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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zalp%20Babao%C4%9Flu
Özalp Babaoğlu (born August 10, 1955, in Ankara, Turkey), is a Turkish computer scientist. He is currently professor of computer science at the University of Bologna, Italy. He received a Ph.D. in 1981 from the University of California at Berkeley. He is the recipient of 1982 Sakrison Memorial Award, 1989 UNIX International Recognition Award and 1993 USENIX Association Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to the UNIX system community and to Open Industry Standards. Before moving to Bologna in 1988, Babaoğlu was an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science at Cornell University. He has participated in several European research projects in distributed computing and complex systems. Babaoğlu is an ACM Fellow and has served as a resident fellow of the Institute of Advanced Studies at the University of Bologna and on the editorial boards for ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems and Springer-Verlag Distributed Computing. Babaoğlu is an avid cyclist and has a son and daughter. Research Areas Babaoğlu is the author of more than 100 peer-reviewed papers in a wide range of research topics, including: Operating Systems Performance Evaluation and Modeling Distributed Computing Byzantine Agreement Parallel Computing on Networks of Workstations Group Communication Systems Peer-to-Peer Systems. Babaoğlu has contributed to peer-to-peer computing through paradigms, algorithms, frameworks (Anthill) and a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-function
In cryptography, a T-function is a bijective mapping that updates every bit of the state in a way that can be described as , or in simple words an update function in which each bit of the state is updated by a linear combination of the same bit and a function of a subset of its less significant bits. If every single less significant bit is included in the update of every bit in the state, such a T-function is called triangular. Thanks to their bijectivity (no collisions, therefore no entropy loss) regardless of the used Boolean functions and regardless of the selection of inputs (as long as they all come from one side of the output bit), T-functions are now widely used in cryptography to construct block ciphers, stream ciphers, PRNGs and hash functions. T-functions were first proposed in 2002 by A. Klimov and A. Shamir in their paper "A New Class of Invertible Mappings". Ciphers such as TSC-1, TSC-3, TSC-4, ABC, Mir-1 and VEST are built with different types of T-functions. Because arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction and multiplication are also T-functions (triangular T-functions), software-efficient word-based T-functions can be constructed by combining bitwise logic with arithmetic operations. Another important property of T-functions based on arithmetic operations is predictability of their period, which is highly attractive to cryptographers. Although triangular T-functions are naturally vulnerable to guess-and-determine attacks, well chosen bitwise transp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Lary
David J. Lary (born 7 December 1965) is a British-American atmospheric scientist interested in applying computational and information systems to facilitate discovery and decision support in Earth system science. His main contributions have been to highlight the role of carbonaceous aerosols in atmospheric chemistry, heterogeneous bromine reactions, and to employ chemical data assimilation for satellite validation, and the use of machine learning for remote sensing applications. He is author of AutoChem, NASA release software that constitutes an automatic computer code generator and documentor for chemically reactive systems. It was designed primarily for modeling atmospheric chemistry, and in particular, for chemical data assimilation. He is author of more than 200 publications receiving more than 6,000 citations. AutoChem has won five NASA awards and has been used to perform long term chemical data assimilation of atmospheric chemistry and in the validation of observations from the NASA Aura satellite. It has been used in numerous peer reviewed articles. David Lary completed his education in the United Kingdom. He received a first class double honors BSc in physics and chemistry from King's College London (1987) with the Sambrooke Exhibition Prize in Natural Science, and a PhD in atmospheric chemistry from the University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry while at Churchill College (1991). His thesis described the first chemical scheme for the ECMWF numerical weather p
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arens%E2%80%93Fort%20space
In mathematics, the Arens–Fort space is a special example in the theory of topological spaces, named for Richard Friederich Arens and M. K. Fort, Jr. Definition The Arens–Fort space is the topological space where is the set of ordered pairs of non-negative integers A subset is open, that is, belongs to if and only if: does not contain or contains and also all but a finite number of points of all but a finite number of columns, where a column is a set with fixed. In other words, an open set is only "allowed" to contain if only a finite number of its columns contain significant gaps, where a gap in a column is significant if it omits an infinite number of points. Properties It is Hausdorff regular normal sequential It is not: second-countable first-countable metrizable compact There is no sequence in that converges to However, there is a sequence in such that is a cluster point of See also References Topological spaces
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMTI
AMTI or Amti may refer to one of the following Association of Mathematics Teachers of India Airborne moving target indication Apostolic Missionary Training Institute Amti a village in Boliney, Abra, the Philippines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eser%20Afacan
Eser Afacan (born August 8, 1953) is a Turkish artist, painter, and sculptor of Assyrian ethnicity. His father, also an artist, is Assyrian, while his mother is of Greek origin. Afacan began drawing at a young age. He studied in Manchester, England before moving to Norway in 1978 to study Mathematics and Physics at the University of Bergen. As a student, he met Norwegian artist Odd Nerdrum, in whose Oslo studio he subsequently worked. In 1986, Afacan had his first art display and from that date onwards has exhibited his work in many different countries (Norway, Turkey, USA, Canada). His painting technique uses oil paints to create a transparent coat on the base layers, which are in tempera. After living between England and Norway until 1985, he moved to the United States before emigrating to Canada in 2003, settling down with his family in Kingston, Ontario. External links Eser Afacan's official site 1953 births Living people Turkish people of Assyrian descent University of Bergen alumni Norwegian people of Assyrian/Syriac descent Students of Odd Nerdrum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve%20Guitel
Geneviève Guitel (24 May 1895 – 30 July 1982) was a French mathematician. She is mostly remembered for the introduction of the terms échelle longue and échelle courte (long scale and short scale) to refer to two of the main numbering systems used around the world. She was appointed as mathematics teacher in 1920 and taught at the Lycée Molière in Paris. She published mathematical papers over at least the period 1943–1979. Publications Her publications include Histoire comparée des numérations écrites, where on p. 51–52 and in the chapter "Les grands nombres en numération parlée", p. 566–574, (English: The large numbers in oral numeration), she made the first recorded use of the terms échelle longue and échelle courte. Histoire comparée des numérations écrites, Geneviève Guitel, Éd. Flammarion, Paris, 1975 References 1895 births 1982 deaths 20th-century French mathematicians French women mathematicians Place of birth missing 20th-century women mathematicians 20th-century French women
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20wrap
In cryptography, key wrap constructions are a class of symmetric encryption algorithms designed to encapsulate (encrypt) cryptographic key material. The Key Wrap algorithms are intended for applications such as protecting keys while in untrusted storage or transmitting keys over untrusted communications networks. The constructions are typically built from standard primitives such as block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. Key Wrap may be considered as a form of key encapsulation algorithm, although it should not be confused with the more commonly known asymmetric (public-key) key encapsulation algorithms (e.g., PSEC-KEM). Key Wrap algorithms can be used in a similar application: to securely transport a session key by encrypting it under a long-term encryption key. Background In the late 1990s, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) posed the "Key Wrap" problem: to develop secure and efficient cipher-based key encryption algorithms. The resulting algorithms would be formally evaluated by NIST, and eventually approved for use in NIST-certified cryptographic modules. NIST did not precisely define the security goals of the resulting algorithm, and left further refinement to the algorithm developers. Based on the resulting algorithms, the design requirements appear to be (1) confidentiality, (2) integrity protection (authentication), (3) efficiency, (4) use of standard (approved) underlying primitives such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Stokes%20%28businessman%29
Patrick T Stokes is the former Chairman and CEO of Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. He served as President and CEO from 2002 to December 2006 and Chairman from December 2006 to November 2008. Life Stokes was born in Washington, D.C. He attended Xavier High School in New York City, earned a bachelor of science degree in mathematics from Boston College in 1964, where he graduated magna cum laude. He then earned an MBA from Columbia University in 1966. Stokes and his wife Anna Kristine live in St. Louis County. They have three adult children. Career After graduating with a MBA from Columbia Business School in 1966, Stokes joined the corporate economics department at Shell Oil Co. in New York. Shortly thereafter, he joined the U.S. Army, and served at 1st Army Headquarters at Fort Meade, Maryland, for two years before signing on with Anheuser-Busch’s corporate planning department in St. Louis in 1969. A year later, Stokes was promoted to senior analyst, marking the beginning of a series of promotions. In 1972, he was named assistant to August Busch III – then the company’s executive vice president and general manager – and in 1974, was named vice president – raw materials and transportation. In 1976, he was appointed vice president materials acquisition, assuming new responsibilities for can and bottle procurement and malt production. In 1982, Anheuser-Busch acquired Campbell Taggart, a Dallas-based baking, refrigerated dough and frozen food company. At that time, Stokes was
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20biology
Gravitational biology is the study of the effects gravity has on living organisms. Throughout the history of the Earth life has evolved to survive changing conditions, such as changes in the climate and habitat. However, one constant factor in evolution since life first began on Earth is the force of gravity. As a consequence, all biological processes are accustomed to the ever-present force of gravity and even small variations in this force can have significant impact on the health and function and the system of organisms. Gravity and life on Earth The force of gravity on the surface of the Earth, normally denoted g, has remained constant in both direction and magnitude since the formation of the planet. As a result, both plant and animal life have evolved to rely upon and cope with it in various ways. For example, humans employ internal models in motor planning that account for the effects of gravity on gross and fine motor skills. Plant use of gravity Plant tropisms are directional movements of a plant with respect to a directional stimulus. One such tropism is gravitropism, or the growth or movement of a plant with respect to gravity. Plant roots grow towards the pull of gravity and away from sunlight, and shoots and stems grow against the pull of gravity and towards sunlight. Animal struggles with gravity Gravity has had an effect on the development of animal life since the first single-celled organism. The size of single biological cells is inversely proportional
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehman%20Rashid
Rehman Rashid (24 October 1955 – 3 June 2017) was a prominent Malaysian journalist and writer. Personal life and career Rehman is of mixed ethnicity of Eurasian and Indian Muslim. Born in Taiping, Perak, Rehman studied in the Malay College Kuala Kangsar, before pursuing a degree in Marine Biology at University College Swansea in Wales. He was well known at University for writing folk songs and performing them at every opportunity. Rehman became a journalist in 1981. Prior to this, he worked with the Fisheries Research Institute in Penang and as a research associate with the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science of Universiti Putra Malaysia. After seven years as Leader Writer and columnist with the New Straits Times, Malaysia's leading English-language daily, he joined Asiaweek magazine in Hong Kong as a Senior Writer. From there, he left for a year in Bermuda, as a Senior Writer with the Bermuda Business magazine, before returning home to Malaysia to complete the book A Malaysian Journey. He was the Malaysian Press Institute's Journalist of the Year for 1985, and Bermuda's Print Journalist of the Year for 1991. He suffered a heart attack in January 2017 and was hospitalized at the Selayang Hospital. On 3 June 2017 he died at age 62. References 1955 births 2017 deaths People from Taiping, Perak Malaysian journalists Malaysian people of Indian descent International Writing Program alumni
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachis%20ipaensis
Arachis ipaensis is a herb in the Faboideae subfamily. This plant is cited as gene sources for research in plant biology of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Its genome has been sequenced. References ipaensis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachis%20archeri
Arachis archeri (Portuguese common name: amendoim do campo limpo) is a herb native to Mato Grosso vegetation in Brazil. This plant is cited as gene sources for research in plant biology of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). External links archeri Flora of Brazil
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachis%20batizocoi
Arachis batizocoi is a herb native to Bolivia and Paraguay. This plant is cited as gene sources for research in plant biology of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Arachis batizocoi maintains a divergent genome as well as high fertility that facilitates the upbringing of new and beneficial alleles within peanut crops. Such high crossability has increased the frequency of several advantageous alleles that have improved plant life and agricultural output. Among these are boosted resistance against groundnut yield-limiting diseases such as late leaf spot (LLS) and groundnut rosette disease (GRD), larger seeds, and a higher overall yield. References External links International Legume Database & Information Service: Arachis batizocoi Quantitative Trait Analysis Shows the Potential for Alleles from the Wild Species Arachis batizocoi and A. duranensis to Improve Groundnut Disease Resistance and Yield in East Africa Arachis batizocoi: a study of its relationship to cultivated peanut (A. hypogaea) and its potential for introgression of wild genes into the peanut crop using induced allotetraploids batizocoi Flora of Bolivia Flora of Paraguay
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20H.%20Roy
