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Cai Chusheng (January 12, 1906 – July 15, 1968) was a Chinese film director of the pre-Communist era, and was the first Chinese director to win an international film award at the Moscow International Film Festival. Best known for his progressive output in the 1930s, Cai Chusheng was later severely persecuted and died during the Cultural Revolution. His ashes are kept at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery in Beijing.
Biography
Early career
Cai was born in Shanghai to Cantonese parents, but raised in Chaoyang, Guangdong. He only had four years of formal education, and was home-schooled after he had spoken up for his class about the misbehavior of a teacher. While home-schooled, he studied Confucianism and practiced calligraphy and painting. Cai Chusheng initially worked in low-level positions in several small studios during the 1920s, before eventually joining Mingxing Film Company as a director's assistant to Zheng Zhengqiu, another Chaoyang-native. Cai later joined the Lianhua Film Company where he directed a handful of mainstream popular films including Spring in the South and Pink Dream (both 1932). He would not cement his reputation as a leading leftist filmmaker until after the Japanese attack in 1932, when Cai, like many of his colleagues, shifted towards increasingly progressive or leftist filmmaking. This shift can be seen in output after 1932, including the class-struggle dramas Dawn Over the Metropolis (1933), Song of the Fishermen (1934), and the proto-feminist New Women (1934), which starred Ruan Lingyu. Song of the Fishermen, for example, was a major box office success in Shanghai where it played for 87 days, and it would also become the first Chinese film to win an international prize, doing so at the Moscow International Film Festival.
Hong Kong and wartime
During the war, Cai fled first to Hong Kong, where he helped launch Mandarin-language cinema with Situ Huimin. In Hong Kong, Cai would also direct two films, including an anti-Japanese thriller. Cai was also a pioneer in making films in local dialects, and the first to make movies in Cantonese. He also made movies in Chaozhou dialect. When Hong Kong fell to the Japanese, Cai fled to Chongqing, China's wartime capital, where he joined the government-run Nationalist Central Film Studio.
Post-war career
Cai's post-war career saw him returning to Shanghai and becoming a leading member of the Lianhua Film Society (later incorporated as the Kunlun Film Company). His collaboration with Zheng Junli The Spring River Flows East (1947) also proved to be a major film and popular success in the brief "Second Golden Age" of Cinema that followed the end of the Second World War. Following the Communist revolution, Cai worked mainly in major government administrative tasks. He was also actively involved in promoting Chinese film industry and also formed an organization to monitor the quality of movies and to recognize talented artists in the industry. He did make one major post-1949 film, Waves on the Southern Shore (1963).
Death and legacy
As the Cultural Revolution began to gain momentum in the late 1960s, Cai Chusheng, like many artists and intellectuals, became the target of persecution. Cai was forced to self-criticize and admit his mistakes in writing. Cai passed away in 1968. His ashes are now placed at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery. The house where Cai spent his youth is now a museum which is designated by the Chinese government as a certified historical attraction. Cai is honored from time to time at major events like the World Expo 2010 and film festivals.
In Stanley Kwan's 1991 biopic of Ruan Lingyu, Center Stage, Cai Chusheng is portrayed by Hong Kong actor Tony Leung Ka Fai. Ruan was one of the Chinese most prominent actresses. This film is about Ruan's life, including her suicide following release of New Women. Cai condemned the press, which had sparked a ripple effect to raise awareness for responsible conduct in the media. Cai was also very active in promoting the social status and literacy of women: when he had time available, he would teach classes to Chinese women to improve their literacy.
Selected filmography
Notes
References
Pang, Laikwan. Chinese National Cinema. Routledge (2002). .
Pickowicz, Paul. "Victory as Defeat: Postwar Visualizations of China's War of Resistance." Becoming Chinese: Passages to Modernity and Beyond, ed. Wen-Hsin Yeh. University of California Press (2000). .
Shen, Vivian. The Origins of Left-Wing Cinema in China: 1932-1937. Routledge (2005). .
Xiao, Zhiwei. "Shi Dongshan" in Encyclopedia of Chinese Film, ed. by Yingjin Zhang and Zhiwei Xiao. Taylor & Francis (1998). .
External links
Cai Chusheng at the Chinese Movie Database
Cai Chusheng at the BFI Film and TV Database
Essay on Cai Chusheng
1906 births
1968 deaths
Film directors from Shanghai
Screenwriters from Shanghai
Chinese emigrants to Hong Kong
People persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution
Delegates to the 1st National People's Congress
Delegates to the 2nd National People's Congress
Delegates to the 3rd National People's Congress
Chinese silent film directors
People's Republic of China politicians from Shanghai
20th-century screenwriters
Chinese torture victims | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai%20Chusheng |
Contact immunity is the property of some vaccines, where a vaccinated individual can confer immunity upon unimmunized individuals through contact with bodily fluids or excrement. In other words, if person “A” has been vaccinated for virus X and person “B” has not, person “B” can receive immunity to virus X just by coming into contact with person “A”. The term was coined by Romanian physician Ioan Cantacuzino.
The potential for contact immunity exists primarily in "live" or attenuated vaccines. Vaccination with a live, but attenuated, virus can produce immunity to more dangerous forms of the virus. These attenuated viruses produce little or no illness in most people. However, the live virus multiplies briefly, may be shed in body fluids or excrement, and can be contracted by another person. If this contact produces immunity and carries no notable risk, it benefits an additional person, and further increases the immunity of the group.
The most prominent example of contact immunity was the oral polio vaccine (OPV). This live, attenuated polio vaccine was widely used in the US between 1960 and 1990; it continues to be used in polio eradication programs in developing countries because of its low cost and ease of administration. It is popular, in part, because it is capable of contact immunity. Recently immunized children "shed" live virus in their feces for a few days after immunization. About 25 percent of people coming into contact with someone immunized with OPV gained protection from polio through this form of contact immunity. Although contact immunity is an advantage of OPV, the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis—affecting 1 child per 2.4 million OPV doses administered—led the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to cease recommending its use in the US as of January 1, 2010, in favor of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). The CDC continues to recommend OPV over IPV for global polio eradication activities.
The main drawback of live virus–based vaccines is that a few people who are vaccinated or exposed to those who have been vaccinated may develop severe disease. Those with defective immune function are the most vulnerable. In the case of OPV, an average of eight to nine adults contracted paralytic polio from contact with a recently immunized child each year. As the risk of catching polio in the Western Hemisphere diminished, the risk of contact infection with the attenuated polio virus outweighed the advantages of OPV, leading the CDC to recommend its discontinuation.
Contact immunity differs from herd immunity, a different type of group protection, in which risk for unimmunized individuals is reduced if they are surrounded by immunized individuals who are unlikely to contract, harbor, or transmit the disease.
References
Epidemiology
Polio
Vaccination | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20immunity |
A monocle is a corrective lens used to correct the vision in only one eye.
Monocle may also refer to:
Monocle (satirical magazine), American satirical magazine, published irregularly from the late 1950s until the mid-1960s
Monocle (brand) a news/lifestyle magazine, published since 2007, and media brand
Monocle (comics), fictional DC Comics supervillain
Monocle (Transformers), a character from Transformers: Cybertron
See also
Monocular
The Monocle (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocle%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Salo Finkelstein (born 1896 or 1897, date of death unknown) was a mental calculator. He was born in Łódź (then within the Russian Empire, now in Poland) to a Jewish family.
While at school he was above average in mathematics, and discovered his calculating abilities as well as his faculty in memorizing numbers. At the age of 23, he began demonstrating this in public but lost interest for some time. He found employment with the Polish government in the State Statistical office.
In 1928 he performed before Professor Hans Henning in the Free City of Danzig. Henning previously tested other calculators, Dr. Ferrol and Gottfried Ruckle, and found Finkelstein to be superior. In 1931 Finkelstein went on an international tour demonstrating his abilities and submitting himself for tests.
In 1932 he arrived in the United States and tried without success to find employment in a bank as a checker of calculations. In 1937 an article was published that described and analyzed his abilities, with the general conclusion that although he could perform calculations much more rapidly than most people, his thinking processes seem to obey the same laws and are not indicative of any unnatural powers. In particular, during multiplication, the time for performing operations was proportional not to the numbers of digits in multiplied numbers, but to the number of separate "acts of attention" necessary to perform multiplication by ordinary rules. Also, the correctness of the results was not always 100 percent, decreased rapidly with the growth of the number of "acts of attention", and apparently depended on concentration.
After failing to secure himself a job that matched his abilities and unwilling to become a stage calculator, he attempted a career playing chess between 1941 and 1949. After that his further fate is unknown.
Notes
References
Weinlad, J.D., Schlauch W.S. An examination of the computing ability of Mr. Salo Finkelstein, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21 (1937) 382–402
Smith, Steven Bradley, Great Mental Calculators, Columbia University Press, 1983,
External links
Salo Finkelstein at The Great Mental Calculators
20th-century Polish people
20th-century Polish Jews
Mental calculators
Polish chess players
Jewish chess players
Sportspeople from Łódź
1890s births
Year of birth uncertain
20th-century deaths
Year of death uncertain
Year of death missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salo%20Finkelstein |
Wesley Long Hospital is a 175-bed acute-care facility located in Greensboro, North Carolina. The hospital was founded in 1917 by John Wesley Long, MD, a nationally known physician and surgeon, as a small 20-bed clinic. Today, Wesley Long is a 175-bed modern medical center and home to the Cone Health Cancer Center at Wesley Long. Wesley Long Hospital is a facility of Cone Health, a network of hospitals and physicians serving Guilford County, North Carolina and surrounding areas.
On February 24, 1972, Wesley Long's board of trustees approved a 120-bed addition and other improvements to what was then a 225-bed hospital.
On April 27, 1981, hospital administrator James Phelps was charged with accepting over half a million dollars in kickbacks during the late 1970s. Phelps, replaced by Ralph Holshouser Jr., pleaded guilty and served five years. The hospital did well for a while until changes in Medicare reimbursement. Wesley Long never recovered from the combination of the scandal and new Medicare rules, with a little over half its beds occupied by 1986. Moses Cone Memorial Hospital went through significant growth, while Wesley Long administrators avoided making many of the advances necessary to attract more patients. Dennis Barry led the hospital through changes that made it more competitive. But by 1996, with just over a third of its beds occupied, Wesley Long needed to either specialize or merge in order to continue doing well. The decision was made to merge with Cone.
References
External links
Wesley Long Hospital homepage on Cone Health website
Hospitals in Greensboro, North Carolina
Cone Health | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley%20Long%20Hospital |
Monocle was an American satirical magazine, published irregularly from the late 1950s until the mid-1960s. Co-founder Victor Navasky served as its first editor. From 1961 to 1965, it was edited by C. D. B. Bryan. Calvin Trillin, Dan Wakefield, Neil Postman, Richard Lingeman, Dan Greenburg, and humorist Marvin Kitman also contributed.
Monocle was founded by a group of Yale Law School students, including Navasky, as a "leisurely quarterly" (issued, in fact, twice a year). After graduation, they moved to New York City, where the magazine, in its editors' words, initially "operated more or less like the UN police force — we came out whenever there was an emergency". Later, it became a "leisurely monthly", with the intent of appearing about ten times a year.
Navasky recounts in detail the history of his founding and direction of Monocle in his 2005 memoir, A Matter of Opinion.
