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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20M.%20J.%20Byrne
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Ruth M.J. Byrne, FTCD, MRIA, (born 1962) is an Irish cognitive scientist and author of several books on human reasoning. She is the Professor of Cognitive Science, in the School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin. She is the former Vice Provost of Trinity College Dublin.
Career
Byrne was awarded a BA in Psychology from University College Dublin (UCD) in 1983. She completed a PhD in Cognitive Psychology at Trinity College Dublin (TCD) in 1986. She worked as a research scientist at the Applied Psychology Unit, University of Cambridge, from 1986 to 1989, and as a lecturer in Psychology at Cardiff University from 1989 to 1991. She returned to Ireland in early 1991 as a college lecturer in the computer science department at University College Dublin, and later that year she moved to a lectureship in the psychology department at Trinity College Dublin. She became an associate professor (now termed professor) in 1999, and full professor (personal chair), Professor of Cognitive Science, in 2005. Byrne was elected a Fellow of TCD in 1995, and became a Senior Fellow in 2021. She was the Vice Provost of TCD from 2005 to 2008, and has also served as head of TCD's Psychology department and deputy director of its Institute of neuroscience.
Byrne was elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy in 2007. She was awarded the Royal Irish Academy's 2021 Gold Medal in the Social Sciences.
Publication
Her writings include:
The Rational Imagination: How Pe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroid%20%28topology%29
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In mathematics, a dendroid is a type of topological space, satisfying the properties that it is hereditarily unicoherent (meaning that every subcontinuum of X is unicoherent), arcwise connected, and forms a continuum. The term dendroid was introduced by Bronisław Knaster lecturing at the University of Wrocław, although these spaces were studied earlier by Karol Borsuk and others.
proved that dendroids have the fixed-point property: Every continuous function from a dendroid to itself has a fixed point. proved that every dendroid is tree-like, meaning that it has arbitrarily fine open covers whose nerve is a tree. The more general question of whether every tree-like continuum has the fixed-point property, posed by ,
was solved in the negative by David P. Bellamy, who gave an example of a tree-like continuum without the fixed-point property.
In Knaster's original publication on dendroids, in 1961, he posed the problem of characterizing the dendroids which can be embedded into the Euclidean plane. This problem remains open. Another problem posed in the same year by Knaster, on the existence of an uncountable collection of dendroids with the property that no dendroid in the collection has a continuous surjection onto any other dendroid in the collection, was solved by and , who gave an example of such a family.
A locally connected dendroid is called a dendrite. A cone over the Cantor set (called a Cantor fan) is an example of a dendroid that is not a dendrite.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, a dendrite is a certain type of topological space that may be characterized either as a locally connected dendroid or equivalently as a locally connected continuum that contains no simple closed curves.
Importance
Dendrites may be used to model certain types of Julia set. For example, if 0 is pre-periodic, but not periodic, under the function , then the Julia set of is a dendrite: connected, without interior.
References
See also
Misiurewicz point
Real tree, a related concept defined using metric spaces instead of topological spaces
Dendroid (topology) and unicoherent space, two more general types of tree-like topological space
Continuum theory
Trees (topology)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%20Kwok
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Sun Kwok (, born September 15, 1949) is a Hong Kong astronomer best known for his work on physics and chemistry of the late stages of stellar evolution. In 1978, he proposed a new theory on the origin of planetary nebulae. which has transformed our understanding of the death of Sun-like stars. He is a pioneer on the study of stellar synthesis of organic compounds, which may have implications on the origin of life on Earth.
Background
Born in Hong Kong, Sun Kwok graduated from Pui Ching Middle School, the same school attended by Daniel Chee Tsui, Nobel Prize Winner in Physics and Shing-Tung Yau, Fields Medal Winner.
Chair Professor of Space Science and Director of Laboratory for Space Research, University of Hong Kong (2016-2018)
Chair Professor of Physics and Dean of Science, University of Hong Kong (2006-2016)
President, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Commission F3: Astrobiology (2015-2018)
Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2012-)
Distinguished Research Fellow and Director, Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan (2003–2006)
Professor, University of Calgary (1983–2005)
President, IAI Commission 34: Interstellar Matter (2012-2015)
Vice President, IAU Commission 51: Bioastronomy (2012-2015)
Chairman, IAU Working Group on Planetary Nebulae (Division VI) (1994–2001)
Principal Investigator (Astronomy), Canadian participation in the Odin mission
Research
In addition to his work on planetary nebulae, Kwok
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASJA%20Boys%27%20College
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ASJA Boys' College is a Muslim secondary school in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago. It was founded in 1960 by the Anjuman Sunnat ul Jamaat Association (ASJA), a muslim organization that operates mosques and schools in Trinidad.
Facilities
Facilities at this institution includes:
Information Technology Laboratory
Biology/Physics Laboratory
Chemistry Laboratory
Art Room
Mosque
Auditorium
Cricket Practice Area
Basketball Court
Volleyball Court
Library
References
External links
Official website
Schools in Trinidad and Tobago
Islamic schools in the Caribbean
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalin%20de%20Silva
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Thakurartha Devadithya Guardiyawasam Lindamulage Nalin Kumara de Silva (Sinhala: නලින් ද සිල්වා; born 20 October 1944) is a Sri Lankan philosopher and a political analyst. He is the former Sri Lankan ambassador in Myanmar. He was a professor in the department of mathematics, a member of University Grant Commission and the dean of the faculty of science at the University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.
De Silva has openly stated that the so-called 'objective scientific method' is a lie.
In June 2011 he stated that information regarding the presence of arsenic in water claiming that the cause of Rajarata chronic kidney disease had been given to him by the god Natha. The Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, an organisation in which De Silva claims lifelong membership, has said that they consider it "extremely unfortunate that the Dean of a Science Faculty should make it his publicly stated aim to run down science and bring it into disrepute." However the presence of arsenic was verified in water and vegetation, and the source was found to be agrochemical fertilizers.
Early life and education
Nalin de Silva was born on 20 October 1944 in Kovilagodella, Panadura, Sri Lanka. His father was Daniel De Silva, a principal, and his mother was Jayline Perera, a school teacher. De Silva was the eldest of eight siblings. He had primary education at Bauddhaloka Maha Vidyalaya, Thurstan College Colombo and secondary education at Royal College Colombo. He captained the Sinhala
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20L.%20Hubbell
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Wayne L. Hubbell (born 24 March 1943) is an American biochemist and member of the National Academy of Sciences. He is Professor of Biochemistry and Jules Stein Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of California, Los Angeles. His research focuses on the visual system, and is primarily supported by a grant from the National Eye Institute.
Research
Dr. Hubbell has studied the relationship between the molecular structure of protein and the conformational changes that control its function. Of particular interest are membrane proteins that behave as "molecular switches", i.e., proteins whose structures are switched to an active state by a physical or chemical signals. An example is light-activated rhodopsin, the visual pigment in photoreceptor cells of the retina. The goal is to elucidate the structure of rhodopsin, the mechanism of the molecular switch, and regulation of this switch by associated proteins, transducin and arrestin.
Dr. Hubbell's research also includes structure and function relationships in water-soluble proteins such as the lens protein, a-crystallin, and the retinoid carrying proteins which transport vitamin A throughout photoreceptor cells.
Dr. Hubbell's laboratory developed site-directed spin labeling (SDSL), a technique for the exploration of protein structure and dynamics. By changing the genetic code, a specific attachment point in the protein is created for a nitroxide spin label probe. Analysis of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle%20infrastructure%20integration
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Vehicle infrastructure integration (VII) is an initiative fostering research and application development for a series of technologies directly linking road vehicles to their physical surroundings, first and foremost in order to improve road safety. The technology draws on several disciplines, including transport engineering, electrical engineering, automotive engineering, and computer science. VII specifically covers road transport, although similar technologies are in place or under development for other modes of transport. Planes, for example, use ground-based beacons for automated guidance, allowing the autopilot to fly the plane without human intervention. In highway engineering, improving the safety of a roadway can enhance overall efficiency. VII targets improvements in both safety and efficiency.
Vehicle infrastructure integration is a branch of engineering that deals with the study and application of directly linking road vehicles to their physical surroundings in order to improve road safety.
Goals
The goal of VII is to provide a communications link between vehicles on the road (via On-Board Equipment, OBE), and between vehicles, and the roadside infrastructure (via Roadside Equipment, RSE), in order to increase the safety, efficiency, and convenience of the transportation system. It is based on widespread deployment of a dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) link, incorporating IEEE 802.11p. VII's development relies on a business model that supports the in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo%20Domontovych
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Mykhailo (Mykola) Domontovych () (Zlobintsev) (1875? – 1933?)
Mykhailo (in Yemetz he is noted as being Mykola) Domontovych's real name was Mykhailo Zlobintsev. He was a graduate of Kyiv University, where he completed his studies in mathematics (1909). He used the stage name Domontovych inspired by the fact that he came from the town of Domontiv, not far from Lubny in the Poltava Governorate (province) of the Russian Empire.
In Kyiv he organized one of the first bandura ensembles, which performed to great acclaim in 1906 for the Shevchenko Festivities there. In 1909 he graduated and moved back to Zolotonosha, where he taught mathematics at the men's gymnasia there.
He became one of the first authors of a bandura textbooks which he had published in Odessa in 1913–14.
It seems that Domontovych was influenced greatly by the music played by the kobzar Tereshko Parkhomenko. He may have been a student of his guide boy Vasyl' Potapenko. From descriptions of his bandura technique it seemed that he played in a style that was reminiscent of T. Parkhomenko.
Domontovych was a prolific author of poetic and various textbooks in Ukrainian. Some 50 books and pamphlets were published by him on various aspects of Ukrainian culture.
He taught mathematics in Zolotonosha and organised a bandurist ensemble there in the 1920s where all of the instruments were made by the members of the ensemble.
After 1928 we have no information about him. It is thought that by this date he may have been arre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Trouble%20with%20Physics
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The Trouble with Physics: The Rise of String Theory, the Fall of a Science, and What Comes Next is a 2006 book by the theoretical physicist Lee Smolin about the problems with string theory. The book strongly criticizes string theory and its prominence in contemporary theoretical physics, on the grounds that string theory has yet to come up with a single prediction that can be verified using any technology that is likely to be feasible within our lifetimes. Smolin also focuses on the difficulties faced by research in quantum gravity, and by current efforts to come up with a theory explaining all four fundamental interactions. The book is broadly concerned with the role of controversy and diversity of approaches in scientific processes and ethics.
Smolin suggests both that there appear to be serious deficiencies in string theory and that string theory has an unhealthy near-monopoly on fundamental physics in the United States, and that a diversity of approaches is needed. He argues that more attention should instead be paid to background independent theories of quantum gravity.
In the book, Smolin claims that string theory makes no new testable predictions; that it has no coherent mathematical formulation; and that it has not been mathematically proved finite. Some experts in the theoretical physics community disagree with these statements.
Smolin states that to propose a string theory landscape having up to 10500 string vacuum solutions is tantamount to abandoning accepted s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Embree
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Mark Embree is professor of computational and applied mathematics at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. Until 2013, he was a professor of computational and applied mathematics at Rice University in Houston, Texas.
Mark Embree was awarded Man of the Year and Outstanding Student in the College of Arts and Sciences at Virginia Tech in 1996. He was also a Rhodes Scholar at the University of Oxford, where he completed his doctorate.
Early life
Mark Embree attended Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology.
Research
His main research interests are Krylov subspace methods, non-normal operators and spectral perturbation theory, Toeplitz matrices, random matrices, and damped wave operators.
Books
Dr Mark Embree wrote a book with Lloyd N. Trefethen titled Spectra and Pseudospectra: The Behavior of Nonnormal Matrices and Operators.
See also
Embree–Trefethen constant
External links
Dr. Embree's Virginia Tech Homepage
Dr. Embree's Rice Homepage
Dr. Embree's Mathematical Genealogy
Spectra and Pseudospectra: The Behavior of Nonnormal Matrices and Operators
References
20th-century American mathematicians
American Rhodes Scholars
Rice University faculty
Virginia Tech alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American mathematicians
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear%20%28journal%29
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Wear is a scientific journal publishing papers on wear and friction. The papers may fall within the subjects of physics, chemistry, material science or mechanical engineering. It is published by Elsevier.
See also
List of periodicals published by Elsevier
External links
Wear homepage
Elsevier academic journals
Physics journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna%20Casselton
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Lorna Ann Casselton, (18 July 1938 – 14 February 2014) was a British academic and biologist. She was Professor Emeritus of Fungal Genetics in the Department of Plant Science at the University of Oxford, and was known for her genetic and molecular analysis of the mushroom Coprinus cinereus and Coprinus lagopus.
Early life
Casselton was born on 18 July 1938 in Rochford, Essex to William Charles Henry Smith and Cecile Smith (née Bowman). Her parents' smallholding and her father's interest in natural history and genetics encouraged her and her sister Pauline in the direction of biology. She was educated at Southend High School for Girls, a grammar school in Southend-on-Sea. She studied at University College London, from which she gained a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in botany and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1964.
Academic career
Casselton began her career in lecturing and research as an assistant lecturer at Royal Holloway College in London. She was Professor of Genetics at Queen Mary University of London from 1989 to 1991 and was later awarded an AFRC/BBSRC Postdoctoral Fellowship, followed by a BBSRC Senior Research Fellowship in 1995.
Casselton was a Fellow of St Cross College Oxford from 1993 to 2003, and was appointed Professor of Fungal Genetics at Oxford in 1997. Her specialism was sexual development in fungi and she contributed to over 100 publications on this topic. She was a Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford, from 1993 to 2003, and an Honorary Fello
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovo
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SoVo may refer to:
Someron Voima, association football club from Somero, Finland.
