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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involve
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Involve may refer to:
Involve (think tank), The Involve Foundation, a UK-based organisation that focuses on public participation
INVOLVE (UK National Advisory group), a UK national advisory Group that promotes public involvement in health and social care research
Involve: A Journal of Mathematics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Irving%20Schlesinger
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Hermann Irving Schlesinger (October 11, 1882 – October 3, 1960) was an American inorganic chemist, working in boron chemistry.
He and Herbert C. Brown discovered sodium borohydride in 1940 and both were involved in the further development of borohydride chemistry.
Schlesinger studied chemistry at the University of Chicago from 1900 till 1905, where he received his Ph.D. for work with Julius Stieglitz. In the following two years, he worked with Walther Nernst at the University of Berlin; with Johannes Thiele at the University of Strasbourg; and with John Jacob Abel at Johns Hopkins University.
From 1907 to 1960, he taught in the department of chemistry at the University of Chicago, rising through the ranks from instructor to full professor in 1922. He administered the department from 1922-1946, and retired in 1949.
Schlesinger was honored by membership in the National Academy of Sciences and received the Priestley Medal, the highest honor of the American Chemical Society.
Bibliography
External links
Biography
Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 64 (1994), 369–394.
1882 births
1960 deaths
20th-century American chemists
Inorganic chemists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20response%20function
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A linear response function describes the input-output relationship of a signal transducer, such as a radio turning electromagnetic waves into music or a neuron turning synaptic input into a response. Because of its many applications in information theory, physics and engineering there exist alternative names for specific linear response functions such as susceptibility, impulse response or impedance; see also transfer function. The concept of a Green's function or fundamental solution of an ordinary differential equation is closely related.
Mathematical definition
Denote the input of a system by (e.g. a force), and the response of the system by (e.g. a position). Generally, the value of will depend not only on the present value of , but also on past values. Approximately is a weighted sum of the previous values of , with the weights given by the linear response function :
The explicit term on the right-hand side is the leading order term of a Volterra expansion for the full nonlinear response. If the system in question is highly non-linear, higher order terms in the expansion, denoted by the dots, become important and the signal transducer cannot adequately be described just by its linear response function.
The complex-valued Fourier transform of the linear response function is very useful as it describes the output of the system if the input is a sine wave with frequency . The output reads
with amplitude gain and phase shift .
Example
Consider a damped harmonic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohydrometallurgy
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Biohydrometallurgy is a technique in the world of metallurgy that utilizes biological agents (bacteria) to recover and treat metals such as copper. Modern biohydrometallurgy advances started with the bioleaching of copper more efficiently in the 1950's
Important Definitions
Bio: Shortened form of Biology; refers to usage of bacteria.
Hydro: Term referring to the usage of water; process occurs in aqueous environments
Metallurgy: A process involving the separating and refining of metals from other substances;
Bioleaching: Using biological agents (bacteria) to extract metals or soils; general term used to encompass all forms biotechnological forms of extraction (hydrometallurgy, biohydrometallurgy, biomining, etc)
General Information
Interdisciplinary field involving processes that
make use of microbes, usually bacteria and archaea
mainly take place in aqueous environment
deal with metal production and treatment of metal containing materials and solutions
"Biohydrometallurgy may generally referred to as the branch of biotechnology dealing with the study and application of the economic potential of the interactions between microbes and minerals. It concerns, thus, all those engaged, directly or indirectly, in the exploitation of mineral resources and in environmental protection: geologists, economic geologists, mining engineers, metallurgists, hydrometallurgists, chemists and chemical engineers. In addition to these specialists, there are the microbiologists whose w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGAC
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IGAC may stand for:
International Global Atmospheric Chemistry
Inspecção Geral das Actividades Culturais
Investors Group Athletic Centre in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitive%20site
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In genetics a hypersensitive site is a short region of chromatin and is detected by its super sensitivity to cleavage by DNase I and other various nucleases (DNase II and micrococcal nucleases). In a hypersensitive site, the nucleosomal structure is less compacted, increasing the availability of the DNA to binding by proteins, such as transcription factors and DNase I. These sites account for many inherited tendencies.
Location
Hypersensitive sites are found on every active gene, and many of these genes often have more than one hypersensitive site. Most often, hypersensitive sites are found only in chromatin of cells in which the associated gene is being expressed, and do not occur when the gene is inactive.
In DNA being transcribed, 5'hypersensitive sites appear before transcription begins, and the DNA sequences within the hypersensitive sites are required for gene expression. Note: hypersensitive sites precede active promoters.
Hypersensitive sites are generated as a result of the binding of transcription factors that displace histone octamers.
They can also be located by indirect end labelling. A fragment of DNA is cut once at the hypersensitive site with DNase and at another site with a restriction enzyme. The distance from the known restriction site to the DNase cut is then measured to give the location.
References
Genetics
Molecular biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-acting
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In the field of molecular biology, trans-acting (trans-regulatory, trans-regulation), in general, means "acting from a different molecule" (i.e., intermolecular). It may be considered the opposite of cis-acting (cis-regulatory, cis-regulation), which, in general, means "acting from the same molecule" (i.e., intramolecular).
In the context of transcription regulation, a trans-acting factor is usually a regulatory protein that binds to DNA. The binding of a trans-acting factor to a cis-regulatory element in DNA can cause changes in transcriptional expression levels. microRNAs or other diffusible molecules are also examples of trans-acting factors that can regulate target sequences.
The trans-acting gene may be on a different chromosome to the target gene, but the activity is via the intermediary protein or RNA that it encodes. Cis-acting elements, on the other hand, do not code for protein or RNA. Both the trans-acting gene and the protein/RNA that it encodes are said to "act in trans" on the target gene.
See also
Trans-regulatory element
Transactivation
Transrepression
References
Genetics terms
Molecular biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanand%20Mohan
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Permanand Mohan is a senior Computer Science lecturer at the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. He holds a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of the West Indies, an M.Sc. in Computer Science from the University of Saskatchewan and a B.Sc. in Computer Science from the University of the West Indies. He is the Chief Examiner for the Caribbean Examinations Council’s CAPE Examinations in Computer Science.
Biography
Permanand Mohan was born on March 20, 1965, in Gran Couva, Trinidad and Tobago. In 1989 he received a Commonwealth Scholarship to study at the University of Saskatchewan. In 2003 he was a Fulbright Visiting Scholar to the School of Information Sciences at the University of Pittsburgh as well as Visiting Professor at the Laboratory for Advanced Research in Intelligent Educational Systems (ARIES) at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada.
Research
His research interests lie in the field of artificial intelligence and education, and the use of learning objects in e-learning. 2006 marked his entry into the field of m-learning with a publication at The Fourth Pan-Commonwealth Forum
References
Academic staff of the University of the West Indies
University of the West Indies alumni
Living people
University of Saskatchewan alumni
Trinidad and Tobago academics
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Santasiere
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Anthony Edward Santasiere (December 9, 1904January 13, 1977) was an American chess master and chess writer, who also wrote extensively on non-chess topics. Santasiere was a middle school mathematics teacher by profession. Santasiere won the 1945 U.S. Open Chess Championship, four New York State championships, and six Marshall Chess Club championships. He competed in four U.S. Chess Championships, with his best finish being a tie for third in 1946. He was a chess organizer.
Early life, education, professional career
Santasiere, of French and Italian ancestry, was born and raised in New York City, the 12th of 13 children, and grew up in extreme poverty. He graduated from City College with a degree in mathematics. His studies there were financed by Alrick Man, a wealthy chess enthusiast who had served as president of the Marshall Chess Club. Santasiere represented CCNY in intercollegiate chess. Following graduation, beginning in 1927, Santasiere taught mathematics at the Angelo Patri Middle School in the Bronx. He also taught mathematics and home room at P.S. 92 in the Bronx. He retired to South Florida in 1965.
Chess career
Santasiere wrote extensively on chess in the magazine American Chess Bulletin, from 1930 to 1963; he served as Games Editor, working with Editor Hermann Helms. The chess opening Santasiere's Folly (1.Nf3 d5 2.b4), was originated and developed by him, and is named for him. Santasiere was also an expert in the Reti Opening, the King's Gambit, and the Vien
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database%20connection
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A database connection is a facility in computer science that allows client software to talk to database server software, whether on the same machine or not. A connection is required to send commands and receive answers, usually in the form of a result set.
Connections are a key concept in data-centric programming. Since some DBMS engines require considerable time to connect, connection pooling was invented to improve performance. No command can be performed against a database without an "open and available" connection to it.
Connections are built by supplying an underlying driver or provider with a connection string, which is a way of addressing a specific database or server and instance as well as user authentication credentials (for example, Server=sql_box;Database=Common;User ID=uid;Pwd=password;). Once a connection has been built it can be opened and closed at will, and properties (such as the command time-out length, or transaction, if one exists) can be set. The Connection String is composed of a set of key/value pairs as dictated by the data access interface and data provider being used.
Many databases (such as PostgreSQL) only allow one operation to be performed at a time on each connection. If a request for data (a SQL Select statement) is sent to the database and a result set is returned, the connection is open but not available for other operations until the client finishes consuming the result set. Other databases, like SQL Server 2005 (and later), do not i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian%20Society%20of%20Biochemistry%20and%20Molecular%20Biology
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The Belgian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB) is a Belgian non-profit organization, concerned with biochemistry and molecular biology.
The BMB was created, based on an initiative of Marcel Florkin, so a Belgian society could join the new International Union of Biochemistry. The first charter of the society was drafted by Edouard J. Bigwood, Jean Brachet, Christian de Duve, Marcel Florkin, Lucien Massart, Paul Putzeys, Laurent Vandendriessche and Claude Lièbecq. The first general assembly was held on 12 January 1952, and the first President of the society was Marcel Florkin, with Claude Lièbecq as secretary and treasurer.
See also
BIO.be
National Fund for Scientific Research
References
External links
Belgian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Biochemistry organizations
Biology societies
Chemistry societies
Molecular biology organizations
Scientific organisations based in Belgium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Hefferon
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Jim Hefferon (born October 12, 1958) is a Professor of Mathematics at Saint Michael's College. He is known for his award-winning textbook on linear algebra that is available for free
download, with LaTeX source, and for his activity in the TeX community.
Early life
Jim Hefferon grew up in Connecticut and attended the University of Connecticut, where he obtained a PhD in mathematics in recursion theory as a student of Manuel Lerman.
Saint Michael's days
Jim Hefferon moved to Vermont in 1990 to take a job at Saint Michael's College. He became an active member of the Linux community, including founding the Vermont Area Group of Unix Enthusiasts.
Textbooks
In 2020, for his open-content undergraduate textbook Linear Algebra, Hefferon won the Daniel Solow Author's Award of the Mathematical Association of America, with the award citation noting the book's "clear writing style, tremendous variety of exercises, amenability to use with active learning strategies, and […] careful attention to detail" and its status as one of "the most successful and the most popular" open textbooks. Since 1996, Hefferon's Linear Algebra has been available for free download on the World Wide Web under the GNU Free Documentation License or a Creative Commons license. , the book is in its fourth edition and is published by Orthogonal Publishing L3C.
Other textbooks of Hefferon's, made available under the same terms, are an inquiry-based Introduction to Proofs and a textbook on computer science, Theor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligible%20function
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For a similar term, please see negligible set. (disambiguation)
In mathematics, a negligible function is a function such that for every positive integer c there exists an integer Nc such that for all x > Nc,
Equivalently, we may also use the following definition.
A function is negligible, if for every positive polynomial poly(·) there exists an integer Npoly > 0 such that for all x > Npoly
History
The concept of negligibility can find its trace back to sound models of analysis. Though the concepts of "continuity" and "infinitesimal" became important in mathematics during Newton and Leibniz's time (1680s), they were not well-defined until the late 1810s. The first reasonably rigorous definition of continuity in mathematical analysis was due to Bernard Bolzano, who wrote in 1817 the modern definition of continuity. Later Cauchy, Weierstrass and Heine also defined as follows (with all numbers in the real number domain ):
(Continuous function) A function is continuous at if for every , there exists a positive number such that implies
This classic definition of continuity can be transformed into the
definition of negligibility in a few steps by changing parameters used in the definition. First, in the case with , we must define the concept of "infinitesimal function":
(Infinitesimal) A continuous function is infinitesimal (as goes to infinity) if for every there exists such that for all
Next, we replace by the functions where or by where is a positive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioteuthis
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Idioteuthis is a genus of whip-lash squid containing at least one species. Some teuthologists consider it synonymous with Mastigoteuthis, but genetics have confirmed the placement of this genus as distinct from all other genera in this family. The placement of Idioteuthis within the Mastigoteuthidae remains uncertain.
Species
Genus Idioteuthis
Idioteuthis cordiformis (Chun, 1908)
Idioteuthis latipinna * Sasaki, 1916
The taxon listed above with an asterisk (*) is a taxon inquirendum and needs further study to determine if it is a valid taxon or a synonym.
References
Salcedo-Vargas, M.A. 1997. Cephalopods from the Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme (NIOP) - II. Mastigoteuthid lineage and related forms. Beaufortia 47: 91-108.