The Monocle Peep Show
An anthology of material from the magazine, titled The Monocle Peep Show, was published in 1965. The anthology's chapter headings give a sense of both the magazine's subject matter and its politically irreverent tone. The book is divided into "Black and White Journalism" (on race in America), "Yellow Journalism" (on East Asia, including the Vietnam War), "Red Journalism" (on communism and the Cold War), "Off-color Journalism" (two pieces, one about a not-so-ex-Nazi rocket scientist and the other about someone campaigning for the papacy), and "Red, White & Blue Journalism", on American electoral politics. The "Black and White Journalism" chapter includes, among other things, a piece by African American comedian Godfrey Cambridge called "My Taxi Problem and Ours" — the title alludes to Norman Podhoretz's then-recent essay "My Negro Problem—And Ours" — a superhero comic called "Captain Melanin", and a piece called "We're Not Prejudiced But..." containing a series of one-liners such as "Do Negro Catholic couples have an innate sense of rhythm?" and "Did Gov. George Wallace come within a backlash of winning the Wisconsin primary?"
Notes and references
The Monocle Peep Show, Bantam Books (1965 paperback)
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Defunct political magazines published in the United States
Satirical magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1956
Magazines established in 1965
Magazines published in New York City
Mass media in New Haven, Connecticut
Magazines published in Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocle%20%28satirical%20magazine%29 |
Annie Penn Hospital is located in Reidsville, North Carolina. Part of Cone Health, the hospital has 110 licensed acute-care beds and provides a number of specialties, including orthopedic surgery, gastroenterology, gynecology, urology, ophthalmology, general surgery, podiatry, nephrology, otolaryngology, and thoracic and general medicine.
References
External links
Hospitals in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Rockingham County, North Carolina
Cone Health
Reidsville, North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%20Penn%20Hospital |
The Great Crash, 1929 is a book written by John Kenneth Galbraith and published in 1955. It is an economic history of the lead-up to the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The book argues that the 1929 stock market crash was precipitated by rampant speculation in the stock market, that the common denominator of all speculative episodes is the belief of participants that they can become rich without work and that the tendency towards recurrent speculative orgy serves no useful purpose, but rather is deeply damaging to an economy. It was Galbraith's belief that a good knowledge of what happened in 1929 was the best safeguard against its recurrence.
The idea for the book
Galbraith wrote the book during a break from working on the manuscript of what would become The Affluent Society. Galbraith was asked by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. if he would write the definitive work on the Great Depression that he would then use as a reference source for his own intended work on Roosevelt. Galbraith chose to concentrate on the days that ushered in the depression. "I never enjoyed writing a book more; indeed, it is the only one I remember in no sense as a labor but as a joy." Galbraith received much praise for his work, including his humorous observations of human behavior during the speculative stock market bubble and subsequent crash. The publication of the book, which was one of Galbraith's first bestsellers, coincided with the 25th anniversary of the crash, at a time when it and the Great Depression that followed were still raw memories - and stock price levels were only then recovering to pre-crash levels. Galbraith considered it the useful task of the historian to keep fresh the memory of such crashes, the fading of which he correlates with their re-occurrence.
The speculative bubble
The Florida land boom of the 1920s established the mood "and the conviction that God intended the American middle classes to be rich," a sentiment so strong that it survived the ensuing crash of property prices. In the early 1920s, yields of common stocks were favorable and prices low. In the final six months of 1924, prices began to rise and continued through 1925, from 106 in May 1924 stock prices rose to 181 by December 1925. After a couple of short downturns during 1926, prices began to increase in earnest throughout 1927, the year in which conventional wisdom saw the seeds of what became the Great Crash sown. Following Britain's return to the Gold Standard, and subsequent foreign exchange crises, there followed an exodus of gold from Europe to the United States.
In the spring of 1927, Montagu Norman and other governors of European Banks asked the Federal Reserve to ease their monetary policy and they agreed, reducing the rediscount rate from 4 to 3.5%, a move that Lional Robbins described as resulting “in one of the most costly errors committed by it or any other banking system in the last 75 years”. The funds released by the Fed became available to invest in the stock market and “from that date, according to all the evidence, the situation got completely out of control.” Galbraith disagreed with this simplistic analysis by arguing that the availability of money in the past was no sure recipe for a bubble in common stocks and that prices could still be regarded as a true valuation of the stock at the end of 1927. It is early in 1928 that the “escape into make believe” started in earnest, when the market began to rise by large vaulting leaps rather than steady increments. Prominent investors, such as Harrison Williams, the proponent of both the Shenandoah & Blue Ridge Trusts, were described by Professor Dice as “having vision for the future and boundless hope and optimism” and not “hampered by the heavy armour of tradition”.
On 12 March, the volume of trading had reached 3,875,910 shares, an all-time high. By 20 June, 5,052,790 shares were traded in a falling market that many prematurely thought signalled the end of the bull market. Prices rose once more and after the election of Hoover, with a “victory boom” resulting in an all-time record trading of 6,641,250 shares in a rising market (16 November). Overall, the market rose during the year from 245 to 331 which was accompanied by a phenomenal increase in trading on margin, which relieved the buyer from putting up the full purchase price of the stock by using the securities as collateral for a loan. The buyer obtained full benefit of ownership in rising stock valuation, but the loan amount remained the same. People swarmed to buy stock on margin. In the early 1920s, brokers' loans used to finance purchases on margin averaged 1–1.5 billion but by November 1928 had reached six billion. By the end of 1928, the interest on such loans was yielding 12% to lenders which led to a flood of gold converging on Wall St. from all over the world to fuel the purchase of stocks on margin.
Aftermath of the crash
In the wake of Black Tuesday, London newspapers reported that ruined speculators were throwing themselves from windows but Galbraith asserts there was no substance to these claims of widespread suicides. Embezzlement now came to the fore. During the bubble, there was a net increase of what Galbraith calls “psychic wealth”; the person being robbed was unaware of their loss whilst the embezzler was materially improved. With the bursting of the bubble, accounts were now more closely scrutinized and reports of defaulting employees became a daily occurrence after the first week of the crash. The looting of the Union Industrial Bank became the most spectacular embezzlement of the period. Unknown to each other, several of the bank's officers began making away with funds for speculation. Over a period of time, they became aware of each other's activities and unable to expose each other entered into a cooperative venture which in time came to include all of the principal officers of the bank. They took a short position just as the market “soared into the blue yonder of the summer sky”; so costly was this to the group that they took a long position just before the crash and this was to prove a mortal blow.
The influence of the Wall Street crash on the Great Depression
Contrary to what had been Wall Street's perceived tendency in playing down its influence, Galbraith asserted the important contribution of the 1929 crash on the Great Depression which followed: causing a contraction of demand for goods, destroying for a time the normal means of investment and lending, arresting economic growth and causing financial hardship which alienated many from the economic system.
Galbraith further argues that the Great Depression was caused by a mixture of five main weaknesses:
First, an imbalance in the income distribution. Galbraith asserts that "the 5 per cent of the population with the highest incomes in that year [1929] received approximately one third of all personal income." Personal income in the form of rents, dividends, and interest of the well-to-do was approximately twice as much as in the period following the Second World War, leaving the economy dependent on a high level of investment and luxury consumer spending, and vulnerable to the stock market crash.
Second, problems in the structure of corporations. Most specifically, he cites newly formed investment entities of the era (such as holding companies and investment trusts) as contributing to a deflationary spiral, due in no small part to their high reliance on leverage. Dividends paid the interest on the bonds in the holding companies, and when these were interrupted, the structure collapsed. “It would be hard to imagine a corporate system better designed to continue and accentuate a deflationary cycle." Also, "The fact was that American enterprise in the twenties had opened its hospitable arms to an exceptional number of promoters, grafters, swindlers, impostors, and frauds. This, in the long history of such activities, was a kind of flood tide of corporate larceny."
Third, the bad banking structure. The weakness was manifest in the large number of units working independently. As one failed, pressure was applied to another, leading to a domino effect accelerated by increasing unemployment and lower incomes.
Fourth, foreign trade imbalances. During World War I, the US became a creditor nation, exporting more than it imported. High tariffs on imports contributed to this imbalance. Subsequent defaults by foreign governments led to a decline in exports, which was especially hard on farmers.
And finally, "the poor state of economic intelligence." Galbraith says that the "economists and those who offered economic counsel in the late twenties and early thirties were almost uniquely perverse" and that "the burden of reputable economic advice was invariably on the side of measures that would make things worse."
Prospects for recurrence
Galbraith was of the opinion that the Great Crash had burned itself so deeply into the national consciousness that America had been spared another bubble up to the present time (1954).; however he thought the chances of another speculative orgy which characterized the 1929 crash as rather good as he felt the American people remained susceptible to the conviction that unlimited rewards were to be had and that they individually were meant to share in it. He considered the sense of responsibility in the financial community for the wider community as a whole as not being small but "nearly nil". Even though government powers were available to prevent a recurrence of a bubble their use was not attractive or politically expedient since an election is in the offing even on the day after an election.
Reception and popular culture
In 2008 and 2009, Jim Cramer took to waving John Kenneth Galbraith's book, and praising it on his show Mad Money. He has been struck by the similarities between the crash described by Galbraith and the crash occurring in the Late 2000s recession.
Revisions and updates
Revised editions of the book, each time with updated research and a more timely version of the introduction, were published in 1961, 1972, 1988, 1997 and 2009.
See also
Debt deflation
Financial Instability Hypothesis
Notes
Reference works
Galbraith, J.K, The Great Crash 1929, Pelican, 1961
1955 non-fiction books
1955 in economics
Economic history of the United States
Houghton Mifflin books
Books by John Kenneth Galbraith | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Crash%2C%201929 |
Maureen Murphy (née Toolan; November 14, 1952 – August 9, 2008) was an American politician in the Republican Party. She held several offices in Illinois, serving as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives and the Cook County Board of Review, and chairing the Cook County Republican Party from 2002 to 2004.
Early life and career
She was born Maureen Toolan in Chicago and grew up in the suburb of Blue Island, Illinois. She married Jack Murphy in 1970, and they settled in the Chicago suburb of Evergreen Park. They had five sons, one of whom died shortly after birth in 1983.
After working as a realtor, Murphy served on the Evergreen Park High School Board, where she was elected in 1982, and as Worth Township Clerk, from 1985 to 1989. In 1988, she ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for Cook County Recorder of Deeds, losing the Republican primary to Bernard Stone.
Political career
She was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives representing Illinois' 36th district from 1993 to 1997; while State Representative, she chaired the House revenue committee. Maureen Murphy also served as Worth Township Republican Committeeman.
Murphy served as Chairman of the Cook County Republican Party from 2002 to 2004; she was the first woman to hold that position.
She also served as the 1st district Commissioner of the Cook County Board of Review from 1998 to 2007. In her last two years of the board, she joined Joseph Berrios to block the reforms championed by its remaining member, Larry Rogers, Jr. On November 7, 2006 Murphy was defeated in her bid for reelection losing to Democrat Brendan F. Houlihan by a narrow margin of 2.4%.
During the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries, Murphy worked on behalf of the presidential campaign of former U.S. Senator Fred Thompson as a congressional district chair for Illinois's 1st congressional district.
Maureen was the first woman, first Republican, and first suburban resident to serve on the Cook County Board of Review.
Death
Murphy died from lung cancer at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago on August 9, 2008, at the age of 55.
References
1952 births
2008 deaths
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Candidates in the 1988 United States elections
Deaths from cancer in Illinois
Deaths from lung cancer
Members of the Cook County Board of Review
People from Blue Island, Illinois
People from Evergreen Park, Illinois
Politicians from Cook County, Illinois
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Women state legislators in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen%20Murphy%20%28politician%29 |
The great libraries of the ancient world served as archives for empires, sanctuaries for sacred writings, and depositories of literature and chronicles.
