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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%E2%80%93DNA%20hybridization | In genomics, DNA–DNA hybridization is a molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences. It is usually used to determine the genetic distance between two organisms and has been used extensively in phylogeny and taxonomy.
Method
The DNA of one organism is labe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%27s%20ratio | In materials science and solid mechanics, Poisson's ratio (nu) is a measure of the Poisson effect, the deformation (expansion or contraction) of a material in directions perpendicular to the specific direction of loading. The value of Poisson's ratio is the negative of the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain. F... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic%20geometry | In mathematics, hyperbolic geometry (also called Lobachevskian geometry or Bolyai–Lobachevskian geometry) is a non-Euclidean geometry. The parallel postulate of Euclidean geometry is replaced with:
For any given line R and point P not on R, in the plane containing both line R and point P there are at least two distinct... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaving%20group | In chemistry, a leaving group is defined by the IUPAC as an atom or group of atoms that detaches from the main or residual part of a substrate during a reaction or elementary step of a reaction. However, in common usage, the term is often limited to a fragment that departs with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bond ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen%20triiodide | Nitrogen triiodide is an inorganic compound with the formula NI3. It is an extremely sensitive contact explosive: small quantities explode with a loud, sharp snap when touched even lightly, releasing a purple cloud of iodine vapor; it can even be detonated by alpha radiation. NI3 has a complex structural chemistry that... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence%20McKenna | Terence Kemp McKenna (November 16, 1946 – April 3, 2000) was an American ethnobotanist and mystic who advocated the responsible use of naturally occurring psychedelic plants. He spoke and wrote about a variety of subjects, including psychedelic drugs, plant-based entheogens, shamanism, metaphysics, alchemy, language, p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20organic%20chemistry | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to organic chemistry:
Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. These compounds m... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN2%20reaction | {{DISPLAYTITLE:SN2 reaction}}
The SN2 reaction is a type of reaction mechanism that is common in organic chemistry. In this mechanism, one bond is broken and one bond is formed in a concerted way, i.e., in one step. The name SN2 refers to the Hughes-Ingold symbol of the mechanism: "SN" indicates that the reaction is ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20chemistry | Nuclear chemistry is the sub-field of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and transformations in the nuclei of atoms, such as nuclear transmutation and nuclear properties.
It is the chemistry of radioactive elements such as the actinides, radium and radon together with the chemistry associated wit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective%20space | In mathematics, the concept of a projective space originated from the visual effect of perspective, where parallel lines seem to meet at infinity. A projective space may thus be viewed as the extension of a Euclidean space, or, more generally, an affine space with points at infinity, in such a way that there is one poi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative | Negative may refer to:
Science and mathematics
Negative number
Negative mass
Negative energy
Negative charge, one of the two types of electric charge
Negative (electrical polarity), in electric circuits
Negative result (disambiguation)
Negative lenses, uses to describe diverging optics
Photography
Negative ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive | Positive is a property of positivity and may refer to:
Mathematics and science
Positive formula, a logical formula not containing negation
Positive number, a number that is greater than 0
Plus sign, the sign "+" used to indicate a positive number
Positive operator, a type of linear operator in mathematics
Positi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrema | Extrema may refer to:
Extrema (mathematics), maxima and minima values
Extremities (disambiguation)
Extrema, Minas Gerais, town in Brazil
Extrema, Rondônia, town in Brazil
Extrema (band), Antiprotestionarialconstructionaryism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire%20College%20Summer%20Studies%20in%20Mathematics | The Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics (HCSSiM) is an American residential program for mathematically talented high school students. The program has been conducted each summer since 1971, with the exceptions of 1981 and 1996, and has more than 1500 alumni. Due to the Coronavirus pandemic, the 2020 Summer ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer | A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.
Transducers are often employed at the boundaries of automation, measurement, and control systems, where electrical signals are converted to and from other physical... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20field%20theory | In mathematics, class field theory (CFT) is the fundamental branch of algebraic number theory whose goal is to describe all the abelian Galois extensions of local and global fields using objects associated to the ground field.
Hilbert is credited as one of pioneers of the notion of a class field. However, this notion... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mathematics%20reference%20tables | See also: List of reference tables
Mathematics
List of mathematical topics
List of statistical topics
List of mathematical functions
List of mathematical theorems
List of mathematical proofs
List of matrices
List of numbers
List of relativistic equations
List of small groups
Mathematical constants
Sporadic group
Tabl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number%20%28disambiguation%29 | A number describes quantity and assesses multitude.
