of mutation, which is generally an alteration of the DNA sequence of the genome or chromosome of an organism. It is a characteristic that would not be observed naturally in a specimen. The term mutant is also applied to a virus with an alteration in its nucleotide sequence whose genome is in the nuclear genome. The natural occurrence of genetic mutations is integral to the process of evolution. The study of mutants is an integral part of biology; by understanding the effect that a mutation in a gene has, it is possible to establish the normal function of that gene.
Mutants arise by mutation
Mutants arise by mutations occurring in pre-existing genomes as a result of errors of DNA replication or errors of DNA repair. Errors of replication often involve translesion synthesis by a DNA polymerase when it encounters and bypasses a damaged base in the template strand. A DNA damage is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, such as a strand break or an oxidized base, whereas a mutation, by contrast, is a change in the sequence of standard base pairs. Errors of repair occur when repair processes inaccurately replace a damaged DNA sequence. The DNA repair process microhomology-mediated end joining is particularly error-prone.
Etymology
Although not all mutations have a noticeable phenotypic effect, the common usage of the word "mutant" is generally a pejo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Munday
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Pat Munday is an American environmentalist, writer, and college professor living in Butte, Montana. He was awarded the Liebig-Woehler Freundschaft Prize for scholarship in the history of chemistry, and contributions through environmental activism.
Biography
Munday graduated from Drexel University in 1978 with a double BS in Engineering and Humanities. He went on to study at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and graduated in 1981 with an MS in Science, Technology and Values. He received his Cornell University his MA in History in 1987. In 1987 and 1988 he was a visiting researcher and Fulbright Scholar at the Universität Hamburg, Institut für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik und Technik. After that Munday went on to receive his PhD from Cornell in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology in 1990, where his dissertation was titled Sturm und Dung: Justus von Liebig (1803-73) and the chemistry of agriculture.
Environmental activism
After graduating from Cornell Munday took a teaching position with Montana Tech of The University of Montana where he teaches courses on technology and society; professional ethics; the politics of technical decisions; and culture, technology & communication. He is a member of the Big Hole River Foundation and the George Grant chapter of Montana Trout Unlimited.
As President of the George Grant Chapter of Trout Unlimited, the group received more than $1 million in funding for a restoration & land acquisition project on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc%20Br%C3%A9das
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Jean-Luc Brédas is an American chemist, working at the University of Arizona. He was born in Fraire, Belgium, on 23 May 1954.
He received his Ph.D. from the University of Namur, Belgium, in 1979. In 1988, he was appointed Professor at the University of Mons, Belgium, where he established the Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials. While keeping an "Extraordinary Professorship" appointment in Mons, he moved to the US in 1999 and became Full Professor of Chemistry at the University of Arizona. In 2003, he moved to the Georgia Institute of Technology as Full Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry. In July 2014, he took a 2-½-year leave of absence to King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) where he served as Distinguished Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and Director of the KAUST Solar and Photovoltaics Research and Engineering Center. At Georgia Tech, where he resumed his activities in January 2017, he was Regents' Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry and holds the Vasser-Woolley and Georgia Research Alliance Chair in Molecular Design. He was a Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar from 2005 to 2020. In 2020, he returned to the University of Arizona where he is a Regents Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry.
Jean-Luc Bredas is a Member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science, the Royal Academy of Belgium, and the European Academy of Sciences. He is the recipient of multiple awards, including t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20dynamic%20head
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In fluid dynamics, total dynamic head (TDH) is the work to be done by a pump, per unit weight, per unit volume of fluid. TDH is expressed as the total equivalent height that a fluid is to be pumped, taking into account friction losses in the pipe.
TDH = Static Lift + Pressure Head + Velocity Head + Friction Loss
where:
Static lift is the difference in elevation between the suction point and the discharge point.
Pressure head is the difference in pressure between the suction point and the discharge point, expressed as an equivalent height of fluid.
Velocity head represents the kinetic energy of the fluid due to its bulk motion.
Friction loss (or head loss) represents energy lost to friction as fluid flows through the pipe.
This equation can be derived from Bernoulli's Equation.
For incompressible liquids such as water, Static lift + Pressure head together equal the difference in fluid surface elevation between the suction basin and the discharge basin.
See also
Hydraulic head
Fluid dynamics
External links
On-line TDH calculator - Pump World
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=total+dynamic+head -wolframalpha.com
Fluid mechanics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Parmentier
|
Marc Parmentier (born 24 March 1956) is a Belgian scientist, and professor at the Institute of Multi-disciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology (IRIBHM) of the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), where he completed his PhD in 1990. His research interest is on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), and of transgenic models of human pathologies. In 1999, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Biological and Medical Sciences.