Southern Voice (newspaper), an LGBT newspaper published since 1988 in Atlanta, Georgia
Southern Voices, the annual literary magazine published by Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHAMPS%20Project
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The CHAMPS Project (Creating High Achievements in Mathematics, Problem-solving, and Science) is a combined effort of the Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science and the Mississippi University for Women aimed at improving various aspects of education in Mississippi. The goal of the CHAMPS Project is to improve student achievement and teacher quality in mathematics through a sustained program of professional development for K-8th grade teachers based on College and Career Readiness mathematics content, teaching strategies, and utilizing formative assessment to inform and guide instruction.
References
External links
MSMS CHAMPS Project
MSMS homepage
Education in Mississippi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Diederich
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François Diederich (9 July 1952, in Ettelbruck – 23 September 2020) was a Luxembourgian chemist specializing in organic chemistry.
Education
He obtained both his diploma and PhD (first synthesis of Kekulene) from the University of Heidelberg in 1977 and 1979, respectively.
Career and research
After postdoctoral studies with Orville L. Chapman at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and habilitation at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, he became Full Professor of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry at UCLA in 1989. In 1992 he was appointed Professor of Organic Chemistry at ETH Zurich. He retired on 31 July 2017, and remained a research-active professor at ETH Zurich. On 16 March 2019, the German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker, GDCh) bestowed him with their highest recognition, Honorary Membership.
Diederich died on 23 September 2020 after a battle with cancer.
His research interests cover a wide range of topics:
Molecular recognition in chemistry and biology.
Modern medicinal chemistry: molecular recognition studies with biological receptors and X-ray structure-based design of nonpeptidic enzyme inhibitors. Examples of targets: plasmepsin II, IspE and IspF in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis (malaria); t-RNA guanine transglycosylase (shigellosis); trypanothione reductase (African sleeping sickness).
Supramolecular nanosystems and nano-patterned surfaces.
Advanced materials based on carbon-ri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer%20High%20School%20%28Alaska%29
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Palmer High School is a high school located in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough in the city of Palmer, Alaska. It offers classes in fine arts, mathematics, world languages, physical education and health, science, English, social sciences, and career and technical education. Student support services are available for students.
Sports
Palmer High School's sports include, baseball, wrestling, swimming, diving, cross country running, cross country skiing, track and field, football, ice hockey, volleyball, e-sports, and soccer.
Machetanz Field is located on campus.
History
The school was established in 1936.
Curriculum
The foreign languages offered are French and Japanese. IB classes (see below) are offered in Humanities/Literature, Math, Biology, Chemistry, History, Music, Art, Agriculture, and Foreign Languages. In 2012 the school began offering the APEX online education program.
International Baccalaureate
Palmer High School has been an International Baccalaureate World School since 1999. It is one of two International Baccalaureate schools in Alaska.
Notable alumni
Talis Colberg (1976), former Alaska State Attorney General
References
External links
Palmer High School homepage
Public high schools in Alaska
Schools in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska
International Baccalaureate schools in Alaska
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE%20Foundation
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The EDGE Foundation (Enhancing Diversity in Graduate Education) is an organization which helps women get advanced degrees in mathematics.
History
The EDGE program was launched in 1998 by Sylvia Bozeman and Rhonda Hughes to support female students pursuing graduate degrees in the mathematical sciences. The first EDGE summer session was held at Bryn Mawr College in 1998 and the location alternated between Bryn Mawr and Spelman College until 2003. Since 2003 the summer program has been hosted by Pomona College, Florida A&M University, Harvey Mudd College, Mills College, New College of Florida, North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina State University, Purdue University, and Texas Tech.
In 2013, in response to an overwhelming push from former EDGE participants, the Sylvia Bozeman and Rhonda Hughes EDGE Foundation was established. The mission of this 501(c)(3) non-profit organization is to support and oversee all EDGE programming.
Purpose
The EDGE program is designed to offer comprehensive mentoring for women pursuing careers in the mathematical sciences. Activities are designed to provide ongoing support toward the academic development and research productivity at several critical stages, including entering graduate students, advanced graduate students, postdocs and early career mathematicians. Along with its signature summer session, the Foundation supports an annual conference, mini-sabbaticals for research collaborations, regional research symposia, regional
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20things%20named%20after%20Srinivasa%20Ramanujan
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Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887 – 1920) is the eponym of all of the topics listed below.
Mathematics
Brocard–Ramanujan Diophantine equation
Dougall–Ramanujan identity
Landau–Ramanujan constant
Ramanujan's congruences
Hardy–Ramanujan number
Hardy–Ramanujan theorem
Hardy–Ramanujan asymptotic formula
Ramanujan identity
Ramanujan machine
Ramanujan–Nagell equation
Ramanujan–Peterssen conjecture
Ramanujan–Soldner constant
Ramanujan summation
Ramanujan theta function
Ramanujan graph
Ramanujan's tau function
Ramanujan's ternary quadratic form
Ramanujan prime
Ramanujan's constant
Ramanujan's lost notebook
Ramanujan's master theorem
Ramanujan's sum
Rogers–Ramanujan identities
Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction
Ramanujan–Sato series
Ramanujan magic square
Journals
Hardy–Ramanujan Journal
Journal of the Ramanujan Mathematical Society
Ramanujan Journal
Institutions and societies
Ramanujan College, University of Delhi
Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics
Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Technology
Ramanujan Mathematical Society
Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre at Sastra University https://sas.sastra.edu/src/
Srinivasa Ramanujan Concept School
Ramanujan Hostel, Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta
Ramanujan computer centre, Department of Mathematics, Rajdhani College, University of Delhi
Srinivisa Ramanujan Library, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune
Prizes and awards
Srinivasa Ramanujan Medal
SASTRA Ramanujan Prize
DST-ICTP-IMU Ramanujan Prize
Ramanu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20vibration
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In mechanical engineering, random vibration is motion which is non-deterministic, meaning that future behavior cannot be precisely predicted. The randomness is a characteristic of the excitation or input, not the mode shapes or natural frequencies. Some common examples include an automobile riding on a rough road, wave height on the water, or the load induced on an airplane wing during flight. Structural response to random vibration is usually treated using statistical or probabilistic approaches. Mathematically, random vibration is characterized as an ergodic and stationary process.
A measurement of the acceleration spectral density (ASD) is the usual way to specify random vibration. The root mean square acceleration (Grms) is the square root of the area under the ASD curve in the frequency domain. The Grms value is typically used to express the overall energy of a particular random vibration event and is a statistical value used in mechanical engineering for structural design and analysis purposes.
While the term power spectral density (PSD) is commonly used to specify a random vibration event, ASD is more appropriate when acceleration is being measured and used in structural analysis and testing.
Crandall is uniformly considered as the father of random vibrations (see also books by Bolotin, Elishakoff et al.). The dramatic effect of often neglected cross-correlations is elucidated in the monograph by Elishakoff.
Random vibration testing
Test specifications can be est
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity%20time%20control
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Sensitivity time control (STC), also known as swept-gain control, is a system used to attenuate the very strong signals returned from nearby ground clutter targets in the first few range gates of a radar receiver. Without this attenuation, the receiver would routinely saturate due to the strong signals. This is used in air traffic control systems and has an influence on the shape of the elevation pattern of the surveillance antenna. It is represented in terms of numerical value typically expressed in decibels (dB), starting from zero, indicating that there is no muting and that the radar system is accepting all returns.
The radar equation is based on , meaning that doubling the range to a target results in sixteen times less energy being returned. STC is due to the corollary of this statement - nearby targets return orders of magnitude more radio signal. In the case of a long-range radar with high power outputs, the return from nearby targets can be so powerful that it causes the amplifiers to saturate, producing a blank area on the screen beyond which nothing can be detected until the amplifiers return to normal operation again.
For early radar systems, the solution was to point the signal away from the ground. This can be difficult for ground or ship-based radars, which required other solutions. In the case of the ground-based AMES Type 7, for instance, the radars were installed in natural dish-like depressions so that all returns below a certain angle were cut off very c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20%28disambiguation%29
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A is the first letter of the Latin and English alphabet.
A may also refer to:
Science and technology
Quantities and units
a, a measure for the attraction between particles in the Van der Waals equation
A value, a measure of substituent effects on the stereochemistry of cyclohexane
absorbance (A)
acceleration (a)
activity (chemistry) (a)
adsorption (a)
annum (a), for year
are (a), a unit of area (equal to 100 square metres; redirects to hectare)
atto- (a-), the SI prefix meaning 10−18
Ampere (A), unit of electric current
ångström (Å) a unit of length (equal to 1 metres)
area (A)
attenuation coefficient (a)
Bohr radius (a0)
chemical affinity (A)
gain (electronics) (A)
Hall coefficient (AH)
Hamaker constant (A)
Helmholtz free energy (A)
Hyperfine coupling constant (a or A)
magnetic vector potential (A)
mass number of a nuclide (A)
pre-exponential factor (A)
one of the reciprocal lattice vectors (a*)
relative atomic mass (Ar)
Richardson's constant (A)
rotational constant (A)
specific surface area (a)
thermal diffusivity (a)
unit cell length (a)
Astronomy
A whitish-blue class of stars in the Morgan–Keenan system; see Stellar classification
Part of the provisional designation of a comet (e.g., C/1760 A1), indicating a January 1 through 15 discovery
The semi-major axis of an orbit
Biology
A+ and A−, human blood types
Vitamin A, also called retinol, an essential human nutrient
Haplogroup A (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Einstein%20Institute
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Albert Einstein Institute or similar may refer to:
The Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, a physics research institute in Germany
The Albert Einstein Institution, a non-profit organisation involved in non-violent methods of political resistance (based in the United States)
The Einstein Institute of Mathematics, a mathematics research institute in Israel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukaiyama%20aldol%20addition
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In organic chemistry, the Mukaiyama aldol addition is an organic reaction and a type of aldol reaction between a silyl enol ether () and an aldehyde () or formate (). The reaction was discovered by Teruaki Mukaiyama (1927–2018) in 1973. His choice of reactants allows for a crossed aldol reaction between an aldehyde and a ketone (), or a different aldehyde without self-condensation of the aldehyde. For this reason the reaction is used extensively in organic synthesis.
General reaction scheme
The Mukaiyama aldol addition is a Lewis acid-mediated addition of enol silanes to carbonyl () compounds. In this reaction, compounds with various organic groups can be used (see educts).
A basic version (R2 = H) without the presence of chiral catalysts is shown below.
A racemic mix of enantiomers is built. If Z- or E-enol silanes are used in this reaction a mixture of four products occurs, yielding two racemates.
Whether the anti-diastereomer or the syn-diastereomer is built depends largely on reaction conditions, substrates and Lewis acids.
The archetypical reaction is that of the silyl enol ether of cyclohexanone, , with benzaldehyde, . At room temperature it produces a diastereomeric mixture of threo (63%) and erythro (19%) β-hydroxyketone as well as 6% of the exocyclic, enone condensation product. In its original scope the Lewis acid (titanium tetrachloride, ) was used in stoichiometric amounts but truly catalytic systems exist as well. The reaction is also optimized for asymmetric
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persulfide
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In chemistry, persulfide refers to the functional group R-S-S-H. Persulfides are intermediates in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur proteins and are invoked as precursors to hydrogen sulfide, a signaling molecule.
Nomenclature
The nomenclature used for organosulfur compounds is often non-systematic. Sometimes persulfides are called hydrodisulfides to further avoid confusion with disulfides with the grouping R-S-S-R, by emphasizing the presence of an H at one end of a disulfide bond.
Properties
Compared to thiols (R-S-H), persulfides are uncommon. They are thermodynamically unstable with respect to loss of elemental sulfur:
RSSH → RSH + 1/8 S8
Nonetheless, persulfides are often kinetically stable.
The S-H bond is both more acidic and more fragile than in thiols. This can be seen in the bond dissociation energy of a typical persulfide, which is 22 kcal/mol weaker than a typical thiol, and the lower pKa of about 6.2 for persulfides compared to 7.5 for thiols. Thus, persulfides exist predominantly in the ionized form at neutral pH. This effect is attributed to the stability of the RSS· radical.
Structure and reactions
The structure of trityl persulfide has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The S-S bond length is 204 picometers and the C-S-S-H dihedral angle is 82°. These parameters are unexceptional. (C6H5)3CSSH behaves as a source of sulfur, illustrated by its reaction with triphenylphosphine to give triphenylphosphine sulfide and triphenylmethanethiol:
(C6H5)3C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%20%28disambiguation%29
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F is the sixth letter of the Latin alphabet.
F may also refer to:
Science and technology
Mathematics
F or f, the number 15 in hexadecimal and higher positional systems
pFq, the hypergeometric function
F-distribution, a continuous probability distribution
F-test, a statistical test
f, SI prefix femto, factor 10−15
, Fibonacci number
Computing and engineering
F (programming language), a subset of Fortran 95
F Sharp (programming language), a functional and object-oriented language for the .NET platform.
F* (programming language), a dependently typed functional language for the .NET platform.
F-measure, the harmonic mean of precision and recall
f, in programming languages often used to represent the floating point
F connector, used for inlet in cable modems
F crimp, a type of solderless electrical connection
F band (NATO), a radio frequency band from 3 to 4 GHz
F band (waveguide), a millimetre wave band from 90 to 140 GHz
Physics
°F, degree on the Fahrenheit temperature scale
F, for farad, a unit for electric capacitance
or ℱ, the Faraday constant
, focal length of a lens
f-number (sometimes called f-ratio, f-stop, or written f/), the focal length divided by the aperture diameter
, , , force
, frequency
F (or A), Helmholtz Free Energy
F, the electromagnetic field tensor in electromagnetism
Often generalized to include the field tensors of other interactions, as in i.e. the gluon field strength tensor.
