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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Industrial%20and%20Management%20Optimization | The Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization (JIMO) is an international journal published by American Institute of Mathematical Sciences and sponsored by Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Curtin University of Technology, and Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang University. This journal illustrates original research papers on the non-trivial interplay between numerical optimization methods and problems in industry or management. The objective of this journal is to develop new optimization ideas so as to solve industrial and management problems by the use of appropriate, advanced optimization techniques.
Its impact factor has been frequently ranked by SCImago as in the top quartile of business and international management journals.
References
External links
Home page
Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization
Academic journals established in 2005 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetywa%20Powell | Cetywa Powell is an American photographer and filmmaker. She also ran the independent book publishing company, Underground Voices. She has a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Columbia University.
Filmography
Photography
In 2017, Powell contributed photos to the California Today section of the New York Times.
Newspapers: The New York Times
Museums: Museum of Flight, Seattle (2018 Exhibition, 2021 Exhibition); Grants Pass Museum of Art, Oregon (2022)
Magazines: About Town Magazine, San Diego, Winter 2017/2018 issue - Cover photo; Seeing in Sixes Magazine by LensWork (2017); Monovisions B&W photography magazine (2016); Shadow & Light magazine (2016, 2018)
Select Awards/Recognitions: 2020 London International Creative Competition; 2019 Fine Art Photography Awards, 2018 Moscow Foto Awards, Honorable Mention; 2017 MonoVisions Photography Awards, Honorable Mention; 2016 International Photography Awards, Honorable Mention; 2016 ND Photography Awards, Honorable Mention; 2016 Shoot The Frame Portrait finalist; 2015 International Photography Awards, Honorable Mention; 2013 National Geographic, Daily Dozen selection;
Exhibitions: Hanoi, Vietnam (2021); Athens, Greece (2021); London (2018); New York (2017); CA 101 - Redondo Beach, CA (2017); Texas (2015); Vermont (2015) Trieste Airport, Italy (2015); Florida (2014); Hungary (2014); Maryland (2014); Virginia (2014); France (2013-2014)
Official photography site, Ten8Photography
Books
Author:
Dirty Hands screenplay (2016; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20B.%20Payne | Robert Berkeley Payne is an ornithologist, professor and curator at the Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan.
Academic background
Payne had completed his B.S. at the University of Michigan in 1960, and Ph.D. at the University of California (Berkeley) in 1965. He was awarded an NSF postdoctoral fellowship by the University of Cape Town. He was awarded the 2010 Margaret Morse Nice Medal by the Wilson Ornithological Society.
Fields of study
Payne is an expert in behavioral ecology and evolution, bird song and systematics. He has done fieldwork in Africa for 2 years, Western Australia for three years, and in Michigan for 20 years.
Publications
Some notable publications:
1983 - A distributional checklist of the birds of Michigan
2003 - Museum collections as sources of genetic data
2005 - The Cuckoos, Birds Families of the World
2005 - The Birds of Africa
References
http://www.eeb.lsa.umich.edu/eeb/people/rbpayne/index.html
https://www.amazon.com/Cuckoos-Bird-Families-World/dp/0198502133/sr=1-1/qid=1170751790/ref=sr_1_1/105-6820948-6490041?ie=UTF8&s=books
American ornithologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Michigan alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Living people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Hillman | Harold Hillman (16 August 1930 – 5 August 2016) was a British scientist and expert in the neurobiology of execution methods. He was born in London.
Theories
Hillman caused controversy in biological fields with his insistence that structures seen in cells under the electron microscope were little more than artefacts. He maintained that up to 90 percent of the brain is made up of "a fine, granular material that is virtually liquid," and that the brain only has two cell types, instead of four.
Mainstream scientists maintain that as fixation techniques have been compared with other analysis techniques, there is no explanation for why all the different techniques should produce identical artifacts.
Hillman's main field was neurobiology and resuscitation, in which his work was largely uncontroversial.
Charitable work
Hillman was a founder member of Amnesty International, and later produced research for the charity.
Career
Hillman was Reader in Physiology at the University of Surrey from 1965 until 1989, when he took early retirement after being threatened with loss of tenure. He wrote in 1996: "I believe that I am the only tenured academic in Britain who has lost his tenure because of his or her scientific views."
In 1997, he was awarded the Ig Nobel Peace Prize for his report "The Possible Pain Experienced During Execution by Different Methods."
Harold Hillman died peacefully of heart failure on 5 August 2016. He was survived by his wife, their children, and their grandchil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Data%20Seal | In cryptography, New Data Seal (NDS) is a block cipher that was designed at IBM in 1975, based on the Lucifer algorithm that became DES.
The cipher uses a block size of 128 bits, and a very large key size of 2048 bits. Like DES it has a 16-round Feistel network structure. The round function uses two fixed 4×4-bit S-boxes, chosen to be non-affine. The key is also treated as an 8×8-bit lookup table, using the first bit of each of the 8 bytes of the half-block as input. The nth bit of the output of this table determines whether or not the two nibbles of the nth byte are swapped after S-box substitution. All rounds use the same table. Each round function ends with a fixed permutation of all 64 bits, preventing the cipher from being broken down and analyzed as a system of simpler independent subciphers.
In 1977, Edna Grossman and Bryant Tuckerman cryptanalyzed NDS using the first known slide attack. This method uses no more than 4096 chosen plaintexts; in their best trial they recovered the key with only 556 chosen plaintexts.
References
Broken block ciphers
Feistel ciphers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificity%20constant | In the field of biochemistry, the specificity constant (also called kinetic efficiency or ), is a measure of how efficiently an enzyme converts substrates into products. A comparison of specificity constants can also be used as a measure of the preference of an enzyme for different substrates (i.e., substrate specificity). The higher the specificity constant, the more the enzyme "prefers" that substrate.
The following equation, known as the Michaelis–Menten model, is used to describe the kinetics of enzymes:
{E} + S <=>[k_f][k_r] ES ->[k_{cat}] {E} + P
where E, S, ES, and P represent enzyme, substrate, enzyme–substrate complex, and product, respectively. The symbols , , and denote the rate constants for the "forward" binding and "reverse" unbinding of substrate, and for the "catalytic" conversion of substrate into product, respectively.
The Michaelis constant in turn is defined as follows:
The Michaelis constant is equal to the substrate concentration at which the enzyme converts substrates into products at half its maximal rate and hence is related to the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme. The catalytic constant () is the rate of product formation when the enzyme is saturated with substrate and therefore reflects the enzyme's maximum rate. The rate of product formation is dependent on both how well the enzyme binds substrate and how fast the enzyme converts substrate into product once substrate is bound. For a kinetically perfect enzyme, every encounter betwe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20engineering | Energy engineering is a broad field of engineering dealing with areas such as energy harvesting and storage, energy conversion, energy materials, energy systems, energy efficiency, energy services, facility management, plant engineering, energy modelling, environmental compliance, sustainable energy and renewable energy technologies. Energy engineering is one of the most recent engineering disciplines to emerge. Energy engineering combines knowledge from the fields of physics, math, and chemistry with economic and environmental engineering practices. Energy engineers apply their skills to increase efficiency and further develop renewable sources of energy.
The main job of energy engineers is to find the most efficient and sustainable ways to operate buildings and manufacturing processes. Energy engineers audit the use of energy in those processes and suggest ways to improve the systems. This means suggesting advanced lighting, better insulation, more efficient heating and cooling properties of buildings. Although an energy engineer is concerned about obtaining and using energy in the most environmentally friendly ways, their field is not limited to strictly renewable energy like hydro, solar, biomass, or geothermal. Energy engineers are also employed by the fields of oil and natural gas extraction.
Purpose
Energy minimization is the purpose of this growing discipline. Often applied to building design, heavy consideration is given to HVAC, lighting, refrigeration, to both red |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term%20Predicted%20Excitation%20Coding | In digital signal processing, long-term predicted excitation coding is a codec developed by Sony for voice recording. It is the standard codec in several Sony digital voice recorders. The codec is proprietary and no developer details are available as of early 2007. Typical file extensions are .DVF and .MSV .
References
Sony ICD-BM1 Digital Voice Recorder (Joshua Steward, voicerecognition.com)
Speech codecs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges%20Urbain | Georges Urbain (12 April 1872 – 5 November 1938) was a French chemist, a professor of the Sorbonne, a member of the Institut de France, and director of the Institute of Chemistry in Paris. Much of his work focused on the rare earths, isolating and separating elements such as europium and gadolinium, and studying their spectra, their magnetic properties and their atomic masses. He discovered the element lutetium (atomic number 71). He also studied the efflorescence of saline hydrates.
Education
After attending the Lycée Charlemagne and Lycée Lavoisier, Urbain studied at the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech). He graduated as the top student in the school's ninth graduating class, in 1894. At that time he also earned his "licence ès physique et chimie" at the Sorbonne.
Urbain served in teaching positions at the Préparateur at the École de Physique et Chimie Industrielle (1894-1895), in Charles Friedels organic chemistry laboratory (1832-1899), in the Faculté des Science P.C.N. (1895-1898), and at the École Alsacienne (1897-1899).
He completed a thesis on Recherches sur la Séparation des Terres Rares (Research into the Separation of Rare Earth Elements) in 1899.
Career
Urbain led the laboratories of the Compagnie Générale d’Electricité from 1899 to 1904. Among the topics he studied was the use of rare earth oxides to manufacture arc lamps. Next he became a teacher at the École de Physique |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascher%20H.%20Shapiro | Ascher Herman Shapiro (May 20, 1916 – November 26, 2004) was a professor of Mechanical Engineering at MIT. He grew up in New York City.
Early life and education
Shapiro was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish Lithuanian immigrant parents. He earned his S.B. in 1938 and an Sc.D. in 1946 in the field of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Career
After starting at MIT as a laboratory assistant in mechanical engineering, Shapiro was eventually appointed assistant professor at MIT in 1943 where he taught fluid mechanics. A prolific author of texts in his field, his two-volume treatise, The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow, published in 1953 and 1954, is considered a classic. His 1961 book Shape and Flow: The Fluid Dynamics of Drag explained boundary layer phenomena and drag in simple, non-mathematical terms. He also founded the National Council for Fluid Mechanics Films (NCFMF), in cooperation with the Educational Development Center. From there, Shapiro was appointed Chair of the Institute's Faculty in 1964-1965 and head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering from 1965 to 1974.
In 1962 he demonstrated the Coriolis effect in a bathtub-sized water tank placed in MIT (latitude 42° N). The experiment required extreme precision, since the acceleration due to Coriolis effect is only that of gravity. The tank was filled, kept static for 24 hours, then drained. The vortex was measured by a cross made of tw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative%20Study%20on%20the%20Genetics%20of%20Alcoholism | The Collaborative Studies on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) is an eleven-center research project in the United States designed to understand the genetic basis of alcoholism. Research is conducted at University of Connecticut, Indiana University, University of Iowa, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Washington University in St. Louis, University of California at San Diego, Rutgers University, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Virginia Commonwealth University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Howard University.
Henri Begleiter and Theodore Reich were founding PI and Co-PI of COGA. Since 1991, COGA has interviewed more than 17,000 members of more than 2,200 families from around the United States, many of whom have been longitudinally assessed. Family members, including adults, children, and adolescents, have been carefully characterized across a variety of domains, including other alcohol and other substance-related phenotypes, co-occurring disorders (e.g., depression), electrophysiology, key precursor behavioral phenotypes (e.g., conduct disorder), and environmental risk factors (e.g., stress). This has provided us with a very rich phenotypic dataset to complement the large repository of cell lines and DNA for current and future studies. We have made this dataset widely available to advance the field: hundreds of researchers have worked with data generated as part of COGA through a variety of different mechanisms including data sharing thro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froude%E2%80%93Krylov%20force | In fluid dynamics, the Froude–Krylov force—sometimes also called the Froude–Kriloff force—is a hydrodynamical force named after William Froude and Alexei Krylov. The Froude–Krylov force is the force introduced by the unsteady pressure field generated by undisturbed waves. The Froude–Krylov force does, together with the diffraction force, make up the total non-viscous forces acting on a floating body in regular waves. The diffraction force is due to the floating body disturbing the waves.
Formulas
The Froude–Krylov force can be calculated from:
where
is the Froude–Krylov force,
is the wetted surface of the floating body,
is the pressure in the undisturbed waves and
the body's normal vector pointing into the water.
In the simplest case the formula may be expressed as the product of the wetted surface area (A) of the floating body, and the dynamic pressure acting from the waves on the body:
The dynamic pressure, , close to the surface, is given by:
where
is the sea water density (approx. 1030 kg/m3)
is the acceleration due to the earth's gravity (9.81 m/s2)
is the wave height from crest to trough.
See also
Response Amplitude Operator
References
Shipbuilding
Naval architecture
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Lange | Danny B. Lange is a Danish computer scientist who has worked on machine learning for IBM, Microsoft, Amazon Web Services, Uber, and Unity Technologies.
Early life and education
Lange was born in Denmark. He earned his Doctor of Philosophy in computer science from the Technical University of Denmark.
Career
During the 1990s, Lange worked at IBM Research – Tokyo, where he developed the Aglets software. From 1997 to 2002, he served as chief technology officer of General Magic, where he led the development of the company's Java agent platform, called Odyssey. He also led the design of General Motors' OnStar systems during the late 1990s.
Lange founded the startup company Vocomo Software in Cupertino, California in 2001. The company's VoiceXML technology and support staff were acquired by Voxeo in 2005. In addition to IBM, Lange has worked on machine learning for several companies, including Microsoft, Amazon Web Services (AWS), a subsidiary of Amazon, and Uber. He was principal architect at Microsoft's Startup Business Group, as of 2010. During his nearly two years at AWS, he managed the cloud computing provider's internal machine learning platform. He also led the launch of the Amazon Machine Learning product in his role as general manager.