Number and numbers may also refer to:
Mathematics and language
Grammatical number, a morphological grammatical category indicating the quantity of referents
Number Forms, a Unicode block containing common fractions and Roman numerals
Nominal number, a label to id... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp | Exp or EXP may stand for:
Exponential function, in mathematics
Expiry date of organic compounds like food or medicines
Experience points, in role-playing games
EXPTIME, a complexity class in computing
Ford EXP, a car manufactured in the 1980s
Exp (band), an Italian group in the 1990s
"EXP" (song), a song by The... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal%20substructure | In computer science, a problem is said to have optimal substructure if an optimal solution can be constructed from optimal solutions of its subproblems. This property is used to determine the usefulness of greedy algorithms for a problem.
Typically, a greedy algorithm is used to solve a problem with optimal substruc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20method | Spectral methods are a class of techniques used in applied mathematics and scientific computing to numerically solve certain differential equations. The idea is to write the solution of the differential equation as a sum of certain "basis functions" (for example, as a Fourier series which is a sum of sinusoids) and the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hess%27s%20law | Hess's law of constant heat summation, also known simply as Hess' law, is a relationship in physical chemistry named after Germain Hess, a Swiss-born Russian chemist and physician who published it in 1840. The law states that the total enthalpy change during the complete course of a chemical reaction is independent of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjan%27s%20off-line%20lowest%20common%20ancestors%20algorithm | In computer science, Tarjan's off-line lowest common ancestors algorithm is an algorithm for computing lowest common ancestors for pairs of nodes in a tree, based on the union-find data structure. The lowest common ancestor of two nodes d and e in a rooted tree T is the node g that is an ancestor of both d and e and th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous%20coordinates | In mathematics, homogeneous coordinates or projective coordinates, introduced by August Ferdinand Möbius in his 1827 work , are a system of coordinates used in projective geometry, just as Cartesian coordinates are used in Euclidean geometry. They have the advantage that the coordinates of points, including points at i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%E2%80%93Jeans%20law | In physics, the Rayleigh–Jeans law is an approximation to the spectral radiance of electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength from a black body at a given temperature through classical arguments. For wavelength λ, it is
where is the spectral radiance (the power emitted per unit emitting area, per steradian... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlangen%20program | In mathematics, the Erlangen program is a method of characterizing geometries based on group theory and projective geometry. It was published by Felix Klein in 1872 as Vergleichende Betrachtungen über neuere geometrische Forschungen. It is named after the University Erlangen-Nürnberg, where Klein worked.
By 1872, non-... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic%20function | In mathematics, a cubic function is a function of the form that is, a polynomial function of degree three. In many texts, the coefficients , , , and are supposed to be real numbers, and the function is considered as a real function that maps real numbers to real numbers or as a complex function that maps complex numb... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector | Vector most often refers to:
Euclidean vector, a quantity with a magnitude and a direction
Disease vector, an agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism
Vector may also refer to:
Mathematics and physics
Vector (mathematics and physics)
Row and column vectors, single row or c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective%20geometry | In mathematics, projective geometry is the study of geometric properties that are invariant with respect to projective transformations. This means that, compared to elementary Euclidean geometry, projective geometry has a different setting, projective space, and a selective set of basic geometric concepts. The basic in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine%20geometry | In mathematics, affine geometry is what remains of Euclidean geometry when ignoring (mathematicians often say "forgetting") the metric notions of distance and angle.