External links
Whip-lash squid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIGIC
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Digital Imaging Integrated Circuit (often styled as "DiG!C") is Canon Inc.'s name for a family of signal processing and control units for digital cameras and camcorders. DIGIC units are used as image processors by Canon in its own digital imaging products. Several generations of DIGICs exist, and are distinguished by a version number suffix.
Currently, DIGIC is implemented as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designed to perform high speed signal processing as well as the control operations in the product in which it has been incorporated. Over its numerous generations, DIGIC has evolved from a system involving a number of discrete integrated circuits to a single chip system, many of which are based around the ARM instruction set. Custom firmware for these units has been developed to add features to the cameras.
DIGIC in Cameras
Original DIGIC
The original DIGIC was used on the PowerShot G3 (Sep 2002), Canon S1 IS (Mar 2004), A520 (Mar 2005), and other cameras. It consists of three separate chips: a video processing IC, an image processing IC and a camera control IC.
DIGIC II
DIGIC II is a single chip system introduced in 2004, unlike the first DIGIC, that allowed for more compact designs. DIGIC II also improved upon the original by adding a larger buffer and increasing processing speed. It has been used in some advanced consumer-level cameras and many digital SLRs such as Canon EOS 5D and Canon EOS 30D.
DIGIC II uses high-speed DDR-SDRAM, which impro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRW
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LRW may refer to:
Liskov-Rivest-Wagner, in cryptography
Lifetime Real Women, US television channel
Little Rock West High School, school in Arkansas
Waco LRW, a military glider airplane
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault%20injection
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In computer science, fault injection is a testing technique for understanding how computing systems behave when stressed in unusual ways. This can be achieved using physical- or software-based means, or using a hybrid approach. Widely studied physical fault injections include the application of high voltages, extreme temperatures and electromagnetic pulses on electronic components, such as computer memory and central processing units. By exposing components to conditions beyond their intended operating limits, computing systems can be coerced into mis-executing instructions and corrupting critical data.
In software testing, fault injection is a technique for improving the coverage of a test by introducing faults to test code paths; in particular error handling code paths, that might otherwise rarely be followed. It is often used with stress testing and is widely considered to be an important part of developing robust software. Robustness testing (also known as syntax testing, fuzzing or fuzz testing) is a type of fault injection commonly used to test for vulnerabilities in communication interfaces such as protocols, command line parameters, or APIs.
The propagation of a fault through to an observable failure follows a well-defined cycle. When executed, a fault may cause an error, which is an invalid state within a system boundary. An error may cause further errors within the system boundary, therefore each new error acts as a fault, or it may propagate to the system bounda
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20and%20computer%20science
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Information and computer science (ICS) or computer and information science (CIS) (plural forms, i.e., sciences, may also be used) is a field that emphasizes both computing and informatics, upholding the strong association between the fields of information sciences and computer sciences and treating computers as a tool rather than a field.
Information science is one with a long history, unlike the relatively very young field of computer science, and is primarily concerned with gathering, storing, disseminating, sharing and protecting any and all forms of information. It is a broad field, covering a myriad of different areas but is often referenced alongside computer science because of the incredibly useful nature of computers and computer programs in helping those studying and doing research in the field – particularly in helping to analyse data and in spotting patterns too broad for a human to intuitively perceive. While information science is sometimes confused with information theory, the two have vastly different subject matter. Information theory focuses on one particular mathematical concept of information while information science is focused on all aspects of the processes and techniques of information.
Computer science, in contrast, is less focused on information and its different states, but more, in a very broad sense, on the use of computers – both in theory and practice – to design and implement algorithms in order to aid the processing of information during the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Langdale
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George Richmond Langdale (11 March 1916 – 24 April 2002) was a schoolmaster, writer on mathematics and an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire from 1936 to 1937 and for Somerset from 1946 to 1949. He also played for the minor counties Norfolk and Berkshire.
Langdale was born in Thornaby-on-Tees in Yorkshire. He first played cricket for Derbyshire in the 1936 season taking part in three games and helping them to capture their first and only County Championship victory. In the 1937 season he played one first team game and then for the Derbyshire second team. On 1 September 1938 Langdale became a teacher at the City of Norwich School
and during 1939 he played for minor county Norfolk. During the Second World War he played occasional matches including one for Anti-Aircraft Command against Balloon command, and another for the Army against the Royal Australian Air Force.
In 1946 Langdale left Norwich and began playing for Somerset. In his first match for his new county, he took five Warwickshire wickets in an innings for 30 runs and in his next, two months later, against Yorkshire at Taunton, batting at No 8, he scored 146 to enable Somerset to reach 508, though the match was drawn. He continued in the next three seasons and played for Somerset for the last time in 1949. In 1950 he appeared in a match for Sandhurst Wanderers in the Netherlands. In 1952 Langdale started playing for Berkshire as captain, and his final first-class match was in 1953 for the Minor Counties a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20E.%20Davis%20%28climatologist%29
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Robert E. Davis is a Professor of Climatology at the University of Virginia's Department of Environmental Sciences.
Davis received his Ph.D. in 1988 from the University of Delaware. His research contributions include the development of a system for measuring the power of Nor'easters. In his studies of global warming, he has suggested that it may manifest more by milder winters than by hotter summers, and predicted that its effects on human population will not be severe.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Delaware alumni
University of Virginia faculty
American climatologists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse%20compression
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Pulse compression is a signal processing technique commonly used by radar, sonar and echography to either increase the range resolution when pulse length is constrained or increase the signal to noise ratio when the peak power and the bandwidth (or equivalently range resolution) of the transmitted signal are constrained. This is achieved by modulating the transmitted pulse and then correlating the received signal with the transmitted pulse.
Simple pulse
Signal description
The ideal model for the simplest, and historically first type of signals a pulse radar or sonar can transmit is a truncated sinusoidal pulse (also called a CW --carrier wave-- pulse), of amplitude and carrier frequency, , truncated by a rectangular function of width, . The pulse is transmitted periodically, but that is not the main topic of this article; we will consider only a single pulse, . If we assume the pulse to start at time , the signal can be written the following way, using the complex notation:
Range resolution
Let us determine the range resolution which can be obtained with such a signal. The return signal, written , is an attenuated and time-shifted copy of the original transmitted signal (in reality, Doppler effect can play a role too, but this is not important here.) There is also noise in the incoming signal, both on the imaginary and the real channel. The noise is assumed to be band-limited, that is to have frequencies only in (this generally holds in reality, where a bandpass filt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20of%20mathematical%20symbols%20by%20introduction%20date
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The following table lists many specialized symbols commonly used in modern mathematics, ordered by their introduction date. The table can also be ordered alphabetically by clicking on the relevant header title.
See also
History of mathematical notation
History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system
Glossary of mathematical symbols
List of mathematical symbols by subject
Mathematical notation
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
Sources
External links
RapidTables: Math Symbols List
Jeff Miller: Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols
Symbols by introduction date
Symbols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisthiosemicarbazone
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In organic chemistry, a bisthiosemicarbazone is a derivative from an elimination reaction between a thiosemicarbazide and a diketone. Their structure is . A 'thiosemicarbazone' contains a sulfur atom in lieu of the ketonic oxygen in semicarbazone. Bisthiosemicarbazones are known to have antiviral, antimalarial and anticancer activity, usually mediated through binding to copper or iron in cells. They have also been identified as potential ligands for radioisotope delivery, with selectivity towards hypoxic tissues, particularly in the heart and brain. When chelated to zinc atoms some bisthiosemicarbazones may have uses as fluorescing agents in optical microscopy.
See also
Salen ligand
Ambazone
References
Functional groups
Thiocarbonyl compounds
Thiosemicarbazone
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sereno%20Watson
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Sereno Watson (December 1, 1826 – March 9, 1892) was an American botanist. Watson was born December 1, 1826 in East Windsor Hill, Connecticut. Graduating from Yale in 1847 in Biology, he drifted through various occupations until, in California, he joined the Clarence King Expedition and eventually became its expedition botanist. Appointed by Asa Gray as assistant in the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University in 1873, he later became its curator, a position he maintained until his death. Watson was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1874, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1889. He died March 9, 1892 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Works
Botany, in Report of the geological exploration of the 40th parallel made ... by Clarence King, 1871
Publications by and about S. Watson on WorldCat
References
External links
Biographical sketch at the Gray Herbarium site
Biographical memoir, National Academy of Sciences
Obituary, page 441
Portrait (plate VI) and obituary by John Merle Coulter (137–141)
American taxonomists
1826 births
1892 deaths
Botanists active in California
Botanists active in North America
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard University staff
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from South Windsor, Connecticut
Yale University alumni
19th-century American botanists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Herty
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Charles Holmes Herty Sr. (December 4, 1867 – July 27, 1938) was an American academic, scientist, and entrepreneur. Serving in academia as a chemistry professor to begin his career, Herty concurrently promoted collegiate athletics including creating the first varsity football team at the University of Georgia. His academic research gravitated towards applied chemistry where he revolutionized the turpentine industry in the United States. While serving as the president of the American Chemical Society, Herty became a national advocate for the nascent American chemical industry and left academia to preside over the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers' Association (SOCMA) and the Chemical Foundation. He was also instrumental in the creation of the National Institutes of Health. Towards the end of his career, Herty's research and advocacy led to the creation of a new pulp industry in the Southern United States that utilized southern pine trees to create newsprint.
Early life, education and family
Born in Milledgeville, Georgia, in 1867, Herty attended the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens, was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society, as well as a member of the Gamma chapter of the Kappa Alpha Order, and graduated with a Bachelor of Philosophy (B.P.) degree in 1886. He continued his studies at Johns Hopkins University where he earned his Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry in 1890 under the direction of Ira Remsen. Herty's dissertation topic was The Double Halides of Lead and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Fairclough
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Sir John Whitaker Fairclough (23 August 1930 – 5 June 2003) was a British computer designer, and later government policy advisor.
Education
John Fairclough was educated at Thirsk Grammar School and then studied electrical engineering at Manchester University, before undertaking national service with the RAF.
Career
In 1954, he joined the Ferranti computer department and in 1957 he moved to IBM, including working in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. He returned to the UK to be the Managing Director of IBM Hursley near Winchester in 1974.
During 1986–90, Fairclough was Chief Scientific Adviser for the UK Conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher.
He left the Cabinet Office and was knighted in 1990. That year, he joined the Board of NM Rothschild and Sons in 1990, becoming Chairman of its venture capital section. He was also involved with a number of start-up companies.
He was President of the British Computer Society (1997–98).
Personal life
He married his first wife, Margaret Harvey, in 1954. After her death in 1996, he married his second wife, Karen, in 2000. He had two sons and a daughter from his first marriage.
References
1930 births
2003 deaths
Alumni of the University of Manchester
British computer scientists
Computer designers
British chief executives
IBM employees
Presidents of the British Computer Society
Knights Bachelor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech%20Rubinowicz
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Wojciech Sylwester Piotr Rubinowicz (February 22, 1889 – October 13, 1974) was a Polish theoretical physicist who made contributions in quantum mechanics, mathematical physics, and the theory of radiation. He is known for the Maggie-Rubinowicz representation of Gustav Kirchhoff’s diffraction formula.
Life and career
He was born in Sadagóra, Bukovina, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire the son of Margaret Brodowska and Damian Rubinowicz, Polish patriot and insurgent of the January Uprising of 1863. In 1908, Rubinowicz began his studies at the University of Czernowitz, and he was awarded his doctorate in 1914. In 1916 he began postgraduate studies at the University of Munich under Arnold Sommerfeld and eventually becoming his assistant. In 1918, he became a Privatdozent at the University of Czernowitz. Two years later he took an appointment as professor at the University of Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. He became a professor at the Polytechnic Institute of Lwów, in 1922. During the period from 1937 to 1941, he was a professor at the John Casimir University of Lwów. After World War II, starting in 1946, he was professor of theoretical physics at the University of Warsaw until 1960. He served as president of the Polish Physical Society between 1949–1952 and 1961–1974.
While at Munich, Rubinowicz published contributions to radiation theory and to three of Sommerfeld’s major interests, i.e., Sommerfeld’s extension of Bohr’s theory of the atom and both mathematical physics and diffraction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls%20and%20Mirrors
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Walls And Mirrors is a computer science textbook, for undergraduates taking a second computer science course (typically on the subject of data structures and algorithms), originally written by Paul Helman and Robert Veroff. The book attempts to strike a balance between being too mathematically rigorous and formal, and being so informal, practical, and hands-on that computer science theory is not taught.
The "walls" of the title refer to the abstract data type (ADT) which has a wall between its public interface and private implementation. Early languages like Pascal did not build this wall very high; later languages like Modula-2 did create a much stronger wall between the two; and object-oriented languages such as C++ and Java implement walls using the class concept.
The "mirrors" of the title refer to recursion. The idea is of looking at a reflection in two mirrors placed in opposition to one another, so a repeated image is reflected smaller and smaller in them.
Editions
The first edition, which used the language Pascal, was published in 1986.
An edition that used Modula-2 was published in 1988. Modula-2 had much better support for the sort of ADT the book taught than Pascal.
