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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Dreyfus
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Philippe Dreyfus is a French informatics pioneer.
After gaining his master's degree in physics in 1950 from the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris, he became a professor at the Informatics faculty at Harvard University using Mark I, the first automated computer ever built. In 1958 he was nominated director of the Bull Calculus Centre. In 1962 he coined the new term informatique.
In 1965 he became director of CAP Europe, an Anglo-French company, as well as director of CAP France and CAP UK. After CAP France and CAP Europe fused with Sogeti, and the consequent acquisition of Gemini Inc. (USA), he became in 1975 Vice-President of Sogeti, a position he still holds today. Philippe Dreyfus is a member of the European Computing Services Association (ECSA) Council and was the founder of Syntec Informatique. In 1962 he invented and defined the concept of programming language and in 1990 he introduced the concept of informativity (Informativité).
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Harvard University faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleb%20%28cell%20biology%29
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In cell biology, a bleb is a bulge of the plasma membrane of a cell, characterized by a spherical, "blister-like", bulky morphology. It is characterized by the decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane, degrading the internal structure of the cell, allowing the flexibility required for the cell to separate into individual bulges or pockets of the intercellular matrix. Most commonly, blebs are seen in apoptosis (programmed cell death) but are also seen in other non-apoptotic functions. Blebbing, or zeiosis, is the formation of blebs.
Formation
Initiation and expansion
Bleb growth is driven by intracellular pressure (abnormal growth) generated in the cytoplasm when the actin cortex undergoes actomyosin contractions. The disruption of the membrane-actin cortex interactions are dependent on the activity of myosin-ATPase Bleb initiation is affected by three main factors: high intracellular pressure, decreased amounts of cortex-membrane linker proteins, and deterioration of the actin cortex. The integrity of the connection between the actin cortex and the membrane are dependent on how intact the cortex is and how many proteins link the two structures. When this integrity is compromised, the addition of pressure is able to make the membrane bulge out from the rest of the cell. The presence of only one or two of these factors is often not enough to drive bleb formation. Bleb formation has also been associated with increases in myosin contractility and local myosin ac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abegg%27s%20rule
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In chemistry, Abegg's rule states that the difference between the maximum positive and negative valence of an element is frequently eight. The rule used a historic meaning of valence which resembles the modern concept of oxidation state in which an atom is an electron donor or receiver. Abegg's rule is sometimes referred to as "Abegg’s law of valence and countervalence".
In general, for a given chemical element (as sulfur) Abegg's rule states that the sum of the absolute value of its negative valence (such as −2 for sulfur in H2S and its positive valence of maximum value (as +6 for sulfur in H2SO4) is often equal to 8.
History
The concept was formulated in 1904 by German chemist Richard Abegg. Gilbert N. Lewis was one of the first to refer to the concept as "Abegg's rule" when he used it as a basis of argument in a 1916 article to develop his cubical atom theory, which developed into the octet rule. That article helped inspire Linus Pauling to write his 1938 textbook The Nature of the Chemical Bond.
See also
History of molecular theory
Irving Langmuir
References
External links
Nuclear Atom - contains and excerpt of Abegg's contributions.
Chemistry theories
Eponymous chemical rules
Theoretical chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20Laboratory
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Computer Laboratory or Computing Laboratory may refer to:
A computer lab, a room containing one shared mainframe or multiple workstations for an organisation or community.
The Department of Computer Science and Technology at the University of Cambridge, formerly the Computer Laboratory
The Department of Computer Science, at the University of Oxford, formerly the Computing Laboratory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20probability
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The probability of the outcome of an experiment is never negative, although a quasiprobability distribution allows a negative probability, or quasiprobability for some events. These distributions may apply to unobservable events or conditional probabilities.
Physics and mathematics
In 1942, Paul Dirac wrote a paper "The Physical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics" where he introduced the concept of negative energies and negative probabilities:
The idea of negative probabilities later received increased attention in physics and particularly in quantum mechanics. Richard Feynman argued that no one objects to using negative numbers in calculations: although "minus three apples" is not a valid concept in real life, negative money is valid. Similarly he argued how negative probabilities as well as probabilities above unity possibly could be useful in probability calculations.
Negative probabilities have later been suggested to solve several problems and paradoxes. Half-coins provide simple examples for negative probabilities. These strange coins were introduced in 2005 by Gábor J. Székely. Half-coins have infinitely many sides numbered with 0,1,2,... and the positive even numbers are taken with negative probabilities. Two half-coins make a complete coin in the sense that if we flip two half-coins then the sum of the outcomes is 0 or 1 with probability 1/2 as if we simply flipped a fair coin.
In Convolution quotients of nonnegative definite functions and Algebraic Probability
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20D.%20Jamieson
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James Douglas Jamieson (January 22, 1934 – October 22, 2018) was an American cell biologist and professor at the Yale School of Medicine. His early research in cell biology of pancreatic acinar cells in the lab of George Palade established the function of the Golgi apparatus in secretory protein trafficking.
Early life and education
Jamieson was born in the small town of Armstrong, British Columbia on January 22, 1934. He attended the University of British Columbia for his undergraduate and medical educations. During medical school, Jamieson took a year off to conduct research, a novel idea for medical students at the time. He owes his interest in research and teaching to this experience with his first mentors, Sydney Friedman MD-PhD and Constance Friedman, PhD, who came to UBC in 1950 to found the Department of Anatomy at the new medical school. The focus of the Friedman's research was on hypertension and the role of the kidney and electrolyte balance in the maintenance of blood pressure. Jamieson continued his education at the Rockefeller University after receiving his MD (1960), earning his PhD in 1966 and completing his post-doctoral work with Nobel Laureate (1974) George Palade. Within six years of receiving his Ph.D., Jamieson was an associate professor of cell biology at the Rockefeller University. This was a scientifically prolific time at the Rockefeller; in addition to George Palade, Jamieson was associated with Keith Porter, Philip Siekevitz, Christian DeDuv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythia%20%28disambiguation%29
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The Pythia is an ancient Greek priestess at the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi.
Pythia may also refer to:
Pythia (drag queen)
In science
432 Pythia, a main belt asteroid named after the Greek priestess
PYTHIA, a particle physics event generator
Pythia (gastropod), a genus of gastropods in the family Ellobiidae
Pythia (machine learning), an ancient text restoration deep neural network model.
In fiction
Pythia (Battlestar Galactica), a fictional character from the new Battlestar Galactica
Pythia of Gallifrey, a fictional character from the British TV series Doctor Who
In music
Pythia (band), a British symphonic metal band
See also
Pythia Island, Antarctica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFD-ACE%2B
|
CFD-ACE+ is a commercial computational fluid dynamics solver developed by ESI Group. It solves the conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, chemical species and other scalar transport equations using the finite volume method. These equations enable coupled simulations of fluid, thermal, chemical, biological, electrical and mechanical phenomena.
CFD-ACE+ solver allows for coupled heat and mass transport along with complex multi-step gas-phase and surface reactions which makes it especially useful for designing and optimizing semiconductor equipment and processes such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Researchers at the Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Arts et Metiers used CFD-ACE+ to simulate the rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD) process. They predicted the deposition rate along the substrate diameter for silicon deposition from silane. They also used CFD-ACE+ to model transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin film deposition with ultrasonic spray chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The University of Louisville and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory used CFD-ACE+ to develop the yttria-stabilized zirconia CVD process for application of thermal barrier coatings for fossil energy systems.
CFD-ACE+ was used by the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay to model the interplay of multiphysics phenomena involved in microfluidic devices such as fluid flow, structure, surface and interfaces etc. Numerical simulation of electroosmotic effect on pressure-driven flows in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bema%20Hapothle
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In chemistry, Bema Hapothle is an extended acronym for Bell–Marcus–Hammond–Polanyi–Thornton–Leffler, referring to the combined contribution of the theories of these chemists to the rationalization of changes in transition state structure to perturbations, such as change of reaction solvent.
See also
Hammond–Leffler postulate
References
Physical organic chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range%20%28computer%20programming%29
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In computer science, the term range may refer to one of three things:
The possible values that may be stored in a variable.
The upper and lower bounds of an array.
An alternative to iterator.
Range of a variable
The range of a variable is given as the set of possible values that that variable can hold. In the case of an integer, the variable definition is restricted to whole numbers only, and the range will cover every number within its range (including the maximum and minimum). For example, the range of a signed 16-bit integer variable is all the integers from −32,768 to +32,767.
Range of an array
When an array is numerically indexed, its range is the upper and lower bound of the array. Depending on the environment, a warning, a fatal exception, or unpredictable behavior will occur if the program attempts to access an array element that is outside the range. In some programming languages, such as C, arrays have a fixed lower bound (zero) and will contain data at each position up to the upper bound (so an array with 5 elements will have a range of 0 to 4). In others, such as PHP, an array may have holes where no element is defined, and therefore an array with a range of 0 to 4 will have up to 5 elements (and a minimum of 2).
Range as an alternative to iterator
Another meaning of range in computer science is an alternative to iterator. When used in this sense, range is defined as "a pair of begin/end iterators packed together". It is argued that "Ranges are a superior
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Guinier
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André Guinier (1 August 1911 – 3 July 2000) was a French physicist who did important work in the field of X-ray diffraction and solid-state physics. He worked at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, then taught at the University of Paris and later at the University of Paris-Sud in Orsay, where he co-founded the Laboratory of Solid State Physics. He was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1971 and won the Gregori Aminoff Prize in 1985.
In the field of small-angle scattering he discovered the relationship of particle size to intensity which is called Guinier's Law. He developed the Guinier camera for use in X-ray diffraction and contributed to the development of the electron microprobe by Raimond Castaing.
Together with Prof George Dawson Preston he also gives his name to the Guinier-Preston zone
Publications
Guinier, André (1955) Small-angle scattering of X-rays. OCLC number: 01646250.
Guinier, André (1963). "X-ray Diffraction. In Crystals, Imperfect Crystals, and Amorphous Bodies". W. H. Freeman and Co.
See also
Electron microprobe
References
Sources
Obituary published in Acta Crystallographica
Ravy S. André Guinier (1911–2000): a physicist among crystallographers //Physica Scripta. – 2015. – Т. 90. – №. 3. – С. 38001-38004.
External links
His recollections of his early work
His personal remembrances for the book "50 Years of X-ray Diffraction" (pg. 574)
French physicists
1911 births
2000 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Academic s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20A.%20Thompson
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William A. Thompson (born December 16, 1864 in Greenwich, New York – 1925) was an engineer with the United States Army Corps of Engineers who managed improvements on the Mississippi River.
Thompson's career
Thompson attended high school in Greenwich, and college at the University of Vermont with a degree in civil engineering in 1878. He joined the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers that year. He worked at Rock Island, Illinois until 1885. He was then placed in charge of the suboffice in La Crosse, Wisconsin. In 1896 he moved to La Crosse, and was appointed the Assistant Engineer in charge of the improvements on the Mississippi River from Winona, Minnesota to Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. He held that post until his death in 1925.
Dredge named after Thompson
A USACE dredge is named after him was designed in 1935. The dredge was built by Dravo Corporation, and christened in 1937 by Thompson's granddaughter. The dredge arrived in its home in Fountain City, Wisconsin on May 22, 1937. It worked on the upper Mississippi River, St. Croix River, and Illinois River until 2006.
References
1864 births
1925 deaths
American marine engineers
Engineers from New York (state)
People from Greenwich (town), New York
People from La Crosse, Wisconsin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni%20Brodowski
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Antoni Stanisław Brodowski (26 December 1784, Warsaw – 31 March 1832, Warsaw) was a Polish painter in the Classical style.
Biography
According to the wishes expressed in his father's will, he began by studying mathematics. He also studied art, however, and his first lessons were with Marcello Bacciarelli. From 1805 to 1808, he lived in Paris, tutoring the children of Tadeusz Mostowski, a prominent politician and writer, while studying with the miniaturist, Jean-Baptiste Jacques Augustin. When he went back to Warsaw, he worked as a clerk in the Ministry of Justice.
He returned to Paris in 1809 on a government stipend; taking some lessons with Jacques-Louis David. Soon, he balked at the rules that required him to send paintings home for approval and his funds were cut off in 1812. He decided to stay in Paris and support himself by painting portraits while taking more lessons, this time from François Gérard, who became his patron.
Once again in Warsaw, and unable to make a living with his art, he was able to obtain work at the Ministry of the Interior, where his old employer Mostowski was Minister. In 1820, after winning a gold medal for his painting of Saul and David, he was appointed an Interim Professor of Drawing and Painting at the University of Warsaw. He became a full Professor in 1824 and remained there until the University was closed by Russian authorities in 1830.
In 1822, he became a member of the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning and, in 1825, he was named
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza%20Mansouri
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Reza Mansouri (, born 1948) is an Iranian physicist and a retired professor of physics at Sharif University of Technology.