As the notion of parallel lines is one of the main properties that is independent of any metric, affine geometry is often considered as the study of para... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht%20Kossel | Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel (; 16 September 1853 – 5 July 1927) was a German biochemist and pioneer in the study of genetics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1910 for his work in determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids, the genetic substance of biological cells... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinear%20algebra | Multilinear algebra is the study of functions with multiple vector-valued arguments, which are linear maps with respect to each argument. Concepts such as matrices, vectors, systems of linear equations, higher-dimensional spaces, determinants, inner and outer products, and dual spaces emerge naturally in the mathematic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window%20function | In signal processing and statistics, a window function (also known as an apodization function or tapering function) is a mathematical function that is zero-valued outside of some chosen interval, normally symmetric around the middle of the interval, usually approaching a maximum in the middle, and usually tapering away... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matroid | In combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, a matroid is a structure that abstracts and generalizes the notion of linear independence in vector spaces. There are many equivalent ways to define a matroid axiomatically, the most significant being in terms of: independent sets; bases or circuits; rank functions; closure o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%20multiplication | In mathematics, scalar multiplication is one of the basic operations defining a vector space in linear algebra (or more generally, a module in abstract algebra). In common geometrical contexts, scalar multiplication of a real Euclidean vector by a positive real number multiplies the magnitude of the vector without chan... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartite | Bipartite may refer to:
2 (number)
Bipartite (theology), a philosophical term describing the human duality of body and soul
Bipartite graph, in mathematics, a graph in which the vertices are partitioned into two sets and every edge has an endpoint in each set
Bipartite uterus, a type of uterus found in deer and mo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total | Total may refer to:
Mathematics
Total, the summation of a set of numbers
Total order, a partial order without incomparable pairs
Total relation, which may also mean
connected relation (a binary relation in which any two elements are comparable).
Total function, a partial function that is also a total relation
Bu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICS | ICS may refer to:
Computing
Image Cytometry Standard, a digital multidimensional image file format used in life sciences microscopy
Industrial control system, computer systems and networks used to control industrial plants and infrastructures
Information and computer science, the combined field of informatics and c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjacency%20matrix | In graph theory and computer science, an adjacency matrix is a square matrix used to represent a finite graph. The elements of the matrix indicate whether pairs of vertices are adjacent or not in the graph.
In the special case of a finite simple graph, the adjacency matrix is a (0,1)-matrix with zeros on its diagonal.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd | Odd means unpaired, occasional, strange or unusual, or a person who is viewed as eccentric.
Odd may also refer to:
Mathematics
Even and odd numbers, an integer is odd if dividing by two does not yield an integer
Even and odd functions, a function is odd if f(−x) = −f(x) for all x
Even and odd permutations, a perm... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20conjecture | In mathematics, the Hodge conjecture is a major unsolved problem in algebraic geometry and complex geometry that relates the algebraic topology of a non-singular complex algebraic variety to its subvarieties.
In simple terms, the Hodge conjecture asserts that the basic topological information like the number of holes ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank%20of%20an%20abelian%20group | In mathematics, the rank, Prüfer rank, or torsion-free rank of an abelian group A is the cardinality of a maximal linearly independent subset. The rank of A determines the size of the largest free abelian group contained in A. If A is torsion-free then it embeds into a vector space over the rational numbers of dimensio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injective%20cogenerator | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, the concept of an injective cogenerator is drawn from examples such as Pontryagin duality. Generators are objects which cover other objects as an approximation, and (dually) cogenerators are objects which envelope other objects as an approximation.
More precisely:
A gener... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock%20%28computer%20science%29 | In computer science, a lock or mutex (from mutual exclusion) is a synchronization primitive: a mechanism that enforces limits on access to a resource when there are many threads of execution. A lock is designed to enforce a mutual exclusion concurrency control policy, and with a variety of possible methods there exists... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific%20law | Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena. The term law has diverse usage in many cases (approximate, accurate, broad, or narrow) across all fields of natural science (physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits%20Zernike | Frits Zernike (; 16 July 1888 – 10 March 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope.
Early life and education
Frits Zernike was born on 16 July 1888 in Amsterdam, Netherlands to Carl Friedrich August Zernike and Antje Dieperink. Bot... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order%20function | In mathematics and computer science, a higher-order function (HOF) is a function that does at least one of the following:
takes one or more functions as arguments (i.e. a procedural parameter, which is a parameter of a procedure that is itself a procedure),
returns a function as its result.
All other functions are fi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weil%20conjectures | In mathematics, the Weil conjectures were highly influential proposals by . They led to a successful multi-decade program to prove them, in which many leading researchers developed the framework of modern algebraic geometry and number theory.
The conjectures concern the generating functions (known as local zeta functi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFT | An eft is a newt in the terrestrial juvenile phase.
EFT, EfT, or eft also may refer to:
Places
École Française de Téhéran, an international school in Iran
Monroe Municipal Airport (FAA:EFT), Wisconsin, United States
Science and technology
Ecosystem Functional Type, in ecology
Effective field theory, in physics... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty%20name | In metaphysics and the philosophy of language, an empty name is a proper name that has no referent.