F region, part of the ionosphere
Chemistry
Fluo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%20%28disambiguation%29
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U is the twenty-first letter of the Latin alphabet.
U may also refer to:
Science
Mathematics
, union (set theory)
U-set, a set of uniqueness
U, the unitary group
Chemistry
Uranium, symbol U, a chemical element
u, the Dalton (unit), a unified atomic mass unit to express atomic and molecular masses
Astronomy
U, ultraviolet magnitude, in a UBV photometric system
U, an October 16 through 31 discovery in the provisional designation of a comet
U (trans-Neptunian object), a possible extremely distant trans-Neptunian object
Computing
<u>, a now-deprecated HTML element denoting underlined text
U, representing 1.75" as the minimal height of a rack unit
U, representing a 10x10x10cm CubeSat
U, universal Turing machine
Biology
U, abbreviation for uracil
U, mitochondrial haplogroup U
Other scientific uses
U, a common notation for potential energy
U, the middle of an edge joining a hexagonal and a square face of the Brillouin zone of a face-centered cubic lattice, in solid-state physics
U, one of the two subcarrier-modulated color-difference channels in the YUV colorspace, in video
U, the recommended symbol for a system's internal energy, in thermodynamics
U, units, any of various standard units of biological activity, such as insulin units, enzyme units, or penicillin units
U, the enzyme unit
International units, for which the symbol U is sometimes used
U, the abbreviation for selenocysteine, an uncommon amino acid containing selenium
u, the alternati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso%20Arithmetic
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The Treviso Arithmetic, or Arte dell'Abbaco, is an anonymous textbook in commercial arithmetic written in vernacular Venetian and published in Treviso, Italy, in 1478.
The author explains the motivation for writing this textbook:
The Treviso Arithmetic is the earliest known printed mathematics book in the West, and one of the first printed European textbooks dealing with a science.
The Arithmetic as an early printed book
There appears to have been only one edition of the work. David Eugene Smith translated parts of the Treviso Arithmetic for educational purposes in 1907. Frank J. Swetz translated the complete work using Smith's notes in 1987 in his Capitalism & Arithmetic: The New Math of the 15th Century. Swetz used a copy of the Treviso housed in the Manuscript Library at Columbia University. The volume found its way to this collection via a curious route. Maffeo Pinelli (1785), an Italian bibliophile, is the first known owner. After his death his library was purchased by a London book-dealer and sold at auction on February 6, 1790. The book was obtained for three shillings by Mr. Wodhull. About 100 years later the Arithmetic appeared in the library of Brayton Ives, a New York lawyer. When Ives sold the collection of books at auction, George Arthur Plimpton, a New York publisher, acquired the Treviso and made it an acquisition to his extensive collection of early scientific texts. Plimpton donated his library to Columbia University in 1936. Original copies of the Trevis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaruga
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Tartaruga may refer to:
Biology
The term Tartaruga is a word in Italian, Portuguese and Galician that may refer to:
Testudines, including:
Turtle, an aquatic reptile
Tortoise, a land-dwelling reptile
Places
Praia da Tartaruga / Tartaruga Beach in Rio das Ostras
Other
Tartaruga, nickname for FS Class E.444 locomotives
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full%20virtualization
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In computer science, full virtualization (fv) is a modern virtualization technique developed in late 1990s. It is different from simulation and emulation. Virtualization employs techniques that can create instances of a virtual environment, as opposed to simulation, which models the environment; and emulation, which replicates the target environment with certain kinds of virtual environments called emulation environments for virtual machines. Full virtualization requires that every salient feature of the hardware be reflected into one of several virtual machines – including the full instruction set, input/output operations, interrupts, memory access, and whatever other elements are used by the software that runs on the bare machine, and that is intended to run in a virtual machine. In such an environment, any software capable of execution on the raw hardware can be run in the virtual machine and, in particular, any operating systems. The obvious test of full virtualization is whether an operating system intended for stand-alone use can successfully run inside a virtual machine.
The cornerstone of full virtualization or type-1 virtualization is a hypervisor or Super Operating system that operates at a higher privilege level than the OS. This Hypervisor or Super OS requires two key features to provision and protect virtualized environments. These two features are:
OS-Independent Storage Management to provision resources for all supported Virtual Environments such as Linux,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20M.%20Bingham
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Paul Montgomery Bingham (born February 25, 1951) is an American molecular biologist and evolutionary biologist, Associate Professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Stony Brook University and Vice President for Research at Rafael Pharmaceuticals. He is known for his work in molecular biology, and has also published recent articles and a book on human evolution.
Biography
Bingham received his undergraduate degree at Blackburn College in Carlinville, Illinois, and then completed his PhD in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Harvard University in 1980 (thesis advisor, Matthew Meselson) after completing an MS in Microbiology at the University of Illinois (with John W. Drake). He spent two years at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) before joining the faculty of the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and the School of Medicine at Stony Brook University in 1982.
Molecular biology
He was part of a collaborative team that discovered the parasitic DNA sequence element, the P element transposon. This enabled a widely used strategy still used today for retrieving genes from animals. It also shed fundamental new light on how evolution shapes the (self-interested) individual genes that collaborate to build organisms.
With his wife (Zuzana Zachar), he demonstrated that transposon insertion mutations were responsible for most of the alleles used in the development of classical genetics. He also collaborated with Carl Wu and S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehn%E2%80%93Sommerville%20equations
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In mathematics, the Dehn–Sommerville equations are a complete set of linear relations between the numbers of faces of different dimension of a simplicial polytope. For polytopes of dimension 4 and 5, they were found by Max Dehn in 1905. Their general form was established by Duncan Sommerville in 1927. The Dehn–Sommerville equations can be restated as a symmetry condition for the [[h-vector|h-vector]] of the simplicial polytope and this has become the standard formulation in recent combinatorics literature. By duality, analogous equations hold for simple polytopes.
Statement
Let P be a d-dimensional simplicial polytope. For i = 0, 1, ..., d − 1, let fi denote the number of i-dimensional faces of P. The sequence
is called the 'f-vector of the polytope P. Additionally, set
Then for any k = −1, 0, ..., d − 2, the following Dehn–Sommerville equation' holds:
When k = −1, it expresses the fact that Euler characteristic of a (d − 1)-dimensional simplicial sphere is equal to 1 + (−1)d − 1.
Dehn–Sommerville equations with different k are not independent. There are several ways to choose a maximal independent subset consisting of equations. If d is even then the equations with k = 0, 2, 4, ..., d − 2 are independent. Another independent set consists of the equations with k = −1, 1, 3, ..., d − 3. If d is odd then the equations with k = −1, 1, 3, ..., d − 2 form one independent set and the equations with k = −1, 0, 2, 4, ..., d − 3 form another.
Equivalent formulations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewrite
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Rewrite and rewriting may refer to:
Script doctoring, revisions to an existing script for stage and screen productions
Rewriting, methods for replacing elements of a formula with other suitable expressions, in mathematics, computer science, and logic, such as:
Graph rewriting, technique of creating a new graph out of an original graph algorithmically
Sender Rewriting Scheme, a scheme for rewriting the envelope sender address of an email message
String rewriting, a rewriting system over strings from an alphabet
Rewrite (programming), the act or result of writing new source code to replace an existing computer program
Rewrite man, a journalist that crafts stories based on information reported by others
"Rewrite" (song), 2004 single by Asian Kung-Fu Generation
Rewrite (video game), a 2011 Japanese visual novel by Key
The Rewrite, a 2014 American romantic comedy film
See also
Tax Law Rewrite Project, a major effort to re-write the entire tax legislation of the United Kingdom
Blackwhite, or Rewriting the past, according to George Orwell's 1984
Rewrite engine, webserver component that performs rewriting on URLs
Rewrite history, the re-interpretation of a historical account
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Association%20for%20Research%20in%20Computing%20Science
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The Indian Association for Research in Computing Science (IARCS) provides leadership in computing within India. Its members are leading researchers in Computer Science drawn from major institutions from all over the country. Madhavan Mukund is the President of the association as of 2016.
IARCS aims at promoting excellence in Computing. It does so by facilitating interaction amongst its members, acting as a bridge between Academia and Industry and finally by elevating the quality of Computer Science education within the country.
IARCS runs the hugely successful and the longest running conference in computer science in India; International Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science. The FSTTCS conference is in its 26th year. Since its inception in 1981, the conference (held in the month of December) has helped in nurturing and creating an environment for exchange of ideas amongst the research community in the country by attracting top scientists around the world to the conference.
IARCS recognizes the impact of computing science in school education. To actively promote good practices, it has become involved in the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI). IARCS is involved in all aspects of training and selection of the young talent to represent the country at this prestigious Olympiad. It also recognizes a role for itself in correcting the biases in the current curriculum for computer science in the country. The national program is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20and%20Systems%20Neuroscience
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Computational and Systems Neuroscience (COSYNE or CoSyNe) is an annual scientific conference for the exchange of experimental and theoretical/computational approaches to problems in systems neuroscience. It is an important meeting for computational neuroscientists where many levels of approaches are discussed. It is a single track-meeting with oral and poster sessions and attracts about 800-900 participants from a variety of disciplines, including neuroscience, computer science and machine learning. Until 2018, the 3-day long main meeting was held in Salt Lake City, followed by two days of workshops at Snowbird, Utah. In 2018, COSYNE moved to Denver (3 days) and Breckenridge (2 days).
History
COSYNE grew out of the Neural Information and Coding (NIC) meetings founded by Anthony Zador in 1996. The first COSYNE was organized in 2004 by Michael Shadlen, Alexandre Pouget, Carlos Brody and Anthony Zador. The current Executive Committee consists of Alexandre Pouget, Zachary Mainen, Stephanie Palmer and Anthony Zador.
Meetings
Related Meetings
Neural Information Processing Systems (since 1987)
Annual meeting of the Organization for Computational Neuroscience (since 1990/1992)
Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience (since 2017)
Berstein Conference (since 2005)
References
Neuroscience conferences
International conferences in the United States
Events in Salt Lake City
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%20number
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In recreational mathematics, a ban number is a number that does not contain a particular letter when spelled out in English; in other words, the letter is "banned." Ban numbers are not precisely defined, since some large numbers do not follow the standards of number names (such as googol and googolplex).
There are several published sequences of ban numbers:
The aban numbers do not contain the letter A. The first few aban numbers are 1 through 999, 1,000,000 through 1,000,999, 2,000,000 through 2,000,999, ... The word "and" is not counted.
The eban numbers do not contain the letter E. The first few eban numbers are 2, 4, 6, 30, 32, 34, 36, 40, 42, 44, 46, 50, 52, 54, 56, 60, 62, 64, 66, 2000, 2002, 2004, ... . The sequence was coined in 1990 by Neil Sloane. Coincidentally, all the numbers in the sequence are even.
The iban numbers do not contain the letter I. The first few iban numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 40, ... . Since all -illion numbers contain the letter I, there are exactly 30,275 iban numbers, the largest being 777,777.
The oban numbers do not contain the letter O. The first few oban numbers are 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, ... . Since "thousand" and all the -illion numbers contain the letter O, there are exactly 454 oban numbers, the largest being 999.
The tban numbers do not contain the letter T. The first few tban numbers are 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20Y
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In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup Y is a descendant of haplogroup N9.
Distribution
Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the Sea of Okhotsk, including approximately 66% of Nivkhs, approximately 43% of Ulchs, approximately 40% of Nanais, approximately 21% of Negidals, and approximately 20% of Ainus. It is also fairly common among indigenous peoples of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Koryaks, Itelmens) and among certain Austronesian peoples (especially groups closely related to Native Taiwanese).
The distribution of haplogroup Y in populations of the Malay Archipelago contrasts starkly with the absence or extreme rarity of this clade in populations of continental Southeast Asia in a manner reminiscent of haplogroup E. However, the frequency of haplogroup Y fades more smoothly away from its maximum around the Sea of Okhotsk in Northeast Asia, being found in approximately 2% of Koreans and in South Siberian and Central Asian populations with an average frequency of 1%.
The Y2 subclade has been observed in 40% (176/440) of a large pool of samples from Nias people in western Indonesia, ranging from a low of 25% (3/12) among the Zalukhu subpopulation to a high of 52% (11/21) among the Ho subpopulation.
Table of frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup Y
Subclades
Haplogroup Y has been divided into two primary subclades, Y1 and Y2. In a study published in 2016
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole%20Goble
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Carole Anne Goble, (born 10 April 1961) is a British academic who is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Manchester. She is principal investigator (PI) of the myGrid, BioCatalogue and myExperiment projects and co-leads the Information Management Group (IMG) with Norman Paton.
Education
Goble was educated at Maidstone School for Girls. Her academic career has been spent at the Department of Computer Science, where she gained her Bachelor of Science degree in computing and information systems from 1979 to 1982.
Research and career
Her current research interests include grid computing, the semantic grid, the Semantic Web, ontologies, e-Science, medical informatics, bioinformatics, and Research Objects. She applies advances in knowledge technologies and workflow systems to solve information management problems for life scientists and other scientific disciplines. She has successfully secured funding from the European Union, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the United States and UK funding agencies including the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) (MRC), the Department of Health, the Open Middleware Infrastructure Institute and the Department of Trade and Industry.
Her work has been published in leading peer reviewed scientific journals including Nucleic Acids Resear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyGrid
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The myGrid consortium produces and uses a suite of tools design to “help e-Scientists get on with science and get on with scientists”. The tools support the creation of e-laboratories and have been used in domains as diverse as systems biology, social science, music, astronomy, multimedia and chemistry.
The consortium is led by Carole Goble of the Department of Computer Science at the University of Manchester, UK.