Biography
Reza Mansouri received his Ph.D. in 1972 from the University of Vienna under the supervision of Roman Ulrich Sexl. He also spent five years as an Assistant Professor there. He served as Deputy Science Minister from 2001 to 2005 and is one of Iran's influential scientific policymakers. Without his efforts, Iran would not have been able to participate in international scientific collaborations such as SESAME (Middle-East Synchrotron) and the Large Hadron Collider particle accelerator at CERN in Geneva. Mansouri has several publications focusing on scientific development in Iran. He has received scientific honors, including the prestigious Abdus Salam prize.
He is presently a visiting professor at McGill University. Mansouri has served as the president of The Physical Society of Iran. He is one of the founders of Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics and head of its Astronomy School, which is responsible for Iran's 3.4-meter national telescope (INO340).
Awards
Abdus-Salam prize
See also
Science in Iran
Intellectual movements in Iran
References
External links
List of publications
Iranian physicists
20th-century Iranian inventors
Iranian Vice Ministers
Academic staff of Sharif University of Technology
University of Vienna alumni
1948 births
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20linkage
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In genetics, complete (or absolute) linkage is defined as the state in which two loci are so close together that alleles of these loci are virtually never separated by crossing over. The closer the physical location of two genes on the DNA, the less likely they are to be separated by a crossing-over event. In the case of male Drosophila there is complete absence of recombinant types due to absence of crossing over. This means that all of the genes that start out on a single chromosome, will end up on that same chromosome in their original configuration. In the absence of recombination, only parental phenotypes are expected.
Linkage
Genetic Linkage is the tendency of alleles, which are located closely together on a chromosome, to be inherited together during the process of meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms. During the process of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up, and can exchange corresponding sections of DNA. As a result, genes that were originally on the same chromosome can finish up on different chromosomes. This process is known as genetic recombination. The rate of recombination of two discrete loci corresponds to their physical proximity. Alleles that are closer together have lower rates of recombination than those that are located far apart. The distance between two alleles on a chromosome can be determined by calculating the percentage or recombination between two loci. These probabilities of recombination can be used to construct a linkage map, or a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20James%20Rutherford
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Floyd James Ervin Rutherford (July 11, 1924 – November 4, 2021) was an American science professor, and the founder of AAAS's Project 2061, a long-term effort to reform science education in the United States.
He has been involved in Harvard Project Physics and Project City Science, and he also was an assistant director at the National Science Foundation with President Jimmy Carter, an assistant director of the United States Department of Education and educational director of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
Formative years
Originally from Stockton, California, his first contact with science education was as radar teacher in the Navy during the Second World War in 1945. After the war, he returned to the University of California, Berkeley where he completed his bachelor's degree in biochemistry in 1947. His war experience led him to obtain an M.A. in science education at Stanford University in 1949, and an Ed.D. at Harvard University in 1962.
In 1945, he married Barbara Webster, mother of his children. With her assistance, James Rutherford produced his own materials for teaching science courses in the high schools of South San Francisco and San Bruno, California. History and philosophy of science were both included, as he placed them at the core of understanding the nature of scientific achievement. Rutherford's reputation as a teacher grew and more students enrolled in his classes. He taught at South San Francisco High School from 1949 to 1951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session%20ID
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In computer science, a session identifier, session ID or session token is a piece of data that is used in network communications (often over HTTPS) to identify a session, a series of related message exchanges. Session identifiers become necessary in cases where the communications infrastructure uses a stateless protocol such as HTTP. For example, a buyer who visits a seller's website wants to collect a number of articles in a virtual shopping cart and then finalize the shopping by going to the site's checkout page. This typically involves an ongoing communication where several webpages are requested by the client and sent back to them by the server. In such a situation, it is vital to keep track of the current state of the shopper's cart, and a session ID is one way to achieve that goal.
A session ID is typically granted to a visitor on their first visit to a site. It is different from a user ID in that sessions are typically short-lived (they expire after a preset time of inactivity which may be minutes or hours) and may become invalid after a certain goal has been met (for example, once the buyer has finalized their order, they cannot use the same session ID to add more items).
As session IDs are often used to identify a user that has logged into a website, they can be used by an attacker to hijack the session and obtain potential privileges. A session ID is usually a randomly generated string to decrease the probability of obtaining a valid one by means of a brute-force
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Francis%20Eisold
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John Francis Eisold (born October 21, 1946) was the Attending Physician of the United States Congress from 1994 to 2009. Eisold holds the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy.
Early life and education
Eisold was born in Cleveland and raised in Baltimore, graduating from Towson High School in 1964. He earned a bachelor's degree in physics from Dartmouth College in 1968 and was commissioned in the Navy.
Returning to school, he graduated from the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College in 1976 and did his postgraduate training at the National Naval Medical Center Program specializing in general internal medicine and geriatric medicine.
Career
Prior to his appointment as Attending Physician of the United States Congress, Eisold was assigned to the National Naval Medical Center from 1988 to 1994. While there, he served as chairman of the Department of Internal Medicine.
Admiral Eisold and the Attending Physician's office played a central role in the 2001 anthrax attacks on Senator Tom Daschle's U.S. Senate office, taking nasal swabs from the nearly 6,000 staff, employees, and visitors that were potentially exposed to the harmful bacteria. Admiral Eisold and his staff also provided initial treatment to Senator Tim Johnson when he suffered from an intracerebral bleed caused by a cerebral arteriovenous malformation, prior to Johnson's admission to George Washington University Hospital.
Eisold was promoted to rear admiral in 1995. He has received the Distinguishe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix-free%20methods
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In computational mathematics, a matrix-free method is an algorithm for solving a linear system of equations or an eigenvalue problem that does not store the coefficient matrix explicitly, but accesses the matrix by evaluating matrix-vector products. Such methods can be preferable when the matrix is so big that storing and manipulating it would cost a lot of memory and computing time, even with the use of methods for sparse matrices. Many iterative methods allow for a matrix-free implementation, including:
the power method,
the Lanczos algorithm,
Locally Optimal Block Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Method (LOBPCG),
Wiedemann's coordinate recurrence algorithm, and
the conjugate gradient method.
Krylov subspace methods
Distributed solutions have also been explored using coarse-grain parallel software systems to achieve homogeneous solutions of linear systems.
It is generally used in solving non-linear equations like Euler's equations in computational fluid dynamics. Matrix-free conjugate gradient method has been applied in the non-linear elasto-plastic finite element solver. Solving these equations requires the calculation of the Jacobian which is costly in terms of CPU time and storage. To avoid this expense, matrix-free methods are employed. In order to remove the need to calculate the Jacobian, the Jacobian vector product is formed instead, which is in fact a vector itself. Manipulating and calculating this vector is easier than working with a large matrix or lin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weerman%20degradation
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Weerman degradation, also named Weerman reaction, is a name reaction in organic chemistry. It is named after Rudolf Adrian Weerman, who discovered it in 1910. In general, it is an organic reaction in carbohydrate chemistry in which amides are degraded by sodium hypochlorite, forming an aldehyde with one less carbon. Some have regarded it as an extension of the Hofmann rearrangement.
Degradation of α-hydroxy-substituted carbonic acid amides
The Weermann degradation could be executed with α-hydroxy-substituted carbonic acid amides. For example, sugar.
General reaction scheme
During the degradation of α-hydroxy-substituted carbonic acid amides, the carbon chain shortens by one carbon-atom.
The reaction proceeds very slowly at room temperature, therefore the reaction mixture is heated up to 60-65 °C.
Mechanism
The reaction mechanism is that of the related Hofmann degradation.
At first the carbonic acid amide (1) reacts with the sodium hypochlorite. After the separation of water and chloride an amine with a free bond is built 2. The intermediate (3) is generated by rearrangement. In the next step a hydrolysis takes place. Water is added at the carbon-atom with the number '1'. A hydroxylic group is generated. The last step is that an acidic amide is separated and the aldehyde (4) is generated.
Degradation of α,β-unsaturated carbonic acid amides
Additionally the Weerman degradation could be executed with α,β-unsaturated carbonic acid amides. For example, acrylamide.
Gener
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric%20successive%20over-relaxation
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In applied mathematics, symmetric successive over-relaxation (SSOR), is a preconditioner.
If the original matrix can be split into diagonal, lower and upper triangular as then the SSOR preconditioner matrix is defined as
It can also be parametrised by as follows.
See also
Successive over-relaxation
References
Numerical linear algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Apfelbacher
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Karl Apfelbacher was a German mathematician who served as minister for higher public education in Upper Bavaria-East. He was a student of Arnold Sommerfeld and Heinrich Tietze at the University of Munich, where he received his doctorate in 1939. He went into teaching mathematics and science, as well as administration, in secondary schools. In 1964, he was cited as being Oberstudiendirektor at the Oberrealschule in Burghausen, Altötting. On October 16, 1964, the school was taken over by the Bayerischen Staatsministeriums für Unterricht und Kultus.
Notes
20th-century German mathematicians
Year of birth missing
Possibly living people
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoria
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Amoria may refer to:
Biology
Amoria (gastropod), a taxonomic genus of medium-sized predatory marine gastropod
A synonym of the genus Trifolium (clovers)
Other
Amoria Neal-Tysor, basketball player on the 2021–22 Mercer Bears women's basketball team
Oil Tanker Amoria, of the Iraqi Oil Tankers Company
A schooner shipwrecked in Lake Pasteur, Quebec, Canada, in 1922
A location in Dungeons & Dragons; see
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallach%20rearrangement
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The Wallach rearrangement, also named Wallach transformation, is a name reaction in the organic chemistry. It is named after Otto Wallach, who discovered this reaction in 1880. In general it is a strong acid-promoted conversion of azoxybenzenes into hydroxyazobenzenes.
General reaction scheme
The Wallach rearrangement is an organic reaction converting an aromatic azoxy compound with sulfuric acid or other strong acids to an azo compound with one arene ring substituted by a hydroxyl group in the aromatic para position.
Conceptually related reactions are the Fries rearrangement, the Fischer–Hepp rearrangement, the Bamberger rearrangement, the benzidine rearrangement and the Hofmann–Martius rearrangement.
In the first part of the reaction, two equivalents of acid tease the oxygen atom away from the azoxy group. The resulting dicationic intermediate with an unusual R–N+=N+–R motif in this scheme has been observed by proton NMR in a system of fluoroantimonic acid and azoxybenzene at −50 °C. In the second part, the HSO4− anion is a nucleophile in a nucleophilic aromatic substitution followed by hydrolysis.
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism for this reaction is not known with great precision despite experimental evidence:
The primary kinetic isotope effect for the arene proton is close to one excluding the corresponding C–H bond from breaking in the rate-determining step.
The chemical kinetics of the reaction point to involvement of two protons in the reaction: the r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte%20Carlo%20method%20in%20statistical%20mechanics
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Monte Carlo in statistical physics refers to the application of the Monte Carlo method to problems in statistical physics, or statistical mechanics.
Overview
The general motivation to use the Monte Carlo method in statistical physics is to evaluate a multivariable integral. The typical problem begins with a system for which the Hamiltonian is known, it is at a given temperature and it follows the Boltzmann statistics. To obtain the mean value of some macroscopic variable, say A, the general approach is to compute, over all the phase space, PS for simplicity, the mean value of A using the Boltzmann distribution:
.
where
is the energy of the system for a given state defined by
- a vector with all the degrees of freedom (for instance, for a mechanical system, ),
and
is the partition function.
One possible approach to solve this multivariable integral is to exactly enumerate all possible configurations of the system, and calculate averages at will. This is done in exactly solvable systems, and in simulations of simple systems with few particles. In realistic systems, on the other hand, an exact enumeration can be difficult or impossible to implement.
For those systems, the Monte Carlo integration (and not to be confused with Monte Carlo method, which is used to simulate molecular chains) is generally employed. The main motivation for its use is the fact that, with the Monte Carlo integration, the error goes as , independently of the dimension of the integral. Anoth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest%20Semesters%20in%20Mathematics
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The Budapest Semesters in Mathematics program is a study abroad opportunity for North American undergraduate students in Budapest, Hungary. The coursework is primarily mathematical and conducted in English by Hungarian professors whose primary positions are at Eötvös Loránd University or the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Originally started by László Lovász, László Babai, Vera Sós, and Pál Erdős, the first semester was conducted in Spring 1985. The North- American part of the program is currently run by Tina Garrett (North American Director) out of St. Olaf College in Northfield, MN. She is supported by Kendra Killpatrick (Associate Director) and Eileen Shimota (Program Administrator). The former North American Directors were Paul D. Humke (1988–2011) and Tom Trotter. The Hungarian director is Dezső Miklós. The first Hungarian director was Gábor J. Székely (1985–1995).