Awards
1985 - Marc Herlant prize
1991 - Galien Prize of Pharmacology
1993 - Belgian Endocrine Society Lecture
1994 - Harrington De Vishere prize of the European Thyroid Association
1997 - Merck Sharpe and Dohme Prize
1998 - Liliane Bettencourt Prize
1999 - Francqui Prize
Publications
Parmentier M, Libert F, Maenhaut C, Lefort A, Gérard C, Perret J, Van Sande J, Dumont JE and Vassart G., Molecular cloning of the thyrotropin receptor, Science 246 (1989), 1620–1622.
Parmentier M, Libert F, Schurmans, S., Shiffmann S, Lefort A, Eggerickx D, Ledent C, Mollereau C, Gérard C, Perret J, Grootegoed JA, and Vassart G., Expression of members of the putative olfactory receptor gene family in mammalian germ cells, Nature 355 (1992), 453–455.
Samson M, Libert F, Doranz BJ, Rucker J, Liesnard C, Farber CM, Saragosti S, Lapouméroulie C, Cogniaux J, Forceille C, Muyldermans G, Verhofstede C, Guy Burtonboy G, Georges M, Imai T, Rana S, Yi Y, Smyth RJ, Collman RG, Doms RW, Vassart G and Parmentier M. Resistance to HIV-1 infection of Caucasian individuals bea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Henneaux
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Marc, Baron Henneaux is a Belgian theoretical physicist and professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) who was born in Brussels on 5 March 1955.
Education and career
Henneaux studied physics at ULB and received his doctoral degree in 1980 under the supervision of Jules Géhéniau. He was a visiting fellow at Princeton University for the academic year 1978-1979 where a long-term collaboration with Claudio Bunster was initiated. He was then postdoctoral research associate and lecturer at the University of Texas at Austin from 1981 to 1984, to continue working with Claudio Bunster. From there, he held a research position at the Belgian Science foundation (FNRS) until 1992, after which he was appointed Associate Professor at the University of Brussels (1993-1996).
He is currently Full Professor at the University of Brussels since October 1996. He also serves as Director of the International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, founded by Ernest Solvay since January 2004. In 2017, Henneaux was appointed Professor at the Collège de France where he holds the Chair "Champs, Cordes et Gravité".
Research
The research of Henneaux is devoted to the study of the theoretical models describing the fundamental physical interactions (electromagnetism, weak and strong nuclear forces, gravity), with a particular emphasis on their symmetries. With J.David Brown, he showed that Einstein theory of gravity in three spacetime dimensions with a negative cosmological constant posse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Is%20the%20Message%20%28Misia%20album%29
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Love Is the Message is Misia's second studio album, released on January 1, 2000. It sold 1,349,650 copies in its first week, making it the 23rd highest debut in Japanese history, and peaked at #1 for two consecutive weeks. It went on to sell over 2.29 million copies, making Misia one of the three acts, alongside Globe and Chemistry, with the second most consecutive double million albums, behind Hikaru Utada. Love Is the Message was the recipient of the award for best album at the 42nd Japan Record Awards. The album jacket was shot during sunrise at the summit of the Haleakala National Park in Maui, Hawaii. Love Is the Message is the 56th best-selling album of all time in Japan.
Track listing
Charts
Oricon Sales Chart
References
External links
Sony Music Online Japan : Misia
2000 albums
Misia albums
Japanese-language albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20Plakhov
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Andrei Stepanovich Plakhov (; born 14 September 1950) is a Russian film critic and historian of cinema, columnist for Kommersant newspaper. Honorary President of the International Federation of Film Critics.
Biography
Plakhov was born in Starokostiantyniv, Ukrainian SSR. After graduating in mechanics and mathematics from Lviv University, he studied history of cinema at the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography. In 1982 he defended a Ph.D. thesis about Luchino Visconti. Since the seventies Plakhov wrote articles and reviews for daily and professional press, both Russian and international (Pravda, Iskusstvo Kino, Seans, Sight and Sound, The Guardian, Cahiers du Cinéma, etc.), he currently works as an author of cinema reviews for Kommersant. During Perestroika Plakhov was a secretary of the USSR Union of Cinematographers and a head of the Conflict Committee, which released more than 200 films banned by Soviet censorship. Plakhov published several books about Soviet and modern world cinema. He is a co-ordinator of the Moscow International Film Festival and a member of the European Film Academy.