Ancient Near East
Bogazköy Archive (1900–1190 B.C.) (Hattusa, modern Bogazkoy)
This archive constituted the largest collection of Hittite texts discovered with approximately thirty thousand inscribed cuneiform tablets. The tablets had also been classified according to a precise system.
The Library of Ashurbanipal (established 668–627 B.C.) in Nineveh (near modern Mosul, Iraq)
Long considered to be the first systematically collected library, was rediscovered in the 19th century. While the library had been destroyed, many fragments of ancient cuneiform tablets survived, and have been reconstructed. Large portions of the Epic of Gilgamesh were among the many finds.
Nuzi (Modern Yorgan Tepe) (1500 B.C.)
This archive consisted of over 6,000 tablets written primarily in Babylonian cuneiform, however a select few were composed in the indigenous Hurrian language.
Ugarit (Modern Ras Shamra) (1200 B.C.)
Several thousand texts consisting of diplomatic archives, census records, literary works and the earliest privately owned libraries yet recovered. Even though the tablets were written in several different languages, the most important aspect of the library were the 1400 texts written in Ugaritic, unknown when the library was discovered in 1928.
Tell Leilan (Northeast Syria) (1900 B.C.)
This archive housed over a thousand clay tablets.
Mari (Modern Tell Hariri) (1900 B.C.)
The archive held approximately 15,000 tablets which included works on litigation, letters, foreign negotiations, literary, and theological works.
The Academy of Gondishapur in western Iran, established during the Persian Sassanid Empire in the 3rd through 6th centuries.
The breadth of this institution was enormous and included a university, teaching hospital, and a library with over 400,000 titles. The academy was the epitome of the Sassanid Empire with its faculty proficient in the conventions of Zoroastrianism and ancient Persian as well as classical Indian scholarship.
Sarouyeh was a large library in ancient pre-Islamic Iran.
Classical Antiquity
The Library of Alexandria (fl. 285–145 B.C.)
This library was part of a larger research institution called the Mouseion, which was dedicated to the Muses, the nine goddesses of the arts during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. The Library quickly acquired many papyrus scrolls, possibly ranging from 40,000 to 400,000 at its height. The library began to decline starting with Ptolemy VIII in 145 B.C., who appointed a palace guard as head librarian as a political favor. The Library, or part of its collection, may have been accidentally burned during Caesar's Civil War in 48 B.C., but it is unclear how much was actually destroyed. While Plutarch relates that the entire library was destroyed, Dio Cassius says that only the storehouses along the docks containing great numbers of books were destroyed. Given numerous accounts of the library's use in the Roman period, it is likely however that the entire library was not destroyed. Casson concludes that the library was likely destroyed by Aurelian in 270 AD, during the Palmyran war, when the entire city was destroyed.
Temple of Edfu Archive/Library (237–57 B.C.)
This library was an extension of the Temple itself. The walls of this chamber are bestrewn with engravings and captions depicting numerous receptacles filled with manuscripts of papyrus as well as scrolls bound in leather. These documents chronicled the circadian workings of the temple, but also detailed construction drafts and directives on how the temple walls should be decorated.
Royal Library of Antioch (221 B.C. – 363 A.D.) (Modern Antakya)
The library was commissioned in the third century B.C. by Euphorion of Chalcis by the Greek sovereign Antiochus III the Great. Euphorion was an academic and was also the chief librarian.
Library of Pergamum (197–159 B.C.) (modern Bergama)
The Attalid kings formed the second-best Hellenistic library after Alexandria, founded in emulation of the Ptolemies. Parchment, a predecessor of vellum and paper, was widely used in the library, and came to be known as pergamum after the city. The library had collected over 200,000 volumes and the reason the library was so successful was because of Pergamum's hegemony which was a purveyor of scholarship.
Libraries of the ForumConsisted of separate libraries founded in the time of Augustus near the Roman Forum that contained both Greek and Latin texts, separately housed, as was the conventional practice. There were libraries in the Porticus Octaviae near the Theatre of Marcellus, in the temple of Apollo Palatinus, and in the Bibliotheca Ulpia in the Forum of Trajan.
Atrium Liberatatis
Public library of Asinius Pollio
The Villa of the Papyri, in Herculaneum, Italy
The only library known to have survived from classical antiquity. This villa's large private collection may have once belonged to Julius Caesar's father-in-law, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus in the 1st century B.C.. Buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius that destroyed the town in 79 AD, it was rediscovered in 1752, around 1800 carbonized scrolls were found in the villa's top story. Using modern techniques such as multi-spectral imaging, previously illegible or invisible sections on scrolls that have been unrolled are now being deciphered. It is possible that more scrolls remain to be found in the lower, unexcavated levels of the villa.
Kos Library (Kos) (100 A.D.)
The library was a local public library situated on the island of Kos and known as a crossroads for academia and philosophical faculties. A record of individuals who were supposedly responsible for the establishment of the library are acknowledged in an inscription near the monument.
The Library of Pantainos (Athens) (100 A.D.)
Dedicated to both Athena Archegetis and the Roman emperor Trajan, the library was connected to the Agora in Athens. Titus Flavius Pantainos had it built, and he, along with his children, also devoted it to the citizens of Athens. While the precise date of its dedication is not clear, it is believed to have been dedicated between 98 AD and 102 AD. There is speculation that the library may have actually been built by the father of Pantainos. Being a Roman-period library, the design is quite unconventional. A spacious alcove with an adjoining courtyard enclosed by three galleries formed the arrangement of the structure. An inscription discovered dictates proper library etiquette: "No book is to be taken out because we have sworn an oath. The library is to be open first hour until the sixth." The library was ultimately consumed by the invading Germanic Heruli tribe in 267 AD.
The Library of Rhodes (Rhodes) (100 A.D.)
The library on the island of Rhodes was a distinct component of the larger gymnasium structure. An enclosure that had been excavated revealed a section of a catalog analogous to modern library catalogs. The catalog, which classified titles by subject, displayed an inventory of authors in consecutive order together with their published efforts. It has also been determined that the library employed a qualified librarian.
Hadrian's Library (Athens) (132 A.D.)
It was created by Roman Emperor Hadrian on the north side of the Acropolis of Athens. The library was seriously damaged by the Herulian invasion of 267 and repaired later. During Byzantine times, three churches were built at the site, the remains of which are preserved.
Library of Celsus (135–262 A.D.) (located within the city of Ephesus)
This library was part of the triumvirate of libraries in the Mediterranean which included the aforementioned Library of Pergamum and the great Library of Alexandria. The library was actually a tomb and a shrine for the deceased Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus for whom the library is named. 12,000 volumes were collected at this library which were deposited in several cabinets along the wall.
Timgad (250 A.D.) (modern Algeria)
The library was a gift to the Roman people and province of Thamugadi or Timgad by Julius Quintianus Flavius Rogatianus in the third century. The library contained an expansive arched hall which consisted of a reading room, stack room, and a rotunda for lectures. The library was large measuring in length by in width. Oblong alcoves held wooden cabinets along walls of which the manuscripts were maintained. In addition, there is evidence for free-standing bookcases in the center as well as a reading desk. There is no evidence as to how many books the library held although it is estimated that it could have accommodated 3000 scrolls.
The Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima
A late 3rd century A.D. establishment, was a great early Christian library. Through Origen of Alexandria and the scholarly priest Pamphilus of Caesarea, the school won a reputation for having the most extensive ecclesiastical library of the time, containing more than 30,000 manuscripts: Gregory of Nazianzus, Basil the Great, Jerome and others came to study there.
The Imperial Library of Constantinople (337–361 A.D. – 29 May 473) (Constantinople, modern Istanbul)
The library was established by Constantius II who was the son of the first Christian emperor Constantine. Constantius requested that the rolls of papyrus should be copied onto parchment or vellum in order that they would be preserved. Some assessments place the collection at just over 100,000 volumes which included papyrus scrolls and codices bound in parchment, although 120,000 volumes had been destroyed in a fire in 473.
Ancient China
Han Imperial Library
Catalogue preserved in the Yiwenzhi chapter of the Book of Han. At the time of inventory contained 13,269 scrolls divided into six genres: scripture, philosophy, poetry, warfare, astrology, and medicine.
Academy Libraries
Private collections mostly in the Tang Dynasty (6th to 10th century) opened to young men studying for the civil service exam. These libraries, the civil service tests, and objective evaluations were part of the meritocracy, or merit-based system of promotion in ancient China for civil service.
Mogao Grottoes or Cave of "The Thousand Buddhas"
The Library Cave contained 15,000 paper books and 1,100 paper bundles of scrolls. It was created during the 8th century and sealed during the 11th century.
See also
List of destroyed libraries
Apellicon of Teos
Notes
References
Johnson, Elmer D. (1965) A History of Libraries in the Western World. Scarecrow Press NY
External links
Ancient history
ancient world
Ancient history-related lists
Lib | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20libraries%20in%20the%20ancient%20world |
is a city located in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 114,620 and a population density of 120 persons per km2 in 45,728 households. The total area of the city is . Ōshū is famous for its Maesawa Beef, numerous festivals, historic temples and shrines and Fujiwara no Sato, a theme park and movie lot based on the exploits of the Northern Fujiwaras in the 12th century. Many famous people claim Ōshū as their home, including Ichiro Ozawa, the long-time leader of the Democratic Party of Japan.
Geography
Ōshū is located in the south-central portion of Iwate Prefecture, bordered by the Akita Prefecture to the west. At 993.35 square kilometers, Ōshū is the second largest municipality in Iwate Prefecture in terms of land area. The city lies in a fertile plain straddling the Kitakami River and rises to the Ōu Mountains in the west and the Kitakami Mountains to the east. The city's highest point is Mt. Yakeishi-dake at 1,548 meters in the Ōu Mountains. The northern boundary is marked by the Isawa River while the Koromogawa River marks the southern border. Ishibuchi Dam creates a reservoir on the upper reaches of the Isawa River near Mt. Yakeishi-dake.
Neighboring municipalities
Iwate Prefecture
Hanamaki
Kitakami
Ichinoseki
Tōno
Hiraizumi
Sumita
Nishiwaga
Kanegasaki
Akita Prefecture
Higashinaruse
Climate
Ōshū has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) or humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) depending on the isotherm used with warm summers and cold winters. The average annual temperature in Ōshū is 10.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1278 mm with September as the wettest month and January as the driest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around -2.5 °C.
Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ōshū peaked at around the year 2000, and has been in decline since.
History
The area of present-day Ōshū was part of ancient Mutsu Province, and has been settled since at least the Japanese Paleolithic period. Isawa is especially rich in Kofun Period remains from the 5th century. By the Nara period, Japanese hunters, trappers, settlers and itinerant missionaries were visiting and settling in this area, and coming into contact with the native Emishi people. In 729, Kokuseki-ji temple claims to have been established by the Buddhist priest Gyōki in a mountainous area to the east of the Kitakami River in what is now Mizusawa. In 776, two separate attacks were launched by the Yamato dynasty against the Emishi with little success. In June 787 Emishi cavalry led by Aterui and More surprised and routed a larger force of Japanese infantry in the Battle of Subuse (located in what is now part of Mizusawa). Despite these successes the Emishi could not hold out against the Japanese and in 802 Aterui and More surrendered and were beheaded. That same year Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, established Isawa Castle. Despite the victory the Japanese found if difficult to rule the territory directly. Six semi-autonomous districts were established along the Kitakami River. Eventually these came under the control of a powerful Emishi clan from Appi, the Abe clan. Early in the 11th century Abe no Yoritoki refused to pay taxes to the central government, led raiding parties south of the Koromo River, and generally ruled as an independent monarch. This led to the or Early Nine-Years War (1050 - 1062), in which Minamoto no Yoriyoshi reinforced by Kiyohara no Takenori from Dewa Province defeated the Abe clan. The area later came under the rule of the Kiyohara clan. Corrupt administration by the Kiyohara led to the Gosannen War (後三年合戦) or Latter Three Years' War (1083 - 1087) in which Minamoto no Yoshiie subdued the Kiyohara.