History of the Program
Courses offered
Courses commonly offered at BSM:
Introduction to Abstract Algebra
Advanced Abstract Algebra
Topics in Analysis
Complex Functions
Combinatorics 1
Combinatorics 2
Commutative Algebra
Conjecture and Proof
Functional Analysis
Elementary Problem Solving
Galois Theory
Topics in Geometry
Graph Theory
Number Theory
Topics in Number Theory
Probability Theory
Real Functions and Measures
Set Theory
Introduction to Topology
Mathematical Physics
Independent Research Groups
Theory of Computing
Di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred%20Merrill
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Winifred Merrill may refer to:
Winifred Edgerton Merrill (1862–1951), mathematician and astronomer, the first American woman to receive a PhD in mathematics
Winifred Merrill Warren (1898–1990), American violinist and music educator
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doob%27s%20martingale%20inequality
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In mathematics, Doob's martingale inequality, also known as Kolmogorov’s submartingale inequality is a result in the study of stochastic processes. It gives a bound on the probability that a submartingale exceeds any given value over a given interval of time. As the name suggests, the result is usually given in the case that the process is a martingale, but the result is also valid for submartingales.
The inequality is due to the American mathematician Joseph L. Doob.
Statement of the inequality
The setting of Doob's inequality is a submartingale relative to a filtration of the underlying probability space. The probability measure on the sample space of the martingale will be denoted by . The corresponding expected value of a random variable , as defined by Lebesgue integration, will be denoted by .
Informally, Doob's inequality states that the expected value of the process at some final time controls the probability that a sample path will reach above any particular value beforehand. As the proof uses very direct reasoning, it does not require any restrictive assumptions on the underlying filtration or on the process itself, unlike for many other theorems about stochastic processes. In the continuous-time setting, right-continuity (or left-continuity) of the sample paths is required, but only for the sake of knowing that the supremal value of a sample path equals the supremum over an arbitrary countable dense subset of times.
Discrete time
Let be a discrete-time submart
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20faculty%20and%20alumni%20of%20Marshall%20University
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This is a list of notable people associated with Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America.
Faculty
Academics
Josh Brunty, current professor of digital forensics at Marshall University
Maurice G. Burnside, former professor at Marshall University
Edith Clarke, former mathematics and physics professor at Marshall University
Ken Hechler, former professor at Marshall University
Ned D. Heindel, former professor at Marshall University
Evan Jenkins, former professor of business law at Marshall University
Ronald J. Oakerson, former professor of political science at Marshall University
Carrie Oeding, former assistant professor of literature at Marshall University
Joel Peckham, current professor of literature at Marshall University
Timothy F. Sedgwick, former professor at Marshall University
Jean Edward Smith, former professor of political science at Marshall University
Paul W. Whear, former professor at Marshall University
John H. Wotiz, former professor of chemistry at Marshall University
Administration
Dan Angel, former president of Marshall University
Champ Clark, former president of Marshall University
Constantine W. Curris, former dean of student personnel programs at Marshall University
Donald Dedmon, former president of Marshall University
Jeffery Elwell, former professor and chair of the department of theatre and dance at Marshall University
Jerome A. Gilbert, former president of Marshall University
J. Wade Gilley, former president of Marsha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Olds
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George Daniel Olds (October 14, 1853 – May 10, 1931) was a mathematician who served a term as the President of Amherst College.
Olds was born in Middleport, New York and received his A.B. (1873) and A.M. (1876) from the University of Rochester. He was professor of mathematics at the University of Rochester (1884–1891) and Amherst College (1891–1927). He served as Dean of the College from 1909 to 1922 and President of Amherst College from 1924 to 1927. Among his students was Calvin Coolidge.
Olds is the father of Leland Olds, an American economist and former head of the U.S. Federal Power Commission.
References
External links
George D. Olds Papers at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections
1853 births
1931 deaths
Presidents of Amherst College
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate%20%28chemistry%29
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In chemistry, the term substrate is highly context-dependent. Broadly speaking, it can refer either to a chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, or to a surface on which other chemical reactions or microscopy are performed.
In the former sense, a reagent is added to the substrate to generate a product through a chemical reaction. The term is used in a similar sense in synthetic and organic chemistry, where the substrate is the chemical of interest that is being modified. In biochemistry, an enzyme substrate is the material upon which an enzyme acts. When referring to Le Chatelier's principle, the substrate is the reagent whose concentration is changed.
Spontaneous reaction
Where S is substrate and P is product.
Catalysed reaction
Where S is substrate, P is product and C is catalyst.
In the latter sense, it may refer to a surface on which other chemical reactions are performed or play a supporting role in a variety of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, as discussed in the first few subsections below.
Microscopy
In three of the most common nano-scale microscopy techniques, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a substrate is required for sample mounting. Substrates are often thin and relatively free of chemical features or defects. Typically silver, gold, or silicon wafers are used due to their ease of manufacturing and lack of interference in the microscopy data. Samples a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp%20Friedrich%20Gmelin
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Philipp Friedrich Gmelin (19 August 1721 – 9 May 1768) was a professor of botany and chemistry. He studied the chemistry of antimony and wrote texts on the pancreatic ducts, mineral waters, and botany.
He was a brother of the famous traveler Johann Georg Gmelin. He obtained his Master's degree in 1742, at the University of Tübingen under Burchard Mauchart.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1758.
He was the father of the naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin.
Works
Notes
References
J. Chem. Educ., 1954, 32, pp. 534–541.
Chem. Ber., 1939, 72, pp. 5A-33A.
, Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1962, vol. 2, p. 776.
, Delagrabe, 1843–1865, vol. 16, p. 646.
, C. L. F. Panckoucke, 1820–1822, vol. 4, pp. 461–462.
External links
Philipp Friedrich Gmelin at EconomyPoint.org
Philipp Friedrich Gmelin at OpenLibrary.org
1721 births
1768 deaths
University of Tübingen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
18th-century German botanists
18th-century German chemists
Fellows of the Royal Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin%20Po%C3%A9naru
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Valentin Alexandre Poénaru (born 1932 in Bucharest) is a Romanian–French mathematician. He was a Professor of Mathematics at University of Paris-Sud, specializing in low-dimensional topology.
Life and career
Born in Bucharest, Romania, he did his undergraduate studies at the University of Bucharest. In 1962, he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Stockholm, Sweden. While at the congress, Poénaru defected, subsequently leaving for France. He arrived in mid-September 1962 at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques in Bures-sur-Yvette; the IHÉS decided to support him, and he has remained associated with the institute ever since then.
Poénaru defended his Thèse d'État at the University of Paris on March 23, 1963. His dissertation topic was Sur les variétés tridimensionnelles ayant le type d'homotopie de la sphère S3, and was written under the supervision of Charles Ehresmann.
After that, he went to the United States, spending four years at Harvard University and Princeton University. In 1967, he returned to France.
Poénaru has worked for several decades on a proof of the Poincaré conjecture, making a number of related breakthroughs. His first attempt at proving the conjecture dates from 1957. He has described his general approach over the years in different papers and conferences. On December 19, 2006, he posted a preprint to the arXiv, claiming to have finally completed the details of his approach and proven the conjecture.
His
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20system
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In mathematical physics, Hilbert system is an infrequently used term for a physical system described by a C*-algebra.
In logic, especially mathematical logic, a Hilbert system, sometimes called Hilbert calculus, Hilbert-style deductive system or Hilbert–Ackermann system, is a type of system of formal deduction attributed to Gottlob Frege and David Hilbert. These deductive systems are most often studied for first-order logic, but are of interest for other logics as well.
Most variants of Hilbert systems take a characteristic tack in the way they balance a trade-off between logical axioms and rules of inference. Hilbert systems can be characterised by the choice of a large number of schemes of logical axioms and a small set of rules of inference. Systems of natural deduction take the opposite tack, including many deduction rules but very few or no axiom schemes. The most commonly studied Hilbert systems have either just one rule of inference modus ponens, for propositional logics or two with generalisation, to handle predicate logics, as well and several infinite axiom schemes. Hilbert systems for propositional modal logics, sometimes called Hilbert-Lewis systems, are generally axiomatised with two additional rules, the necessitation rule and the uniform substitution rule.
A characteristic feature of the many variants of Hilbert systems is that the context is not changed in any of their rules of inference, while both natural deduction and sequent calculus contain some cont
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20middle%20schools%20in%20Albuquerque%2C%20New%20Mexico
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The following is a list of middle schools in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Albuquerque Academy
Albuquerque Institute for Mathematics and Science
Cleveland Middle School
Cottonwood Classical Preparatory School
Desert Ridge Middle School
Eisenhower Middle School
Ernie Pyle Middle School
Garfield Middle School
Grant Middle School
Harrison Middle School
Hayes Middle School
Hoover Middle School
Jackson Middle School
James Monroe Middle School
Jefferson Middle School
Jimmy Carter Middle School
John Adams Middle School
Kennedy Middle School
L. B. Johnson Middle School
Madison Middle School
McKinley Middle School
Polk Middle School
Roosevelt Middle School
Sandia Preparatory School
Taft Middle School
Taylor Middle School
Tony Hillerman Middle School
Truman Middle School
Van Buren Middle School
Washington Middle School
2021 Washington Middle School Shooting
Wilson Middle School
Albuquerque
Albuquerque
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20E.%20Coates
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Charles Edward Coates, Jr. (August 13, 1866 – December 27, 1939) was an American academic, chemist, and college football player and coach. He was the third faculty member with a PhD in Louisiana State University's history. Coates was known worldwide for his work in sugar chemistry research and he served as the dean of the Audubon Sugar School. Coates was also the first head coach of the LSU Tigers football team. He lost the only game he ever coached in 1893 to a team composed mostly of ex-Tulane players and members of the Southern Athletic Club, 34–0.
Coates was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1866. His father, Charles E. Coates, Sr., practiced medicine in Baltimore after moving from Coatesville, Pennsylvania, which had been settled by and named for his ancestors. Coates played football at Johns Hopkins University and when he came to LSU in 1893, he volunteered to organize and coach the school's first football squad. He married Ollie Maurin of Donaldsonville, Louisiana in 1901. The couple had four children. Coates died in 1939.
The Charles E. Coates Memorial Fund at LSU is named after him, as is Coates Hall, a building on LSU's campus.
Head coaching record
References
External links
1866 births
1939 deaths
American chemists
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays football players
Louisiana State University faculty
LSU Tigers football coaches
Coaches of American football from Maryland
Players of American football from Baltimore
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Kaplan%20%28chemist%29
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Irving Kaplan (1913–1997) was a chemist and a Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor, who was among the founders of the Department of Nuclear Engineering at the institution.
Biography
Kaplan received a BA from Columbia University in 1933, an MA in 1934 and a PhD in chemistry in 1937. Before coming to MIT, he was a researcher in chemistry at the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago from 1937 to 1941. He participated in the Manhattan Project to do research on isotope separation. Kaplan was also a lead founding member of the Federation of American Scientists, and worked with other scientists to promote civilian control of the atomic energy. This eventually led the way to the creation of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1947. From 1946 to 1957, he worked as a senior physicist at the Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, and wrote a textbook titled Nuclear Physics. Kaplan visited MIT in 1957, and became a professor in 1958 to participate in the new department. He participated in various projects such as the research on lattices of partially enriched uranium rods in heavy water, and development of graduate and undergraduate courses such as the history of science and classical Greek.
Personal life
Professor Kaplan had a wife, two sons and one daughter, and four grandchildren. He died at the Massachusetts General Hospital on April 10 after a heart surgery.
References
Further reading
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1997/kaplan.html
20th-century American chemist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasegawa%E2%80%93Mima%20equation
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In plasma physics, the Hasegawa–Mima equation, named after Akira Hasegawa and Kunioki Mima, is an equation that describes a certain regime of plasma, where the time scales are very fast, and the distance scale in the direction of the magnetic field is long. In particular the equation is useful for describing turbulence in some tokamaks. The equation was introduced in Hasegawa and Mima's paper submitted in 1977 to Physics of Fluids, where they compared it to the results of the ATC tokamak.
Assumptions
The magnetic field is large enough that:
for all quantities of interest. When the particles in the plasma are moving through a magnetic field, they spin in a circle around the magnetic field. The frequency of oscillation, known as the cyclotron frequency or gyrofrequency, is directly proportional to the magnetic field.
The particle density follows the quasineutrality condition:
where Z is the number of protons in the ions. If we are talking about hydrogen Z = 1, and n is the same for both species. This condition is true as long as the electrons can shield out electric fields. A cloud of electrons will surround any charge with an approximate radius known as the Debye length. For that reason this approximation means the size scale is much larger than the Debye length. The ion particle density can be expressed by a first order term that is the density defined by the quasineutrality condition equation, and a second order term which is how much it differs from the equation.
T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REVTeX
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REVTeX is a collection of LaTeX macros which is maintained and
distributed by the American Physical Society with auxiliary files and a user support guide, as part of a "REVTeX toolbox." REVTeX is used to submit papers to journals published by the American Physical Society (APS), the American Institute of Physics (AIP), and the Optical Society of America (OSA). REVTeX is accepted by a few other technical publishers as well.