The problem of empty names is the idea that empty names have a meaning when it seems they should not have. The name "Pegasus" is empty; there is nothing to which it refers. Yet, though there is no Pegasus, we know what... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write-ahead%20logging | In computer science, write-ahead logging (WAL) is a family of techniques for providing atomicity and durability (two of the ACID properties) in database systems.
It can be seen as an implementation of the "Event Sourcing" architecture, in which the state of a system is the result of the evolution of incoming events fro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deletion%20%28genetics%29 | In genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) (sign: Δ) is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication. Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome. Som... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-function | In mathematics, an L-function is a meromorphic function on the complex plane, associated to one out of several categories of mathematical objects. An L-series is a Dirichlet series, usually convergent on a half-plane, that may give rise to an L-function via analytic continuation. The Riemann zeta function is an example... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a sheaf (: sheaves) is a tool for systematically tracking data (such as sets, abelian groups, rings) attached to the open sets of a topological space and defined locally with regard to them. For example, for each open set, the data could be the ring of continuous functions defined on that open set. Such... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20function | In mathematics, a Gaussian function, often simply referred to as a Gaussian, is a function of the base form
and with parametric extension
for arbitrary real constants , and non-zero . It is named after the mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. The graph of a Gaussian is a characteristic symmetric "bell curve" shape. T... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric%20integral | In mathematics, trigonometric integrals are a family of integrals involving trigonometric functions.
Sine integral
The different sine integral definitions are
Note that the integrand is the sinc function, and also the zeroth spherical Bessel function.
Since is an even entire function (holomorphic over the entire c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20function | In mathematics, a real-valued function is called convex if the line segment between any two distinct points on the graph of the function lies above the graph between the two points. Equivalently, a function is convex if its epigraph (the set of points on or above the graph of the function) is a convex set. A twice-diff... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%20integral | In mathematics, there are two types of Euler integral:
The Euler integral of the first kind is the beta function
The Euler integral of the second kind is the gamma function
For positive integers and , the two integrals can be expressed in terms of factorials and binomial coefficients:
See also
Leonhard Euler
Li... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20function | In mathematics, the beta function, also called the Euler integral of the first kind, is a special function that is closely related to the gamma function and to binomial coefficients. It is defined by the integral
for complex number inputs
such that .
The beta function was studied by Leonhard Euler and Adrien-Marie ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard%20Libby | Willard Frank Libby (December 17, 1908 – September 8, 1980) was an American physical chemist noted for his role in the 1949 development of radiocarbon dating, a process which revolutionized archaeology and palaeontology. For his contributions to the team that developed this process, Libby was awarded the Nobel Prize in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20Laplace%20transform | In mathematics, the inverse Laplace transform of a function F(s) is the piecewise-continuous and exponentially-restricted real function f(t) which has the property:
where denotes the Laplace transform.
It can be proven that, if a function F(s) has the inverse Laplace transform f(t), then f(t) is uniquely determined ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive | Reflexive may refer to:
In fiction:
Metafiction
In grammar:
Reflexive pronoun, a pronoun with a reflexive relationship with its self-identical antecedent
Reflexive verb, where a semantic agent and patient are the same
In mathematics and computer science:
Reflexive relation, a relation where elements of a set are sel... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow%20paging | In computer science, shadow paging is a technique for providing atomicity and durability (two of the ACID properties) in database systems. A page in this context refers to a unit of physical storage (probably on a hard disk), typically of the order of 1 to 64 KiB.
Shadow paging is a copy-on-write technique for avoid... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithms%20for%20Recovery%20and%20Isolation%20Exploiting%20Semantics | In computer science, Algorithms for Recovery and Isolation Exploiting Semantics, or ARIES is a recovery algorithm designed to work with a no-force, steal database approach; it is used by IBM Db2, Microsoft SQL Server and many other database systems. IBM Fellow Dr. C. Mohan is the primary inventor of the ARIES family of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact%20Muon%20Solenoid | The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment is one of two large general-purpose particle physics detectors built on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Switzerland and France. The goal of the CMS experiment is to investigate a wide range of physics, including the search for the Higgs boson, extra dimensions, and ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction%20log | In the field of databases in computer science, a transaction log (also transaction journal, database log, binary log or audit trail) is a history of actions executed by a database management system used to guarantee ACID properties over crashes or hardware failures. Physically, a log is a file listing changes to the da... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation | In mathematics, summation is the addition of a sequence of any kind of numbers, called addends or summands; the result is their sum or total. Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions, vectors, matrices, polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation%20by%20parts | In mathematics, summation by parts transforms the summation of products of sequences into other summations, often simplifying the computation or (especially) estimation of certain types of sums. It is also called Abel's lemma or Abel transformation, named after Niels Henrik Abel who introduced it in 1826.
