source stringlengths 31 207 | text stringlengths 12 1.5k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Rielo | Fernando Rielo Pardal (28 August 1923 – 6 December 2004) is a Catholic Servant of God, mystical poet, philosopher, author, metaphysician, and founder of a Catholic religious institute. Rielo founded a school of metaphysical thought called the Genetic metaphysics of Fernando Rielo and a foundation called the Fernando Rielo Foundation. The foundation awards the Fernando Rielo World Prize for Mystical Poetry annually.
The religious congregation founded by Rielo is called the Idente Missionaries of Christ the Redeemer. The Idente Missionaries were founded in 1959 on the island of Tenerife, Spain. Rielo is an author of many books and works, mostly Spanish, and is translated into other languages, including English.
Early years
Fernando Rielo was born on 28 August 1923 in Madrid to Enrique Rielo and his wife, Pilar Pardal. He was keenly interested in drawing during his childhood years. When he was an adolescent, the Spanish Civil War broke out. Rielo once stood before a firing squad during the war, on the day of his First Holy Communion. The leader of the squad asked him to renounce his faith, but Rielo refused. However, the leader finally decided not to order his men to shoot Rielo. Rielo reportedly had a religious experience on August 28, 1939 at the age of sixteen Rielo, while participating in a youth camp in the Sierra de Guadarrama,
Youth
After the war, he finished his studies at the Royal Institute of St. Isidore in Madrid.
Rielo was interested in reading philosophical wo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%20Epsilon | Pi Epsilon () is an environmental sciences Honor Society open to both graduate and undergraduate students as well as professionals and scientists working in the field. Pi Epsilon was founded at Wright State University by the Environmental Sciences PhD student body in October, 2003. The purpose of Pi Epsilon is to promote the study of environmental sciences through recognition of exemplary scholarly and professional
activity. Environmental science is understood to be the study of our environment and all stressors acting on it; chemical, physical, and biological. The Society seeks to promote interdisciplinary studies, and interactions between industry and academia to further the study of environmental science.
As a new honor society, Pi Epsilon currently has five chapters and is in the process of expanding to several more universities throughout the United States. The five current chapters are the Alpha chapter located at Wright State University in Ohio, the Beta chapter located at the University of Virginia, and the University of South Florida, as well as chapters located at Lemoyne College, and Adelphi University.
Membership requirements
Lifetime membership is open to undergraduate and graduate students in the environmental and natural sciences who meet the following requirements:
Have a cumulative GPA of at least 3.30 out of 4.00
Have completed at least 30 semester hours (45 quarter) of total coursework for undergraduates and at least 6 semester (8 quarter) hours of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20programming | A geometric program (GP) is an optimization problem of the form
where are posynomials and are monomials. In the context of geometric programming (unlike standard mathematics), a monomial is a function from to defined as
where and . A posynomial is any sum of monomials.
Geometric programming is
closely related to convex optimization: any GP can be made convex by means of a change of variables. GPs have numerous applications, including component sizing in IC design, aircraft design, maximum likelihood estimation for logistic regression in statistics, and parameter tuning of positive linear systems in control theory.
Convex form
Geometric programs are not in general convex optimization problems, but they can be transformed to convex problems by a change of variables and a transformation of the objective and constraint functions. In particular, after performing the change of variables and taking the log of the objective and constraint functions, the functions , i.e., the posynomials, are transformed into log-sum-exp functions, which are convex, and the functions , i.e., the monomials, become affine. Hence, this transformation transforms every GP into an equivalent convex program. In fact, this log-log transformation can be used to convert a larger class of problems, known as log-log convex programming (LLCP), into an equivalent convex form.
Software
Several software packages exist to assist with formulating and solving geometric programs.
MOSEK is a commercial sol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20projection%20theorem | In mathematics, the Hilbert projection theorem is a famous result of convex analysis that says that for every vector in a Hilbert space and every nonempty closed convex there exists a unique vector for which is minimized over the vectors ; that is, such that for every
Finite dimensional case
Some intuition for the theorem can be obtained by considering the first order condition of the optimization problem.
Consider a finite dimensional real Hilbert space with a subspace and a point If is a or of the function defined by (which is the same as the minimum point of ), then derivative must be zero at
In matrix derivative notation
Since is a vector in that represents an arbitrary tangent direction, it follows that must be orthogonal to every vector in
Statement
Detailed elementary proof
Proof by reduction to a special case
It suffices to prove the theorem in the case of because the general case follows from the statement below by replacing with
Consequences
:
If then
which implies
:
Let where is the underlying scalar field of and define
which is continuous and linear because this is true of each of its coordinates
The set is closed in because is closed in and is continuous.
The kernel of any linear map is a vector subspace of its domain, which is why is a vector subspace of
:
Let
The Hilbert projection theorem guarantees the existence of a unique such that (or equivalently, for all ).
Let so that and it remains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Arliner%20Young | Roger Arliner Young (1899 – November 9, 1964) was an American scientist of zoology, biology, and marine biology. She was the first African American woman to receive a doctorate degree in zoology.
Early years
Born in Clifton Forge, Virginia in 1899, Young soon moved with her family to Burgettstown, Pennsylvania where she graduated from Burgettstown High School. Her father labored as a coal miner, and her mother initially worked as a housekeeper before disability left her unable to work. The family was poor and most of the time resources were expended in the care of her disabled mother.
Education
In 1916, Young enrolled at Howard University in Washington, D.C. to study music. She wrote in the yearbook: "Not failure, but low aim is a crime." She did not take her first science course until 1921. Though her grades were poor at the beginning of her college career, some of her teachers saw promise in her. One such teacher was Ernest Everett Just, a prominent black biologist and head of the Zoology department at Howard University. Young graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1923. Just tried unsuccessfully to help her to gain funding for graduate school, but in 1924 Young began studying for her master's degree at the University of Chicago, which she received in 1926.
Young worked with Ernest Everett Just for many years, teaching as an assistant professor at Howard University, from 1923 to 1935. Research was done during the summers. Young assisted Just in his research from 1927 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple%20zero | Triple zero, Zero Zero Zero, 0-0-0 or variants may refer to:
000 (emergency telephone number), the Australian emergency telephone number
000, the size of several small screw drives
0-0-0, a droid in Star Wars
0-0-0, castling queenside in chess notation
Origin (mathematics), (0,0,0) in three dimensions in Cartesian coordinates
Zero Zero Zero, an album by singer Sam Phillips
ZeroZeroZero, an Italian crime drama TV series
ZeroZeroZero (book), a 2013 book by Roberto Saviano that is the basis for the TV series
ZeroZeroZero (album), a 2020 soundtrack of the TV series by Mogwai
"Triple Zero", a 1997 song by AFI from Shut Your Mouth and Open Your Eyes
Thousands, in the decimal system
Coruscant, fictional planet in the Star Wars universe, coordinates 0,0,0
MissingNo., a glitch Pokémon with the Pokédex index number 000
Star Wars Republic Commando: Triple Zero, a 2006 novel in the Star Wars Republic Commando series
See also
OOO (disambiguation) (triple letter "O")
Zero point (disambiguation)
Point of origin (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBD | KBD may refer to:
K-B-D, a Semitic triliteral root meaning "be heavy"
KBD algorithm, for simulating spin models
Kabardian language (ISO 639 code), North Caucasus
Kaiser–Bessel-derived window, in digital signal processing
Kashin–Beck disease, a bone disease
Kentucky Bourbon Distillers
King's Bench Division
, the HTML element for keyboard input |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McIntosh%20%28educator%29 | John Charles McIntosh, CBE, FRSA (born 6 February 1946) was Headmaster of The London Oratory School for 29 years until his retirement on 31 December 2006.
He was educated at Ebury School, Shoreditch College and Sussex University. He joined the London Oratory School as an Assistant Master for Mathematics at the age of 21 in 1967, was promoted to Deputy Headmaster in 1971 and was appointed Headmaster in 1977.
Career
A report by the Sutton Trust on university admissions in 2006 reported that of the 100 schools with the highest admission rates to Oxford and Cambridge, 80 were independent schools, 18 grammar schools and 2 comprehensive schools. One of the comprehensive schools was 99th; the other – The London Oratory – was 21st, comfortably ahead of many highly successful and very well known public schools. The table for state school entries to the 13 highest performing universities put the school at number 2, the first place going to a grammar school.
While he was headmaster of The London Oratory School, he established a specialist music course for boys from seven to eighteen, which included a liturgical choir which provided a rigorous choral education, equivalent to that otherwise only available in independent cathedral choir schools.
He was elected an additional member of the Headmasters Conference (HMC) in 1986.
Throughout his career, McIntosh has lobbied for greater autonomy for maintained schools. This was the theme of the paper he presented at the invitation of the th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20E.%20Bercaw | John E. Bercaw (born December 3, 1944) is an American chemist and Centennial Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus at the California Institute of Technology.
Early life and education
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Bercaw obtained his bachelor of science in 1967 from North Carolina State University and later his PhD from the University of Michigan in 1971 under the direction of Hans-Herbert Brintzinger, followed by postdoctoral research with Jack Halpern at the University of Chicago.
Career
He joined the faculty at the Caltech in 1972. Bercaw was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1991.
He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (elected 1990), and he has received several national awards from the American Chemical Society (see below).
His research interests are in synthetic, structural and mechanistic organotransition metal chemistry, including most recently catalysts for polymerization and trimerization of olefins and investigations of hydrocarbon hydroxylation; fundamental transformations and thermodynamics of organotransition metal chemistry; catalysts for hydrocarbon partial oxidation; catalysts for olefin trimerization and polymerization; homogeneous transformations of carbon monoxide and dihydrogen to fuels and chemicals.
Prof. Bercaw has greatly enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms of Ziegler-Natta (ZN) olefin polymerizations. This metal-catalyzed polymerization process is operated on a vast scale and produces, worldwide, over 20 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried%20Blechert | Siegfried Blechert (born 1 March 1946 in Aalborg, Denmark) is a German chemist.
Blechert studied chemistry at the University of Hannover, Germany and completed his PhD under the supervision of Ekkehard Winterfeldt in 1974. After a research stay with Pierre Potier in Gif-sur-Yvette, France, in 1981, he finished his habilitation at the University of Hannover in 1982 and there became lecturer in organic chemistry. In 1986 he took up a professorship at the University of Bonn. In 1990 he accepted the Chair of the Organic Chemistry Department at the Technical University of Berlin.
His research interests include the development of new catalysts for olefin metathesis, novel synthetic methods, and the stereoselective synthesis of natural products.
References
20th-century German chemists
1946 births
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
People from Aalborg
21st-century German chemists
Academic staff of the Technical University of Berlin
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20to%20HDL | Flow to HDL tools and methods convert flow-based system design into a hardware description language (HDL) such as VHDL or Verilog. Typically this is a method of creating designs for field-programmable gate array, application-specific integrated circuit prototyping and digital signal processing (DSP) design. Flow-based system design is well-suited to field-programmable gate array design as it is easier to specify the innate parallelism of the architecture.
History
The use of flow-based design tools in engineering is a reasonably new trend. Unified Modeling Language is the most widely used example for software design. The use of flow-based design tools allows for more holistic system design and faster development. C to HDL tools and flow have a similar aim, but with C or C-like programming languages.
Applications
Most applications are ones which take too long with existing supercomputer architectures. These include bioinformatics, CFD, financial processing and oil and gas survey data analysis. Embedded applications that require high performance or real-time data processing are also an area of use. System-on-a-chip design can also be done using this flow.
Examples
Xilinx System Generator from Xilinx
StarBridge VIVA from defunct
Nimbus from defunct Exsedia
External links
an overview of flows by Daresbury Labs.
Xilinx's ESL initiative, some products listed and C to VHDL tools.
See also
Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)
C to HDL
Comparison of Free |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome%20Groopman | Jerome E. Groopman has been a staff writer in medicine and biology for The New Yorker since 1998.
He is the Dina and Raphael Recanati Chair of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, Chief of Experimental Medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and author of five books, all written for a general audience.
He has published some 150 scientific articles and has written several op-ed pieces on medicine for The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The New Republic.
Career
Groopman received his BA and MD from Columbia University and was at the Massachusetts General Hospital for his internship and residency in internal medicine. This was followed by fellowships in hematology and oncology at the University of California Los Angeles and the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute in Boston.
Much of Groopman's research has focused on the basic mechanisms of cancer and AIDS. He did seminal work on identifying growth factors which may restore the depressed immune systems of AIDS patients. He performed the first clinical trials in a technique that augments blood cell production in immunodeficient HIV-infected patients and has been a major participant in the development of many AIDS-related therapies including AZT. Recently, Groopman has extended the research infrastructure in genetics and cell biology to studies in breast cancer and neurobiology.