REVTeX was created by APS to support its authors in the editorial process and to facilitate the production of APS journals. Subsequent to REVTeX's original release and APS’ success with this electronic
publishing program, a collaborative effort of the APS, AIP, OSA, and the American Astronomical Society (AAS) was initiated to coordinate a revision to REVTeX and to AASTeX (used by AAS authors). The result was a version of REVTeX that APS, AIP, and OSA authors could use, with minimal impact to authors who submitted to multiple scholarly journals.
REVTeX is licensed under the LaTeX Project Public License.
History
The REVTeX project was begun in 1986, when the American Physical Society was exploring how to support standardized electronic submission of scientific papers. They launched the initial version of REVTeX in 1988, naming it after an abbreviation of the Physical Review journals and the TeX typesetting system. According to APS, by the early 1990s, REVTeX submissions accounted for around 25% of submissions to APS journals.
Version history:
1988 –
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Genetically%20Engineered%20Machine
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The International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition is a worldwide synthetic biology competition that was initially aimed at undergraduate university students, but has since expanded to include divisions for high school students, entrepreneurs, and community laboratories, as well as 'overgraduates'.
Competition details
Student teams are given a kit (so called ‘Distribution Kit’) of standard, interchangeable parts (so called 'BioBricks') at the beginning of the summer from the Registry of Standard Biological Parts comprising various genetic components such as promoters, terminators, reporter elements, and plasmid backbones. Working at their local laboratories over the summer, they use these parts and new parts of their own design to build biological systems and operate them in living cells.
The teams are free to choose a project, which can build on previous projects or be new to iGEM. Successful projects produce cells that exhibit new and unusual properties by engineering sets of multiple genes together with mechanisms to regulate their expression.
At the end of the summer, the teams add their new BioBricks to the Parts Registry and the scientific community can build upon the expanded set of BioBricks in the next year.
At the annual ‘iGEM Jamboree’ teams from all continents meet in Paris for a scientific conference where they present their projects to each other and to a scientific jury of ~120 judges. The judges award medals and special prizes to the team
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favard%20constant
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In mathematics, the Favard constant, also called the Akhiezer–Krein–Favard constant, of order r is defined as
This constant is named after the French mathematician Jean Favard, and after the Soviet mathematicians Naum Akhiezer and Mark Krein.
Particular values
Uses
This constant is used in solutions of several extremal problems, for example
Favard's constant is the sharp constant in Jackson's inequality for trigonometric polynomials
the sharp constants in the Landau–Kolmogorov inequality are expressed via Favard's constants
Norms of periodic perfect splines.
References
Mathematical constants
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automath
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Automath ("automating mathematics") is a formal language, devised by Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn starting in 1967, for expressing complete mathematical theories in such a way that an included automated proof checker can verify their correctness.
Overview
The Automath system included many novel notions that were later adopted and/or reinvented in areas such as typed lambda calculus and explicit substitution. Dependent types is one outstanding example. Automath was also the first practical system that exploited the Curry–Howard correspondence. Propositions were represented as sets (called "categories") of their proofs, and the question of provability became a question of non-emptiness (type inhabitation); de Bruijn was unaware of Howard's work, and stated the correspondence independently.
L. S. van Benthem Jutting, as part of this Ph.D. thesis in 1976, translated Edmund Landau's Foundations of Analysis into Automath and checked its correctness.
Automath was never widely publicized at the time, however, and so never achieved widespread use; nonetheless, it proved very influential in the later development of logical frameworks and proof assistants. The Mizar system, a system of writing and checking formalized mathematics that is still in active use, was influenced by Automath.
See also
QED manifesto
References
External links
The Automath Archive (mirror)
Thirty Five years of Automath homepage of a workshop to celebrate the 35th year of Automath
Automath page by Freek Wiedij
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mice%20problem
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In mathematics, the mice problem is a continuous pursuit–evasion problem in which a number of mice (or insects, dogs, missiles, etc.) are considered to be placed at the corners of a regular polygon. In the classic setup, each then begins to move towards its immediate neighbour (clockwise or anticlockwise). The goal is often to find out at what time the mice meet.
The most common version has the mice starting at the corners of a unit square, moving at unit speed. In this case they meet after a time of one unit, because the distance between two neighboring mice always decreases at a speed of one unit. More generally, for a regular polygon of unit-length sides, the distance between neighboring mice decreases at a speed of , so they meet after a time of .
Path of the mice
For all regular polygons, each mouse traces out a pursuit curve in the shape of a logarithmic spiral. These curves meet in the center of the polygon.
In media
In Dara Ó Briain: School of Hard Sums, the mice problem is discussed. Instead of 4 mice, 4 ballroom dancers are used.
References
External links
Zeno's Mice (Ants) Problem and the Logarithmic Spirals - YouTube lecture with equation derivation
Recreational mathematics
Pursuit–evasion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite%20field%20%28mathematics%29
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A composite field or compositum of fields is an object of study in field theory. Let L be a field, and let F, K be subfields of L. Then the (internal) composite of F and K is defined to be the intersection of all subfields of L containing both F and K. The composite is commonly denoted FK. When F and K are not regarded as subfields of a common field then the (external) composite is defined using the tensor product of fields.
It also can be defined using field of fractions
is the set of all -rational expressions in finitely many elements of .
References
, especially chapter 2
Field (mathematics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFD-FASTRAN
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CFD-FASTRAN is a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package developed by ESI Group for aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic applications.
CFD-FASTRAN was used by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa to simulate the release of a missile from the outboard pylon of the BAE Hawk Mk120 at transonic speeds where shockwaves dominate the flowfield. The CFD software was used to calculate the carriage loads, structural dynamic responses from the ejection forces and model the loads on the missile in free-flight.
The CFD software was used to predict supercooled droplet impingement on helicopter blades by the Institute for Aerospace Research. This is a first step towards simulating ice formation on rotating helicopter blades.
CFD-FASTRAN was used to study the aerodynamic performance of a hypersonic vehicle powered by scramjet engines. Flow conditions were simulated at various angles of attack at Mach 5.85.
Two-dimensional numerical flow simulations were performed with CFD-FASTRAN to compare the effects of a combined jet flap and Coanda jet on a supercritical airfoil. The results showed that the combined jet flap provided the best performance.
CFD-FASTRAN was used to simulate flow past helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight conditions. The predictions matched the experimental data.
References
Computational fluid dynamics
Engineering software companies
Physics software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisenstadt%20Prize
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The André Aisenstadt Prize recognizes a young Canadian mathematician's outstanding achievement in pure or applied mathematics.
It has been awarded annually since 1992 (except in 1994, when no prize was given) by the Centre de Recherches Mathématiques at the University of Montreal. The prize consists of a $3,000 award and a medal. It is named after .
Prize Winners
Source: CRM, University of Montreal
2021 Giulio Tiozzo (University of Toronto) and Tristan C. Collins (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
2020 Robert Haslhofer (University of Toronto) and Egor Shelukhin (Université de Montréal)
2019 Yaniv Plan (University of British Columbia)
2018 Benjamin Rossman (University of Toronto)
2017 Jacob Tsimerman (University of Toronto)
2016 Anne Broadbent (University of Ottawa)
2015 Louis-Pierre Arguin (University of Montréal and the City University of New York - Baruch College and Graduate Center)
2014 Sabin Cautis of the University of British Columbia
2013 Spyros Alexakis of the University of Toronto
2012 Marco Gualtieri of the University of Toronto and Young-Heon Kim of the University of British Columbia
2011 Joel Kamnitzer of the University of Toronto
2010 Omer Angel of the University of British Columbia
2009 Valentin Blomer of the University of Toronto
2008 József Solymosi of the University of British Columbia and Jonathan Taylor of the University of Montreal.
2007 Greg Smith of Queen's University and Alexander Holroyd of the University of British Columbia.
2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont%20Experimental%20Station
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The DuPont Experimental Station is the largest research and development facility of DuPont, located on the banks of the Brandywine Creek in Wilmington, Delaware
Overview
The Experimental Station was founded as an effort to move the DuPont Company from gunpowder and explosives into chemistry.[1] The site overlooks the original powder mills upon which the company was founded – now Hagley Museum and Library. The Experimental Station is east from Hagley Museum and west-southwest from Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware. The station serves as the primary research and development facility for DuPont. It is home to DuPont's Central Research and most other business units of DuPont are also represented on site. The Experimental Station is where many materials and products were developed by DuPont, including:
Neoprene – the world's first synthetic rubber
Nylon polyamide for fibers and engineering polymers for machine parts, gears, electrical systems and automobile air intake manifolds
Tyvek nonwovens for housewrap, envelopes, medical packaging, environmental protection and currency
Kevlar fiber for body armor and automobile tire reinforcement;
Mylar polyester film for packaging material and balloons
Corian solid surface materials for countertops, flooring and art.
Butacite polyvinyl butyral, the safety interlayer in laminated glass
Nomex fiber for firefighting equipment and other thermal protection applications
Simple crown ethers, which were invented by Charles J. Peders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutching%20construction
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In topology, a branch of mathematics, the clutching construction is a way of constructing fiber bundles, particularly vector bundles on spheres.
Definition
Consider the sphere as the union of the upper and lower hemispheres and along their intersection, the equator, an .
Given trivialized fiber bundles with fiber and structure group over the two hemispheres, then given a map (called the clutching map), glue the two trivial bundles together via f.
Formally, it is the coequalizer of the inclusions via and : glue the two bundles together on the boundary, with a twist.
Thus we have a map : clutching information on the equator yields a fiber bundle on the total space.
In the case of vector bundles, this yields , and indeed this map is an isomorphism (under connect sum of spheres on the right).
Generalization
The above can be generalized by replacing and with any closed triad , that is, a space X, together with two closed subsets A and B whose union is X. Then a clutching map on gives a vector bundle on X.
Classifying map construction
Let be a fibre bundle with fibre . Let be a collection of pairs such that is a local trivialization of over . Moreover, we demand that the union of all the sets is (i.e. the collection is an atlas of trivializations ).
Consider the space modulo the equivalence relation is equivalent to if and only if and . By design, the local trivializations give a fibrewise equivalence between this quotient space and the fibre bundle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic%20epitype
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A somatic epitype is a non-heritable epigenetic alteration in a gene. It is similar to conventional epigenetics in that it does not involve changes in the DNA primary sequence. Physically, the somatic epitype corresponds to changes in DNA methylation, oxidative damage (replacement of GTP with oxo-8-dGTP), or changes in DNA-chromatin structure that are not reversed by normal cellular or nuclear repair mechanisms. Somatic epitypes alter gene expression levels without altering the amino acid sequence of the expressed protein. Current research suggests that somatic epitypes can be altered both before and after birth, and this alteration can be in response to exposure to heavy metals (such as lead), differences in maternal care, or nutritional or behavioral stress. There is no indication that somatic epitypes are heritable in a conventional epigenetic fashion. Some research suggests that methylation levels (and gene expression) can be reversed for some somatic epitypes by alterations in environmental factors such as diet.
See also
Epigenetics
Sources
DNA
Epigenetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Brudno
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Alexander L'vovich Brudno () (10 January 1918 – 1 December 2009) was a Russian computer scientist, best known for fully describing the alpha-beta pruning algorithm. From 1991 until his death he lived in Israel.
Biography
Brudno developed the "mathematics/machine interface" for the M-2 computer constructed in 1952 at the Krzhizhanovskii laboratory of the Institute of Energy of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Soviet Union. He was a great friend of Alexander Kronrod.
Brudno's work on alpha-beta pruning was published in 1963 in Russian and English.
The algorithm was used in computer chess program written by Vladimir Arlazarov and others at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEF or ITEP). According to Monty Newborn and the Computer History Museum, the algorithm was used later in Kaissa the world computer chess champion in 1974.
In 1980, Brudno became a founder and scientific director of the first Russian school for young programmers УПЦ ВТ. He was the scientific director of the first Russian programming Olympiads for the students, and published a book of problems from these competitions.
Brudno – Kronrod seminar
In 1959 Brudno and Alexander Kronrod organized seminar devoted to the presentation of different works in areas of system programming, programming of games (including chess), and artificial intelligence. Many well known results were presented and discussed at this seminar, including: Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula, AVL trees, computer ch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth%20Lloyd
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Elisabeth Anne Lloyd (born September 3, 1956) is an American philosopher of science specialising in the philosophy of biology. She is currently Distinguished Professor of History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine - as well as Adjunct Professor of biology - at Indiana University, Bloomington, affiliated faculty scholar at the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction and Adjunct Faculty at the Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior.
Education and career
Lloyd was born in Morristown, New Jersey, and earned her BA in science and political theory from University of Colorado, Boulder in 1980, summa cum laude. Lloyd studied under Bas van Fraassen at Princeton University for a PhD in philosophy 19801984. While a student at Princeton, she spent a year (1983) studying with Richard C. Lewontin at Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology.