Fujiwara no Kiyohira, the founder of the Ōshū Fujiwara dynasty, was born in Fort Toyota which is now in the Iwayado area of Esashi. Around 1100, he relocated to Hiraizumi where he and his descendants ruled for nearly a hundred years.
In 1348, a Zen Buddhist priest named Mutei Ryōshō founded the temple of Shōbō-ji near Kokuseki-ji temple in Mizusawa. It is the third head temple of the Sōtō sect of Zen Buddhism and boasts the largest thatched roof in Japan.
During the Sengoku period, the area came under control of the powerful Date clan. During this period, Italian Jesuit missionaries regarded it as a kingdom. which they called "Voxu". Following the Battle of Sekigahara, the Tokugawa shogunate confirmed the area was part of Sendai Domain under Date Masamune. One of his retainers was a certain Juan Gotō who commanded Date Masamune's gun regiment at Osaka in 1614 and 1615. He was also a Kirishitan and established a church in the Fukuwara area of Mizusawa. After Christianity was outlawed in 1623 he went into hiding to escape capture. Foreign missionaries continued to visit the area in secret until December 1623 when the Jesuit Padre Diogo de Carvalho from Portugal was captured on the upper reaches of the Isawa River, sent to Sendai and forced to stand in the frozen Hirose River until he died in the early hours of what was then New Year's Day, namely February 19, 1624. There is a memorial to Juan Gotō in the Fukuwara area and many crypto-Christian remains can still be seen in that neighborhood.
Following the Meiji restoration, the area was assigned to Iwate Prefecture rather than Miyagi Prefecture as part of the governments efforts to break up former Sendai Domain, partly due to its role in opposing the Meiji government during the Boshin War. The town of Mizusawa was created within Isawa District on April 1, 1889, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It was raised to city status on April 1, 1954. The village of Esashi was likewise created on April 1, 1889, raised to town status on February 10, 1955, and to city status on November 3, 1958.
The city of Ōshū was established on February 20, 2006, from the merger of the cities Esashi and Mizusawa with the towns of Isawa and Maesawa, and the village of Koromogawa.
Government
Ōshū has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 28 members. Ōshū, together with the city of Kanegasaki contributes five seats to the Iwate Prefectural legislature. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Iwate 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
Education
Graduate University for Advanced Studies – Iwate campus
Iwate University – Ōshū campus
Ōshū has 27 public elementary schools and 12 public middle schools operated by the city government and eight public high schools operated by the Iwate Prefectural Board of Education. The prefecture also operates one special education school.
Transportation
Railway
East Japan Railway Company (JR East) - Tōhoku Shinkansen
East Japan Railway Company (JR East) - Tōhoku Main Line
- -
Highway
– Maesawa SA, Mizusawa IC
Sister city relations
- Reutte, Tirol, Austria since June 2011
- Breitenwang, Tirol, Austria since June 2011
- Greater Shepparton, Victoria, Australia since March 1979
Local attractions
The sound of the Nambu Furin (wind chimes) at Mizusawa Station in Ōshū is designated as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan by the Ministry of the Environment
Tsunozuka Kofun, the northernmost keyhole-shaped kofun in Japan, a National Historic Site
Ōsuzukami Site, Jōmon period ruins, a National Historic Site
Isawa Castle, ruins of a Heian-period fortification, a National Historic Site
Shirotoridate ruins, Heian period settlement ruins, a National Historic Site
Notable people
Gotō Shinpei, politician
Saito Makoto, IJN admiral, politician and prime minister of Japan
Shiina Etsusaburo, diplomat, foreign minister
Keiji Kokuta, politician
Eiichi Ohtaki, musician, singer-songwriter
Tatsuya Yoshida, musician
Shohei Ohtani, professional baseball player
Oikawa Teruhisa, sumo wrestler
Maedagawa Katsu, sumo wrestler
Akiko Kuji, announcer, actress, and model
References
External links
Official Website
Cities in Iwate Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Csh%C5%AB%2C%20Iwate |
Lake Calumet is the largest body of water within the city of Chicago. Formerly a shallow, postglacial lake draining into Lake Michigan, it was transformed into an industrial harbor during the 20th century. Parts of the lake have been dredged, and other parts reshaped by landfill. Following the completion of the Cal-Sag Channel in 1922, which reversed the flow of the Calumet River, the lake drains into the Des Plaines River via the channel instead of Lake Michigan.
Calumet is a Norman word used since the 17th century by French colonists in Canada for the ceremonial pipes they saw used by First Nations peoples.
Overview
Lake Calumet is located east of the Bishop Ford Freeway (Interstate 94) between 103rd and 130th streets on the Far Southeast Side of Chicago. It lies within the South Deering community area. The lake is operated as a component of the Port of Chicago.
History
Until the 1800s, Lake Calumet was near the center of an extensive wetland area near the southern tip of Lake Michigan. Like other wetland areas, the Lake Calumet area and its rivers were a center of Native American life and settlement. In 1861, the Lake Calumet region was mapped into Hyde Park Township, south of what was then the town of Chicago. In the 1880s, because the lake's Calumet River created shipping opportunities to connect into Lake Michigan, the swampy zone was rapidly filled and developed by industry. Hyde Park Township developed rapidly and was annexed into Chicago in 1889. The area remains heavily industrialized today.
The Chicago neighborhood of Pullman was developed as a company town with residences and services offered for rent to the workers in railroad passenger car factories. The complex, now a National Monument, is sited on the lake's west shore. Steel mills began to line the Calumet River. The Illinois Central railroad was built nearby.
In the 1950s, part of the former lakebed was used as a right-of-way for a freeway, which was originally named in the lake's honor as the Calumet Expressway.
The lake was deepened in 1958 and large slips were added with the intent to harbor large ocean-going freighters anticipated after the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway. However, the increased traffic never truly materialized, and the port infrastructure largely lay dormant.
Another parcel of former wetland, south of the lake, was designated as what is now the Paxton Landfill, the final home for much of the household and industrial solid waste generated within the city of Chicago. Some of the landfill was steel mill slag and other industrial wastes. The revelation of hazardous chemicals in much of the fill material has created a push to have parts of the Lake Calumet area added to the national Superfund list for environmental cleanup.
In the early 1980s, the Lake Calumet area was proposed as a site for the later-cancelled Chicago 1992 World's Fair.
In 1996, the Calumet Expressway was renamed the Bishop Ford Freeway, honoring Chicago religious leader Bishop Louis Henry Ford.
Today
Lake Calumet is a unit of the Illinois International Port District (IIPD), a municipal corporation created in 1951 whose purpose is to redevelop the lake as a multi-purpose and multimodal transport complex. The 36-hole Harborside International Golf Center was developed at the north end of the lake in 1995. The lake is home to multiple industrial tenants, the largest being Kinder Morgan, a energy intrastructure company specializing in the transport of oil and natural gas.
Ecology
The wetlands surrounding Lake Calumet were noted as the only location where specimens of Thismia americana, an example of endemic wet prairie flora, were ever collected. Due to the profound physical changes that have taken place in the Lake Calumet catchment area, this plant is now believed to be extinct.
Although Lake Calumet has undergone extensive human alteration over the period from 1880 through 2010, parts of the basin remain a wetland. The basin has been designated an Important Bird Area of Illinois and is part of the flyway along Lake Michigan and the rivers.
Superfund status
On March 2, 2010, the EPA designated the Lake Calumet Cluster, a cluster of sites grouped around Lake Calumet, for the Superfund List. Several local areas within this cluster are extremely hazardous; excavation workers must use masks and self-contained supplies of air or oxygen.
Despite these challenges, planners hope to conduct remedial cleanups of less-severely contaminated sites to permit adaptive reuse. They will cap the more heavily contaminated sites within the cluster. Landfill gas could be collected and the methane filtered for use.
Maps and images
Placemark for Lake Calumet area (requires Google Earth)
References
Geography of Chicago
Calumet
Bodies of water of Cook County, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Calumet |
A laurel wreath is a round wreath made of connected branches and leaves of the bay laurel (), an aromatic broadleaf evergreen, or later from spineless butcher's broom (Ruscus hypoglossum) or cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus). It is a symbol of triumph and is worn as a chaplet around the head, or as a garland around the neck.
Wreaths and crowns in antiquity, including the laurel wreath, trace back to Ancient Greece. In Greek mythology, the god Apollo, who is patron of lyrical poetry, musical performance
and skill-based athletics, is conventionally depicted wearing a laurel wreath on his head in all three roles. Wreaths were awarded to victors in athletic competitions, including the ancient Olympics; for victors in athletics they were made of wild olive tree known as "kotinos" (), (sc. at Olympia) – and the same for winners of musical and poetic competitions. In Rome they were symbols of martial victory, crowning a successful commander during his triumph. Whereas ancient laurel wreaths are most often depicted as a horseshoe shape, modern versions are usually complete rings.
In common modern idiomatic usage, a laurel wreath or "crown" refers to a victory. The expression "resting on one's laurels" refers to someone relying entirely on long-past successes for continued fame or recognition, where to "look to one's laurels" means to be careful of losing rank to competition.
Background
Apollo, the patron of sport, is associated with the wearing of a laurel wreath. This association arose from the ancient Greek mythology story of Apollo and Daphne. Apollo mocked the god of love, Eros (Cupid), for his use of bow and arrow, since Apollo is also patron of archery. The insulted Eros then prepared two arrows—one of gold and one of lead. He shot Apollo with the gold arrow, instilling in the god a passionate love for the river nymph Daphne. He shot Daphne with the lead arrow, instilling in her a hatred of Apollo. Apollo pursued Daphne until she begged to be free of him and was turned into a laurel tree.
Apollo vowed to honor Daphne forever and used his powers of eternal youth and immortality to render the laurel tree evergreen. Apollo then crafted himself a wreath out of the laurel branches and turned Daphne into a cultural symbol for him and other poets and musicians.
Academic use
In some countries, the laurel wreath is used as a symbol of the master's degree. The wreath is given to young masters at the university graduation ceremony. The word "laureate" in 'poet laureate' refers to the laurel wreath. For example, the greatly admired medieval Florentine poet and philosopher Dante Alighieri is often represented in paintings and sculpture wearing a laurel wreath.
In Italy, the term laureato is used in academia to refer to any student who has graduated. Right after the graduation ceremony, or laurea in Italian, the student receives a laurel wreath to wear for the rest of the day. This tradition originated at the University of Padua and has spread in the last two centuries to all Italian universities.
At Connecticut College in the United States, members of the junior class carry a laurel chain, which the seniors pass through during commencement. It represents nature and the continuation of life from year to year. Immediately following commencement, the junior girls write out with the laurels their class year, symbolizing they have officially become seniors and the period will repeat itself the following spring.
At Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts, USA, laurel has been a fixture of commencement traditions since 1900, when graduating students carried or wore laurel wreaths. In 1902, the chain of mountain laurel was introduced; since then, tradition has been for seniors to parade around the campus, carrying and linked by the chain. The mountain laurel represents the bay laurel used by the Romans in wreaths and crowns of honor.