Popular science works
The first book written by Groopman was The Measure of Our Days, published in 1997. He also published Second Op |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Queries | The Queries (or simply Queries) is the third book to English physicist Isaac Newton's Opticks, with various numbers of Query sections or "question" sections (up to 31, depending on edition), expanded on from 1704 to 1718, that contains Newton's final thoughts on the future puzzles of science. Query 31, in particular, launched affinity chemistry and the dozens of affinity tables that were made in the 18th century, based on Newton's description of affinity gradients.
Overview
Opticks concludes with a set of "Queries." In the first edition, these were sixteen such Queries; that number was increased in the Latin edition, published in 1706, and then in the revised English edition, published in 1717/18. The first set of Queries were brief, but the later ones became short essays, filling many pages. In the fourth edition of 1730, there were 31 Queries, and it was the famous "31st Query" that, over the next two hundred years, stimulated a great deal of speculation and development on theories of chemical affinity.
These Queries, especially the later ones, deal with a wide range of physical phenomena, far transcending any narrow interpretation of the subject matter of "optics." They concern the nature and transmission of heat; the possible cause of gravity; electrical phenomena; the nature of chemical action; the way in which God created matter in "the Beginning;" the proper way to do science; and even the ethical conduct of human beings. These Queries are not really questions in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20Build | Visual Build is GUI software for Windows that enables software developers and build masters to create an automated, repeatable process for software builds. It has built-in support for integrating various development tools into the build process. Projects are stored as XML to facilitate storage in version control systems.
See also
Software build automation
References
Scott Mitchell, Automated Build Process, Real-World E-Mail Tasks and More, MSDN Magazine, March 2006 issue
External links
Build automation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20K%C3%B6lling | Michael Kölling is a German computer scientist, currently working at King's College London, best known for the development of the BlueJ and Greenfoot educational development environments and as author of introductory programming textbooks. In 2013 he received the SIGCSE Award for Outstanding Contribution to Computer Science Education for the development of the BlueJ.
Education and early life
Kölling was born in Bremen, Germany. He earned a degree in informatics from the University of Bremen. In 1999, he was awarded a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Sydney, for research on the design of an object-oriented programming environment and language supervised by John Rosenberg.
Career and research
From 1995 to 1997 he worked at the Sydney University, followed by a position as a senior lecturer at Monash University and, from 2001, a post as an associate professor at the University of Southern Denmark. He worked at the School of Computing at the University of Kent, UK, until February 2017. He is now a professor of computer science at King's College London, where he also occupies the role of vice-dean for education.
Kölling is the lead designer of 'Blue', an object-oriented programming language and integrated environment, BlueJ, and Greenfoot. All are educational development environments aimed at teaching and learning programming. BlueJ and Greenfoot are widely used in many schools and universities.
Kölling co-wrote Objects First with Java with David J. Barnes, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20memory | Genetic memory may refer to:
Genetic memory (psychology), a memory present at birth that exists in the absence of sensory experience
Genetic memory (computer science), an artificial neural network combination of genetic algorithm and the mathematical model of sparse distributed memory
ar:ذاكرة وراثية
es:Memoria genética
pl:Pamięć genetyczna |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20Applied%20Spectroscopy | The Society for Applied Spectroscopy (SAS) is an organization promoting research and education in the fields of spectroscopy, optics, and analytical chemistry. Founded in 1958, it is currently headquartered in Frederick, MD. In 2006 it had about 2,000 members worldwide.
SAS is perhaps best known for its technical conference with the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies and short courses on various aspects of spectroscopy and data analysis. The society publishes the scientific journal Applied Spectroscopy.
SAS is affiliated with American Institute of Physics (AIP), Coblentz, Council for Near Infrared Spectroscopy (CNIRS), Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS), The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA), and Optical Society of America (OSA).
SAS provides a number of awards with honorariums to encourage and recognize outstanding achievements.
See also
Spectroscopy
American Institute of Physics (AIP)
The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA)
Optical Society of America (OSA)
References
External links
Coblentz
Council for Near Infrared Spectroscopy (CNIRS)
Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS)
Scientific societies based in the United States
Spectroscopy
Analytical chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Swan | Fred Swan is an American painter who resides in Barre, Vermont. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy, and then taught mathematics at Spaulding High School.
A self-taught artist, Swan is best known for his comforting, warm landscapes which take up to 500 hours to complete. Typical of these is Blue Moon which, as with many of Swan's paintings, features houses and is highly detailed but could be criticised for an idealised, 'chocolate box' style.
Swan's paintings are highly commercial and have been adapted for calendars and jigsaw puzzles and are sold as prints.
Swan won the 1979 Saturday Evening Post Cover Contest, and his art is featured in several famous collections, including those of Johnson and Johnson, Malcolm Forbes, and the Vermont Council on the Arts. His paintings have also been featured in Yankee Magazine and Vermont Life Magazine.
References
External links
Champlain Collection – Swan's publisher
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
People from Barre, Vermont
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Artists from Vermont
Place of birth missing (living people)
Educators from Vermont
United States Naval Academy alumni
20th-century American male artists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on%20Bertrand | Léon Bertrand (born 11 May 1951) is a French politician. Previously a professor of physics and biology, he was Mayor of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni from 1983 until 2018. He was elected to the French National Assembly for the Rally for the Republic representing French Guiana's 2nd constituency in 1988 and was reelected at every election till 2007.
Biography
He described himself in an article published in the French daily Libération when he was a minister, in 2005: "Born on the banks of the Maroni River, in Guyana, a French département in Amazonia situated 7,000 km afar from Paris, grandson of a convict from Vendée who had married a Black woman after his liberation, son of a Creole father and of an Amerindian Surinamese mother, I am Léon Bertrand, with a name typically French but with a physical appearance typically exotic."
He joined the UMP in 2002, and, as a known confidant of President Jacques Chirac, he was named Secretary of State for Tourism in 2002 and later Delegate Minister for Tourism in 2004. He held this office until 15 May 2007. When he was a minister, he realized that "several times, when I received in my office people who didn't know my physical appearance, their republican respectful «Monsieur le ministre» was automatically addressed to my advisor, who was white, and not to me. But what's for me quite exceptional and has very minor consequences as a public person is, on the contrary, the daily lot of all those who belong to what people label «Visible minority»." |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarse%20topology | In mathematics, coarse topology is a term in comparison of topologies which specifies the partial order relation of a topological structure to other one(s).
Specifically, the coarsest topology may refer to:
Initial topology, the most coarse topology in a certain category of topologies
Trivial topology, the most coarse topology possible on a given set
See also
Weak topology, an example of topology coarser than the standard one
Fine topology (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20Physics%20A | Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published monthly by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor-in-chief is Thomas Lippert (Paul Scherrer Institute). This publication is complemented by Applied Physics B (Lasers & Optics).
History
The journal Applied Physics was originally conceived and founded in 1972 by Helmut K.V. Lotsch at Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York. Lotsch edited the journal up to volume 25 and split it thereafter into the two part A26(Solids and Surfaces) and B26(Photophysics and Laser Chemistry). He continued his editorship up to the volumes A61 and B61. Starting in 1995 the two journals were continued under separate editorships.
Aims and scope
Applied Physics A journal covers theoretical and experimental research in applied physics, including surfaces, thin films, the condensed phase of materials, nanostructured materials, application of nanotechnology, and techniques pertaining to advanced processing and characterization. Coverage also includes characterizing materials, evaluating materials, optical & electronic materials, production engineering, process engineering, interfaces (surfaces & thin films), corrosion, and finally coatings.
Publishing formats include articles pertaining to original research, reviews, and rapid communications. Invited papers are also included on a regular basis and collected in special issues.
Abstracting and indexing
This journal is abstracted and indexe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20Physics%20B | Applied Physics B: Lasers & Optics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor-in-chief is Jacob Mackenzie (University of Southampton). Topical coverage includes laser physics, optical & laser materials, linear optics, nonlinear optics, quantum optics, and photonic devices. Interest also includes laser spectroscopy pertaining to atoms, molecules, and clusters. The journal publishes original research articles, invited reviews, and rapid communications.
History
The journal Applied Physics was originally conceived and founded in 1972 by Helmut K.V. Lotsch at Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York. Lotsch edited the journal up to volume 25 and split it thereafter into the two part A26(Solids and Surfaces) and B26(Photophysics and Laser Chemistry). He continued his editorship up to the volumes A61 and B61. Starting in 1995 the two journal parts were continued under separate editorships: Applied Physics B: Photophysics and Laser Chemistry (), in existence from September 1981 (volume B: 26 no. 1) to December 1993 (volume B: 57 no. 6) It partly continues Applied Physics (), in existence from January 1973 (volume 1 no. 1) to August 1981 (volume 25 no. 4).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.070.
References
External links
Hybrid open access journals
Academic journals established in 1981
Optics journals
Physic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misamis%20Institute%20of%20Technology | Misamis Institute of Technology is a private, non-sectarian, co-educational institution of higher learning in Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental, Philippines. It offers maritime courses such as Bs Marine Transportation (Nautical), Bs Marine Engineering;Bs in Office Administration;Bs in Computer Science;2 years Computer Secretarial; and 2 years Computer Technology.
The Misamis Institute of Technology headed by Captain Rene Abadies Maglasang in Ozamiz City and recognized by CHED and MARINA Philippines..
External links
Mindanao Economic Development Council
Universities and colleges in Misamis Occidental
Education in Ozamiz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphism | An amorphism, in chemistry, crystallography and, by extension, to other areas of the natural sciences is a substance or feature that lacks an ordered form. In the specific case of crystallography, an amorphic material is one that lacks long range (significant) crystalline order at the molecular level. In the history of chemistry, amorphism was recognised even before the discovery of the nature of the exact atomic crystalline lattice structure. The concept of amorphism can also be found in the fields of art, biology, archaeology and philosophy as a characterisation of objects without form, or with random or unstructured form.
Amorphous and Crystalline solid
In the context of solids, amorphous and crystalline are terms used to describe the structure of materials. Amorphous solids are the opposite of crystalline. The atoms or molecules in amorphous substances are arranged randomly without any long-range order. As a result, they do not have a sharp melting point. The phase transition from solid to liquid occurs over a range of temperatures. Some examples include glass, rubber and some plastics.
See also
Glass
Obsidian
References
Bibliography
Crystallography
Physical chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal%20polynomial%20%28field%20theory%29 | In field theory, a branch of mathematics, the minimal polynomial of an element of a field extension is, roughly speaking, the polynomial of lowest degree having coefficients in the field, such that is a root of the polynomial. If the minimal polynomial of exists, it is unique. The coefficient of the highest-degree term in the polynomial is required to be 1.
More formally, a minimal polynomial is defined relative to a field extension and an element of the extension field . The minimal polynomial of an element, if it exists, is a member of , the ring of polynomials in the variable with coefficients in . Given an element of , let be the set of all polynomials in such that . The element is called a root or zero of each polynomial in
More specifically, Jα is the kernel of the ring homomorphism from F[x] to E which sends polynomials g to their value g(α) at the element α. Because it is the kernel of a ring homomorphism, Jα is an ideal of the polynomial ring F[x]: it is closed under polynomial addition and subtraction (hence containing the zero polynomial), as well as under multiplication by elements of F (which is scalar multiplication if F[x] is regarded as a vector space over F).
The zero polynomial, all of whose coefficients are 0, is in every since for all and . This makes the zero polynomial useless for classifying different values of into types, so it is excepted. If there are any non-zero polynomials in , i.e. if the latter is not the zero ideal, then is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard%20Hoesli | Bernhard Hoesli (1923–1984) was a Swiss architect and collage artist.
Early age
Hoesli was born in Glarus, Switzerland from a German-Swiss father and a French mother. He later moved at an early age with his family to live in Zürich. After graduating from high school with a mathematics degree he joined ETH Zurich where he obtained a degree in architecture in 1944.
Career
In 1947 Hoesli moved to Paris, France to join architect Fernand Léger's team and later was accepted by Le Corbusier as an assistant. In 1948 he was sent to La Plata, Argentina to supervise the construction of the Curutchet House. A year later, he was appointed to take charge of the Unité d'Habitation project in Marseille.
The Texas Rangers
Hoesli moved to the United States in 1951. He first joined the School of Architecture at the University of Texas at Austin as a professor of architecture. It was there where he was joined by architects Colin Rowe, John Hejduk and Werner Seligmann among others to form the Texas Rangers group of architects. He then returned to teach at ETH Zurich.