She worked as an assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy at University of California, San Diego, 1985–88; and then was assistant professor, then associate professor, then full professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley from 1988 to 1999, before moving to Indiana University.
In 2022, she was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.
Philosophical work
Her 2005 book, The Case of the Female Orgasm, was widely discussed in the scholarly and popular press, including Isis, Nature and The New York Times. The book criticizes what it portrays as a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20time-resolution%20astrophysics
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High time-resolution astrophysics (HTRA) is a section of astronomy/astrophysics involved in measuring and studying astronomical phenomena in time scales of 1 second and smaller (t.b.c.). This breed of astronomy has developed with higher efficiency detectors and larger telescopes to get more photons per second along with better computers to store and analyse the vast amounts of data acquired in one night.
Pre-existing objects can now fall into this category such as gamma-ray burst optical transients and pulsars, although this relatively new science is concentrated in the optical/infrared regime and time limits are yet to be set as to what is high time-resolution.
External links
Opticon:HTRA
Observational astronomy
Astrophysics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htra
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Term Htra may refer to:
High time-resolution astrophysics, a section of astronomy/astrophysics
Peptidase Do, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20M.%20Bender
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Carl M. Bender (born 1943) is an American applied mathematician and mathematical physicist. He currently holds the Wilfred R. and Ann Lee Konneker Distinguished Professorship of Physics at Washington University in St. Louis. He also has joint positions as professor of physics at the University of Heidelberg and as visiting professor of applied mathematics and mathematical physics at Imperial College, London.
Bender achieved initial prominence in the sciences for his work on perturbative and nonperturbative methods in quantum field theory. At the turn of the millennium, Bender discovered the importance of parity-time (PT) symmetry in non-Hermitian quantum systems. His work influenced major advances in physics, particularly optics.
Biography
Bender has a storied family history in physics. His father, Alfred Bender, taught physics to Julian Schwinger at Townsend Harris High School. Schwinger wrote of Alfred Bender: In a remarkable coincidence, Alfred's first cousin, Abram Bader, taught physics to Richard Feynman at Far Rockaway High School. Feynman wrote of Bader: Schwinger and Feynman, along with Tomonaga, would go on to share the same Nobel Prize in 1965 for their work in Quantum Electro Dynamics (QED).
Bender received his B.A. in 1964 from Cornell University, where he graduated summa cum laude and with Distinction in All Subjects and was elected to residence in the Telluride House. There, he also became a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Kappa Phi honoraries. He earned
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Shanlan
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Li Shanlan (李善蘭, courtesy name: Renshu 壬叔, art name: Qiuren 秋紉) (1810 – 1882) was a Chinese mathematician of the Qing Dynasty.
A native of Haining, Zhejiang, he was fascinated by mathematics since childhood, beginning with the Nine Chapters on Mathematical Art. He eked out a living by being a private tutor for some years before fleeing to Shanghai in 1852 to evade the Taiping Rebellion. There he collaborated with Alexander Wylie, Joseph Edkins , and others to translate many Western mathematical works into Chinese, including Elements of Analytical Geometry and the Differential and Integral Calculus by Elias Loomis, Augustus De Morgan's Elements of Algebra, and the last nine volumes of Euclid's Elements (from Henry Billingsley's edition), the first six volumes of which having been rendered into Chinese by Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi in 1607. With Wylie, he also translated Outlines of Astronomy by John Herschel and coined the Chinese names for many of the low-numbered asteroids.
A great number of mathematical terms used in Chinese today were first coined by Li, who was later borrowed into the Japanese language as well. He discovered the Li Shanlan identity (Li Shanlan's summation formulae) in 1867. Later he worked in the think tank of Zeng Guofan. In 1868, he began to teach in Tongwen Guan where he collaborated closely with linguist John Fryer.
See also
Chinese hypothesis
References
External links
Biography at the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
1810 births
1882 d
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius%20Hondros
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Demetrius Hondros (, April 9./21. 1882 in Serres – July, 29. 1962, Athens) was a Greek physicist. He was born in April 1882 in what was then the Ottoman Empire.
Hondros studied under Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich, and was granted his Ph.D. in 1909. In 1922, he was cited as being professor of physics at the University of Athens.
Notes
http://www.physics.ntua.gr/~dris/DIDAKTO_D-H.pdf
20th-century Greek physicists
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Expatriates from the Ottoman Empire in Germany
1882 births
1962 deaths
People from Serres
Academic staff of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20138001%E2%80%93139000
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138001–138100
|-id=016
| 138016 Kerribeisser || || Kerri B. Beisser (born 1974) is a project manager at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, and served as the Education and Public Outreach Lead for the New Horizons Mission to Pluto. ||
|}
138101–138200
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
138201–138300
|-id=221
| 138221 Baldry || || Ivan Baldry (born 1971), British astronomer with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey who works on the color bimodality of galaxies ||
|}
138301–138400
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
138401–138500
|-id=445
| 138445 Westenburger || || Carl-Heinz Westenburger (1924–2008), German painter, printmaker and conservationist ||
|}
138501–138600
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
138601–138700
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
138701–138800
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
138801–138900
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
138901–139000
|-id=979
| 138979 Černice || || The small Czech village of Černice, located in the South Bohemian Region above the Vltava river ||
|}
References
138001-139000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NA48%20experiment
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The NA48 experiment was a series of particle physics experiments in the field of kaon physics being carried out at the North Area of the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN. The collaboration involved over 100 physicists mostly from Western Europe and Russia.
The construction of the NA48 experimental setup took place early 1990s. The primary physics goal – the search for direct CP violation – was inherited from the predecessor NA31 experiment. The physics data taking runs took place between 1997 and 2001. The discovery of the phenomenon of direct CP violation, one of the most important experimental results obtained at CERN, was announced by the collaboration in 1999. The publication of the final result was made in 2001. In addition the experiment made a contribution to studies of rare decays of neutral kaons.
The following stage of the experiment (NA48/1) was carried out in 2002 and was devoted to high precision study of rare decays of neutral kaons and hyperons. The next stage (NA48/2) was carried out in 2003–2004 and was dedicated to a large programme of studies of properties of charged kaons, including the search of direct CP violation, studies of rare decays of the charged kaon, and low-energy QCD using final state rescattering.
The successor of NA48 is the NA62 experiment, which started data collection in 2015 and is dedicated to further studies of rare decays of the charged kaon.
See also
NA31 experiment
NA62 experiment
External links
NA48 website
NA48/1 website
NA4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Rogowski
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Walter Rogowski (7 May 1881 – 10 March 1947) was a German physicist who bridged the gap between theoretical physics and applied technology in numerous areas of electronics. The Rogowski coil was named after him.
Biography
In 1900, Rogowski began his studies at the RWTH Aachen, under Arnold Sommerfeld, who occupied the Chair for Applied Mechanics. He acquired his Vordiplom in 1902 and went on to study at the Danzig Technische Hochschule (now Gdańsk University of Technology), where he was also a scientific assistant. He completed his studies at Danzig in 1904, but stayed on until 1908, when he went to be a scientific assistant at the Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin, specializing in high current technology, telecommunications technology, and electrical physics.
After World War I, Rogowski returned to Aachen, in 1920, and became an ordinarius professor for theoretical electro-technology and director of the Institute for Electro-Technology. At that time, the institute was in the mining industry building. Rogowski, with his head assistant Eugen Flegler, began to put together a plan for their own building. The draft submission to the Ministry of Education was made by the university in 1923. However, the plan was not accomplished until 1925, with inauguration of the generous institute building on 27 October 1929. The original plan proposed to house the entire electrical engineering section in the building. However, during the construction phase, it was decided
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreasonable%20ineffectiveness%20of%20mathematics
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The unreasonable ineffectiveness of mathematics is a phrase that alludes to the article by physicist Eugene Wigner, "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences". This phrase is meant to suggest that mathematical analysis has not proved as valuable in other fields as it has in physics.
Life sciences
I. M. Gelfand, a mathematician who worked in biomathematics and molecular biology, as well as many other fields in applied mathematics, is quoted as stating,
Eugene Wigner wrote a famous essay on the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in natural sciences. He meant physics, of course. There is only one thing which is more unreasonable than the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in physics, and this is the unreasonable ineffectiveness of mathematics in biology.
An opposing view is given by Leonard Adleman, a theoretical computer scientist who pioneered the field of DNA computing. In Adleman's view, "Sciences reach a point where they become mathematized," starting at the fringes but eventually "the central issues in the field become sufficiently understood that they can be thought about mathematically. It occurred in physics about the time of the Renaissance; it began in chemistry after John Dalton developed atomic theory" and by the 1990s was taking place in biology. By the early 1990s, "Biology was no longer the science of things that smelled funny in refrigerators (my view from undergraduate days in the 1960s). The field was undergoing a r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golomb%20sequence
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In mathematics, the Golomb sequence, named after Solomon W. Golomb (but also called Silverman's sequence), is a monotonically increasing integer sequence where an is the number of times that n occurs in the sequence, starting with a1 = 1, and with the property that for n > 1 each an is the smallest unique integer which makes it possible to satisfy the condition. For example, a1 = 1 says that 1 only occurs once in the sequence, so a2 cannot be 1 too, but it can be 2, and therefore must be 2. The first few values are
1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 .
Examples
a1 = 1
Therefore, 1 occurs exactly one time in this sequence.
a2 > 1
a2 = 2
2 occurs exactly 2 times in this sequence.
a3 = 2
3 occurs exactly 2 times in this sequence.
a4 = a5 = 3
4 occurs exactly 3 times in this sequence.
5 occurs exactly 3 times in this sequence.
a6 = a7 = a8 = 4
a9 = a10 = a11 = 5
etc.
Recurrence
Colin Mallows has given an explicit recurrence relation . An asymptotic expression for an is
where is the golden ratio (approximately equal to 1.618034).
References
External links
Python code for Golomb Sequence
Integer sequences
Golden ratio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Lana%20de%20Terzi
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Francesco Lana de Terzi (1631 in Brescia, Lombardy – 22 February 1687, in Brescia, Lombardy) was an Italian Jesuit priest, mathematician, naturalist and aeronautics pioneer. Having been professor of physics and mathematics at Brescia, he first sketched the concept for a vacuum airship and has been referred to as the Father of Aeronautics for his pioneering efforts, turning the aeronautics field into a science by establishing "a theory of aerial navigation verified by mathematical accuracy". He also developed the idea that developed into Braille.
Airship design
In the year 1670, Francesco Lana de Terzi published a book titled Prodromo, including a chapter titled saggio di alcune invenzioni nuove premesso all'arte maestra ("Essay on new inventions premised on the master art"), which contained the description of a “flying ship”. Encouraged by the experiments of Otto von Guericke with the Magdeburg hemispheres, in 1663 Lana de Terzi developed an idea for a lighter than air vessel.
His design had a central mast to which a sail was attached, and four masts which had thin copper foil spheres attached to them: the air would be pumped out of the spheres, leaving a vacuum inside, and so being lighter than the surrounding air, would provide lift. The airship would be steered like a sailing boat. Each sphere would have had a diameter of 7.5 m (24 ft 7 in). Terzi calculated that the weight of a sphere would be 180 kg (396 lb). He also calculated that the air in the sphere would we
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathsci
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Mathsci may refer to
Mathematical sciences
Mathematics and Science High School at Clover Hill
MathSciNet, a database of the American Mathematical Society containing data for Mathematical Reviews and Current Mathematical Publications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Council%20of%20Teachers
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National Council of Teachers may refer to:
National Council of Teachers of English, an education organization
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, the world's largest organization concerned with mathematics education
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20D.%20Block
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Gene David Block (born August 17, 1948) is an American biologist who has served as the current and 6th chancellor of the University of California, Los Angeles since August 2007.
Block has served as provost and professor of biology at the University of Virginia. While at the University of Virginia, Block interacted with Randy Pausch and is mentioned in his memoir, The Last Lecture.
Before becoming chancellor of UCLA, Block had an extensive scientific career. His early work with mollusks investigated the structure and function of basal retinal neurons (BRN) in circadian photoentrainment. He was the first to discover a cell-autonomous circadian pacemaker and concluded that BRNs are both necessary and sufficient for photoentrainment. Later in his career, Block explored the molecular basis of circadian rhythms in mammals, and found that calcium flux was necessary for circadian rhythmicity. His most recent research, which he is still working on today, is largely focused on the effect that aging has on the circadian clock.
On 3 August, 2023, Block announced his intention to step down as chancellor of UCLA, effective on July 31, 2024.