Tools produced and used by myGrid
Tools developed by the myGrid consortium include:
The Taverna workbench for designing, editing and executing scientific workflows
myExperiment for sharing workflows and related data
BioCatalogue a public registry of Web services for Life Scientists
Seek produced in collaboration with the SysModb: Systems Biology of Micro-Organisms DataBase Finding, sharing and exchanging data, models and processes in Systems Biology
MethodBox Browse datasets and share knowledge.
RightField Sharing the meaning of your data by embedding ontology annotation in spreadsheets
The Kidney and Urinary Pathway Database (KUPKB)
Workflows for Ever (wf4ever) Scientific workflow preservation
History
The consortium has three distinct phases:
Phase 1
The consortium was formed in 2001, bringing together collaborators at the Universities of Manchester, Southampton, Newcastle, Nottingham and Sheffield, The European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) in Cambridge, and industrial partners GlaxoSmithKline, Merck KGaA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20Q%20%28mtDNA%29
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In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup Q is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for Oceania. It is a subgroup of haplogroup M29'Q.
Origin
Haplogroup Q is a descendant of haplogroup M.
Distribution
Today, mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Q is found in the southern Pacific region, especially in New Guinea, Melanesia and indigenous Australians. Haplogroup Q is very diverse and frequently occurring among Papuan and Melanesian populations, with an inferred coalescence time of approximately 50,000 years before present. The frequency of this haplogroup among the populations of the islands of Wallacea in eastern Indonesia is quite high, indicating some genetic affinity between the populations of these islands and the indigenous peoples of New Guinea. Haplogroup Q has also been found at higher frequencies, among modern populations of Sundaland but in moderate frequencies Micronesia, and Polynesia. In Southeast Asia it is found in lower frequencies. Malaysians 1.8%, It's also found in Indonesians, Filipinos (especially in Surigaonon people it's 4.17%), Balinese 1.2%, Borneans 1.3%,
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Q subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
Q
Q1'2
Q1
Q1a
Q1b
Q1c
Q2
Q2a
Q2b
Q3
Q3a
Q3a1
Q3b
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20G%20%28mtDNA%29
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In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup G is a descendant of haplogroup M. Haplogroup G is divided into subclades G1, G2, G3, and G4.
Distribution
It is an East Asian haplogroup. Today, haplogroup G is found at its highest frequency in indigenous populations of the lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk. Haplogroup G is one of the most common mtDNA haplogroups among modern Ainu, Siberian, Mongol, Tibetan and Central and North Asian Turkic peoples people (as well as among people of the prehistoric Jōmon culture in Hokkaidō). It is also found at a lower frequency among many other populations of East Asia, Central Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. However, unlike other mitochondrial DNA haplogroups typical of populations of northeastern Asia, such as haplogroup A, haplogroup C, and haplogroup D, haplogroup G has not been found among indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Table of Frequencies by ethnic group
Subclades
Subclade G2 is the most widely distributed, being found with low frequency in many populations all the way from eastern Europe (Poles, Ukrainians, Lipka Tatars) and western Siberia (Mansi, Khanty) to Japan (Japanese, Ainu) and from Iran (Persian) to southern China (Hmong and Tujia in Hunan and Mien in Guangxi) and Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia). G2 (and especially its subclade G2a) is notably frequent among many Mongolic- or Turkic-speaking populations of northern East Asia a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20CZ
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In human mitochondrial genetics, the Haplogroup CZ is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup CZ is a descendant of haplogroup M8 and is a parent to the haplogroups C and Z. The C and Z subclades share a common ancestor dated to approximately 36,500 years ago.
Distribution
Today, CZ is found in eastern Asian, Central Asian, Siberian, indigenous American, and European populations, and is most common in Siberian populations. It is recognized by a genetic marker at 249d.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup CZ subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
M
M8
CZ
C
Z
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
CZ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADES%20%28software%29
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HADES (Haskins Analysis Display and Experiment System) refers to a family of signal processing computer programs that was developed in the 1980s at Haskins Laboratories by Philip Rubin and colleagues to provide for the display and analysis of multiple channel physiological, speech, and other sampled data in an experimental context. Principal programmers over the years on this project included Vance Maverick , Mark Tiede , Marian Pressler, and Simon Levy . The most significant feature of HADES was the incorporation of a procedural language known as SPIEL (Signal Processing Interactive Editing Language) that provided for the creation and customization of specialized analysis procedures that can be stored as text files, edited, etc., and are similar to functions and subroutines in programming languages like C and Fortran. HADES was one of the earliest signal processing systems with an integrated language and, through the use of SPIEL, provided for automated procedural analysis of large datasets, usually speech data or multiple-channel physiological data acquired with specialized hardware such as the EMMA magnetometer system. Previous systems at the time included ILS from STI, Inc., and the MITSYN system designed by Bill Henke. HADES was written in C and implemented on VAX systems running VMS. Although HADES still finds limited use, its functionality was eventually replaced by commercial systems such as MATLAB.
Bibliography
Rubin, Philip E. (1995). HADES: A Case Study of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n%20constant
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In fluid dynamics, the von Kármán constant (or Kármán's constant), named for Theodore von Kármán, is a dimensionless constant involved in the logarithmic law describing the distribution of the longitudinal velocity in the wall-normal direction of a turbulent fluid flow near a boundary with a no-slip condition. The equation for such boundary layer flow profiles is:
where u is the mean flow velocity at height z above the boundary. The roughness height (also known as roughness length) z0 is where appears to go to zero. Further κ is the von Kármán constant being typically 0.41, and is the friction velocity which depends on the shear stress τw at the boundary of the flow:
with ρ the fluid density.
The Kármán constant is often used in turbulence modeling, for instance in boundary-layer meteorology to calculate fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture from the atmosphere to the land surface. It is considered to be a universal (κ ≈ 0.40).
Gaudio, Miglio and Dey argued that the Kármán constant is however nonuniversal in flows over mobile sediment beds.
In recent years the von Kármán constant has been subject to periodic scrutiny. Reviews (Foken, 2006; Hogstrom, 1988; Hogstrom, 1996) report values of κ between 0.35 and 0.42. The overall conclusion of over 18 studies is that κ is constant, close to 0.40.
See also
Law of the wall
Log wind profile
References
Bonan, G. B. (2005). "Land Surface Model (LSM 1.0) for Ecological, Hydrological, Atmospheric Studies. Model product". Availab
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20fate%20determination
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Within the field of developmental biology, one goal is to understand how a particular cell develops into a final cell type, known as fate determination. Within an embryo, several processes play out at the cellular and tissue level to create an organism. These processes include cell proliferation, differentiation, cellular movement and programmed cell death. Each cell in an embryo receives molecular signals from neighboring cells in the form of proteins, RNAs and even surface interactions. Almost all animals undergo a similar sequence of events during very early development, a conserved process known as embryogenesis. During embryogenesis, cells exist in three germ layers, and undergo gastrulation. While embryogenesis has been studied for more than a century, it was only recently (the past 25 years or so) that scientists discovered that a basic set of the same proteins and mRNAs are involved in embryogenesis. Evolutionary conservation is one of the reasons that model systems such as the fly (Drosophila melanogaster), the mouse (Mus musculus), and other organisms are used as models to study embryogenesis and developmental biology. Studying model organisms provides information relevant to other animals, including humans. While studying the different model systems, cells fate was discovered to be determined via multiple ways, two of which are by the combination of transcription factors the cells have and by the cell-cell interaction. Cells’ fate determination mechanisms were cate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension%20polymerization
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In polymer chemistry, suspension polymerization is a heterogeneous radical polymerization process that uses mechanical agitation to mix a monomer or mixture of monomers in a liquid phase, such as water, while the monomers polymerize, forming spheres of polymer. The monomer droplets (size of the order 10-1000 μm) are suspended in the liquid phase. The individual monomer droplets can be considered as undergoing bulk polymerization. The liquid phase outside these droplets help in better conduction of heat and thus tempering the increase in temperature.
While choosing a liquid phase for suspension polymerization, low viscosity, high thermal conductivity and low-temperature variation of viscosity are generally preferred. The primary advantage of suspension polymerization over other types of polymerization is that a higher degree of polymerization can be achieved without monomer boil-off. During this process, there is often a possibility of these monomer droplets sticking to each other and causing creaming in the solution. To prevent this, the mixture is carefully stirred or a protective colloid is often added. One of the most common suspending agents is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Usually, the monomer conversion is completed unlike in bulk polymerization, and the initiator used in this is monomer-soluble.
This process is used in the production of many commercial resins, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a widely-used plastic, styrene resins including polystyrene, expanded polysty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia%20Kenyon
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Cynthia Jane Kenyon (born February 21, 1954) is an American molecular biologist and biogerontologist known for her genetic dissection of aging in a widely used model organism, the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. She is the vice president of aging research at Calico Research Labs, and emeritus professor of biochemistry and biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).
Career
Cynthia Kenyon graduated valedictorian in chemistry and biochemistry from the University of Georgia in 1976. She received her Ph.D. in 1981 from MIT where, in Graham Walker's laboratory, she looked for genes on the basis of their activity profiles, discovering that DNA-damaging agents activate a battery of DNA repair genes in E. coli. She then did postdoctoral studies with Nobel laureate Sydney Brenner at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, studying the development of C. elegans.
Since 1986 she has been at the UCSF, where she was the Herbert Boyer Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics and is now an American Cancer Society Professor. In 1999, she co founded-Elixir Pharmaceuticals with Leonard Guarente to try to discover and develop drugs that would slow down the process that makes people age.
In April 2014, Kenyon was named Vice President of Aging Research at Calico, a new company focused on health, well-being, and longevity. Prior to that, she served as a part-time advisor beginning in November 2013. Kenyon remains affiliated with UCSF as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSim
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VSim is a cross-platform computational framework for multiphysics including electrodynamics in the presence of metallic and dielectric shapes as well as with or without self-consistent charged particles and fluids. It is compatible with compatible with Windows, Linux, and macOS.
It comes with VSimComposer, a full-featured graphical user interface for visual setup of any simulation, including CAD geometry import and/or direct geometry construction. With VSimComposer, the user can execute data analysis scripts and visualize results in one, two, or three dimensions. VSim computes using the powerful Vorpal computational engine, which has been used to simulate the dynamics of electromagnetic systems, plasmas, and rarefied as well as dense gases. VSim is used for modeling basic electromagnetics and plasma physics, complex metallic and dielectric shapes, photonics, vacuum electronics including multipactor effects, laser wake-field acceleration, plasma thrusters, and fusion plasmas.
The Vorpal computational engine is arbitrary dimensional, meaning that it can be run in one, two, or three dimensions. It can be run in full electromagnetic mode, using the FDTD algorithm, or with electrostatically or magnetostatically computed fields. Charged and neutral particles in Vorpal can be represented by a fluid or kinetically using the PIC algorithm in either case self-consistently. The fields and particles can interact with arbitrarily shaped structures, including conductors, particle absorb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional%20differentiation
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In the field of developmental biology, regional differentiation is the process by which different areas are identified in the development of the early embryo. The process by which the cells become specified differs between organisms.
Cell fate determination
In terms of developmental commitment, a cell can either be specified or it can be determined. Specification is the first stage in differentiation. A cell that is specified can have its commitment reversed while the determined state is irreversible. There are two main types of specification: autonomous and conditional. A cell specified autonomously will develop into a specific fate based upon cytoplasmic determinants with no regard to the environment the cell is in. A cell specified conditionally will develop into a specific fate based upon other surrounding cells or morphogen gradients. Another type of specification is syncytial specification, characteristic of most insect classes.
Specification in sea urchins uses both autonomous and conditional mechanisms to determine the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior/posterior axis lies along the animal/vegetal axis set up during cleavage. The micromeres induce the nearby tissue to become endoderm while the animal cells are specified to become ectoderm. The animal cells are not determined because the micromeres can induce the animal cells to also take on mesodermal and endodermal fates. It was observed that β-catenin was present in the nuclei at the vegetal pole of the blast
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDS%20matrix
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An MDS matrix (maximum distance separable) is a matrix representing a function with certain diffusion properties that have useful applications in cryptography. Technically, an matrix over a finite field is an MDS matrix if it is the transformation matrix of a linear transformation from to such that no two different -tuples of the form coincide in or more components.
Equivalently, the set of all -tuples is an MDS code, i.e., a linear code that reaches the Singleton bound.
Let be the matrix obtained by joining the identity matrix to . Then a necessary and sufficient condition for a matrix to be MDS is that every possible submatrix obtained by removing rows from is non-singular. This is also equivalent to the following: all the sub-determinants of the matrix are non-zero. Then a binary matrix (namely over the field with two elements) is never MDS unless it has only one row or only one column with all components .
Reed–Solomon codes have the MDS property and are frequently used to obtain the MDS matrices used in cryptographic algorithms.
Serge Vaudenay suggested using MDS matrices in cryptographic primitives to produce what he called multipermutations, not-necessarily linear functions with this same property. These functions have what he called perfect diffusion: changing of the inputs changes at least of the outputs. He showed how to exploit imperfect diffusion to cryptanalyze functions that are not multipermutations.
MDS matrices are used for diffusion in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Goldammer
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Johann Georg Goldammer (born 23 August 1949) is director of the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC), hosted by the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (Mainz, Germany) and Freiburg University (Germany).
Early life
Goldammer was born in Marburg (Germany), first son of Kurt Goldammer, professor for religious studies and history of religion and religious art at Philipps University of Marburg, and Inge Rodewald. His godfather Friedrich Heiler, was theologian and predecessor of his father. With his sisters Anna Katharina and Magdalena and his brother Christopher, he grew up in Marburg and Amöneburg and graduated at the Gymnasium Philippinum in Marburg in 1968. During the late 1960s, Oberforstmeister Dr. Johann Georg Hasenkamp, became his mentor motivating Goldammer to study forest sciences. In 1968, Goldammer was engaged in Israel in the reconciliation campaign between Germany and Israel in assisting recovery after the 1967 Six-Day War. He has been married to his wife Dorothea (nee Knappe) since 1982 and they have a daughter, Katharina Jessica.