At Reed College in Portland, Oregon, United States, members of the senior class receive laurel wreaths upon submitting their senior thesis in May. The tradition stems from the use of laurel wreaths in athletic competitions; the seniors have "crossed the finish line", so to speak.
At St. Mark's School in Southborough, Massachusetts, students who successfully complete three years of one classical language and two of the other earn the distinction of the Classics Diploma and the honor of wearing a laurel wreath on Prize Day.
In Sweden, those receiving a doctorate or an honorary doctorate in subjects traditionally falling within the Faculty of Philosophy (meaning philosophy, languages, arts, history and social sciences, as well as the natural sciences), receive a laurel wreath during the ceremony of conferral of the degree.
In Finland, in University of Helsinki a laurel wreath is given during the ceremony of conferral for master's degree.
Architectural and decorative arts motif
The laurel wreath is a common motif in architecture, furniture, and textiles. The laurel wreath is seen carved in the stone and decorative plaster works of Robert Adam, and in Federal, Regency, Directoire, and Beaux-Arts periods of architecture. In decorative arts, especially during the Empire period, the laurel wreath is seen woven in textiles, inlaid in marquetry, and applied to furniture in the form of gilded brass mounts.
Alfa Romeo added a laurel wreath to their logo after they won the inaugural Automobile World Championship in 1925 with the P2 racing car.
As used in heraldry
Laurel wreaths are commonly used in heraldry. They may be used as a charge in the shield, around the shield, or on top of it like an annular form.
Wreaths are a form of headgear akin to circlets.
In heraldry, a twisted band of cloth holds a mantling onto a helmet. This type of charge is called a "torse". A wreath is a circlet of foliage, usually with leaves, but sometimes with flowers. Wreaths may also be made from oak leaves, flowers, holly and rosemary; and are different from chaplets. While usually annular, they may also be penannular like a brooch.
In the Society for Creative Anachronism, laurel wreaths are reserved for use in the arms of a territorial branch, which are required to include one or more.
Wreath of service
The "wreath of service" is located on all commissioner position patches in the Boy Scouts of America. This is a symbol for the service rendered to units and the continued partnership between volunteers and professional Scouter. The wreath of service represents commitment to program and unit service.
Further reading
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Headgear
Visual motifs
Architectural elements
Headgear in heraldry
Roman-era clothing
Plants in culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel%20wreath |
All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos is a greatest hits album by American singer Selena. It was released posthumously on March 9, 1999, through EMI Latin to commemorate its ten-year anniversary since entering the music industry. The album coincided with the fourth anniversary of Selena's death, though then-president Jose Behar rebuffed the idea that the album was an exploitive ploy by the company. Following Selena's death on March 31, 1995, Abraham Quintanilla expressed his interest in persevering his daughter's memory through her works. Selena's family has been criticized by fans and the media for exploiting the singer and cannibalizing her murder by commercializing her repertoire. According to the singer's brother, A.B. Quintanilla, one of Selena's wishes was for her to "never go away", citing a conversation he shared with Selena and their sister Suzette Quintanilla, that if anything were to happen to any one of them, their wish would be to continue on with their music.
By 1999, Selena remained EMI Latin's top-selling act, outselling living musicians, and contributed to the company's dominance in the United States Latin music market. Behar wanted to release a commemorative album that would help continue to preserve Selena's music. He based his marketing strategy on Capitol Nashville's The Hits (1994) by Garth Brooks. He figured that a limited distribution run of three months and including a pin bearing Selena's name would generate interest. Lupe de la Cruz, marketing director for EMI Latin, believed the included pin would distinguish it from previous releases that contain unreleased material. A direct-TV campaign was headed by Castilian Music on English and Spanish-language networks in the United States, the first of its kind for a Latin album.
The recording includes 16 previously released songs that range from Selena's second studio album Ven Conmigo (1990) to the posthumous 1997 Selena movie soundtrack. The album received a mixed reception among music critics, John T. Davis called the recording a solid release and applauded its wide marketing, though found it to be of no value to die-hard fans and found the quality subpar in comparison to its predecessors. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos peaked at number one on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums and Regional Mexican Albums chart, selling 25,380 units on its first week of availability. It also peaked at number 54 on the Billboard 200 chart. The album provided Selena with her fifth number one album on the Top Latin Albums chart, the most of any artist at that time. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos was the second-highest sold Latin album for the first quarter of 1999, despite its two months' availability. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos ended 1999 as the top Regional Mexican Album of the year while ranking as the third-most sold album on the Top Latin Albums chart.
The recording provided Selena with her second consecutive album to place atop the year-end chart for the Regional Mexican Albums category, following Anthology (1998). All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 360,000 units by mid-December, contributing 40% of EMI Latin's cumulative units sold in the United States. The record company posted a sales gain for the first time since Selena's death in 1995, as a result of All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos. In 2017, the album was certified diamond (Latin) by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting 600,000 units consisting of sales and on-demand streaming. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos has sold 100,000 units in Mexico, and received a platinum certification by Music Canada for selling 100,000 units. The album was proceeded by a VHS tape of the singer's music videos and All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 (2000).
Background
On March 31, 1995, American Tejano music singer Selena was shot and killed. The crossover-planned album Dreaming of You was released posthumously on July 18, 1995, debuting and peaking atop the United States Billboard 200 albums chart, the first majority Spanish-language recording to do so in the chart's history. The album's release started a "buying frenzy" for anything related or containing Selena among Hispanic and Latino Americans. The releases of Selena's works continue a promise Abraham Quintanilla told his family following his daughter's death, that he will continue to keep Selena's memory alive through her music. According to A. B. Quintanilla, Suzette Quintanilla, and Selena collectively agreed that if anything were to happen to any one of them, their wish would be to continue on with their music. A. B. said that one of Selena's wishes was for her to "never go away". Since Selena's death, her family has been criticized by fans and the media for exploiting the singer and cannibalizing on her murder by commercializing her repertoire.
By 1999, Selena remained EMI Latin's top-selling artist, outselling living musicians such as Thalía and Carlos Ponce. In the past five years, Selena has been the record company's top-selling performer, according to Nielsen SoundScan. Then-president of EMI Latin Jose Behar, who discovered the singer at the 1989 Tejano Music Awards, recognized Selena for her contributions that made EMI Latin "the house that Selena built". Industry executives collectively agreed on Selena's impact on EMI Latin, they credited Selena with propelling the label to the top of the US Latin music industry.
Music
The album contains 16 tracks ranging from Selena's second studio album Ven Conmigo (1990) to the posthumous 1997 movie soundtrack. Offering listeners many of the singer's most recognizable songs, the recording starts off with "Amor Prohibido". It is followed by the mariachi track "Tú Sólo Tú", originally intended for the Don Juan DeMarco soundtrack, which was shelved by music producers. Following the impact of Selena's death, Christopher John Farley of Time magazine, wrote how the producers were most likely regretting their decision. The next track "Como la Flor", became Selena's signature song with essayist Ilan Stavans suggesting the emergence of Latin pop in the United States in the 1990s is attributed to the popularity of "Como la Flor". The fourth song on the album, "I Could Fall in Love" was previously on the planned crossover album Dreaming of You. The fifth track, "El Chico del Apartamento 512", is a lighthearted and comical song following the protagonist's attempts at finding "the guy in apartment 512". This was followed by "¿Qué Creias?", a song Selena often performed onstage with a male volunteer from the audience who portrayed her former lover, while Selena scorches them as the wronged partner. The seventh track, "Baila Esta Cumbia" was written following a medley A. B. had in his head while resting. "Dreaming of You" was among a selection of songs Selena was provided with from Capitol Records to choose from, the label vehemently controlled the entire crossover project and only allowed Selena to choose one song of her choice from this selection.
Track number eight, "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" was improvised during a rehearsal starting off as a song with few, if any, lyrics. Selena started singing, coming up with lyrics "as ideas came to her". It started off with lyrics about a cheerful fish swimming freely in the ocean, which Astudillo likened to a nursery rhyme, organized around a wah-wah guitar riff using a crybaby improvised by Selena's husband and the guitarist of the group Chris Pérez. "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" transitioned into a cumbia and reggae song, its onomatopoeic title and its nonsensical lyrics suggest the sound of a woman's heart palpitating for the object of her affection. The following track, "La Llamada" follows the protagonist's former lover calling her and protesting his innocence, not buying his excuses, she tells him to refrain from calling her again. The eleventh song, "No Me Queda Más", was penned by keyboardist Ricky Vela, who had romantic inclinations toward the drummer of the group, Suzette, which he kept private from her. After hearing of her wedding to Bill Arriaga in September 1993, Vela wrote of his feelings of betrayal and unrequited love and hid the lyrics that he wrote based on these feelings. Vela eventually provided Selena with the lyrics and she recorded the song for Amor Prohibido. According to Abraham, Selena provided an emotional delivery while recording the track and was seen sobbing in the recording studio because "she knew how [Vela] felt" about Suzette.
The next song, "I'm Getting Used to You" was written by Diane Warren and produced by Rhett Lawrence. Writing for Newsday, Ira Robbins found the track's arrangement to be "slightly outdated" that masked any indications of Selena's Hispanic background. This was dramatized by Christian Serratos in the Netflix two-part limited drama Selena: The Series (2020–21), where the singer felt a sense of dissociation with the song. Warren commented that the scene was not how she recalls her time with Selena, who in reality loved the song. This was followed by "La Carcacha", which was inspired by a broken-down car in Ovalo, Texas. Biographer Joe Nick Patoski recognized that "La Carcacha" contained lyrics of teenage love that Selena never experienced. He wrote how A. B. would sometimes ask Selena about songs he should write for her, and Selena would request songs with storylines atypical of what she experienced. The fourteenth track on the album, "Disco Medley", is a medley of disco-era songs "Last Dance" (1978) and "On the Radio" (1979) by Donna Summer, "The Hustle" (1975) by Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony, and "I Will Survive" (1978) by Gloria Gaynor and "Funkytown" (1979) by Lipps Inc. "Disco Medley" was performed live at the Houston Astrodome on February 26, 1995, cited as her last concert before she was murdered. Track number fifteen, "No Debes Jugar" was originally released as one of the studio tracks on Selena Live!. "Missing My Baby" finishes the tracklisting of All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos.
Promotion and release
On February 8, 1999, it was revealed that All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos would be commercially available on March 9. It was hailed as the final release by the singer for the millennium. The album marked EMI Latin's 10th anniversary in operation as a subsidy of Capitol Records. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos also coincided with the fourth anniversary of Selena's death. EMI Latin rebuffed the idea that the album was an exploitive ploy on their part, citing that All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos was originally planned for a January release, but was delayed due to packaging issues. Behar wanted to release a commemorative album that was exceptional and would help continue to preserve Selena's music. He decided on mirroring Capitol Nashville's marketing strategy for Garth Brooks's The Hits (1994). He issued All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos for a limited distribution release of three months and provided consumers who ordered the album through their TV advertisements, with a commemorative pin bearing Selena's name. Those who order the cassette variant from the direct-TV ads would receive the commemorative pin, while the CD version in-stores will include the pin. Behar wanted the album to be a collector's item and marketed All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos as containing a majority of Selena's hit singles. TV advertisements were released throughout the United States on March 15 through English and Spanish-language networks. Behar negotiated with network executives to push All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos and promised a cut of the profits that were generated from the advertisements. John Lannert of Billboard called the direct-TV campaign the first of its kind. The first two networks to air the advertisements were cable channels Gems TV and Spanish-language channel Galavisión. Other Spanish-language channels such as Telemundo and Univision jumped on the campaign as well. English-language networks that participated included Lifetime, The Nashville Network, MTV, and VH1. The direct-TV campaign was headed by Castilian Music, who previously done Pure Moods for Virgin Records.