Lange led Uber's machine learning team for more than a year, serving in the role of Head of Machine Learning starting in 2015. He managed developers in San Francisco and Seattle, and also worked within the company's autonomous car divis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20D.%20Perry | Bruce D. Perry is an American psychiatrist, currently the senior fellow of the Child Trauma Academy in Houston, Texas and an adjunct professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago. A clinician and researcher in children's mental health and the neurosciences, from 1993 to 2001 he was the Thomas S. Trammell Research Professor of Psychiatry at Baylor College of Medicine and chief of psychiatry at Texas Children's Hospital. He is also the author of several books.
Early life and education
Perry was born in 1955 in Bismarck, North Dakota, the second of four children. His father, Duncan Richard Perry, was a dentist, and his mother, Donna () Perry, a homemaker. Perry attended Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts but did not graduate. He took classes that interested him but did not fulfill requirements for a bachelor's degree. Even without a bachelor's degree, he earned an M.D. and Ph.D. at Northwestern University. He completed a residency, from 1984 through 1987, in psychiatry at Yale University School of Medicine. In 1987, Perry had a fellowship in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of Chicago.
Career
Perry has served as a consultant and expert witness on many high-profile incidents involving traumatized children, including the Columbine High School massacre, the Oklahoma City bombing, the Waco siege, and the YFZ Ranch custody cases. He is one of the leads of The Child Trauma Academy (CTA) in Houston. His clini |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophomore%27s%20dream | In mathematics, the sophomore's dream is the pair of identities (especially the first)
discovered in 1697 by Johann Bernoulli.
The numerical values of these constants are approximately 1.291285997... and 0.7834305107..., respectively.
The name "sophomore's dream" is in contrast to the name "freshman's dream" which is given to the incorrect identity The sophomore's dream has a similar too-good-to-be-true feel, but is true.
Proof
The proofs of the two identities are completely analogous, so only the proof of the second is presented here.
The key ingredients of the proof are:
to write (using the notation for the natural logarithm and for the exponential function);
to expand using the power series for ; and
to integrate termwise, using integration by substitution.
In details, can be expanded as
Therefore,
By uniform convergence of the power series, one may interchange summation and integration to yield
To evaluate the above integrals, one may change the variable in the integral via the substitution With this substitution, the bounds of integration are transformed to giving the identity
By Euler's integral identity for the Gamma function, one has
so that
Summing these (and changing indexing so it starts at instead of ) yields the formula.
Historical proof
The original proof, given in Bernoulli, and presented in modernized form in Dunham, differs from the one above in how the termwise integral is computed, but is otherwise the same, omitting technical |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalman%20Usiskin | Zalman Usiskin is an educator best known as the Director of the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project.
He was born to Nathan and Esther Usiskin.
A faculty member since 1969, he also has taught junior and senior high-school mathematics and has authored and co-authored many textbooks, including a six-volume series used as part of the University School Mathematics Project secondary curriculum. In recognition of his work, he has received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Usiskin's doctoral dissertation in mathematical education at the University of Michigan involved the field testing of his book, Geometry: A Transformation Approach, which was written with Arthur Coxford. This book has greatly influenced the way geometry is taught in many American high schools, according to the NCTM citation. With the founding of UCSMP in 1983, he became Director of the secondary component and has been the project's overall Director since 1987. The University School Mathematics Project has grown to become the nation's largest university-based curriculum project for kindergarten through 12th-grade mathematics, with several million students using its elementary and secondary textbooks and other materials.
References
Profile at the University of Chicago
http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=130631
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Mathematics educators
University of Michigan School of Ed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Simin | Karl Simin (born 1967) is an American scientist and assistant professor of cancer biology working with microarrays to study gene expression in engineered mouse models to gain insight into the biology of human tumors.
Early life
Karl was raised in the small town of Saline in south-eastern Michigan.
Education
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States BS Anthropology-Zoology
University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
External links
UMass Medical School - Karl Simin Bio
1967 births
Living people
American medical researchers
People from Saline, Michigan
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
UMass Chan Medical School faculty
University of Utah alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93Computer%20Interaction%20Institute | The Human–Computer Interaction Institute (HCII) is a department within the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is considered one of the leading centers of human–computer interaction research,
and was named one of the top ten most innovative schools in information technology by Computer World in 2008. For the past three decades, the institute has been the predominant publishing force at leading HCI venues, most notably ACM CHI, where it regularly contributes more than 10% of the papers. Research at the institute aims to understand and create technology that harmonizes with and improves human capabilities by integrating aspects of computer science, design, social science, and learning science.
HCII offers Human Computer Interaction (HCI) as an additional major for undergraduates, as well as a master's degree and PhDs in HCI. Students from various academic backgrounds come together from around the world to participate in this program. Students hold undergraduate degrees in psychology, design, and computer science, as well as many others. Students enter the program at various stages in their academic and professional careers. HCII research and educational programs span a full cycle of knowledge creation. The cycle includes research on how people work, play, and communicate within groups, organizations, and social structures. It includes the design, creation, and evaluation of technologies and tools to support human and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint%20%28computational%20chemistry%29 | In computational chemistry, a constraint algorithm is a method for satisfying the Newtonian motion of a rigid body which consists of mass points. A restraint algorithm is used to ensure that the distance between mass points is maintained. The general steps involved are: (i) choose novel unconstrained coordinates (internal coordinates), (ii) introduce explicit constraint forces, (iii) minimize constraint forces implicitly by the technique of Lagrange multipliers or projection methods.
Constraint algorithms are often applied to molecular dynamics simulations. Although such simulations are sometimes performed using internal coordinates that automatically satisfy the bond-length, bond-angle and torsion-angle constraints, simulations may also be performed using explicit or implicit constraint forces for these three constraints. However, explicit constraint forces give rise to inefficiency; more computational power is required to get a trajectory of a given length. Therefore, internal coordinates and implicit-force constraint solvers are generally preferred.
Constraint algorithms achieve computational efficiency by neglecting motion along some degrees of freedom. For instance, in atomistic molecular dynamics, typically the length of covalent bonds to hydrogen are constrained; however, constraint algorithms should not be used if vibrations along these degrees of freedom are important for the phenomenon being studied.
Mathematical background
The motion of a set of N particles ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Elmo%20Brady | Saint Elmo Brady (December 22, 1884 – December 25, 1966) was an American chemist who was the first African American to obtain a Ph.D. in chemistry in the United States. He received his doctorate at the University of Illinois in 1916.
Early life and education
Saint Elmo Brady was born on December 22, 1884, in Louisville, Kentucky. Greatly influenced by Thomas W. Talley, a pioneer in the teaching of science, Brady received his bachelor's degree from Fisk University in 1908 at the age of 24, and immediately began teaching at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Brady also had a close relationship with and was mentored by Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver. In 1912, after his time at Tuskegee University, he was offered a scholarship to the University of Illinois to engage in graduate studies. Saint Elmo Brady was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity
Brady published three scholarly abstracts in Science in 1914–15 on his work with Professor Clarence Derick. He also collaborated with Professor George Beal on a paper published in Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry titled, "The Hydrochloride Method for the Determination of Alkaloids." Professor Brady also authored three monographs on Household Chemistry for Girls.
Brady completed a M.S. in chemistry in 1914 and carried out his PHD thesis work at Noyes Laboratory under the direction of Derick, writing a dissertation in 1916 titled "The Divalent Oxygen Atom."
Many years later, he told his students that when h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Fetter | Alexander L. ("Sandy") Fetter (born 16 May 1937) is an American physicist and Professor Emeritus of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University in California. His research interests include theoretical condensed matter and superconductivity.
Fetter graduated with a B.A. from Williams College in 1958, where he was valedictorian. He was also a Rhodes Scholar at Balliol College of Oxford University. He went on to receive a Ph.D. in physics at Harvard University in 1963.
In 1968, Fetter joined the faculty at Stanford University, and has been there since. He served as chair of the department from 1985 to 1990.
Fetter is a fellow of the American Physical Society and American Association for the Advancement of Science. He served as the director of the Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory and the Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials.
Alexander Fetter retired from full-time as a professor in November 2007, but continues to work half time there.
Personal life
Alexander Fetter was married to Jean Fetter (who is now married to Steven Chu, Alexander's former colleague and a former Secretary of Energy under President Obama) and had 2 children with her (Anne L. Fetter, and Andrew J. Fetter), and is currently married to Lynn Bunim. His sister Ann ("Nan") Fetter Friedlaender was the first woman Dean at MIT (Economics Department). Fetter has 6 grandchildren the first of whom was born in 1995 and the most recent in 2007.
Selected publications
Quantum Theory of Many-Particle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Seeck | Otto Karl Seeck (2 February 1850 – 29 June 1921) was a German classical historian who is perhaps best known for his work on the decline of the ancient world. He was born in Riga.
Life and career
He first began studying chemistry at the University of Dorpat but transferred to the University of Berlin to study classical history under Theodor Mommsen. Seeck earned his doctorate from the University of Berlin in 1872 after writing his thesis on the Notitia Dignitatum, a document enumerating the roles and responsibilities of administrative officials of the later Roman empire c. 400 AD. He habilitated under Mommsen in Berlin in 1877 and, with the help of Mommsen, secured a post at the University of Greifswald in 1881, where he taught Roman History and Archaeology. There he met Karl Julius Beloch. In 1907 he went to the University of Münster where he continued teaching and writing.
Seeck wrote many influential works on late antiquity and social Darwinism. He was widely published in such academic journals as the Deutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft (German Journal of History), Hermes, Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte (Journal of Church History), and the Zeitschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte (Journal of Social and Economic History). Some of his monographs, including his influential 6-volume Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt (History of the Decline of the Ancient World)—which set forth his beliefs concerning social Darwinism, later influencing Osw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares%20Incorporated | Ares Incorporated is an American weapons manufacturer and firearms engineering company co-founded by the American weapons inventor and developer Eugene Stoner in 1971. The company is based in Port Clinton, Ohio, and produces fire control systems, turret systems, small arms, automatic cannons and industrial machinery. Mr. Stoner left the company in 1989, joining Knight's Armament Company in 1990, where his designs included the Stoner 96, a further refinement of the Ares LMG/Stoner 63.
Products
Ares has a history of innovative weapon systems, weapons, and accessories including:
1973–1978: Ares FARC (Future Assault Rifle Concept)
1974–1984: 35mm Eagle Air Defense System, 35mm autocannon, 35mm CVAST Turret System
1975–1988: 75mm XM274 Medium Caliber anti-armor automatic cannon and the XM21 Loader
1980–1982: 90mm Medium Caliber anti-armor automatic cannons
1985–1986: Ares FMG (Folding Machine Gun, designed by Francis Warin)
1984–1988: .50 caliber PCTA (Plastic Cased Telescoped Ammunition), 33% lighter than M33 cartridge
1984–1987: 20mm CTA 6-barrel Gatling Gun
1985–1989: .50 caliber TAMG (Telescoped Ammunition Machine Gun, 40% lighter than the M2 HBMG
1985–1988: Innovative Recoil Mechanism, real time recoil control measuring recoil position and velocity
1985–1998: The Automatic Loader and 9-round Carousel Magazine for the AGS Advanced Gun System
1986–1993: Ares LMG (Light Machine Gun, aka the “Stoner 86”, a refined version of the Stoner 63)
1986–1989: AIWS (Advanced Individual W |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20G.%20Libbrecht | Kenneth G. Libbrecht (born June, 1958) is a professor of physics and department chairman at the California Institute of Technology.
Biography
Libbrecht received a B.S. in physics at Caltech in 1980. He was originally trained as a solar astronomer, studying under Robert Dicke at Princeton University and received his Ph.D. in 1984. However, much of his recent research has focused on the properties of ice crystals, particularly the structure of snowflakes. In addition to his professional papers, he has published several popular books illustrating the variety of snowflake forms:
The Snowflake: Winter's Secret Beauty (with Patricia Rasmussen photography)
Ken Libbrecht's Field Guide to Snowflakes
The Little Book of Snowflakes
The Art of the Snowflake: A Photographic Album
Libbrecht won the 2004 National Outdoor Book Award (Nature & Environment category) for The Snowflake. Libbrecht was a scientific consultant on snowflakes for the 2013 Film Frozen.
Four of Libbrecht's snowflake pictures were selected by the United States Postal Service as designs for stamps for the 2006 winter holiday season, with a total printing of approximately 3 billion stamps. In 2010, Libbrecht was the recipient of the Lennart Nilsson Award. In conjunction with the award, the Swedish postal service, PostNord, released a series of stamps featuring some of his images of snowflakes.
References
External links
Snowflakes and Snow Crystals (Website created and maintained by Dr. Libbrecht)
Living people
21st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofectamine | Lipofectamine or Lipofectamine 2000 is a common transfection reagent, produced and sold by Invitrogen, used in molecular and cellular biology. It is used to increase the transfection efficiency of RNA (including mRNA and siRNA) or plasmid DNA into in vitro cell cultures by lipofection. Lipofectamine contains lipid subunits that can form liposomes in an aqueous environment, which entrap the transfection payload, e.g. DNA plasmids.
Lipofectamine consists of a 3:1 mixture of DOSPA (2,3‐dioleoyloxy‐N‐ [2(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]‐N,N‐dimethyl‐1‐propaniminium trifluoroacetate) and DOPE, which complexes with negatively charged nucleic acid molecules to allow them to overcome the electrostatic repulsion of the cell membrane. Lipofectamine's cationic lipid molecules are formulated with a neutral co-lipid (helper lipid). The DNA-containing liposomes (positively charged on their surface) can fuse with the negatively charged plasma membrane of living cells, due to the neutral co-lipid mediating fusion of the liposome with the cell membrane, allowing nucleic acid cargo molecules to cross into the cytoplasm for replication or expression.