Later editions from the mid-1990s and the 2000s used C++ and Java, reflecting a fundamental shift in how computer science was taught. The original authors' names have been removed from the most recent editions of the book.
Publication history
Walls and Mirrors, Intermediate Problem Solving and D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy%20Iron%20Studios
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Heavy Iron Studios, Inc. is an American video game developer based in Manhattan Beach, California. It was founded in August 1999 within THQ after the publisher acquired Steve Gray's Chemistry Entertainment. As part of a series of cost reductions within THQ, Heavy Iron Studios was spun off as an independent company in June 2009. Keywords Studios acquired the developer in January 2021.
History
Early during his career, Steve Gray worked for the visual effects companies Robert Abel and Associates, Rhythm & Hues, and Digital Domain. As Digital Domain was trying to get into the video game industry, Gray and the company's chief financial officer, Chris McKibbin, pitched their services to various larger video game companies. Although they were turned down due to Digital Domain's lack of experience in the field, Gray and McKibbin were offered positions at the game developer, EA Canada, which both accepted. Gray quickly discovered his dislike the studio's sports games and soon switched to Square USA, where he managed the development team for Parasite Eve. As the game was completed, Gray and several of the game's developers believed they could easily obtain publishing contracts from outside companies if they set up their own studio. In 1997, Gray established Chemistry Entertainment. The studio worked on several unreleased games, including a Godzilla game for Electronic Arts. Chemistry Entertainment was briefly part of Rainmaker Entertainment Group, which also housed Rainmaker Digital
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncommutative%20standard%20model
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In theoretical particle physics, the non-commutative Standard Model (best known as Spectral Standard Model
), is a model based on noncommutative geometry that unifies a modified form of general relativity with the Standard Model (extended with right-handed neutrinos).
The model postulates that space-time is the product of a 4-dimensional compact spin manifold by a finite space . The full Lagrangian (in Euclidean signature) of the Standard model minimally coupled to gravity is obtained as pure gravity over that product space. It is therefore close in spirit to Kaluza–Klein theory but without the problem of massive tower of states.
The parameters of the model live at unification scale and physical predictions are obtained by running the parameters down through renormalization.
It is worth stressing that it is more than a simple reformation of the Standard Model. For example, the scalar sector and the fermions representations are more constrained than in effective field theory.
Motivation
Following ideas from Kaluza–Klein and Albert Einstein, the spectral approach seeks unification by expressing all forces as pure gravity on a space .
The group of invariance of such a space should combine the group of invariance of general relativity with , the group of maps from to the standard model gauge group .
acts on by permutations and the full group of symmetries of is the semi-direct product:
Note that the group of invariance of is not a simple group as it always contains
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masuzo%20Shikata
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was a Japanese chemist and one of the pioneers in electrochemistry. Together with his mentor and colleague, Czech chemist and inventor Jaroslav Heyrovský, he developed the first polarograph, a type of electrochemical analyzing machine, and co-authored the paper which introduced the machine and the name "polarograph". This machine was important because it automated the measurement of I-V curves (current-voltage curves) of solutions, which when done by hand could take over an hour for each test.
Biography
After graduating from Department of Agricultural Chemistry at the Imperial University of Tokyo in 1920, Shikata gravitated towards electrochemistry and did further study at the Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, also in Tokyo. He was able to study chemistry in Berlin under Professor Isidor Traube. While in Germany he learned of Jaroslav Heyrovský's research in electrochemistry, and joined his team in 1923. Shikata and Heyrovský built their first polarograph in 1924.
After being made Professor, Masuzo held the chair of Professor of Wood Chemistry in the Agricultural Chemistry department at Kyoto University and was chair from the first establishment in 1927 of Kyoto University's Chemical Research Institute.
During World War II he was dispatched to Manchukuo in Japanese-occupied China. When he returned in 1954, he was made Professor at Nagoya University and he stayed there until he retired in 1959.
While living his retirement in Nagoya, he fell ill and went ba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Swank
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Jean Hebb Swank is an astrophysicist who is best known for her studies of black holes and neutron stars.
Early life and education
Swank graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics from Bryn Mawr College in 1961. Two of her physics professors at Bryn Mawr were alumni of Caltech. They influenced her decision to attend graduate school at the California Institute of Technology. Under the supervision of Steve Frautschi, she was awarded her PhD in physics in 1967. Her thesis was "Radiative Corrections to Neutrino-Electron Interactions".
Teaching career
Swank taught physics as an assistant professor at California State University at Los Angeles from 1966 to 1969. After her marriage, Swank moved to Illinois where she taught at Chicago State University from 1969 until 1971.
In 1971, Swank and her husband moved to Ankara, Turkey, to join the faculty of the Middle East Technical University as assistant professors. There she met Hakkı Boran Ögelman, a high-energy astrophysics researcher and head of the physics department at that time who had been involved in the gamma-ray astronomy group at the Goddard Space Flight Center. Through him, Swank learned of experiments under development for the eighth Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO-8) to be launched in 1975. After she returned to the United States, Swank applied for and received a postdoctoral fellowship at Goddard.
NASA career
Swank was first associated with NASA as a Resident Research Associate for the National Academy o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpecGram
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SpecGram may refer to:
Speculative Grammarian: a satirical linguistics journal.
specgram, a time-dependent frequency analysis (spectrogram) tool in the Signal Processing Toolbox of MATLAB.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierocrypt
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In cryptography, Hierocrypt-L1 and Hierocrypt-3 are block ciphers created by
Toshiba in 2000. They were submitted to the NESSIE project, but were not selected. Both
algorithms were among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC in 2003, however, both have been dropped to "candidate" by CRYPTREC revision in 2013.
The Hierocrypt ciphers are very similar, differing mainly in block size: 64 bits for Hierocrypt-L1, 128 bits for Hierocrypt-3. Hierocrypt-L1's key size is 128 bits, while Hierocrypt-3 can use keys of 128, 192, or 256 bits. The number of rounds of encryption also varies: Hierocrypt-L1 uses 6.5 rounds, and Hierocrypt-3 uses 6.5, 7.5, or 8.5, depending on the key size.
The Hierocrypt ciphers use a nested substitution–permutation network (SPN) structure. Each round consists of parallel applications of a transformation called the XS-box, followed by a linear diffusion operation. The final half-round replaces the diffusion with a simple
post-whitening. The XS-box, which is shared by the two algorithms, is itself an SPN, consisting of a subkey XOR, an S-box lookup, a linear diffusion, another subkey XOR, and another S-box lookup. The diffusion operations use two MDS matrices, and there is a single 8×8-bit S-box. The key schedule uses the binary expansions of the square roots of some small integers as a source of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".
No analysis of the full ciphers has been announced, but certain weaknesses were discovere
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20arithmetic%20of%20ends
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In mathematics, specifically in the area of hyperbolic geometry, Hilbert's arithmetic of ends is a method for endowing a geometric set, the set of ideal points or "ends" of a hyperbolic plane, with an algebraic structure as a field.
It was introduced by German mathematician David Hilbert.
Definitions
Ends
In a hyperbolic plane, one can define an ideal point or end to be an equivalence class of limiting parallel rays. The set of ends can then be topologized in a natural way and forms a circle. This usage of end is not canonical; in particular the concept it indicates is different from that of a topological end (see End (topology) and End (graph theory)).
In the Poincaré disk model or Klein model of hyperbolic geometry, every ray intersects the boundary circle (also called the circle at infinity or line at infinity) in a unique point, and the ends may be identified with these points. However, the points of the boundary circle are not considered to be points of the hyperbolic plane itself. Every hyperbolic line has exactly two distinct ends, and every two distinct ends are the ends of a unique line. For the purpose of Hilbert's arithmetic, it is expedient to denote a line by the ordered pair (a, b) of its ends.
Hilbert's arithmetic fixes arbitrarily three distinct ends, and labels them as 0, 1, and ∞ ;. The set H on which Hilbert defines a field structure is the set of all ends other than ∞, while H denotes the set of all ends including ∞.
Addition
Hilbert defines the ad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Knutson
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Brian Knutson is a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Stanford University and director of the Symbiotic Project on Affective Neuroscience. His research focuses on the neural basis of emotion, and has been covered in multiple news sources.
Education
He earned a dual bachelor's degree in psychology and comparative religion from Trinity University in 1989 and a Ph.D. in psychology from Stanford University in 1993.
Publications
He has published over 100 peer-reviewed articles which have received over 20,000 citations. His most cited work, "Anticipation of Increasing Monetary Reward Selectively Recruits Nucleus Accumbens", was published in Journal of Neuroscience in 2001.
References
External links
Personal website
Symbiotic Project on Affective Neuroscience website
Documentary film clip (4 min)
Living people
American neuroscientists
Stanford University Department of Psychology faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E2%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, E2 is a symmetric block cipher which was created in 1998 by NTT and submitted to the AES competition.
Like other AES candidates, E2 operates on blocks of 128 bits, using a key of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It uses a 12-round Feistel network. E2 has an input transformation and output transformation that both use modular multiplication, but the round function itself consists only of XORs and S-box lookups. The single 8×8-bit S-box is constructed from the composition of an affine transformation with the discrete exponentiation x127 over the finite field GF(28). NTT adopted many of E2's special characteristics in Camellia, which has essentially replaced E2.
References
Feistel ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze%20Freshwater%20Dolphin%20Expedition%202006
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The Yangtze Freshwater Dolphin Expedition 2006 () was a six-week search expedition undertaken in November and December 2006 in central China in an attempt to locate continued proof of the existence of the endangered baiji Yangtze dolphin (Chinese river dolphin). It was carried out under the direction of the Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology and the Swiss-based baiji.org Foundation and was notable for drawing to an end without any positive results. Thus it was announced that the species was functionally extinct.
The scientists travelled on two research vessels almost 3500 kilometres from Yichang to the nearby Three Gorges Dam, onto Shanghai and into the Yangtze Delta before retracing their path backwards. They used high-performance optical instruments and underwater microphones in an attempt to locate one of the dolphins.
The head of the baiji.org Foundation and co-organizer of the expedition, August Pfluger was reported to have said "It is possible we may have missed one or two animals". However even if a small number were still alive, it is extremely unlikely they would be able to survive in the long-term. "It is a tragedy, a loss not only for China, but for the entire world" Pfluger said from his base in Wuhan.
Others retain some hope for the species. Wang Limin, director of the World Wildlife Fund Wuhan office said, "The fact that the expedition didn't see any baiji dolphins during this expedition does not necessarily mean that the species is extinct or even 'effectively
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20Power%20Physics%20Reactor
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The Zero Power Physics Reactor or ZPPR (originally named Zero Power Plutonium Reactor) was a split-table-type critical facility located at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, USA. It was designed for the study of the physics of power breeder systems and was capable of simulating fast reactor core compositions characteristic of 300-500 MWe demonstration plants and 1000 MWe commercial plants.
ZPPR ran only at extremely low power, for testing nuclear reactor designs. ZPPR was operated as a critical facility from April 18, 1969 until 1990.
Background
The United States Atomic Energy Commission was engaged in funding and directing research and development in nuclear breeder reactors as a potential long-term energy source. Building a low-power critical mockup of a nuclear core is a common practice in advance of building a full-sized nuclear power plant of any novel design, especially in lieu of uncertain nuclear data.
In 1964 development focus was shifting from small experimental reactors to large power-generating breeder reactors. The existing critical facilities (e.g. ZPR-3, ZPR-6, and ZPR-9) were too small and unprotected to handle the size of plutonium needed to simulate the core of a power breeder. Specifically, ZPR-3 could handle fast reactor plutonium experiments only up to a core volume of 600 liters, whereas ZPPR was designed to simulate systems with core volumes up to 5000 liters. A plutonium inventory of 3000 kg was planned.
Design and construction
The design basi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand%20cone%20angle
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In coordination chemistry, the ligand cone angle (θ) is a measure of the steric bulk of a ligand in a transition metal coordination complex. It is defined as the solid angle formed with the metal at the vertex of a cone and the outermost edge of the van der Waals spheres of the ligand atoms at the perimeter of the base of the cone. Tertiary phosphine ligands are commonly classified using this parameter, but the method can be applied to any ligand. The term cone angle was first introduced by Chadwick A. Tolman, a research chemist at DuPont. Tolman originally developed the method for phosphine ligands in nickel complexes, determining them from measurements of accurate physical models.
Asymmetric cases
The concept of cone angle is most easily visualized with symmetrical ligands, e.g. PR3. But the approach has been refined to include less symmetrical ligands of the type PRR′R″ as well as diphosphines. In such asymmetric cases, the substituent angles' half angles, , are averaged and then doubled to find the total cone angle, θ. In the case of diphosphines, the of the backbone is approximated as half the chelate bite angle, assuming a bite angle of 74°, 85°, and 90° for diphosphines with methylene, ethylene, and propylene backbones, respectively. The Manz cone angle is often easier to compute than the Tolman cone angle:
Variations
The Tolman cone angle method assumes empirical bond data and defines the perimeter as the maximum possible circumscription of an idealized free-spinni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20step%20size
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In mathematics and numerical analysis, an adaptive step size is used in some methods for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (including the special case of numerical integration) in order to control the errors of the method and to ensure stability properties such as A-stability.