Military career
In 1968, Goldammer joined the German Army. Transferred to the German Navy in 1969, he became member of Crew X/68. After graduation at the Naval Academy Marineschule Mürwik , including the serving on the training ships Gorch Fock and Deutschland he assumed duties as officer on minesweepers and minehunters. After terminating his active service in 1972, he served in the naval reserve and became the first reserve officer in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Pollack%20%28biologist%29
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Robert Elliot Pollack is an American biologist whose interests cross many academic lines. He grew up in Brooklyn, attended public schools, and majored in physics at Columbia University, where he graduated from the College in 1961. He received a PhD in Biological Sciences from Brandeis University in 1966, and subsequently was a postdoctoral Fellow in Pathology with Howard Green at NYU Medical center, and at the Weizmann Institute in Israel with Ernest Winocour. He was then recruited to Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory by James Watson to establish a research program on reversion of cancer cells. He became a tenured Associate Professor of Microbiology at the Stony Brook University Medical Center before returning to Columbia as a Professor of Biological Sciences in 1978. He served as Dean of Columbia College from 1982 to 1989, overseeing the enrollment of women in the College for the first time.
He remains at Columbia as a Professor of Biological Sciences, and also serves as Director of The University Seminars; he is the fifth Director since its founding in 1944. He is also a member of the Affiliate Faculty of the American Studies Program. From 1999-2012, he was the Director of the Center for the Study of Science and Religion, a program within Columbia’s Earth Institute. In 2014 his interest in questions that lie at the intersection of science and subjectivity, coupled with the gift of an endowment from College alumnus Harvey Krueger ’51, led him to establish the Research Cluster
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Blank
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Brian Blank (September 3, 1953 – December 9, 2018) was a Canadian/American associate professor of mathematics at Washington University in St. Louis.
Blank was born in Montreal, Quebec, and earned an undergraduate degree in mathematics from McGill University. He received his Masters and Ph.D. in 1980 from Cornell University, with Anthony Knapp as advisor. His 20th century work involved harmonic analysis. He also co-authored a pair of calculus textbooks with his Washington University colleague, Steven Krantz. Titled Calculus: Single Variable and Calculus: Multivariable, the textbooks and workbooks used to be used in calculus classes at Washington University.
Blank died on December 9, 2018, due to complications of acute congestive heart failure.
References
External links
1953 births
2018 deaths
Anglophone Quebec people
Academics from Montreal
McGill University Faculty of Science alumni
Cornell University alumni
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Washington University in St. Louis mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre%20Haute%20North%20Vigo%20High%20School
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Terre Haute North Vigo High School, also known as Terre Haute North (THN), is a public high school located in Terre Haute, Indiana.
Academics
Advanced Placement classes include Calculus AB, Physics (Mechanics), Physics (Electricity and Magnetism), U.S. History, World History, U.S. Government, Biology, Chemistry, English, Spanish, and more.
Athletics
There are 21 varsity teams at THN: boys' and girls' cross country, soccer, tennis, golf, basketball, swimming & diving and track & field; boys' football, wrestling, baseball; girls' volleyball, softball, and dance team. Terre Haute North was a part of the Metropolitan Interscholastic Conference (MIC) from 1997 until 2013 when they joined Conference Indiana.
Notable alumni
Brian Dorsett (1979) is a retired professional baseball player who played eight seasons for the Cleveland Indians, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, New York Yankees, San Diego Padres, Cincinnati Reds and Chicago Cubs.
Josh Phegley (2006) is an MLB catcher, currently playing for the Chicago Cubs. Phegley formerly played for the Chicago White Sox and the Oakland Athletics.
Anthony Thompson (1986) is a former Indiana University football standout (1986–1989) and NFL running back (1990–92). He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2007.
Steve Weatherford (2001) is a National Football League punter. He played for the New Orleans Saints, Kansas City Chiefs, Jacksonville Jaguars, New York Jets and New York Giants from 2006 to 2015, becoming a Sup
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl%20Meister%20Greengard%20Prize
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The Pearl Meister Greengard Prize is an award for women scientists in biology given annually by the Rockefeller University.
The Prize was founded by Nobel laureate Paul Greengard and his wife Ursula von Rydingsvard in honor of Greengard's mother, Pearl Meister Greengard, who died giving birth to him. Greengard began funding the award in 1998. Greengard donated the full share of his 2000 Nobel Prize to the fund, and was able to use his new publicity to attract additional funding for the award, which was launched in 2004. The award is meant to shine a spotlight on exceptional female scientists, since, as Greengard observed, "[women] are not yet receiving awards and honors at a level commensurate with their achievements."
The award includes a $100,000 honorarium (previously $50,000).
Three recipients of the Prize, Carol Greider, Elizabeth Blackburn and Katalin Karikó, have gone on to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. One recipient, Jennifer Doudna, received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Winners
Source: Rockefeller University
Nicole Marthe Le Douarin (2004)
Philippa Marrack (2005)
Mary Frances Lyon (2006)
Gail R. Martin, Beatrice Mintz, Elizabeth Robertson (2007)
Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, Vicki Lundblad (2008)
Suzanne Cory (2009)
Janet Rowley and Mary-Claire King (2010)
Brenda Milner (2011)
Joan Steitz (2012)
Huda Y. Zoghbi (2013)
Lucy Shapiro (2014)
Helen Hobbs (2015)
Bonnie Bassler (2016)
JoAnne Stubbe (2017)
Jennifer Doudna (2018)
Xia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20E.%20Counts
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Dr. John E. Counts is the fourteenth president of Western New Mexico University, a position he held from November 1993 to June 2011.
Counts worked at the university as Professor of Management and Director of the Division of Business, Math and Computer Science for one year before becoming president.
References
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
United States Army officers
Western New Mexico University faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countably%20compact%20space
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In mathematics a topological space is called countably compact if every countable open cover has a finite subcover.
Equivalent definitions
A topological space X is called countably compact if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:
(1) Every countable open cover of X has a finite subcover.
(2) Every infinite set A in X has an ω-accumulation point in X.
(3) Every sequence in X has an accumulation point in X.
(4) Every countable family of closed subsets of X with an empty intersection has a finite subfamily with an empty intersection.
(1) (2): Suppose (1) holds and A is an infinite subset of X without -accumulation point. By taking a subset of A if necessary, we can assume that A is countable.
Every has an open neighbourhood such that is finite (possibly empty), since x is not an ω-accumulation point. For every finite subset F of A define . Every is a subset of one of the , so the cover X. Since there are countably many of them, the form a countable open cover of X. But every intersect A in a finite subset (namely F), so finitely many of them cannot cover A, let alone X. This contradiction proves (2).
(2) (3): Suppose (2) holds, and let be a sequence in X. If the sequence has a value x that occurs infinitely many times, that value is an accumulation point of the sequence. Otherwise, every value in the sequence occurs only finitely many times and the set is infinite and so has an ω-accumulation point x. That x is then an accumulation poin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequentially%20compact%20space
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In mathematics, a topological space X is sequentially compact if every sequence of points in X has a convergent subsequence converging to a point in .
Every metric space is naturally a topological space, and for metric spaces, the notions of compactness and sequential compactness are equivalent (if one assumes countable choice). However, there exist sequentially compact topological spaces that are not compact, and compact topological spaces that are not sequentially compact.
Examples and properties
The space of all real numbers with the standard topology is not sequentially compact; the sequence given by for all natural numbers is a sequence that has no convergent subsequence.
If a space is a metric space, then it is sequentially compact if and only if it is compact. The first uncountable ordinal with the order topology is an example of a sequentially compact topological space that is not compact. The product of copies of the closed unit interval is an example of a compact space that is not sequentially compact.
Related notions
A topological space is said to be limit point compact if every infinite subset of has a limit point in , and countably compact if every countable open cover has a finite subcover. In a metric space, the notions of sequential compactness, limit point compactness, countable compactness and compactness are all equivalent (if one assumes the axiom of choice).
In a sequential (Hausdorff) space sequential compactness is equivalent to countable
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyalectales
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Gyalectales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 5 families, 15 genera and about 550 species.
Taxonomy
The Gyalectales were introduced in a 1974 publication by Aino Henssen and Martin Jahns, but not formally published until 1986 by David Hawksworth and Ove Eriksson.
Phylogeny
An early (2002) phylogenetics study showed that the order Ostropales, as was then circumscribed, was paraphyletic, and proposed that the Ostropales sensu lato included the Gyalectales and Trapeliaceae. Although they had traditionally been considered to be only distantly related, molecular studies suggested a much closer phylogenetic relationship. As a result, of the molecular data, Kauff and Lutzoni subsumed the Gyalectales into the Ostropales, as the latter name was published earlier (1932 vs. 1986).
In 2018, Kraichak and colleagues used a recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks. Based on this approach, clades that share a common ancestor between 176 and 194 Mya and a time window of 111–135 Mya correspond to order-level and family-level, respectively. The Gyalectales clade, consisting of the families Trichotheliaceae, Coenogoniaceae, Sagiolechiaceae, Gyalectaceae and Phlyctidaceae, has a crown node that falls within the temporal band for orders. For this reason the name Gyalectales was resurrected to represent the monophyletic clade. Gyalectales itself is placed in Ostropomycetidae, one of tw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smale%27s%20problems
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Smale's problems are a list of eighteen unsolved problems in mathematics proposed by Steve Smale in 1998 and republished in 1999. Smale composed this list in reply to a request from Vladimir Arnold, then vice-president of the International Mathematical Union, who asked several mathematicians to propose a list of problems for the 21st century. Arnold's inspiration came from the list of Hilbert's problems that had been published at the beginning of the 20th century.
Table of problems
In later versions, Smale also listed three additional problems, "that don't seem important enough to merit a place on our main list, but it would still be nice to solve them:"
Mean value problem
Is the three-sphere a minimal set (Gottschalk's conjecture)?
Is an Anosov diffeomorphism of a compact manifold topologically the same as the Lie group model of John Franks?
See also
Millennium Prize Problems
Simon problems
References
Unsolved problems in mathematics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balding%E2%80%93Nichols%20model
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In population genetics, the Balding–Nichols model is a statistical description of the allele frequencies in the components of a sub-divided population. With background allele frequency p the allele frequencies, in sub-populations separated by Wright's FST F, are distributed according to independent draws from
where B is the Beta distribution. This distribution has mean p and variance Fp(1 – p).
The model is due to David Balding and Richard Nichols and is widely used in the forensic analysis of DNA profiles and in population models for genetic epidemiology.
References
Statistical genetics
Population genetics
Continuous distributions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoltan%20I.%20Kertesz
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Zoltan I. Kertesz (September 2, 1903 – August 1968) was a Hungarian-born, American food scientist who was involved in the early development of food microbiology and food chemistry. He was also an active member of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT).
Career
Kertesz was born in Hungary, but emigrated to the United States where he went to work for the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (NYSAES), part of Cornell University. It was there he would work on food microbiology and food chemistry. This included improving the grading and quality of canned peas, which was featured in a 1935 Time magazine article.
IFT involvement
An active member of IFT, Kertesz would serve as Editor-In-Chief of Food Technology magazine from July 1950 to July 1952 and of Food Research after IFT purchased the scientific journal from Garand Press in 1951. He would receive the IFT International Award in 1967.
Other professional involvement
Kertesz was also a member of the American Chemical Society.
Selected articles
References
Mermelstein, N.H. and F.R. Katz. "Advancing Food Science and Technology for Fifty Years." Food Technology. January 1997: pp. 8–11.
External links
List of IFT past award winners
20th-century American chemists
American food scientists
Cornell University faculty
Hungarian food scientists
1903 births
1968 deaths
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20American%20Computer%20Chess%20Championship
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The North American Computer Chess Championship was a computer chess championship held from 1970 to 1994. It was organised by the Association for Computing Machinery and by Monty Newborn, Professor of Computer Science at McGill University. It was one of the first computer chess tournaments. The 14th NACCC was also the World Computer Chess Championship.
The event was canceled in 1995 as Deep Blue was preparing for the first match against world chess champion Garry Kasparov, and never resumed.
References
External links
ACM COMPUTER CHESS by Bill Wall
Computer chess competitions
Recurring events established in 1970
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraharmonic%20mean
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In mathematics, a contraharmonic mean is a function complementary to the harmonic mean. The contraharmonic mean is a special case of the Lehmer mean, , where p = 2.
Definition
The contraharmonic mean of a set of positive numbers is defined as the arithmetic mean of the squares of the numbers divided by the arithmetic mean of the numbers:
Properties
It is easy to show that this satisfies the characteristic properties of a mean of some list of values :
The first property implies the fixed point property, that for all k > 0,
The contraharmonic mean is higher in value than the arithmetic mean and also higher than the root mean square:
where x is a list of values, H is the harmonic mean, G is geometric mean, L is the logarithmic mean, A is the arithmetic mean, R is the root mean square and C is the contraharmonic mean. Unless all values of x are the same, the ≤ signs above can be replaced by <.
The name contraharmonic may be due to the fact that when taking the mean of only two variables, the contraharmonic mean is as high above the arithmetic mean as the arithmetic mean is above the harmonic mean (i.e., the arithmetic mean of the two variables is equal to the arithmetic mean of their harmonic and contraharmonic means).
Two-variable formulae
From the formulas for the arithmetic mean and harmonic mean of two variables we have:
Notice that for two variables the average of the harmonic and contraharmonic means is exactly equal to the arithmetic mean:
As a gets clo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%20Risinger
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Dale Risinger is an American civil engineer and Republican politician from Illinois. He was a member of the Illinois State Senate from 2003 to 2011.