In order for a cell to express a transgene, the nucleic acid must reach the nucleus of the cell to begin transcription. However, the transfected genetic material may never reach the nucleus in the first place, instead being disrupted somewhere along the delivery process. In dividing cells, the material may reach the nucleus by being trapped in the re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt%20McKenzie | Curtis "Curt" McKenzie (born February 9, 1969) is an American attorney and politician who served as a member of the Idaho Senate from 2012 to 2016.
Early life and education
McKenzie was born in Corvallis, Oregon He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics and history from Northwest Nazarene University in 1992 and a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1995. While at NNU, he was a member of the varsity soccer and track team and was chief justice of the Student Judicial Council. At Georgetown, he was an editor of The Tax Lawyer and was selected to one of the traveling trial teams.
Career
After law school, he was admitted to the bars of the State of Maryland (1995) and Washington, D.C. (1996) He later joined Arter & Hadden, specializing civil appellate and intellectual property law. In 1997, McKenzie returned to Idaho and was admitted to Idaho State Bar. He worked as a trial attorney in the Ada County Prosecuting Attorney’s Office before joining the law firm of Stoel Rives, LLP with a civil litigation practice.
McKenzie has owned McKenzie Law Offices, PLLC since 2006.
Idaho Senate
McKenzie served in the Idaho Senate from 2002 to 2016. From 2011 until 2016, he also served as chair of the Senate State Affairs Committee.
2016 Idaho Supreme Court election
McKenzie did not seek re-election to the Idaho State Senate in 2016. Instead, McKenzie ran for a seat on the Idaho Supreme Court in 2016. He was one of the top two finishers during the May 17 election r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajos%E2%80%93Parrish%E2%80%93Eder%E2%80%93Sauer%E2%80%93Wiechert%20reaction | The Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction in organic chemistry is a proline catalysed asymmetric aldol reaction. The reaction is named after the principal investigators of the two groups who reported it simultaneously: Zoltan Hajos and David Parrish from Hoffmann-La Roche and Rudolf Wiechert and co-workers from Schering AG. Discovered in the 1970s the original Hajos-Parrish catalytic procedure – shown in the reaction equation, leading to the optically active bicyclic ketol – paved the way of asymmetric organocatalysis. The Eder-Sauer-Wiechert modification lead directly to the optically active enedione, through the loss of water from the bicyclic ketol shown in figure.
It has been used extensively as a tool in the synthesis of steroids and other enantiomerically pure molecules.
In the original reaction shown in the figure above naturally occurring chiral proline is the chiral catalyst in an Aldol reaction. The starting material is an achiral triketone and it requires just 3% of proline to obtain the reaction product, a ketol in 93% enantiomeric excess. As shown above, Hajos and Parrish worked at ambient temperature in dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent using a catalytic amount (3% molar equiv.) of (S)-(−)-proline enabling them to isolate the optically active intermediate bicyclic ketol. Thus, they described the first use of proline in a catalytic asymmetric aldol reaction.
History
Researches on asymmetric enamine catalysis applied to important intermediates in steroids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent%20dumping%20coefficient | An equivalent dumping coefficient is a mathematical coefficient used in the calculation of the energy dispersed when a structure moves. As a civil engineering term, it defines the percent of a cycle of oscillation that is absorbed (converted to heat by friction) for the structure or sub-structure under analysis. Usually it is assumed that the equivalent dumping coefficient is linear, which is to say invariant compare to oscillatory amplitude. Modern seismic studies have shown this not to be a satisfactory assumption for larger civic structures, and have developed sophisticated amplitude and frequency based functions for equivalent dumping coefficient.
When a building moves, the materials it is made from absorb a fraction of the kinetic energy (this is especially true of concrete) due primarily to friction and to viscous or elastomeric resistance which convert motion or kinetic energy to heat.
References
Energy (physics) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IACS | IACS may refer to:
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
Industrial Automation and Control Systems are also referred to as Industrial control systems
Innovation Academy Charter School
Integrated Administration and Control System
International Annealed Copper Standard, a unit of electrical conductivity
International Association of Classification Societies
International Association of Cryospheric Sciences
Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncation%20error | In numerical analysis and scientific computing, truncation error is an error caused by approximating a mathematical process.
Examples
Infinite series
A summation series for is given by an infinite series such as
In reality, we can only use a finite number of these terms as it would take an infinite amount of computational time to make use of all of them. So let's suppose we use only three terms of the series, then
In this case, the truncation error is
Example A:
Given the following infinite series, find the truncation error for if only the first three terms of the series are used.
Solution
Using only first three terms of the series gives
The sum of an infinite geometrical series
is given by
For our series, and , to give
The truncation error hence is
Differentiation
The definition of the exact first derivative of the function is given by
However, if we are calculating the derivative numerically, has to be finite. The error caused by choosing to be finite is a truncation error in the mathematical process of differentiation.
Example A:
Find the truncation in calculating the first derivative of at using a step size of
Solution:
The first derivative of is
and at ,
The approximate value is given by
The truncation error hence is
Integration
The definition of the exact integral of a function from to is given as follows.
Let be a function defined on a closed interval of the real numbers, , and
be a partition of I, where
where and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error%20analysis | Error analysis can refer to one of the following:
Error analysis (mathematics) is concerned with the changes in the output of the model as the parameters to the model vary about a mean.
Error analysis (linguistics) studies the types and causes of language errors.
Error analysis for the Global Positioning System
"Error analysis" is sometimes used for engineering practices such as described under Fault tree analysis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Chen%20Wu | I-Chen Wu () is a professor at Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University. He received his B.S. in Electronic Engineering from National Taiwan University (NTU), M.S. in computer science from NTU, and Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie-Mellon University, in 1982, 1984 and 1993, respectively.
Wu invented a new game, named Connect6, a variation of the five-in-a-row game, and presented this game in the 11th Advances in Computer Games Conference (ACG'11) in 2005. The game-tree complexity of this game is quite high, close to Chinese Chess. Since presented in 2005, Connect6 has been a tournament item in Computer Olympiad. He wrote a program, named NCTU6, and won the gold in the tournament in 2006. Up to date, there have been at least four game websites supporting this game, at least 10 web forums for this game (in Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, English, Spanish and multi-lingual), hundreds of thousands games played over the Internet, several Josekis (opening moves) and Tsumegos (like puzzles) developed, and one human Connect6 open tournament held in Summer 2006.
Wu also developed a game platform over Internet and actively participated in software development leading a team to major software components and framework in both clients and servers. In the client side, the team led by him developed a portable AWT/Swing architecture for Java game development, which has been used in some game companies including Sina Inc., Hinet, and ThinkNewIdea Inc., |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20L.%20Quinn | Philip L. Quinn (June 22, 1940 – November 13, 2004) was a philosopher and theologian. He graduated from Georgetown University in 1962 and went on to earn a master's degree in physics from the University of Delaware in 1966. He then attended the University of Pittsburgh, where he received his master's and doctoral degrees in philosophy. Quinn joined the faculty of Brown University. At Brown, he was very popular and taught courses in the philosophy of physics, ethics, and related fields. In 1985, he assumed a position as the John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. Quinn served in 1994–1995 as President of the Central Division of the American Philosophical Association.
In March 2010, the Philip L. Quinn Fellowship was created at the National Humanities Center. The fellowship, endowed by the executors of Philip Quinn's estate, will be awarded annually in philosophy, preferably supporting young women in the early stages of their scholarly careers.
References
External links
Obituary in The Observer
1940 births
Georgetown University alumni
University of Delaware alumni
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Brown University faculty
Christian philosophers
University of Notre Dame faculty
2004 deaths |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfamide | Sulfamide (IUPAC name: sulfuric diamide) is a compound with the chemical formula and structure . Sulfamide is produced by the reaction of sulfuryl chloride with ammonia. Sulfamide was first prepared in 1838 by the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault.
Sulfamide functional group
In organic chemistry, the term sulfamide may also refer to the functional group which consists of at least one organic group attached to a nitrogen atom of sulfamide.
Symmetric sulfamides can be prepared directly from amines, sulfur dioxide gas and an oxidant:
In this example, the reactants are aniline, triethylamine (, Et = ethyl group), and iodine. Sulfur dioxide is believed to be activated through a series of intermediates: , and .
The sulfamide functional group is an increasingly common structural feature used in medicinal chemistry.
See also
Sulfamic acid
Sulfonamide
References
Sulfuryl compounds
Inorganic nitrogen compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmically%20concave%20measure | In mathematics, a Borel measure μ on n-dimensional Euclidean space is called logarithmically concave (or log-concave for short) if, for any compact subsets A and B of and 0 < λ < 1, one has
where λ A + (1 − λ) B denotes the Minkowski sum of λ A and (1 − λ) B.
Examples
The Brunn–Minkowski inequality asserts that the Lebesgue measure is log-concave. The restriction of the Lebesgue measure to any convex set is also log-concave.
By a theorem of Borell, a probability measure on R^d is log-concave if and only if it has a density with respect to the Lebesgue measure on some affine hyperplane, and this density is a logarithmically concave function. Thus, any Gaussian measure is log-concave.
The Prékopa–Leindler inequality shows that a convolution of log-concave measures is log-concave.
See also
Convex measure, a generalisation of this concept
Logarithmically concave function
References
Measures (measure theory) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Physics%20and%20Astronomy%2C%20University%20of%20Manchester | The Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester is one of the largest and most active physics departments in the UK, taking around 250 new undergraduates and 50 postgraduates each year, and employing more than 80 members of academic staff and over 100 research fellows and associates. The department is based on two sites: the Schuster Laboratory on Brunswick Street and the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics in Cheshire, international headquarters of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA).
According to the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the department is the 9th best physics department in the world and best in Europe. It is ranked 2nd place in the UK by Grade Point Average (GPA) according to the Research Excellence Framework (REF) in 2021, being only behind the University of Sheffield. The University has a long history of physics dating back to 1874, which includes 12 Nobel laureates, most recently Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 for their discovery of graphene.
Research groups
The Department of Physics and Astronomy comprises eight research groups:
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Biological Physics
Condensed Matter Physics
Nonlinear Dynamics and Liquid Crystal Physics
Photon Physics
Particle Physics
Nuclear Physics
Theoretical Physics
Research in the department of Physics has been funded by the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), the Science and Technology Facilitie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Bach | Eric Bach is an American computer scientist who has made contributions to computational number theory.
Bach completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and got his Ph.D. in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1984 under the supervision of Manuel Blum. He is currently a professor at the Computer Science Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Among other work, he gave explicit bounds for the Chebotarev density theorem, which imply that if one assumes the generalized Riemann hypothesis then is generated by its elements smaller than 2(log n)2. This result shows that the generalized Riemann hypothesis implies tight bounds for the necessary run-time of the deterministic version of the Miller–Rabin primality test. Bach also did some of the first work on pinning down the actual expected run-time of the Pollard rho method where previous work relied on heuristic estimates and empirical data. He is the namesake of Bach's algorithm for generating random factored numbers.
References
American computer scientists
Living people
University of Michigan alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Number theorists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk%20Polder | Dirk Polder (23 August 1919 – 18 March 2001) was a Dutch physicist working on solid-state physics, magnetism, molecular physics and nanoscale physics.
Together with Hendrik Casimir, Polder first predicted the existence of what today is known as the Casimir-Polder force, sometimes also referred to as the Casimir effect or Casimir force. Using a similar theory, he developed the formalism to treat radiative heat transfer at the nanoscale.
Biography
Early life
Dirk Polder was born in 1919 in The Hague, Netherlands. His father was a Delft engineer and his mother was the daughter of a minister. Music was very important for his family and Dirk played the cello and played frequently in quartets.
After completing his HBS (Hogere Burgerschool) in mathematics and physics, he enrolled at Leiden University in 1936 where obtained a Bachelor of Science in physics and chemistry in 1939. He completed a master's degree in experimental and theoretical physics in 1941, before exams were banned after the German invasion of the Netherlands during World War II.
Research career
In 1938 he did an internship with Jan Ketelaar on inorganic chemistry which resulted in his first publication on the crystal structure of thallium salts.
In 1939 he became an assistant to Wander Johannes de Haas at the Kamerlingh-Onnes Institute in Leiden, where he worked together with Hendrik Casimir and carried out experiments on the adiabatic demagnetization of various paramagnetic salts using crystal field theory. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SXAL/MBAL | In cryptography, SXAL (substitution xor algorithm, sometimes called SXAL8) is a block cipher designed in 1993 by Yokohama-based Laurel Intelligent Systems. It is normally used in a special mode of operation called MBAL (multi-block algorithm). SXAL/MBAL has been used for encryption in a number of Japanese PC cards and smart cards.
SXAL is an 8-round substitution–permutation network with block size and key size of 64 bits each. All operations are byte-oriented. The algorithm uses a single 8×8-bit S-box K, designed so that both K(X) and X XOR K(X) are injective functions. In each round, the bytes of the block are first permuted. Then each byte is XORed with a key byte and an earlier ciphertext byte, processed through the S-box, and XORed with the previous plaintext byte.
The key schedule is rather complex, processing the key with SXAL itself, beginning with a null key and using permuted intermediate results as later keys.