Robert Hall Roy (November 21, 1906 – October 8, 2000) was an American mechanical engineer and the former Dean of Engineering Science at Johns Hopkins University. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Roy enrolled in mechanical engineering at Johns Hopkins in 1925, where he played lacrosse and was a member of the school's national championship team. He was a defender on the U.S. national lacrosse team that competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, where lacrosse was a demonstration sport. After returning from the Olympics, Roy joined Waverly Press, where he worked in engineering and later became a vice president. In 1939, he was invited to teach Industrial Organization and Management in the evening college of Johns Hopkins. After World War II, he was appointed an associate professor of Industrial Engineering in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, and then assistant dean. Roy's testimony in 1952 helped nine African Americans gain admission to the A course at Baltimore Polytechnic Institute. Roy was appointed Dean of Engineering in 1956, and retired in 1973. He was appointed Director of Chesapeake Research Consortium, which covered environmental concerns of state of Maryland. In 1970, he was appointed to the board of governors of Washington College. During his tenure at JHU, he received top awards in Industrial Engineering from the Institute of Industrial Engineers and served on many organizations for engineering education. The Institute of Industrial Eng
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi%20So-yeon
Yi So-yeon (born June 2, 1978) is a South Korean astronaut and biotechnologist who became the first Korean to fly in space. Lee was born and raised in Gwangju, South Korea and graduated from KAIST with a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering. In 2006, she was selected as one of two finalists in the Korean Astronaut Program: a mission to send the first Koreans to space. A year later, it was announced that she was to be the backup. However, on March 10, 2008, it was announced that she would be the primary. On April 8, 2008, she was launched into space alongside two Russian cosmonauts. She spent around eleven days in space; on April 19, she returned to the surface. Afterwards, Yi worked as a researcher at the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI). She then attended the International Space University before resigning from KARI to pursue an MBA at the University of California, Berkeley Haas School of Business. She then moved to Washington and lectured at Everett Community College and the University of Washington. Biography Yi So-yeon was born to father Yi Gil-soo and mother Jeong Geum-soon, and raised in Gwangju, South Korea. Yi studied at Gwangju Science High School. She earned bachelor's and master's degrees with a focus on mechanics at KAIST in Daejeon. Her doctorate in biotech systems was conferred on February 29, 2008 in a ceremony at KAIST although she was unable to be present due to her training commitments in Russia. In 2010, she enrolled in the MBA program at
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic%20security
Entropic security is a security definition used in the field of cryptography. Modern encryption schemes are generally required to protect communications even when the attacker has substantial information about the messages being encrypted. For example, even if an attacker knows that an intercepted ciphertext encrypts either the message "Attack" or the message "Retreat", a semantically secure encryption scheme will prevent the attacker from learning which of the two messages is encrypted. However, definitions such as semantic security are too strong to achieve with certain specialized encryption schemes. Entropic security is a weaker definition that can be used in the special case where an attacker has very little information about the messages being encrypted. It is well known that certain types of encryption algorithm cannot satisfy definitions such as semantic security: for example, deterministic encryption algorithms can never be semantically secure. Entropic security definitions relax these definitions to cases where the message space has substantial entropy (from an adversary's point of view). Under this definition it is possible to prove security of deterministic encryption. Note that in practice entropically-secure encryption algorithms are only "secure" provided that the message distribution possesses high entropy from any reasonable adversary's perspective. This is an unrealistic assumption for a general encryption scheme, since one cannot assume that all li
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%20San
Ko San (born October 19, 1976) is CEO and founder of TIDE Institute and ATEAM Ventures. Biography Ko, San was born in Busan, South Korea. A graduate of Hanyoung Foreign Language High School, Ko studied mathematics and cognitive science at Seoul National University. He won a bronze medal at a national amateur boxing tournament in 2004 and climbed a 7,546-meter high mountain in China's Xinjiang Province, Muztagh Ata, the same year. After graduating at Seoul National University, he started working at Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology as a researcher. His research topic was computer vision. On December 25, 2006, he was chosen as one of two finalists in the Korean Astronaut Program, set to fly as a crew on the Russian Soyuz TMA-12 in April 2008. On September 5, 2007, the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology chose Ko San over Yi So-Yeon based on performance in tests during training in Russia. However, on March 10, 2008, this decision was reversed, after the Russian Federal Space Agency asked for a replacement because Ko apparently violated security protocol for maintaining secret information twice at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. After returning from Russia he continued working at Korea Aerospace Research Institute. He started studying public policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 2010. Now he is taking a leave of absence from the John F. Kennedy School of Government to run an NGO, TIDE Institute, which he found
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairing-based%20cryptography
Pairing-based cryptography is the use of a pairing between elements of two cryptographic groups to a third group with a mapping to construct or analyze cryptographic systems. Definition The following definition is commonly used in most academic papers. Let be a Finite field over prime , two additive cyclic groups of prime order and another cyclic group of order written multiplicatively. A pairing is a map: , which satisfies the following properties: Bilinearity Non-degeneracy Computability There exists an efficient algorithm to compute . Classification If the same group is used for the first two groups (i.e. ), the pairing is called symmetric and is a mapping from two elements of one group to an element from a second group. Some researchers classify pairing instantiations into three (or more) basic types: ; but there is an efficiently computable homomorphism ; and there are no efficiently computable homomorphisms between and . Usage in cryptography If symmetric, pairings can be used to reduce a hard problem in one group to a different, usually easier problem in another group. For example, in groups equipped with a bilinear mapping such as the Weil pairing or Tate pairing, generalizations of the computational Diffie–Hellman problem are believed to be infeasible while the simpler decisional Diffie–Hellman problem can be easily solved using the pairing function. The first group is sometimes referred to as a Gap Group because of the assumed difference in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Frattini
Giovanni Frattini (8 January 1852 – 21 July 1925) was an Italian mathematician, noted for his contributions to group theory. Biography Frattini entered the University of Rome in 1869, where he studied mathematics with Giuseppe Battaglini, Eugenio Beltrami, and Luigi Cremona, obtaining his Laurea in 1875. In 1885 he published a paper where he defined a certain subgroup of a finite group. This subgroup, now known as the Frattini subgroup, is the subgroup generated by all the non-generators of the group . He showed that is nilpotent and, in so doing, developed a method of proof known today as Frattini's argument. Besides group theory, he also studied differential geometry and the analysis of second degree indeterminates. Notes References Emaldi, M.; Zacher, G., Giovanni Frattini (1852–1925), matematico (in italian), Advances in group theory 2002, 191–207, Aracne, Rome, 2003. External links 1852 births 1925 deaths Scientists from Rome 19th-century Italian mathematicians 20th-century Italian mathematicians Group theorists Sapienza University of Rome alumni
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Mathematics%20of%20the%20Romanian%20Academy
The "Simion Stoilow" Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy is a research institute in Bucharest, Romania. It is affiliated with the Romanian Academy, and it is named after Simion Stoilow, one of its founders. History On December 29, 1945, a group of twenty Romanian mathematicians from various institutions in Bucharest led by Dimitrie Pompeiu held a meeting at the University of Bucharest to establish the Institute of Mathematical Sciences with the aim of "promoting scientific research in mathematical sciences, through communications, talks, publications, congresses, and other means proper to this aim". This group also included Dan Barbilian, Alexandru Froda, Alexandru Ghica, Gheorghe Mihoc, Grigore Moisil, Miron Nicolescu, Octav Onicescu, Stoilow, Gabriel Sudan, Victor Vâlcovici, and Gheorghe Vrănceanu. In January 1946 they registered the Institute as a legal person, specifically an NGO, with the Ilfov County Court. On June 9, 1948 the new Communist regime revamped the Romanian Academy to an institution modeled on the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, increasing by 1966 the number of its member research centers and institutes from 7 to 56. Among the newly created institutes was the Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, established in 1949 on the basis of the previous NGO with the contribution of Simion Stoilow, one of the twenty founding members from 1945. In 1974, Zoia Ceaușescu, a graduate of the Faculty of Mathematics of the University of Buchare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio%20Seracini
Maurizio Seracini (born 1946) is a self-proclaimed diagnostician of Italian art. A 1973 graduate in bioengineering from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), he founded, in 1977, the first company in Italy for diagnostic and non-destructive analyses on art and architecture, Editech srl, Diagnostic Center for Cultural Heritage in Florence. Adapting technologies from the medical and military fields and other technical measuring instruments he has made possible diagnostics of art and search for art without destroying the artwork itself. He founded the Center for Interdisciplinary Science for Art, Architecture and Archaeology at the University of California, San Diego's Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology in 2007 and served as its director till 2013. From 2014 to 2016, he was a visiting professor at the School of Engineering at Monash University, Melbourne. Seracini has studied over 4,300 works of art, most notably Leonardo da Vinci's lost mural, the Battle of Anghiari, and The Last Supper, Boticelli's Allegory of Spring and Caravaggio's Medusa. He used high-frequency, surface-penetrating radar to locate the painting behind Vasari's Battle of Marciano in Val di Chiana. Seracini's theory was confirmed by an investigation authorized by the city council of Florence and the Italian Minister of Culture at the time. He works closely with Majestic Arts as an Expert for Scientific Authentication of Works of Art in Asia, Europe, North America and Midd
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy%20Katz
Randy Howard Katz is a distinguished professor emeritus at University of California, Berkeley of the electrical engineering and computer science department. Biography Katz was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1955. He was first exposed to computers in Canarsie High School's well equipped laboratory. After graduating in 1973, Katz received an A.B. from Cornell University (May 1976), where he was a Cornell College Scholar majoring in Computer Science and Mathematics, an M.S. from UC Berkeley (June 1978), under the direction of Larry Rowe, and a Ph.D., from UC Berkeley (June 1980), under the direction of Eugene Wong. He was a member of the Ingres Project. After working at BBN and CCA in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Katz was an assistant professor in the Computer Sciences Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison from 1981 to 1983. In 1983, he joined the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at the University of California, Berkeley. He was promoted to associate professor in 1985 and full professor in 1988. He was appointed the United Microelectronics Corporation Distinguished Professor in EECS in 1996. From 1996 to 1999, he served as chair of the EECS Department, the first computer scientist to do so. In 2015, he served as chair of the Department's Computer Science Division. In 2018, he was appointed Berkeley's vice chancellor for research. He retired from the university in December 2021. Katz is a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), In
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Scott
Charlotte Angas Scott (8 June 1858 – 10 November 1931) was a British mathematician who made her career in the United States and was influential in the development of American mathematics, including the mathematical education of women. Scott played an important role in Cambridge changing the rules for its famous Mathematical Tripos exam. Early life She was the second of seven children to Caleb Scott, a minister of the Congregational Church, and Eliza Exley Scott. Educated at Girton College, Cambridge from 1876 to 1880 on a scholarship, she was then a Resident Lecturer in Mathematics there until 1884. In 1885 she became one of the first British women to receive a doctorate, and the first British woman to receive a doctorate in mathematics, which she received from the University of London. She did her graduate research under Arthur Cayley at Cambridge University, but since Cambridge did not begin issuing degrees to women until 1948, Scott received her BSc (1882) and D.Sc. (1885) from the University of London through external examinations. Passing the Tripos In 1880, Scott obtained special permission to take the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos Exam, as women were not normally allowed to sit for the exam. She came eighth on the Tripos of all students taking them, but due to her sex, the title of "eighth wrangler," a high honour, went officially to a male student. At the ceremony, however, after the seventh wrangler had been announced, all the students in the audience shouted her
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative%20interior
In mathematics, the relative interior of a set is a refinement of the concept of the interior, which is often more useful when dealing with low-dimensional sets placed in higher-dimensional spaces. Formally, the relative interior of a set (denoted ) is defined as its interior within the affine hull of In other words, where is the affine hull of and is a ball of radius centered on . Any metric can be used for the construction of the ball; all metrics define the same set as the relative interior. A set is relatively open iff it is equal to its relative interior. Note that when is a closed subspace of the full vector space (always the case when the full vector space is finite dimensional) then being relatively closed is equivalent to being closed. For any convex set the relative interior is equivalently defined as where means that there exists some such that . Comparison to interior The interior of a point in an at least one-dimensional ambient space is empty, but its relative interior is the point itself. The interior of a line segment in an at least two-dimensional ambient space is empty, but its relative interior is the line segment without its endpoints. The interior of a disc in an at least three-dimensional ambient space is empty, but its relative interior is the same disc without its circular edge. Properties See also References Further reading Topology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachis%20cardenasii