Lupe de la Cruz, marketing director for EMI Latin, hoped that the direct-TV campaign would generate interest. De la Cruz confessed that consumers haven't bought "as much as we would want them to" from previous direct-TV campaigns. He believes that consumers might make a connection when browsing through a music retailer and remembering that they saw All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos on TV and might be more inclined to purchase the album. He also hoped that with the push into English-language networks, those who saw the Selena film, might be interested in listening to All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos since it contains more of Selena's Tejano music repertoire. Ritmo Latino, a music chain mostly in California, believed the album will be "a strong seller". The company reported that they were supporting All My Hits: Todos Mis Exitos with in-store ads, and radio and print advertisements. The pin bearing the singer's name, provided "every young girl who's already a Selena fan" something they would want. De la Cruz believed that the pin would help distinguish All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos from previous Selena releases that contained unreleased material. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos was expected by industry forecasters to debut atop the Billboard Top Latin Albums as well as debut within the higher reaches of the US Billboard 200 charts. On November 2, 1999, EMI Latin released the VHS tape All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos on Video. This was followed by All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2, a followup album to All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos on February 29, 2000, that included a heart-shaped pendant with a picture of Selena inside.
Critical reception
Writing for the Austin American-Statesman, John T. Davis proclaimed that the release of All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos marked the day that Selena had more posthumous releases than those released during her lifetime. Davis noticed an uptick in sales for anything containing Selena during the annual markings of her death and felt that recent releases have suffered in quality in order to meet demand. He found All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos as a solid release, containing much of the singer's best songs, though found that it was neither remarkable nor complete of Selena's best works. Davis opined the album for those curious on works done by Selena or casual fans. He found it peculiar that the recording was marketed for die-hard fans and believed that they were the least to benefit from the album. Applauding its wide marketing, Davis concluded that All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos misses the mark in the quality afforded by the label.
Alisa Valdes-Rodriguez of the Los Angeles Times believed that All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos, as well as her death anniversary, reintroduced Americans to Selena. Abraham was inundated with reporters worldwide on the well-being of the family, reporting that he feels horrible, though less so compared to the day of Selena's death. Abraham reported that his family's pain "comes and goes". Valdes-Rodriguez suggested that these feelings would be less severe if All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos did not mark her death anniversary, calling it just "another tribute album". Writing for Newsday, Richard Torres believed that the album encapsulates Selena's versatility, calling the collection a "sharp compendium". He named the release as one of the "movers and shakers" that marked Latin music in 1999. Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle, ranked All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos as one of the best Selena albums and called it the first recording to contain the singer's signature songs.
Commercial performance
As a result of some retailers releasing the album ahead of its debut, All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos debuted at number 24 on the Top Latin Albums chart on the week ending March 20, 1999. The album peaked at number one on the Top Latin Albums and Regional Mexican Albums chart the following tracking week. It received the greatest album sales gain for any Latin album on the chart from the previous tracking week. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos unseated Ricky Martin's Vuelve from the top spot. Selena and Martin's albums contributed the most to the 167,500 units measured by Nielsen SoundScan of Latin albums sold in the United States for that week. The album became Selena's fifth number-one album on the Top Latin Albums chart, the most any artist has placed on the chart, at that time. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos debuted at number 59 on the Billboard 200 chart selling 25,380 units in its first week of availability. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos provided Selena with 73 cumulative weeks atop the Top Latin Albums chart, extending her record for most logged weeks on the chart for any artist, at that time.
EMI Latin shipped 500,000 units to retailers and by April 9, 1999, All My Hits/Todos Mis Éxitos sold 250,000 copies in the five weeks of availability, according to the label. Selena and Martin contributed significantly toward Latin album sales in the first quarter of 1999, with Lannert noticing their respective albums were "blowing through the sales roof". According to Nielsen SoundScan, All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 176,705 units by May 22, 1999. The album represented 8% of the 1.5 million copies sold of Latin albums in the United States in the first quarter of 1999. It was the second-highest sold Latin album, behind Martin's Vuelve for the quarter, despite only being available for two months. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos received a platinum certification from Music Canada, selling 100,000 units in the country by June 12, 1999, and received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting 500,000 units shipped in the United States. The album reclaimed the top spot of the Top Latin Albums chart for the week ending June 26, 1999, selling 11,500 units, a 26% increase from the previous week. Lannert called the sales spike surprising, though believed it could have been a result of the impending June 30 deadline, which would end production of the album. Nielsen SoundScan reported that All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 207,500 units by June 1999, ranking at number three on their year-to-date Top Latin Albums chart.
By August 21, 1999, All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 268,000 units, the second-most sales of a Latin album for the year, behind Martin's Vuelve. Music executives claim that the sales reported by Nielsen SoundScan only cover 30-45% of the Latin music market. The company responded that they believe their coverage is extensive, while Ritmo Latino argues that the actual numbers for Latin music are stagnant and the rise of sales is due to Martin and Enrique Iglesias who sell well in more accessible music retailers that cater to mainstream pop music. EMI Latin albums sold a cumulative 422,000 units, making it the top Regional Mexican imprint and label by August 28, 1999. Selena's All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos comprise 69% of those numbers, claiming the top Regional Mexican Artist category during Billboards recap reports. By October 23, 1999, All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 343,000 units, representing the second-largest sales for a Latin album so far for 1999, behind Martin's Vuelve. In October 1999, Latin albums sold in the United States broke 1998's record sales, Martin, Selena, and Elvis Crespo, were the three biggest selling acts during a Nielsen SoundScan report. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos ended 1999 as the top Regional Mexican Album and the third largest-selling Top Latin Album of the year. Her second consecutive album to place atop the year-end chart for the Regional Mexican Albums category, following Anthology (1998). EMI Latin's albums sold 893,000 units, and Selena's album contributed 40% of their revenue, selling 360,000 units by mid-December. In 1999, EMI Latin posted a sales gain for the first time since Selena's death in 1995, as a result of her album All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 386,500 units by January 1, 2000, it was the fifth largest-selling album in the United States in 1999. Writing for The Monitor, Vilma Maldonado believed All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 600,000 units and claims that Nielsen SoundScan's report does not adequately represent the true number of units sold in the United States. In 2017, the album was certified diamond (Latin) by the RIAA, denoting 600,000 units consisting of sales and on-demand streaming.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Quarterly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Notes
References
Works cited
1999 greatest hits albums
Compilation albums published posthumously
Selena compilation albums
EMI Latin compilation albums
Albums recorded at Q-Productions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20My%20Hits%3A%20Todos%20Mis%20%C3%89xitos |
The Chapada dos Guimarães National Park () is a national park in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.
It is a region of rugged terrain with dramatic cliffs and waterfalls, and contains the geographical centre of the continent.
Background
The origins of the park date to 13 September 1910 when the vice president of Mato Grosso, Colonel Pedro Celestino Corrêa da Costa, concerned about the devastation of vegetation in the headwaters of the Coxipó-açu, Manso and Cuiabá rivers, declared that the area was one of public utility.
In 1984 a coalition of environmentalists, artists and intellectuals in the state launched a petition to protest against the act of the government in creating a tourist complex nearby.
In February 1986 a national campaign was launched by NGOs to ask president José Sarney to create the national park.
This finally took place three years later.
Location
The park was created on 12 April 1989 by Law 97.656, with .
It lies in the municipalities of Cuiabá and Chapada dos Guimarães.
The purpose is to protect significant samples of the local ecosystems and to ensure the preservation of natural and archaeological sites, while supporting appropriate use for visiting, education and research.
The park is in the Pantanal Biosphere Reserve, which also includes the Pantanal, Emas and Serra da Bodoquena national parks, and the Serra de Santa Bárbara and Nascentes do Rio Taquari, Pantanal de Rio Negro state parks.
The park is in the basin of the upper Paraguay River, protecting the headwaters of the Cuiabá River, one of the main feeders of the Mato Grosso Pantanal.
Chapada is a Brazilian word that means a region of steep cliffs, usually at the edge of a plateau.
The geographical center of South America, formerly considered to be in the city of Cuiabá where it is marked by a white marble obelisk, is in fact located in the park near the town of Chapado dos Guimarães at the "Mirante de Geodésia", a scenic lookout point.
Environment
The climate is tropical, with temperatures ranging from and annual rainfall of .
The rain falls mostly in spring and summer, with a little rain in autumn and winter.
The terrain of the park is characterized by large hills and red sandstone cliffs ranging from in height.
Visitor attractions include mountain peaks, waterfalls and caves.
Fauna include jaguar, pampas deer, howler monkey, tapir, giant anteater, giant armadillo, maned wolf, greater rhea (known as an ema) and seriema.
Parrots, swifts and red macaws nest in the sandstone cliffs.
The park is threatened by fire in the cold, dry and windy period of the year, often caused by human activities near or in the park. Lightning does not seem to be an important cause, since it is usually followed by rain.
Notes
Sources
1989 establishments in Brazil
National parks of Brazil
Protected areas of Mato Grosso
Pantanal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapada%20dos%20Guimar%C3%A3es%20National%20Park |
BMG may refer to:
Organizations
Music publishing companies:
Bertelsmann Music Group, a 1987–2008 division of Bertelsmann that was purchased by Sony on October 1, 2008
Sony BMG, a 2004–2008 joint venture of Bertelsmann and Sony that was purchased by Sony in late 2008
Sony Music, the purchaser of Sony BMG in 2008 and owner of the rights to its catalog
Ariola Records, sometimes known as "BMG Ariola", originally a separate company, acquired in 1987 by Bertelsmann Music Group, then by Sony BMG in 2002, then by Sony Music in 2008
BMG Rights Management, a company established in late 2008 as a joint venture between Bertelsmann and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts
Baader-Meinhof Group, the former name of the Red Army Faction, one of the most violent and prominent left wing groups of post–World War II West Germany
Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika, the former name of the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics
Banco BMG, formerly known as Banco de Minas Gerais, a Brazilian bank
Bank Mendes Gans, a Dutch bank
Beacon Medical Group, an Irish healthcare company
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, a large U.S. charitable foundation
Blue Man Group, a (primarily American) performance art group
Bohlen, Meyer, Gibson and Associates, an architectural firm in Indianapolis, Indiana
Borussia Mönchengladbach, a German football club based in Mönchengladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia
Places
Beth Medrash Govoha, a Haredi yeshiva in Lakewood Township, New Jersey
Monroe County Airport (Indiana) (IATA code: BMG), a county-owned public-use airport
Publications
BMG (magazine) (for banjo, mandolin, and guitar), a magazine founded in 1903 by Clifford Essex (1869–1946) of London, England
Science and technology
Bulk metallic glass (BMG), a type of alloy, amorphous metal
β2-Microglobulin (BMG) a protein
benign monoclonal gammopathy (BMG)
Bedside strip Measurement of venous/capillary blood Glucose (BMG)
Weaponry
Browning machine gun, various machine gun designs by John Browning
.50 BMG, a cartridge developed for the Browning .50 caliber machine gun in the late 1910s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMG |
Thomas L. Kilbride (born August 5, 1953) is an American judge who served on the Supreme Court of Illinois from 2000 to 2020. Kilbride served as Chief Justice of the court from October 2010 through October 25, 2013. He was elected to the Illinois Supreme Court Justice for the Third District in 2000 and elected Chief Justice by his colleagues in October 2010 for a three-year term. After losing a retention election in 2020, his tenure on the court ended in December 2020.