MBAL
MBAL is an encryption algorithm built using SXAL that can be applied to messages any number of bytes in length (at least 8). It uses two 64-bit extended keys for key whitening on the first 64 bits. The algorithm consists of 9 steps:
Pre-whitening
Fm: An expanded version of SXAL applied to the entire message
SXAL the block consisting of the first 4 and last 4 bytes
Reverse the byte order of the entire message
Fm
Reverse
SXAL the ends
Fm
Post-whitening
MBAL has been shown to be susceptible to both differential cryptanalysis and linear cryptanal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leotia | Leotia is a genus of cup fungi of the division Ascomycota. Leotia species are globally distributed, and are believed to be ectomycorrhizal. They are commonly known as jelly babies because of the gelatinous texture of their fruiting bodies.
Biology
Leotia species are characterized by their capitate ascocarps. Within the class Leotiomycetes, Leotia species produce large fruiting bodies; their long-stalked apothecia bear a fertile layer of asci that covers the upper surface of a mushroom-like cap.
Leotia is closely related to Microglossum, another genus characterized by capitate ascocarps. The species of Leotia have traditionally been defined largely by the fresh color of the ascocarps (tan in L. lubrica, olive-green in L. atrovirens, and green-headed with a yellow stalk in L. viscosa). However, a molecular phylogenetic study revealed that color is a poor predictor of species affiliation, suggesting further study is needed to develop new, more predictive species concepts.
Gallery
References
External links
Index Fungorum
Jelly babies at MushroomExpert.com
Helotiales
Leotiomycetes genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20set%20theory | General set theory (GST) is George Boolos's (1998) name for a fragment of the axiomatic set theory Z. GST is sufficient for all mathematics not requiring infinite sets, and is the weakest known set theory whose theorems include the Peano axioms.
Ontology
The ontology of GST is identical to that of ZFC, and hence is thoroughly canonical. GST features a single primitive ontological notion, that of set, and a single ontological assumption, namely that all individuals in the universe of discourse (hence all mathematical objects) are sets. There is a single primitive binary relation, set membership; that set a is a member of set b is written a ∈ b (usually read "a is an element of b").
Axioms
The symbolic axioms below are from Boolos (1998: 196), and govern how sets behave and interact.
As with Z, the background logic for GST is first order logic with identity. Indeed, GST is the fragment of Z obtained by omitting the axioms Union, Power Set, Elementary Sets (essentially Pairing) and Infinity and then taking a theorem of Z, Adjunction, as an axiom.
The natural language versions of the axioms are intended to aid the intuition.
1) Axiom of Extensionality: The sets x and y are the same set if they have the same members.
The converse of this axiom follows from the substitution property of equality.
2) Axiom Schema of Specification (or Separation or Restricted Comprehension): If z is a set and is any property which may be satisfied by all, some, or no elements of z, then the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Charles%20Faug%C3%A8re | Jean-Charles Faugère is the head of the POLSYS project-team (Solvers for Algebraic Systems and Applications) of the Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6) and Paris–Rocquencourt center of INRIA, in Paris. The team was formerly known as SPIRAL and SALSA.
Faugère obtained his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1994 at the University of Paris VI, with the dissertation "Résolution des systemes d’équations algébriques" (Solving systems of algebraic equations), under the supervision of Daniel Lazard.
He works on Gröbner bases and their applications, in particular, in cryptology. With his collaborators, he has devised the FGLM algorithm for computing Gröbner bases; he has also introduced the F4 and F5 algorithms for calculating Gröbner bases. In particular, his F5 algorithm allowed him to solve various problems in cryptography such as HFE; he also introduced a new type of cryptanalysis, called algebraic cryptanalysis.
Notes
External links
POLSYS web site
The old SPIRAL web site
The old SALSA web site
Jean-Charles Faugère's page
Living people
French mathematicians
Pierre and Marie Curie University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
French computer scientists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support%20function | In mathematics, the support function hA of a non-empty closed convex set A in
describes the (signed) distances of supporting hyperplanes of A from the origin. The support function is a convex function on .
Any non-empty closed convex set A is uniquely determined by hA. Furthermore, the support function, as a function of the set A, is compatible with many natural geometric operations, like scaling, translation, rotation and Minkowski addition.
Due to these properties, the support function is one of the most central basic concepts in convex geometry.
Definition
The support function
of a non-empty closed convex set A in is given by
; see
. Its interpretation is most intuitive when x is a unit vector:
by definition, A is contained in the closed half space
and there is at least one point of A in the boundary
of this half space. The hyperplane H(x) is therefore called a supporting hyperplane
with exterior (or outer) unit normal vector x.
The word exterior is important here, as
the orientation of x plays a role, the set H(x) is in general different from H(-x).
Now hA is the (signed) distance of H(x) from the origin.
Examples
The support function of a singleton A={a} is .
The support function of the Euclidean unit ball is where is the 2-norm.
If A is a line segment through the origin with endpoints -a and a then .
Properties
As a function of x
The support function of a compact nonempty convex set is real valued and continuous, but if the
set is clo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20novo%20protein%20structure%20prediction | In computational biology, de novo protein structure prediction refers to an algorithmic process by which protein tertiary structure is predicted from its amino acid primary sequence. The problem itself has occupied leading scientists for decades while still remaining unsolved. According to Science, the problem remains one of the top 125 outstanding issues in modern science. At present, some of the most successful methods have a reasonable probability of predicting the folds of small, single-domain proteins within 1.5 angstroms over the entire structure.
De novo methods tend to require vast computational resources, and have thus only been carried out for relatively small proteins. De novo protein structure modeling is distinguished from Template-based modeling (TBM) by the fact that no solved homologue to the protein of interest is used, making efforts to predict protein structure from amino acid sequence exceedingly difficult. Prediction of protein structure de novo for larger proteins will require better algorithms and larger computational resources such as those afforded by either powerful supercomputers (such as Blue Gene or MDGRAPE-3) or distributed computing projects (such as Folding@home, Rosetta@home, the Human Proteome Folding Project, or Nutritious Rice for the World). Although computational barriers are vast, the potential benefits of structural genomics (by predicted or experimental methods) to fields such as medicine and drug design make de novo structure predict |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical%20of%20a%20module | In mathematics, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification. It is a generalization of the Jacobson radical for rings. In many ways, it is the dual notion to that of the socle soc(M) of M.
Definition
Let R be a ring and M a left R-module. A submodule N of M is called maximal or cosimple if the quotient M/N is a simple module. The radical of the module M is the intersection of all maximal submodules of M,
Equivalently,
These definitions have direct dual analogues for soc(M).
Properties
In addition to the fact rad(M) is the sum of superfluous submodules, in a Noetherian module rad(M) itself is a superfluous submodule.
A ring for which rad(M) = {0} for every right R-module M is called a right V-ring.
For any module M, rad(M/rad(M)) is zero.
M is a finitely generated module if and only if the cosocle M/rad(M) is finitely generated and rad(M) is a superfluous submodule of M.
See also
Socle (mathematics)
Jacobson radical
References
Module theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%20A.%20Fulton%20College%20of%20Engineering | The Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering represents Brigham Young University's (BYU) engineering discipline and includes departments of chemical, civil, electrical and computer, and mechanical engineering and the school of technology. The college awards about 700 degrees every year (600 BS, 90 MS, 18 PhD) and has almost 3,600 students.
History
The college has roots going back to the introduction of Brigham Young Academy, but its more official beginning occurred when the first dean, Harvey Fletcher, organized the engineering program at BYU in 1952. This was the department of engineering science that, at the time, was part of the BYU College of Arts and Sciences. By 1965, there were four engineering departments (chemical, physical, civil and electrical), with enrollment at the median compared to engineering schools in the United States. By 1969, enrollment had reached the 70th percentile. The college has continued to expand, and now includes five main facilities for its students: the Engineering Building, Engineering Research Laboratory and the Clyde, Crabtree and Snell buildings. Fletcher's design of the acoustics for the DeJong Concert Hall of the College of Fine Arts at BYU is at times attributed to this college since Fletcher was the first head of the engineering department. However, since acoustics is a sub-field of physics it is also possible to attribute that work more to the College of Physical and Engineering Sciences, which is where both physics and engineering were |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Way%20High%20School | Federal Way High School is a public high school located in Federal Way, Washington. It was originally built in 1938. A new campus opened in the fall of 2016.
Academics
Advanced Placement courses: Calculus, Statistics, and Photography.
Pre-AP: Classes in English, History of the Pacific Region, World History, Science, and Biology for 9th and 10th graders.
AVID: (Advancement Via Individual Determination) a college-preparatory class focusing on goal-orientation and organizational skills.
American Sign Language
Band (symphonic, concert, orchestra, jazz)
Cambridge Program courses: Calculus, Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Graphic Design, English, U.S History, Economics, International Relations, Photography, Spanish, French.
Choir (concert, jazz, and chamber)
Sports Medicine/Athletic Training
Drama
Journalism/yearbook
Air Force Junior ROTC
Introduction to Supernatural Phenomenon
Creative Writing
Leadership & ASB
Photography/Pottery/Art
University of Washington classes in College Writing, French 5/6, and Spanish 5/6. Students can earn 5 credits for each of these classes.
Newsweek ranks Federal Way High School 442 on its 2010 list of the United States' 1623 best public high schools
Marketing - Zero hour student store and 4th period student store
Computer Science
Personal Finance, Business Law and Digital Communications Tools
Woodworking - Beginning and Advanced cabinetry classes.
Culinary - basics to cooking
Activities
Book Club, Cambridge Academy, Cheer Team, Che |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Matthews | Bernard Trevor Matthews CVO CBE QSM (24 January 1930 – 25 November 2010) was the founder of Bernard Matthews Farms, a company that is best known for producing turkey meat products.
Early life
Bernard Trevor Matthews was born in 1930 in Brooke, Norfolk, the son of a car mechanic and his housekeeper wife. Skilled at mathematics, he won a scholarship to the City of Norwich School, but found it difficult to settle. As a result of this, he failed his exams. The headmaster refused to let Matthews' exam failure reduce the school's pass-rate and so Bernard Matthews left school with no qualifications.
Career
Matthews worked as a trainee livestock auctioneer at Waters & Son between 1946 and 1948. During an auction at Acle market, he saw 20 freshly laid turkey eggs for sale, which he bought for a shilling each, and then acquired the same day a paraffin-oil incubator, which he bought for £1 10s. The venture to raise them in his future mother-in-law's back garden didn't pay off, as he had not calculated for the additional cost of feed for the birds.
After serving his two-year national service in No. 617 Squadron RAF, Matthews became an insurance clerk, and started his company in 1950, buying more turkeys. He was only able to join the business full-time after spending £3,000 buying the dilapidated Great Witchingham Hall and filling its 35 rooms with turkeys. While Matthews and his wife lived in two unheated rooms, turkeys were hatched in the dining-room, reared in the Jacobean bedrooms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Maximov | Ivan Leonidovich Maximov (born 19 November 1958) is a Russian artist, animator and film director.
Biography
Ivan Maximov was born on 19 November 1958 in Moscow. He studied photography at the Biophysical Institute in Moscow till 1976. From 1976 - 1982 Maximov studied at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in Moscow. He worked as an illustrator for various magazines and from 1982 to 1986 he was an engineer at the Russian Space Research Institute. Between 1986 and 1989 Maximov took advanced studies in Film Directing and Script writing.
In the early 1990s, Maximov became involved with Russia's first gaming magazine, Video-Ace Dendy (), and the television series, Dendy: The New Reality (). Here he was in charge of designing Dendy the Elephant, Dendy's trademark mascot.
Starting in 1995 Maximov worked as "virtual studio IVAN MAXIMOV" where he set up his studio at home to work on film, video and computer animation. He worked as a caricaturist for VREMYA mn and in 2000 and 2001 he worked as a caricaturist for VREMYA NOVOSTEY.
In 2003, Maximov created the computer game Full Pipe at PIPE-STUDIO. The same year, he also began teaching film directing and script writing at school-studio SHAR and VGIK.
From 2002 - teacher of film directing in school-studio "SHAR"
From 2011 - teacher of animation filmdirecting in " PiterMultArt " in Saint-Petersburg
From 2011 to 2019 - artistic supervisor of animated series "Lucky!"
From 2019 - teacher of film directing in the Modern Art I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli%20equation | In quantum mechanics, the Pauli equation or Schrödinger–Pauli equation is the formulation of the Schrödinger equation for spin-½ particles, which takes into account the interaction of the particle's spin with an external electromagnetic field. It is the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation and can be used where particles are moving at speeds much less than the speed of light, so that relativistic effects can be neglected. It was formulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1927.
Equation
For a particle of mass and electric charge , in an electromagnetic field described by the magnetic vector potential and the electric scalar potential , the Pauli equation reads:
Here are the Pauli operators collected into a vector for convenience, and is the momentum operator in position representation. The state of the system, (written in Dirac notation), can be considered as a two-component spinor wavefunction, or a column vector (after choice of basis):
.
The Hamiltonian operator is a 2 × 2 matrix because of the Pauli operators.
Substitution into the Schrödinger equation gives the Pauli equation. This Hamiltonian is similar to the classical Hamiltonian for a charged particle interacting with an electromagnetic field. See Lorentz force for details of this classical case. The kinetic energy term for a free particle in the absence of an electromagnetic field is just where is the kinetic momentum, while in the presence of an electromagnetic field it involves the minimal coupling , w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COGS | COGS, used as an acronym, may refer to:
Cost of goods sold, an accountancy metric
City of Greater Shepparton
Community of Genoa Schools sports teams, see Genoa, Illinois#Schools
The University of Birmingham's School of Computer Science departmental society
The University of Sussex School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
The Centre of Geographic Sciences at the Nova Scotia Community College
Cogs may also refer to:
Cog (ship)
Cogs, parts of a gear system
Cogs (video game), a puzzle game
See also
Cog (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Benayoun | Maurice Benayoun (aka MoBen or 莫奔) (born 29 March 1957) is a French new-media artist, curator, and theorist based in Paris and Hong Kong.