Arachis cardenasii is a herb in the Fabaceae family. This plant is cited as gene sources for research in plant biology of peanut (Arachis hypogaea); for example, Cercospora leaf spot resistance. References cardenasii
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachis%20correntina
Arachis correntina (syn. Arachis villosa Benth. var. correntina Burkart) is a herb native to Argentina and Paraguay. This plant is cited as gene sources for research in plant biology of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). External links International Legume Database & Information Service: Arachis correntina correntina Flora of Argentina Flora of Paraguay
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachis%20diogoi
Arachis diogoi (syn. Arachis chacoense Krapov. & W.Gregory, Arachis villosa Benth. subsp. diogoi (Hoehne) A.Chev.) is a perennial herb found in Africa, Indian Ocean and South America. This plant is cited as gene sources for research in plant biology of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). External links International Legume Database & Information Service: Arachis diogoi diogoi Flora of Africa Flora of Southern America
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachis%20duranensis
Arachis duranensis (syn. Arachis argentinensis Speg., Arachis spegazzinii M.Gregory & W.Gregory) is a herb found in South America, specially in North Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. This plant is cited as gene sources for research in plant biology of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Gallery External links International Legume Database & Information Service: Arachis duranensis duranensis Flora of Argentina Flora of Bolivia Flora of Paraguay
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Griffiths%20%28mathematician%29
Robert Charles Griffiths, FRS is an Australian mathematician and statistician known for his work in mathematical population genetics. He is professor of mathematical genetics in the University of Oxford, and a fellow and tutor at Lady Margaret Hall. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2010. References External links Bob Griffiths University of Oxford Department of Statistics Prof Robert Griffiths Lady Margaret Hall Year of birth missing (living people) Australian statisticians Population geneticists Australian expatriates in the United Kingdom Living people Fellows of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford Fellows of the Royal Society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Kaiser
James Frederick Kaiser (Dec. 10, 1929 – Feb. 13, 2020) was an American electrical engineer noted for his contributions in signal processing. He was an IEEE Fellow and received many honors and awards, including the IEEE Centennial Medal, the IEEE W.R.G. Baker Award, the Bell Laboratories Distinguished Technical Staff Award, and the IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal. Biography Kaiser was born in Piqua, Ohio, and earned his electrical engineering degree from the University of Cincinnati in 1952. He then moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and received his masters and doctorate degrees in 1954 and 1959, respectively. Following his doctorate, he received a three-year appointment as an assistant professor at MIT but decided to take a leave of absence to work at Bell Labs. Although the arrangement was due to only last for a year, he enjoyed the work so much that he elected to stay. While at Bell Labs, he worked on a variety of projects in signal processing for human speech and hearing, later focusing his attention on filter design for digital signals. During the Bell System breakup in 1984, Kaiser moved to Bellcore. After he retired from Bellcore, he served as a visiting professor at Duke University and Rutgers University. Kaiser died at age 90 in February, 2020, after a brief illness. References 2020 deaths University of Cincinnati alumni Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Scientists at Bell Labs American electrical engineers People from Pi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Bieri
James Bieri (born 1927) is a psychologist and biographer who introduced in 1955 the concept of cognitive complexity, derived from his doctoral study with George A. Kelly. Subsequently, integrating ideas from information theory and psychophysics, Bieri and his research team at Columbia University published a volume entitled Clinical and Social Judgment (John Wiley, 1966). After serving in the U.S. Navy, Bieri obtained his undergraduate degree from Antioch College (1950) and his Ph.D. at Ohio State University (1953). He held teaching positions at Harvard University (Department of Social Relations), Columbia University (School of Social Work), City University of New York (Brooklyn College), and the University of Texas at Austin, where he was Professor and Director of the Clinical Psychology Training Program. Upon retirement, Bieri pursued his interest in English Romantic poetry and in 2005 published a two-volume biography of Percy Bysshe Shelley (University of Delaware Press, 2004 & 2005). A second edition of this work was published in 2008 by Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. References 21st-century American psychologists Ohio State University alumni Harvard University faculty Columbia University faculty University of Texas at Austin faculty Living people 1927 births Brooklyn College faculty 20th-century American psychologists
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%20time
In computer science, link time refers to the period of time, during the creation of a computer program, in which a linker is being applied to that program. Link time occurs after compile time and before runtime (when a program is executed). It is common to speak of link time operations (the operations performed by a linker) or link time requirements (programming language requirements that must be met by compiled source code for it to be successfully linked). Link time operations The operations performed at link time usually include fixing up the addresses of externally referenced objects and functions, various kinds of cross module checks (e.g. type checks on externally visible identifiers and in some languages instantiation of templates). Some optimizing compilers delay code generation until link time because it is here that information about a complete program is available to them. Resolving external variables in a program is also done at link time. The link-time optimization (LTO), when enabled, occurs at link time. Link time requirements The definition of a programming language may specify link time requirements that source code must meet to be successfully compiled (e.g. the maximum number of characters in an externally visible identifier that must be considered significant). Exceptions In some programming languages it may be necessary for some compilation and linking to occur at runtime. See also Program lifecycle phase Compile time Runtime (program lifecycle p
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low%20voltage
In electrical engineering, low voltage is a relative term, the definition varying by context. Different definitions are used in electric power transmission and distribution, compared with electronics design. Electrical safety codes define "low voltage" circuits that are exempt from the protection required at higher voltages. These definitions vary by country and specific codes or regulations. IEC Definition May depend on the applicable standard used. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard IEC 61140:2016 defines Low voltage as 0 to 1000 V AC RMS or 0 to 1500 V DC Other standards such as IEC 60038 defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50 to 1000 V AC or 120 to 1500 V DC in IEC Standard Voltages which defines power distribution system voltages around the world. In electrical power systems low voltage most commonly refers to the mains voltages as used by domestic and light industrial and commercial consumers. "Low voltage" in this context still presents a risk of electric shock, but only a minor risk of electric arcs through the air. United Kingdom British Standard BS 7671, Requirements for Electrical Installations. IET Wiring Regulations, defines supply system low voltage as: exceeding 50 V ac or 120 V ripple-free dc. but not exceeding 1000 V ac or 1500 V dc between conductors, or 600 V ac or 900 V dc between conductors and earth. The ripple-free direct current requirement only applies to 120 V dc, not to any dc voltage above th
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Dulac
Henri Claudius Rosarius Dulac (3 October 1870, Fayence – 2 September 1955, Fayence) was a French mathematician. Life Born in Fayence, France, Dulac graduated from École Polytechnique (Paris, class of 1892) and obtained a Doctorate in Mathematics. He started to teach a class of mathematic analysis at University, in Grenoble (France), Algiers (today Algeria) and Poitiers (France). Holder of a pulpit in pure mathematics in the Sciences University of Lyon (France) in 1911, his teaching was suspended during the first world war (1914 – 1918) and he had to serve as officer in the French army. After the war, he became holder of a pulpit of differential and integral calculus and also taught in École Centrale Lyon. He became examiner at École Polytechnique (Paris) and President of the admission jury. Awarded Officer of Legion d'honneur, the French order established by Napoleon and associate member of the French Academy of Sciences, he published part of Euler's works and contributed to the research through many publications in France and abroad. Father of 3 children, Anie (1901 – 1935), bachelor in mathematics, Jean (1903 – 2005), graduate of École Polytechnique, 1921 and Robert (1904 - 1996), graduate of polytechnique, 1922; he died in Fayence, France, in 1955. Work Among his publications: Recherches sur les points singuliers des équations différentielles (Journal of École Polytechnique, 1904). Intégrales d'une équation différentielle (Annales University of Grenoble, 1905)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derald%20Langham
Derald George Langham (May 27, 1913 – May 10, 1991) was an American agricultural geneticist, sesame researcher, and founder of the Genesa Foundation. He is known as the "father of sesame" in the Western Hemisphere for his basic research on the genetics of sesame. Most of the sesame lines grown in the Americas came from his breeding work. Sesame plants are a rich source of vitamins and minerals, and Langham focused on cross-breeding the plant into more fruitful versions. He also attempted to look for other uses of sesame beyond a mere food source. Derald Langham is less known for his genetic work in corn and beans. The Rockefeller Institute in Mexico incorporated his varieties into their materials and his genes are carried on in almost every corn hybrid used in the world. Family and education He was born on a farm in Polk City, Iowa, where his interest in plants and animals was piqued at an early age. Langham attended Iowa State College and studied agronomy, where he met the head of the genetics department, Dr. Ernest W. Lindstrom. Lindstrom encouraged him to pursue his interest in genetics, and he continued his studies under Professor Rollins A. Emerson at Cornell University. Langham received his first Ph.D. in genetics in from Cornell University in Plant Genetics in 1939, and his second Ph.D. in humanities in 1969 from United States International University in San Diego. He later taught at Yale University after spending a number of years in Venezuela, and finall
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masatsugu%20Suzuki
Masatsugu Sei Suzuki is a Japanese-American physicist. He is a professor of physics and is affiliated with the Institute for Materials Research at Binghamton University. He has published 155 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals. Education and career Dr. Suzuki received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Yokohama National University in 1971 and 1973, respectively. He received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Tokyo. After completing his Ph.D., Suzuki was a research associate with the Department of Physics at Ochanomizu University in Tokyo, Japan until 1984. He has been a member of the physics faculty at Binghamton University since 1986. Prior to joining the physics department at Binghamton, he spent a year as a visiting scientist with the Department of Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign followed by a year as a visiting scientist with Schlumberger-Doll Research in Ridgefield, Connecticut. Research Suzuki primarily investigates the structural and magnetic properties of various graphite intercalation compounds. Other interests In his spare time, Suzuki enjoys traveling with his family. He works along with his wife, Professor Itsuko Suzuki, in adjacent offices at Binghamton University. They frequently take walks together around campus. Book Most cited papers Suzuki has published over 100 scientific papers. The following is a short list of some of his most cited papers. References External links Suzuki's Bingh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco%20Nathan
Paco Nathan (born 1962) is an American computer scientist and early engineer of the World Wide Web. Nathan is also an author and performance art show producer who established much of his career in Austin, Texas. Early life Paco Nathan was brought up in San Luis Obispo, California. He studied mathematics and computer science at Stanford University, specializing in user interface design and artificial intelligence, with Douglas Lenat as graduate advisor. He received a teaching fellowship during 1984–1986, under the direction of Stuart Reges, to create a course called CS1E, as a peer-teaching introduction to using the Internet, informally called "PCs for Poets". It has since grown to become the popular Residential Computing program on campus. Career Nathan collaborated with Robby Garner and the Italian researcher Luigi Caputo, President of Alma Research Centre, on one of the first web chatterbots, named Barry DeFacto, in 1995. The three have worked together on several related projects, including the JFRED open source project for developing Java-based chat bots. They used JFRED in BBC Television's "Tomorrow's World MegaLab Experiment" and attained a 17% Turing percentage during what was the largest online Turing test at the time. He was a co-founder (with Jon Lebkowsky) and president of FringeWare, Inc., and the editor of FringeWare Review. FringeWare, founded in 1992, was one of the early commercial sites on the Internet. It experimented with mixing subcultural analysis an
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Hawken
Roger William Hercules Hawken (12 May 1878 – 18 October 1947), an Australian engineer, was the first lecturer in civil engineering, and then a professor, at the University of Queensland. Personal life Hawken was born at Darlington, New South Wales, the son of Nicholas Hawken MLC and Mary Jane (née Vance). He attended Newington College (1893–1896) and in 1895 won the Wigram Allen Scholarship, awarded by Sir George Wigram Allen, for mathematics. His tertiary education was at the University of Sydney (B.C.E., 1900; B.A., 1902). He also received a Masters of Engineering from the University of Sydney. He died on 18 October 1947 after a week's illness and was cremated at Mt Thompson Crematorium. He was survived by his wife and five daughters. Professional life Hawken's academic bent was evident by 1903 in a remarkably advanced paper to the Sydney University Engineering Society on the structural analysis of bridges. Hawken worked as an engineer in the Federated Malay States for four years and then with local government authorities in New South Wales. In 1912 Hawken was appointed as a lecturer at the University of Queensland. He graduated M.C.E. from Sydney in 1918 after submitting a thesis on column design, a frontier topic of the period, and appears to have had slightly the better of a lively argument with the eminent English engineer, E. H. Salmon, who had written an authoritative text on the subject. Hawken was appointed as professor at the University of Queensland in 1919.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn%20Steen