Statement
Su... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20permutation%20matrix | In mathematics, a generalized permutation matrix (or monomial matrix) is a matrix with the same nonzero pattern as a permutation matrix, i.e. there is exactly one nonzero entry in each row and each column. Unlike a permutation matrix, where the nonzero entry must be 1, in a generalized permutation matrix the nonzero en... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom%20of%20infinity | In axiomatic set theory and the branches of mathematics and philosophy that use it, the axiom of infinity is one of the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. It guarantees the existence of at least one infinite set, namely a set containing the natural numbers. It was first published by Ernst Zermelo as part of his se... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator%20norm | In mathematics, the operator norm measures the "size" of certain linear operators by assigning each a real number called its . Formally, it is a norm defined on the space of bounded linear operators between two given normed vector spaces. Informally, the operator norm of a linear map is the maximum factor by which it... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-theory | In mathematics, K-theory is, roughly speaking, the study of a ring generated by vector bundles over a topological space or scheme. In algebraic topology, it is a cohomology theory known as topological K-theory. In algebra and algebraic geometry, it is referred to as algebraic K-theory. It is also a fundamental tool in ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry | In evolutionary biology, mimicry is an evolved resemblance between an organism and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. Often, mimicry functions to protect a species from predators, making it an anti-predator adap... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian%20variety | In mathematics, particularly in algebraic geometry, complex analysis and algebraic number theory, an abelian variety is a projective algebraic variety that is also an algebraic group, i.e., has a group law that can be defined by regular functions. Abelian varieties are at the same time among the most studied objects in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mek | Mek or Mek may refer to:
Mek people, an indigenous tribe of West Papua, Indonesia
Mek languages, a family of Papuan languages spoken by the Mek peoples
Mek (comics), a comic mini series by Warren Ellis
MEK Compound, in Fallujah, Iraq, a compound used by the U.S. military from 2003 to 2009
Master encryption key, a ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Roch%20theorem | The Riemann–Roch theorem is an important theorem in mathematics, specifically in complex analysis and algebraic geometry, for the computation of the dimension of the space of meromorphic functions with prescribed zeros and allowed poles. It relates the complex analysis of a connected compact Riemann surface with the su... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20abelian%20group | In mathematics, a free abelian group is an abelian group with a basis. Being an abelian group means that it is a set with an addition operation that is associative, commutative, and invertible. A basis, also called an integral basis, is a subset such that every element of the group can be uniquely expressed as an integ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicating%20sequential%20processes | In computer science, communicating sequential processes (CSP) is a formal language for describing patterns of interaction in concurrent systems. It is a member of the family of mathematical theories of concurrency known as process algebras, or process calculi, based on message passing via channels. CSP was highly influ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null%20cipher | A null cipher, also known as concealment cipher, is an ancient form of encryption where the plaintext is mixed with a large amount of non-cipher material. Today it is regarded as a simple form of steganography, which can be used to hide ciphertext.
This is one of three categories of cipher used in classical cryptograp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20boundedness%20principle | In mathematics, the uniform boundedness principle or Banach–Steinhaus theorem is one of the fundamental results in functional analysis.
Together with the Hahn–Banach theorem and the open mapping theorem, it is considered one of the cornerstones of the field.
In its basic form, it asserts that for a family of continuo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomal%20Adam | In human genetics, the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA, informally known as Y-chromosomal Adam) is the patrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all currently living humans are descended. He is the most recent male from whom all living humans are descended through an unbroken line of th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity%20law | In mathematics, a reciprocity law is a generalization of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials with integer coefficients. Recall that first reciprocity law, quadratic reciprocity, determines when an irreducible polynomial splits into linear terms when reduced mod . That is, it de... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20group | In mathematics, an algebraic group is an algebraic variety endowed with a group structure that is compatible with its structure as an algebraic variety. Thus the study of algebraic groups belongs both to algebraic geometry and group theory.