Teaching at the ETH Zurich
In 1959, which Hoesli hails as the year Modern Architecture became teachable worldwide, many opinions on architectural instruction changed. In that year, the year of the death of Frank Lloyd Wright, his Guggenheim museum was completed, as were the Birmingham Museum of Art and the Sidney Myer Music Bowl. At this point, Hoesli felt free to discuss the procedure of design with students through pedagogy. H |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake%20Bay%20Governor%27s%20School%20for%20Marine%20and%20Environmental%20Science | The Chesapeake Bay Governor's School for Marine Environmental Science (CBGS) is a public regional magnet high school. Its main building is located in Tappahannock, Virginia, directed by Dr. Rachel Ball.
According to the main site, "The Chesapeake Bay Governor's School for Marine and Environmental Science provides a community of learners the opportunity to explore connections among the environment, math, science, and technology -- developing leaders who possess the research and technical skills, global perspective, and vision needed to address the challenges of a rapidly changing society."
Participating school systems
One of the 18 Virginia Governor's Schools, it draws students from 13 school districts divided among three sites:
Bowling Green Site
Caroline
King George
King William
Glenns Site
Middlesex
King & Queen
Gloucester
Mathews
New Kent
Warsaw Site
Essex
Lancaster
Northumberland
Richmond
Westmoreland
Colonial Beach
Organization
There are three sites linked to the Chesapeake Bay Governor's School: Bowling Green site, located at the Caroline County School Board building; Glenns site, located at Rappahannock Community College's Glenns campus; and Warsaw Site, also located at Rappahannock Community College's Warsaw campus.
The sites generally remain separate, however there are occasional "all-site" days where students from all three sites are able to join collectively to perform an activity, often an educational field trip.
Courses offered
Students take a combinati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Journal%20of%20Theoretical%20Physics | The International Journal of Theoretical Physics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of physics published by Springer Science+Business Media since 1968. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a June 2023 real-time impact factor of 2.6 and publishes both original research and review articles. The editor-in-chief is Andreas Wipf (Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena).
Scope and indexing
The journal covers the following areas: general relativity, quantum theory with relativistic quantum field theory, quantum measurement theory, quantum geometry and quantum logic. Services abstracting and indexing this journal include Chemical Abstracts Service, Mathematical Reviews, Science Citation Index, Scopus, and Zentralblatt MATH.
References
Physics journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 1968
Monthly journals
English-language journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Source%20Physics | Open Source Physics, or OSP, is a project sponsored by the National Science Foundation and Davidson College, whose mission is to spread the use of open source code libraries that take care of a lot of the heavy lifting for physics: drawing and plotting, differential equation solvers, exporting to animated GIFs and movies, etc., tools, and compiled simulations for physics and other numerical simulations . The OSP collection provides curriculum resources that engage students in physics, computation, and computer modeling. The core library is in the Java programming language and licensed with GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) licenses. The site now serves over 10,000 visitors per month. The Open Source Physics Project is an extension of the Physlet Project.
Sub-projects
They have four projects with this purpose.
OSP libraries: Java code libraries for numerical simulations. The OSP code library was created to meet the need by the broader science education community for a synthesis of curriculum development, computational physics, computer science, and physics education that will be useful for scientists and students wishing to write their own simulations and develop their own curricular material. OSP code library is described in the OSP User's Guide by Wolfgang Christian in An Introduction to Computer Simulation Methods by Harvey Gould, Jan Tobochnik, and Wolfgang Christian.
Easy Java Simulations (EJS) (New name: Easy JavaScript Simulations = EJSS): A free a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20van%20Oorschot | Paul C. van Oorschot is a cryptographer and computer security researcher, currently a professor of computer science at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, where he holds the Canada Research Chair in Authentication and Computer Security. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC). He is best known as co-author of the Handbook of Applied Cryptography (), together with Alfred Menezes and Scott Vanstone. Van Oorschot was awarded the 2000 J.W. Graham Medal in Computing Innovation. He also helped organize the first Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC) workshop in 1994.
Van Oorschot received his Ph.D. in 1988 from the University of Waterloo.
He was recognized (2016) as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for "contributions to applied cryptography, authentication and computer security." He is also a Fellow of the IEEE (2019).
His most recent book is Computer Security and the Internet: Tools and Jewels from Malware to Bitcoin (2nd edition, 2021; Springer International).
See also
List of University of Waterloo people
References
External links
Paul van Oorschot's page at Carleton University
Handbook of Applied Cryptography home
Bio at On the Identity Trail
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Modern cryptographers
Public-key cryptographers
Canadian computer scientists
Canada Research Chairs
Academic staff of Carleton University
University of Waterloo alumni
J.W. Graham Medal awardees
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola%20Salmoria | Nicola Salmoria is an Italian software developer. He is the original developer of MAME, an emulator application designed to recreate the hardware of arcade machines in software. In December 2002, he graduated from the University of Siena with a laurea in mathematics, with a thesis written about MAME.
Before his fame as the author of MAME, he was active in the Amiga software development scene, producing utility programs such as NewIcons.
He has defeated numerous encryption algorithms, including the CPS-2 program ROM encryption (together with Andreas Naive), the Kabuki (sound) program ROM encryption and the graphics ROM encryption in the later Neo Geo games. He is also a founding member of the JP1 remote project.
He became less and less involved with MAME development over the years, and his last contributions date back to 2009.
In 2013, Salmoria started writing reviews of puzzle games on his own blog.
Since 2012, he has been developing puzzle games for iOS devices.
References
External links
Salmoria's blog about MAME
Salmoria's blog about logic puzzles
Italian computer programmers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Siena alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-13 | 2C-T-13 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-(β-methoxyethylthio)phenethylamine) is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book PiHKAL.
Chemistry
The drug has structural properties similar to mescaline and other drugs in the 2C-T series, with the most closely related compounds being 2C-T-7 and 2C-T-21.
General information
The dosage range of 2C-T-13 is typically 25 - 40 mg and its duration is approximately 6–8 hours according to Shulgin. 2C-T-13 produces many closed-eye visuals and geometric patterns. It also produces slight visual distortion.
Pharmacology
The mechanism that produces 2C-T-13's hallucinogenic and entheogenic effects has not been specifically established; however, it is most likely to result from action as a 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonist in the brain, a mechanism of action shared by all of the hallucinogenic tryptamines and phenethylamines for which the mechanism of action is known.
Dangers
The toxicity of 2C-T-13 is not well documented. 2C-T-13 is slightly less potent than 2C-T-7, but it may be expected that at higher doses it would display similar toxicity to that of other phenethylamines of the 2C-T family.
Legality
2C-T-13 is not scheduled in the United States, but possession and sales of 2C-T-13 could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act because of its structural similarities to 2C-T-7.
As of October 31, 2016, 2C-T-13 is a controlled substance (Schedule III) in Canada.
R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20medium%20approximations | In materials science, effective medium approximations (EMA) or effective medium theory (EMT) pertain to analytical or theoretical modeling that describes the macroscopic properties of composite materials. EMAs or EMTs are developed from averaging the multiple values of the constituents that directly make up the composite material. At the constituent level, the values of the materials vary and are inhomogeneous. Precise calculation of the many constituent values is nearly impossible. However, theories have been developed that can produce acceptable approximations which in turn describe useful parameters including the effective permittivity and permeability of the materials as a whole. In this sense, effective medium approximations are descriptions of a medium (composite material) based on the properties and the relative fractions of its components and are derived from calculations, and effective medium theory. There are two widely used formulae.
Effective permittivity and permeability are averaged dielectric and magnetic characteristics of a microinhomogeneous medium. They both were derived in quasi-static approximation when the electric field inside a mixture particle may be considered as homogeneous. So, these formulae can not describe the particle size effect. Many attempts were undertaken to improve these formulae.
Applications
There are many different effective medium approximations, each of them being more or less accurate in distinct conditions. Nevertheless, they all |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Gilly | William Frank Gilly is an American biologist specializing in the study of cephalopods. He works at Gilly Lab, Hopkins Marine Station, in Monterey County, as a professor of biology, at Stanford University and was involved with the television special The Future is Wild.
Early life
Gilly received a BSE (Electrical Engineering, 1972) from Princeton University and a Ph.D. (Physiology and Biophysics, 1978) from Washington University in St. Louis. He had additional training at Yale University, University of Pennsylvania and the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole.
Career
From the late 1970s to the 2010s, he contributed to the basic understanding of electrical excitability in nerve and muscle cells in a wide range of organisms ranging from brittle-stars to mammals. Much of this work employed the giant axon system of the squid as an experimental model system for molecular and biophysical approaches. Additional physiological studies made in the living squid revealed unexpected complexities in how the giant axon system controls escape responses, and how mechanisms governing that control are subject to modification by environmental factors like temperature and during normal development.
Humboldt squid
Gilly's current research program on squid concentrates on the behavior and physiology of Dosidicus gigas, the jumbo or Humboldt squid. Fieldwork in the Gulf of California near Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur and off Monterey Bay employs a variety of tagging methodologies in ord |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Charles%20Priscu | John C. Priscu (; born 20 September 1952, Las Vegas, Nevada), is a Romanian-American scientist who is the current Professor of Ecology in the Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences at Montana State University. He is a principal investigator in the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project.
Filmography/TV appearances
He appeared on documentary program Horizon in the episode "The Lost World of Lake Vostok".
References
External links
John Charles Priscu Montana State University
See also
Jill Mikucki
American people of Romanian descent
1952 births
Living people
People from Las Vegas
American Antarctic scientists
Romanian scientists
American scientists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennyson%20High%20School | Tennyson High School is a public high school in Hayward, California, United States, formed in 1957.
Academics
Tennyson offers Advanced Placement classes such as:
Art History,
American Government and Politics,
Biology,
Calculus,
English Language,
English Literature,
European History,
Spanish Language,
Spanish Literature,
Statistics,
Studio Art: Drawing,
Studio Art: 2D Design,
Studio Art: 3D Design &
United States History.
Associated schools
Local schools which transition into Tennyson High include Cesar E. Chavez Middle School, King Middle School, Winton Middle School, and sometimes Ochoa Middle School.
Notable alumni
Doug Henry, MLB baseball player
Ernesto Lacayo, professional football kicker
Stacy A. Littlejohn, television writer
See also
Alameda County high schools
References
External links
Tennyson High School website
Hayward Unified School District website
Hayward Unified School District
High schools in Alameda County, California
Educational institutions established in 1957
Public high schools in California
1957 establishments in California
Buildings and structures in Hayward, California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy%20son%20hypothesis | The sexy son hypothesis in evolutionary biology and sexual selection, proposed by Patrick J. Weatherhead and Raleigh J. Robertson of Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario in 1979, states that a female's ideal mate choice among potential mates is one whose genes will produce males with the best chance of reproductive success. This implies that other benefits the father can offer the mother or offspring are less relevant than they may appear, including his capacity as a parental caregiver, territory and any nuptial gifts. Fisher's principle means that the sex ratio (except in certain eusocial insects) is always near 1:1 between males and females, yet what matters most are her "sexy sons'" future breeding successes, more likely if they have a promiscuous father, in creating large numbers of offspring carrying copies of her genes. This sexual selection hypothesis has been researched in species such as the European pied flycatcher.
Context
Female mating preferences are widely recognized as being responsible for the rapid and divergent evolution of male secondary sex characteristics. In 1915, Ronald Fisher wrote:
Granted that while this taste and preference prevails among the females of the species, the males will grow more and more elaborate and beautiful tail feathers, the question must be answered "Why have the females this taste? Of what use is it to the species that they should select this seemingly useless ornament?"
The first step to a solution lies in the fact that the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintuzumab | Lintuzumab (SGN-33) is a humanized monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of cancer. The drug had been developed by Seattle Genetics as a treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a condition which results in the deaths of 9,000 people a year in the United States. Lintuzumab targets the CD33 protein, which is expressed in AML and other myeloproliferative diseases, but does not appear in abundance on normal cells.
Trials for AML were abandoned in 2010 when a phase IIb trial failed to show increased survival.
As of 2010, Seattle Genetics was conducting Phase II trials of lintuzumab in conjunction with bortezomib (marketed as Velcade) as a treatment for those with myelodysplastic syndromes.
History of AML trials
Lintuzumab had been in mid-stage clinical trial when Seattle Genetics pulled the drug in September 2010 after evidence showed that it did not lead to higher survival rates. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency had granted lintuzumab orphan drug status for treatment of AML and myelodysplastic syndromes. Seattle Genetics had licensed lintuzumab from PDL BioPharma, which had been unsuccessful in treating AML in clinical trials of its own in which they used lower doses.