Using an adaptive stepsize is of particular importance when there is a large variation in the size of the derivative.
For example, when modeling the motion of a satellite about the earth as a standard Kepler orbit, a fixed time-stepping method such as the Euler method may be sufficient.
However things are more difficult if one wishes to model the motion of a spacecraft taking into account both the Earth and the Moon as in the Three-body problem.
There, scenarios emerge where one can take large time steps when the spacecraft is far from the Earth and Moon, but if the spacecraft gets close to colliding with one of the planetary bodies, then small time steps are needed. Romberg's method and Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg are examples of a numerical integration methods which use an adaptive stepsize.
Example
For simplicity, the following example uses the simplest integration method, the Euler method; in practice, higher-order methods such as Runge–Kutta methods are preferred due to their superior convergence and stability properties.
Consider the initial value problem
where y and f may denote vectors (in which case this equation represents a system of coupled ODEs in several variabl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand%20Kumar
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Anand Kumar (born 1 January 1973) is an Indian Mathematics educator, best known for his Super 30 programme, which he started in Patna, Bihar in 2002, known for coaching underprivileged students for JEE- Main & JEE-Advanced, the entrance examination for the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). Kumar was named in Time magazine's list of Best of Asia 2010. In 2023, he was awarded the Padma Shri, country's fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India for his contributions in the field of literature and education.
By 2018, 422 out of 510 students had made it to the IITs and Discovery Channel showcased his work in a documentary. Kumar has spoken at MIT and Harvard about his programs for students from the underprivileged sections of Indian society. Kumar and his school have been the subject of several smear campaigns, some of which have been carried in Indian media sources. His life and work had been portrayed in the 2019 film, Super 30, where Kumar is played by Hrithik Roshan.
Early life
Anand Kumar was born in Bihar, India. His father was a clerk in the postal department of India. His father could not afford private schooling for his children, and Anand attended a Hindi medium government school, where he developed his deep interest in mathematics. In his childhood, he studied at Patna High School, in Patna, Bihar. During his graduation, Kumar submitted papers on number theory, which were published in the Mathematical Spectrum. Kumar secured admission to the Univ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klung%20Wilhelmy%20Science%20Award
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The Klung Wilhelmy Science Award is an annual German award in the field of science, alternating annually between the categories of chemistry and physics. It is bestowed upon outstanding younger German scientists under the age of 40.
Previous award names
1973 to 2001 – Otto-Klung-Award
2001 to 2007 – Otto-Klung-Weberbank-Award
2007 to 2013 – Klung-Wilhelmy-Weberbank-Award
Selection process
The prizewinners are selected by permanent committees at the Institutes of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Department of Physics at the Free University of Berlin, with additional input from professors at other universities. Proposals and nominations by nationally and internationally renowned scientists are also taken into consideration. Self-nominations will not be accepted.
The final decision on the selection recommendations is made by the following foundations: the Otto Klung Foundation at the Free University of Berlin and the Dr. Wilhelmy Foundation. The stated aim of these foundations is to strengthen the promotion of outstanding scientific achievements and to reward internationally accredited innovative approaches. Five of the previously chosen prizewinners later received the Nobel Prize.
The prize was first awarded in 1973 by the Otto Klung Foundation. Since 2007, the prize has become one of the highest privately funded scientific endowments in Germany. The annual award ceremony, which has been held in November, is open to the public.
Recipients
From 1973 to 1978, the Otto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel%20Fischer
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Axel Eduard Fischer (born 5 May 1966) is a German politician. He is a member of the CDU and has been a member of the German parliament from 1998 to October 2021, representing Karlsruhe-Land since 2002.
Early life and education
From 1989 until 1995, Fischer studied mechanical engineering at the University of Karlsruhe.
Political career
In parliament, Fischer first served on the Committee on Education, Research and Technology Assessment from 1998 until 2009. Since the 2009 elections, he has been a member of the Budget Committee and the Audit Committee. In this capacity, he serves as rapporteur on the annual budget of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (BMAS) and the Federal Employment Agency (BA). He is also a member of the German Parliament's Berlin-Taipei Parliamentary Circle of Friends.
In addition to his committee assignments, Fischer was member of the German delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) from 2010 until 2018. In 2009 he succeeded Edward O'Hara as chairman of the Committee on Technology and Aerospace. He also served as rapporteur on Armenia from 2011 until 2014 (alongside John Prescott and later Alan Meale) and on Ukraine in 2017. From 2014 until 2018, he was one of the Assembly's vice-presidents.
Following the 2017 German federal election, the CDU/CSU parliamentary group decided against including Fischer in its list of nominees for Germany's new 18 person-strong delegation to PACE; the decision has been linked i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney%20Redner
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Sidney Redner (born 1951) is a Canadian-born physicist, professor, and a resident faculty member at the Santa Fe Institute. He was formerly department chair of physics at Boston University. Redner has published over 200 journal articles, authored a book titled A Guide to First-Passage Processes (2001, ), and coauthored a book titled A Kinetic View of Statistical Physics (2010, ) with Pavel L. Krapivsky and Eli Ben-Naim. His research focuses mainly on non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and network structure. He received his Ph.D. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1977 under Gene Stanley, also on faculty at Boston University.
He was awarded the American Physical Society's Leo P. Kadanoff Prize for 2021.
References
External links
Personal Web site
1951 births
Living people
Jewish American scientists
Boston University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Probability theorists
21st-century American physicists
Santa Fe Institute people
21st-century American Jews
Statistical physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20Thomas%20Caskey
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Charles Thomas Caskey (September 12, 1938 – January 13, 2022), also known as C. Thomas Caskey, was an American internist who has been a medical Geneticist and biomedical researcher and entrepreneur. He was a Professor of Molecular and Human Genetics at Baylor College of Medicine, and served as editor of the Annual Review of Medicine from 2001 to 2019. He was a member of the editorial boards of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Science, the Encyclopedia of Molecular Medicine and numerous other medical and scientific journals.
Caskey's research over a period of more than 50 years has focused on the genetic basis of human diseases and their molecular diagnosis. He discovered the molecular basis of disease "anticipation" as an expansion of short tandem repeat DNA sequences causative of FragileX, Myotonic Dystrophy, Ataxia, and now over 40 additional diseases (Giovanni Herenzini Foundation Prize). One of his more widely used discoveries was that of a simple PCR test for DNA evidence at crime scenes that is now standard practice among police services in the western world. (Courage in DNA Award, DOJ). It was first validated to clarify Gulf War casualties.
Education
Caskey attended the University of South Carolina (1956–58) and Duke University Medical School (1958–63). He was a student biochemical fellow (1961–62) with James B. Wyngaarden, a pioneer in the study of the biochemical basis of metabolic disease. Caskey received his M.D. degree in 1963 and complet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o%20Marques%20Silva
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João Paulo Marques Silva is a Portuguese researcher working on SAT. He developed the SAT solver GRASP during his PhD.
Marques-Silva was a Senior Lecturer from October 2005 until June 2007 at the school of Electronics and Computer Science of the University of Southampton. In June 2007 he was promoted to Professor, the highest Professorship ranking in the UK. Since 2009 he moved to University College Dublin, Ireland.
In the field of SAT he is seen as one of the most important researchers. His works ranges from SAT techniques and implementation to its applicability in Model Checking and biology. He has published over 50 papers.
Former students
Huan Chen
António Morgado
Vasco Manquinho
Inês Lynce
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20090327120917/http://www.csi.ucd.ie/staff/jpms/
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison%20High%20School%20%28Madison%2C%20Ohio%29
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Madison High School is a public high school located in Madison, Ohio, United States. The only high school in the Madison Local School District, it was established in 1895.
Classes
Madison High offers a wide variety of classes to its students. Some of said classes are biology, chemistry, earth sciences, integrated math 1-4, algebras 1 & 2, geometry, calculus, wood shop, engineering classes, and many others.
Extracurricular activities
The school offers many clubs and activities for students to take part in. Groups such as key club, technology club, drama club, newspaper, National Honors Society, and many others are available to students.
Madison High School is a part of the Western Reserve Conference but will join the Chagrin Valley Conference starting with the 2023-24 academic year. Madison's main rivals are Perry, Geneva, Riverside, and Chardon High Schools. Madison currently offers many sports for both boys and girls. They include, for boys, golf, soccer, Cross Country, basketball, swimming, wrestling, baseball, football, track and field, tennis, and cheerleading.
As it is with most high schools, girls at Madison also have the opportunity to engage in many sports, which include tennis, volleyball, soccer, Cross Country, basketball, swimming, softball, track and field, and cheerleading.
The Blue Streaks softball team had a tremendous run in the OHSAA tournament in the 2016-2017 school year. The ladies won a District title and came second in the Western Reserve Conferenc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Bechert
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Karl Richard Bechert (August 23, 1901 in Nuremberg, Middle Franconia – April 1, 1981 in Weilmünster-Möttau, Hesse) was a German theoretical physicist and political leader. As a scientist, he made contributions in atomic physics.
Scientific career
From 1920 to 1925, Bechert studied physics and mathematics at the University of Munich, in the Institute of Theoretical Physics. He received his doctor of philosophy under Arnold Sommerfeld, in 1925. Under a fellowship of the Rockefeller Foundation, from 1925 to 1926, he accomplished postdoctoral studies and research at the Physics Institute of the University of Madrid. From 1926 to 1933, he was an assistant to Sommerfeld, completing his Habilitation in 1930 and becoming a Privatdozent.
While working for his Ph.D., Bechert helped Sommerfeld extend the Bohr model of the atom and determine the atomic cobalt and vanadium energy terms from their respective spectra. He worked in collaboration with Miguel A. Catalán and Ludwig August Sommer. His thesis was on the structure of atomic nickel spectra.
In 1933 he was called as an ordinarius professor and director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Giessen. From 1945 to 1946, he was rector at the university. He remained at Giessen until 1946, whereupon he was called as ordinarius professor and director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, where he remained until his retirement in 1969. He was also a memb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul%20Zoology%20Museum
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Istanbul Zoology Museum, more precisely Zoology Museum of Istanbul University () is a natural history museum, located in Istanbul University's Vezneciler Campus at Fatih, Istanbul featuring animal collections. It was founded in 1933 and rearranged in 1989. The museum is owned and maintained by the Department of Biology at Faculty of Science.
History
The museum was established by the Swiss scientist, Prof. Dr. André Naville, who was appointed head of the Biology Department at Istanbul University right after the reformation of the universities in 1933. Zoological objects donated from Germany were placed in a small hall situated in the Zoology Department of the university.
After the sudden death of Naville in 1937, German hydrologist and zoologist Curt Kosswig took over the department. During his 15-year-long scientific research on the fauna of Anatolia, he collected examples of mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs, fish and various invertebrates, which he brought in the museum contributing to its enrichment.
In 1957, the top floors of the building were demolished, in which the museum was also situated. The collections of the museum were moved to a site in the Kuyucu Murad Pasha Madrassah, where they were stored for many years. In 1973, with the completion of a new building, the museum items were relocated to the new site.
The museum items were cleaned and repaired after a long period of negligence by Dinçer Gülen and his team between 1987 and 1989. Finally, the museum reopened i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20stone
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Artificial stone is a name for various synthetic stone products produced from the 18th century onward. Uses include statuary, architectural details, fencing and rails, building construction, civil engineering work, and industrial applications such as grindstones.
History
One of the earliest examples of artificial stone was Coade stone (originally called Lithodipyra), a ceramic created by Eleanor Coade (1733–1821), and produced from 1769 to 1833. Later, in 1844, Frederick Ransome created a Patent Siliceous Stone, which comprised sand and powdered flint in an alkaline solution. By heating it in an enclosed high-temperature steam boiler the siliceous particles were bound together and could be moulded or worked into filtering slabs, vases, tombstones, decorative architectural work, emery wheels and grindstones.
This was followed by Victoria stone, which comprises three parts finely-crushed Mountsorrel (Leicestershire) granite to one of Portland cement, mechanically mixed and cast in moulds. When set the moulds are loosened and the blocks placed in a solution of silicate of soda for about two weeks to indurate and harden them. Many manufacturers turned out a very non-porous product able to resist corrosive sea air and industrial and residential air pollution.
Most later types of artificial stone have consisted of fine-aggregate cement concrete placed to set in wooden or iron moulds. It could be made more cheaply and more uniform than natural stone, and was widely used. In eng
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie%20Lee%20Browne
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Marjorie Lee Browne (September 9, 1914 – October 19, 1979) was a mathematics educator. She was one of the first African-American women to receive a PhD in mathematics.
Early life and education
Marjorie Lee Browne was a prominent mathematician and educator who, in 1949, became only the third African-American woman to earn a doctorate in her field. Browne was born on September 9, 1914, in Memphis, Tennessee, to Mary Taylor Lee and Lawrence Johnson Lee. Her father, a railway postal clerk remarried shortly after his wife's death, when Browne was almost two years old. He and his second wife, Lottie, a school teacher, encouraged their daughter to take her studies seriously as she was a gifted student. Browne attended LeMoyne High School, a private Methodist school that was started after the Civil War. During her schooling, she won the Memphis City Women's Tennis Singles Championship in 1929 and two years later graduated from LeMoyne High School.