His work employs various media, including video, computer graphics, immersive virtual reality, the Internet, performance, EEG, 3D Printing, large-scale urban media art, robotics, NFTs, and Blockchain based artworks, installations and interactive exhibitions.
Biography
Born in Mascara, Algeria, in March 1957, as a war orphan. His father was killed before his birth in the Algerian independence war. He moved to France in 1958, following his mother and his brother, to live in popular suburbs in north Paris where the family stayed during most of his childhood.
Education
Bennayoun's doctorate thesis at the Sorbonne, Artistic Intentions at Work, Hypothesis for Committing Art, was published in 2011.
Career
Benayoun taught in contemporary and fine arts at Pantheon-Sorbonne University. In 1987 he co-founded Z-A Production (1987–2003), a computer graphics and virtual reality private lab.
Between 1990 and 1993, Benayoun collaborated with Belgian graphic novelists François Schuiten and philosopher Benoît Peeters on Quarxs, the first animation series made of HD computer graphics, exploring variant creatures with alternate physical laws.
For his first solo show, Benayoun presented a virtual reality installation linking two art museums: the Pompidou Center in Paris and the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal. Benayoun conceived and directed the exh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield%20Merriman | Mansfield Merriman (March 27, 1848 June 7, 1925) was an American civil engineer, born in Southington, Connecticut.
He graduated from Yale's Sheffield Scientific School in 1871, was an assistant in the United States Corps of Engineers in 187273, and was an instructor in civil engineering at Sheffield from 1875 to 1878. He was professor of civil engineering at Lehigh University from 1878 to 1907 and, thereafter, a consulting civil and hydraulic engineer.
From 1880 to 1885, Merriman was also an assistant on the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. His researches in hydraulics, bridges, strength of materials, and pure mathematics are important. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1881.
Merriman's chief publications, many of them widely used as textbooks, are:
Method of Least Squares (1884; eighth edition, 1901)
Mechanics of Materials (1885; tenth edition, 1912)
with Jacoby, A Text-Book on Roofs and Bridges (four volumes, 1888–98; fifth edition, 1912)
Treatise on Hydraulics (1889; ninth edition, 1914)
Handbook for Surveyors (1895; third edition, 1903)
Strength of Materials (1897; sixth edition, 1913)
Precise Sanitary Engineering (1898; third edition, 1906)
The solution of equations (1906)
Elements of Hydraulics (1912)
"American Civil Engineers' Handbook", Mansfield Merriman, Editor-In-Chief (fourth edition, 1920)
Recreations in Mathematics (1917), under the pseudonym of H. E. Licks
In addition, he was editor-in-chief of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20Mani%20Chandy | Kanianthra Mani Chandy (born 25 October 1944) is the Simon Ramo Professor of Computer Science at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). He has been the Executive Officer of the Computer Science Department twice, and he has been a professor at Caltech since 1989. He also served as Chair of the Division of Engineering and Applied Science at the California Institute of Technology.
Early life and education
Chandy received his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Electrical Engineering with a thesis in operations research. He also earned a Master's from the New York University, and a Bachelor's from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.
Career
He has worked for Honeywell and IBM. From 1970 to 1989, he was in the Computer Science Department of the University of Texas at Austin, serving as chair in 1978–79 and 1983–85. He has served as a consultant to a number of companies including IBM and Bell Labs. He also served on the Engineering and Computer Science jury for the Infosys Prize in 2019.
Research
In 1984, along with J Misra, Chandy proposed a new solution to the dining-philosophers problem.
Chandy does research in distributed computing. He has published three books and over a hundred papers on distributed computing, verification of concurrent programs, parallel programming languages and performance models of computing and communication systems, including the eponymous BCMP networks. He described the Chandy–Lamport algorithm together with Le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictions%20on%20the%20import%20of%20cryptography | A number of countries have attempted to restrict the import of cryptography tools.
Rationale
Countries may wish to restrict import of cryptography technologies for a number of reasons:
Imported cryptography may have backdoors or security holes (e.g. the FREAK vulnerability), intentional or not, which allows the country or group who created the backdoor technology, for example the National Security Agency (NSA), to spy on persons using the imported cryptography; therefore the use of cryptography is restricted to that which the government thinks is safe, or which it develops itself.
Citizens can anonymously communicate with each other, preventing any external party from monitoring them.
Encrypted transactions may impede external entities to control the conducting of business.
Cryptography may sometimes increase levels of privacy within the country beyond what the government wishes.
Status by country
The Electronic Privacy Information Center and Global Internet Liberty Campaign reports use a color code to indicate the level of restriction, with the following meanings:
Green: No restriction
Yellow: License required for importation
Red: Total ban
See also
Export of cryptography
External links
Cryptography and Liberty 1998, GILC Report
Crypto-Law survey 2013
Export and import control of cryptography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Pomeranchuk%E2%80%93Migdal%20effect | In high-energy physics, the Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect, also known as the Landau–Pomeranchuk effect and the Pomeranchuk effect, or simply LPM effect, is a reduction of the bremsstrahlung and pair production cross sections at high energies or high matter densities. It is named in honor to Lev Landau, Isaak Pomeranchuk and Arkady Migdal.
Overview
A high energy particle undergoing multiple soft scatterings from a medium will experience interference effects between adjacent scattering sites. From uncertainty as the longitudinal momentum transfer gets small the particles wavelength will increase, if the wavelength becomes longer than the mean free path in the medium (the average distance between scattering sites) then the scatterings can no longer be treated as independent events, this is the LPM effect. The Bethe–Heitler spectrum for multiple scattering induced radiation assumes that the scatterings are independent, the quantum interference between successive scatterings caused by the LPM effect leads to suppression of the radiation spectrum relative to that predicted by Bethe–Heitler.
The suppression occurs in different parts of the emission spectrum, for quantum electrodynamics (QED) small photon energies are suppressed, and for quantum chromodynamics (QCD) large gluon energies are suppressed. In QED the rescattering of the high energy electron dominates the process, in QCD the emitted gluons carry color charge and interact with the medium also. Since the gluons are sof |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Jones%20%28physicist%29 | Roger D. Jones (born 1953) is an American physicist and entrepreneur. He currently is a Research Fellow at the European Centre for Living Technology at the University of Venice, Italy.
Scientific Interests
Jones, trained in physics at Dartmouth College, worked as a staff physicist at Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1979 to 1995. His primary research interests were in plasma physics, laser fusion, and machine learning. Jones's current interests are in molecular computation in biological systems and serious gaming. He is currently involved in a European-Union project to personalize treatment for diabetic kidney disease.
Startups
Jones, along with other Santa Fe scientists and entrepreneurs such as Doyne Farmer, Norman Packard, Stuart Kauffman, John Casti, and David Weininger, founded several high-technology startup companies in the emerging Santa Fe technology community, dubbed by Wired Magazine as the "Info Mesa". Much of the effort of these startups focused on finance and the catastrophic reinsurance industry. A later successful startup, Qforma, focused on healthcare analytics.
Center for Adaptive Systems Applications
The Center for Adaptive Systems Applications (CASA) was a company founded in 1995 by Jones, together with physicists Robert Stellingwerf, Camilo Gomez, and Stephen Coggeshall and business developer John Davies from Los Alamos National Laboratory in collaboration with Citibank. The company applied neural network and adaptive technology to consumer banking. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn%20Riverside%20High%20School | Auburn Riverside High School is located in Auburn, Washington, United States. Located next to the White River, the school takes its name from its location. The school opened in 1995 due to overcrowding at Auburn Senior High School.
Academics
AR offers seventeen Advanced Placement classes: Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Micro Economics, Computer Science, Calculus AB, European History, Human Geography, US History, US Government and Politics, World Studies, English Language/Composition, Literature, AP Seminar, AP Research, Culinary Arts, Spanish, French, Japanese, and German.
Drama
In addition to academics and athletics, ARHS has gained notice for its drama program, under the direction of Karla Gjerde Seman, and currently Kathryn Nuttman. Seman has been a participant in 5th Avenue Theatre's High School Musical Awards since the program's inception in 2003, ARHS has accumulated many awards and nominations.
Athletics
Auburn Riverside joined the Olympic Division of the North Puget Sound League in 2016. They were previously part of the SPSL 3A Central Division since the 2009-10 school year, which was a change from their former SPSL 4A North Division league, as the SPSL decided to split the league into three parts, rather than the previous two.
Recent state tournament results include:
1st place - 2016 & 2017 volleyball, 2015 cheer, 2015 volleyball, 2010 girls' basketball, 2008 girls' basketball, 2007 girls' basketball, and 2013 baseball
2nd place - 2006 gymnastics, 2002 boys' tenn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umran%20Inan | Umran Savaş İnan (; born December 28, 1950) is a Turkish scientist at Koç University and Stanford University in the field of geophysics and very low frequency radio science. İnan was the president of Koç University between 2009 and 2021.
Life and career
İnan received his B.Sc. degree in 1972 and M.Sc. in 1973 from the Middle East Technical University (METU). He conducted his doctoral research during four years at Stanford University, receiving a Ph.D. in 1977 in electrical engineering under the tutelage of Robert Helliwell. İnan later joined the staff of Stanford as research affiliate and in 1982 was appointed as assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering. He subsequently became associate professor in 1985 and then full professor at Stanford since 1992.
In 1997, he was appointed director of Space, Telecommunications and Radio Science Laboratories (STAR) connected to Stanford and continued his duty here until September 2009. During his academic career at Stanford he worked in areas geophysics, near-space, ionospheric and atmospheric physics, radiation belts, electromagnetic wave-particle interaction, and very low frequency radioscience. Inan has had about 50 PhD students so far.
He had been the president of Koç University between 2009 and 2021. Currently, the research group at Stanford University is conducting observations from over 50 different spots on seven continents and also from a variety of world-orbiting satellites. He became professor emeritus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fabric%20of%20Reality | The Fabric of Reality is a 1997 book by physicist David Deutsch. His follow-up book, The Beginning of Infinity, was published in 2011.
Overview
The book expands on his views of quantum mechanics and its implications for understanding reality. This interpretation, which he calls the multiverse hypothesis, is one of a four-strand Theory of Everything (TOE).
The four strands
Hugh Everett's many-worlds interpretation of quantum physics, "The first and most important of the four strands".
Karl Popper's epistemology, especially its anti-inductivism and its requiring a realist (non-instrumental) interpretation of scientific theories, and its emphasis on taking seriously those bold conjectures that resist being falsified.
Alan Turing's theory of computation, especially as developed in Deutsch's "Turing principle", where Turing's Universal Turing machine is replaced by Deutsch's universal quantum computer. ("The theory of computation is now the quantum theory of computation.")
Richard Dawkins's refinement of Darwinian evolutionary theory and the modern evolutionary synthesis, especially the ideas of replicator and meme as they integrate with Popperian problem-solving (the epistemological strand).
Deutsch's TOE
His theory of everything is (weakly) emergentist rather than reductive. It aims not at the reduction of everything to particle physics, but rather at mutual support among multiverse, computational, epistemological, and evolutionary principles.
Reception
Critical reception ha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grothendieck%20inequality | In mathematics, the Grothendieck inequality states that there is a universal constant with the following property. If Mij is an n × n (real or complex) matrix with
for all (real or complex) numbers si, tj of absolute value at most 1, then
for all vectors Si, Tj in the unit ball B(H) of a (real or complex) Hilbert space H, the constant being independent of n. For a fixed Hilbert space of dimension d, the smallest constant that satisfies this property for all n × n matrices is called a Grothendieck constant and denoted . In fact, there are two Grothendieck constants, and , depending on whether one works with real or complex numbers, respectively.
The Grothendieck inequality and Grothendieck constants are named after Alexander Grothendieck, who proved the existence of the constants in a paper published in 1953.
Motivation and the operator formulation
Let be an matrix. Then defines a linear operator between the normed spaces and for . The -norm of is the quantity
If , we denote the norm by .
One can consider the following question: For what value of and is maximized? Since is linear, then it suffices to consider such that contains as many points as possible, and also such that is as large as possible. By comparing for , one sees that for all .
One way to compute is by solving the following quadratic integer program:
To see this, note that , and taking the maximum over gives . Then taking the maximum over gives by the convexity of and by the tr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective-collapse%20theory | Objective-collapse theories, also known as models of spontaneous wave function collapse or dynamical reduction models, are proposed solutions to the measurement problem in quantum mechanics. As with other theories called interpretations of quantum mechanics, they are possible explanations of why and how quantum measurements always give definite outcomes, not a superposition of them as predicted by the Schrödinger equation, and more generally how the classical world emerges from quantum theory. The fundamental idea is that the unitary evolution of the wave function describing the state of a quantum system is approximate. It works well for microscopic systems, but progressively loses its validity when the mass / complexity of the system increases.
In collapse theories, the Schrödinger equation is supplemented with additional nonlinear and stochastic terms (spontaneous collapses) which localize the wave function in space. The resulting dynamics is such that for microscopic isolated systems, the new terms have a negligible effect; therefore, the usual quantum properties are recovered, apart from very tiny deviations. Such deviations can potentially be detected in dedicated experiments, and efforts are increasing worldwide towards testing them.
An inbuilt amplification mechanism makes sure that for macroscopic systems consisting of many particles, the collapse becomes stronger than the quantum dynamics. Then their wave function is always well-localized in space, so well-localiz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Lucas%20theorem | In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Gauss–Lucas theorem gives a geometric relation between the roots of a polynomial and the roots of its derivative . The set of roots of a real or complex polynomial is a set of points in the complex plane. The theorem states that the roots of all lie within the convex hull of the roots of , that is the smallest convex polygon containing the roots of . When has a single root then this convex hull is a single point and when the roots lie on a line then the convex hull is a segment of this line. The Gauss–Lucas theorem, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Félix Lucas, is similar in spirit to Rolle's theorem.