Early life, education and business career
He was born January 10, 1944, in Odin, Illinois. He received a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois. He worked as an engineer for the Illinois Department of Transportation, and later as Vice President of Business Development for Clark Engineers, Inc.
Illinois Senate
Risinger defeated Paul Mangieri, the State's Attorney for Knox County. He was re-elected in 2006, and in 2010. He served as Senate Republican Caucus Chairman in 2008.
During his service in the Illinois Senate, he served on the following Committees:
Committees on Environment and Energy, (minority spokesperson)
Appropriations II
Financial Institutions
Local Government
Transportation
Legislative Audit Commission
Legislative Research Unit
Risinger resigned from the Illinois Senate on February 28, 2011. Darin LaHood was appointed by the Legislative Committee of the Republican Party of the 37th Legislative District to the vacancy and sworn into office on March 1, 2011.
Personal life
He and his wife, Joyce, have three adult children and six grandchildren.
He serves as a member of the Executive Board for the International Construction Innovations Conference; Chairman of the National Traffic and Transportation Conference; member of the Board of the Industry Institute; member of the Executive Board o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Florkin
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Marcel Florkin (Liège, 15 August 1900 – 3 May 1979) was a Belgian biochemist. Florkin was graduated as a Doctor in Medicine and became a professor of biochemistry at the University of Liège.
In 1951, he was the initiator of the Belgian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Together with Christian de Duve, and others, he wrote a proposal for the statutes which was adopted in 1952, on the first general meeting. In 1944, he published a book (translated to English in 1949) concerning biochemical evolution, in which he explained the relevance of evolution for understanding differences in metabolism and chemical makeup between different types of organisms. In later years he applied the principles of biosemiotics (indicator biology) on biochemistry. In 1946, Marcel Florkin was awarded the Francqui Prize on Biological and Medical Sciences. He was a member of the Association for the intellectual and artistic progress of Wallonia.
References
Bibliography
Florkin, M, Concepts of molecular biosemiotics and of molecular evolution, In: Comprehensive Biochemistry, 29A: 1–124, 1974.
Florkin, M, A History of Biochemistry, American Elsevier Publishing Co., 1972, xviii + 343 pp.
Sources
Fruton, JS, Marcel Florkin, 1900–1979, historian of biochemistry, Hist Philos Life Sci. 1980;2(1):167-71
External links
Belgian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB)]
Physicians from Liège
University of Liège alumni
1900 births
1979 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Lièg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20aldehyde%20synthesis
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Stephen aldehyde synthesis, a named reaction in chemistry, was invented by Henry Stephen (OBE/MBE). This reaction involves the preparation of aldehydes (R-CHO) from nitriles (R-CN) using tin(II) chloride (SnCl2), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and quenching the resulting iminium salt ([R-CH=NH2]+Cl−) with water (H2O). During the synthesis, ammonium chloride is also produced.
Mechanism
The following scheme shows the reaction mechanism:
By addition of hydrogen chloride the used nitrile (1) reacts to its corresponding salt (2). It is believed that this salt is reduced by a single electron transfer by the tin(II) chloride (3a and 3b). The resulting salt (4) precipitates after some time as aldimine tin chloride (5). Hydrolysis of 5 produces a hemiaminal (6) from which an aldehyde (7) is formed.
Substitutes that increase the electron density promote the formation of the aldimine-tin chloride adduct. With electron withdrawing substituents, the formation of an amide chloride is facilitated. In the past, the reaction was carried out by precipitating the aldimine-tin chloride, washing it with ether and then hydrolyzing it. However, it has been found that this step is unnecessary and the aldimine tin chloride can be hydrolysed directly in the solution.
This reaction is more efficient when aromatic nitriles are used instead of aliphatic ones. However, even for some aromatic nitriles (e. g. 2-cyanobenzoic acid ethyl ester) the yield can be low.
Sonn-Müller method
In the Sonn-Müller method
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%20Kaufmann%20Publishers
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Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is a Burlington, Massachusetts (San Francisco, California until 2008) based publisher specializing in computer science and engineering content.
Since 1984, Morgan Kaufmann has published content on information technology, computer architecture, data management, computer networking, computer systems, human computer interaction, computer graphics, multimedia information and systems, artificial intelligence, computer security, and software engineering. Morgan Kaufmann's audience includes the research and development communities, information technology (IS/IT) managers, and students in professional degree programs.
The company was founded in 1984 by publishers Michael B. Morgan and William Kaufmann and computer scientist Nils Nilsson. It was held privately until 1998, when it was acquired by Harcourt General and became an imprint of the Academic Press, a subsidiary of Harcourt. Harcourt was acquired by Reed Elsevier in 2001; Morgan Kaufmann is now an imprint of the Science and Technology division of Elsevier.
Notable authors
Adrian Farrel
Michael L. Scott
References
External links
Elsevier imprints
Computer book publishing companies
Publishing companies established in 1984
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Zachman
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John A. Zachman (born December 16, 1934) is an American business and IT consultant, early pioneer of enterprise architecture, chief executive officer of Zachman International (Zachman.com), and originator of the Zachman Framework.
Biography
Zachman holds a degree in Chemistry from Northwestern University. He served for a number of years as a line officer in the United States Navy, and is a retired Commander in the U.S. Naval Reserve.
He joined IBM Corporation in 1964 and held various marketing-related positions in Chicago, New York and Los Angeles. He became involved with Strategic Information Planning methodologies in 1970. and in 1973 he was assigned responsibility for the Business Systems Planning (BSP) program in IBM’s Western Region. In 1984 he began to concentrate on information systems architecture. In 1989 at IBM he joined the CASE Support organization of the Application Enabling Marketing Center, where he worked as a consultant in areas of information systems planning and enterprise architecture. He retired at IBM in 1990, having served them for 26 years. Afterwards he co-founded, with Samuel B. Holcman, the Zachman Institute for Framework Advancement, which was discontinued in December 2008.
He is a Fellow for the College of Business Administration of the University of North Texas. He serves on the Advisory Board for Boston University’s Institute for Leading in a Dynamic Economy (BUILDE), the Advisory Board for the Data Resource Management Program at the Univers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias%20Loomis
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Elias Loomis (August 7, 1811 – August 15, 1889) was an American mathematician. He served as a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Western Reserve College (now Case Western Reserve University), the University of the City of New York and Yale University. During his tenure at Western Reserve College in 1838, he established the Loomis Observatory, currently the second oldest observatory in the United States.
Life and work
Loomis was born in Willington, Connecticut in 1811. He graduated at Yale College in 1830, was a tutor there for three years (1833–36), and then spent the next year in scientific investigation in Paris. On his return, Loomis served as professor of mathematics and natural philosophy for eight years (1836–44) at Western Reserve College in Hudson, Ohio, now Case Western Reserve University. During his tenure, he opened up the Loomis Observatory in 1838, currently the second oldest observatory in the United States. From 1844 to 1860 he held the professorship of natural philosophy and mathematics in the University of the City of New York, and in the latter year became professor of natural philosophy in Yale. Professor Loomis published (besides many papers in the American Journal of Science and in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society) many textbooks on mathematics, including Analytical Geometry and of the Differential and Integral Calculus, published in 1835.
In 1859 Alexander Wylie, assistant director of London Missionary Press
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilford%20Manual%20of%20Photography
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The Ilford Manual of Photography is a comprehensive manual of photography, first published in 1890, written by C.H. Bothamley, and published by the Britannia Works Company, which became Ilford, Limited, in 1901. It is still in print, now named The Manual of Photography.
Technical information regarding optics, chemistry, and printing are described in far greater depth than in other photographic books, and therefore it quickly became the staple technical book for the professional or serious amateur photographer. It remained so for some time, and with each additional edition further information was added so that it might remain relevant. It still lines the bookshelves of many serious photographers, consequent to its tremendous depth, and the publication of many of the recipes for developers, including the popular ID-11 and IF-2, Ilford Photo's then non-hardening fixer. This represents a tremendous boon for the photographer, and did even more so in the early 20th century, when many would mix their own chemistry. It is comparable in many ways to Ansel Adams' books The Camera, The Negative, and The Print, in its logical description of exposing film (and plates), developing the negative, and printing from those negatives.
Editions
Ilford Manual of Photography
1890: Britannia Works Company, 1st edition
1942: Ilford, 3rd edition
1949: Ilford, 4th edition
1950: Ilford, 4th edition, reprint
1958: Ilford, 5th edition
The Manual of Photography
1971: Focal Press, 6th edition
197
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination%20number
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In chemistry, crystallography, and materials science, the coordination number, also called ligancy, of a central atom in a molecule or crystal is the number of atoms, molecules or ions bonded to it. The ion/molecule/atom surrounding the central ion/molecule/atom is called a ligand. This number is determined somewhat differently for molecules than for crystals.
For molecules and polyatomic ions the coordination number of an atom is determined by simply counting the other atoms to which it is bonded (by either single or multiple bonds). For example, [Cr(NH3)2Cl2Br2]− has Cr3+ as its central cation, which has a coordination number of 6 and is described as hexacoordinate. The common coordination numbers are 4, 6 and 8.
Molecules, polyatomic ions and coordination complexes
In chemistry, coordination number, defined originally in 1893 by Alfred Werner, is the total number of neighbors of a central atom in a molecule or ion. The concept is most commonly applied to coordination complexes.
Simple and commonplace cases
The most common coordination number for d-block transition metal complexes is 6. The coordination number does not distinguish the geometry of such complexes, i.e. octahedral vs trigonal prismatic.
For transition metal complexes, coordination numbers range from 2 (e.g., AuI in Ph3PAuCl) to 9 (e.g., ReVII in [ReH9]2−). Metals in the f-block (the lanthanoids and actinoids) can accommodate higher coordination number due to their greater ionic radii and availability
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio%20Rinland
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Sergio Rinland (born 17 March 1952) is an Argentine engineer best known for his work in Formula One. He is currently owner and managing director of the automotive engineering and management consulting company Astauto Ltd.
Career
Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina on March 17, 1952, Rinland studied mechanical engineering at Argentina's Universidad Nacional del Sur, graduating in 1978. His thesis was a vehicle suspension system mathematical model and computer simulation and the design of a F2 car as its application, his mentors were Prof. Jose Santamarina and Prof. Walter Daub. After two years working in Argentina's F2, he moved to England in 1980, where he soon found a job as a designer for PRS, a small Formula Ford constructor owned by Vic Holman, where he designed their Formula Ford 1600 and Formula Ford 2000 cars for the 1982 and 1983 seasons, with success in the UK, Europe and US. After a short spell working for Ron Tauranac at Ralt, Rinland was hired by the RAM F1 team in to work on the design team, first with Dave Kelly and in 1985 with Gustav Brunner where they produced the RAM 03. For , he moved on to Williams and was part of the design team of the very successful FW11, led by Patrick Head and Frank Dernie.
In , Rinland joined Brabham where he designed the Brabham BT56 together with David North and John Baldwin. At the end of 1987, Brabham temporarily withdrew from F1 allowing Rinland to move to Dallara to design its first F1 car raced by BMS Scuderia Italia in . Brab
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20de%20Hemptinne
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Marc de Hemptinne (Ghent, 1902–1986) was a Belgian physicist. He was the son of Alexandre de Hemptinne, a professor at the University of Leuven. He studied chemistry at the University of Ghent and obtained a PhD in Science in 1926. Marc de Hemptinne was a pioneer of molecular spectroscopy. In 1948 he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences.
External links
Marc de Hemptinne (in French)
1902 births
1986 deaths
Belgian physicists
Flemish scientists
Ghent University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20D.%20W.%20Anderson
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James Arthur Dean Wallace Anderson, known as James Anderson, is a retired member of academic staff in the School of Systems Engineering at the University of Reading, England, where he used to teach compilers, algorithms, fundamentals of computer science and computer algebra, programming and computer graphics.
Anderson quickly gained publicity in December 2006 in the United Kingdom when the regional BBC South Today reported his claim of "having solved a 1200 year old problem", namely that of division by zero. However, commentators quickly responded that his ideas are just a variation of the standard IEEE 754 concept of NaN (Not a Number), which has been commonly employed on computers in floating point arithmetic for many years.
Dr Anderson defended against the criticism of his claims on BBC Berkshire on 12 December 2006, saying, "If anyone doubts me I can hit them over the head with a computer that does it."
Research and background
Anderson was a member of the British Computer Society, the British Machine Vision Association, Eurographics, and the British Society for the Philosophy of Science. He was also a teacher in the Computer Science department (School of Systems Engineering) at the University of Reading. He was
a psychology graduate who worked in the Electrical and Electronic Engineering departments at the University of Sussex and Plymouth Polytechnic (now the University of Plymouth). His doctorate is from the University of Reading for (in Anderson's words) "developing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderic%20D.%20M.%20Page
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Roderic Dugald Morton Page (born 1962) is a New Zealand-born evolutionary biologist at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, and the author of several books. he is professor at the University of Glasgow and was editor of the journal Systematic Biology until the end of 2007. His main interests are in phylogenetics, evolutionary biology and bioinformatics.
Education
Page was born in Auckland and earned a PhD in 1990 from the University of Auckland.
Career and research
Page is known for his work on co-speciation and in particular the development of bioinformatic software such as TreeMap, RadCon, and TreeView. Page is a co-author with Eddie Holmes of Molecular Evolution: A phylogenetic approach and editor of Tangled trees: phylogeny, cospeciation and coevolution.
Awards and honours
He received the Bicentenary Medal of the Linnean Society in 1998, and the Ebbe Nielsen Challenge joint first prize in 2018.