She attended Howard University, majoring in mathematics and graduating cum laude in 1935. After receiving her bachelor's degree, she taught high school and college for a short term, including at Gilbert Academy in New Orleans.
She then applied to the University of Michigan graduate program in mathematics. Michigan accepted African Americans, while many other US educational institutions did not at the time. After working full-time at the historically black Wiley College in Marshall, Texas, and attending Michigan only during the summer,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20on%20Differential%20Geometric%20Methods%20in%20Theoretical%20Physics
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International Conference on Differential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics are congresses held every few years on the subject of Differential geometric methods in Theoretical physics. Lectures, seminars, and discussions are held in different universities throughout the world, every few years, and a book compilation is published thereafter consisting of the papers submitted and discussed at the conference.
Works
1981
Conference on Differential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics
International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, 30 June-3 July 1981
by G. Denardo; H. D. Doebner; International Centre for Theoretical Physics.
Type: Book
Language: English
Publisher: Singapore : World Scientific, ©1983.
OCLC: 9738857
13th
International Conference on Differential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics
Proceedings of the XIII International Conference on Differential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics
[eds.] Heinz Dietrich Doebner, Tchavdar D. Palev
(13th: 1984: Shumen, Bulgaria)
(Singapore: World Scientific, 1986)
14th
International Conference on Differential Geometric Methods in Mathematical Physics
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Differential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics held in Salamanca, Spain, June 24–29, 1985
edited by Pedro Luis García Pérez and A. Pérez-Rendón
(14th: 1985: Salamanca, Spain)
(Berlin ; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987)
Notes: Series: Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Springer-Verlag); 1251
15th
Internat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Benjamin%20Collins%20Brodie%2C%202nd%20Baronet
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Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 2nd Baronet FRS (5 February 181724 November 1880) was an English chemist.
Biography
Brodie was the son of Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet, and his wife Anne (Née Sellon), and was educated at Harrow School and Balliol College, Oxford. He obtained a second-class honours degree in mathematics in 1838. Because he was an agnostic and would not assent to the Thirty-nine articles, he was refused a MA until 1860. He studied chemistry with Justus von Liebig in Giessen along with Alexander Williamson. At Giessen, he did an original analysis of beeswax for which he was given the Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1849 and awarded the Royal Medal in 1850.
Brodie did important original work on peroxides in his private laboratory where he taught Nevil Story Maskelyne chemistry. He was secretary of the Chemical Society from 1850 to 1854 and its president in 1860. However, he opposed the atomic theory and proposed in 1866 his Calculus of Chemical Operations as a non-atomic alternative to the atomic theory. He saw an advertisement for wooden balls and wire for building models of molecules. This provoked him into describing atomic theory as a "thoroughly materialistic bit of joiner's work".
Despite opposition from some theological fellows, he was elected to the Aldrichan Chair (later renamed as the Waynflete Professor of Chemistry) at Oxford University 1865 to 1872, and is chiefly known for his investigations on the allotropic states of carbon and his d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20notation
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Line notation is a typographical notation system using ASCII characters, most often used for chemical nomenclature.
Chemistry
Cell notation for representation of an electrochemical cell
Dyson / IUPAC (1944)
Hayward (1961)
International Chemical Identifier (InChI)
Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN) (1952)
Simplified molecular input line entry specification (SMILES)
Smiles arbitrary target specification (SMARTS)
SYBYL Line Notation (SLN)
Mathematics
Mathematical markup language
Music
GUIDO music notation
Chess
Forsyth–Edwards Notation
Notation
Chemical nomenclature
Musical notation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range%20of%20a%20projectile
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In physics, a projectile launched with specific initial conditions will have a range. It may be more predictable assuming a flat Earth with a uniform gravity field, and no air resistance. The horizontal ranges of a projectile are equal for two complementary angles of projection with the same velocity.
The following applies for ranges which are small compared to the size of the Earth. For longer ranges see sub-orbital spaceflight. The maximum horizontal distance traveled by the projectile, neglecting air resistance, can be calculated as follows:
where
d is the total horizontal distance travelled by the projectile.
v is the velocity at which the projectile is launched
g is the gravitational acceleration—usually taken to be 9.81 m/s2 (32 f/s2) near the Earth's surface
θ is the angle at which the projectile is launched
y0 is the initial height of the projectile
If y0 is taken to be zero, meaning that the object is being launched on flat ground, the range of the projectile will simplify to:
Ideal projectile motion
Ideal projectile motion states that there is no air resistance and no change in gravitational acceleration. This assumption simplifies the mathematics greatly, and is a close approximation of actual projectile motion in cases where the distances travelled are small. Ideal projectile motion is also a good introduction to the topic before adding the complications of air resistance.
Derivations
A launch angle of 45 degrees displaces the projectile the farth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudenthal%20Institute
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The Freudenthal Institute (FI) is a research institute, part of the Faculty of Science of Utrecht University in the Netherlands. The FI aims to improve education in science and mathematics by means of education research and valorisation.
The institute was founded in 1971 by the German/Dutch writer, pedagogue and mathematician, professor Hans Freudenthal (1905–1990), as the Institute for the Development of Mathematical Education. In 1991, the institute was renamed after its founder.
Since 2003, an international institute for mathematics education, Freudenthal Institute - USA (Fi-US) was established in collaboration with the Wisconsin University in Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Since January 2006 Fi-US has been reallocated to the University of Colorado at Boulder.
References
External links
Website of the FI (in English)
Utrecht University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettore%20Majorana%20Foundation%20and%20Centre%20for%20Scientific%20Culture
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Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture (acronym EMFCSC) is a scientific organization based in Erice, Sicily (Italy). The President of EMFCSC is Prof. Antonino Zichichi. It sponsors the International School of Subnuclear Physics whose Director is Prof. Antonino Zichichi.
See also
Erice statement
External links
Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture
The History of EMFCSC
International School of Subnuclear Physics
Education in Sicily
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20J.%20Moreno
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Carlos Julio Moreno is a Colombian mathematician and faculty member at Baruch College and at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY).
His B.A. and his Ph.D. in mathematics were earned at New York University. Moreno has over sixty publications, including two books, on topics dealing with algebra and number theory.
Selected publications
References
External links
Baruch College, Department of Mathematics, Masters Program in Financial Engineering
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
CUNY Graduate Center faculty
New York University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Mustafin
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Isaac Mustafin () (1908–1968) was a Soviet chemist and a doctor of chemical sciences. Dr. Mustafin headed the faculty of analytical chemistry at Saratov State University from 1955.
All his life was connected to the Saratov State University: his only lengthy absence from his work place took place from June 23, 1941 to August 15, 1945, when he served in the army. The life and activity of Professor Mustafin were reflected in a number of papers [1–7] and even monographs [8–9], including that in the series of scientific biographic literature of the Nauka publishing house [8]. (See also [10]). The unusual biography and diversified interests of the scientist have attracted the attention of chemists, historians, philosophers, and writers. In fact, a characteristic feature of I.S. Mustafin was the broad spectrum of his scientific interests: he successfully worked in analytical, organic, physical, and inorganic chemistry; bio- and geochemistry; and the philosophy and history of science. In all these directions, he was interested in the key problems: in organic chemistry, the synthesis of new and the most important compounds; in bio- and geochemistry, the origin of fuel materials, coal and oil; and in analytical chemistry, the search for lows in the application of analytical reagents, the construction of a system for assessing the sensitivity and selectivity of analytical reactions, and the development of the theory of action of organic reagents in chemical analysis.
The first of Must
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchonidine
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Cinchonidine is an alkaloid found in Cinchona officinalis and Gongronema latifolium. It is used in asymmetric synthesis in organic chemistry.
References
Secondary alcohols
Vinyl compounds
Quinoline alkaloids
Quinuclidine alkaloids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Gotthelf
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Allan Stanley Gotthelf (December 30, 1942 – August 30, 2013) was an American philosopher. He was a scholar of the philosophies of both Aristotle and Ayn Rand.
Academic career
Allan Stanley Gotthelf was born in Brooklyn, New York on December 30, 1942. He received a Bachelor of Science in mathematics from Brooklyn College in 1963 and a Master of Arts in mathematics from Pennsylvania State University in 1964. He then received a Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy in philosophy from Columbia University in 1972 and 1975, respectively, where he studied under professors such as Aristotelian scholar John Herman Randall, Jr. An essay based on his doctoral dissertation (both titled Aristotle's Conception of Final Causality) won first prize in the Dissertation Essay Competition of The Review of Metaphysics and was published in that journal in December 1976. He began his teaching career at Wesleyan University in Connecticut.
He was an emeritus professor of philosophy at The College of New Jersey, a life member of Clare Hall, Cambridge University, and visiting professor of the history and philosophy of science at the University of Pittsburgh, where he held the university's Fellowship for the Study of Objectivism from 2003 to 2012. He was one of the founders of the Ayn Rand Society (founded in 1987), affiliated with the American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division, and held the position of secretary of the Society and chairman of its steering committee from 1990 until h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20S.%20Cafiso
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David S. Cafiso (born March 18, 1952) is an American biochemist and a professor of chemistry at the University of Virginia. His research focuses on membrane proteins and cell signaling, and is primarily supported by grants from the National Institute of Health.
Research
Work in Dr. Cafiso's laboratory is directed at studying membranes and peripheral and integral membrane proteins. One area of investigation involves studies on the mechanisms by which proteins become attached to membrane surfaces. Attachment is critical for cell-signaling because it controls protein–protein interactions and the access of enzymes to lipid substrates. For example, the oncogenic form of the src tyrosine kinase is not active and fails to transform cells until it becomes attached to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. The laboratory is currently determining the structure and electrostatic interactions made by highly positively charged protein motifs, such as those from MARCKS (the myristoylated alanine rich C-kinase substrate) with negatively charged lipid surfaces. In addition to regulating membrane attachment, these positively charged motifs function to sequester phosphatidylinositol 4,5, bisphosphate (PIP2), and regulate the activity of this phosphorylated inositol lipid within the cytoplasmic membrane. Dr. Cafiso is also interested in determining the membrane interactions made by protein domains such as C2 domains, which are found in a wide range of proteins involved in cell signaling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculties%20and%20departments%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Alberta
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The following is a list of the faculties and departments of the University of Alberta.
Main Campus
Agriculture
Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences (AFHE)
Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (AFNS)
Devonian Botanic Garden
Department of Human Ecology
Department of Renewable Resources
Department of Rural Economy
Arts
Faculty of Arts
Department of Anthropology
Department of Art and Design
Arts Resource Centre
CSL Community Service-Learning
Department of Drama
Department of East Asian Studies
Department of Economics
Department of English and Film Studies
Department of History and Classics
Office of Interdisciplinary Studies
Comparative Literature Program
Humanities Computing Program (HUCO)
Middle Eastern and African Studies Program (MEAS)
Peace and Post-Conflict Studies Program
Religious Studies Program
Science, Technology and Society Program (STS)
Department of Linguistics
Department of Modern Languages and Cultural Studies (MLCS)
Department of Music
Department of Philosophy
Department of Political Science
Department of Psychology
Department of Sociology
Women's Studies Program
Business
School of Business
Department of Accounting and Management Information Systems (AMIS)
Department of Finance and Management Science (FMS)
Department of Marketing, Business Economics, and Law (MABEL)
Department of Strategic Management and Organization (SMORG)
Education
Faculty of Ed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Duff%20%28cricketer%29
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Alan Robert Duff (12 January 1938 – 28 June 1989) was an English first-class cricketer who played in the late 1950s and 1960s. Most of these were for Oxford University, although he also had a brief county cricket career for Worcestershire. Duff's profession as a teacher of Physics at Malvern College (where he was also cricket master) prevented his playing more often; he was also the co-author, with George Chesterton, of a coaching book for young cricketers, Your Book of Cricket.
Cricket career
Born in Dunsley, Kinver, Staffordshire, to Robert Airlie Duff and Marjorie Catherine Duff (née Rust), Duff was educated at Radley College and Lincoln College, Oxford, where he played for OUCC for three years from 1959 to 1961. His early cricket at Radley was under the leadership of Ted Dexter. Duff commented that his most distinguished feat on the cricket field was that in his first year in the XI at Radley, he drove Sir George (Gubby) Allen to retirement in 1954. Allen returned from Radley College to Lord's announcing his total retirement having just been caught and bowled for nought off a full toss by a boy at Radley with a treble voice.