The Phase IIb randomized, double-blind clinical trial studied 211 individuals ages 60 and over who had been enrolled by February 2009 and who were poor candidates for high-dose chemotherapy or had made the choice to reject the traditional chemotherapy treatment. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlo%20Hemphill | Arlo Hanlin Hemphill (born October 7, 1971) is an American wilderness advocate. His educational background is in marine biology. Hemphill is a Fellow National of the Explorers Club and has been listed in Nature (Myers et al. 2000) as one of 100+ global biodiversity experts, credited for his expertise pertaining to the Greater Caribbean and the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena biodiversity hotspots. He is best known for his involvement in regional-scale ocean conservation and was a founding steering committee member of the Deep Sea Conservation Coalition, the Forum for the Conservation of the Patagonian Sea and Areas of Influence, and the Sargasso Sea Alliance.
References
External links
Arlo Hanlin Hemphill - Personal website
1971 births
Living people
American conservationists
Palm Beach Atlantic University alumni
Nova Southeastern University alumni
Male actors from Baltimore
American marine biologists
American oceanographers
American naturalists
Fellows of the Explorers Club
Biologists from Maryland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Lescure | Jean Lescure (14 September 1912 – 17 October 2005) was a French poet.
Biography
Lescure was born in Asnières-sur-Seine. In 1938, he published his first plaquette of poems, "Le voyage immobile", and launched the review "Messages" (two issues in 1939: "William Blake" and "Metaphysics and poetry").
During the Occupation Lescure resumed editing "Messages" in 1942, printed in Brussels, with Paul Éluard, Raymond Queneau, Michel Leiris, Gaston Bachelard, Georges Bataille, Jean Paulhan, Guillevic, André Frénaud. "Domaine français" (Messages 1943) was printed in Geneva (Louis Aragon, Gaston Bachelard, Albert Camus, Paul Claudel, Paul Éluard, André Gide, Michel Leiris, François Mauriac, Henri Michaux, Francis Ponge, Romain Rolland, Raymond Queneau, Jean-Paul Sartre, Paul Valéry).
Jean Lescure became co-director of the clandestine review "Les Lettres françaises" and was one of the founders of the underground organization, the "Comité National des Ecrivains". After the Liberation he was appointed director of the French Radio. He was an early member of Oulipo.
Lescure translated Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure" (1949) and the complete works of Giuseppe Ungaretti (1953). He wrote introductions to the work of many French artists (Bertholle, Chastel, Estève, Gischia, Lapicque, Pignon, Prassinos, Singier, Ubac) and essays on the philosopher Gaston Bachelard and André Malraux. He died, aged 93, in Paris.
Selected bibliography
Poems
Le Voyage immobile, Jean Flory, Paris, 1936.
U |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Ripley%20Nichols | William Ripley Nichols (April 30, 1847 – July 14, 1886) was a noted American chemist.
Early life
Nichols was born in Boston, Massachusetts, graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1869, and served there as instructor and assistant professor until 1872, when he was elected professor of general chemistry, which chair he retained until his death in Hamburg, Germany.
Later life
Professor Nichols was recognized as an authority on sanitation, and particularly on water purification, published numerous papers on municipal water supplies, and was active in the pioneering work of the Lawrence Experiment Station. He also performed research at the request of the Massachusetts Board of Health on train ventilation, particularly of smoking cars. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, of which he was Vice President in 1885, and of the German Chemical Society.
Selected works
Compendious Manual of Qualitative Analysis, by Charles W. Eliot and Frank H. Storer, with Nichols' revisions, 1872.
An Elementary Manual of Chemistry, abridged from Eliot and Storer, New York, 1S72.
Water Supply, mainly from a Chemical and Sanitary Standpoint, 1883.
Experiments in General Chemistry, with Lewis M. Norton, Boston : private printing, 1884.
References
"William Ripley Nichols", Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske and Stanley L. Klos, New York : D. App |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-15 | 2C-T-15 or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(β-cyclopropylthio)phenethylamine is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved).
Chemistry
2C-T-15 is the 2 carbon homologue of Aleph-15, which has not been synthesized. The full chemical name is 2-[4-(2-cyclopropylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine. The drug has structural properties similar to 2C-T-2 and other drugs in the 2C-T series.
General information
The dosage range of 2C-T-15 is typically 30 mg or more. Its duration is unspecified by Shulgin, and its entry in PiHKAL says it lasts for "several hours." The effects are not prominent, and 2C-T-15 is not very potent.
Pharmacology
The mechanism that produces 2C-T-15's hallucinogenic and entheogenic effects has not been specifically established; however, it is most likely to result from action as a 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonist in the brain, a mechanism of action shared by all of the hallucinogenic tryptamines and phenethylamines for which the mechanism of action is known.
Dangers
The toxicity of 2C-T-15 is not well documented. 2C-T-15 is much less potent than 2C-T-7, but it may be expected that at very high doses it would display similar toxicity to that of other phenethylamines of the 2C-T family.
Legality
2C-T-15 is not explicitly illegal in the USA, but possession and sales of 2C-T-15 could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act because of i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratz | Ratz may refer to:
Ratz (political party), a defunct political party in Israel which merged into Meretz
Ratz (TV series), a French-Canadian animated series from Xilam and Tooncan
Ratz (comic strip), in The Beano
Erwin Ratz, (1898-1973), an Austrian musicologist and music theorist
László Rátz, Hungarian mathematics high school teacher
Mount Ratz, a mountain in Canada
Rätzsee, a lake in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
Ratz, a 2000 Showtime original film |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo%20de%20Tarso%20Alvim | Paulo de Tarso Alvim (1919 - 18 February 2011) was a Brazilian recipient of the Order of Scientific Merit in Biology.
References
Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)
1919 births
2011 deaths
Brazilian biologists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-17 | 2C-T-17 or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(β-secbutylthio)phenethylamine is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved).
Chemistry
2C-T-17 is the 2 carbon homologue of Aleph-17, which has never been synthesized. The full chemical name is 2-[4-(2-butyl thio)-2,5-dimethoxy phenyl]ethanamine. The drug has structural properties similar to drugs in the 2C-T series, with the most closely related compounds being 2C-T-7 and 2C-T-8.
General information
The dosage range of 2C-T-17 is typically 60-100 mg and its duration is approximately 10–15 hours according to Shulgin. 2C-T-17 has highly psychedelic effects on thinking, but produces few to no visuals.
Pharmacology
The mechanism that produces 2C-T-17's hallucinogenic and entheogenic effects has not been specifically established, however it is most likely to result from action as a 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonist in the brain, a mechanism of action shared by all of the hallucinogenic tryptamines and phenethylamines for which the mechanism of action is known.
Dangers
The toxicity of 2C-T-17 is not well documented. 2C-T-17 is much less potent than 2C-T-7, but it may be expected that at very high doses it would display similar toxicity to that of other phenethylamines of the 2C-T family.
Legality
2C-T-17 is not illegal, but possession and sales of 2C-T-17 could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act because |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20synchronizer | An audio synchronizer is a variable audio delay used to correct or maintain audio-video sync or timing also known as lip sync error. See for example the specification for audio to video timing given in ATSC Document IS-191. Modern television systems use large amounts of video signal processing such as MPEG preprocessing, encoding and decoding, video synchronization and resolution conversion in pixelated displays. This video processing can cause delays in the video signal ranging from a few microseconds to tens of seconds. If the television program is displayed to the viewer with this video delay the audio-video synchronization is wrong, and the video will appear to the viewer after the sound is heard. This effect is commonly referred to as A/V sync or lip sync error and can cause serious problems related to the viewer's enjoyment of the program.
Error correction
To correct audio video sync problems, the video processing circuitry outputs a DDO (digital delay output) signal, which carries information about the amount of delay the video signal experiences due to the video processing. The DDO may, for example, be provided by equipment which adheres to the SMPTE Audio to Video Synchronization Standard. The audio synchronizer receives the DDO signal and in response delays the audio by an equivalent amount, thereby maintaining proper audio-video sync. Modern audio synchronizers operate by digitizing and writing the audio signal into a ring memory, which is most commonly a RAM-base |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menatetrenone | Menatetrenone (INN), also known as menaquinone-4 (MK-4), is one of the nine forms of vitamin K2.
Biology
MK-4 is the major form of Vitamin K in vertebrate animals, including humans and common forms of meat animals. It is produced via conversion of vitamin K1 in the body, specifically in the testes, pancreas and arterial walls. The conversion is not dependent on gut bacteria, occurring in germ-free rats and in parenterally-administered K1 in rats. Tissues that accumulate high amounts of MK-4 have a capacity to convert up to 90% of the available K1 into MK-4.
K1 is converted to MK-4 in three steps:
Removal of the phytyl tail to form menadione (K3; unknown enzyme);
Reduction of menadione to menadiol (likely NQO1);
Attachment of GGPP tail to form menaquinol-4, the reduced form of MK-4 (UBIAD1)
The second and third steps are known to happen in target tissue. The first step is proposed to happen mainly in the intestines.
As a medication
Menatetrenone is approved in Japan for second-line treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Evidence is restricted to small-scale RCTs; the minimum effective dose (for bone mass parameters) is 45 mg, much higher than the Daily Value for vitamin K (80 μg).
Bioavailbility and dose
420 μg of oral MK-4, in a single-dose or spread out over 7 days, does not cause detectable changes in serum MK-4 level in healthy women, whereas MK-7 produces the expected increases in MK-7 levels.
The minimum effective oral dose to change serum osteocalcin level |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%20%E2%88%92%202%20%2B%203%20%E2%88%92%204%20%2B%20%E2%8B%AF | In mathematics, 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ··· is an infinite series whose terms are the successive positive integers, given alternating signs. Using sigma summation notation the sum of the first m terms of the series can be expressed as
The infinite series diverges, meaning that its sequence of partial sums, , does not tend towards any finite limit. Nonetheless, in the mid-18th century, Leonhard Euler wrote what he admitted to be a paradoxical equation:
A rigorous explanation of this equation would not arrive until much later. Starting in 1890, Ernesto Cesàro, Émile Borel and others investigated well-defined methods to assign generalized sums to divergent series—including new interpretations of Euler's attempts. Many of these summability methods easily assign to a "value" of . Cesàro summation is one of the few methods that do not sum , so the series is an example where a slightly stronger method, such as Abel summation, is required.
The series 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... is closely related to Grandi's series . Euler treated these two as special cases of the more general sequence , where and respectively. This line of research extended his work on the Basel problem and leading towards the functional equations of what are now known as the Dirichlet eta function and the Riemann zeta function.
Divergence
The series' terms do not approach 0; therefore diverges by the term test. Divergence can also be shown directly from the definition: an infinite series converges if and only if the seque |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gating%20signal | Signal gating is a concept commonly used in the field of electronics and signal processing. It refers to the process of controlling the flow of signals based on certain conditions or criteria. The goal of signal gating is to selectively allow or block the transmission of signals through a circuit or system.
In signal gating, a gating signal is used to modulate the passage of the main signal. The gating signal acts as a control mechanism, determining when the main signal can pass through the gate and when it is blocked. The gating signal can be generated by various means, such as an external trigger, a specific voltage level, or a specific frequency range.
Signal gating is often employed in applications where precise control over the transmission of signals is required. Here are a few examples of how signal gating is used in different fields:
1. Telecommunications: In telecommunications systems, signal gating is used to regulate the flow of data packets. By opening and closing the gate based on specific criteria, such as error detection or network congestion, signal gating helps ensure that the data is transmitted efficiently and reliably.
2. Audio processing: In audio applications, signal gating is used to reduce background noise or eliminate unwanted sounds. For example, in live sound reinforcement, a noise gate is often employed to mute or attenuate the microphone signal when the sound level falls below a certain threshold. This helps minimize the pickup of ambient nois |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev%20Sternberg | Lev (Chaim-Leib) Yakovlevich Sternberg () ( – August 14, 1927) was a Russian and Soviet ethnographer of Jewish origin who from 1889 to 1897 studied the Nivkhs (Gilyaks), Oroks, and Ainu on Sakhalin and in Siberia for the American Museum of Natural History, in New York City.
Biography
Sternberg majored in physics and mathematics at Saint Petersburg State University. He later majored in law at Novorossiisk University. He was an activist who joined Narodnaya Volya (The People's Will) and edited the publication Vestnik Narodnoi Voli (The Narodnaya Volya Herald). He was not a Marxist. He was arrested by Russian authorities April 27, 1886 for participation in The People's Will which was labeled an anti-tsarist terrorist organization spending three years in an Odessa jail. Sternberg was then exiled to the Sakhalin penal colony for a ten-year prison sentence. He was deported from Odessa on the boat Peterburg on March 19, 1889, arriving in Port Aleksandrovsk, Sakhalin, on May 19, 1889. Sternberg agitated authorities due to his activism with regard to prisoners' and indigenous peoples' rights. Authorities sent him to the remote community of Viakhtu, 100 km north of Port Aleksandrovsk, where he first began his ethnographic fieldwork on the Nivkhs, Oroks, and Ainu. He would return home but be put under house arrest for the first few years.