Many groups of geometric transformations are algebraic groups; for example, or... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan%20of%20Athos | Ethan of Athos is a 1986 science fiction novel by American author Lois McMaster Bujold. The title character is Dr. Ethan Urquhart, Chief of Biology at the Sevarin District Reproduction Centre on the planet Athos, who is sent to find out what happened to a shipment of vital ovarian tissue cultures. Set in the fictional ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele%20ring | In mathematics, the adele ring of a global field (also adelic ring, ring of adeles or ring of adèles) is a central object of class field theory, a branch of algebraic number theory. It is the restricted product of all the completions of the global field and is an example of a self-dual topological ring.
An adele deriv... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted%20product | In mathematics, the restricted product is a construction in the theory of topological groups.
Let be an index set; a finite subset of . If is a locally compact group for each , and is an open compact subgroup for each , then the restricted product
is the subset of the product of the 's consisting of all element... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringed%20space | In mathematics, a ringed space is a family of (commutative) rings parametrized by open subsets of a topological space together with ring homomorphisms that play roles of restrictions. Precisely, it is a topological space equipped with a sheaf of rings called a structure sheaf. It is an abstraction of the concept of the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahlo%20cardinal | In mathematics, a Mahlo cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number. Mahlo cardinals were first described by . As with all large cardinals, none of these varieties of Mahlo cardinals can be proven to exist by ZFC (assuming ZFC is consistent).
A cardinal number is called strongly Mahlo if is strongly inacc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indescribable%20cardinal | In set theory, a branch of mathematics, a Q-indescribable cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number that is hard to axiomatize in some language Q. There are many different types of indescribable cardinals corresponding to different choices of languages Q. They were introduced by .
A cardinal number is calle... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurable%20cardinal | In mathematics, a measurable cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number. In order to define the concept, one introduces a two-valued measure on a cardinal , or more generally on any set. For a cardinal , it can be described as a subdivision of all of its subsets into large and small sets such that itself is l... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstrong%20cardinal | In mathematics, a cardinal number κ is called superstrong if and only if there exists an elementary embedding j : V → M from V into a transitive inner model M with critical point κ and ⊆ M.
Similarly, a cardinal κ is n-superstrong if and only if there exists an elementary embedding j : V → M from V into a transitive ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huge%20cardinal | In mathematics, a cardinal number is called huge if there exists an elementary embedding from into a transitive inner model with critical point and
Here, is the class of all sequences of length whose elements are in .
Huge cardinals were introduced by .
Variants
In what follows, refers to the -th iterate of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azide | In chemistry, azide (, ) is a linear, polyatomic anion with the formula and structure . It is the conjugate base of hydrazoic acid . Organic azides are organic compounds with the formula , containing the azide functional group. The dominant application of azides is as a propellant in air bags.
Preparation
Sodium azi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20homeomorphism | In mathematics, more specifically topology, a local homeomorphism is a function between topological spaces that, intuitively, preserves local (though not necessarily global) structure.
If is a local homeomorphism, is said to be an étale space over Local homeomorphisms are used in the study of sheaves. Typical exam... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon%20Missiles%20%26%20Defense | Raytheon Missiles & Defense (RMD) is one of four business segments of RTX Corporation. Headquartered in Tucson, Arizona, its president is Wes Kremer. The business produces a broad portfolio of advanced technologies, including air and missile defense systems, precision weapons, radars, and command and control systems.
... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20cohomology | In mathematics (more specifically, in homological algebra), group cohomology is a set of mathematical tools used to study groups using cohomology theory, a technique from algebraic topology. Analogous to group representations, group cohomology looks at the group actions of a group G in an associated G-module M to eluci... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20variety | Algebraic varieties are the central objects of study in algebraic geometry, a sub-field of mathematics. Classically, an algebraic variety is defined as the set of solutions of a system of polynomial equations over the real or complex numbers. Modern definitions generalize this concept in several different ways, while a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Spencer | Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English polymath active as a philosopher, psychologist, biologist, sociologist, and anthropologist. Spencer originated the expression "survival of the fittest", which he coined in Principles of Biology (1864) after reading Charles Darwin's 1859 book On the Origin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication%20sign | The multiplication sign, also known as the times sign or the dimension sign, is the symbol ×, used in mathematics to denote the multiplication operation and its resulting product. While similar to a lowercase X (), the form is properly a four-fold rotationally symmetric saltire.
History
The earliest known use of the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiner%20Knizia | Reiner Knizia () is a prolific German-style board game designer.
Early life and education
Born in Germany, he developed his first game at the age of eight. He gained a Master of Science from Syracuse University in the United States and a doctorate in Mathematics from the University of Ulm in Germany. He went on to man... |
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