Formal statement
If is a (nonconstant) polynomial with complex coefficients, all zeros of belong to the convex hull of the set of zeros of .
Special cases
It is easy to see that if is a second degree polynomial, the zero of is the average of the roots of . In that case, the convex hull is the line segment with the two roots as endpoints and it is clear that the average of the roots is the middle point of the segment.
For a third degree complex polynomial (cubic function) with three distinct zeros, Marden's theorem states that the zeros of are the foci of the Steiner inellipse which is the unique ellipse tangent to the midpoints of the triangle formed by the zeros of .
For a fourth degree complex polynomial (quartic function) with four distinct zeros forming a concave quadrilateral, one of the zeros of lies wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20measure | In mathematics, a vector measure is a function defined on a family of sets and taking vector values satisfying certain properties. It is a generalization of the concept of finite measure, which takes nonnegative real values only.
Definitions and first consequences
Given a field of sets and a Banach space a finitely additive vector measure (or measure, for short) is a function such that for any two disjoint sets and in one has
A vector measure is called countably additive if for any sequence of disjoint sets in such that their union is in it holds that
with the series on the right-hand side convergent in the norm of the Banach space
It can be proved that an additive vector measure is countably additive if and only if for any sequence as above one has
where is the norm on
Countably additive vector measures defined on sigma-algebras are more general than finite measures, finite signed measures, and complex measures, which are countably additive functions taking values respectively on the real interval the set of real numbers, and the set of complex numbers.
Examples
Consider the field of sets made up of the interval together with the family of all Lebesgue measurable sets contained in this interval. For any such set define
where is the indicator function of Depending on where is declared to take values, two different outcomes are observed.
viewed as a function from to the -space is a vector measure which is not countably-additive.
viewed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20149001%E2%80%93150000 |
149001–149100
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
149101–149200
|-id=113
| 149113 Stewartbushman || || Stewart Bushman (born 1973), senior engineer at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. He served as the Propulsion Lead for the New Horizons mission to Pluto. ||
|-id=115
| 149115 Lauriecantillo || || Laurie L. Cantillo (born 1958) served as the NASA Public Affairs Lead for the New Horizons mission to Pluto. ||
|-id=157
| 149157 Stephencarr || || Stephen S. Carr (born 1959) is a program manager at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. He served as the director of public events for the flyby encounter for the New Horizons mission to Pluto. ||
|-id=160
| 149160 Geojih || 2002 GE || Geojih is an open, friendly and amateur group of geocaching fans in České Budějovice. They started geocaching activities in 2008 and have prepared many smart geocaches and amazing geocaching events up to now. A series of seven geocoins devoted to south Bohemian districts was also issued. ||
|-id=163
| 149163 Stevenconard || || Steven J. Conard (born 1959) is an optical engineer at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. He served as the Lead Instrument Engineer for the LORRI instrument for the New Horizons mission to Pluto. ||
|}
149201–149300
|-id=243
| 149243 Dorothynorton || || Dorothy S. Norton (born 1945), scientific illustrator specializing in astronomy, geology and paleontology ||
|-id=244
| 149244 Kriegh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted%20matroid | In combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, a weighted matroid is a matroid endowed with function with respect to which one can perform a greedy algorithm.
A weight function for a matroid assigns a strictly positive weight to each element of . We extend the function to subsets of by summation; is the sum of over in . A matroid with an associated weight function is called a weighted matroid.
Spanning forest algorithms
As a simple example, say we wish to find the maximum spanning forest of a graph. That is, given a graph and a weight for each edge, find a forest containing every vertex and maximizing the total weight of the edges in the tree. This problem arises in some clustering applications. If we look at the definition of the forest matroid above, we see that the maximum spanning forest is simply the independent set with largest total weight — such a set must span the graph, for otherwise we can add edges without creating cycles. But how do we find it?
Finding a basis
There is a simple algorithm for finding a basis:
Initially let be the empty set.
For each in
if is independent, then set to .
The result is clearly an independent set. It is a maximal independent set because if is not independent for some subset of , then is not independent either (the contrapositive follows from the hereditary property). Thus if we pass up an element, we'll never have an opportunity to use it later. We will generalize this algorithm to solve a harder problem.
Extension t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Moustafa%20Mosharafa | Dr. Ali Moustafa Mosharafa () (11 July 1898 – 16 January 1950) was an Egyptian theoretical physicist. He was professor of applied mathematics in the Faculty of Science at Cairo University, and also served as its first dean. He contributed to the development of quantum theory as well as the theory of relativity.
Biography
Birth and early life
Mosharafa obtained his primary certificate in 1910 ranking second nationwide. He obtained his Baccalaureate at the age of 16, becoming the youngest student at that time to be awarded such a certificate, and again ranking second. He preferred to enroll in the Teachers' College rather than the faculties of Medicine or Engineering due to his deep interest in mathematics.
He graduated in 1917. Due to his excellence in mathematics, the Egyptian Ministry of Education sent him to England where he obtained a BSc (Honors) from the University of Nottingham in 1920. The Egyptian University consented to grant Mosharafa another scholarship to complete his doctoral thesis. During his stay in London, he was published many times in prominent science magazines. He obtained a PhD in 1923 from King's College London in the shortest possible time permissible according to the regulations there. In 1924 Mosharafa was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science, the first Egyptian and 11th scientist in the entire world to obtain such a degree.
Academic career
He became a teacher in the Higher Teachers' college in Cairo University, he became an associate prof |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricorn%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, the tricorn, sometimes called the Mandelbar set, is a fractal defined in a similar way to the Mandelbrot set, but using the mapping instead of used for the Mandelbrot set. It was introduced by W. D. Crowe, R. Hasson, P. J. Rippon, and P. E. D. Strain-Clark. John Milnor found tricorn-like sets as a prototypical configuration in the parameter space of real cubic polynomials, and in various other families of rational maps.
The characteristic three-cornered shape created by this fractal repeats with variations at different scales, showing the same sort of self-similarity as the Mandelbrot set. In addition to smaller tricorns, smaller versions of the Mandelbrot set are also contained within the tricorn fractal.
Formal definition
The tricorn is defined by a family of quadratic antiholomorphic polynomials
given by
where is a complex parameter. For each , one looks at the forward orbit
of the critical point of the antiholomorphic polynomial . In analogy with the Mandelbrot set, the tricorn is defined as the set of all parameters for which the forward orbit of the critical point is bounded. This is equivalent to saying that the tricorn is the connectedness locus of the family of quadratic antiholomorphic polynomials; i.e. the set of all parameters for which the Julia set is connected.
The higher degree analogues of the tricorn are known as the multicorns. These are the connectedness loci of the family of antiholomorphic polynomials .
Basic properties
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20T.%20R.%20Hill | Geoffrey Terence Roland Hill, (1895 – 26 December 1955) was a British aviator and aeronautical engineer.
Early life
Geoffrey Terence Roland Hill was born in 1895, the son of Michael J. M. Hill, Professor of Mathematics at the University College London, and his wife Minnie. He was educated at University College School. While he was in his early teens he won prizes as a builder of model aircraft. In 1912, with his younger brother, Roderic, they built a model aircraft for the Children's Exhibition at Olympia, which was followed by a nearly-successful full-sized glider. Subsequently, he went up to University College, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science in 1914 and joined the Royal Aircraft Factory as a graduate apprentice.
Flying career
By 1916 Hill had learnt to fly and became a test pilot at the Royal Aircraft Factory. He obtained a commission in the Royal Flying Corps as 2nd lieutenant, and fought in France with No. 29 Squadron. In late 1916 he was awarded the Military Cross and in January 1917 he was promoted to the rank of captain (temporary). Invalided home, he moved back into test flying and by 1918 he was in command of the Aerodynamics Flight at the Royal Aircraft Establishment. When the war ended he joined Handley Page, Ltd., as their chief test pilot/aerodynamicist, and in 1919 climbed a Handley page W.8 up to nearly 14,000 ft – then, a world record for an aircraft of 1,500 kg all-up weight
Aeronautics
Hill designed a series of tailless aircraft, the Westland-Hi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situated%20robotics | In artificial intelligence and cognitive science, the term situated refers to an agent which is embedded in an environment. In this used, the term is used to refer to robots, but some researchers argue that software agents can also be situated if:
they exist in a dynamic (rapidly changing) environment, which
they can manipulate or change through their actions, and which
they can sense or perceive.
Being situated is generally considered to be part of being embodied, but it is useful to take both perspectives. The situated perspective emphasizes the environment and the agent's interactions with it. These interactions define an agent's embodiment.
See also
Robot general heading
Cognitive agents
Scruffies - people who tend to worry about whether their agent is situated.
References
Hendriks-Jansen, Horst (1996) Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Robotics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Human%20Cognitive%20and%20Brain%20Sciences | The Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences is located in Leipzig, Germany. The institute was founded in 2004 by a merger between the former Max Planck Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience in Leipzig and the Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research in Munich. It is one of 86 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft).
Departments
Neuropsychology - Director: Professor Angela D. Friederici
Neurology - Director: Professor Arno Villringer
Neurophysics - Director: Professor Nikolaus Weiskopf
Psychology - Director: Professor Christian Doeller
Former Departments
Social Neuroscience - Director: Professor Tania Singer
Neurophysics - Director: Professor Robert Turner
Psychology - Director: Professor Wolfgang Prinz
Cognitive Neurology - Director: Professor D. Yves von Cramon
References
External links
Homepage of the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
2004 establishments in Germany
Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
Cognitive science research institutes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memeplex | The study of memes, units of cultural information, often involves the examination of meme complexes or memeplexes. Memeplexes, comparable to the gene complexes in biology, consist of a group of memes that are typically present in the same individual. This presence is due to the implementation of Universal Darwinism's theory, which postulates that memes can more effectively reproduce themselves when they collaborate or "team up".
Various manifestations of memeplexes can be observed in our everyday surroundings, and they usually have a profound impact on shaping individual and societal behaviors. Some of the most common examples include:
Belief Systems and Ideologies:This refers to a wide array of constructs such as religions, philosophies, political alignments, and overall worldviews. All of these systems are composed of multiple interrelated memes that collectively form a cohesive belief system.
Organizations and Groups:Entities such as churches, businesses, political parties, and clubs also illustrate memeplexes. These groups often share a common set of principles, rules, or beliefs that are propagated among their members.
Behavioral Patterns:These include various cultural practices and routines, such as musical practices, ceremonies, marriage rituals, festivities, hunting techniques, and sports.
Contrary to inherited gene complexes, memeplexes encounter less pressure to provide benefits to the individuals exhibiting them for their replication. This distinction is d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coclass | In mathematics, the coclass of a finite p-group of order pn is n − c, where c is the class.
The coclass conjectures
The coclass conjectures were introduced by and proved by and . They are:
Conjecture A: Every p-group has a normal subgroup of class 2 with index depending only on p and its coclass.
Conjecture B: The solvable length of a p-group can be bounded in terms of p and the coclass.
Conjecture C: A pro p-group of finite coclass is solvable.
Conjecture D: There are only finitely many pro p-groups of given coclass.
Conjecture E: There are only finitely many solvable pro p-groups of given coclass.
See also
Descendant tree (group theory)
References
P-groups |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20M.%20Dennison | David Mathias Dennison (April 26, 1900 in Oberlin, Ohio – April 3, 1976) was an American physicist who made contributions to quantum mechanics, spectroscopy, and the physics of molecular structure.
Education
In 1917, Dennison entered Swarthmore College, where he graduated in 1921. He then went to the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, for graduate studies in physics with Walter F. Colby and Oskar Klein. Klein, already associated with the Kaluza–Klein theory (1921), joined the faculty at Michigan in 1922, after a six-year stay at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, under Niels Bohr, at the University of Copenhagen. It was through Klein that Dennison heard and leaned much about the current theoretical physics being developed in Europe, which created a yearning in him to go to Copenhagen for further study. Dennison's thesis was on the molecular structure and infrared spectrum of the methane molecule, and he was awarded his doctorate in 1924.
From 1924 to 1926, Dennison had an International Education Board (IEB) Fellowship to do postgraduate study and research in Europe. By the end of that time, Harrison McAllister Randall, chairman of physics department at the University of Michigan, had arranged for Dennison to stay in Europe another year on a University of Michigan fellowship. Dennison arrived at the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen, in October 1924. During his three years in Europe, he mostly did postdoctoral research in Copenhagen, wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral%20Hull | Coral Hull (born 1965) is an author, poet, artist and photographer living in Darwin, Australia. She has authored many books, including poetry, fiction, non-fiction, artwork and digital photography. Her areas of special interest have been in ethics, animal rights, autism, consciousness, multiplicity, metaphysics and the paranormal. Her book on psychokinesis titled "Walking With The Angels: The RSPK Journals" was completed in 2007. Coral was also a trance medium and a channeler involved in the new age and the occult. Hull became a born again Christian in late 2009.
Early life and work
Born with autism, in Sydney, Australia, Coral Hull was raised under disadvantaged circumstances in the working class suburb of Liverpool in Sydney's west. Hull became concerned with issues of social justice and spirituality from an early age. She wrote her first poem about a rainforest at age thirteen. Hull became an ethical vegan and an animal rights advocate who has spent much of her life working voluntarily on behalf of animals, children and planet earth, as an individual and for various non-profit organisations.
Education
Hull holds a Bachelor of Creative Arts from the University of Wollongong, a Master of Arts from Deakin University and a Doctor of Creative Arts from the University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. She also completed the first year of a Bachelor of Visual Arts majoring in conceptual art at the South Australian College of Advanced Education.