Duff made his first-class debut in June 1959 for Oxford University against Essex, and had a decent game in a heavy defeat, scoring 53 and 4 with the bat and taking three wickets (the first of these being that of Gordon Barker). A few days later he made 40 against Free Foresters, then later that same month hit 55 not out against Warwickshire. He had
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Baker%20%28biochemist%29
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David Baker (born October 6, 1962, in Seattle, Washington) is an American biochemist and computational biologist who has pioneered methods to predict and design the three-dimensional structures of proteins. He is the Henrietta and Aubrey Davis Endowed Professor in Biochemistry and an adjunct professor of genome sciences, bioengineering, chemical engineering, computer science, and physics at the University of Washington. He serves as the director of the Rosetta Commons, a consortium of labs and researchers that develop biomolecular structure prediction and design software. The problem of protein structure prediction to which Baker has contributed significantly has now been largely solved by DeepMind using artificial intelligence. Baker is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences. He is also the director of the University of Washington's Institute for Protein Design.
Life
Baker did his graduate work in biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley in the laboratory of Randy Schekman, where he worked predominantly on protein transport and trafficking in yeast. He did his postdoctoral work with David Agard of University of California, San Francisco.
For his work on protein folding, Baker received the 2008 Sackler International Prize in Biophysics, the 2021 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, and in 2022 the Wiley Prize. For 2022 he was awarded the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersive%20partial%20differential%20equation
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In mathematics, a dispersive partial differential equation or dispersive PDE is a partial differential equation that is dispersive. In this context, dispersion means that waves of different wavelength propagate at different phase velocities.
Examples
Linear equations
Euler–Bernoulli beam equation with time-dependent loading
Airy equation
Schrödinger equation
Klein–Gordon equation
Nonlinear equations
nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Korteweg–de Vries equation (or KdV equation)
Boussinesq equation (water waves)
sine–Gordon equation
See also
Dispersion (optics)
Dispersion (water waves)
Dispersionless equation
External links
The Dispersive PDE Wiki.
Partial differential equations
Nonlinear systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davorin%20Dolar
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Davorin Dolar (January 1, 1921 – November 12, 2005) was a Slovenian chemist at the University of Ljubljana. He was a physical chemist who studied polyelectrolyte solutions. He is regarded as a founder of modern physical chemistry teaching in Slovenia. He was a member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Education and career
In 1939 Dolar began studying chemistry at the University of Ljubljana and then graduated in 1944. In 1947 he enrolled at the University of Leningrad and continued studying physical chemistry. In 1952 he became an assistant professor of physical chemistry in Ljubljana. In 1954 he moved to Brooklyn to work under Professor Greogr at the Polytechnic Institute. In 1957, after returning to Ljubljana, he obtained his PhD. He was appointed an associate professor in 1960, and a professor in 1965. In 1960, while working at the Chair in Physical Chemistry, he started doing research in thermodynamic and transport properties of polyelectrolytic solutions, eventually gaining notability in the field. In 1978 he became a full member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. He received the Boris Kidrič Award in 1979 and the Order of Slovenia in 1988. After retiring from Ljubljana in 1989, he was named a professor emeritus and received a golden plaque from the university in 1993. In 2004, he received the Zois Award for Lifetime Achievement.
Personal life
When deciding what to study at the university, Dolar was torn between mathematics, physics, and chemis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne%20conjectures
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In mathematics, the Mersenne conjectures concern the characterization of a kind of prime numbers called Mersenne primes, meaning prime numbers that are a power of two minus one.
Original Mersenne conjecture
The original, called Mersenne's conjecture, was a statement by Marin Mersenne in his Cogitata Physico-Mathematica (1644; see e.g. Dickson 1919) that the numbers were prime for n = 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 67, 127 and 257, and were composite for all other positive integers n ≤ 257. The first seven entries of his list ( forn = 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19) had already been proven to be primes by trial division before Mersenne's time; only the last four entries were new claims by Mersenne. Due to the size of those last numbers, Mersenne did not and could not test all of them, nor could his peers in the 17th century. It was eventually determined, after three centuries and the availability of new techniques such as the Lucas–Lehmer test, that Mersenne's conjecture contained five errors, namely two entries are composite (those corresponding to the primes n = 67, 257) and three primes are missing (those corresponding to the primes n = 61, 89, 107). The correct list for n≤ 257 is: n = 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 61, 89, 107 and 127.
While Mersenne's original conjecture is false, it may have led to the New Mersenne conjecture.
New Mersenne conjecture
The New Mersenne conjecture or Bateman, Selfridge and Wagstaff conjecture (Bateman et al. 1989) states that for any odd natural num
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan%20Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87
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Stjepan Mohorovičić (August 20, 1890 – February 13, 1980) was a Croatian physicist, geophysicist and meteorologist.
Biography
Mohorovičić was born in the town of Bakar. His father is the world-famous geophysicist Andrija Mohorovičić. He studied mathematics and physics at the University of Zagreb where among others his professors were Vinko Dvořák and Andrija Mohorovičić and later he studied at Göttingen where some of his professors were Arnold Sommerfeld, Woldemar Voigt and David Hilbert. Later on he received a doctorate degree from the University of Zagreb. Mohorovičić was an opponent of Einstein's theory of relativity. Because of his longtime opposition and criticisms of theory of relativity he remained a high school professor his whole life. His work went largely ignored, especially in Croatia. He died in Zagreb.
Scientific work
His scientific interests included seismology, meteorology, astrophysics and theoretical physics. He began his career in seismology with his father. In 1913 he developed a new method for locating the hypocenter of an earthquake and gave an independent verification of discontinuity theory put forward by his father. In 1916 he published an idea of the existence of smaller discontinuities in Earth's crust and mantle. He put forward his own theory about the composition and the formation of the Moon, explosive formation of lunar craters and predicted the existence of Moho layer on the Moon. The existence of Moho layer on the Moon was confirmed in 196
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoRV
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EcoRV (pronounced "eco R five") is a type II restriction endonuclease isolated from certain strains of Escherichia coli. It has the alternative name Eco32I.
In molecular biology, it is a commonly used restriction enzyme. It creates blunt ends. The enzyme recognizes the palindromic 6-base DNA sequence 5'-GAT|ATC-3' and makes a blunt end at the vertical line.
The complementary sequence is then 3'-CTA|TAG-5'. The ends are blunt and can be ligated into a blunt cloning site easily but with lower efficiency than sticky ends.
Structure
The structure of this enzyme, and several mutants, in complex with the DNA sequence which it cuts has been solved by X-ray crystallography.
The core of the enzyme consists of a five-stranded mixed β-sheet flanked by α-helices. The core is conserved in all other type II restriction endonucleases. It also has an N-terminal dimerization subdomain formed by a short α-helix, a two-stranded antiparallel -sheet, and a long α-helix. This subdomain is found only in EcoRV and PvuII.
Mode of action
Like EcoRI, EcoRV forms a homodimer in solution before binding and acting on its recognition sequence. Initially the enzyme binds weakly to a non-specific site on the DNA. It randomly walks along the molecule until the specific recognition site is found. EcoRV has a high specificity for its target DNA sequence.
Binding of the enzyme induces a conformational change in the DNA, bending it by about 50°. DNA bending results in the unstacking of the bases, widening
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20processing
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In electronics engineering, video processing is a particular case of signal processing, in particular image processing, which often employs video filters and where the input and output signals are video files or video streams. Video processing techniques are used in television sets, VCRs, DVDs, video codecs, video players, video scalers and other devices. For example—commonly only design and video processing is different in TV sets of different manufactures.
Video processor
Video processors are often combined with video scalers to create a video processor that improves the apparent definition of video signals. They perform the following tasks:
deinterlacing
aspect ratio control
digital zoom and pan
brightness/contrast/hue/saturation/sharpness/gamma adjustments
frame rate conversion and inverse-telecine
color point conversion (601 to 709 or 709 to 601)
color space conversion (YPBPR/YCBCR to RGB or RGB to YPBPR/YCBCR)
mosquito noise reduction
block noise reduction
detail enhancement
edge enhancement
motion compensation
primary and secondary color calibration (including hue/saturation/luminance controls independently for each)
These can either be in chip form, or as a stand-alone unit to be placed between a source device (like a DVD player or set-top-box) and a display with less-capable processing. The most widely recognized video processor companies in the market are:
Genesis Microchip (with the FLI chipset – was Genesis Microchip, STMicroelectronics complete
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongu%20Engineering%20College
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Kongu Engineering College is an autonomous engineering college located at Perundurai, Erode district in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. It is affiliated to Anna University and accredited 'A++' Grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council.
Courses
There are 14 courses offered in B.E./B.Tech.
B.E. Civil Engineering
B.E. Mechanical Engineering
B.E. Computer Science Engineering
B.E. Automobile Engineering
B.E. Mechatronics Engineering
B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering
B.E. Electrical and Electronics Engineering
B.E. Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
B.Tech. Chemical Engineering
B.Tech. Information Technology
B.Tech. Food Technology
B.E. Computer Science & Design
B.Tech. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
B.Tech. Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
In the Applied Science category, there are three undergraduate and three postgraduate degrees offered.
There Applied Science Courses are:
B.Sc. Software Engineering
B.Sc. Information Technology
B.Sc. Computer Technology
M.Sc. Software Systems
Master of Computer Application
Master Of Business Administration
Co-curricular and extracurricular activities are run through associations, clubs, societies and students' chapters of professional bodies. They are managed by representatives of students and are monitored by the faculty.
Campus
The institution is situated on a campus measuring .
Library
The college library was established in 1984 and its equipped with RFID
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancer%20chromosome
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Balancer chromosomes (or simply balancers) are a type of genetically engineered chromosome used in laboratory biology for the maintenance of recessive lethal (or sterile) mutations within living organisms without interference from natural selection. Since such mutations are viable only in heterozygotes, they cannot be stably maintained through successive generations and therefore continually lead to production of wild-type organisms, which can be prevented by replacing the homologous wild-type chromosome with a balancer. In this capacity, balancers are crucial for genetics research on model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, for which stocks cannot be archived (e.g. frozen). They can also be used in forward genetics screens to specifically identify recessive lethal (or sterile) mutations. For that reason, balancers are also used in other model organisms, most notably the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the mouse.
Typical balancer chromosomes are designed to (1) carry recessive lethal mutations themselves, eliminating homozygotes which do not carry the desired mutation; (2) suppress meiotic recombination with their homologs, which prevents de novo creation of wild-type chromosomes; and (3) carry dominant genetic markers, which can help identify rare recombinants and are useful for screening purposes.
History
Balancer chromosomes were first used in the fruit fly by Hermann Muller, who pioneered the use of radiation for organismal mutage
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldol%20reactions
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In organic chemistry, aldol reactions are acid- or base-catalyzed reactions of aldehydes or ketones.
Aldol addition or aldolization refers to the addition of an enolate or enolation as a nucleophile to a carbonyl moiety as an electrophile. This produces a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone. In an aldol condensation, water is subsequently eliminated and an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl is formed. The aldol cleavage or Retro-aldol reaction is the reverse reaction into the starting compounds.
The name aldehyde -alcohol reaction derives from the reaction product in the case of a reaction among aldehydes, a β-hydroxy aldehyde.
Aldol reactions are important reactions for carbon-carbon bond formation and a fundamental reaction principle in organic chemistry.
Mechanisms
Aldol reactions may proceed by two distinct mechanisms. Carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, can be converted to enols or enol ethers. These species, being nucleophilic at the α-carbon, can attack especially reactive protonated carbonyls such as protonated aldehydes. This is the 'enol mechanism'. Carbonyl compounds, being carbon acids, can also be deprotonated to form enolates, which are much more nucleophilic than enols or enol ethers and can attack electrophiles directly. The usual electrophile is an aldehyde, since ketones are much less reactive. This is the 'enolate mechanism'.
Despite the attractiveness of the aldol manifold, there are several problems that need to be addressed to render the pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repulsion
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Repulsion may refer to:
Disgust, or repulsion, an emotional response to something considered offensive or unpleasant
Repulsion, a type of genetic linkage
Repulsion in physics, Coulomb's law
Repulsion in diamagnetism, which pushes two bodies away from each other
Repulsion theory, in botany
In the arts:
Repulsion (band), a grindcore band
Repulsion (film), a 1965 horror film directed by Roman Polański
"Repulsion", a 1985 song by Dinosaur Jr
See also
Repulse (disambiguation)
Repulsive force (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranajit%20Chakraborty
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Ranajit Chakraborty (April 17, 1946 – September 23, 2018) was a human and population geneticist. At the time of his death, he was Director of the Center for Computational Genomics at the Institute of Applied Genetics and Professor in the Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics at the University of North Texas Health Science Center in Fort Worth, Texas. His scientific contributions include studies in human genetics, population genetics, genetic epidemiology, statistical genetics, and forensic genetics.
Early life and education
Ranajit Chakraborty was born in Baranagore (West Bengal), India. At his graduation from high school in 1963, he was awarded First Class with Distinction Certificate from the Board of Secondary Education of West Bengal. In 1967, got his Bachelor of Statistics degree (with honors) from the Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, and a year later was awarded a Master of Statistics (with specialization in Mathematical Genetics and Advanced Probability). In 1971, he got his Ph.D. in Biostatistics from the Indian Statistical Institute. His dissertation supervisor was C. R. Rao, FRS. Before obtaining his first tenure-track academic position, Chakraborty served as Research Scholar and Senior Research Fellow at the Indian Statistical Institute, Visiting Lecturer of Statistics at the Indian Institute of Management, and Visiting Consultant at the Data Reference Center of the World Health Organization at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu.