Early life
Block was born in Monticello, New York, the grandson of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. His father and uncle owned Mountain Dairies, a retail/wholesale distributor that served many of the hotels and camps that populated Catskill region of New York. During summers, he worked at the dairy as a truck driver, starting his days at 4 am
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition
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In logic and mathematics, contraposition refers to the inference of going from a conditional statement into its logically equivalent contrapositive, and an associated proof method known as proof by contraposition. The contrapositive of a statement has its antecedent and consequent inverted and flipped.
Conditional statement . In formulas: the contrapositive of is .
If P, Then Q. — If not Q, Then not P. "If it is raining, then I wear my coat" — "If I don't wear my coat, then it isn't raining."
The law of contraposition says that a conditional statement is true if, and only if, its contrapositive is true.
The contrapositive () can be compared with three other statements:
Inversion (the inverse), "If it is not raining, then I don't wear my coat." Unlike the contrapositive, the inverse's truth value is not at all dependent on whether or not the original proposition was true, as evidenced here.
Conversion (the converse), "If I wear my coat, then it is raining." The converse is actually the contrapositive of the inverse, and so always has the same truth value as the inverse (which as stated earlier does not always share the same truth value as that of the original proposition).
Negation (the logical complement), "It is not the case that if it is raining then I wear my coat.", or equivalently, "Sometimes, when it is raining, I don't wear my coat. " If the negation is true, then the original proposition (and by extension the contrapositive) is false.
Note that if is true an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20William%20Stevens
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Albert William Stevens (March 13, 1886 – March 26, 1949) was an officer of the United States Army Air Corps, balloonist, and aerial photographer.
Biography
He was born on March 13, 1886, in Belfast, Maine. He graduated from the University of Maine in 1909 with a master's degree in electrical engineering.
While flying over South America in 1930, Stevens took the first photograph of the Earth in a way that the horizon's curvature is visible. To photograph through haze, Stevens often employed infrared-sensitive film for long-distance aerial photography.
Accompanied by Lieutenant Charles D. McAllister of the Army Air Corps, Stevens took the first photograph of the Moon's shadow projected onto the Earth during a solar eclipse in August, 1932.
On July 29, 1934, Stevens and two other Army Air Corps officers, Major William Kepner and Captain Orvil Arson Anderson, ascended in a specially-constructed balloon and gondola named Explorer I over north-western Nebraska in an attempt to exceed the current altitude record for manned flight. However, nearing the current record height, the balloon envelope ruptured, sending the gondola plunging to earth. Fortunately, all three crew were able to eventually exit and parachute to earth before the gondola crashed into a farm field.
On November 11, 1935, Stevens, along with Captain Anderson, made a record balloon ascent from the "Stratobowl" (a natural depression) near Rapid City, South Dakota. There were 20,000 spectators, while millions of p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%20of%20Destruction%20%28film%29
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Path of Destruction is a 2005 made-for-TV Sci-Fi Channel original film. It concerns a nanotechnology experiment gone awry.
Plot
Nanomachines accidentally released into the atmosphere form a large storm disintegrating anything in its way. Colonel Thomas Miller sends groups of fighter jets to destroy the storm, but they fail. As the storm threatens to grow into a worldwide one, Miller proposes destroying it with a nuclear missile. After extensive research, reporter Katherine Stern and meteorologist Nathan S. McCain counterpropose hitting the storm with a giant electromagnetic pulse (EMP), but the military is reluctant to go with the plan. Miller suggests using a specially designed aircraft called Icarus to detonate the EMP. The nuclear missile is launched as Katherine, Nathan, and Miller take off in Icarus.
The nanomachines damage Icarus, preventing it from deploying the EMP device. Miller then has Katherine and Nathan escape in two escape pods while he detonates the EMP manually, killing himself and destroying the storm. The missile strike is then aborted.
The deactivated nanomachines then fall to the ground as Katherine and Nathan crash land in the ocean. Sometime later, Katherine is reporting the story on air, and she and Nathan prepare to go on a date after.
Reception
Sloan Freer of Radio Times rated it 1/5 stars and called it an "increasingly ridiculous sci-fi yarn" with "a laughably unbelievable climax." Matt Paprocki of Blogcritics called it a bland film that borr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin%20Gorbatov
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Konstantin Ivanovich Gorbatov (; – 24 May 1945) was a Russian post-impressionist painter.
Biography
Gorbatov was born in Stavropol in the Samara province. He lived in Riga from 1896 to 1903, and studied civil engineering before painting. Gorbatov moved to St. Petersburg in 1904 and studied at the Baron Stieglitz Central School for Technical Draftsmanship. He initially entered the architecture department of the Imperial Academy of Arts before switching to painting that he studied under Nikolay Nikanorovich Dubovskoy. Gorbatov received a scholarship and studied art in Rome and Capri. He returned to St. Petersburg and participated in the Peredvizhniki exhibitions.
Gorbatov left Russia permanently in 1922 following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and settled on the Italian island of Capri. He moved to Berlin in 1926, where he remained until his death. Gorbatov became a member of a Russian emgiree artistic circle that included Leonid Pasternak, Vadim Falileyev, Ivan Myasoyedov. He became a well-known established artist. Gorbatov traveled throughout Europe during the late 1930s, visited Palestine and Syria in 1934 and 1935, and often came by Italy. Gorbatov's art became unneeded in Nazi Germany and the family soon became impoverished. As a Russian émigré, he was forbidden to leave Germany during World War II. Gorbatov died shortly after the allied victory over Germany on 12 May 1945. His wife committed suicide on 17 June 1945.
Gorbatov bequeathed to the Academy of Arts in Lening
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20Man
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Quantum Man is a modern sculpture created by Julian Voss-Andreae, which is located in the city of Moses Lake, Washington.
Drawing inspiration from Voss-Andreae's background in physics, Quantum Man is the image of a walking man seen as a quantum object. Made up of over a hundred vertically oriented steel sheets, the 8′ (2.50 m) tall sculpture provides a metaphor for the counter-intuitive world of quantum physics. Symbolizing the dual nature of matter, the sculpture seems to consist of solid steel when seen from the front but nearly disappears when seen from the side, as light shines through the spaces between the slabs.
In 2007, Voss-Andreae created a second version called Quantum Man 2 in stainless steel.
References
External links
Julian Voss-Andreae's website
2006 sculptures
Outdoor sculptures in Washington (state)
Steel sculptures in Washington (state)
2006 establishments in Washington (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Peterson%20%28writer%29
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James Peterson is an American writer and cookery teacher. He studied chemistry at the University of California at Berkeley.
After traveling the world and moving to Paris, he apprenticed at Paris' Cordon Bleu. He worked at Le Vivarois, then moved to Vonnas to work at Chez La Mere Blanc (now Restaurant Georges Blanc).
In 1979, he returned to New York City, becoming a partner at Greenwich Village's Le Petit Robert. Starting in 1984, he taught for four years at the French Culinary Institute, where he wrote the advanced curriculum.
His first book, Sauces, written in 1990, won an award for best single subject and the Cookbook of the Year Award from the James Beard Foundation. He went on to write 14 more cookbooks and win an additional five James Beard Awards, making for seven in all. Peterson is responsible for virtually all the photography in his books.
Since 2011, James has been studying perfumes in his home laboratory. In 2011, he launched Brooklyn Perfume Company.
He resides today in Brooklyn, New York, where he is actively developing new perfumes and running a small business.
Books
New printing.
Awards
Winner, 1992 James Beard Foundation, Cookbook of the Year for Sauces
Winner, 1992 James Beard Foundation, Single Subject Cookbook for Sauces
Nominee, 1994 James Beard Foundation, for The Splendid Soup: Recipes and Master Techniques for Making the World's Best Soups
Winner, 1997 International Association of Culinary Professionals, for Fish and Shellfis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiniol%20Jones
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Deiniol Jones (born 18 November 1977) is a Welsh former professional rugby union player who played as a lock. Born in Carmarthen, he played for the Carmarthen Quins youth team before moving to study chemistry at the University of Bath in 1997. There, he was picked up by English Premiership side Bath RFC, where he played for three years before a loan move back to Wales with Ebbw Vale. In 2001, he made a permanent move to Bridgend, and two years later he was signed by the newly formed, Bridgend-based regional side Celtic Warriors. The Warriors only lasted one year before folding, after which Jones moved to Cardiff Blues.
Jones became the first player to make 100 appearances for the Blues in a match against Connacht in May 2008. He played for the Blues for eight years before his retirement from playing due to a shoulder injury in April 2012, making his last appearance in another game against Connacht in October 2011.
Jones made one appearance for the Barbarians in January 2009, in the official opening match for the Scarlets' new stadium, Parc y Scarlets. The Scarlets won the match 40–24.
Jones made his Wales debut on 11 November 2000 against Samoa.
In July 2012, Jones was appointed the match-day team manager of Cardiff Blues.
Jones is a fluent Welsh speaker.
References
External links
Cardiff Blues profile
Wales profile
ERC Rugby profile
1977 births
Rugby union players from Carmarthen
Living people
Rugby union locks
Welsh rugby union players
Wales international rugby unio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCM%20%28Scheme%20implementation%29
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SCM is a programming language, a dialect of the language Scheme.
Language
It is written in the language C, by Aubrey Jaffer, the author of the SLIB Scheme library and the JACAL interactive computer algebra (symbolic mathematics) program. It conforms to the standards R4RS, R5RS, and IEEE P1178. It is free and open-source software released under a GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).
SCM runs on many different operating systems such as AmigaOS (also emulation), Linux, Atari-ST, macOS (SCM Mac), DOS, OS/2, NOS/VE, Unicos, VMS, Unix, and similar systems.
SCM includes Hobbit, a Scheme-to-C compiler written originally in 2002 by Tanel Tammet. It generates C files which binaries can be dynamically or statically linked with an SCM executable. SCM includes linkable modules for SLIB features like sequence comparison, arrays, records, and byte-number conversions, and modules for Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) system calls and network sockets, Readline, curses, and Xlib.
On some platforms, SCM supports unexec (developed for Emacs and bash), which dumps an executable image from a running SCM. This results in a fast startup for SCM.
SCM developed from Scheme In One Defun (SIOD) in about 1990. GNU Guile developed from SCM in 1993.
References
External links
SCM project page on Savannah
Scheme (programming language) interpreters
Scheme (programming language) compilers
Scheme (programming language) implementations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione%20Zoologica%20Anton%20Dohrn
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The Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn is a research institute in Naples, Italy, devoted to basic research in biology. Research is largely interdisciplinary involving the fields of evolution, biochemistry, molecular biology, neurobiology, cell biology, biological oceanography, marine botany, molecular plant biology, benthic ecology, and ecophysiology.
Founded in 1872 as a private concern by Anton Dohrn, in 1982 the Stazione Zoologica came under the supervision and control of the Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica (Ministry of Universities and Scientific and Technological Research) as a National Institute.
History
The idea
Dohrn's idea was to establish an international scientific community provided with laboratory space, equipment, research material and a library. This was supported and funded by the German Government, Thomas Henry Huxley, Charles Darwin, Francis Balfour and Charles Lyell among others. Dohrn provided a substantial sum himself. Running costs were paid from income derived from the bench system, the sale of scientific journals and specimens and the income from the public aquarium. This system was an important innovations in management of research and it worked. When Anton Dohrn died in 1909 more than 2,200 scientists from Europe and the United States had worked at Stazione Zoologica and more than 50 tables-per-year had been rented out.
"Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. Anton Dohrn, Professor Rolleston and Mr. P. L. Sclat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippling
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In computer science, more particularly in automated theorem proving, rippling refers to a group of meta-level heuristics, developed primarily in the Mathematical Reasoning Group in the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh, and most commonly used to guide inductive proofs in automated theorem proving systems. Rippling may be viewed as a restricted form of rewrite system, where special object level annotations are used to ensure fertilization upon the completion of rewriting, with a measure decreasing requirement ensuring termination for any set of rewrite rules and expression.
History
Raymond Aubin was the first person to use the term "rippling out" whilst working on his 1976 PhD thesis at the University of Edinburgh. He recognised a common pattern of movement during the rewriting stage of inductive proofs. Alan Bundy later turned this concept on its head by defining rippling to be this pattern of movement, rather than a side effect.
Since then, "rippling sideways", "rippling in" and "rippling past" were coined, so the term was generalised to rippling. Rippling continues to be developed at Edinburgh, and elsewhere, as of 2007.
Rippling has been applied to many problems traditionally viewed as being hard in the inductive theorem proving community, including Bledsoe's limit theorems and a proof of the Gordon microprocessor, a miniature computer developed by Michael J. C. Gordon and his team at Cambridge.
Overview
Very often, when attempting to prove a proposi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenea
|
Aenea may refer to:
Aenea (city), a city of ancient Greece
Biology
Lamprima aenea, a species of beetle in the family Lucanidae
Nebria aenea aenea, a subspecies of ground beetle in the subfamily Nebriinae
Other uses
Aenea, a character in the Hyperion Cantos by Dan Simmons
See also
Anaea (disambiguation)
Aeneas (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm%20Environment%20Institute
|
Stockholm Environment Institute, or SEI, is a non-profit, independent research and policy institute specialising in sustainable development and environmental issues, with seven affiliate offices around the world. SEI works on climate change, energy systems, water resources, air quality, land-use, sanitation, food security, and trade issues with the aim to shift policy and practice towards sustainability.