Lev Sternberg was an important Russian figure in the then new field of anthropology. Sternberg, with the help of Vladimir Bogoraz organized the fi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald%20B.%20Cleaver | Gerald B. Cleaver is a professor in the department of physics at Baylor University and is the Head of the Early Universe Cosmology and Strings (EUCOS) division of Baylor's Center for Astrophysics, Space Physics & Engineering Research (CASPER). His research specialty is string theory, quantum gravity and early universe cosmology.
Career
Gerald Cleaver did his Ph.D. at Caltech where John H. Schwarz was his thesis adviser. He worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Texas A&M University, University of Pennsylvania and the Ohio State University before becoming an assistant professor in Baylor University in 2001. He has been a full professor in Baylor University since 2013.
Research
With Dimitri Nanopoulos Cleaver constructed the first string-derived model containing only the particles of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) in the observable sector.
At Baylor University Cleaver has constructed the first string derived Near-MSSM possessing the potential to resolve the factor-of-20 difference between the MSSM unification scale of 2.5×1025 eV (25 YeV or 4.0 MJ) and the weakly coupled heterotic string scale of 5×1026 eV (500 YeV or 80 MJ) via a robust method referred to as "optical unification".
References
External links
Cleaver's papers on SPIRES
21st-century American physicists
Living people
Baylor University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Hilbert%20problem | In mathematics, Riemann–Hilbert problems, named after Bernhard Riemann and David Hilbert, are a class of problems that arise in the study of differential equations in the complex plane. Several existence theorems for Riemann–Hilbert problems have been produced by Mark Krein, Israel Gohberg and others (see the book by Clancey and Gohberg (1981)).
The Riemann problem
Suppose that is a closed simple contour in the complex plane dividing the plane into two parts denoted by (the inside) and (the outside), determined by the index of the contour with respect to a point. The classical problem, considered in Riemann's PhD dissertation (see ), was that of finding a function
analytic inside such that the boundary values of M+ along satisfy the equation
for all , where a, b, and c are given real-valued functions .
By the Riemann mapping theorem, it suffices to consider the case when is the unit circle . In this case, one may seek M+(z) along with its Schwarz reflection:
On the unit circle Σ, one has , and so
Hence the problem reduces to finding a pair of functions M+(z) and M−(z) analytic, respectively, on the inside and the outside of the unit disc, so that on the unit circle
and, moreover, so that the condition at infinity holds:
The Hilbert problem
Hilbert's generalization was to consider the problem of attempting to find M+ and M− analytic, respectively, on the inside and outside of the curve Σ, such that on one has
where α, β, and c are arbitrary given complex-valued |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astill | Astill is a surname which originated from Leicester, and may refer to:
Adam Astill, British actor
Bruce Astill (b. 1955), Australian rugby league footballer
Ewart Astill (1888–1948), English Test cricketer
Grenville Astill, archaeology professor at the University of Reading
Kenneth Astill (1920–2007), professor of mechanical engineering at Tufts University.
Len Astill (1916–1990), English former footballer
William Astill, British cricketer
See also
Still (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOT-2 | HOT-2 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-(β-ethylthio)-N-hydroxyphenethylamine) is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book PiHKAL.
Chemistry
HOT-2's full chemical name is 2-[4-(2-ethylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl–N–hydroxyethanamine. It has structural properties similar to 2C-T-2 and to other drugs in the HOT- series, with the most closely related compounds being HOT-7 and HOT-17.
General information
The dosage range of HOT-2 is typically 10-18 mg and its duration is approximately 6–10 hours according to Shulgin. HOT-2 produces visuals and moving, flowing lights. It also causes euphoria and increases blood pressure.
Legality
United Kingdom
This substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act.
See also
Phenethylamine
References
Psychedelic phenethylamines
Thioethers
Phenol ethers
Hydroxylamines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer%20Reingold | Omer Reingold () is an Israeli computer scientist. He is the Rajeev Motwani professor of Computer Science in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University and the director of the Simons Collaboration on the Theory of Algorithmic Fairness. He received a PhD in computer science at Weizmann in 1998 under Moni Naor. He received the 2005 Grace Murray Hopper Award for his work in finding a deterministic logarithmic-space algorithm for st-connectivity in undirected graphs. He, along with Avi Wigderson and Salil Vadhan, won the Gödel Prize (2009) for their work on the zig-zag product. He became a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 2014 "For contributions to the study of pseudorandomness, derandomization, and cryptography."
Selected publications
.
References
External links
Omer Reingold's personal homepage
Omer Reingold's homepage at Simon's Institute, Berkeley
Omer Reingold's homepage at Weizmann Institute
Omer Reingold's homepage at Stanford University
His Grace Murray Hopper award
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates
Academic staff of Weizmann Institute of Science
Theoretical computer scientists
Gödel Prize laureates
Israeli computer scientists
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectionwise%20normal%20space | In mathematics, a topological space is called collectionwise normal if for every discrete family Fi (i ∈ I) of closed subsets of there exists a pairwise disjoint family of open sets Ui (i ∈ I), such that Fi ⊆ Ui. Here a family of subsets of is called discrete when every point of has a neighbourhood that intersects at most one of the sets from .
An equivalent definition of collectionwise normal demands that the above Ui (i ∈ I) themselves form a discrete family, which is stronger than pairwise disjoint.
Some authors assume that is also a T1 space as part of the definition, but no such assumption is made here.
The property is intermediate in strength between paracompactness and normality, and occurs in metrization theorems.
Properties
A collectionwise normal space is collectionwise Hausdorff.
A collectionwise normal space is normal.
A Hausdorff paracompact space is collectionwise normal. In particular, every metrizable space is collectionwise normal.Note: The Hausdorff condition is necessary here, since for example an infinite set with the cofinite topology is compact, hence paracompact, and T1, but is not even normal.
Every normal countably compact space (hence every normal compact space) is collectionwise normal.Proof: Use the fact that in a countably compact space any discrete family of nonempty subsets is finite.
An Fσ-set in a collectionwise normal space is also collectionwise normal in the subspace topology. In particular, this holds for closed subsets.
The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOT-7 | HOT-7, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(β-propylthio)-N-hydroxyphenethylamine, is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book, PiHKAL.
Chemistry
HOT-7's full chemical name is 2-[4-(2-propylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl–N–hydroxyethanamine. It has structural properties similar to 2C-T-7 and to other drugs in the HOT- series, with the most closely related compounds being HOT-2 and HOT-17.
General information
The dosage range of HOT-7 is typically 15-25 mg and its duration is approximately 6–8 hours according to Shulgin. HOT-7 produces closed-eye and open-eye visuals. It also induces a feeling similar to that of being drunk.
Legality
United Kingdom
This substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act.
See also
Phenethylamine
References
Psychedelic phenethylamines
Thioethers
Hydroxylamines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOT-17 | HOT-17 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-(β-isobutylthio)-N-hydroxyphenethylamine) is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book PiHKAL.
Chemistry
HOT-17's full chemical name is 2-[4-(2-isobutylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl-N-hydroxyethanamine. It has structural properties similar to 2C-T-17 and to other drugs in the HOT- series, with the most closely related compounds being HOT-2 and HOT-7.
General information
The dosage range of HOT-17 is typically 70-120 mg and its duration is approximately 12–18 hours according to Shulgin. HOT-17 produces time distortion and general psychedelia. It also has little to no body load.
See also
Phenethylamine
References
Psychedelic phenethylamines
Thioethers
Phenol ethers
Hydroxylamines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacheslav%20Belavkin | Viacheslav Pavlovich Belavkin (; 20 May 1946 – 27 November 2012) was a Russian-British professor in applied mathematics at the University of Nottingham. An active researcher, he was one of the pioneers of quantum probability. His research spanned areas such as quantum filtering, quantum information and quantum chaos.
Biography
He was born in Lviv, and graduated from Moscow State University in 1970 where his teachers include Evgeny Lifshitz, Victor Pavlovich Maslov, Andrey Kolmogorov and Ruslan L. Stratonovich. In the 1980s Belavkin held visiting professorship in the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, and the Volterra Centre in Rome before taking up an appointment at the University of Nottingham in 1992. He was promoted to a Chair in Mathematical Physics in 1996. He and Ruslan L. Stratonovich were awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation (formerly the Lenin Prize) for outstanding achievements in science and technology, in part due to his work on the measurement problem. He is survived by his wife Nadezda Belavkin and son Roman Belavkin.
References
External links
1946 births
2012 deaths
Academics of the University of Nottingham
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Soviet mathematicians
Moscow State University alumni
Probability theorists
Soviet physicists
20th-century British physicists
Academics of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20state%20space | In physics, a quantum state space is an abstract space in which different "positions" represent, not literal locations, but rather quantum states of some physical system. It is the quantum analog of the phase space of classical mechanics.
Relative to Hilbert space
In quantum mechanics a state space is a complex Hilbert space in which each unit vector represents a different state that could come out of a measurement. The number of dimensions in this Hilbert space depends on the system we choose to describe. Any state vectors in this space can be written as a linear combination of unit vectors. Having an nonzero component along multiple dimensions is called a superposition. In the formalism of quantum mechanics these state vectors are often written using Dirac's compact bra–ket notation.
Examples
The spin (physics) state of a silver atom in the Stern-Gerlach experiment can be represented in a two state space. The spin can be aligned with a measuring apparatus (arbitrarily called 'up') or oppositely ('down'). In Dirac's notation these two states can be written as . The space of a two spin system has four states, .
The spin state is a discrete degree of freedom; quantum state spaces can have continuous degrees of freedom. For example, a particle in one space dimension has one degree of freedom ranging from to . In Dirac notation, the states in this space might be written as or .
Relative to 3D space
Even in the early days of quantum mechanics, the state space (or co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacesetter%20Systems | Pacesetter Systems Inc. was a biotechnology company founded by Alfred E. Mann in 1965. The company manufactured various implantable medical devices invented by Robert Fischell and the rest of the team at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Those inventions included the first commercial rechargeable implantable pacemaker, which was one of the first pacemakers to use radio waves for telemetry, and the implantable insulin pump. The insulin pump business was spun off into MiniMed in 1983 and then acquired by Medtronic in 2001. Pacesetter Systems Inc. was purchased by Siemens and then St. Jude Medical in 1994.
References
Defunct manufacturing companies of the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Fredeen | Howard Townley Fredeen (December 10, 1921 – December 27, 2021) was a Canadian animal breeding researcher.
Born in Macrorie, Saskatchewan, Freeden received an MSc in Animal Science from the University of Alberta in 1947 and joined the staff of the Lacombe Research Station in Alberta, subsequently obtaining a PhD in Animal Breeding and Genetics from Iowa State University in 1952. Fredeen spent his entire career with Agriculture Canada's Research Branch, retiring on July 6, 1984. With the late J.G. Stothart he was the codeveloper of the Lacombe pigs, a breed still renowned for its excellence.
Fredeen played a major role in developing Canadian livestock breeding policies and in introducing innovative breeding practices and new techniques for carcass evaluation. As well as writing more than 300 scientific and technical papers, he has established an international reputation by frequently representing Agriculture Canada abroad. Fredeen is also the author of several renowned books and guides. He has received numerous honours, including a fellowship in the Agricultural Institute of Canada, the Public Service of Canada Merit Award and the Lacombe Citizen of the Year Award.
Fredeen was also awarded the Genetics Society of Canada Award for Excellence as well as the American Board of Human Development's National Health Development Award for his work in the human genetic fields. His discovery of the functioning of specific gene functions in cattle and swine, as well as his work on the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham%20correction%20factor | In fluid dynamics, the Cunningham correction factor, or Cunningham slip correction factor (denoted ), is used to account for non-continuum effects when calculating the drag on small particles. The derivation of Stokes' law, which is used to calculate the drag force on small particles, assumes a no-slip condition which is no longer correct at high Knudsen numbers. The Cunningham slip correction factor allows predicting the drag force on a particle moving a fluid with Knudsen number between the continuum regime and free molecular flow.
The drag coefficient calculated with standard correlations is divided by the Cunningham correction factor, , given below.
Ebenezer Cunningham derived the correction factor in 1910 and with Robert Andrews Millikan, verified the correction in the same year.
where
is the correction factor
is the mean free path
is the particle diameter
are experimentally determined coefficients.
For air (Davies, 1945):
A1 = 1.257
A2 = 0.400
A3 = 0.55
The Cunningham correction factor becomes significant when particles become smaller than 15 micrometers, for air at ambient conditions.
For sub-micrometer particles, Brownian motion must be taken into account.