Lynn Arthur Steen (January 1, 1941 – June 21, 2015) was an American mathematician who was a professor of mathematics at St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, in the U.S. He wrote numerous books and articles on the teaching of mathematics. He was a past president of the Mathematics Association of America (MAA) and served as chairman of the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences. Biography Steen was born in Chicago, Illinois, but was raised in Staten Island, New York. His mother was a singer at the N.Y. City Center Opera and his father conducted the Wagner College Choir. In 1961, Steen graduated from Luther College with a degree in mathematics and a minor in physics. In 1965 Steen graduated from MIT with a Ph.D. in mathematics. He then joined the faculty of St. Olaf College. At the beginning of Steen's career, he mainly focused on teaching and helping develop research experiences for undergraduates. His teaching led Steen to begin to investigate the links between mathematics and other fields. He wrote many articles aimed for a non-mathematical audience about new developments in mathematics. The majority of his work in the 1970s was regarding mathematical exposition, communicating mathematical research to students, teachers, and the public. In the 1980s, Steen helped lead national efforts to modernize the teaching of calculus and other areas in undergraduate mathematics. He helped broaden the mathematics major at St. Olaf by focusing the students work on inquiry a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20logic
Computational logic is the use of logic to perform or reason about computation. It bears a similar relationship to computer science and engineering as mathematical logic bears to mathematics and as philosophical logic bears to philosophy. It is synonymous with "logic in computer science". The term “computational logic” came to prominence with the founding of the ACM Transactions on Computational Logic in 2000. However, the term was introduced much earlier, by J.A. Robinson in 1970. The expression is used in the second paragraph with a footnote claiming that "computational logic" is "surely a better phrase than 'theorem proving', for the branch of artificial intelligence which deals with how to make machines do deduction efficiently". In 1972 the Metamathematics Unit at the University of Edinburgh was renamed “The Department of Computational Logic” in the School of Artificial Intelligence. The term was then used by Robert S. Boyer and J Strother Moore, who worked in the Department in the early 1970s, to describe their work on program verification and automated reasoning. They also founded Computational Logic Inc. Computational logic has also come to be associated with logic programming, because much of the early work in logic programming in the early 1970s also took place in the Department of Computational Logic in Edinburgh. It was reused in the early 1990s to describe work on extensions of logic programming in the EU Basic Research Project "Compulog" and in the associate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BassOmatic
In cryptography, BassOmatic is the symmetric-key cipher designed by Phil Zimmermann as part of his email encryption software PGP (in the first release, version 1.0). Comments in the source code indicate that he had been designing the cipher since as early as 1988, but it was not publicly released until 1991. After Eli Biham pointed out to him several serious weaknesses in the BassOmatic algorithm over lunch at the 1991 CRYPTO conference, Zimmermann replaced it with IDEA in subsequent versions of PGP. The name is explained in this comment from the source code: "BassOmatic gets its name from an old Dan Aykroyd Saturday Night Live skit involving a blender and a whole fish. The BassOmatic algorithm does to data what the original BassOmatic did to the fish." Algorithm The algorithm operates on blocks of 256 bytes (or 2048 bits). The actual key size can be anywhere from 8 to 2048 bits. The 6 least-significant bits of the key are control bits, used to choose between several possible variations. The number of rounds is 1 to 8, depending on the 3 lowest control bits. Bit 4 selects between two possible key schedules: one using the key to seed a pseudorandom number generator, the other using BassOmatic itself. Making such variations key-dependent means that some keys must be weaker than others; the key space is not flat. The chosen key schedule produces a total of 8 permutation tables, each a permutation of the numbers 0 to 255. Each round consists of 4 operations: XORing the block w
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leray%E2%80%93Hirsch%20theorem
In mathematics, the Leray–Hirsch theorem is a basic result on the algebraic topology of fiber bundles. It is named after Jean Leray and Guy Hirsch, who independently proved it in the late 1940s. It can be thought of as a mild generalization of the Künneth formula, which computes the cohomology of a product space as a tensor product of the cohomologies of the direct factors. It is a very special case of the Leray spectral sequence. Statement Setup Let be a fibre bundle with fibre . Assume that for each degree , the singular cohomology rational vector space is finite-dimensional, and that the inclusion induces a surjection in rational cohomology . Consider a section of this surjection , by definition, this map satisfies . The Leray–Hirsch isomorphism The Leray–Hirsch theorem states that the linear map is an isomorphism of -modules. Statement in coordinates In other words, if for every , there exist classes that restrict, on each fiber , to a basis of the cohomology in degree , the map given below is then an isomorphism of modules. where is a basis for and thus, induces a basis for Notes Fiber bundles Theorems in algebraic topology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Eastlund
Bernard J. Eastlund (1938 – December 12, 2007) was an American physicist who received his B.S. in physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and his Ph.D. in physics from Columbia University. In 1970 he received a Special Achievement Certificate from the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission for co-invention of the "fusion torch." Career Eastlund attended MIT, receiving a B.S Physics degree in 1960. In 1965, he received a Ph.D. in plasma physics from Columbia University, and spent 3 years as a post-doc fellow there. Eastlund became a staff member at the fusion office at the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) in 1968. The USAEC recognized Eastlund's paper, "The Fusion Torch" co-authored with William C. Gough, with a Special Award in 1970. Scientific American magazine published a review of fusion programs by Eastland and Gough in 1971. In 1974, Eastlund left the USAEC and co-founded Fusion Systems Corporation, which focused on ultraviolet-based curing technology with applications in the packaging and manufacturing industry. Fusion Systems technology was used for fast-drying industrial requirements such as labels on Coors beer cans and furniture varnishes. The company sold in 1997 for $193 million. In 1979, Eastlund left Fusion Systems to become vice president of energy research for BDM Corporation. Eastlund served as a member of the board of directors and also as treasurer at Fusion Power Associates. After leaving BDM, Eastlund worked for Atlantic Richfield Corpor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tela%20%28disambiguation%29
Tela is a municipality in Honduras. Tela may also refer to: Biology and medicine A tela (from Latin, meaning a web, something woven, or a layer of tissue like those, especially a thin reticular membrane) Tela chorioidea, a layer of tissue in the brain Tela chorioidea of the third ventricle Tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle Tela subserosa (or just subserosa), a layer of connective tissue between the serosa and the muscular layer in various organs Tela submucosa (or just submucosa), a layer of connective tissue between the mucosa and the muscular layer in various parts of the digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts Places Tela, a Romanian village in Bata, Arad, a commune in Arad County Tela River (Río Tela), a river in Honduras Other Television and Entertainment Licensing Authority of Hong Kong, China Tela (rapper), an American rap performer from Memphis, Tennessee "Tela", a song by the American rock band Phish from the 1987 album The Man Who Stepped into Yesterday See also Tola (disambiguation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20University%20Mathematics%20Journal
The Indiana University Mathematics Journal is a journal of mathematics published by Indiana University. Its first volume was published in 1952, under the name Journal of Rational Mechanics and Analysis and edited by Zachery D. Paden and Clifford Truesdell. In 1957, Eberhard Hopf became editor, the journal name changed to the Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics, and Truesdell founded a separate successor journal, the Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, now published by Springer-Verlag. The Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics later changed its name again to the present name. The full text of all articles published under the various incarnations of this journal is available online from the journal's web site. The web site lists all such papers under the Indiana University Mathematics Journal name, but other bibliographies generally use the name of the journal as of the date each paper was published. External links Indiana University Mathematics Journal, official site and archive Information about the history of the IUMJ from the USC library Mathematics journals Academic journals established in 1952 Indiana University
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Eisenberg
David S. Eisenberg (born 15 March 1939) is an American biochemist and biophysicist best known for his contributions to structural biology and computational molecular biology, a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles since the early 1970s and director of the UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics & Proteomics since the early 1990s, as well as a member of the California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) at UCLA. Education Eisenberg attended Harvard University and graduated in 1961 with an A.B. in Biochemical Sciences. He went on to the University of Oxford, where he was awarded a D.Phil in 1965 for research supervised by Charles Coulson. Research Eisenberg's current research focuses on the structural biology of amyloidogenic proteins, while his computational efforts largely center on the development of bioinformatic/proteomic methodologies for elucidation and analysis of protein interaction networks. His research group hosts the Database of Interacting Proteins. Career Postdoctoral research, Princeton University (1964–1966; with Walter Kauzmann) Postdoctoral research, California Institute of Technology (1966–1969; with Richard E. Dickerson) Professor, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, USA (1969–Present) Professor, Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA Medical School Director, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics & Proteomics (1993–Present) Member, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), UCLA Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (2001–Present)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajime%20Tanabe
was a Japanese philosopher of science, particularly of mathematics and physics. His work brought together elements of Buddhism, scientific thought, Western philosophy, Christianity, and Marxism. In the postwar years, Tanabe coined the concept of metanoetics, proposing that the limits of speculative philosophy and reason must be surpassed by metanoia. Tanabe was a key member of what has become known in the West as the Kyoto School, alongside philosophers Kitaro Nishida (also Tanabe's teacher) and Keiji Nishitani. He taught at Tōhoku Imperial University beginning in 1913 and later at Kyōto Imperial University, and studied at the universities of Berlin, Leipzig, and Freiburg in the 1920s under figures such as Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. In 1947 he became a member of the Japan Academy, and in 1950 he received the Order of Cultural Merit. Biography Tanabe was born on February 3, 1885, in Tokyo to a household devoted to education. His father, the principal of Kaisei Academy, was a scholar of Confucius, whose teachings may have influenced Tanabe's philosophical and religious thought. Tanabe enrolled at Tokyo Imperial University, first as a mathematics student before moving to literature and philosophy. After graduation, he worked as a lecturer at Tohoku University and taught English at Kaisei Academy. In 1916, Tanabe translated Henri Poincaré’s La Valeur de la science. In 1918, he received his doctorate from Kyoto Imperial University with a dissertation entitled ‘Invest
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Herbert%20%28physicist%29
Nick Herbert (born September 7, 1936) is an American physicist and author, best known for his book Quantum Reality. Biography Herbert studied engineering physics at The Ohio State University, graduating in 1959. He received a Ph.D. in physics from Stanford University in 1967 for work on nuclear scattering experiments. After a one-year teaching job at Monmouth College in Illinois, Herbert held a number of posts in industry. The most illustrious of these was senior physicist at Memorex Corporation in Santa Clara, California, where he developed new magnetic materials, as well as magnetic, electrostatic and optical measuring devices, and carried out theoretical work on Lorentz microscopy. He was also senior physicist at Smith-Corona Marchant Corporation in Palo Alto, California where he developed a new theory of xerographic process and worked on early developments in ink jet printing. While employed in industry, Herbert was part of the Fundamental Fysiks Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, founded in May 1975 by Elizabeth Rauscher and George Weissmann. The group's initial interest was in the interpretation of quantum mechanics, the EPR paradox, and Bell's inequality, and members pursued also diverse interests that lay outside of mainstream physics, exploring psychedelic drugs, psi phenomena, the nature of consciousness, and speculative connections of these areas with quantum physics. During the 1970s and 1980s, Herbert and Saul-Paul Sirag organized a yearly Esalen S
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei%20Smirnov%20%28physicist%29
Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov (; born October 16, 1951) is a neutrino physics researcher and one of the discoverers of the MSW Effect. Education Alexei Smirnov graduated from MSU Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University in 1974. In 1977, he began to work at the Institute for Nuclear Research (INR) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, where he received his Candidate of Sciences degree in 1979. In 1989, he received a degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical sciences. He also taught at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University in the period from 1982 to 1990. Smirnov joined the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste, Italy in 1992 as a staff-associate while continuing his affiliation with INR (Moscow) as a leading research scientist. He became a staff member with ICTP in 1997 and where he held the position of principal research scientist. Since 2015 he is a permanent scientist and Max-Planck Fellow at the Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK) in Heidelberg. Research and achievements The main area of Smirnov's research is neutrino physics and astrophysics. In 1984—1985, following earlier work by Lincoln Wolfenstein, Smirnov, together with Stanislav Mikheyev, uncovered effects of resonance enhancement of neutrino oscillations in matter and the adiabatic conversion in non-uniform media known now as the Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect (MSW effect). Solutions to the solar neutrino problem based on the MSW effect have been proposed. T