SEI wants to support decision-making and induce change towards sustainable development around the world by providing knowledge that bridges science and policy in the field of environment and development.
History
SEI was established in 1989 as an initiative of the Government of Sweden.
Activities
Programs
Ecological Sanitation Research Programme
LEAP: Low Emissions Analysis Platform
Regional Air Pollution In Developing Countries (RAPDIC)
Resources and Energy Analysis Programme (REAP)
SIANI Swedish International Agriculture Network Initiative (siani.se)
Sustainable Mekong Research Network Programme (SUMERNET)
TRASE Transparent supply chains for sustainable economies
weADAPT
WEAP: Water Evaluation And Planning System
Partnerships
SEI was one of the organizations who founded the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance in 2007 together with the German Development Organization (GIZ)
Organizational structure
Executive Directors
1989–1990 Gordon T. Goodman
1991–1995 Michael J. Chadwick
1996–1999 Nicholas C. Sonntag
2000 Bert Bolin (interim Executive Director)
2000 Lars Ni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMDoc
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OMDoc (Open Mathematical Documents) is a semantic markup format for mathematical documents. While MathML only covers mathematical formulae and the related OpenMath standard only supports formulae and “content dictionaries” containing definitions of the symbols used in formulae, OMDoc covers the whole range of written mathematics.
Coverage
OMDoc allows for mathematical expressions on three levels:
Object levelFormulae, written in Content MathML (the non-presentational subset of MathML), OpenMath or languages for mathematical logic.
Statement levelDefinitions, theorems, proofs, examples and the relations between them (e.g. “this proof proves that theorem”).
Theory levelA theory is a set of contextually related statements. Theories may import each other, thereby forming a graph. Seen as collections of symbol definitions, OMDoc theories are compatible to OpenMath content dictionaries.
On each level, formal syntax and informal natural language can be used, depending on the application.
Semantics and Presentation
OMDoc is a semantic markup language that allows writing down the meaning of texts about mathematics. In contrast to LaTeX, for example, it is not primarily presentation-oriented. An OMDoc document need not specify what its contents should look like. A conversion to LaTeX and XHTML (with Presentation MathML for the formulae) is possible, though. To this end, the presentation of each symbol can be defined.
Applications
Today, OMDoc is used in the following settings:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdanov%E2%80%93Takens%20bifurcation
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In bifurcation theory, a field within mathematics, a Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation is a well-studied example of a bifurcation with co-dimension two, meaning that two parameters must be varied for the bifurcation to occur. It is named after Rifkat Bogdanov and Floris Takens, who independently and simultaneously described this bifurcation.
A system y''' = f(y) undergoes a Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation if it has a fixed point and the linearization of f around that point has a double eigenvalue at zero (assuming that some technical nondegeneracy conditions are satisfied).
Three codimension-one bifurcations occur nearby: a saddle-node bifurcation, an Andronov–Hopf bifurcation and a homoclinic bifurcation. All associated bifurcation curves meet at the Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation.
The normal form of the Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation is
There exist two codimension-three degenerate Takens–Bogdanov bifurcations, also known as Dumortier–Roussarie–Sotomayor bifurcations.
References
Bogdanov, R. "Bifurcations of a Limit Cycle for a Family of Vector Fields on the Plane." Selecta Math. Soviet 1, 373–388, 1981.
Kuznetsov, Y. A. Elements of Applied Bifurcation Theory. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
Takens, F. "Forced Oscillations and Bifurcations." Comm. Math. Inst. Rijksuniv. Utrecht 2, 1–111, 1974.
Dumortier F., Roussarie R., Sotomayor J. and Zoladek H., Bifurcations of Planar Vector Fields'', Lecture Notes in Math. vol. 1480, 1–164, Springer-Verlag (1991).
External links
Bifurcation t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Kolmogorov%20inequality
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In mathematics, the Landau–Kolmogorov inequality, named after Edmund Landau and Andrey Kolmogorov, is the following family of interpolation inequalities between different derivatives of a function f defined on a subset T of the real numbers:
On the real line
For k = 1, n = 2 and T = [c,∞) or T = R, the inequality was first proved by Edmund Landau with the sharp constants C(2, 1, [c,∞)) = 2 and C(2, 1, R) = √2. Following contributions by Jacques Hadamard and Georgiy Shilov, Andrey Kolmogorov found the sharp constants and arbitrary n, k:
where an are the Favard constants.
On the half-line
Following work by Matorin and others, the extremising functions were found by Isaac Jacob Schoenberg, explicit forms for the sharp constants are however still unknown.
Generalisations
There are many generalisations, which are of the form
Here all three norms can be different from each other (from L1 to L∞, with p=q=r=∞ in the classical case) and T may be the real axis, semiaxis or a closed segment.
The Kallman–Rota inequality generalizes the Landau–Kolmogorov inequalities from the derivative operator to more general contractions on Banach spaces.
Notes
Inequalities
→
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Th%C3%BCring
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Bruno Jakob Thüring (7 September 1905, in Warmensteinach – 6 May 1989, in Karlsruhe) was a German physicist and astronomer.
Thüring studied mathematics, physics, and astronomy at the University of Munich and received his doctorate in 1928, under Alexander Wilkens and Arnold Sommerfeld. Wilkens was a professor of astronomy and director of the Munich Observatory, which was part of the University. From 1928 to 1933, he was an assistant at the Munich Observatory. From 1934 to 1935, he was an assistant to Heinrich Vogt at the University of Heidelberg. Thüring completed his Habilitation there in 1935, whereupon he became an Observator at the Munich Observatory. In 1937, Thüring became a lecturer (Dozent) at the University of Munich. From 1940 to 1945, he held the chair for astronomy at the University of Vienna and was director of the Vienna Observatory. After 1945, Thüring lived as a private scholar in Karlsruhe.
During the reign of Adolf Hitler, Thüring was a proponent of Deutsche Physik, as were the two Nobel Prize–winning physicists Johannes Stark and Philipp Lenard; Deutsche Physik, was anti-Semitic and had a bias against theoretical physics, especially quantum mechanics. He was also a student of the philosophy of Hugo Dingler.
Thüring was an opponent of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
Books
Bruno Thüring (Georg Lüttke Verlag, 1941)
Bruno Thüring (Göller, 1957)
Bruno Thüring (Göller, 1958)
Bruno Thüring (Duncker u. Humblot GmbH, 1967)
Bruno Thüring (Dunck
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20hexafluorophosphate
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Lithium hexafluorophosphate is an inorganic compound with the formula LiPF6. It is a white crystalline powder.
Production
LiPF6 is manufactured by reacting phosphorus pentachloride with hydrogen fluoride and lithium fluoride
PCl5 + LiF + 5 HF → LiPF6 + 5 HCl
Suppliers include Targray and Morita Chemical Industries Co., Ltd
Chemistry
The salt is relatively stable thermally, but loses 50% weight at 200 °C (392 °F). It hydrolyzes near 70 °C (158 °F) according to the following equation forming highly toxic HF gas:
LiPF6 + 4 H2O → LiF + 5 HF + H3PO4
Owing to the Lewis acidity of the Li+ ions, LiPF6 also catalyses the tetrahydropyranylation of tertiary alcohols.
In lithium-ion batteries, LiPF6 reacts with Li2CO3, which may be catalysed by small amounts of HF:
LiPF6 + Li2CO3 → POF3 + CO2 + 3 LiF
Application
The main use of LiPF6 is in commercial secondary batteries, an application that exploits its high solubility in polar aprotic solvents. Specifically, solutions of lithium hexafluorophosphate in carbonate blends of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and/or ethyl methyl carbonate, with a small amount of one or many additives such as fluoroethylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate, serve as state-of-the-art electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. This application takes advantage of the inertness of the hexafluorophosphate anion toward strong reducing agents, such as lithium metal, as well as of the ability of [PF6-] to passivate the positive aluminiu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, M6 is a block cipher proposed by Hitachi in 1997 for use in the IEEE 1394 FireWire standard. The design allows some freedom in choosing a few of the cipher's operations, so M6 is considered a family of ciphers. Due to export controls, M6 has not been fully published; nevertheless, a partial description of the algorithm based on a draft standard is given by Kelsey, et al. in their cryptanalysis of this family of ciphers.
The algorithm operates on blocks of 64 bits using a 10-round Feistel network
structure. The key size is 40 bits by default, but can be up to 64 bits. The key schedule is very simple, producing two 32-bit subkeys: the high 32 bits of the key, and the sum mod 232 of this and the low 32 bits.
Because its round function is based on rotation and addition, M6 was one of the first ciphers
attacked by mod n cryptanalysis. Mod 5, about 100 known plaintexts suffice to distinguish the output from a pseudorandom permutation. Mod 257, information about the secret key itself is revealed. One known plaintext reduces the complexity of a brute force attack to about 235 trial encryptions; "a few dozen" known plaintexts lowers this number to about 231. Due to its simple key schedule, M6 is also vulnerable to a slide attack, which requires more known plaintext but less computation.
References
1997 introductions
Broken block ciphers
Feistel ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Burmeister
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Friedrich Burmeister (1890–1969) was a German geophysicist. He was director of the Munich University’s Geomagnetic Observatory.
Burmeister studied mathematics and physics at the University of Munich under Hugo von Seeliger and Arnold Sommerfeld, and he received his doctorate in 1919. Upon graduation, he became Director of the Munich Geomagnetic Observatory, of the Geomagnetism Branch of the Munich Earth Observatory, under the Geophysics Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, at the University of Munich. Due to the industrialization of Munich, operation of the observatory became more and more difficult, so, in 1927 the Munich Geomagnetic Observatory was closed and moved to a village 25 kilometers west of Munich, and it became the Maisach Geomagnetic Observatory. Due to the construction of a large military air base near Maisach, this facility was closed on October 31, 1937. It was moved to a small town west of Munich, and it became the Fürstenfeldbruck Geomagnetic Observatory where measurements began on 1 January 1939 under Burmeister as its inaugural director. Burmeister retired as director of the observatory in 1958, whereupon Karl Wienert was appointed to the position.
Works
Richard Bock, F. Burmeister, Friedrich Errulat: Magnetische Reichsvermesung 1935. O.T. 1. (Tabellen) (Akademie-Verlag, 1948)
Notes
1890 births
1969 deaths
German geophysicists
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20Symposium%20on%20Biocomputing
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The Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing (PSB) is an annual multidisciplinary scientific meeting co-founded in 1996 by Dr. Teri Klein, Dr. Lawrence Hunter and Sharon Surles. The conference is to presentation and discuss research in the theory and application of computational methods for biology. Papers and presentations are peer reviewed and published.
PSB brings together researchers from the US and the Asian Pacific nations, to exchange research results and address open issues in all aspects of computational biology. PSB is a forum for the presentation of work in databases, algorithms, interfaces, visualization, modeling, and other computational methods, as applied to biological problems, with emphasis on applications in data-rich areas of molecular biology.
The PSB aims for "critical mass" in sub-disciplines within biocomputing. For that reason, it is the only meeting whose sessions are defined dynamically each year in response to specific proposals. PSB sessions are organized by leaders in the emerging areas and targeted to provide a forum for publication and discussion of research in biocomputing's topics.
Since 2017 the Research Parasite Award has been announced and presented annually at the Symposium to recognize scientists who study previously-published data in ways not anticipated by the researchers who first generated it. An endowment for the award and sponsorship has been provided for the Junior Parasite award winner to attend the symposium and presentation.
Refere
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance%20prediction
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In computer science, performance prediction means to estimate the execution time or other performance factors (such as cache misses) of a program on a given computer. It is being widely used for computer architects to evaluate new computer designs, for compiler writers to explore new optimizations, and also for advanced developers to tune their programs.
There are many approaches to predict program 's performance on computers. They can be roughly divided into three major categories:
simulation-based prediction
profile-based prediction
analytical modeling
Simulation-based prediction
Performance data can be directly obtained from computer simulators, within which each instruction of the target program is actually dynamically executed given a particular input data set. Simulators can predict program's performance very accurately, but takes considerable time to handle large programs. Examples include the PACE and Wisconsin Wind Tunnel simulators as well as the more recent WARPP simulation toolkit, which attempts to significantly reduce the time required for parallel system simulation.
Another approach, based on trace-based simulation does not run every instruction, but runs a trace file which store important program events only. This approach loses some flexibility and accuracy compared to cycle-accurate simulation mentioned above but can be much faster. The generation of traces often consumes considerable amounts of storage space and can severely impact the runtime of ap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram%20Perkins
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Hiram Mills Perkins (1833-1924) was Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy at Ohio Wesleyan University and benefactor of the Perkins Telescope in the Perkins Observatory. He helped build to observatory buildings and also left an endowment for the school, and also his house was later used as a dormitory before it was sold off.