Work as an editor
She |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Programming%20System | The World Programming System, also known as WPS Analytics or WPS, is a software product developed by a company called World Programming (acquired by Altair Engineering).
WPS Analytics supports users of mixed ability to access and process data and to perform data science tasks. It has interactive visual programming tools using data workflows, and it has coding tools supporting the use of the SAS language mixed with Python, R and SQL.
About
WPS can use programs written in the language of SAS without the need for translating them into any other language. In this regard WPS is compatible with the SAS system. WPS has a built-in language interpreter able to process the language of SAS and produce similar results.
WPS is available to run on z/OS, Windows, macOS, Linux (x86, Armv8 64-bit, IBM Power LE, IBM Z), and AIX.
On all supported platforms, programs written in the language of SAS can be executed from a WPS command line interface, often referred to as running in batch mode.
WPS can also be used from a graphical user interface known as the WPS Workbench for managing, editing and running programs written in the language of SAS. The WPS Workbench user interface is based on Eclipse.
WPS version 4 (released in March 2018) introduced a drag-and-drop workflow canvas providing interactive blocks for data retrieval, blending and preparation, data discovery and profiling, predictive modelling powered by machine learning algorithms, model performance validation and scorecards.
WPS |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20J.%20M.%20Smith | Otto J. M. Smith (1917-2009) was an educator, inventor and author in the fields of engineering and electronics. He spent most of his career as a professor at University of California Berkeley. Dr. Smith is probably best known for the invention of the Smith predictor, a method of handling deadtime in feedback control systems:
"A somewhat more complicated solution to the deadtime problem was proposed in 1957 by Otto Smith (see 'The Smith Predictor: A Process Engineer's Crystal Ball,' Control Engineering, May 1996). Mr. Smith demonstrated how a mathematical model of the process could be used to endow the controller with prescience to generate just the right control moves without waiting to see how each move turned out. "
It was for this achievement that he was listed in InTech's "Leaders of the Pack" as one of the 50 most influential industry innovators since 1774. Other notable early achievements of Dr. Smith were the purchase in 1951 of the rights to his sine-function generator, by Hewlett Packard,
and in 1958, the publication of a technical textbook on feed back control systems by McGraw-Hill.
More recently Smith developed methods of running three-phase induction motors on single-phase power. He also worked on methods of providing power to single phase supply lines from three phase generators. His first patent in this field, "Three-Phase Induction Motor with Single-Phase Power Supply", , was issued 20 December 1988. He coined the words "enabler" and "phaseable" and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20duality | String duality is a class of symmetries in physics that link different string theories, theories which assume that the fundamental building blocks of the universe are strings instead of point particles.
Overview
Before the so-called "duality revolution" there were believed to be five distinct versions of string theory, plus the (unstable) bosonic and gluonic theories.
Note that in the type IIA and type IIB string theories closed strings are allowed to move everywhere throughout the ten-dimensional space-time (called the bulk), while open strings have their ends attached to D-branes, which are membranes of lower dimensionality (their dimension is odd - 1,3,5,7 or 9 - in type IIA and even - 0,2,4,6 or 8 - in type IIB, including the time direction).
Before the 1990s, string theorists believed there were five distinct superstring theories: type I, types IIA and IIB, and the two heterotic string theories (SO(32) and E8×E8). The thinking was that out of these five candidate theories, only one was the actual theory of everything, and that theory was the theory whose low energy limit, with ten dimensions spacetime compactified down to four, matched the physics observed in our world today. It is now known that the five superstring theories are not fundamental, but are instead different limits of a more fundamental theory, dubbed M-theory. These theories are related by transformations called dualities. If two theories are related by a duality transformation, each observable of the f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break%20Shot | is a Japanese manga series that spans 16 volumes. Many of the shots portrayed in the series are based on actual billiards principles, though they are highly dramatized and sometimes ignore principles of physics.
Plot
The story initially focuses on Oda's desire to publicize the pool-playing club at his high school. Eventually the focus shifts to Oda's climb up the pool tournament circuits and his desire to master new skills and invent new shots.
Characters
Oda Shinsuke
The main protagonist of the series, Oda is a high school student that is obsessed with pool. At the start of the series, he was the only member of his school's pool club. He is a very focused individual and displays amazing talent in pool. Oda would constantly invent creative methods of escaping from difficult situations while playing against other pool players.
Initially his specialty is the "jump shot" but as the story progresses he uses more varied and sometimes even exotic moves.
In some translations named "Chinmi".
Hayakawa Asako
She is the student body president at the same high school as Oda. When they first met, she came to the pool club to disband it for lack of members and lack of school funding. After Oda showed his skills to her, he convinced her that the club was worth keeping and she even became a member.
In some translations named "Olive".
Kanou Ryouji
One of Japan's best Billiard players, and is known as "three moves Ryoji" because he always defeats an opponent in only three moves. He is left |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%20plane | In mathematics, the Cayley plane (or octonionic projective plane) P2(O) is a projective plane over the octonions.
The Cayley plane was discovered in 1933 by Ruth Moufang, and is named after Arthur Cayley for his 1845 paper describing the octonions.
Properties
In the Cayley plane, lines and points may be defined in a natural way so that it becomes a 2-dimensional projective space, that is, a projective plane. It is a non-Desarguesian plane, where Desargues' theorem does not hold.
More precisely, as of 2005, there are two objects called Cayley planes, namely the real and the complex Cayley plane.
The real Cayley plane is the symmetric space F4/Spin(9), where F4 is a compact form of an exceptional Lie group and Spin(9) is the spin group of nine-dimensional Euclidean space (realized in F4). It admits a cell decomposition into three cells, of dimensions 0, 8 and 16.
The complex Cayley plane is a homogeneous space under the complexification of the group E6 by a parabolic subgroup P1. It is the closed orbit in the projectivization of the minimal complex representation of E6. The complex Cayley plane consists of two complex F4-orbits: the closed orbit is a quotient of the complexified F4 by a parabolic subgroup, the open orbit is the complexification of the real Cayley plane, retracting to it.
See also
Rosenfeld projective plane
Notes
References
Helmut Salzmann et al. "Compact projective planes. With an introduction to octonion geometry"; de Gruyter Expositions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer%20Sound%20Laboratories | Meyer Sound Laboratories is an American company based in Berkeley, California that manufactures self-powered loudspeakers, multichannel audio show control systems, electroacoustic architecture, and audio analysis tools for the professional sound reinforcement, fixed installation, and sound recording industries.
The company's emphasis on research and measurement has resulted in the issuance of dozens of patents, including for the now-standard trapezoidal loudspeaker cabinet shape. Meyer Sound has pioneered other technologies that have become standard in the audio industry, including: processor-controlled loudspeaker systems, self-powered loudspeakers, curvilinear arraying, cardioid subwoofers, and source independent measurement.
Some symphony halls and performing arts facilities utilize Meyer Sound products, such as the rehearsal area at Davies Symphony Hall in San Francisco, Svetlanov Hall in Moscow, Russia, and the Musikverein in Vienna, Austria. Meyer Sound's Constellation acoustic system is used to manage outdoor sound at the New World Center in Miami, Florida, which is the headquarters for the New World Symphony.
History
In 1979, John and Helen Meyer established Meyer Sound to produce reliable high-fidelity products for sound reinforcement professionals. Meyer Sound's first product was the ACD/John Meyer studio monitor, based on a design Meyer developed while heading the acoustics laboratory at the Institute for Advanced Musical Studies in Switzerland. Prior to the fou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Jakobsen | Thomas Jakobsen is a mathematician, cryptographer, and computer programmer, formerly an
assistant professor at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and head of research and
development at IO Interactive. His notable work includes designing the physics engine and 3-D pathfinder algorithms for Hitman: Codename 47, and the cryptanalysis of a number of block ciphers.
Jakobsen earned an M.Sc. in engineering and Ph.D. in mathematics, both from DTU.
External links
Living people
Modern cryptographers
Danish mathematicians
Video game programmers
Danish computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullback | In mathematics, a pullback is either of two different, but related processes: precomposition and fiber-product. Its dual is a pushforward.
Precomposition
Precomposition with a function probably provides the most elementary notion of pullback: in simple terms, a function of a variable where itself is a function of another variable may be written as a function of This is the pullback of by the function
It is such a fundamental process that it is often passed over without mention.
However, it is not just functions that can be "pulled back" in this sense. Pullbacks can be applied to many other objects such as differential forms and their cohomology classes; see
Pullback (differential geometry)
Pullback (cohomology)
Fiber-product
The pullback bundle is an example that bridges the notion of a pullback as precomposition, and the notion of a pullback as a Cartesian square. In that example, the base space of a fiber bundle is pulled back, in the sense of precomposition, above. The fibers then travel along with the points in the base space at which they are anchored: the resulting new pullback bundle looks locally like a Cartesian product of the new base space, and the (unchanged) fiber. The pullback bundle then has two projections: one to the base space, the other to the fiber; the product of the two becomes coherent when treated as a fiber product.
Generalizations and category theory
The notion of pullback as a fiber-product ultimately leads to the very general ide |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley%E2%80%93Zygmund%20inequality | In mathematics, the Paley–Zygmund inequality bounds the
probability that a positive random variable is small, in terms of
its first two moments. The inequality was
proved by Raymond Paley and Antoni Zygmund.
Theorem: If Z ≥ 0 is a random variable with
finite variance, and if , then
Proof: First,
The first addend is at most , while the second is at most by the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. The desired inequality then follows. ∎
Related inequalities
The Paley–Zygmund inequality can be written as
This can be improved. By the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality,
which, after rearranging, implies that
This inequality is sharp; equality is achieved if Z almost surely equals a positive constant.
In turn, this implies another convenient form (known as Cantelli's inequality) which is
where and .
This follows from the substitution valid when .
A strengthened form of the Paley-Zygmund inequality states that if Z is a non-negative random variable then
for every .
This inequality follows by applying the usual Paley-Zygmund inequality to the conditional distribution of Z given that it is positive and noting that the various factors of cancel.
Both this inequality and the usual Paley-Zygmund inequality also admit versions: If Z is a non-negative random variable and then
for every . This follows by the same proof as above but using Hölder's inequality in place of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.
See also
Cantelli's inequality
Second moment method
Concentration inequality – a summa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan%20Gibilisco | Stanley Gibilisco (1955 - 3 May 2020) was a nonfiction writer. He authored books in the fields of electronics, general science, mathematics, and computing.
Biography
Gibilisco began his career in 1977 as a radio technician and editorial assistant at the headquarters of the American Radio Relay League in Newington, Connecticut. Later he worked as a radio-frequency design engineer and technical writer for industry.
In 1982, Stan began writing for TAB Books with editorial offices in Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania. One of the books that he compiled for TAB, the Encyclopedia of Electronics, was named by the American Library Association (ALA) in its list of "Best References of the 1980s." Another of his books, the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Personal Computing, was named as a "Best Reference of 1996" by the ALA.
Stan produced instructional, technical, and general interest videos on YouTube. Subjects include electronics, computers, physics, mathematics, alternative energy, and amateur radio.
Stan lived in Lead, South Dakota, home of the Sanford Underground Research Facility. He was an active amateur radio operator and used the call sign W1GV. He died on 3 May 2020 in Lead, SD.
External links
Official website
Stan's YouTube channel
American textbook writers
Living people
People from Lead, South Dakota
Amateur radio people
1955 births |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Kennedy%20%28computer%20scientist%29 | Ken Kennedy (August 12, 1945 – February 7, 2007) was an American computer scientist and professor at Rice University. He was the founding chairman of Rice's Computer Science Department.
Kennedy directed the construction of several substantial software systems for programming parallel computers, including an automatic vectorizer for Fortran 77, an integrated scientific programming environment, compilers for Fortran 90 and High Performance Fortran, and a compilation system for domain languages based on the numerical computing environment MATLAB.
He wrote over 200 articles and book chapters, plus numerous conference addresses. Kennedy was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1990. He was named a Fellow of the AAAS in 1994 and of the ACM and IEEE in 1995. In recognition of his achievements in compilation for high performance computer systems, he was honored as the recipient of the 1995 W. W. McDowell Award, the highest research award of the IEEE Computer Society. From 1997 to 1999, he served as co-chair of the President's Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC). In 1999, he was named recipient of the ACM SIGPLAN Programming Languages Achievement Award, the third time this award was given. In 2005, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Kennedy died of pancreatic cancer in Houston at the age of 61. At the time of his death he was the John and Ann Doerr University Professor in the department of Computer Science at Rice and the Directo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRM |
Business
Partner relationship management, in IT
Person with reduced mobility, in transport
Professional Risk Manager, a certification
Computer science
Probabilistic relational model
Probabilistic roadmap in robotics
Government and politics
Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration, of US State Department
Partido de la Revolución Mexicana (Party of the Mexican Revolution), later Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI)
Partido Revolucionario Moderno (Modern Revolutionary Party), Dominican Republic
Partidul România Mare or Greater Romania Party, ultra-nationalist party
Parti de Regroupement Mauritanien or Mauritanian Regroupment Party, a former party
Parti Rakyat Malaysia, party in Malaysia
Partido Republicano Mineiro or Mineiro Republican Party, Brazilian party 1888-1937
Partido Revolucionário de Moçambique or Revolutionary Party of Mozambique, Mozambican rebel group 1974/76–1982
People's Revolutionary Militia, former Grenada militia
An alternative name for Al-Shabaab (militant group)
Presidential Review Memorandum, US national security directives during Carter presidency
Technology
Parallel reaction monitoring in mass spectrometry
Precision runway monitor, Raytheon radar system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal%20relationship | In chemistry a diagonal relationship is said to exist between certain pairs of diagonally adjacent elements in the second and third periods (first 20 elements) of the periodic table. These pairs (lithium (Li) and magnesium (Mg), beryllium (Be) and aluminium (Al), boron (B) and silicon (Si), etc.) exhibit similar properties; for example, boron and silicon are both semiconductors, forming halides that are hydrolysed in water and have acidic oxides.