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDG
EDG may refer to: Science and medicine Electron donating group, a category in chemistry Electrodermograph, a measuring device for skin Elevational diversity gradient, an ecological pattern Endothelial differentiation gene, a family of integral membrane proteins Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, a diagnostic procedure Transport Eden Gardens railway station, in Kolkata, India Edge Hill railway station, in Liverpool, England Weide Army Airfield, in Maryland, United States Other uses Edison Design Group, an American software company Edward Gaming, a Chinese esports organization Emergency diesel generator, an independent source of electrical power European Democrats, a party group in the European Parliament European Democrat Group, a party group in the Council of Europe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%20Centre%20for%20Gene%20Function
The Oxford Centre for Gene Function is a multidisciplinary research institute in the University of Oxford, England. It is directed by Frances Ashcroft, Kay Davies and Peter Donnelly. It involves the departments of Human anatomy and genetics, Physiology, and Statistics. External links Oxford Centre for Gene Function website Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics Departments of the University of Oxford Genetics in the United Kingdom Human genetics Research institutes in Oxford
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%20Gymnasium
The Fifth Gymnasium () is a high school in Zagreb, Croatia specialising in science and mathematics. It was opened on 7 November 1938. Today it has about 900 students in 28 classes. It is considered to be the most prestigious gymnasium in Zagreb alongside the XV Gymnasium. Students are known for often excelling in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, Latin, computer science, history, geography and logic. Also, students have taken part in the International Mathematical Olympiad and the International Chemistry Olympiad, where they have received various medals, and also the International Physics Olympiad. History The secondary school was initially founded in 1938 as a single-sex general gymnasium. Locally, it known as the Fifth Male Gymnasium of Zagreb. In its first year of existence, there were 762 students enrolled, with 45 students per class. In 1946, a year after Croatia's entrance into Yugoslavia, its name was changed to the Fifth Gymnasium of Bogdan Ogrizović. was a prominent physicist in Zagreb who was best known as a high school teacher of physics and mathematics. He died during WWII. In the period of Croatia's scrapping of the single-sex model and the creation co-educational institutions, the school merged in 1960 with the Seventh Woman's Gymnasium. After this, it transformed into a high school primarily specialising in a program of mathematics and scientific subjects. In 1977, after a reform on education and gymnasiums, the school changed its name t
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Cook%20%28computer%20scientist%29
William Randall Cook (November 21, 1963 – October 27, 2021) was an American computer scientist, who was an associate professor in the Department of Computer Sciences at the University of Texas at Austin. Early life and education Cook was born on November 21, 1963. He received his Ph.D. in computer science from Brown University in 1989. Career Cook's research concentrated on object-oriented programming, programming languages, modeling languages, and the interface between programming languages and databases. Prior to joining UT in 2003, he was chief technology officer and co-founder of Allegis Corporation, where he was chief architect for several award-winning products, including the eBusiness Suite at Allegis, the writer's Solution for Prentice Hall, and the AppleScript language at Apple Computer. Cook won the Senior Dahl–Nygaard Prize in 2014. Personal life Cook died on October 27, 2021, at the age of 57. Selected papers Inheritance is not subtyping, Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages (1990) AppleScript. Proceedings of the third ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL III) Pages 1–21 ACM, 2007. References External links Home page at University of Texas Papers and citations according to Google Scholar. Publications as listed in DBLP. 1963 births 2021 deaths American chief technology officers American computer scientists Brown University alumni University of Texas at Austin faculty Dah
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Kudish
Michael Kudish is an author, railroad historian, forest historian, botanist, and retired emeritus professor. He received his Ph.D. in botany in 1971 from the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry at Syracuse. His dissertation, on the history of Catskill forests, was the beginning of a lifelong study. It was later expanded and published in book form as The Catskill Forest: A History. His previous degrees included a B.S. from the City College of New York, and an M.S. from Cornell University (1968). As a professor in the Division of Forestry at Paul Smith's College, he has written three books on the flora of the Adirondacks, including Adirondack Upland Flora, as well as a vast number of articles on forest history of both the Catskills and Adirondacks. As a railroad historian, he wrote Where Did The Tracks Go?, an initial description of railroads in the Adirondacks, followed by Railroads of the Adirondacks, for a long time considered the definitive work on the subject. He has since retired from Paul Smith's College, moved to the Catskills, and has completed a four-volume set on the Mountain Railroads of New York State. It updates Railroads of the Adirondacks in the first three volumes, and adds a fourth volume covering the Catskills (with a separate Addendum volume of 55 pages). The Michael Kudish Natural History Preserve in Stamford, New York is named for him. Dr. Kudish's Catskill notes are archived at UVM References Living people A
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus%20Braun%20Kinzel
Augustus Braun Kinzel (July 26, 1900 – October 23, 1987) was a noted American metallurgist and first president of the National Academy of Engineering. Biography Kinzel was born in New York City. He received his A.B. in mathematics from Columbia University (1919), B.S. in engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1921), and D. Met. Ing. and Sc.D. from the University of Nancy, France (1922, 1933). His employment started in 1919 at the General Electric Laboratories in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He joined Union Carbide Research Laboratories in 1926 as a research metallurgist, where he subsequently served as chief metallurgist starting in 1931, vice-president (1945), and president (1948). He subsequently served as director of research for the Union Carbide Corporation (starting 1954), and vice-president of research (1955). In later years he was president and chief executive officer the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. During World War II he held key advisory posts for ordnance, and led the metals branch of the Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee in Europe. After the war, he served on the Defense Science Board and the Naval Research Advisory Committee, and as consultant to the Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Argonne, and Brookhaven National Laboratories, and the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory. Kinzel was active in professional organizations, notably as the president of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (1958) and chai
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Andrew%20McCammon
James Andrew McCammon (born 1947, Lafayette, Indiana, US) is an American physical chemist known for his application of principles and methods from theoretical and computational chemistry to biological systems. A professor at the University of California, San Diego, McCammon's research focuses on the theoretical aspects of biomolecular and cellular activity. In 2011 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. Prof. McCammon co-authored Dynamics of Proteins and Nucleic Acids (Cambridge University Press, 1987; ), an important contribution to molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics, with Stephen Harvey, while the first published reports on molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics can be found as early as 1976, most likely even earlier. Early life McCammon attended Pomona College, graduating in 1969. Contributions "The Cray Research Information Technology Leadership Award for Breakthrough Computational Science, Dr. Andrew McCammon of the University of San Diego, for his pioneering use of supercomputing technology in analyzing chemical enzyme inhibitors to fight Alzheimers and other diseases." (Business Wire, June 6, 1995) Awards Elected Member, National Academy of Sciences of the USA (2011) American Chemical Society (ACS) National Award for Computers in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research (2008) Elected Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2006) UCSD SPPS Associated Students Teaching Award (2003) UC Chancellor's Associates Award for Research (200
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly%20contractible
In mathematics, a topological space is said to be weakly contractible if all of its homotopy groups are trivial. Property It follows from Whitehead's Theorem that if a CW-complex is weakly contractible then it is contractible. Example Define to be the inductive limit of the spheres . Then this space is weakly contractible. Since is moreover a CW-complex, it is also contractible. See Contractibility of unit sphere in Hilbert space for more. The Long Line is an example of a space which is weakly contractible, but not contractible. This does not contradict Whitehead theorem since the Long Line does not have the homotopy type of a CW-complex. Another prominent example for this phenomenon is the Warsaw circle. References Topology Homotopy theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Al-Khalili
Jameel Sadik "Jim" Al-Khalili (; born 20 September 1962) is an Iraqi-British theoretical physicist, author and broadcaster. He is professor of theoretical physics and chair in the public engagement in science at the University of Surrey. He is a regular broadcaster and presenter of science programmes on BBC radio and television, and a frequent commentator about science in other British media. In 2014, Al-Khalili was named as a RISE (Recognising Inspirational Scientists and Engineers) leader by the UK's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). He was President of Humanists UK between January 2013 and January 2016. Early life and education Al-Khalili was born in Baghdad in 1962. His father was an Iraqi Air Force engineer, and his English mother was a librarian. Al-Khalili settled permanently in the United Kingdom in 1979. After completing (and retaking) his A-levels over three years until 1982, he studied physics at the University of Surrey and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1986. He stayed on at Surrey to pursue a Doctor of Philosophy degree in nuclear reaction theory, which he obtained in 1989, rather than accepting a job offer from the National Physical Laboratory. Career and research In 1989, Al-Khalili was awarded a Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) postdoctoral fellowship at University College London, after which he returned to Surrey in 1991, first as a research assistant, then as a lecturer. In 1994, Al-Khalili was
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHIM
WHIM may refer to: The Warm–hot intergalactic medium in astrophysics WHIM syndrome, Wart, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infection, and Myelokathexis syndrome Callsigns WHIM-LP, a low-power radio station (99.5 FM) licensed to serve Hialeah Gardens, Florida, United States WHIM (defunct), a defunct radio station (1110 AM) licensed to serve East Providence, Rhode Island, United States WQOS (AM), a radio station (1080 AM) licensed to serve Coral Gables, Florida, which held the call sign WHIM from 2010 to 2018 WNDO, a radio station (1520 AM) licensed to serve Apopka, Florida, which held the call sign WHIM from 1998 to 2010 Former callsign (1947–92, 1993–95) of WPMZ, a radio station (1110 AM) licensed to serve East Providence, Rhode Island Former callsign (1995–98) of WWRI (AM), a radio station (1450 AM) licensed to serve West Warwick, Rhode Island See also Whim (disambiguation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackermann%20set%20theory
In mathematics and logic, Ackermann set theory (AST) is an axiomatic set theory proposed by Wilhelm Ackermann in 1956. AST differs from Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) in that it allows proper classes, that is, objects that are not sets, including a class of all sets. It replaces several of the standard ZF axioms for constructing new sets with a principle known as Ackermann's schema. Intuitively, the schema allows a new set to be constructed if it can be defined by a formula which does not refer to the class of all sets. In its use of classes, AST differs from other alternative set theories such as Morse–Kelley set theory and Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory in that a class may be an element of another class. William N. Reinhardt established in 1970 that AST is effectively equivalent in strength to ZF, putting it on equal foundations. In particular, AST is consistent if and only if ZF is consistent. Preliminaries AST is formulated in first-order logic. The language of AST contains one binary relation denoting set membership and one constant denoting the class of all sets. Ackermann used a predicate instead of ; this is equivalent as each of and can be defined in terms of the other. We will refer to elements of as sets, and general objects as classes. A class that is not a set is called a proper class. Axioms The following formulation is due to Reinhardt. The five axioms include two axiom schemas. Ackermann's original formulation included only the first four
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Pieter%20Den%20Hartog
Jacob Pieter Den Hartog (July 23, 1901 Ambarawa, Dutch East Indies – March 17, 1989) was a Dutch-American mechanical engineer and Professor of Mechanical Engineering at MIT. Biography J. P. Den Hartog was born in 1901 in Ambarova, the Dutch East Indies. In 1916 his family moved to Holland. After attending high school in Amsterdam, he enrolled at Delft University of Technology in 1919 and received his MSc degree in electrical engineering in 1924. Unable to find suitable work in the Netherlands, he emigrated to the United States in 1924. From 1924 to 1930 he worked as an electrical engineer in the research laboratory of Westinghouse Electric (1886) in Pittsburgh. There under the influence of Stephen P. Timoshenko, who took him as his assistant, he began to study electrical and mechanical vibrations. At the same time, he attended night classes in Mathematics at the University of Pittsburgh, where he became an authority in problems on mechanics and vibration and received a doctorate in 1939. In 1930-1931 he studied at the University of Göttingen where he collaborated in the laboratory of Ludwig Prandtl (whose fellow Oscar Carl Gustav Titens previously worked for Westinghouse). From 1932 to 1945 he taught at Harvard University and took part in the organization of the International Congress of Applied Mechanics in Cambridge (Massachusetts) 1938. During the Second World War, he volunteered to serve in the US Navy, was engaged in the problems of vibration in shipbuilding. From
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morteza%20Alviri