Perkins taught at the university from 1873 to 1907.
The Perkins telescope was the 3rd largest telescope in the world when it achieved first light in 1931.
The telescope was eventually moved to Lowell Observatory, and the 69-inch mirror was sent to a museum when it was replaced by a 72 inch one at that observatory.
In 1880 Perkins built a house at 235 W. William St, which was later used as a dorm by OWU.
Perkin's house survived into the 21st century, and was used as a dorm by OWU university. The home (later dorm) was located 235 W. William St. In the 2017 the school sold it off for 170,000 USD, to a developer who planned to convert it into a hotel.
See also
List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century
References
External links
About the Perkins observatory
Perkins, Hiram
American philanthropists
Ohio Wesleyan University faculty
1833 births
1924 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley%20Institute
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Berkeley Institute may refer to:
Berkeley Institute (New York) 1886-1956
The Berkeley Institute, a public senior high school established in Pembroke Parish, Bermuda in 1897
Berkeley Institute for Data Science part of University of California, Berkeley
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czeslaw%20Brzozowicz
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Czeslaw Peter Brzozowicz (June 28, 1911 - November 24, 1997) was a consulting engineer for the CN Tower, Toronto-Dominion Centre, first Toronto subway line, among many other construction projects in Canada.
Biography
Born in Sokolow Malopolski, Poland, in 1911, Brzozowicz graduated in civil engineering from the University of Lwow in Poland only months before the Nazi invasion of Poland. He served with the Polish army in Poland and France for three years before obtaining a Canadian visa in 1942 under an agreement with the government-in-exile to send engineers for Canada's war industries. Like many immigrants, he arrived in Canada with a few dollars and his professional training. His first job was as a surveyor, laying out the highway between Prince George and Prince Rupert in British Columbia. In 1944, Brzozowicz joined Marathon Paper Mills in Toronto, designing their Northern Ontario plants. At the end of the war, sensing Canada was about to boom, he launched a private practice as a consulting engineer. His first client was Canadian Breweries Ltd., whose expansion plans - typical for the time - called for several reinforced concrete structures in Toronto, Waterloo, Windsor and Montreal.
Brzozowicz made a name for himself designing concrete structures reinforced with embedded steel bars. It was a relatively uncommon practice in Canada, since the short construction season was considered unfavourable for poured concrete walls. In this respect, Brzozowicz was at the forefront o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-ose
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The suffix -ose () is used in biochemistry to form the names of sugars. This Latin suffix means "full of", "abounding in", "given to", or "like". Numerous systems exist to name specific sugars more descriptively.
Monosaccharides, the simplest sugars, may be named according to the number of carbon atoms in each molecule of the sugar: pentose is a five-carbon monosaccharide, and hexose is a six-carbon monosaccharide. Aldehyde monosaccharides may be called aldoses; ketone monosaccharides may be called ketoses.
Larger sugars such as disaccharides and polysaccharides can be named to reflect their qualities. Lactose, a disaccharide found in milk, gets its name from the Latin word for milk combined with the sugar suffix; its name means "milk sugar". The polysaccharide that makes up plant starch is named amylose, or "starch sugar"; see amyl.
There are these theories about the origin of the -ose suffix:-
Derived from glucose, an important hexose whose name came from Greek γλυκύς = "sweet".
Derived from sucrose, whose name came from Latin = "sugar" plus the common Latin adjective-forming suffix -ōsus; Latin would mean "sugary".
References
ose
English suffixes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFR
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JFR can mean:
J. Front Retailing, a Japanese company
JDK Flight Recorder, Java diagnostic software
Johann's Face Records, Chicago, US
John Faulkner Racing, a former motor racing team in Australia
Paamiut Airport (IATA airport code), in Paamiut, Greenland
Journal of Formalized Reasoning in mathematics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Rudolf%20Hantzsch
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Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch (7 March 1857 – 14 March 1935) was a German chemist.
Life and work
Hantzsch studied chemistry in Dresden and graduated at the University of Würzburg under Johannes Wislicenus. As a professor, he taught at the Universities of Zürich, Würzburg und Leipzig.
The Hantzsch pyridine synthesis, a multi-component organic reaction, is named after him, as is the Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis and the Hantzsch thiazole synthesis.
His surname is correctly pronounced /Haːntʃ/ (rhymes with cattle ranch).
References
1857 births
1935 deaths
20th-century German chemists
Scientists from Dresden
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
19th-century German chemists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar%20Mathew
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Dr Lazar Mathew is an Indian scientist and former Director of Defence Research and Development Organisation and Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences. He has also been Director of Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory.
Mathew is a fellow of the Indian Academy of Biomedical Sciences, International Medical Sciences Academy, and National Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1994, he was honoured with the DRDO Scientist of the Year Award.
Mathew is serving as an advisor of Medical Sciences and Engineering and Technology at PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Coimbatore. He has served as the Dean of the School of Biotechnology and Chemical and Biomedical Engineering at VIT University, Vellore.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Indian medical researchers
University of Mysore alumni
Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Seebach
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Karl Seebach (June 28, 1912 in Munich – July 18, 2007 in Munich) was a German mathematician.
Seebach earned his doctorate at the University of Munich under Heinrich Tietze and Arnold Sommerfeld, in 1938. From 1977 to 1981, he held the Chair for Didactics of Mathematics at the University of Munich.
Seebach was the author of many mathematics textbooks for the Gymnasium.
Books
Josef Breuer, Paul Knabe, Josef Lauter, Karl Seebach, and Klaus Wigand Handbuch der Schulmatematik: Band 2 Algebra (Hermann Schroedel)
Johannes Blume, Gerhard Frey, Heinrich Gall, Paul Knabe, Paul Mönnig, Karl Seebach, and Klaus Wigand Handbuch der Schulmathematik: Band 5 Einzelfragen der Mathematik (Hermann Schroedel)
Ludwig Schecher and Karl Seebach Einführung in die Mathematik. Bd. 1 (Schmidt, 1950)
Karl Seebach and Reinhold Federle Vorschläge zum Aufbau der Analytischen Geometrie in vektorieller Behandlung (Ehrenwirth, 1965)
Friedrich Barth, Karl Seebach, and Ernst Winkler Vorschläge zur Behandlung der geometrischen Abbildungen in der Ebene (Ehrenwirth, 1968)
Karl Seebach and Edmund Kösel Arbeitsblätter zum Lehrerkolleg. Hauptschule. Schuljahr 9. H. 3. Mathematik, Physik, Chemie (TR-Verlagsunion, 1969)
Notes
1912 births
20th-century German mathematicians
Mathematics educators
German textbook writers
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
2007 deaths
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20St%C3%A9phenne
|
Jean, Baron Stéphenne is a Belgian businessman. He studied chemistry and bioindustries and obtained an MSc degree at the Faculté universitaire des sciences agronomiques de Gembloux in 1972 and an MBA degree from the Université catholique de Louvain in 1982.
Jean Stéphenne joined SmithKline-RIT (now GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) in 1974 as head of bacterial and viral vaccines production, he became vaccine production director in 1980. From 1981 to 1991, he served as vaccine plant director and R&D director. From 1988 to 1991, he was vice president of human vaccines research and development and production. From 1991 to 1998 he led the vaccines division, first as vice president and general manager, then senior vice president and general manager, until his appointment as president and general manager in 1998. Since 1998, Jean Stéphenne is president and general manager of GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals.
In 2001, Stéphenne was raised into the Belgian nobility by King Albert II and given the noble title Baron for life.
Since 2013, Jean Stéphenne is shareholder and chairman of OncoDNA.
Since September 2015 he was a member of the supervisory board of CureVac, a German biopharmaceutical company specialising in mRNA-based drugs. In April 2020, he was appointed as the chairman of the company.
References
External links
Jean Stéphenne
Biography on the GSK website
Barons of Belgium
Belgian businesspeople
Walloon people
Living people
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy%20S.%20Heyl
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Jeremy Samuel Heyl is an astronomer and a professor at the University of British Columbia's Department of Physics and Astronomy, in Vancouver, British Columbia. He holds a Canada Research Chair in black holes and neutron stars. In the past he was a Goldwater Scholar, a Marshall Scholar and a Chandra Fellow.
Heyl is best known for his work in the physics of neutron stars especially the importance of quantum electrodynamics in radiative transfer, non-radial oscillations during Type-I X-ray bursts and the cooling of magnetars. He has also made important contributions to our understanding of galaxy formation, evolution and mergers.
References
External links
http://www.phas.ubc.ca/~heyl
Canada Research Chair profile
Living people
21st-century American astronomers
21st-century Canadian astronomers
Canada Research Chairs
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Marshall Scholars
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alo%C3%AFs%20Michielsen
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Aloïs Michielsen (born Turnhout, Belgium, 6 January 1942) is a Belgian businessman. He obtained a master's degree as a civil engineer (chemistry) and a degree in applied economic sciences at the Universite Catholique de Louvain (Belgium). He obtained a PhD on studies in business administration at the University of Chicago (U.S.).
He started his career in the Solvay Group on 6 January 1969, at the Marketing Division. On 31 May 1990, he was appointed director and member of the executive committee. On 14 April 1994 he was appointed vice-chairman of the executive committee, and on 4 June 1998, he was appointed chairman of the executive committee. On 9 May 2006 he took over the chair of the board of directors from Baron Daniel Janssen, while Christian Jourquin succeeded him as chairman of the executive committee.
He was made Chevalier de l’Ordre de Léopold (Belgium) in 1988.
Sources
Aloïs Michielsen
1942 births
Living people
Flemish businesspeople
People from Turnhout
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel%20Vinck
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Karel Vinck (born 19 September 1938) is a Belgian businessman. In 1994 the readers of the weekly business magazine Trends chose him to be the Manager of the year. He graduated as a Master in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Leuven, Belgium) and got an MBA from Cornell University (Ithaca, New York, United States).
Career
He started his career at Eternit. Afterwards Karel Vinck was director of Bekaert N.V from 1985 up to 1994.
In 1995, he started working for Union Minière, where he led the restructuring of the company.
He is also a member of the Board of Suez-Tractebel, Tessenderlo Group, of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and of the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie. He is Co-ordinator of the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) with the European Commission, and chairman of Cumerio. Karel Vinck is honorary chairman of the Flemish employers association (VEV), and Chairman of the Flemish Science Policy Council.
Sources
Karel Vinck (Umicore)
1938 births
Living people
Flemish businesspeople
KU Leuven alumni
People from Aalst, Belgium
Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20B.%20Kim
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Eric B. Kim (born 1954) is a Korean American businessman in the technology field.
Life
Kim was born in Seoul, South Korea, in 1954. At the age of 11, his family moved to Los Angeles, in the United States. He majored in physics at Harvey Mudd College, and went on to earn a master's in engineering at UCLA and an MBA from the Harvard Business School.
Kim worked for a number of companies in his early career. He was general manager of database products at software firm Lotus Development, President and CEO of Pilot Software, a part of business information provider Dun & Bradstreet, and a member of venture-capitalist firm Spencer Trask Software Group.
Kim moved back to South Korea to join Samsung Electronics in 1999, where during a tenure of five years he rose to become leader of their global marketing initiatives. Kim was instrumental in generating brand visibility worldwide for Samsung with its "DigitAll-Everyone's Invited" campaign.
He moved back to the United States in 2004, when Intel hired him as their chief marketing officer. His role later shifted to heading Intel's digital home initiative, as a senior vice president and general manager of the Digital Home Group.
In June 2010 he left Intel to join Soraa as its CEO. He remained in that role until May 2013.
References
1954 births
Living people
American computer businesspeople
Harvey Mudd College alumni
UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
Businesspeople fro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauncey%20Guy%20Suits
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Chauncey Guy Suits (March 12, 1905 - August 14, 1991) was a distinguished director of the General Electric (GE) Research Laboratory, and a founding member of the National Academy of Engineering.
Biography
Suits was born in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, studied physics and mathematics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity. He received his A.B. in 1927. He then began doctoral studies at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, where he had hoped to study under Wolfgang Pauli (who moved to Leipzig before he arrived), and completed his Doctor of Science in physics in 1929. He then spent one additional year at Wisconsin before joining General Electric as a research physicist in 1930.
His research work in the 1930s concerned non-linear electric circuits, and subsequently electric arcs and high temperature plasma phenomena. In 1940 he became Assistant to the Director of Research at GE, and simultaneously from 1942-1946 was in the National Defense Research Committee of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, heading Division 15 in Electronics which was responsible for radio and radar countermeasures. In 1945, he became Vice President and Director of Research at GE, holding that post until 1965. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1946. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1951. In 1962, his leadership role at GE was recognized by the Industrial Research Institute by being p
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