Early life and education
Kilbride was born in LaSalle, Illinois. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree magna cum laude from St. Mary's College in Winona, Minnesota in 1978 and received his J.D. degree from Antioch School of Law in Washington, DC, in 1981.
Career
Kilbride practiced law for 20 years in Rock Island, Illinois, engaging in the general practice of law, including environmental law, labor law, employment matters, appeals, and other general civil and criminal matters. He was admitted to practice in the United States District Court of Central Illinois and the United States Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals.
He was elected to the Supreme Court of Illinois for the Third District in 2000 defeating state legislator Carl Hawkinson of Galesburg to succeed Republican James Heiple after Heiple decided not to seek retention. The Third District comprises Bureau, Fulton, Grundy, Hancock, Henderson, Henry, Iroquois, Kankakee, Knox, LaSalle, Marshall, McDonough, Mercer, Peoria, Putnam, Rock Island, Stark, Tazewell, Warren, Whiteside, and Will counties in northern and central Illinois. He was sworn in on December 1, 2000.
Justice Kilbride is a past board member, past president and past vice-president of the Illinois Township Attorneys Association, a past volunteer lawyer and charter member of the Illinois Pro Bono Center, and a member of the Illinois State Bar and Rock Island County Bar Associations. He has served as volunteer legal advisor for the Community Caring Conference, the charter chairman of the Quad Cities Interfaith Sponsoring committee, volunteer legal advisor to Quad City Harvest, Inc., and a past member of the Rock Island Human Relations Commission.
As of October 2012, he is continuing to promote a 2012 movement (that he and others spearheaded) to place cameras in the Illinois state circuit courts; 23 out of 102 Illinois counties are participating to some extent. He also spearheaded a pilot program to promote electronically filing legal documents to the court, a cost and time saving process.
Kilbride ran for retention as a justice of the Illinois Supreme Court in the 2020 election. In the 2020 general election, Kilbride received approximately 56% of the vote in favor of his retention, which is less than the supermajority of 60% required by state law to be retained. Kilbride's failure in his retention election was the first time that an Illinois Supreme Court justice lost a retention election. After Kilbride lost retention, the Illinois Supreme Court appointed Appellate Judge Robert L. Carter as a placeholder until the 2022 general election. Kilbride's term ended on December 7, 2020.
References
External links
Thomas L. Kilbride at Illinois Courts
Hon. Thomas L. Kilbride at FindLaw
1953 births
Living people
David A. Clarke School of Law alumni
Justices of the Illinois Supreme Court
People from LaSalle, Illinois
People from Rock Island, Illinois
Saint Mary's University of Minnesota alumni
Illinois Democrats
21st-century American judges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20L.%20Kilbride |
Mortimer Jordan High School is a public high school located in Kimberly, Alabama. It is a part of the Jefferson County Board of Education.
The school was named after Captain Mortimer Harvie Jordan, a war hero who lost his life in World War I. He was a soldier, officer and physician. As commanding officer of Company K, 167th infantry, 42nd "Rainbow Division" Alabama Army National Guard, he was mortally wounded while leading his sector in battle. He died of his wounds in 1918 and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Student profile
Enrollment in grades 9-12 for the 2012-13 school year is 757 students. Approximately 98% of students are White, 1% are African-American, and 1% are other races/ethnicities. Roughly 29% of students qualify for free or reduced price lunch.
MJHS has a graduation rate of 95%. Approximately 87% of its students meet or exceed proficiency standards in mathematics, while 92% meet or exceed standards in reading. The average ACT score for MJHS students is 24 and the average SAT composite is 1640.
History
Beginning
Mortimer Jordan High School opened its doors in the fall of 1920 at its original campus in Morris, Alabama with a mere ninety students enrolled. Two students, Ms. Sudie Counts Rogers and Ms. Eileen Jenkins Lovelady, graduated that year. The first principal, Ms. Minnie Holliman, and three female teachers completed the faculty. In 1928, a student, Ms. Mabel Creel graduated valedictorian at the age of 13. She was the youngest to graduate with such high honors.
Principals
1920- Minnie Holliman (first principal)
1921- T.J. Jordan
1922- J.H. Sams
1924- Gordon G. Ford
1925- J.W. Vann
1939- Jewell Hall
1941- George Dewey Harris
1953- J.O. Suddeth
1965- William E. Burkett
1968- Jimmie A. Trotter
2000- Byron Campbell
2009- Barbara Snider
2014- Craig Kanaday
Since its establishment, Mortimer Jordan High School has had thirteen principles. Craig Kanaday is the current principal of MJHS.
Improvements
The original facility was located in Morris, with the property directly adjacent to the city limits of Kimberly. This site was occupied until the end of the 2010-11 school year.
The original building of five rooms soon became inadequate and a frame building of eight rooms was added. The first water system for the school was installed during the early 1930s. Alabama By-Product Corporation in Majestic donated the pump and water filter to the school using Turkey Creek as the water source. A teacher and some students installed the system, and water fountains were placed outside the building. Between the years of 1937 and 1941 indoor plumbing and restrooms were installed.
The "old gym" was built by the WPA during 1936 and 1937, around the same time the lunchroom program was established. The first Miss Mortimer Jordan, now Miss Torch, was elected in 1937. Stage curtains were purchased for the gym stage with the proceeds from the pageant.
During the early 1950s, a then up-to-date football and athletic field was constructed. Restrooms in the football stadium were added in 1962.
During the 1960s, Gardendale High School was established south of Morris in Gardendale. Until that time, students in the Gardendale area attended Mortimer Jordan High School. Gardendale based students were phased out in the mid-to-late 1960s. MJ senior high school students from Gardendale were allowed to finish senior high school at Mortimer Jordan if they desired or could transfer to Gardendale. Many chose to finish at MJ. Buses to MJ ran routes through Gardendale for several years concurrent with buses to Gardendale until the phase out was completed in 1968-69.
In its last incarnation at the Morris site, the school consisted of a multi-complex that included two gymnasiums, academic classrooms, and a lunchroom. A music department (band and choir), homemaking department, business education department, and student counseling service were added.
A brand new Mortimer Jordan High School was built on Bone Dry Road, approximately four miles from the old site. It opened in the fall of 2011. The new site, one of a series of new high schools built during the period by the Jefferson County Schools, consists of classroom buildings, an athletics field house, and two fields for football, baseball and softball. A competition and a practice gymnasium, as well as greatly enlarged practice facilities for wrestling, are also included.
The original site in Morris was converted into the William E. Burkett Center for handicapped students; the W.E.B.C. moved from its original location near Fultondale to the original MJHS campus at the beginning of the 2012-13 school year.
Sports
The athletic department fields teams in football, volleyball, cross country, basketball, wrestling, baseball, softball, golf, soccer, tennis, and track and field. The softball team won the Alabama High School Athletic Association Class 5A State Championship in 2008 and 2009, setting a state record in 2009 for most consecutive games won. That streak carried over into the 2010 season, and ended at 59 games when Jordan lost to Angelo Rodriguez High School of Fairfield, California in the ESPN RISE/Nike Fastest to First Tournament in Huntington Beach, California on March 25, 2010. (The team later finished second in the 2010 5A championship, upset by Athens High twice on the final day.) Jordan also won the 2011 championship, only the fourth team in state history to win a title after losing their opening game in the double-elimination tournament. The softball program won its first state championship with the 1999 4A-5A title. It also has five second-place finishes. The wrestling program won its first state championship with the 2022 5A-6A title. Mortimer Jordan also has one basketball state championship from 1928. The football program was the 5A runner-up in 2015, playing in its first AHSAA Super 7 appearance at Bryant–Denny Stadium.
Mortimer Jordan High School is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the Alabama Department of Education.
Notable alumni
Spencer Brown- 2017 Graduate, American football running back
Pat Buttram, actor
Devlin Hodges, professional quarterback
Haylie McCleney- 2012 Graduate, US softball Olympian
Peter Tom Willis, professional football player
References
External links
Mortimer Jordan High School Website
Educational institutions established in 1920
Public high schools in Alabama
Schools in Jefferson County, Alabama
School buildings completed in 2011
1920 establishments in Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer%20Jordan%20High%20School |
Live Around the World is a live album by Meat Loaf, released in 1996 to capitalize on his two recent successes, Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell and Welcome to the Neighbourhood. The album was recorded at various times between 1987 and 1996. The album is limited to a release of 250,000 copies worldwide.
Track listing
Disc One
"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" – 12:58 (Jim Steinman)
"You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth (Hot Summer Night)" – 8:53 (Steinman)
"Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back" – 7:47 (Steinman)
"Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through" – 8:37 (Steinman)
"Dead Ringer for Love" – 4:44 (Steinman)
"Heaven Can Wait" – 5:39 (Steinman)
"All Revved Up with No Place to Go" – 6:47 (Steinman)
"Paradise by the Dashboard Light" – 15:54 (Steinman)
Disc Two
"Wasted Youth" – 3:07 (Steinman)
"Out of the Frying Pan (And into the Fire)" – 8:37 (Steinman)
"Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are" – 12:08 (Steinman)
"Midnight at the Lost and Found" – 5:02 (Steve Buslowe / Dan Peyronel / Paul Christie / Meat Loaf)
"Good Girls Go to Heaven (Bad Girls Go Everywhere)" – 6:43 (Steinman)
"What You See Is What You Get" – 3:46 (Patti Jerome / Michael Valvano)
"Two Out of Three Ain't Bad" – 8:17 (Steinman)
"Hot Patootie (Whatever Happened to Saturday Night?)" – 3:02 (Richard O'Brien)
"For Crying Out Loud" – 9:55 (Steinman)
"Bat Out of Hell" – 10:55 (Steinman)
Personnel
Musical Director: Steve Buslowe
Meat Loaf — vocals
Pat Thrall — lead guitars
Kasim Sulton — rhythm guitars, keyboards, backing vocals
Steve Buslowe — bass, backing vocals
Mark Alexander — piano, keyboards, backing vocals
John Miceli — drums, percussion
Patti Russo — female lead and backing vocals
Pearl Aday — backing vocals
Special Guests
Paul Mirkovich — additional keyboards on "All Revved Up"
Jeff Bova — organ on "All Revved Up" and "What You See..."
Jim Steinman — piano on "Heaven Can Wait" and "Objects...", voice on "Wasted Youth"
Steve Lukather — additional guitar on "For Crying Out Loud"
References
Meat Loaf albums
1996 live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20Around%20the%20World%20%28Meat%20Loaf%20album%29 |
Terry Michael Teagle (born April 10, 1960) is a retired American professional basketball player, whose National Basketball Association (NBA) career lasted from 1982 to 1993. During his playing career, at a height of 6'5" (1.96 m) tall, he played at the shooting guard position.
High school
Teagle attended Broaddus High School, in Broaddus, Texas, where he also played high school basketball.
College career
After high school, Teagle attended Baylor University, where he played college basketball with the Baylor Bears, from 1978 to 1982. Teagle began his college career as fellow Bear Vinnie Johnson was winding his up. During his college career, he was a three time All-Southwest Conference First Team selection, (1980, 1981, 1982), the Southwest Conference Player of the Year (1980), and an All-American Second Team selection, in 1982.