Academic car
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Loss
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Daniel Loss is a Swiss theoretical physicist and a professor of Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics at the University of Basel and RIKEN. With David P. DiVincenzo (at IBM Research), he proposed the Loss-DiVincenzo quantum computer in 1997, which would use electron spins in quantum dots as qubits.
Loss was born in 1958 in Winterthur, Switzerland. He studied Medicine at the University of Zurich for two years before transferring to physics. 1985 he obtained his PhD in physics in Zurich with a thesis on statistical mechanics under the supervision of A. Thellung. After postdoctoral stays in Zurich and at the University of Illinois in Urbana, where he worked with Anthony Leggett, he worked as a research scientist at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights. In 1993 he became professor at the Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada and since 1996 he is full professor at the University of Basel.
Loss' research concerns the quantum theory of condensed-matter- and solid-state physics. In particular, he studies spin- and charge-effects in semiconducting and magnetic nanostructures. He is one of the leading theorists investigating the realization of quantum information processing protocols in semiconductor structures. His 1998 paper (jointly with David DiVincenzo) proposing the use of spin qubits in semiconductor quantum dots is the foundation of one of the main approaches towards the realization of a quantum computer and (as of 2018) has been cited more than 6000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Kurose
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Jim Kurose (born 1956) is a Distinguished University Professor in the College of Information and Computer Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
He was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, USA. He received his B.A. degree from Wesleyan University (physics) and, in 1984, his Ph.D. degree from Columbia University (computer science). Kurose's main area of teaching is computer networking. He is a coauthor of the well-known textbook Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach.
In 2020, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the design and analysis of network protocols for multimedia communication.
Career
Kurose became a faculty member of Computer Science in University of Massachusetts Amherst after he finished his doctoral degree in 1984. Kurose was a visiting scientist at the University Paris, Institut Eurecom, INRIA, Technicolor and IBM Research. He has been a member of the Scientific Council of Institute IMDEA Networks since 2007, and a member of the Board of Directors of the Computing Research Association.
Since January 2015, Dr. Kurose has been on leave from the University of Massachusetts, serving as the Assistant Director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) for Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE). He leads the CISE Directorate, with an annual budget of more than $900 million. Dr. Kurose also serves as co-chair of the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Subcommittee o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploma%20in%20Computer%20Science
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The Diploma in Computer Science is a diploma offered by several post-secondary institutions:
Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science – this University of Cambridge course was the world's first computer science course, first offered in 1953
University of Kent in Canterbury
University of British Columbia
The diploma is also provided in various other universities all around the world.
History, Definition
Computer Science is a major or specific interest that students can take at college and university level. Nearly each undergraduate institution in the United States provides a computer science major, and more than 100 colleges offer computer science PhD programmes. Numerous new institutions have been established in Egypt to provide a specialization in computer sciences and information systems. In 2001, the existing system for collegiate computer science majors was published. All computer science major programmes should cover the following 'fundamental' disciplines in 13 different areas, it includes: algorithms and complexity, architecture, discrete structures, HCI, information management, intelligent systems, net-centric computing, and many more, according to research done by Mahmoud M. El-Khouly in 2007.
The study of computers and computational systems is known as computer science. Computer scientists work primarily with software and software systems, including their theory, design, development, and implementation. Logic, more than any other branch of mathematics, is becomin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Morgan%20%28mathematician%29
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John Willard Morgan (born March 21, 1946) is an American mathematician known for his contributions to topology and geometry. He is a Professor Emeritus at Columbia University and a member of the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at Stony Brook University.
Life
Morgan received his B.A. in 1968 and Ph.D. in 1969, both from Rice University. His Ph.D. thesis, entitled Stable tangential homotopy equivalences, was written under the supervision of Morton L. Curtis. He was an instructor at Princeton University from 1969 to 1972, and an assistant professor at MIT from 1972 to 1974. He has been on the faculty at Columbia University since 1974, serving as the Chair of the Department of Mathematics from 1989 to 1991 and becoming Professor Emeritus in 2010. Morgan is a member of the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at Stony Brook University and served as its founding director from 2009 to 2016.
From 1974 to 1976, Morgan was a Sloan Research Fellow. In 2008, he was awarded a Gauss Lectureship by the German Mathematical Society. In 2009 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Morgan is a Member of the European Academy of Sciences.
Mathematical contributions
Morgan's best-known work deals with the topology of complex manifolds and algebraic varieties. In the 1970s, Dennis Sullivan developed the notion of a minimal model of a differential graded algebra. One of the simplest examples of a differential
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Kleiner
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Bruce Alan Kleiner is an American mathematician, working in differential geometry and topology and geometric group theory.
He received his Ph.D. in 1990 from the University of California, Berkeley. His advisor was Wu-Yi Hsiang. Kleiner is a professor of mathematics at New York University.
Kleiner has written expository papers on the Ricci flow. Together with John Lott of the University of Michigan, he filled in details of Grigori Perelman's proof of the Geometrization conjecture (from which the Poincaré conjecture follows) in the years 2003–2006. Theirs was the first publication acknowledging Perelman's accomplishment (in May, 2006), which was shortly followed by similar papers by Huai-Dong Cao and Xi-Ping Zhu (in June) and John Morgan and Gang Tian (in July).
Kleiner found a relatively simple proof of Gromov's theorem on groups of polynomial growth. He also proved the Cartan–Hadamard conjecture in dimension 3.
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Home page at NYU
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Geometers
Living people
Topologists
Yale University faculty
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu%20Xiping
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Zhu Xiping (born 1962 in Shixing, Guangdong) is a Chinese mathematician. He is a professor of Mathematics at Sun Yat-sen University, China.
Poincaré conjecture
In 2002 and 2003, Grigori Perelman posted three preprints to the arXiv claiming a resolution of the renowned Poincaré conjecture, along with the more general geometrization conjecture. His work contained a number of notable new results on the Ricci flow, although many proofs were only sketched and a number of details were unaddressed. Zhu collaborated with Huai-Dong Cao of Lehigh University in filling in the details of Perelman's work, along with reworking various elements. Their work, containing expositions of Perelman's work along with the foundational work of Richard Hamilton, was published in the June 2006 issue of the Asian Journal of Mathematics. Other notable expositions were released around the same time, one by John Morgan of Columbia University and Gang Tian of Princeton University, and the other by Bruce Kleiner of Yale University and John Lott of University of Michigan.
Cao and Zhu later posted a version with revised wording to the arxiv, following criticism alleging that their original version claimed too much credit for themselves. They also published an erratum, as it had been found that one of the pages of their work was essentially identical to a page from a publicly available draft of Kleiner and Lott from 2003. They explained that they had taken down some notes from Kleiner and Lott's paper. When w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument%20from%20beauty
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The argument from beauty (also the aesthetic argument) is an argument for the existence of a realm of immaterial ideas or, most commonly, for the existence of God, that roughly states that the elegance of the laws of physics or the elegant laws of mathematics is evidence of a creator deity who has arranged these things to be beautiful (aesthetically pleasing, or "good") and not ugly.
Plato argued there is a transcendent plane of abstract ideas, or universals, which are more perfect than real-world examples of those ideas. Later philosophers connected this plane to the idea of goodness, beauty, and then the Christian God.
Various observers have also argued that the experience of beauty is evidence of the existence of a universal God. Depending on the observer, this might include artificially beautiful things like music or art, natural beauty like landscapes or astronomical bodies, or the elegance of abstract ideas like the laws of mathematics or physics.
The best-known defender of the aesthetic argument is Richard Swinburne.
History of the argument from Platonic universals
The argument from beauty has two aspects. The first is connected with the independent existence of what philosophers term a "universal" (see Universal (metaphysics) and also Problem of universals). Plato argued that particular examples of, say a circle, all fall short of the perfect exemplar of a circle that exists outside the realm of the senses as an eternal Idea. Beauty for Plato is a particularly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huai-Dong%20Cao
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Huai-Dong Cao (born 8 November 1959, in Jiangsu) is a Chinese–American mathematician. He is the A. Everett Pitcher Professor of Mathematics at Lehigh University. He is known for his research contributions to the Ricci flow, a topic in the field of geometric analysis.
Academic history
Cao received his B.A. from Tsinghua University in 1981 and his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1986 under the supervision of Shing-Tung Yau.
Cao is a former Associate Director, Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IPAM) at UCLA. He has held visiting Professorships at MIT, Harvard University, Isaac Newton Institute, Max-Planck Institute, IHES, ETH Zurich, and University of Pisa. He has been the managing editor of the Journal of Differential Geometry since 2003. His awards and honors include:
Sloan Research Fellowship (1991-1993)
Guggenheim Fellowship (2004)
Outstanding Overseas Young Researcher Award awarded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (2005)
Mathematical contributions
Kähler-Ricci flow
In 1982, Richard S. Hamilton introduced the Ricci flow, proving a dramatic new theorem on the geometry of three-dimensional manifolds. Cao, who had just begun his Ph.D. studies under Shing-Tung Yau, began to study the Ricci flow in the setting of Kähler manifolds. In his Ph.D. thesis, published in 1985, he showed that Yau's estimates in the resolution of the Calabi conjecture could be modified to the Kähler-Ricci flow context, to prove a convergence theorem similar to Hamil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Quinn%20%28mathematician%29
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Frank Stringfellow Quinn, III (born 1946) is an American mathematician and professor of mathematics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, specializing in geometric topology.
Contributions
He contributed to the mathematical field of 4-manifolds, including a proof of the 4-dimensional annulus theorem. In surgery theory, he made several important contributions: the invention of the assembly map, that enables a functorial description of surgery in the topological category, with his thesis advisor, William Browder, the development of an early surgery theory for stratified spaces, and perhaps most importantly, he pioneered the use of controlled methods in geometric topology and in algebra. Among his important applications of "control" are his aforementioned proof of the 4-dimensional annulus theorem, his development of a flexible category of stratified spaces, and, in combination with work of Robert D. Edwards, a useful characterization of high-dimensional manifolds among homology manifolds.
In addition to his work in mathematical research, he has written articles on the nature and history of mathematics and on issues of mathematical education.
Awards and honors
In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Selected publications
Frank Quinn, Ends of maps. I. Annals of Mathematics (2) 110 (1979), no. 2, 275–331.
Frank Quinn, Ends of maps. II. Inventiones Mathematicae 68 (1982), no. 3, 353–424.
Frank Quinn, Ends of maps. III. Dimensions 4 an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20J.%20Kohn
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Joseph John Kohn (May 18, 1932 – September 13, 2023) was a Czechoslovakian-born American academic and mathematician. He was professor of mathematics at Princeton University, where he researched partial differential operators and complex analysis.
Life and work
Kohn's father was Czech-Jewish architect Otto Kohn. After Nazi Germany invaded Czechoslovakia, he and his family emigrated to Ecuador in 1939. There, Otto attended Colegio Americano de Quito.
In 1945, Joseph moved to the United States, where he attended Brooklyn Technical High School. He studied at MIT (B.S. 1953) and at Princeton University, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1956 under Donald Spencer ("A Non-Self-Adjoint Boundary Value Problem on Pseudo-Kähler Manifolds").
From 1956 to 1957, Kohn was an instructor at Princeton. In 1958, he served as assistant professor, in 1962, associate professor and in 1964, professor at Brandeis University, where he also served as Chairman of the Mathematics Department (1963–66). Since 1968, he had been a professor at Princeton University, where he served as chairman from 1993 to 1996. He was a visiting professor at Harvard (1996–97), Prague, Florence, Mexico City (National Polytechnic Institute), Stanford, Berkeley, Scuola Normale Superiore (Pisa, Italy), and IHES (France).
Kohn's work focused, among other things, on the use of partial differential operators in the theory of functions of several complex variables and microlocal analysis. He has at least 65 doctoral descendants.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosslinking%20of%20DNA
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In genetics, crosslinking of DNA occurs when various exogenous or endogenous agents react with two nucleotides of DNA, forming a covalent linkage between them. This crosslink can occur within the same strand (intrastrand) or between opposite strands of double-stranded DNA (interstrand). These adducts interfere with cellular metabolism, such as DNA replication and transcription, triggering cell death. These crosslinks can, however, be repaired through excision or recombination pathways.
DNA crosslinking also has useful merit in chemotherapy and targeting cancerous cells for apoptosis, as well as in understanding how proteins interact with DNA.
Crosslinking agents
Many characterized crosslinking agents have two independently reactive groups within the same molecule, each of which is able to bind with a nucleotide residue of DNA. These agents are separated based upon their source of origin and labeled either as exogenous or endogenous. Exogenous crosslinking agents are chemicals and compounds, both natural and synthetic, that stem from environmental exposures such as pharmaceuticals and cigarette smoke or automotive exhaust. Endogenous crosslinking agents are compounds and metabolites that are introduced from cellular or biochemical pathways within a cell or organism.