References
External links
Academics of the University of Glasgow
New Zealand bioinformaticians
Evolutionary biologists
Living people
1962 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
Scientists from Auckland
New Zealand expatriates in the United Kingdom
Academic journal editors
20th-century New Zealand scientists
21st-century New Zealand scientists
20th-century biologists
21st-century biologists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Alder
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Roger William Alder, FRS is an Emeritus Professor of organic chemistry at the University of Bristol.
His research involves the study of novel compounds with unusual properties, such as proton sponges
and stable carbenes.
Alder received the Royal Society of Chemistry Bader Award for organic chemistry in 1993. He has been a fellow of the Royal Society since 2007.
References
British chemists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Academics of the University of Bristol
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabendra%20Nath%20Saikia
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Bhabendra Nath Saikia (; 20 February 1932 – 13 August 2003) was a novelist, short-story writer, editor and film director from Assam, India. Dr. Saikia received his doctorate in physics from the University of London. He began his career as a reader in the Department of Physics, University of Guwahati. He later played an important role in the publication of college level textbooks in the Assamese language during his tenure as the Secretary of the Co-ordination Committee for production of textbooks in regional languages.
Saikia was the founding editor of the Assamese language weekly Prantik and the children's magazine Safura. He has written plays for radio and theatre. He was the director and screenplay writer for eight Assamese language films, receiving the Rajat Kamal Award from the Government of India for seven.
He won many literary awards, including Sahitya Academy (1976), and was also recognised with the Padma Shri in 2001. He was awarded the 'Assam Valley Literature Award' in 1990.
Biography
Bhabendra Nath Saikia was born on 20 February 1932 at Nagaon town. He passed his matriculation examination in 1948 from Nagaon Government Boy's Higher Secondary School (where he was founder editor of school magazine 'UDAY') and the intermediate examination in Science in 1950, both with first division marks. He passed BSc Examination in 1952 with honours in Physics from the Cotton College of Gauhati University. He received a post graduate degree in Physics from the Presidency Colleg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest%20Virginia%20Governor%27s%20School%20for%20Science%2C%20Mathematics%2C%20and%20Technology
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The Southwest Virginia Governor's School for Science, Mathematics, and Technology is one of Virginia's 18 state-initiated magnet Governor's Schools. It is a part-time school where 11th and 12th grade students take advanced classes in the morning (receiving their remaining classes from their home high school.)
The school utilizes the combined resources of the participating school divisions to provide programs which facilitate the acquisition of scientific and technical knowledge through laboratory investigation and research. Students attend the Governor's School for half a day to take science, math, and research classes before returning to their neighborhood high schools. While all classes in the program satisfy high school requirements, they all count for college credit too.
The program's approach combines traditional classroom and laboratory training with specialized experiences such as visits from successful scientists and universities, unique internships, and various field research.
Faculty
Participating school systems
Carroll County
Floyd County
Galax City
Giles County
Montgomery County
Pulaski County
Radford City
Smyth County
Wythe County
Offered courses
College Chemistry
College Physics
Pre-Calculus
AP Statistics/Research
College Biology
University Physics
Applied Calculus
Engineering Calculus
Advanced Calculus
Vector Calculus
Differential Equations
Linear Algebra
Analytic Geometry
Introduction to Microcomputer Software
AP Environmental Science
Anatomy/Physiology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naum%20Ya.%20Vilenkin
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Naum Yakovlevich Vilenkin (, October 30, 1920 in Moscow – October 19, 1991 in Moscow) was a Soviet mathematician, an expert in representation theory, the theory of special functions, functional analysis, and combinatorics. He is best known as the author of many books in recreational mathematics aimed at middle and high school students.
Biography
Vilenkin studied at the Moscow State University where he was a student of A.G. Kurosh. He received his habilitation in 1950; and was awarded the Ushinsky prize for his school mathematics textbooks in 1976.
Books
Combinatorics by N.Ia. Vilenkin, A. Shenitzer, and S. Shenitzer (hardcover – Sep 1971)
Representation Theory and Noncommutative Harmonic Analysis II: Homogeneous Spaces, Representations, and Special Functions (Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences) by A. U. Klimyk, V. F. Molchanov, N. Ya. Vilenkin, and A. A. Kirillov (hardcover – Aug 26, 2004)
Representation of Lie Groups and Special Functions: Recent Advances (Mathematics and Its Applications) by N. Ja, Vilenkin and A. U. Klimyk (hardcover – Nov 1, 1994)
Representation of Lie Groups and Special Functions Volume 1: Simplest Lie Groups, Special Functions and Integral Transforms (Mathematics and its Applications) by N.Ia. Vilenkin and A. U. Klimyk (hardcover – Nov 15, 1991)
Generalized Functions. Volume 5. Integral geometry and representation theory by I. M. Gel'fand, M. I. Graev, N. Ya. Vilenkin, and E. Saletan (hardcover – Oct 25, 1966)
Direct decompositions of topo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20S.%20Cooper
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Franklin Seaney Cooper (April 29, 1908 – February 20, 1999) was an American physicist and inventor who was a pioneer in speech research.
Biography
He attended the University of Illinois where he received his undergraduate degree in physics in 1931, and received his Ph.D. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1936. In 1935, with Caryl Haskins, he founded Haskins Laboratories, a nonprofit research laboratory that is located in New Haven, Connecticut, and studied speech and language. His primary interest was in speech synthesis and perception, which led him to invent the pattern playback, an early electromechanical device for synthesizing speech. It became a forerunner of contemporary computer-based speech synthesis programs and was used by many scientists at Haskins to discover the critical cues for speech synthesis and recognition. Cooper designed other special-purpose synthesizers in the early 1950s, including Octopus, Voback, Intonator, and Alexander. Of these four, only the Voback and the Intonator, which were "parasitic on Homer Dudley's Vocoder", were used extensively for perceptual experiments. He was aided in the construction of these devices by the late John M. Borst.
During World War II, at the request of Vannevar Bush, Cooper took a position in the Office of Scientific Research and Development. He also returned to Washington in 1973, when he was selected to form a panel of six experts charged with investigating the famous 18-minute gap in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Frey-Wyssling
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See also Albert Frey (disambiguation)
Dr Albert Friedrich Frey-Wyssling (8 November 1900 – 30 August 1988) was a Swiss botanist who pioneered submicroscopic morphology and helped initiate the study of molecular biology.
Life
Frey-Wyssling was born Albert Frey in Küsnacht, where his father worked at the teacher training college of the Canton of Zürich teaching chemistry, geology, and anthropology. One of his grandfathers and several of his aunts were also teachers, and as a result thought that his own talent would be to teach. He entered the Realgymnasium in Zürich after six years of elementary school, and passed the graduation examination in 1919. He then went on to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) to join the faculty of natural sciences, intending to specialize in botany. Although during this time Zürich was home to some great botanists, he realized his specific talent was not in taxonomy but rather the study of plants through the fundamental sciences of chemistry, physics, and mathematics. When he needed to choose a field for his thesis, he decided upon the Department of General Botany and Plant Physiology. Influenced by his teacher, he used methods of crystallography to find a common species of crystals in plant cells. He received a degree as doctor of natural sciences in 1924.
He later took work which allowed him to gain experience with plant anatomy, microscopy, and plant physiology, before returning to the ETH as a research assistant in 1926.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20J.%20Sakurai
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was a Japanese-American particle physicist and theorist.
While a graduate student at Cornell University, Sakurai independently discovered the V-A theory of weak interactions.
He authored the popular graduate text Modern Quantum Mechanics (1985, published posthumously) and other texts such as Invariance Principles and Elementary Particles (1964) and Advanced Quantum Mechanics (1967).
Life and career
J. J. Sakurai was born in Tokyo in 1933 and moved to the United States when he was a high school student. He studied physics at Harvard and Cornell, where he proposed his theory of weak interactions. After receiving his PhD from Cornell in 1958 he joined the faculty at University of Chicago, becoming a full professor in 1964. In 1970, Sakurai moved to the University of California, Los Angeles.
As a graduate student, he proposed the V−A theory of weak interactions, independently of Robert Marshak, George Sudarshan, Richard Feynman, and Murray Gell-Mann. In 1960, he published a paper on the theory of strong interactions based on Abelian and non-Abelian (Yang-Mills) gauge invariance.
In that paper, he also pioneered the vector meson dominance model of hadron dynamics.
Sakurai died from an aneurysm in 1982 during a visit to CERN.
Textbooks
In addition to his published papers, Sakurai authored several textbooks. These include Invariance Principles and Elementary Particles (1964), Advanced Quantum Mechanics (1967), and Modern Quantum Mechanics. The third volume was left unfin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalon
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In physics, a renormalon (a term suggested by 't Hooft) is a particular source of divergence seen in perturbative approximations to quantum field theories (QFT). When a formally divergent series in a QFT is summed using Borel summation, the associated Borel transform of the series can have singularities as a function of the complex transform parameter. The renormalon is a possible type of singularity arising in this complex Borel plane, and is a counterpart of an instanton singularity. Associated with such singularities, renormalon contributions are discussed in the context of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and usually have the power-like form as functions of the momentum (here is the momentum cut-off). They are cited against the usual logarithmic effects like .
Brief history
Perturbation series in quantum field theory are usually divergent as was firstly indicated by Freeman Dyson. According to the Lipatov method, -th order contribution of perturbation theory into any quantity can be evaluated at large in the saddle-point approximation for functional integrals and is determined by instanton configurations. This contribution behaves usually as in dependence on and is frequently associated with approximately the same () number of Feynman diagrams. Lautrup has noted that there exist individual diagrams giving approximately the same contribution. In principle, it is possible that such diagrams are automatically taken into account in Lipatov's calculation, because its in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Gibb%20Maitland
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Andrew Gibb Maitland (30 November 1864 – 27 January 1951) was an English-born Australian geologist.
Maitland was born in Birkby, Yorkshire, England and studied civil engineering at Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds where he was influenced by the professor of geology Alexander Henry Green.
In 1888 he was assigned Second Assistant Geologist to the Geological Survey of Queensland. Maitland reported to Robert Logan Jack who assigned him to survey the land in the Mackay region. In 1891 he was seconded by Sir William MacGregor on the Geological examination of British New Guinea.
From 1896 to 1926 he was the Government Geologist in Western Australia, in 1898 he published Bibliography of the Geology of Western Australia. In 1901 he served as geologist on Drake-Brockman's expedition to the Kimberley.
In 1915 he became President of the Royal Society of Western Australia.
In 1924 he was awarded the ANZAAS Mueller Medal, in 1927 he was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales.
He died in Subiaco, Western Australia and was buried in the Anglican section of Karrakatta Cemetery. Gibb River and Maitland Range, in the Kimberley region, commemorate Maitland and recall that he was generally known as Gibb Maitland.
Gibb Maitland's contributions to the study of geology in Western Australia is commemorated by the Gibb Maitland Medal, usually awarded annually by the Western Australian Division of the Geological Society of Australia for substantial contributions to g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectronics
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Nanoelectronics refers to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. The term covers a diverse set of devices and materials, with the common characteristic that they are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively. Some of these candidates include: hybrid molecular/semiconductor electronics, one-dimensional nanotubes/nanowires (e.g. silicon nanowires or carbon nanotubes) or advanced molecular electronics.
Nanoelectronic devices have critical dimensions with a size range between 1 nm and 100 nm. Recent silicon MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) technology generations are already within this regime, including 22 nanometers CMOS (complementary MOS) nodes and succeeding 14 nm, 10 nm and 7 nm FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) generations. Nanoelectronics is sometimes considered as disruptive technology because present candidates are significantly different from traditional transistors.
Fundamental concepts
In 1965, Gordon Moore observed that silicon transistors were undergoing a continual process of scaling downward, an observation which was later codified as Moore's law. Since his observation, transistor minimum feature sizes have decreased from 10 micrometers to the 10 nm range as of 2019. Note that the technology node doesn't directly represent the minimum feature size. The field of nanoelectronics aims to enable the continued realization of this law by using
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate%20%28biology%29
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In biology, a substrate is the surface on which an organism (such as a plant, fungus, or animal) lives. A substrate can include biotic or abiotic materials and animals. For example, encrusting algae that lives on a rock (its substrate) can be itself a substrate for an animal that lives on top of the algae. Inert substrates are used as growing support materials in the hydroponic cultivation of plants. In biology substrates are often activated by the nanoscopic process of substrate presentation.
In agriculture and horticulture
Cellulose substrate
Expanded clay aggregate (LECA)
Rock wool
Potting soil
Soil
In animal biotechnology
Requirements for animal cell and tissue culture
Requirements for animal cell and tissue culture are the same as described for plant cell, tissue and organ culture (In Vitro Culture Techniques: The Biotechnological Principles). Desirable requirements are (i) air conditioning of a room, (ii) hot room with temperature recorder, (iii) microscope room for carrying out microscopic work where different types of microscopes should be installed, (iv) dark room, (v) service room, (vi) sterilization room for sterilization of glassware and culture media, and (vii) preparation room for media preparation, etc. In addition the storage areas should be such where following should be kept properly : (i) liquids-ambient (4-20°C), (ii) glassware-shelving, (iii) plastics-shelving, (iv) small items-drawers, (v) specialized equipments-cupboard, slow turnover, (vi) ch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Regis%20%28author%29
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Edward Regis, Jr (born 1944) — known as Ed Regis — is an American philosopher, educator and author. He specializes in books and articles about science, philosophy and intelligence. His topics have included nanotechnology, transhumanism and biological warfare. His articles have appeared in several scientific magazines, including Scientific American, Harper's Magazine, Wired, Discover, The New York Times, Journal of Philosophy, Ethics and the American Philosophical Quarterly.
Personal
Regis was born in 1944. He received a Ph.D in Philosophy from New York University. Regis and his wife live in the mountains near Camp David, in Maryland.