References
Fluid dynamics
Dimensionless numbers
Aerosols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth%20Court | Firth Court is a Grade II listed Edwardian red-brick building that forms part of the Western Bank Campus of the University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom. Located on the northern side of Western Bank, it is the main administrative centre for the university and also houses the Departments of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Biomedical Science.
The main entrance to Firth Court is on floor C, from this point up there are four complete floors (up to F floor which houses the first of the Molecular Biology and Biotechnology lecture theatres (F2) and research labs) and then G floor which is divided into several sections (housing the second lecture theatre (G2) and seminar rooms). This gives the five floors sometimes quoted, however the department's nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) facility extends downwards from floor C and is housed on B (which is ground level at the back of the building), A and a further floor below this which has no official designation. In places the building extends above G floor, these towers do not have official floor letters but extend to what would be I floor. Counted from the bottom of the NMR pit to the highest research laboratory (that of Milton Wainwright) Firth court is 10 floors. The Main Block of Firth Court is linked, via the Addison Building, to the Alfred Denny Building. The Edwardian Block also links the North Block to the Perak Laboratories.
History
in 1904, the people of Sheffield including steelworkers, coal miners and factory wo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin%20I.%20Shapiro | Irwin Ira Shapiro is an American astrophysicist and Timken University Professor at Harvard University. He has been a professor at Harvard since 1982. He was the director of the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian from 1982 to 2004.
Career
A native of New York, Shapiro graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School in New York City. He later received his B.A. in Mathematics from Cornell University, and later a M.A. and Ph.D in Physics from Harvard University. He joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory in 1954 and became a professor of physics there in 1967. In 1982, he took a position as professor and Guggenheim Fellow at his alma mater, Harvard, and also became director of the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian. In 1997, he became the first Timken University Professor at the university.
Shapiro's research interests include astrophysics, astrometry, geophysics, gravitation, including the use of gravitational lenses to assess the age of the universe. In 1981, Edward Bowell discovered the 3832 main belt asteroid and it was later named after Shapiro by his former student Steven J. Ostro.
Recognition
Honors and awards
Albert A. Michelson Medal from the Franklin Institute (1975)
Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics from the American Astronomical Society (1983)
Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1984)
Brouwer Award from the American Astronomical Society's Division on Dynamical Astronomy (1988)
Cha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmanson%20combinatorial%20conditions | In mathematics, the Kalmanson combinatorial conditions are a set of conditions on the distance matrix used in determining the solvability of the traveling salesman problem. These conditions apply to a special kind of cost matrix, the Kalmanson matrix, and are named after Kenneth Kalmanson.
References
.
.
.
.
.
Combinatorics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Overbye | Dennis Overbye (born June 2, 1944, in Seattle, Washington) is a science writer specializing in physics and cosmology and is the cosmic affairs correspondent for The New York Times.
Biography
Overbye received his B.S. in physics from M.I.T.—where he was a member of the Alpha Mu chapter of Phi Kappa Sigma—in 1966. He started work towards a master's degree in astronomy from U.C.L.A. in 1970.
Overbye started his career by working as a scientist for Boeing and then other companies. In 1976 he became assistant editor at Sky and Telescope magazine. From 1976 to 1980 he was a senior editor at Discover magazine. Subsequently, he embarked on a freelance career, during which time he published articles in Time, Science, the Los Angeles Times, and The New York Times, among other publications.
He has written two books: Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos, about scientists and their quest to understand the universe, and Einstein in Love, dealing with Albert Einstein's youth and the controversy surrounding the degree to which Einstein's first wife, Mileva Marić, contributed to the theory of relativity. He joined the staff of The New York Times in 1998 as deputy science editor, then switched to full-time writing. In 2014 he was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting.
Overbye lives in New York City with his wife, Nancy Wartik, their daughter Mira Overbye and two cats.
Books
Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: The Scientific Quest for the Secret of the Universe, Harper-Collins (19 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIA | IIA may refer to:
Independence of irrelevant alternatives
Indian Institute of Architects
Indian Institute of Astrophysics
Indianapolis International Airport
Institute of Internal Auditors
Information Industry Association
International Investment Agreement
Islamabad International Airport
IIa or II-a, a subtype of Type II supernova
A rating in the Hong Kong motion picture rating system
See also
Iia, Estonia, village in Estonia
2A (disambiguation), including a list of topics named II-A, etc.
sv:IIA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Mathur | Neil Mathur may refer to:
Neil D. Mathur, professor in materials physics at the University of Cambridge
Neil Nitin Mukesh (born 1982 as Neil Nitin Mukesh Chand Mathur), Indian actor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller%20University%20Press | The Rockefeller University Press (RUP) is a department of Rockefeller University.
Journals
Rockefeller University Press publishes three scientific journals: Journal of Experimental Medicine, founded in 1896, Journal of General Physiology, founded in 1918, and Journal of Cell Biology, founded in 1955 under the title The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology. All editorial decisions on manuscripts submitted to the three journals are made by active scientists in conjunction with in-house scientific editors, and all peer-review operations and pre-press production functions are carried out at the Rockefeller University Press offices. In 2018, Rockefeller University Press partnered with EMBO Press and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press to publish the "Life Science Alliance" journal.
Focus
Rockefeller University Press places a strong emphasis on preserving the integrity of primary research data, and it is a pioneer in the application of new technologies to achieve that goal.
Open access policy
Rockefeller University Press provides public access to the articles it publishes. All content of Journal of Experimental Medicine, Journal of Cell Biology, and Journal of General Physiology (back to volume 1, issue 1) is hosted by HighWire Press and PubMed Central, where it is available to the public for free 6 months after publication under a Creative Commons license.
See also
List of English-language book publishing companies
List of university presses
References
Externa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20D.%20Mathur | Neil David Mathur is a Professor in Materials Physics in the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy at the University of Cambridge.
Education
Mathur received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1995 for research into heavy fermion systems.
Research
Mathur's area of research is magnetic and electronic oxides, with a concentration on crystalline oxides. He has been experimenting with thin films (epitaxial films) and exploring applications for use in interfacing and imaging. He is the co-author of Mesoscopic texture in manganites with Peter Littlewood and Nanotechnology: The Third Way.
References
British materials scientists
British science writers
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
Fellows of the American Physical Society |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20August%20Hausen | Christian August Hausen (1693–1743) was a German mathematician who is known for his research on electricity.
Biography
Hausen studied mathematics at the University of Wittenberg and received his master's degree in 1712. He became an extraordinary professor of mathematics at the University of Leipzig at the age of 21 and later (1726) became an ordinary professor.
Hausen also researched electrical phenomena, using a triboelectric generator. In the introduction to his book on this subject, Novi profectus in historia electricitatis, published posthumously, Hausen states that he started these experiments shortly before his death. Hausen's generator was similar to earlier generators, such as that of Francis Hauksbee. It consisted of a glass globe rotated by a cord and a large wheel. An assistant rubbed the globe with his hand to produce static electricity. Hausen's book describes his generator and sets forth a theory of electricity in which electrification is a consequence of the production of vortices in a universal electrical fluid.
References
External links
1693 births
1743 deaths
Scientists from Dresden
18th-century German mathematicians
18th-century German physicists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical%20design | A spherical design, part of combinatorial design theory in mathematics, is a finite set of N points on the d-dimensional unit d-sphere Sd such that the average value of any polynomial f of degree t or less on the set equals the average value of f on the whole sphere (that is, the integral of f over Sd divided by the area or measure of Sd). Such a set is often called a spherical t-design to indicate the value of t, which is a fundamental parameter. The concept of a spherical design is due to Delsarte, Goethals, and Seidel, although these objects were understood as particular examples of cubature formulas earlier.
Spherical designs can be of value in approximation theory, in statistics for experimental design, in combinatorics, and in geometry. The main problem is to find examples, given d and t, that are not too large; however, such examples may be hard to come by.
Spherical t-designs have also recently been appropriated in quantum mechanics in the form of quantum t-designs with various applications to quantum information theory and quantum computing.
Existence of spherical designs
The existence and structure of spherical designs on the circle were studied in depth by Hong. Shortly thereafter, Seymour and Zaslavsky proved that such designs exist of all sufficiently large sizes; that is, given positive integers d and t, there is a number N(d,t) such that for every N ≥ N(d,t) there exists a spherical t-design of N points in dimension d. However, their proof gave no idea o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLARIS%20%28seismology%29 | POLARIS (PUPS) was an underground experiment to observe seismic signals at depth in very hard rock. It was carried out at SNOLAB, and underground physics laboratory, in Sudbury, Ontario. In addition to academic research, the observational data collected by the POLARIS system was used by the Canadian National Data Centre (CNDC) for earthquake, and nuclear explosion (see Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty) monitoring. The name POLARIS is an acronym for Portable Observatories for Lithospheric Analysis and Research Investigating Seismicity.
Background
SNOLAB is an underground physics lab situated deep in the Creighton Mine, a 2 km deep Nickel mine operated by the Vale Limited. The mine is situated in the Sudbury Basin: a large impact crater on the Canadian shield.
SNOLAB is the world's deepest operational clean room facility. Although accessed through an active mine, the laboratory proper is maintained as a class-2000 cleanroom, with very low levels of dust and background radiation. SNOLAB's 2070 m (6800 feet) of overburden rock provides 6010 metre water equivalent (MWE) shielding from cosmic rays, providing a low-background environment for experiments requiring high sensitivities and extremely low counting
Description
POLARIS consisted of multiple three-point broadband seismographis stations located above Creighton Mine, as well as within the mine itself. Two stations were located at the surface, while others were positioned at depths of 1-2km. It was because of the d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Skinner | Colin Skinner (born 1965) is a British author, adventurer and molecular biologist who is attempting to walk around the world. As of mid-2014, he has walked over and has crossed Great Britain, Iceland, United States and New Zealand. He has used the walks to raise money and awareness for various causes, including conservation biology, people with disabilities, cancer relief, AIDS, and hospice.
Education
Skinner earned his Bachelor of Science (BSc) combined honours degree in biochemistry and genetics from the University of Leeds. He earned his PhD in molecular biology from University College London. He earned his Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) in secondary science from Canterbury Christ Church University.
Walking around the world
Scotland to England in 1984
He began at the age of 18 at John o' Groats (at the northern tip of Scotland) in 1984, and walked to Land's End in England. On this journey, which he carried out with three other people, he pushed a wheelchair and raised £3,500 for The Forelands School for handicapped children. In 1983, he had already run around a 400-metre track to raise further money for The Forelands School for handicapped children, at Broadstairs in Kent.
Iceland in 1986
In 1986, at the age of 20, whilst at the University of Leeds, he crossed Iceland, together with three other students (Andrew Backhouse, David Brock and Shaun Fagan), from Seyðisfjörður in the east, through the interior to the north of the Vatnajökull ice fields, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant%20type%20%28COM%29 | Variant is a data type in certain programming languages, particularly Visual Basic, OCaml, Delphi and C++ when using the Component Object Model. It is an implementation of the eponymous concept in computer science.
In Visual Basic (and Visual Basic for Applications) the Variant data type is a tagged union that can be used to represent any other data type (for example, integer, floating-point, single- and double-precision, object, etc.) except fixed-length string type. In Visual Basic, any variable not declared explicitly or the type of which is not declared explicitly, is taken to be a variant.
While the use of not explicitly declared variants is not recommended, they can be of use when the needed data type can only be known at runtime, when the data type is expected to vary, or when optional parameters and parameter arrays are desired. In fact, languages with a dynamic type system often have variant as the only available type for variables.
Among the major changes in Visual Basic .NET, being a .NET language, the variant type was replaced with the .NET object type. There are similarities in concept, but also major differences, and no direct conversions exist between these two types. For conversions, as might be needed if Visual Basic .NET code is interacting with a Visual Basic 6 COM object, the normal methodology is to use .NET marshalling.
Examples
In Visual Basic, a variant named A can be declared either explicitly or implicitly:
Dim A
Dim A as Variant
In Delphi, a va |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawmill | A raw mill is the equipment used to grind raw materials into "rawmix" during the manufacture of cement. Rawmix is then fed to a cement kiln, which transforms it into clinker, which is then ground to make cement in the cement mill. The raw milling stage of the process effectively defines the chemistry (and therefore physical properties) of the finished cement, and has a large effect upon the efficiency of the whole manufacturing process.