Morteza Alviri (, born 23 November 1948) is an Iranian politician who served as Mayor of Tehran from 1999 to 2001. Education He is a graduate in Electrical Engineering from the Sharif University of Technology in Tehran and has a Master's in Management from the State Management Training Center. Career During the regime of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi he was imprisoned for activities with the Fallah organisation. After the Iranian Revolution he served on the central council of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards. He was affiliated with the leftist faction of the Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization, and was elected an MP in the Majlis of Iran in 1980 and 1988. He was a close associate of then-speaker Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. Alviri was a supporter of Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri, who was dismissed as Ayatollah Khomeini's deputy in 1988, and as a result Alviri was prevented from running in the 1992 Majlis elections. Since then he moved from leftist to economically liberal views, and has served in various governmental positions including the Supreme National Security Council's economic committee, the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, the Ministry of Mines and Metals and was secretary of the Supreme Council for Free Trade Zones during the presidency of Mohammad Khatami and Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. He was unanimously selected as the Mayor of Tehran in June 1999 by the fifteen Tehran City Councillors following the imprisonment of the serving mayor, Gholam
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Hart
George William Hart (born 1955) is an American sculptor and geometer. Before retiring, he was an associate professor of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University in New York City and then an interdepartmental research professor at Stony Brook University. His work includes both academic and artistic approaches to mathematics. He is the father of mathematics popularizer and YouTuber Vi Hart. Education and career Hart received a B.S. in Mathematics from MIT (1977), an M.A. in Linguistics from Indiana University (1979), and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from MIT (1987). His academic work includes the online publication Encyclopedia of Polyhedra, the textbook Multidimensional Analysis, and the instruction book Zome Geometry. He has also published over sixty academic articles. His artistic work includes sculpture, computer images, toys (e.g. Zome) and puzzles. He worked with John H. Conway to promote and standardize the Conway polyhedron notation. Sculptures Hart's public sculptures can be seen at locations around the world, including MIT, U.C. Berkeley, Stony Brook University, Princeton University, Duke University, The University of Arizona, Queen's University at Kingston, Macalester College, Pratt Institute, Albion College, Middlesex University, Aalto University, and The Polytechnic University of Valencia. Inventions Hart is a coinventor on two US patents, Digital ac monitor and Non-intrusive appliance monitor apparatus. These patents cov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20Physics%20Letters
Chemical Physics Letters is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in chemical physics and physical chemistry. It was established in 1967 and is published by Elsevier. The editors-in-chief are David C. Clary, B. Dietzek, K-L. Han, and A. Karton. External links Chemical physics journals Academic journals established in 1967 Elsevier academic journals English-language journals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homi%20Bhabha%20Centre%20for%20Science%20Education
Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE) is a National Centre of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, India. The broad goals of the institute are to promote equity and excellence in science and mathematics education from primary school to undergraduate college level, and encourage the growth of scientific literacy in the country. To these ends it carries out a wide spectrum of inter-related activities, which may be viewed under three broad categories: Research and development, Teacher orientation and science popularisation Olympiads and other students' nurture programmes It is India's nodal centre for Olympiad programmes in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and astronomy. Another major program of HBCSE is the National Initiative on Undergraduate Science (NIUS). HBCSE runs a graduate school in science and mathematics education. Students admitted to HBCSE Graduate School work for the degree of Ph.D. in Science Education, which is a degree of TIFR (Deemed University). Notable staff References External links Mathematics Education Research, HBCSE, Mumbai India Small Science - Homi Bhabha Curriculum for Primary Science Hindi Learning Portal - HBCSE National Initiative on Undergraduate Science - HBCSE Olympiad Programme - HBCSE, India Asian Science Camp - 2010 International Physics Olympiad, 2015, India Collaborative Learning Portal, HBCSE Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Science education in India Research institutes in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinstein%E2%80%93Aronszajn%20identity
In mathematics, the Weinstein–Aronszajn identity states that if and are matrices of size and respectively (either or both of which may be infinite) then, provided (and hence, also ) is of trace class, where is the identity matrix. It is closely related to the matrix determinant lemma and its generalization. It is the determinant analogue of the Woodbury matrix identity for matrix inverses. Proof The identity may be proved as follows. Let be a matrix consisting of the four blocks , , and : Because is invertible, the formula for the determinant of a block matrix gives Because is invertible, the formula for the determinant of a block matrix gives Thus Substituting for then gives the Weinstein–Aronszajn identity. Applications Let . The identity can be used to show the somewhat more general statement that It follows that the non-zero eigenvalues of and are the same. This identity is useful in developing a Bayes estimator for multivariate Gaussian distributions. The identity also finds applications in random matrix theory by relating determinants of large matrices to determinants of smaller ones. References Determinants Matrix theory Theorems in linear algebra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20March
Herman William March (1878 – 1953) was a mathematician and physicist. March studied physics and mathematics at the University of Munich under Wilhelm Röntgen and Arnold Sommerfeld. He received his doctorate in 1911. He had a position at the University of Wisconsin–Madison no later than circa 1920. He died in 1953. Partial literature 1917: Calculus. Herman W. March and Henry C. Wolff. McGraw-Hill, New York. 1925: The Deflection of a Rectangular Plate Fixed at the Edges, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 27(3): 307–317 1927: The Heaviside Operational Calculus, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 33: 311–8. 1928: (with Warren Weaver) The Diffusion Problem for a Solid in Contact with a Stirred Liquid, Physical Review 31: 1072 - 1082. 1936: Bending of a Centrally Loaded Rectangular Strip of Plywood, Journal of Applied Physics 7(1): 32–41. 1953: The Field of a Magnetic Dipole in the Presence of a Conducting Sphere, Geophysics 18(3): 671–684. Notes 1878 births 1953 deaths 20th-century German physicists 20th-century American physicists 20th-century American mathematicians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Herbert%20Hollomon%20Jr.
John Herbert Hollomon Jr. (March 12, 1919 – May 8, 1985) was a noted American engineer and founding member of the National Academy of Engineering. Biography Hollomon was born in Norfolk, Virginia. He earned his B.S. in physics and in 1946 received his D.Sc. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in metallurgy. After the war he served as an instructor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He then joined the General Electric laboratories in Schenectady, New York, where he eventually became general manager. In 1962, he was appointed first assistant secretary for science and technology at the United States Department of Commerce. In this role he established the Environmental Sciences Services Administration (later, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), the Commerce Technical Advisory Board, and the State Technical Services program. He served for part of 1967 as acting under secretary of commerce, but left government for the University of Oklahoma where he served one year as president-designate and two as President. In 1970, Hollomon returned to MIT as consultant to the president and subsequently as Professor of Engineering. In 1983, he moved to the Boston University campus, where he remained until his death. See also Hollomon–Jaffe parameter Zener–Hollomon parameter Strain hardening exponent Work hardening References External links National Academy of Engineering memorial tribute 20th-century American engineers Founding members of the United
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Horrocks
Ian Robert Horrocks is a professor of computer science at the University of Oxford in the UK and a Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. His research focuses on knowledge representation and reasoning, particularly ontology languages, description logic and optimised tableaux decision procedures. Education Horrocks completed his Bachelor of Science (BSc), Master of Science (MSc) and PhD degrees in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Manchester. Research and career After several years as a lecturer, senior lecturer, reader then Professor in Manchester, Horrocks moved to the University of Oxford in 2008. His work on tableau reasoning for very expressive description logics has formed the basis of most description logic reasoning systems in use today, including Racer, FaCT++, HermiT and Pellet. Horrocks was jointly responsible for development of the OIL and DAML+OIL ontology languages, and he played a central role in the development of the Web Ontology Language (OWL). These languages and associated tools have been used by Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Consortium, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in America, the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and a range of major corporations and government agencies. His research is partly funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). Horrocks served as editor-in-chief of Journal of Web Semantics from 2012 until late 2022. Togeth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Rector
Alan L. Rector is a Professor of Medical Informatics in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Manchester in the UK. Education Rector received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Pomona College, a Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree from the University of Minnesota and a Ph.D. from the University of Manchester in 1987. Research Rector's research specialty is clinical terminology, SNOMED, GRAIL, OpenGALEN, biomedical ontologies, Artificial Intelligence in medicine, the Web Ontology Language and the development of the semantic web. He presently leads the CO-ODE and HyOntUse projects developing user-oriented ontology development environments under the JISC and EPSRC Semantic Web and Autonomic Computing initiatives as well as the CLEF project, developing secure and ethical methods to collect live patient record data, under the MRC eScience initiative. Rector has been a visiting senior scientist at Stanford University. He has been a consultant to the NHS Information Authority, the Mayo Clinic & Hewlett-Packard and Siemens Healthcare. He is a member of the Jisc Committee for the Support of Research, the National Cancer Research Institute Board for Bioinformatics, the Joint NHS/Higher Education Forum on Informatics, and the Board of the Academic Forum of the UK Institute for Health Informatics. Rector also serves on the board of HL7-UK, the main standards body for Healthcare Informatics and has been involved with the International World Wide Web Conference and the World
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20University%20of%20Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee%20people
This is a list of people who attended, or taught at, the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, including those who attended Milwaukee State Normal School, Wisconsin State Teacher’s College, Wisconsin State College–Milwaukee and the University of Wisconsin-Extension Center in Milwaukee: Notable alumni Academics George R. Blumenthal (B.S. Physics), astrophysicist, the 10th chancellor of University of California, Santa Cruz Christopher Bratton (1994 MFA Film), President of School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, former president of the San Francisco Art Institute Robert R. Caldwell (1992 Ph.D. Physics), Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Dartmouth College, Fellow of the American Physical Society Juan Carlos Campuzano (1978 Ph.D. Physics), fellow of American Physical Society; 2011 Buckley Prize winner; Argonne distinguished fellow; distinguished professor of physics at University of Illinois, Chicago Carlos Castillo-Chavez (1977 MS Mathematics), Regents and Joaquin Bustoz Jr. Professor at Arizona State University; fellow of American Mathematical Society Alok R. Chaturvedi (1989 Ph.D. MIS), professor of MIS at Purdue University; founder and director of Krannert School of Management SEAS Laboratory James Elsner (1988 Ph.D.), Earl and Sophia Shaw Professor of Geography at Florida State University Keith Hamm (1977 PhD Political Science), Edwards Professor of Political Science at Rice University William D. Haseman (MBA in MIS), Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of MIS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosanac
Bosanac is a South Slavic surname. Variations of the surname include Besanko and Bosanko. Through migration the name can be found in the United Kingdom and Australia. Notable people with the surname include: Vesna Bosanac, Croatian physician involved in the Battle of Vukovar Tomo Bosanac, Croatian electrical engineering professor, member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Bosco Bosanac, Australian bassist of The Atlantics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Energy%20Astronomy%20Observatory
High Energy Astrophysics Observatory can refer to: 1st High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO 1) Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2) 3rd High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO 3) HEAO Program Note that the correct (original) names for these three satellites are "High Energy Astronomy Observatories", not "Astrophysics".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOBER
In cryptography, SOBER is a family of stream ciphers initially designed by Greg Rose of QUALCOMM Australia starting in 1997. The name is a contrived acronym for Seventeen Octet Byte Enabled Register. Initially the cipher was intended as a replacement for broken ciphers in cellular telephony. The ciphers evolved, and other developers (primarily Phillip Hawkes) joined the project. SOBER was the first cipher, with a 17-byte linear-feedback shift register (LFSR), a form of decimation called stuttering, and a nonlinear output filter function. The particular configuration of the shift register turned out to be vulnerable to "guess and determine" attacks. SOBER-2 changed the position of the feedback and output taps to resist the above attacks. S16 was an expansion to 16-bit words rather than bytes, with an expected increase of security. Adaptions for and since NESSIE For the NESSIE call for new cryptographic primitives, three new versions called the t-class were developed; SOBER-t8 was virtually identical to SOBER-2 but did not have sufficient design strength for NESSIE submission; SOBER-t16 and SOBER-t32 were submitted. t32 was a further expansion to 32-bit words, while both ciphers had a more efficient method of computing the linear feedback. Subsequent to NESSIE, SOBER-128 was designed to take into account what had been learned. The stuttering was dropped because it added too little strength for the overhead, and the nonlinear output function was strengthened. As a stream c