Works
Editor
Original works
References
Further reading
Reviews
American science writers
Living people
1944 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Kelly%20%28mathematician%29
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Francis Patrick Kelly, CBE, FRS (born 28 December 1950) is Professor of the Mathematics of Systems at the Statistical Laboratory, University of Cambridge. He served as Master of Christ's College, Cambridge from 2006 to 2016.
Kelly's research interests are in random processes, networks and optimisation, especially in very large-scale systems such as telecommunication or transportation networks. In the 1980s, he worked with colleagues in Cambridge and at British Telecom's Research Labs on Dynamic Alternative Routing in telephone networks, which was implemented in BT's main digital telephone network. He has also worked on the economic theory of pricing to congestion control and fair resource allocation in the internet. From 2003 to 2006 he served as Chief Scientific Advisor to the United Kingdom Department for Transport.
Kelly was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1989. In December 2006 he was elected 37th Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to mathematical science.
Awards
1979 Davidson Prize of the University of Cambridge
1989 Guy Medal in Silver of the Royal Statistical Society
1989 Fellow of the Royal Society
1992 Lanchester Prize of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
1997 Naylor Prize of the London Mathematical Society
2001 Honorary D.Sc. from Heriot-Watt University
2005 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Naef
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Adolf Naef (1 May 1883 – 11 May 1949) was a Swiss zoologist and palaeontologist who worked on cephalopods and systematics. Although he struggled with academic politics throughout his career and difficult conditions during World War I and II, his work had lasting influences on the fields of phylogenetics, morphology, and embryology.
Life
Naef was born in Herisau, Switzerland, to parents Martin and Berta. In 1904, he began studying philosophy and literature at the University of Zurich, but soon switched to natural sciences. He graduated in 1908 and went on to pursue a PhD under the guidance of Arnold Lang (1855—1914), a former professor of Jena University and close friend of Ernst Haeckel as well as a long-time associate of Anton Dohrn.
Naef visited Dohrn's Zoological Station in Naples, Italy in 1908. Although initially planning to collect eggs from a variety of animals, he ended up studying the embryology of the squid Loligo vulgaris. He published his dissertation one year later.
In 1910, Naef accepted a position of a permanent visiting scientist at the Zoological Station, where he began work on a cephalopod monograph that had been started by Giuseppe Jatta. He took a concurrent teaching position at the University of Zurich, working remotely from Naples. During World War I, conditions in Italy deteriorated until finally Naef decided to return to Zurich.
After finding a professorship at the University of Zagreb in 1922, Naef shifted the primary focus of his work to verteb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoaluminium%20chemistry
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Organoaluminium chemistry is the study of compounds containing bonds between carbon and aluminium. It is one of the major themes within organometallic chemistry. Illustrative organoaluminium compounds are the dimer trimethylaluminium, the monomer triisobutylaluminium, and the titanium-aluminium compound called Tebbe's reagent. The behavior of organoaluminium compounds can be understood in terms of the polarity of the C−Al bond and the high Lewis acidity of the three-coordinated species. Industrially, these compounds are mainly used for the production of polyolefins.
History
The first organoaluminium compound (C2H5)3Al2I3 was discovered in 1859. Organoaluminium compounds were, however, little known until the 1950s when Karl Ziegler and colleagues discovered the direct synthesis of trialkylaluminium compounds and applied these compounds to catalytic olefin polymerization. This line of research ultimately resulted in the Nobel Prize to Ziegler.
Structure and bonding
Aluminium(III) compounds
Organoaluminium compounds generally feature three- and four-coordinate Al centers, although higher coordination numbers are observed with inorganic ligands such as fluoride. In accord with the usual trends, four-coordinate Al prefers to be tetrahedral. In contrast to boron, aluminium is a larger atom and easily accommodates four carbon ligands. The triorganoaluminium compounds are thus usually dimeric with a pair of bridging alkyl ligands, e.g., Al2(C2H5)4(μ-C2H5)2. Thus, despite its c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin%20Fues
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Erwin Richard Fues (17 January 1893 in Stuttgart, Germany – 17 January 1970, Germany), was a German theoretical physicist who made contributions to atomic physics and molecular physics, quantum wave mechanics, and solid-state physics.
Education and career
During the period 1912 to 1914, Fues studied at the University of Berlin and then the University of Munich. He served in the military in 1914 to circa 1915, and then attended the University of Tübingen from 1916 to 1918. During 1918, he became a student of Arnold Sommerfeld and he received the doctor rerum naturalium from the University of Munich in 1920. From 1922 he did postgraduate work at the Stuttgart Technische Hochschule, under Paul Peter Ewald, also a former student of Arnold Sommerfeld, and he completed his Habilitation in 1924. At Stuttgart he served as a Privatdozent and assistant to Ewald until 1929, during which time he worked on atomic and molecular structure and spectroscopy based on the Sommerfeld-Bohr theory. During his tenure under Ewald, he was absent from 1925 to 1927, when as an International Education Board fellow, he was first an assistant to Erwin Schrödinger at the University of Zurich, and then a research assistant at the University of Copenhagen at Niels Bohr's Institute of Theoretical Physics. At that time three major centers for the development of quantum mechanics were the Theoretical Physics Institute at the University of Munich, under Arnold Sommerfeld, the Institute of Theoretical Physics a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Edward%20Anderson
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John Edward Anderson (born May 15, 1927) is an American engineer and proponent of personal rapid transit.
Career
Anderson was born in China in the 1920s. His family returned to the United States in the 1930s. He obtained a BS from Iowa State University and a master's from the University of Minnesota - both in the field of mechanical engineering. He also earned a Ph.D. in Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1971, he became a full professor at University of Minnesota and has been a professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at Boston University.
Anderson is also a member of the Advanced Transit Association board of Directors since its founding in 1976. Anderson was elected in 2001 as Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Personal Rapid Transport
He first worked on methods of structural analysis of supersonic-aircraft wings at the Structures Research Division of NACA (now NASA), and later designed aircraft instruments, including the first transistorized amplifier used in a military aircraft for the Aeronautical Division of Honeywell.
In 1963 he joined the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Minnesota, and directed its Industrial Engineering Division. He chaired a symposium on the role of science and technology in society, coordinated a 15-professor task force on New Concepts in Urban Transportation, and chaired three international conferences on personal rapid transit (PRT), following which he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard%20Myron%20Allen
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Willard Myron Allen (November 5, 1904 – August 15, 1993) was an American gynecologist. He was born in 1904 in Farmington, New York, near Rochester, New York. As an undergraduate student at Hobart College (now Hobart and William Smith Colleges) in Geneva, New York, Allen had studied organic chemistry. This would come in handy for his medical school research that would reserve a special place for him in the annals of medical history. He graduated from Hobart in 1926, and was awarded an honorary D.Sc. degree in 1940 for his medical discoveries at the University of Rochester.
Allen studied medicine at the University of Rochester and supported himself by working as an assistant in his anatomy professor, George W. Corner’s embryology laboratory. Corner and Allen are credited with the discovery of progestin, the original name for progesterone and not to be confused with progestin, a synthetic progestogen, in 1930 and the first isolation of progesterone in 1933 (described below and in W.M. Allen "My Life with Progesterone", 2005 below). He graduated with honors in 1932. Allen received the first Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry in 1935. After several years of teaching at Rochester, Allen was appointed professor and chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Washington University's School of Medicine in St. Louis. He contributed original papers on the histology and physiology of the female reproductive organs, bringing him many national and international awards.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undulated%20moray
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The undulated moray (Gymnothorax undulatus) is a moray eel of the family Muraenidae, found in the Indo-Pacific and east-central Pacific Ocean at depths down to 30 m. Their length is up to 1.5 m.
Description and biology
The undulated moray can easily be identified by its yellow head and brown spots covering its body. It is also lined by white borders forming similar to a chain link. They use their large mouths to pump water to the gills, while the gill cover is a small hole to protect the delicate gills. Like most eels, they lack the pectoral and pelvic fins to make it easier for them to move through the crevices of reefs. Their other fins are fitted with thicker skin to protect from sharp reef. They move in a S-shape to be able to move back and forth to also aid in movement through reefs. Their teeth are shaped to be curved backwards so they can hold onto their prey and easily move the prey backwards for digestion.
Distribution and habitat
Gymnothorax undulatus can be found in the Pacific as well as East Africa. Most of the time they can be found in reefs of lagoons and seawards or in reef-flats. They like to shelter within reefs and can be found from depths of 1 to 50 meters .The undulated moray is mostly nocturnal as they hide in reefs during the day and hunt for food at night.
Human use and cultural significance
The undulated eel and several other species of eels (puhi) are featured in many Hawaiian stories as common ʻaumakua, thought to be ancestors protecting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20College%20of%20Science%20Association
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The Royal College of Science Association (RCSA) was set up in 1908 and is a Chapter under the Imperial College Association umbrella comprising the former students from the Departments of Biochemistry, Biology, Chemistry, Maths and Physics (collectively termed the "Royal College of Science") at Imperial College London.
The first President was the author H. G. Wells, whose books include The Time Machine and War of the Worlds.
External links
RCSA Official site
Clubs and societies of Imperial College London
Imperial College Faculty of Natural Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20on%20High%20Energy%20Physics
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ICHEP or International Conference on High Energy Physics is one of the most prestigious international scientific conferences in the field of particle physics, bringing together leading theorists and experimentalists of the world. It was first held in 1950, and is biennial since 1960. Since the first conferences of the series took place in Rochester, New York, the event is also commonly referred to as the Rochester conference.
Past conferences
I Rochester (1950)
II Rochester (1952)
III Rochester (1952)
IV Rochester (1954)
V Rochester (1955)
VI Rochester (1956)
VII Rochester (1957)
VIII Geneva (1958)
IX Kiev (1959)
X Rochester (1960)
XI Geneva (1962)
XII Dubna (1964)
XIII Berkeley (1966)
XIV Vienna (1968)
XV Kiev (1970)
XVI Chicago (1972)
XVII London (1974)
XVIII Tbilisi (1976)
XIX Tokyo (1978)
XX Madison (1980)
XXI Paris (1982)
XXII Leipzig (1984)
XXIII Berkeley (1986)
XXIV Munich (1988)
XXV Singapore (1990)
XXVI Dallas (1992)
XXVII Glasgow (1994)
XXVIII Warsaw (1996)
XXIX Vancouver (1998)
XXX Osaka (2000)
XXXI Amsterdam (2002)
XXXII Beijing (2004)
XXXIII Moscow (2006)
XXXIV Philadelphia (2008)
XXXV Paris (2010)
XXXVI Melbourne (2012)
XXXVII Valencia (2014)
XXXVIII Chicago (2016)
XXXIX Seoul (2018)
XL Prague (2020), virtual
XLI Bologna (2022)
References
External links
https://twitter.com/pressichep
1950 establishments in New York (state)
Physics conferences
Recurring events established in 1950
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Magnus
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Hans Heinrich Wilhelm Magnus known as Wilhelm Magnus (February 5, 1907 in Berlin, Germany – October 15, 1990 in New Rochelle, New York) was a German-American mathematician. He made important contributions in combinatorial group theory, Lie algebras, mathematical physics, elliptic functions, and the study of tessellations.
Biography
In 1931, Magnus received his PhD from the University of Frankfurt, in Germany. His thesis, written under the direction of Max Dehn, was entitled Über unendlich diskontinuierliche Gruppen von einer definierenden Relation (der Freiheitssatz).
Magnus was a faculty member in Frankfurt from 1933 until 1938. He refused to join the Nazi Party and, as a consequence, was not allowed to hold an academic post during World War II. In 1947, he became a professor at the University of Göttingen.
In 1948, he emigrated to the United States to collaborate on the Bateman Manuscript Project as a co-editor, while a visiting professor at the California Institute of Technology. In 1950, he was appointed professor at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, in New York University. He stayed there until 1973, when he moved to the Polytechnic Institute of New York, before retiring in 1978. Among his doctoral students are Joan Birman, Martin Greendlinger, Edna Grossman, Herbert Keller, Seymour Lipschutz, and Kathryn F. Kuiken.
See also
Magnus expansion
Magnus–Moldavansky method
Commutator collecting process
Free Lie algebra
Hall word
Selected works
with Gi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20model
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In computational chemistry, a water model is used to simulate and thermodynamically calculate water clusters, liquid water, and aqueous solutions with explicit solvent. The models are determined from quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics, experimental results, and these combinations. To imitate a specific nature of molecules, many types of models have been developed. In general, these can be classified by the following three points; (i) the number of interaction points called site, (ii) whether the model is rigid or flexible, (iii) whether the model includes polarization effects.
An alternative to the explicit water models is to use an implicit solvation model, also termed a continuum model, an example of which would be the COSMO solvation model or the polarizable continuum model (PCM) or a hybrid solvation model.
Simple water models
The rigid models are considered the simplest water models and rely on non-bonded interactions. In these models, bonding interactions are implicitly treated by holonomic constraints. The electrostatic interaction is modeled using Coulomb's law, and the dispersion and repulsion forces using the Lennard-Jones potential. The potential for models such as TIP3P (transferable intermolecular potential with 3 points) and TIP4P is represented by
where kC, the electrostatic constant, has a value of 332.1 Å·kcal/(mol·e²) in the units commonly used in molecular modeling; qi and qj are the partial charges relative to the charge of the electron; rij is the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCNI
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CCNI may refer to:
Computational Center for Nanotechnology Innovations, supercomputing centre at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA
Charity Commission for Northern Ireland, government body regulating charities in Northern Ireland
CCNI (gene), also known as Cyclin 1
CCNI S.A., Compañía Chilena de Navegación Interoceánica S.A. (Chilean Interoceanic navigation company)
Comité consultatif national de l'immunisation (CCNI), French name of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) of Canada
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