Books by Andrei Plakhov
The Soviet Cinema (1988)
Altogether 33: Stars of World Cinema (1999)
Catherine Deneuve: From "Les Parapluies de Cherbourg" to "8 femmes" (2005)
Under the Sign of F: Film Festivals (2006)
Aki Kaurismäki: The Last Romantic (2006)
Directors of Nowadays (in two volumes, 2009)
Directors of the Future (2010)
Visconti. History and Myth. Beauty and Death. (2022)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk%20Inz%C3%A9
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Dirk Inzé (born 19 October 1957) is a Belgian molecular biologist and professor at Ghent University (Ghent, Belgium). In 2002, he succeeded Marc Zabeau as scientific director of the VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology. His research interest is on the molecular networks underpinning yield and organ growth both under standard as well as mild drought stress conditions in Arabidopsis and the C4 crop maize. He is a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). He was recipient of the 1994 Körber European Science Prize. In 2005, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Biological and Medical Sciences for his research on plant systems biology.
Selected publications
Gonzalez N, Beemster GT, Inzé D. David and Goliath: what can the tiny weed Arabidopsis teach us to improve biomass production in crops? Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2009. 12:157–64.
Skirycz A, Inzé D. More from less: plant growth under limited water. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2010. 21:197–203.
External links
Dirk Inze lab at UGent
Dirk Inze lab at VIB
Living people
Belgian molecular biologists
Academic staff of Ghent University
Systems biologists
1957 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Gaspard
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Pierre Gaspard (born 6 December 1959) is a Belgian physicist and professor at the Interdisciplinary Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems and the Service de Physique Non-Linéaire and Mécanique Statistique of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). His research interests are on nonlinear physics, statistical physics, and chemical physics.
Gaspard studied physics at the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) from 1978 to 1982, and completed his doctorate in physics in 1987, directed by . After postdoctoral studies at the University of Chicago he became a researcher with the National Fund for Scientific Research in 1989. He joined ULB as a lecturer in 1996; in 2004 he became a professor and gave up his researcher position.
He won the Théophile De Donder Prize of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium in 1988 and the Adolphe Wetrems Prize in 1995.
In 2006, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences for his work on statistical mechanics. He has been a member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium since 2006.
References
External links
Pierre Gaspard
Belgian physicists
Living people
Academic staff of the Université libre de Bruxelles
1959 births
Scientists from Brussels
Université libre de Bruxelles alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian%E2%80%93Chowla%20sequence
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In mathematics, the Mian–Chowla sequence is an integer sequence defined
recursively in the following way. The sequence starts with
Then for , is the smallest integer such that every pairwise sum
is distinct, for all and less than or equal to .
Properties
Initially, with , there is only one pairwise sum, 1 + 1 = 2. The next term in the sequence, , is 2 since the pairwise sums then are 2, 3 and 4, i.e., they are distinct. Then, can't be 3 because there would be the non-distinct pairwise sums 1 + 3 = 2 + 2 = 4. We find then that , with the pairwise sums being 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8. The sequence thus begins
1, 2, 4, 8, 13, 21, 31, 45, 66, 81, 97, 123, 148, 182, 204, 252, 290, 361, 401, 475, ... .
Similar sequences
If we define , the resulting sequence is the same except each term is one less (that is, 0, 1, 3, 7, 12, 20, 30, 44, 65, 80, 96, ... ).
History
The sequence was invented by Abdul Majid Mian and Sarvadaman Chowla.
References
S. R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge (2003): Section 2.20.2
R. K. Guy Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, New York: Springer (2003)
Integer sequences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia%20Stone
|
Antonia "Toni" Stone (1930 – November 21, 2002) was an educator and pioneering activist against the growing digital divide who created the United States' first community technology center. After 20 years as a mathematics teacher in New York City private schools, Stone changed her focus to technology education for poor communities and formerly incarcerated adults.
Early life and education
Stone grew up in New Canaan, Connecticut. In 1952, she earned a degree from Sarah Lawrence College.