The organization of elements on the periodic table into horizontal rows and vertical columns makes certain relationships more apparent (periodic law). Moving rightward and descending the periodic table have opposite effects on atomic radii of isolated atoms. Moving rightward across the period decreases the atomic radii of atoms, while moving down the group will increase the atomic radii.
Similarly, on moving rightward a period, the elements become progressively more covalent, less basic and more electronegative, whereas on moving down a group the elements become more ionic, more basic and less electronegative. Thus, on both descending a period and crossing a group by one element, the changes "cancel" each other out, and elements with similar properties which have similar chemistry are often found – the atomic radius, electronegativity, properties of compounds (and so forth) of the diagonal members are similar.
It is found that the chemistry of a period 2 element often has similarities to the chemistry of the period 3 element one |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream%20thrust%20averaging | In fluid dynamics, stream thrust averaging is a process used to convert three-dimensional flow through a duct into one-dimensional uniform flow. It makes the assumptions that the flow is mixed adiabatically and without friction. However, due to the mixing process, there is a net increase in the entropy of the system. Although there is an increase in entropy, the stream thrust averaged values are more representative of the flow than a simple average as a simple average would violate the second Law of Thermodynamics.
Equations for a perfect gas
Stream thrust:
Mass flow:
Stagnation enthalpy:
Solutions
Solving for yields two solutions. They must both be analyzed to determine which is the physical solution. One will usually be a subsonic root and the other a supersonic root. If it is not clear which value of velocity is correct, the second law of thermodynamics may be applied.
Second law of thermodynamics:
The values and are unknown and may be dropped from the formulation. The value of entropy is not necessary, only that the value is positive.
One possible unreal solution for the stream thrust averaged velocity yields a negative entropy. Another method of determining the proper solution is to take a simple average of the velocity and determining which value is closer to the stream thrust averaged velocity.
References
Equations of fluid dynamics
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20I%20cryptography | With the rise of easily-intercepted wireless telegraphy, codes and ciphers were used extensively in World War I. The decoding by British Naval intelligence of the Zimmermann telegram helped bring the United States into the war.
Trench codes were used by field armies of most of the combatants (Americans, British, French, German) in World War I.
The most commonly used codes were simple substitution ciphers. More important messages generally used mathematical encryption for extra security. The use of these codes required the distribution of codebooks to military personnel, which proved to be a security liability since these books could be stolen by enemy forces.
Britain
British decrypting was carried out in Room 40 by the Royal Navy and in MI1 by British Military (Army) Intelligence.
Zimmermann telegram
Arthur Zimmermann
MI1 British Military (Army) Intelligence
Room 40 Royal Navy (Britain)
Alastair Denniston Room 40
James Alfred Ewing Room 40, first head
Nigel de Grey Room 40
William R. Hall ‘Blinker’ Hall, Room 40, second head
Malcolm Vivian Hay, MI1(b), head from 1915
Dilly Knox Room 40
Oliver Strachey MI1
William Montgomery (cryptographer) Room 40
Playfair cipher
Russia
In the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg, different corps of the Russian Imperial army were unable to decipher each others messages, so they sent them in plain text. They were easily intercepted. Meanwhile, German cryptanalysts were also able to read the enciphered ones.
Ernst Fetterlein was in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Schmidt%20%28writer%29 | Jeff Schmidt is a physicist who wrote the 2000 book Disciplined Minds, a critique of the socialization and training of professionals.
Termination of employment controversy
Schmidt was fired from his job of 19 years as an associate editor for Physics Today, the magazine of the American Institute of Physics (AIP), on allegations that he wrote the book on his employer's time. The book starts: "This book was stolen. Written in part on stolen time, that is." Schmidt contended, however, that he was fired for "protesting discriminatory hiring practices" at AIP, and that the "stolen time" quotation was an exaggerated allusion to counterculture icon Abbie Hoffman, who wrote Steal This Book. He added that "writing this radical book during break time in the office felt like stealing time because the ideas that I was expressing seemed so out of place with the corporate-type atmosphere of the office." Schmidt's firing led to a public campaign, with 750 physicists and academics, including Noam Chomsky, signing a letter supporting Schmidt.
Legal settlement
The public campaign in turn led to a legal case, carried by Washington Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs, a law firm specializing in civil liberties, that produced an undisclosed financial settlement for Schmidt, including anti-discrimination policy changes at AIP. even though AIP did not admit any wrongdoing, it admitted that Schmidt "consistently received positive job reviews" and rehired Schmidt, who immediately re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Moir | Elizabeth Moir Tenduf-La, MBE is a British educationist in Sri Lanka. She founded the Colombo International School, British School in Colombo and the Elizabeth Moir School.
Education
Elizabeth Moir read mathematics at Oxford, where she captained the Oxford University Women’s Tennis team which beat Cambridge University 16 to 1 in 1961. She stayed on at Oxford to complete the Diploma in Education.
Career
Soon after, she joined the Diocesan Girls’ School in Hong Kong where she established the A Level Mathematics Department. She also played the flute in two orchestras in Hong Kong. After four years in Asia, Mrs Moir returned to England where she worked as an IBM systems analyst in the City of London working on networks for some of the major international banks
In 1982, she came to Sri Lanka, with her husband, Kesang Tenduf-La, and three children, Tashi, Sonam and Chhimi, and founded the Colombo International School. Using the British curriculum and offering London O and A Level examinations, its main clientele was Sri Lankan parents who would otherwise have sent their children overseas to be educated. The fees were very modest and the doors were opened once again for Sri Lankan students to have a first-class English medium education. The school also managed to get the British Examination Departments to set O and A Level Sinhala examinations. During the unrest of the late 1980s, CIS continued to operate, with classes being held in different homes.
In 1990, Mrs Moir was request |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%20Ralescu | Ştefan S. Ralescu (born March 27, 1952, in Bucharest, Romania) is a statistician who has made contributions to the theory of statistical inference, mainly through asymptotic theory. He is a professor of mathematics and statistics at Queens College of the City University of New York in New York City. He studied first at the University of Bucharest obtaining an MA in mathematics (1976). He came to Indiana University in 1977, completing his PhD in 1981 under the direction of Madan Lal Puri. Before moving to New York, Ralescu was an assistant professor in the Division of Applied Mathematics at Brown University (1981–1984).
His research themes are varied, and include the fields of asymptotic theory of perturbed empirical and quantile processes, nonparametric density estimation and Stein estimation (see James–Stein estimator), as well as work in collaboration with Dr. A. Cassvan in connection to techniques using brain auditory evoked potentials (BAEP).
He has published more than 70 research articles. He is an associate editor of Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference (JSPI) and International Journal of Statistics and Systems (IJSS). He was a former director of the mathematics section of the PSC-CUNY Research Foundation. He has an Erdős number of 2.
Ralescu is an Elected Fellow of the International Statistical Institute. He is listed in Marquis Who's Who in Science and Engineering (since 1995).
His hobbies include rare book collecting and bridge. A bridge champion in his |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Tuzo%20Wilson%20Medal | The J. Tuzo Wilson Medal is given out annually by the Canadian Geophysical Union to recognize scientists who have made an outstanding contribution to the field of geophysics in Canada. Factors taken into account in the selection process include excellence in scientific or technical research, instrument development, industrial applications and/or teaching. The award was created in 1978 and named after its first recipient, John Tuzo Wilson.
Past recipients
Source: CGU
See also
List of geology awards
List of geophysics awards
List of physics awards
References
Wilson Medal recipients
Canadian science and technology awards
Geology awards
Awards established in 1978
1978 establishments in Canada |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds%20Secondary%20School | École Secondaire Reynolds Secondary School is a public secondary school in the Greater Victoria suburb of Saanich, British Columbia, Canada. The school is known for its numerous specialized programs, including flexible studies, French immersion, robotics club, band, and its Centre for Soccer Excellence program. Reynolds also offers many career planning programs such as CP Theatre, CP Art, CP Recreation, CP Tourism, CP Journalism and co-op.
Reynolds is an active supporter of the Cops for Cancer fundraiser for the Canadian Cancer Society. The school holds various fundraisers such as car washes, head shaves, and bake sales to raise money for the cause. In 2010, students and staff raised over $52,000, $80,000 in 2011, and over $100,000 in 2012, and in 2022, they had reached the $1,000,000 mark in total money raised.
Programs
French immersion
Centre for Soccer Excellence
Flexible studies
Robotics team competing in the FIRST Robotics Competition
Band
Musical theatre
Outdoors club
Robotics Team
The Reynolds ReyBots (team number 7787) competed for the first time ever in the 2019 FIRST Robotics Competition season. They are recipients of the Rookie All-Star Award, awarded for excellent team management, business plan, and exemplifying the mission of FIRST. The award included an invite to the FIRST Championship in Houston, Texas, which they attended in March 2019.
After such a successful first year, the team is expanding by founding a FIRST Tech Challenge team to build the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIESST | In chemistry and physics, LIESST (Light-Induced Excited Spin-State Trapping) is a method of changing the electronic spin state of a compound by means of irradiation with light.
Many transition metal complexes with electronic configuration d4-d7 are capable of spin crossover (and d8 when molecular symmetry is lower than Oh). Spin crossover refers to where a transition from the high spin (HS) state to the low spin (LS) state or vice versa occurs. Alternatives to LIESST include using thermal changes and pressure to induce spin crossover. The metal most commonly exhibiting spin crossover is iron, with the first known example, an iron(III) tris(dithiocarbamato) complex, reported by Cambi et al. in 1931.
For iron complexes, LIESST involves excitation of the low spin complex with green light to a triplet state. Two successive steps of intersystem crossing result in the high spin complex. Movement from the high spin complex to the low spin complex requires excitation with red light.
References
Laboratory techniques
Coordination chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workup | Workup may refer to:
Workup (chemistry), manipulations carried out after the main chemical reaction to secure the desired product
Workup, a game of practice baseball (see scrub baseball) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus%20P.%20Schnorr | Claus-Peter Schnorr (born 4 August 1943) is a German mathematician and cryptographer.
Life
He received his Ph.D. from the University of Saarbrücken in 1966, and his habilitation in 1970. Schnorr's contributions to cryptography include his study of Schnorr groups, which are used in the digital signature algorithm bearing his name. Besides this, Schnorr is known for his contributions to algorithmic information theory and for creating an approach to the definition of an algorithmically random sequence which is alternative to the concept of Martin-Löf randomness.
Schnorr was a professor of mathematics and computer science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University at Frankfurt. He retired in 2011 after working there for 40 years. He is also a Distinguished Associate of RSA Laboratories, and a joint recipient of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize together with Johannes Buchmann in 1993. He received, with Jean-Jacques Quisquater, the RSA Award for Excellence in Mathematics in 2013.
Schnorr held a patent on Schnorr signatures until 2008.
References
Archived version of Schnorr's home page
External links
Schnorr's patent and its relation to DSA
20th-century German mathematicians
Modern cryptographers
Living people
1943 births
International Association for Cryptologic Research fellows
21st-century German mathematicians
German cryptographers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieben%20Prize | The Ignaz Lieben Prize, named after the Austrian banker , is an annual Austrian award made by the Austrian Academy of Sciences to young scientists working in the fields of molecular biology, chemistry, or physics.
Biography
The Ignaz Lieben Prize has been called the Austrian Nobel Prize. It is similar in intent but somewhat older than the Nobel Prize. The Austrian merchant Ignaz L. Lieben, whose family supported many philanthropic activities, had stipulated in his testament that 6,000 florins should be used “for the common good”. In 1863 this money was given to the Austrian Imperial Academy of Sciences, and the Ignaz L. Lieben Prize was instituted. Every three years, the sum of 900 florins was to be given to an Austrian scientist in the field of chemistry, physics, or physiology. This sum corresponded to roughly 40 per cent of the annual income of a university professor.
From 1900 on, the prize was offered on a yearly basis. The endowment was twice increased by the Lieben family. When the endowment had lost its value due to inflation after World War I, the family transferred the necessary sum yearly to the Austrian Academy of Sciences. But since the family was persecuted by the National Socialists, the prize was discontinued after the German Anschluss of Austria in 1938.
Richard Lieben (1842–1919), the younger son of Ignaz Lieben, financed the Richard Lieben Prize in Mathematics, which was awarded every three years from 1912 to 1921, and one final time in 1928, before bei |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20magnetohydrodynamics | Computational magnetohydrodynamics (CMHD) is a rapidly developing branch of magnetohydrodynamics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve electrically conducting fluids. Most of the methods used in CMHD are borrowed from the well established techniques employed in Computational fluid dynamics. The complexity mainly arises due to the presence of a magnetic field and its coupling with the fluid. One of the important issues is to numerically maintain the (conservation of magnetic flux) condition, from Maxwell's equations, to avoid the presence of unrealistic effects, namely magnetic monopoles, in the solutions.
Open-source MHD software
Pencil CodeCompressible resistive MHD, intrinsically divergence free, embedded particles module, finite-difference explicit scheme, high-order derivatives, Fortran95 and C, parallelized up to hundreds of thousands cores. Source code is available.
RAMSES RAMSES is an open source program to model astrophysical systems, featuring self-gravitating, magnetised, compressible, radiative fluid flows. It is based on the Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) technique on a fully threaded graded octree. RAMSES is written in Fortran 90 and is making intensive use of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) library. Source code is available.
RamsesGPU RamsesGPU is an MHD program written in C++, based on the original RAMSES but only for regular grid (no AMR). The code has been designed to run on large clusters of GPU (NVIDIA g |
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