Exogenous agents
Nitrogen mustards are exogenous alkylating agents which react with the N7 position of guanine. These compounds have a bis-(2-ethylchloro)amine core structure, with a variable R-group, with the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/331%20model
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The 331 model in particle physics is an extension of the electroweak gauge symmetry which offers an explanation of why there must be three families of quarks and leptons. The name "331" comes from the full gauge symmetry group .
Details
The 331 model in particle physics is an extension of the electroweak gauge symmetry from to with .
In the 331 model, hypercharge is given by
and electric charge is given by
where and are the Gell-Mann matrices of SU(3) and and are parameters of the model.
Motivation
The 331 model offers an explanation of why there must be three families of quarks and leptons. One curious feature of the Standard Model is that the gauge anomalies independently exactly cancel for each of the three known quark-lepton families. The Standard Model thus offers no explanation of why there are three families, or indeed why there is more than one family.
The idea behind the 331 model is to extend the standard model such that all three families are required for anomaly cancellation. More specifically, in this model the three families transform differently under an extended gauge group. The perfect cancellation of the anomalies within each family is ruined, but the anomalies of the extended gauge group cancel when all three families are present. The cancellation will persist for 6, 9, ... families, so having only the three families observed in nature is the least possible matter content.
Such a construction necessarily requires the addition of further gauge b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Diamond
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Philip John Diamond is a Professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester. He was the director of the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics from 1 October 2006 until 2010. He was the Chief of CSIRO's Astronomy and Space Sciences Division from 1 June 2010 and in October 2012 he left CSIRO to become the Director General of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) Organisation.
Education
Diamond was educated at the University of Leeds ( Bachelor of Science 1979) and the University of Manchester where he was awarded a PhD in Radio astronomy in 1982 for work on MERLIN and OH/IR stars.
Research
Diamond's research focuses on astrophysical masers.
References
Living people
1958 births
Alumni of the University of Leeds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn%20Abadi
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Martín Abadi (born 1963) is an Argentine computer scientist, working at Google . He earned his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in computer science from Stanford University in 1987 as a student of Zohar Manna.
He is well known for his work on computer security and on programming languages, including his paper (with Michael Burrows and Roger Needham) on the Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic for analyzing authentication protocols, and his book (with Luca Cardelli) A Theory of Objects, laying out formal calculi for the semantics of object-oriented programming languages.
In 1993, he published the programming language Baby Modula-3, a safe subset or sublanguage of Modula-3, based on functional programming and set theory ideals. Abadi is a core developer for the machine learning framework Tensorflow.
He is a 2008 Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2011, he was a temporary professor at the Collège de France in Paris, teaching computer security. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2018 for contributions to the formal theory of computer security.
He is related to Moussa Abadi, a member of the French Resistance of World War II, and to investment banker and philanthropist Carlos Abadi.
References
External links
, UCSC
1963 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Computer security academics
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca%20Oppenheimer
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Rebecca Oppenheimer is an American astrophysicist and one of four curator/professors in the Department of Astrophysics at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) on Manhattan's Upper West Side. Oppenheimer is a comparative exoplanetary scientist. She investigates planets orbiting stars other than the Sun. Her optics laboratory is the birthplace of a number of new astronomical instruments designed to tackle the problem of directly seeing and taking spectra of nearby solar systems with exoplanets and studying their composition, with the ultimate goal of finding life outside the solar system.
Early life and education
Oppenheimer attended the Horace Mann School in the Bronx. After graduating in 1990, she attended Columbia University, where she was an I. I. Rabi Science Scholar. She received a B.A. in Physics from Columbia in 1994. In 1999 she was granted a Ph.D. in astrophysics from the California Institute of Technology and spent the following two years at the University of California at Berkeley on a Hubble Space Telescope Postdoctoral Research Fellowship. In 2001, she moved back to New York City to research at the AMNH, where she joined the faculty in 2004. Oppenheimer regularly gives public and professional lectures on astronomical research.
Career
Oppenheimer holds an adjunct professorship at Columbia University's Department of Astronomy and has published over two hundred and sixty research and public-oriented science articles, with an h-index over 55 and more than
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur%20Pappenheim
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Artur Pappenheim (13 December 1870 in Berlin – 31 December 1916) was a German physician and hematologist, remembered for his pioneer efforts in stem cell research.
Biography
Of Jewish origins, initially he studied mathematics and philosophy, but his focus later turned to medicine, and in 1895 received his medical degree from the University of Berlin. Subsequently, he became an assistant to Joseph von Mering at the University of Halle, and afterwards worked under neurologist Ludwig Lichtheim in Königsberg. Later he was an assistant to dermatologist Paul Gerson Unna in Hamburg and to internist Ernst Viktor von Leyden in Berlin. In 1912 he obtained the title of professor. He died on December 31, 1916, of spotted typhus.
Pappenheim was a prolific writer, being the author of several books and numerous scientific papers. He was the founder of Folia haematologica, a journal dedicated to hematology. With Hans Hirschfeld, he was a catalyst towards the founding of the Berliner Hämatologischen Gesellschaft (1908).
Today, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und Onkologie (German Society of Hematology and Oncology) issues an annual "Artur-Pappenheim-Preis" for the best work in the fields of hematology or haematological oncology.
Associated eponyms
"Pappenheim's stain I": A staining method used for differentiating tubercle and smegma bacilli.
"Pappenheim's stain II" (Unna-Pappenheim stain): A methylene green–pyronin staining method commonly used for blood smears.
Selected wr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotome
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In earlier conceptions of kidney biology, the nephrotome was a section of the mesoderm that gives rise to the pronephros and eventually to the rest of the kidney. Older texts describe the pronephros as forming through the fusion of multiple nephrotomes.
Modern visualization methods, such as scanning electron microscopy, in situ hybridization, and confocal microscopy, combined with the simple approach of peeling off the epidermis to see the forming kidney, have shown that this is not the case. Nephric mesenchyme separates from the intermediate mesoderm as a single elongated primordia. As this primordia begins to undergo epithelialization the anterior portions of the pronephros form rounded protrusions, which then later became the dorsal branches of the pronephros that link to nephrostomes (distinct from nephrotomes). These rounded bumps are the structures observed in histological sections that are referred to as nephrotomes. Nephrotomes are not related to nephrostomes, which are thin ciliated funnels that link pronephric nephrons to the coelom.
External links
Embryology of urogenital system
Kidney
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctirad%20Uher
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Professor Ctirad Uher is the C. Wilbur Peters Collegiate Professor at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Born in Prague, Czech Republic, he graduated from the University of New South Wales, Australia in 1972 and earned his Ph.D. from there in 1979.
Career
He currently teaches in the physics department at the University of Michigan and does research in the field of condensed matter physics. Ctirad Uher was Associate Dean for two years before becoming Chair of the Physics Department in 1994. In 2004, he stepped down from that position. During Uher's administration the Physics Department faculty expanded enormously, from 60 faculty members to 80. Of these 20 new faculty, 19 eventually received tenure. It was also during this time that Martinus Veltman received his Nobel Prize. Before Uher's administration, there were no distinguished professorships in the physics department; afterward, there were six.
FOCUS
It was during Uher's administration that FOCUS (Frontiers in Optical Coherent and Ultrafast Science) was started, a program that continued until 2010. It was funded at first by an NSF grant and later through the MURI (Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative). Thanks in part to FOCUS, the University of Michigan was top-ranked in atomic/molecular/optical physics in the early 2000s.
MCTP
It was also during Uher's term that the Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics (MCTP) was established, designed to create an intellectual atmosphere conductive to theoret
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar%20Hammayil
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Omar Hammayil (, ; born 1976/77) is the mayor of Al-Bireh (in the West Bank) in the State of Palestine.
He is also a chemistry teacher.
External links
Article
Mayors of Al-Bireh
Palestinian schoolteachers
1970s births
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Al-Bireh
21st-century Palestinian people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davydov%20soliton
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In quantum biology, the Davydov soliton (after the Soviet Ukrainian physicist Alexander Davydov) is a quasiparticle representing an excitation propagating along the self-trapped amide I groups within the α-helices of proteins. It is a solution of the Davydov Hamiltonian.
The Davydov model describes the interaction of the amide I vibrations with the hydrogen bonds that stabilize the α-helices of proteins. The elementary excitations within the α-helix are given by the phonons which correspond to the deformational oscillations of the lattice, and the excitons which describe the internal amide I excitations of the peptide groups. Referring to the atomic structure of an α-helix region of protein the mechanism that creates the Davydov soliton (polaron, exciton) can be described as follows: vibrational energy of the C=O stretching (or amide I) oscillators that is localized on the α-helix acts through a phonon coupling effect to distort the structure of the α-helix, while the helical distortion reacts again through phonon coupling to trap the amide I oscillation energy and prevent its dispersion. This effect is called self-localization or self-trapping. Solitons in which the energy is distributed in a fashion preserving the helical symmetry are dynamically unstable, and such symmetrical solitons once formed decay rapidly when they propagate. On the other hand, an asymmetric soliton which spontaneously breaks the local translational and helical symmetries possesses the lowest energy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Charles%20Robert%20Jourdain
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The Reverend Francis Charles Robert Jourdain M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. (4 March 1865 – 27 February 1940), was a notable British amateur ornithologist and oologist. He was primarily known for his extensive research into the breeding biology of the birds of the Palaearctic region. He also had interests in the food of British birds and their geographical distribution and strongly encouraged detailed and accurate record keeping in local ornithology. Known for his temper, he came be known by the nickname Pastor Pugnax. He was a founder of the British Oological Association, which changed its name after his death to the Jourdain Society in his memory.
Early years
Jourdain was born in Ashbourne, Derbyshire, the eldest son of Rev. Francis Jourdain, vicar of Ashbourne-cum-Mapleton. He matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford in 1883, he graduated B.A. in 1887. Ordained in 1890, he had two curacies in Suffolk, and then was appointed vicar of Clifton-by-Ashbourne in 1894. In 1914 he was appointed rector of Appleton, near Abingdon-on-Thames, where he stayed until he retired in 1925.
Ornithology
He did not publish his first ornithological paper until 1899. From 1900 he went on an ornithological expedition abroad almost every year until his death, which resulted in a number of papers on the birds of the countries he visited. While at Appleton he actively encouraged ornithological study at Oxford University, welcoming interested students to his home. In 1922 he founded the Oxford Ornitholo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20F.%20Hunt
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Donald F. Hunt is the University Professor of Chemistry and Pathology at the University of Virginia. He is known for his research in the field of mass spectrometry, he developed electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry. He has received multiple awards for his work including the Distinguished Contribution Award from the American Society for Mass Spectrometry and the Thomson Medal from the International Mass Spectrometry Society.
Early life and education
He received his B.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and was a National Institutes of Health Postdoctoral trainee under Klaus Biemann at MIT.
The Hunt laboratory
The Hunt laboratory develops new methodology and instrumentation centered on mass spectrometry based proteomics for the characterization of proteins and their modifications.
Research interests
Among his many research interests, Hunt investigates how the immune system uses peptides to kill diseased cells, and how modifications to chromatin-associated proteins called histones create a "Code" that may be involved in many gene regulation events.
Awards
Hunt has been awarded several honors including the Distinguished Contribution Award from the American Society for Mass Spectrometry in 1994; the Christian B. Anfinsen Award from the Protein Society; the Chemical Instrumentation Award and Field and Franklin Award from the American Chemical Society; the Thomson Medal from the International Mass Spectrometry Society; the Human Proteome Orga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Morgan%20algebra
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In mathematics, a De Morgan algebra (named after Augustus De Morgan, a British mathematician and logician) is a structure A = (A, ∨, ∧, 0, 1, ¬) such that:
(A, ∨, ∧, 0, 1) is a bounded distributive lattice, and
¬ is a De Morgan involution: ¬(x ∧ y) = ¬x ∨ ¬y and ¬¬x = x. (i.e. an involution that additionally satisfies De Morgan's laws)
In a De Morgan algebra, the laws
¬x ∨ x = 1 (law of the excluded middle), and
¬x ∧ x = 0 (law of noncontradiction)
do not always hold. In the presence of the De Morgan laws, either law implies the other, and an algebra which satisfies them becomes a Boolean algebra.
Remark: It follows that ¬(x ∨ y) = ¬x ∧ ¬y, ¬1 = 0 and ¬0 = 1 (e.g. ¬1 = ¬1 ∨ 0 = ¬1 ∨ ¬¬0 = ¬(1 ∧ ¬0) = ¬¬0 = 0). Thus ¬ is a dual automorphism of (A, ∨, ∧, 0, 1).
If the lattice is defined in terms of the order instead, i.e. (A, ≤) is a bounded partial order with a least upper bound and greatest lower bound for every pair of elements, and the meet and join operations so defined satisfy the distributive law, then the complementation can also be defined as an involutive anti-automorphism, that is, a structure A = (A, ≤, ¬) such that:
(A, ≤) is a bounded distributive lattice, and
¬¬x = x, and
x ≤ y → ¬y ≤ ¬x.
De Morgan algebras were introduced by Grigore Moisil around 1935, although without the restriction of having a 0 and a 1. They were then variously called quasi-boolean algebras in the Polish school, e.g. by Rasiowa and also distributive i-lattices by J. A. Kal
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