History
The history of the development of the technology of raw material grinding defines the early history of cement technology. Other stages of cement manufacture used existing technology in the early days. Early hydraulic materials such as hydraulic limes, natural cements and Parker's Roman cement were all based on "natural" raw materials, burned "as-dug". Because these natural blends of minerals occur only rarely, manufacturers were interested in making a fine-grained artificial mixture of readily available minerals such as limestone and clay that could be used in the same way. A typical problem would be to make an intimate mixture of 75% chalk and 25% clay, and burn this to produce an ”artificial cement". The development of the "wet" method of producing fine-grained clay in the ceramics industry afforded a means of doing this. For this reason, the early cement industry used the "wet process", in which the raw materials are ground together with water, to produce a slurry, containing 20–50% water. Both Louis Vicat and James Frost |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Wu | Carl Wu is a Chinese-American scientist, and a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of biology, molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University. He is active in the fields of chromatin and gene expression.
Early life and education
Carl Wu was born in Hong Kong. Wu attended St. Joseph's High School in Hong Kong and won a scholarship to attend Saint Mary's College of California. He began his research in chromatin biology while pursuing his doctorate at Harvard University, under Sarah Elgin. Subsequently, Wu completed his post-doc as a Junior fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows under Nobel laureate Walter Gilbert, where he provided the first evidence for DNase hypersensitive sites at cellular gene promoters.
Career
National Cancer Institute and HHMI
In 1982, Wu joined the National Cancer Institute within the National Institutes of Health. Here he began investigating the biochemical mechanism of chromatin remodeling. In 1994, his group discovered that enzymatic activity was necessary for creating accessible DNA sites on chromatin. The following year his lab purified and characterized the responsible chromatin remodeling enzyme called NURF. This work was recognized by Nature as a breakthrough discovery in the field of gene expression. Wu went on to become the chief of the Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology at the cancer institute; then chief of the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
In 2012, Wu joined Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory%20masking | In audio signal processing, auditory masking occurs when the perception of one sound is affected by the presence of another sound.
Auditory masking in the frequency domain is known as simultaneous masking, frequency masking or spectral masking. Auditory masking in the time domain is known as temporal masking or non-simultaneous masking.
Masked threshold
The unmasked threshold is the quietest level of the signal which can be perceived without a masking signal present. The masked threshold is the quietest level of the signal perceived when combined with a specific masking noise. The amount of masking is the difference between the masked and unmasked thresholds.
Gelfand provides a basic example. Let us say that for a given individual, the sound of a cat scratching a post in an otherwise quiet environment is first audible at a level of 10 dB SPL. However, in the presence of a masking noise (for example, a vacuum cleaner that is running simultaneously) that same individual cannot detect the sound of the cat scratching unless the level of the scratching sound is at least 26 dB SPL. We would say that the unmasked threshold for that individual for the target sound (i.e., the cat scratching) is 10 dB SPL, while the masked threshold is 26 dB SPL. The amount of masking is simply the difference between these two thresholds: 16 dB.
The amount of masking will vary depending on the characteristics of both the target signal and the masker, and will also be specific to an individual list |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20comparative%20methods | Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses. The comparative method has a long history in evolutionary biology; indeed, Charles Darwin used differences and similarities between species as a major source of evidence in The Origin of Species. However, the fact that closely related lineages share many traits and trait combinations as a result of the process of descent with modification means that lineages are not independent. This realization inspired the development of explicitly phylogenetic comparative methods. Initially, these methods were primarily developed to control for phylogenetic history when testing for adaptation; however, in recent years the use of the term has broadened to include any use of phylogenies in statistical tests. Although most studies that employ PCMs focus on extant organisms, many methods can also be applied to extinct taxa and can incorporate information from the fossil record.
PCMs can generally be divided into two types of approaches: those that infer the evolutionary history of some character (phenotypic or genetic) across a phylogeny and those that infer the process of evolutionary branching itself (diversification rates), though there are some approaches that do both simultaneously. Typically the tree that is used in conjunction with PCMs has been estimated independently (see computational phylogenetics) such that both the relationships betwee |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exiles%20at%20the%20Well%20of%20Souls | Exiles at the Well of Souls is the second book in the Well of Souls series by American author Jack L. Chalker. Originally intended to be one book, the story was split into Exiles and Quest for the Well of Souls forming a duology.
Plot summary
Scientist Gilgram Zinder has finally decoded the ancient Markovian physics that controls our universe. Corrupt politician and drug dealer Antor Trelig is aware of Zinder's work through the efforts of Zinder's assistant, Ben Yulin. Trelig takes Zinder's daughter hostage and forces Zinder and Yulin to build a computer that can control the Markovian forces, like the dead Markovian computers that have been found on some planets. Zinder and Yulin construct "Obie", a sentient supercomputer, building it in Markovian fashion directly into Trelig's resort planetoid, New Pompeii.
Mavra Chang, freighter pilot and secret agent, is hired to rescue Zinder and halt Trelig's plans of universal conquest. In the process Obie accidentally makes contact with the Well World, which results in the entire planetoid being automatically transported into orbit around the Well World. Mavra and Zinder are aboard a spacecraft when this occurs, and find themselves flying over a "non-tech" hex. The Well World disables all of the technology on the ship and it crashes in the Southern Hemisphere. A war erupts on the Well World as the races of the nearby hexes race to collect all of the scattered pieces of the ship in order to escape the planet.
Characters
Dr. Gilgram |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3%20Tisza | László Tisza (July 7, 1907 – April 15, 2009) was a Hungarian-born American physicist who was Professor of Physics Emeritus at MIT. He was a colleague of famed physicists Edward Teller, Lev Landau and Fritz London, and initiated the two-fluid theory of liquid helium.
United States
In 1941, Tisza immigrated to the United States and joined the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research areas included theoretical physics and the history and philosophy of science, specifically on the foundation of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. He taught at MIT until 1973.
Publications
Tisza was the author of the 1966 book, Generalized Thermodynamics. The 1982 publication, Physics as Natural Philosophy: Essays in Honor of László Tisza, was written by Tisza's colleagues and former students in honor of his 75th birthday.
Affiliations
He was a Fellow of The American Physical Society and American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a John Simon Guggenheim Fellow and had been a visiting professor at the University of Paris in Sorbonne.
See also
Vera and Laszlo Tisza House
References
External links
MIT site – notice of Tisza's death
John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship site
1907 births
2009 deaths
Scientists from Budapest
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
American centenarians
20th-century American educators
American science writers
20th-century Hungarian physicists
Hungarian centenarians
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Writers from Cam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Leedham-Green | Charles R. Leedham-Green is a retired professor of mathematics at Queen Mary, University of London, known for his work in group theory. He completed his DPhil at the University of Oxford.
His parents were John Charles Leedham-Green (1902–1984), a surgeon and general practitioner in Southwold, and Gertrude Mary Somerville Caldwell.
Work
With Leonard Soicher, Leedham-Green designed the product replacement algorithm; an algorithm within computational group theory that generates random elements of groups by taking a random walk through the group. This algorithm has been implemented in both GAP and MAGMA.
He is responsible for a great body of work in group theory. In recent times, this has involved research in computational group theory and pro-p groups.
The 300th edition of the Journal of Algebra was dedicated to him for his 65th birthday.
On the occasion of his retirement in 2006, the Mathematics Research Centre at Queen Mary held a conference in celebration of his mathematical achievements.
Selected publications
Charles R. Leedham-Green, Leonard H. Soicher: Collection from the Left and Other Strategies. J. Symb. Comput. 9(5/6): 665–675 (1990)
Charles R. Leedham-Green, Cheryl E. Praeger, Leonard H. Soicher: Computing with Group Homomorphisms. J. Symb. Comput. 12(4/5): 527–532 (1991)
Derek F. Holt, C. R. Leedham-Green, E. A. O'Brien and Sarah Rees: Testing Matrix Groups for Primitivity. Journal of Algebra, Volume 184, Issue 3, 15 September 1996, Pages 795–817
Derek F. Holt, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20R.%20Hagen | Carl Richard Hagen (; born 2 February 1937) is a professor of particle physics at the University of Rochester. He is most noted for his contributions to the Standard Model and Symmetry breaking as well as the 1964 co-discovery of the Higgs mechanism and Higgs boson with Gerald Guralnik and Tom Kibble (GHK). As part of Physical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration, the journal recognized this discovery as one of the milestone papers in PRL history. While widely considered to have authored the most complete of the early papers on the Higgs theory, GHK were controversially not included in the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics.
In 2010, Hagen was awarded The American Physical Society's J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics for the "elucidation of the properties of spontaneous symmetry breaking in four-dimensional relativistic gauge theory and of the mechanism for the consistent generation of vector boson masses".
Professor Hagen's research interests are in the field of theoretical high-energy physics, primarily in the area of quantum field theory. This includes the formulation and quantization of higher spin field theories within the context of Galilean relativity as well as that of Special relativity. Work in recent years has been concerned with such topics as the soluble two-dimensional theories, Chern–Simons field theory, the Aharonov–Bohm effect, and the Casimir effect. In 2015, Hagen authored a paper that found the classic 17th century Wallis formula for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel%27s%20summation%20formula | In mathematics, Abel's summation formula, introduced by Niels Henrik Abel, is intensively used in analytic number theory and the study of special functions to compute series.
Formula
Let be a sequence of real or complex numbers. Define the partial sum function by
for any real number . Fix real numbers , and let be a continuously differentiable function on . Then:
The formula is derived by applying integration by parts for a Riemann–Stieltjes integral to the functions and .
Variations
Taking the left endpoint to be gives the formula
If the sequence is indexed starting at , then we may formally define . The previous formula becomes
A common way to apply Abel's summation formula is to take the limit of one of these formulas as . The resulting formulas are
These equations hold whenever both limits on the right-hand side exist and are finite.
A particularly useful case is the sequence for all . In this case, . For this sequence, Abel's summation formula simplifies to
Similarly, for the sequence and for all , the formula becomes
Upon taking the limit as , we find
assuming that both terms on the right-hand side exist and are finite.
Abel's summation formula can be generalized to the case where is only assumed to be continuous if the integral is interpreted as a Riemann–Stieltjes integral:
By taking to be the partial sum function associated to some sequence, this leads to the summation by parts formula.
Examples
Harmonic numbers
If for and then a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toda%20oscillator | In physics, the Toda oscillator is a special kind of nonlinear oscillator. It represents a chain of particles with exponential potential interaction between neighbors. These concepts are named after Morikazu Toda. The Toda oscillator is used as a simple model to understand the phenomenon of self-pulsation, which is a quasi-periodic pulsation of the output intensity of a solid-state laser in the transient regime.
Definition
The Toda oscillator is a dynamical system of any origin, which can be described with dependent coordinate and independent coordinate , characterized in that the evolution along independent coordinate can be approximated with equation
where
, and prime denotes the derivative.
Physical meaning
The independent coordinate has sense of time. Indeed, it may be proportional to time with some relation like , where is constant.
The derivative may have sense of velocity of particle with coordinate ; then can be interpreted as acceleration; and the mass of such a particle is equal to unity.
The dissipative function may have sense of coefficient of the speed-proportional friction.
Usually, both parameters and are supposed to be positive; then this speed-proportional friction coefficient grows exponentially at large positive values of coordinate .
The potential is a fixed function, which also shows exponential growth at large positive values of coordinate .
In the application in laser physics, may have a sense of logarithm of number of photo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy%20fermion%20material | In solid-state physics, heavy fermion materials are a specific type of intermetallic compound, containing elements with 4f or 5f electrons in unfilled electron bands. Electrons are one type of fermion, and when they are found in such materials, they are sometimes referred to as heavy electrons. Heavy fermion materials have a low-temperature specific heat whose linear term is up to 1000 times larger than the value expected from the free electron model. The properties of the heavy fermion compounds often derive from the partly filled f-orbitals of rare-earth or actinide ions, which behave like localized magnetic moments. The name "heavy fermion" comes from the fact that the fermion behaves as if it has an effective mass greater than its rest mass. In the case of electrons, below a characteristic temperature (typically 10 K), the conduction electrons in these metallic compounds behave as if they had an effective mass up to 1000 times the free particle mass. This large effective mass is also reflected in a large contribution to the resistivity from electron-electron scattering via the Kadowaki–Woods ratio. Heavy fermion behavior has been found in a broad variety of states including metallic, superconducting, insulating and magnetic states. Characteristic examples are CeCu6, CeAl3, CeCu2Si2, YbAl3, UBe13 and UPt3.
Historical overview
Heavy fermion behavior was discovered by K. Andres, J.E. Graebner and H.R. Ott in 1975, who observed enormous magnitudes of the linear specific heat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossee%E2%80%93Arlman%20mechanism | The Cossee–Arlman mechanism in polymer chemistry is the main pathway for the formation of C–C bonds in the polymerization of alkenes. The mechanism features an intermediate coordination complex that contains both the growing polymer chain and the monomer (alkene). These ligands combine within the coordination sphere of the metal to form a polymer chain that is elongated by two carbons.