Educator career
Stone began her efforts to bridge the burgeoning digital divide between the rich and poor through her collaboration with the Fortune Society, an inmate advocacy group, to instruct former prisoners on how to use computers. In 1980, Toni Stone set up Playing to Win (PTW), a nonprofit organization dedicated to countering inequities in computer access. PTW looked to serve inmates and ex-offenders by teaching them computer skills and offering technical assistance to prisons and rehabilitation agencies. In 1983, Stone and PTW Corporation opened the Harlem Community Computing Center. This center was located in the basement of a Harlem housing project it provided the neighborhood with public access to personal computers. Taking advantage of the success of PTW, Stone created a network of centers known as the PTWNet.
Playing to Win Network went on to form alliances with six other technology access programs in Harlem, some parts of Boston, Washington, D.C., and Pittsburgh, by 1990. I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Crane
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Benjamin Elliott Crane (December 19, 1835 – January 15, 1885) was a businessman in post-bellum Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
Biography
Benjamin Crane was born in Athens, Georgia to Ross Crane and Martha White Elliott. He graduated from the University of Georgia in 1854 and studied civil engineering in Troy, New York.
He served in Cobb's Legion during the American Civil War, becoming a brigade quartermaster with the rank of major in 1863. He moved to Atlanta in 1865 when the city was still in ashes.
He married Sarah Clayton, a daughter of William Wirt Clayton and Corline Semmes on February 21, 1867. In business he was a natural leader and he was instrumental in the growth of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce to an institution of great usefulness.
He was a member of the Georgia's constitutional convention of 1877, and was a member of the state's capitol commission.
Benjamin Crane died in Atlanta on January 15, 1885. At the time of his death, he was still president of the Chamber of Commerce, as well as a member of the city's board of police commissioners.
References
1835 births
1885 deaths
Businesspeople from Atlanta
Confederate States Army officers
History of Atlanta
People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War
University of Georgia alumni
19th-century American businesspeople
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon%20violence%20%28disambiguation%29
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Cartoon violence is the representation of violent actions involving animated characters and situations.
Cartoon violence may also refer to:
Cartoon Violence (album), a 2012 album by the indie rock band Herzog
a dimension of Cartoon physics
a content descriptor used by the Entertainment Software Rating Board
a rating category of The Independent Game Rating System
a reaction to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVL
|
MVL may refer to:
Businesses and corporations
Marvel Entertainment; New York Stock Exchange symbol MVL
Melville Corporation; former New York Stock Exchange symbol MVL
Mvelaphanda Resources Limited; JSE Securities Exchange symbol MVL
Mathematics, science and technology
Man Vehicle Laboratory, a research group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mercury-vapor lamp, a type of gas-discharge lamp
Multi-valued logic, a propositional calculus with more than two truth values
People
Mario Vargas Llosa (born 1936), Peruvian-Spanish writer
Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (born 1990), International Grandmaster of chess from France
Sports
Miami Valley League, Ohio, United States
Mountain Valley League, a high school athletic league in California, United States
Transport
Malavli railway station, India; Indian Railways station code MVL
Malvern Link railway station, England; National Rail station code MVL
Mavial Magadan Airlines; ICAO airline code MVL
Morrisville-Stowe State Airport, Vermont, United States; IATA airport code MVL
Other uses
Members voluntary liquidation, a type of company liquidation
Minnesota Valley Lutheran High School, a private Lutheran high school in New Ulm, Minnesota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Allen%20Zajc
|
William Allen Zajc is a U.S. physicist and the I.I. Rabi Professor of Physics at Columbia University in New York, USA, where he has worked since 1987.
Early life
Born in Barstow, California, on November 14, 1953, and raised in Brookfield, Wisconsin, he received his bachelor's degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1975. He went on to the doctoral program in physics at the University of California, Berkeley, where, as his thesis topic, he became the first person to use Hanbury-Brown Twiss correlations to measure the size of the interacting region between two colliding heavy ions.
Career
From 1982 to 1986 he was first a post-doctoral fellow and then a professor at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1987 he accepted a professorship at Columbia University, where he has remained as a professor ever since. He has been a scientific leader in the field of heavy ion physics since early in his career, and he has performed extensive service for the broader nuclear physics community in the U.S. William A. Zajc was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1997 and a Fellow of the AAAS in 2012.
Since the 1980s, his research has focused on experiments performed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) on Long Island, New York, first at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) and now at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). He was co-spokesperson of the AGS E859 experiment, which investigated strangeness production in heavy ion collisions, and later spoke
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolvability%20%28computer%20science%29
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The term evolvability is used for a recent framework of computational learning introduced by Leslie Valiant in his paper of the same name and described below. The aim of this theory is to model biological evolution and categorize which types of mechanisms are evolvable. Evolution is an extension of PAC learning and learning from statistical queries.