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Association%20of%20Physics%20Teachers
The Indian Association of Physics Teachers or IAPT is a body that coordinates the Physics Olympiad for India along with HBCSE. It was established in the year 1984 by D. P. Khandelwal, with active support from some Physics teachers. Its aim was the upgrading of the quality of Physics teaching and Physics teachers at all levels. IAPT conducts the National Standard Examination in Physics , National Standard Examination in Chemistry , National Standard Examination in Biology, National Standard Examination in Astronomy , National Standard Examination in Junior Science and National Graduate Physics Examination in November of each year throughout India. The top 1% then sit for the Indian National Physics Olympiad, from where the top thirty students are selected for the International Physics Olympiad Training Camp, usually conducted at HBCSE. Here, the team for the International Physics Olympiad is selected, and the team, along with a Leader and Deputy Leader from the IAPT, proceed for the examination. These years IAPT conducts the first stage i.e. NSE(NSEP, NSEC, NSEB, NSEJS etc.) The Further stages are conducted by HBCSE(Homi Baba Center of Science Education) Young Genius Physics Tournament In August 2013, the Rajasthan Chapter of IAPT (IAPT RC-6) launched the first global online physics competition, YGPT. The aim of YGPT is to encourage students to utilize online resources to study physics. The competition will be held in 5 stages, the first 3 being online rounds and the fina
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Standard%20Examination%20in%20Chemistry
The National Standard Examination in Chemistry or NSEC is an examination in chemistry for higher secondary school students in India, usually conducted in the end of November. The examination is organized by the Indian Association of Chemistry Teachers. Over 30,000 students, mainly from Standard 12, sit for this examination. Eligibility The examination is intended for students in 12th standard, though 11th standard students are also allowed to take the examination. Importance The top 1% students from this examination are selected to sit for the Indian National Chemistry Olympiad. The theory part of the examination is held in the last week of January. The top 30 among all students are selected for the Orientation-Cum-Selection-Camp (OCSC), Chemistry. Format The NSEC contains only multiple choice questions. The questions include physical chemistry, organic chemistry, and inorganic chemistry. The stress on biochemistry is more in the NSEC than in the typical school syllabi. Fee As per the new revised norms the fee for the NSEC is about Rs. 150. Application for this examination is typically handled through the school/college to which the student is affiliated. References See also Indian National Chemistry Olympiad India at the IPhO Chemistry education Chemistry Olympiads in India School examinations in India
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Mathematics%20Teachers%20of%20India
The Association of Mathematics Teachers of India or AMTI is an academically oriented body of professionals and students interested in the fields of mathematics and mathematics education. The AMTI's main base is Tamil Nadu, but it has recently been spreading its network in other parts of India, particularly in South India. Examinations and Olympiads National Mathematics Talent Contest AMTI conducts a National Mathematics Talent Contest or NMTC at Primary(Gauss Contest) (Standards 4 to 6), Sub-junior (Kaprekar Contest) (Standards 7 and 8), Junior (Bhaskara Contest) (Standards 9 and 10), Inter(Ramanujan Contest) (Standards 11 and 12) and Senior (Aryabhata Contest) (B.Sc.) levels. For students at the Junior and Inter levels from Tamil Nadu, the NMTC also plays the role of Regional Mathematical Olympiad. Although the question papers are different for Junior and Inter levels, students from both levels may be chosen to appear at INMO based on their performance. The NMTC is usually held around the last week of October. A preliminary examination is conducted earlier (in September) for all levels except B.Sc. students. Students (Junior and Inter) qualifying the preliminary examination are invited for an Orientation Camp one week before the NMTC, where Olympiad problems and theories are taught. This is also useful for those students qualifying further for INMO. Grand Achievement Test This test is for students studying in 12th standard under the Tamil Nadu State Board. It is inte
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Mathematics%20Talent%20Contest
The National Mathematics Talent Contest or NMTC is a national-level mathematics contest conducted by the Association of Mathematics Teachers of India (AMTI). It is strongest in Tamil Nadu, which is the operating base of the AMTI. The AMTI is a pioneer organisation in promoting, and conducting, Maths Talent Tests in India. In the National level tests 66,066 students, from 332 institutions spread all over India, participated at the screening level. Of these, 10% were selected for the final test. For the benefit of final level contestants, and the chosen few for INMO, special orientation camps were conducted. Merit certificates and prizes were awarded to the deserving students. Thirty-five among them from Tamil Nadu and Puduchery at the Junior and Inter Levels have been sponsored to write the Indian National Mathematics Olympiad (INMO 2013). From among them 2 have been selected at the national level. Levels Primary level: Standard 5 and 6, is called the Gauss Contest Sub-junior level: Standards 7 and 8, is called the Kaprekar Contest Junior level: Standards 9 and 10, is called the Bhaskara Contest Inter level: Standards 11 and 12, is called the Ramanujan Contest Senior level: B.Sc. students, is called the Aryabhata Contest Stages For all levels except the Senior level, there is a preliminary examination comprising multiple choice questions. The preliminary examination is held in the end of August. Students qualifying in the preliminary examination are eligible to sit f
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20body
In mathematics, a convex body in -dimensional Euclidean space is a compact convex set with non-empty interior. A convex body is called symmetric if it is centrally symmetric with respect to the origin; that is to say, a point lies in if and only if its antipode, also lies in Symmetric convex bodies are in a one-to-one correspondence with the unit balls of norms on Important examples of convex bodies are the Euclidean ball, the hypercube and the cross-polytope. Kinds of convex bodies A convex body may be defined as: A Convex set of points. The Convex Hull of a set of points. The intersection of Hyperplanes. The interior of any Convex polygon or Convex polytope. Polar body If is a bounded convex body containing the origin in its interior, the polar body is . The polar body has several nice properties including , is bounded, and if then . The polar body is a type of duality relation. See also References Convex geometry Multi-dimensional geometry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity%20%28evolution%29
Reciprocity in evolutionary biology refers to mechanisms whereby the evolution of cooperative or altruistic behaviour may be favoured by the probability of future mutual interactions. A corollary is how a desire for revenge can harm the collective and therefore be naturally deselected. Main types Three types of reciprocity have been studied extensively: Direct reciprocity Indirect Network reciprocity Direct reciprocity Direct reciprocity was proposed by Robert Trivers as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. If there are repeated encounters between the same two players in an evolutionary game in which each of them can choose either to "cooperate" or "defect", then a strategy of mutual cooperation may be favoured even if it pays each player, in the short term, to defect when the other cooperates. Direct reciprocity can lead to the evolution of cooperation only if the probability, w, of another encounter between the same two individuals exceeds the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act: w > c / b Indirect reciprocity "In the standard framework of indirect reciprocity, there are randomly chosen pairwise encounters between members of a population; the same two individuals need not meet again. One individual acts as donor, the other as recipient. The donor can decide whether or not to cooperate. The interaction is observed by a subset of the population who might inform others. Reputation allows evolution of cooperation by indirect reciprocity. Natural selecti
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Thomas%20Fletcher
William Thomas Fletcher is an American mathematician. Education He received the B.S.(magna cum laude) and M.S. degrees (major in mathematics) from North Carolina Central University (NCCU), Durham, NC in 1956 and 1958 respectively. He received the Ph.D. degree in mathematics from the University of Idaho in 1966. Early career In 1957 Dr. Fletcher accepted his first teaching position in the department of mathematics at LeMoyne-Owen College, Memphis, Tennessee, where he served as chairman until 1972. For the ten-year period 1962–72 Fletcher pursued summer employment as a mathematical applications computer programmer in industry, business, and government at IBM Mohansic Laboratory (Yorktown Heights, NY), Western Electric (Hopewell, NJ), the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (Livermore, CA), and the US Departments of Commerce (Washington, DC), Agriculture (St. Paul, Minn), and Energy (Livermore, CA). NCCU In 1972 Fletcher returned to NCCU as professor and chairman of the mathematics department where he joined his former teacher and mentor, Marjorie Lee Browne, the second African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Mathematics. During his 25-year tenure at NCCU, Fletcher instituted a BS degree in computer science; wrote petition to obtain a chapter of Pi Mu Epsilon, honorary national mathematics society promoting scholarly activity in mathematics, organized the Marjorie Lee Browne Distinguished Alumni Lectures Series; developed, with two other alumni the Marjorie Lee Browne Memorial S
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Association%20of%20Physics%20Teachers
The American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT) was founded in 1930 for the purpose of "dissemination of knowledge of physics, particularly by way of teaching." There are more than 10,000 members in over 30 countries. AAPT publications include two peer-reviewed journals, the American Journal of Physics and The Physics Teacher. The association has two annual National Meetings (winter and summer) and has regional sections with their own meetings and organization. The association also offers grants and awards for physics educators, including the Richtmyer Memorial Award and programs and contests for physics educators and students. It is headquartered at the American Center for Physics in College Park, Maryland. History The American Association of Physics Teachers was founded on December 31, 1930, when forty-five physicists held a meeting during the joint APS-AAAS meeting in Cleveland specifically for that purpose. The AAPT became a founding member of the American Institute of Physics after the other founding members were convinced of the stability of the AAPT itself after a new constitution for the AAPT was agreed upon. Contests The AAPT sponsors a number of competitions. The Physics Bowl, Six Flags' roller coaster contest, and the US Physics Team are just a few. The US physics team is determined by two preliminary exams and a week and a half long "boot camp." Each year, five members are selected to compete against dozens of countries in the International Physics Olympiad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C4%2C7-Trithiacyclononane
1,4,7-Trithiacyclononane, also called 9-ane-S3, is the thia-crown ether with the formula (CH2CH2S)3. This cyclic thioether is most often encountered as a tridentate ligand in coordination chemistry, where it forms transition metal thioether complexes. 9-ane-S3 forms complexes with many metal ions, including those considered hard, such as copper(II) and iron(II). Most of its complexes have the formula [M(9-ane-S3)2]2+ and are octahedral. The point group of [M(9-ane-S3)2]2+ is S6. Synthesis This compound was first reported in 1977, and the current synthesis entails the assembly within the coordination sphere of a metal ion followed by decomplexation: References Chelating agents Sulfur heterocycles Thioethers Macrocycles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Physics%20Teacher
The Physics Teacher is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by AIP Publishing on behalf of the American Association of Physics Teachers covering the history and philosophy of physics, applied physics, physics education (curriculum developments, pedagogy, instructional lab equipment, etc.), and book reviews. It was established in 1963 and the current editor-in-chief is Gary White (George Washington University). Paul G. Hewitt is a regular contributor to The Physics Teacher. See also American Journal of Physics European Journal of Physics References External links Monthly journals American Institute of Physics academic journals Academic journals established in 1963 English-language journals Physics education journals American Association of Physics Teachers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical%20University%20of%20Denmark%20Department%20of%20Mathematics
The Department of Mathematics at DTU (, MAT) is an institute at the Technical University of Denmark. It was founded to consolidate all mathematical research and teaching in one institute. All bsc.-students at DTU receive at least 20 ECTS points worth of classes from MAT during their first year. The institute is located in building 303 S at Matematiktorvet, quadrant 3 on Lundtoftesletten in Lyngby, Denmark. Mathematical Research The research at Department of Mathematics covers both theoretical and applications issues and is currently centered on four main areas: Discrete mathematics Dynamical systems Applied functional analysis Geometry Significant research is also done in graph theory by Carsten Thomassen. Research Networks MAT participate in several research networks. The applied functional analysis group participate in a research network with Department of Mechanical Engineering, Topology Optimization (TOPOPT). The goal of TOPOPT is to use topology optimization and other structural optimization methods to develop systematic tools for design of Multiphysics structures. It is sponsored by a NEDO grant and a European Young Investigator award (EURYI). The group is also heading a mathematical network in modelling, estimation and control of biotechnological systems sponsored by The Danish Research Council for Technology and Production. Collaborations MAT co-organises - along with University of Southern Denmark - an annual European Study Group with Industry (ESGI), wher
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Dig%20%28Liverpool%29
The Big Dig was a collection of various civil engineering projects in Liverpool to regenerate the city. The scheme was a ten-year plan for the city's 2008 European Capital of Culture status. The city gained a new shopping centre Liverpool One. It cost around £3bn and created 14,000 jobs and included a rationalisation of the city centre traffic network. Criticism Implementation of the scheme was protracted and severely hampered the ability of the city to perform as a commercial centre. The cancellation of the 2007 Mathew Street Festival was directly attributed to the 'big dig'. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20070102225755/http://www.bigdig.liverpool.gov.uk/ Buildings and structures in Liverpool Liverpool Transport in Liverpool
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20van%20Nieuwenhuizen