The details of this mechanism can be used to explain the stereoregularity of the polymerisation of alkenes using Ziegler–Natta or metallocene catalysts. Stereoregularity is relevant for unsymmetrical alkenes such as propylene. The coordination sphere of the metal ligands sterically influences which end of the propylene attaches to the growing polymer chain and the relative stereochemistry of the methyl groups on the polymer. The stereoregularity is influenced by the ligands. For the metallocene catalysts, the cyclopentadienyl ligands (or their surrogates) fulfill this role. For heterogeneous catalysts, the stereoregularity is determined by the surface structure around the active site on the catalyst particle, and can be influenced by additives such as succinates or phthalates, which tend to block specific sites, while leaving others (with different stereoreactivity) to catalyse the polymerization.
References
Publications of historic interest
Polymer chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed%20matter%20%28disambiguation%29 | Condensed matter may refer to:
Condensed matter physics, a subdivision of the physical sciences
Scientific journals:
European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
Physics of Condensed Matter, Springer-Verlag publication until its 1975 merger into European Physical Journal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuratowski%27s%20free%20set%20theorem | Kuratowski's free set theorem, named after Kazimierz Kuratowski, is a result of set theory, an area of mathematics. It is a result which has been largely forgotten for almost 50 years, but has been applied recently in solving several lattice theory problems, such as the congruence lattice problem.
Denote by the set of all finite subsets of a set . Likewise, for a positive integer , denote by the set of all -elements subsets of . For a mapping , we say that a subset of is free (with respect to ), if for any -element subset of and any , . Kuratowski published in 1951 the following result, which characterizes the infinite cardinals of the form .
The theorem states the following. Let be a positive integer and let be a set. Then the cardinality of is greater than or equal to if and only if for every mapping from to ,
there exists an -element free subset of with respect to .
For , Kuratowski's free set theorem is superseded by Hajnal's set mapping theorem.
References
P. Erdős, A. Hajnal, A. Máté, R. Rado: Combinatorial Set Theory: Partition Relations for Cardinals, North-Holland, 1984, pp. 282–285.
C. Kuratowski, Sur une caractérisation des alephs, Fund. Math. 38 (1951), 14–17.
John C. Simms (1991) "Sierpiński's theorem", Simon Stevin 65: 69–163.
Set theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta%20Blau | Marietta Blau (29 April 1894 – 27 January 1970) was an Austrian physicist credited with developing photographic nuclear emulsions that were usefully able to image and accurately measure high-energy nuclear particles and events, significantly advancing the field of particle physics in her time. For this, she was awarded the Lieben Prize by the Austrian Academy of Sciences. As a Jew, she was forced to flee Austria when Nazi Germany annexed it in 1938, eventually making her way to the United States. She was nominated for Nobel Prizes in both physics and chemistry for her work, but did not win. After her return to Austria, she won the Erwin Schrödinger Prize from the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Biography
Blau was born on 29 April 1894 in a middle-class Jewish family, to Mayer (Markus) Blau, a court lawyer and music publisher, and his wife, Florentine Goldzweig. After having obtained the general certificate of education from the girls' high school run by the Association for the Extended Education of Women, she studied physics and mathematics at the University of Vienna from 1914 to 1918; her PhD, on the absorption of gamma rays, was awarded in March 1919. Blau is credited with developing (photographic) nuclear emulsions that were usefully able to image and accurately measure high energy nuclear particles and events. Additionally, this established a method to accurately study reactions caused by cosmic ray events. Her nuclear emulsions significantly advanced the field of partic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20McKeown | Nicholas (Nick) William McKeown FREng, is a Senior Fellow at Intel, a professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science departments at Stanford University, and a Visiting Professor at Oxford University. He has also started technology companies in Silicon Valley.
McKeown received his bachelor's degree from the University of Leeds in 1986. From 1986 through 1989 he worked for Hewlett-Packard Labs, in their network and communications research group in Bristol, England. He moved to the United States in 1989, and earned a master's degree in 1992 and PhD in 1995 both from the University of California at Berkeley. During spring 1995, he worked briefly for Cisco Systems where he helped architect their GSR 12000 router. His PhD thesis was on "Scheduling Cells in an Input-Queued Cell Switch", with advisor Professor Jean Walrand. He joined the faculty of Stanford University in 1995 as assistant professor of electrical engineering and computer science. In 1997, McKeown co-founded Abrizio Inc. with Anders Swahn, where he was CTO. Abrizio was acquired by PMC-Sierra in 1999 for stock shares worth $400 million. He was promoted to associate professor in 2002. He was co-founder in 2003 (with Sundar Iyer) and CEO of Nemo Systems, which Cisco Systems bought in 2005. He became faculty director of the Clean Slate Program in 2006, and was promoted to full professor at Stanford in 2010.
In 2007, Casado, McKeown and Shenker co-founded Nicira Networks, a Palo Alto, California based compa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinement%20monoid | In mathematics, a refinement monoid is a commutative monoid M such that for any elements a0, a1, b0, b1 of M such that a0+a1=b0+b1, there are elements c00, c01, c10, c11 of M such that a0=c00+c01, a1=c10+c11, b0=c00+c10, and b1=c01+c11.
A commutative monoid M is said to be conical if x+y=0 implies that x=y=0, for any elements x,y of M.
Basic examples
A join-semilattice with zero is a refinement monoid if and only if it is distributive.
Any abelian group is a refinement monoid.
The positive cone G+ of a partially ordered abelian group G is a refinement monoid if and only if G is an interpolation group, the latter meaning that for any elements a0, a1, b0, b1 of G such that ai ≤ bj for all i, j<2, there exists an element x of G such that ai ≤ x ≤ bj for all i, j<2. This holds, for example, in case G is lattice-ordered.
The isomorphism type of a Boolean algebra B is the class of all Boolean algebras isomorphic to B. (If we want this to be a set, restrict to Boolean algebras of set-theoretical rank below the one of B.)
The class of isomorphism types of Boolean algebras, endowed with the addition defined by
(for any Boolean algebras X and Y, where denotes the isomorphism type of X), is a conical refinement monoid.
Vaught measures on Boolean algebras
For a Boolean algebra A and a commutative monoid M, a map μ : A → M is a measure, if μ(a)=0 if and only if a=0, and μ(a ∨ b)=μ(a)+μ(b) whenever a and b are disjoint (that is, a ∧ b=0), for any a, b in A. We say in addition t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20nanobud | In nanotechnology, a carbon nanobud is a material that combines carbon nanotubes and spheroidal fullerenes, both allotropes of carbon, forming "buds" attached to the tubes. Carbon nanobuds were discovered and synthesized in 2006.
In this material, fullerenes are bonded with covalent bonds to the outer sidewalls of the underlying nanotube. Consequently, nanobuds exhibit properties of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. The mechanical properties and the electrical conductivity of the nanobuds are similar to those of carbon nanotubes.
Canatu Oy, a Finnish company, claims the intellectual property rights for nanobuds, its synthesis processes, and several applications.
Properties
Carbon nanobuds (CNBs) have some of the properties of carbon nanotubes, such as one-dimensional electrical conductivity, flexibility and manufacturing adaptability, as well as some of the chemical properties of fullerenes. Examples of these properties include ability to engage in cycloaddition reactions and can easily form the chemical bonds capable of attaching to other molecules with complex structures. CNBs have a much higher chemical activity than single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs).
Electrical properties
CNBs have been shown to have electronic properties that differ from those of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNBs exhibit lower field thresholds, higher current densities, and electric field emissions than SWCNTs. The chemical bonds between the nanotube's wall and the fullerenes on the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Ono | Ken Ono (born March 20, 1968) is an American mathematician who specializes in number theory, especially in integer partitions, modular forms, umbral moonshine, the Riemann Hypothesis and the fields of interest to Srinivasa Ramanujan. He is the STEM Advisor to the Provost and the Marvin Rosenblum Professor of Mathematics at the University of Virginia.
Early life and education
Ono was born on March 20, 1968, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is the son of mathematician Takashi Ono, who emigrated from Japan to the United States after World War II. His older brother, immunologist and university president Santa J. Ono, was born while Takashi Ono was in Canada working at the University of British Columbia, but by the time Ken Ono was born the family had returned to the US for a position at the University of Pennsylvania. In the 1980s, Ono attended Towson High School, but he dropped out. He later enrolled at the University of Chicago without a high school diploma. There he raced bicycles, and he was a member of the Pepsi–Miyata Cycling Team.
He received his BA from the University of Chicago in 1989, where he was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity. He earned his PhD in 1993 at UCLA where his advisor was Basil Gordon. Initially he planned to study medicine, but later switched to mathematics. He attributes his interest in mathematics to his father.
Career
Ono worked as an instructor at Woodbury University from 1991 to 1993, as a visiting assistant professor at the University o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernode | Supernode may refer to:
Supernode (networking), a network proxy in peer-to-peer networks
Supernode (circuit), a theoretical construct in circuit theory
A construct in Nodal analysis, a circuit analysis technique used in electrical engineering. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence%20lattice%20problem | In mathematics, the congruence lattice problem asks whether every algebraic distributive lattice is isomorphic to the congruence lattice of some other lattice. The problem was posed by Robert P. Dilworth, and for many years it was one of the most famous and long-standing open problems in lattice theory; it had a deep impact on the development of lattice theory itself. The conjecture that every distributive lattice is a congruence lattice is true for all distributive lattices with at most ℵ1 compact elements, but F. Wehrung provided a counterexample for distributive lattices with ℵ2 compact elements using a construction based on Kuratowski's free set theorem.
Preliminaries
We denote by Con A the congruence lattice of an algebra A, that is, the lattice of all congruences of A under inclusion.
The following is a universal-algebraic triviality. It says that for a congruence, being finitely generated is a lattice-theoretical property.
Lemma.
A congruence of an algebra A is finitely generated if and only if it is a compact element of Con A.
As every congruence of an algebra is the join of the finitely generated congruences below it (e.g., every submodule of a module is the union of all its finitely generated submodules), we obtain the following result, first published by Birkhoff and Frink in 1948.
Theorem (Birkhoff and Frink 1948).
The congruence lattice Con A of any algebra A is an algebraic lattice.
While congruences of lattices lose something in comparison to groups, modu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSCS | BSCS may refer to:
Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, an educational center
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Bradley Stoke Community School in the United Kingdom
Black Sea Coastal States, Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine
Business Control and Support Systems, mobile telecom billing system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%2A%20theorem | In mathematics, George Glauberman's Z* theorem is stated as follows:
Z* theorem: Let G be a finite group, with O(G) being its maximal normal subgroup of odd order. If T is a Sylow 2-subgroup of G containing an involution not conjugate in G to any other element of T, then the involution lies in Z*(G), which is the inverse image in G of the center of G/O(G).
This generalizes the Brauer–Suzuki theorem (and the proof uses the Brauer–Suzuki theorem to deal with some small cases).
Details
The original paper gave several criteria for an element to lie outside Its theorem 4 states:
For an element t in T, it is necessary and sufficient for t to lie outside Z*(G) that there is some g in G and abelian subgroup U of T satisfying the following properties:
g normalizes both U and the centralizer CT(U), that is g is contained in N = NG(U) ∩ NG(CT(U))
t is contained in U and tg ≠ gt
U is generated by the N-conjugates of t
the exponent of U is equal to the order of t
Moreover g may be chosen to have prime power order if t is in the center of T, and g may be chosen in T otherwise.
A simple corollary is that an element t in T is not in Z*(G) if and only if there is some s ≠ t such that s and t commute and s and t are G-conjugate.
A generalization to odd primes was recorded in : if t is an element of prime order p and the commutator [t, g] has order coprime to p for all g, then t is central modulo the p′-core. This was also generalized to odd primes and to compact Lie groups in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid%20%28disambiguation%29 | An asteroid is a minor planet.
Asteroid or Asteroids may also refer to:
Astrophysics
Asteroid belt
Asteroid moon
Art, entertainment, and media
Films
Asteroid (film), a 1997 TV movie
Games
Asteroid (board game), published by Game Designers' Workshop, 1980
Asteroids (video game), 1979 arcade game
Music
Asteroid 1976, a 2008 album by Taiwanese rock band 1976
Asteroid (Pearl & Dean theme), a piece of music used to introduce cinema advertising reels distributed by Pearl & Dean
"Asteroid", a song by Killing Joke from the album Killing Joke
"Asteroid", a song by Kyuss from the album Welcome to Sky Valley
"Asteroid", a song by Pentagon from the album Universe: The Black Hall
Other uses
Asteroids in astrology
Asteroid (horse), a racehorse
See also
Asteroidea, the class of sea stars
Asteroideae, the subfamily of flowering plants
Astroid, a mathematical curve
Asterids, a clade of flowering plants |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.