General framework
Let and be collections of functions on variables. Given an ideal function , the goal is to find by local search a representation that closely approximates . This closeness is measured by the performance of with respect to .
As is the case in the biological world, there is a difference between genotype and phenotype. In general, there can be multiple representations (genotypes) that correspond to the same function (phenotype). That is, for some , with , still for all . However, this need not be the case. The goal then, is to find a representation that closely matches the phenotype of the ideal function, and the spirit of the local search is to allow only small changes in the genotype. Let the neighborhood of a representation be the set of possible mutations of .
For simplicity, consider Boolean functions on , and let be a probability distribution on . Define the performance in terms of this. Specifically,
Note that In general, for non-Boolean functions, the performance will not correspond directly to the probability that the functions agree, although it will have some relationship.
Throughout an o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary%20engineering
|
Sanitary engineering, also known as public health engineering or wastewater engineering, is the application of engineering methods to improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the removal and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the supply of safe potable water. Traditionally a branch of civil engineering and now a subset of environmental engineering, in the mid-19th century, the discipline concentrated on the reduction of disease, then thought to be caused by miasma. This was accomplished mainly by the collection and segregation of sewerage flow in London specifically, and Great Britain generally. These and later regulatory improvements were reported in the United States as early as 1865.
It is also concerned with environmental factors that do not have an immediate and clearly understood effect on public health. Areas outside the purview of sanitary engineering include aesthetic concerns such as landscaping, and environmental conservation as it pertains to plants and animals.
Skills within this field are usually employed for the primary goal of disease prevention within human beings by assuring a supply of healthy drinking water, treatment of waste water, and removal of garbage from inhabited areas.
Compared to (for example) electrical engineering or mechanical engineering which are concerned primarily with closed systems, sanitary engineering is a very interdisciplinary field which may involve such elements as plumbing, fire protection, hyd
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood%20%26%20Batley
|
Greenwood & Batley were a large engineering manufacturer with a wide range of products, including armaments, electrical engineering, and printing and milling machinery. They also produced a range of battery-electric railway locomotives under the brand name Greenbat. The works was in Armley, Leeds, UK.
Introduction
Thomas Greenwood and John Batley first set up their business in 1856, both having previously worked at Fairburn's Wellington Foundry in Leeds. Their first premises, the Albion Foundry, was taken over from Thomas W. Lord. The foundry was located on East Street by the River Aire (Aire & Calder Navigation), however this quickly became too small for their needs and in 1859 they constructed the Albion Works in Armley Road, Leeds. In 1885 the company branched out into Flour and Oil Milling Machinery as a result of the acquisition of the business of Joseph Whitham, Perseverance Iron Works, Kirkstall Road, Leeds. By 1888 the works covered and employed around 1600 men. A rail connection with the Great Northern Railway was installed in 1890 to bring in raw materials and to deliver finished products. Greenwood & Batley rapidly became a giant of a company, manufacturing an incredible range of products. Their primary business was military equipment both in terms of machinery to make armaments and the production of components such as bullets and shell cases. They also produced some of the first tanks in the First World War.
An early innovation was the installation of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAH
|
PAH or Pah may refer to:
Science and technology
Chemistry
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, one of a class of chemical compounds, organic pollutants
PAH world hypothesis, hypothesis that proposes that the use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was a means for the origin of life
Polyallylamine hydrochloride, a polyelectrolyte used in polymer sheets
Polyanhydrides, a class of biodegradable polymers
Medicine
Para-aminohippurate, a substance used in the measurement of blood flow in the kidneys
PAH clearance, Para-aminohippuric acid clearance, a measurement of renal plasma flow
Paradoxical adipose hyperplasia, a potential complication of cryolipolysis
Phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in breaking down phenylalanine
Primary alveolar hypoventilation, a condition of inadequate air movement in the lungs
Pulmonary arterial hypertension, a condition of elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary artery
Organizations
Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca, a Spanish housing rights organization
Polish Humanitarian Action, a Polish non-governmental organisation (Polish: Polska Akcja Humanitarna)
Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian: Российская Академия Наук (РАН)
People
Pah Wongso, born Victor Wijnhamer, Jr., (Chinese: 伯王梭; pinyin: Bó Wángsuō), an Indo social worker
Places
Pan-American Highway
Pah, Gujarat, a village and former non-salute Rajput princely state in Gujarat, INdia
Pah Homestead, a historic home in Hillsborough, Auckland, New Zealand
Barkl
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