Peter van Nieuwenhuizen (; born October 26, 1938) is a Dutch physicist. He is now a distinguished Professor at Stony Brook University in the United States. Van Nieuwenhuizen is best known for his discovery of supergravity with Sergio Ferrara and Daniel Z. Freedman. Life and career Peter van Nieuwenhuizen studied physics and mathematics at the University of Utrecht, where he obtained in 1971 his Ph.D. under the supervision of later Nobel laureate Martinus Veltman. After his studies in Utrecht he went to CERN (Geneva), the University of Paris in Orsay, and Brandeis University (Waltham), each for two years. In 1975 he joined the Institute for Theoretical Physics, now named C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics, of the Stony Brook University, where he succeeded Nobel laureate C. N. Yang as its director from 1999 till 2002. He is married to Marie de Crombrugghe, and they have three children. Awards and honors For constructing supergravity, the first supersymmetric extension of Einstein's theory of general relativity, and for their central role in its subsequent development Peter van Nieuwenhuizen, Sergio Ferrara and Daniel Z. Freedman received in 1993 the Dirac medal from the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste (Italy), in 2006 the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics of the American Physical Society and in 2016 the Ettore Majorana Medal from EMFCSC, Erice. In 2019 the three were awarded a special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germund%20Dahlquist
Germund Dahlquist (16 January 1925 – 8 February 2005) was a Swedish mathematician known primarily for his early contributions to the theory of numerical analysis as applied to differential equations. Dahlquist began to study mathematics at Stockholm University in 1942 at the age of 17, where he cites the Danish mathematician Harald Bohr (who was living in exile after the occupation of Denmark during World War II) as a profound influence. He received the degree of licentiat from Stockholm University in 1949, before taking a break from his studies to work at the Swedish Board of Computer Machinery (Matematikmaskinnämnden), working on (among other things) the early computer BESK, Sweden's first. During this time, he also worked with Carl-Gustaf Rossby on early numerical weather forecasts. Dahlquist returned to Stockholm University to complete his Ph.D., Stability and Error Bounds in the Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations, which he defended in 1958, with Fritz Carlson and Lars Hörmander as his advisors. As part of this work he introduced the logarithmic norm (also introduced by Russian mathematician Sergei Lozinskii the same year). In 1959 he moved to the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), where he would later establish what became the Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science (NADA) in 1962 (now part of the School of Computer Science and Communication), and become Sweden's first Professor of Numerical Analysis in 1963. He helped establish the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Mathematical%20Physics
The Journal of Mathematical Physics is a peer-reviewed journal published monthly by the American Institute of Physics devoted to the publication of papers in mathematical physics. The journal was first published bimonthly beginning in January 1960; it became a monthly publication in 1963. The current editor is Jan Philip Solovej from University of Copenhagen. Its 2018 Impact Factor is 1.355 Abstracting and indexing This journal is indexed by the following services: References External links Journal of Mathematical Physics online Archival collections Journal of Mathematical Physics referee files 1985-2005, Niels Bohr Library & Archives Mathematics journals Physics journals American Institute of Physics academic journals Academic journals established in 1960 English-language journals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim%20Goes
Joaquim Goés is a scientist at the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Maine, United States, who has been awarded the International Takeda Techno-Entrepreneurship Award in Environmental Sciences for his research on the influence of solar ultraviolet radiation in marine ecosystems. Goés' research focuses on new methods to evaluate and predict the effects of ozone depletion and its implications for human health and ecosystems, as well as methods for managing and minimizing these risks. Goés, from the region of Goa along the Indian west coast, was earlier part of the National Institute of Oceanography at Dona Paula, India. References Goans in science and technology Indian oceanographers Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergeometric%20function%20of%20a%20matrix%20argument
In mathematics, the hypergeometric function of a matrix argument is a generalization of the classical hypergeometric series. It is a function defined by an infinite summation which can be used to evaluate certain multivariate integrals. Hypergeometric functions of a matrix argument have applications in random matrix theory. For example, the distributions of the extreme eigenvalues of random matrices are often expressed in terms of the hypergeometric function of a matrix argument. Definition Let and be integers, and let be an complex symmetric matrix. Then the hypergeometric function of a matrix argument and parameter is defined as where means is a partition of , is the generalized Pochhammer symbol, and is the "C" normalization of the Jack function. Two matrix arguments If and are two complex symmetric matrices, then the hypergeometric function of two matrix arguments is defined as: where is the identity matrix of size . Not a typical function of a matrix argument Unlike other functions of matrix argument, such as the matrix exponential, which are matrix-valued, the hypergeometric function of (one or two) matrix arguments is scalar-valued. The parameter α In many publications the parameter is omitted. Also, in different publications different values of are being implicitly assumed. For example, in the theory of real random matrices (see, e.g., Muirhead, 1984), whereas in other settings (e.g., in the complex case—see Gross and Richards, 1989),
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20Pochhammer%20symbol
In mathematics, the generalized Pochhammer symbol of parameter and partition generalizes the classical Pochhammer symbol, named after Leo August Pochhammer, and is defined as It is used in multivariate analysis. References Gamma and related functions Factorial and binomial topics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20R.%20Klauder
John Rider Klauder (born January 24, 1932) is an American professor of physics and mathematics, and author of over 250 published articles on physics. He graduated from University of California, Berkeley in 1953 with a Bachelor of Science. He received his PhD in 1959 from Princeton University where he was a student of John Archibald Wheeler. A former head of the Theoretical Physics and Solid State Spectroscopy Departments of Bell Telephone Laboratories, he has been a visiting professor at Rutgers University, Syracuse University, and the University of Bern. In 1988 John Klauder was appointed professor of physics and mathematics at the University of Florida. He was awarded the title of distinguished professor in 2006, and became emeritus in 2010. He was inducted as a Foreign Member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, and received the Onsager Medal in 2006 at NTNU (Norway). He has also served on the Physics Advisory Panel of the National Science Foundation and been Editor of the Journal of Mathematical Physics, president of the International Association of Mathematical Physics, associate secretary-general of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. Bibliography Beyond Conventional Quantization "When treated conventionally, certain systems yield trivial and unacceptable results. This book describes enhanced procedures, generally involving extended correspondence rules for the association of a classical and a quantum theory, which, when applie
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20particle%20physics
The timeline of particle physics lists the sequence of particle physics theories and discoveries in chronological order. The most modern developments follow the scientific development of the discipline of particle physics. 19th century 1815 – William Prout hypothesizes that all matter is built up from hydrogen, adumbrating the proton; 1838 – Richard Laming hypothesized a subatomic particle carrying electric charge; 1858 – Julius Plücker produced cathode rays; 1874 – George Johnstone Stoney hypothesizes a minimum unit of electric charge. In 1891, he coins the word electron for it; 1886 – Eugen Goldstein produced anode rays; 1897 – J. J. Thomson discovered the electron; 1899 – Ernest Rutherford discovered the alpha and beta particles emitted by uranium; 1900 – Paul Villard discovered the gamma ray in uranium decay. 20th century 1905 – Albert Einstein hypothesized the photon to explain the photoelectric effect. 1911 – Hans Geiger, Ernest Marsden and Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus of an atom; 1919 – Ernest Rutherford discovered the proton; 1927 – Charles Drummond Ellis (along with James Chadwick and colleagues) finally establish clearly that the beta decay spectrum is in fact continuous and not discrete, posing a problem that will later be solved by theorizing (and later discovering) the existence of the neutrino. 1928 – Paul Dirac postulated the existence of positrons as a consequence of the Dirac equation; 1930 – Wolfgang Pauli postulated the neutrino
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20function
In mathematics, the Jack function is a generalization of the Jack polynomial, introduced by Henry Jack. The Jack polynomial is a homogeneous, symmetric polynomial which generalizes the Schur and zonal polynomials, and is in turn generalized by the Heckman–Opdam polynomials and Macdonald polynomials. Definition The Jack function of an integer partition , parameter , and arguments can be recursively defined as follows: For m=1 For m>1 where the summation is over all partitions such that the skew partition is a horizontal strip, namely ( must be zero or otherwise ) and where equals if and otherwise. The expressions and refer to the conjugate partitions of and , respectively. The notation means that the product is taken over all coordinates of boxes in the Young diagram of the partition . Combinatorial formula In 1997, F. Knop and S. Sahi gave a purely combinatorial formula for the Jack polynomials in n variables: The sum is taken over all admissible tableaux of shape and with An admissible tableau of shape is a filling of the Young diagram with numbers 1,2,…,n such that for any box (i,j) in the tableau, whenever whenever and A box is critical for the tableau T if and This result can be seen as a special case of the more general combinatorial formula for Macdonald polynomials. C normalization The Jack functions form an orthogonal basis in a space of symmetric polynomials, with inner product: This orthogonality property i
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardkey
Cardkey was a producer of electronic access control products and was based in Simi Valley, California. They were the first company to develop and widely distribute "Electronic Access Control Systems". The company's original readers used cards which were made from barium ferrite and worked by magnetically attracting and repelling locking/unlocking cores within the reader module mechanism. These cards were primarily used by fraternal organizations and clubs, such as BPOE (Elks) and others. From there they were the first to develop Wiegand cards and readers which were again magnetically based but were more reliable and did not require calibration as used in the barium ferrite readers. These cards and readers were highly programmable, and used in applications ranging from ADT (American District Telegraph) to government installations worldwide. In the UK they had offices in Manchester and Reading and sold their systems to companies such as British Telecom, Shell and BP. The main facility for Cardkey was located on Nordhoff and Mason in Chatsworth with an additional location on Cozycroft in Chatsworth which housed Customer Engineering and a singular Engineering project (PASS system) in approximately 1978. They were once a division of Greer Hydraulics, Inc., and in January 1999 they were bought out by Johnson Controls, a company whose founder invented the electric room thermostat in the late 1800s. See also card reader key card References Security companies of the United Sta
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno%20Rund
Hanno Rund (26 October 1925 in Schwerin – 5 January 1993 in Tucson, Arizona) was a German mathematician. He wrote numerous publications, including perhaps his most famous, The Hamilton-Jacobi theory in the calculus of variations. Its role in mathematics and physics. Rund received his Ph.D in 1950 from the University of Cape Town, South Africa. In 1952, he obtained his Habilitation at the University of Freiburg in Germany. His notable students include David Lovelock and Martin Sade. References Books H. Rund, The Hamilton-Jacobi theory in the calculus of variations. Its role in mathematics and physics, D. Van Nostrand Company Ltd., 1966. H. Rund, The Differential Geometry of Finsler Spaces, Springer, Berlin, 1959. External links 1925 births 1993 deaths 20th-century German mathematicians University of Cape Town alumni University of Arizona faculty German expatriates in South Africa Academic staff of the University of Waterloo University of Freiburg alumni German expatriates in Canada German expatriates in the United States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMAC%20%28cryptography%29
PMAC, which stands for parallelizable MAC, is a message authentication code algorithm. It was created by Phillip Rogaway. PMAC is a method of taking a block cipher and creating an efficient message authentication code that is reducible in security to the underlying block cipher. PMAC is similar in functionality to the OMAC algorithm. Patents PMAC is no longer patented and can be used royalty-free. It was originally patented by Phillip Rogaway, but he has since abandoned his patent filings. References External links Phil Rogaway's page on PMAC Changhoon Lee, Jongsung Kim, Jaechul Sung, Seokhie Hong, Sangjin Lee. "Forgery and Key Recovery Attacks on PMAC and Mitchell's TMAC Variant", 2006. (ps) Rust implementation Message authentication codes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Kirby%20%28bishop%29
John Kirby (born 29 October 1938) is a prelate of the Catholic Church who was the Bishop of Clonfert from 1988 to 2019. He was born in Baylough, Athlone, County Roscommon, Ireland. He was educated at Garbally College, and then went to St. Patrick's College, Maynooth. He earned a BSs there in 1959 in mathematical physics and experimental physics, and then studied for the priesthood. He was ordained on 23 June 1963 for his home diocese. He returned to Garbally College to teach, and also coached the rugby team there, being the first to notice the skills of Ciaran Fitzgerald, who would go on to captain the national team. Dr Kirby was later appointed to the Presidency of the college. On 18 February 1988 he was appointed Bishop. He was ordained a bishop on 9 April. The Principal Consecrator was Archbishop Gaetano Alibrandi, the Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland; his Principal Co-Consecrators were two of his predecessors Archbishop Joseph Cassidy, and Bishop William Philbin. The role of Bishop of Clonfert "ex-officio" includes the roles of Parish Priest of Ballinasloe and senior governor of Garbally College. Pope Francis accepted his resignation on 16 July 2019. References 1938 births Living people People from Athlone Roman Catholic bishops of Clonfert Christian clergy from County Roscommon 20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Ireland Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth People educated at Garbally College 21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in Ireland