Professional career
NBA
Teagle was selected 16th overall, in the first round of the 1982 NBA draft, by the Houston Rockets. He lasted two seasons in Houston (1982–84), before moving on to play with the Detroit Pistons (1984–85), Golden State Warriors (1984–90), and Los Angeles Lakers (1990–92), before returning to the Rockets to play two games in April 1993. On April 15, 1991, Teagle scored a basket against the Dallas Mavericks after catching a pass from Laker teammate Earvin "Magic" Johnson, giving Johnson his 9,888th career assist, to surpass Oscar Robertson as the NBA's all-time leader in career assists at the time. Teagle played in 732 games in the NBA (regular season and playoffs combined), with career averages of 11.6 points, 2.6 rebounds, and 1.4 assists per game.
Europe
During the 1992–93 FIBA EuroLeague season, Teagle signed a one-year contract with Benetton Treviso of the Italian league. He reached the EuroLeague Finals with the club, while playing alongside teammate Toni Kukoč. He averaged 19.7 points, 5.6 rebounds, and 1.2 assists per game, during EuroLeague play. Treviso eventually lost in the EuroLeague Finals to the French club Limoges CSP, by a score of 59–55, with Teagle scoring 19 points and grabbing four rebounds. He was the top scorer of the Finals.
References
External links
NBA.com Profile
Basketball-Reference.com Profile
FIBA EuroLeague Profile
Italian League Profile
1960 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
All-American college men's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Argentina
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
Atenas basketball players
Basketball players from Texas
Baylor Bears men's basketball players
Houston Rockets draft picks
Houston Rockets players
Detroit Pistons players
Detroit Spirits players
Golden State Warriors players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Pallacanestro Treviso players
People from San Augustine County, Texas
Shooting guards
American men's basketball players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Teagle |
Kirtland Irving Perky (February 8, 1867 – January 9, 1939) was an American attorney and politician who served as a United States senator from Idaho.
Early life and education
Born in Smithville, Ohio, he attended the public schools and graduated from Ohio Northern University in Ada in 1888. He studied law at the University of Iowa College of Law in Iowa City, and was admitted to the bar in 1890, commencing practice in Wahoo, Nebraska.
Career
At age 27, Perky moved west in 1894 to Albion, Idaho, and was district judge of the fourth judicial district of Idaho in 1901. He moved to Boise and continued the practice of law.
Following the death of Weldon B. Heyburn in 1912, Perky was appointed to the vacant U.S. Senate seat by Governor James H. Hawley. A Democrat, he served less than three months, from November 18, 1912, to February 5, 1913, when a successor was elected, James H. Brady.
Perky resumed the practice of law in Boise, and moved to California in 1923, and continued the practice of law in Los Angeles.
Personal life
Perky died at age 71 in 1939 at Good Samaritan Hospital. He was buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale.
References
External links
1867 births
1939 deaths
People from Smithville, Ohio
Idaho state court judges
Ohio Northern University alumni
University of Iowa College of Law alumni
Idaho Democrats
Democratic Party United States senators from Idaho
People from Albion, Idaho | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtland%20I.%20Perky |
The Penguin Cafe Orchestra Mini Album is an EP by Penguin Cafe Orchestra consisting of six pieces, two derived from previous released recordings ("The Penguin Cafe Single" and "Air a Danser"), two that were recorded from a live performance in Tokyo ("Numbers 1-4" and "Salty Bean Fumble"), and two previously unreleased pieces which had not appeared elsewhere ("The Toy" and "Piano Music"). The two live pieces were recorded by NHK Radio at the Kan-i Hoken Hall on 10 June 1982. "Piano Music" is a solo piece recorded by Simon Jeffes in Tokyo on 7 July 1982 and "The Toy" was recorded in 1983. The cover painting was by Emily Young.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Simon Jeffes; except where indicated
"The Penguin Cafe Single" (Simon Jeffes, Helen Liebmann, Gavin Wright)
"Air a Danser"
"The Toy"
"Numbers 1-4"
"Salty Bean Fumble"
"Piano Music"
References
1983 debut EPs
Penguin Cafe Orchestra albums
Albums produced by Simon Jeffes
E.G. Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Penguin%20Cafe%20Orchestra%20Mini%20Album |
The Bura Gauranga River and sea channel are located in the Patuakhali district of Barisal Division in Bangladesh.
References
See also
List of rivers in Bangladesh
Rivers of Bangladesh
Rivers of Barisal Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bura%20Gauranga%20River |
Before the concept of plate tectonics, global cooling was a geophysical theory by James Dwight Dana, also referred to as the contracting earth theory. It suggested that the Earth had been in a molten state, and features such as mountains formed as it cooled and shrank. As the interior of the Earth cooled and shrank, the rigid crust would have to shrink and crumple. The crumpling could produce features such as mountain ranges.
Application
The Earth was compared to a cooling ball of iron, or a steam boiler with shifting boiler plates. By the early 1900s, it was known that temperature increased with increasing depth. With the thickness of the crust, the "boiler plates", being estimated at ten to fifty miles, the downward pressure would be hundreds of thousands of pounds per square inch. Although groundwater was expected to turn to steam at a great depth, usually the downward pressure would contain any steam. Steam's effect upon molten rock was suspected of being a cause of volcanoes and earthquakes, as it had been noticed that most volcanoes are near water. It was not clear whether the molten rock from volcanoes had its origin in the molten rock under the crust, or if increased heat due to pressure under mountains caused the rock to melt. One of the reasons for volcanoes was as a way in which "the contracting earth disposes of the matter it can no longer contain." A relationship between earthquakes and volcanoes had been noted, although the causes were not known. Fault lines and earthquakes tended to happen along the boundaries of the shifting "boiler plates", but the folding of mountains indicated that sometimes the plates buckled.
In the early 1900s, Professor Eduard Suess used the theory to explain the 1908 Messina earthquake, being of the opinion that the Earth's crust was gradually shrinking everywhere. He also predicted that eruptions would follow the earthquake and tsunami in Southern Italy. He attributed the earthquake to the sinking of the Earth's crust, in the zone of which the Aeolian Islands are the center. He declared that as the process of sinking went on, the Calabrian and Sicilian highlands on either side of the Straits of Messina would be submerged, only the highest peaks remaining above the sea. The strait, he said, would thereby be greatly widened.
Similarly, Professor Robert T. Hill explained at that time that "the rocks are being folded, fractured and otherwise broken or deformed by the great shrinking and settling of the earth's crust as a whole. The contraction of the earth's sphere is the physical shrinkage of age that is measured in aeons instead of years. The prehistoric convulsions of the earth before man inhabited this planet were terrific, almost inconceivable." There "was no doubt that earthquakes are diminishing." The displacement of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake was only a few feet, while prehistoric earthquakes made fissures and slides of 20,000 feet.
The Pacific Ring of Fire had been noticed, as well as a second earthquake belt which went through:
the Philippines
Panama
the Caribbean
Spain
the Alps
the Himalayas
Asia to Japan
A contracting Earth served as framework for Leopold Kober and Hans Stille who worked on geosyncline theory in the first half of the 20th century.
Objections
Some of the objections include:
Some large-scale features of the Earth are the result of extension rather than shortening.
After radioactive decay was discovered, it was realized it would release heat inside the planet. This undermines the cooling effect upon which the shrinking planet theory is based.
Identical fossils have been found thousands of kilometres apart, showing the planet was once a single continent which broke apart because of plate tectonics.
Current status
This theory is now disproven and considered obsolete. In contrast to Earth, however, global cooling remains the dominant explanation for scarp (cliff) features on the planet Mercury. After resumption of Lunar exploration in the 1990s, it was discovered there are scarps across the Moon's surface which are caused by contraction due to cooling.
See also
Expanding Earth
Timeline of the development of tectonophysics
References
Bibliography
Geophysics
Obsolete geology theories
Geodynamics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysical%20global%20cooling |
Paul O'Neill (October 1928 – August 12, 2013) was a writer, historian and former CBC producer. He wrote many books on the history of Newfoundland. O'Neill was born in St. John's, Newfoundland, and raised in Bay de Verde until the age of 8 when his family moved to St. John's.
Educated at St. Bonaventure's College in St. John's, National Academy of Theater Arts at New York City, O'Neill was an aspiring actor in the United States and England from 1949 to 1952. Having performed on stage with such stars as Eddie Albert, Larine Day and Cloris Leachman in the United States and in England he acted in films with such well-known actors as Richard Attenborough, Thora Hird and Elizabeth Taylor. While he was in England broadcaster Margot Davies had helped him in radio and encouraged him to write
O'Neill began his career in radio in 1953 with the CBC in Newfoundland where he produced many radio shows, TV shows such as Reach for the Top and was responsible for school broadcasts for 25 years. He retired from the CBC in 1986. O'Neill wrote stage and radio plays, articles, poems and stories in addition to works of popular history. He has served as president of the Newfoundland Writer's Guild, chairman of the Newfoundland and Labrador Arts Council and president of the St. John's Folk Arts Council. In 1988, O'Neill was awarded an honorary LL.D by Memorial University of Newfoundland and in 1990, he was appointed to the Order of Canada. In 2004, O'Neill was awarded the Freedom of the City and in 2008, he received Order of Newfoundland and Labrador. O'Neill left to his Niece, Irene O'Neil of Boston Mass all copyrights to existing publications and future publications. Paul O'Neill wrote his memoirs during the last years of his life, however fell ill before publication. His memoirs will be published in August 2015 on the 2nd anniversary of his death. The Book is titled "Something of Me". He died in August 2013 at the age of 84.
Selected bibliography
Spindrift and Morning Light an Anthology of Poems, Valhalla Press (1968)
Everyman's Complete St. John's Guide, Valhalla Press (1974)
Legends of a Lost Tribe folk tales of the Beothuck Indians of Newfoundland, McClellan and Stewart (1976)
A Seaport Legacy the story of St. John's, Newfoundland, Press Porcepic (1976)
Breakers stories from Newfoundland and Labrador, Breakwater Books (1982)
The Seat Imperial Bay Bulls Past and Present, Harry Cuff Publications (1983)
A Sound of Seagulls: the Poetry of Paul O'Neill, Creative Printers and Publishers Limited (1984)
Upon this Rock the Story of the Roman Catholic Church in Newfoundland and Labrador, Breakwater Books (1984)
The Oldest City The Story of St. John's, Newfoundland, Boulder Publications (2003)
No Need To Wear Rubbers Travel Diary of James O'Neil, Boulder Publications (2005)
How Dog Became a Friend Picture book illustrated by Cynthia Colosimo, Flanker Press (2007)
See also
List of people of Newfoundland and Labrador
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
References
External links
Tidespoint bio
1928 births
2013 deaths
Canadian male novelists
Officers of the Order of Canada
Writers from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
People from Bay de Verde
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20O%27Neill%20%28author%29 |
Crashworthiness is the ability of a structure to protect its occupants during an impact. This is commonly tested when investigating the safety of aircraft and vehicles. Different criteria are used to figure out how safe a structure is in a crash, depending on the type of impact and the vehicle involved. Crashworthiness may be assessed either prospectively, using computer models (e.g., RADIOSS, LS-DYNA, PAM-CRASH, MSC Dytran, MADYMO) or experiments, or retrospectively, by analyzing crash outcomes. Several criteria are used to assess crashworthiness prospectively, including the deformation patterns of the vehicle structure, the acceleration experienced by the vehicle during an impact, and the probability of injury predicted by human body models. Injury probability is defined using criteria, which are mechanical parameters (e.g., force, acceleration, or deformation) that correlate with injury risk. A common injury criterion is the head impact criterion (HIC). Crashworthiness is measured after the fact by looking at injury risk in real-world crashes. Often, regression or other statistical methods are used to account for the many other factors that can affect the outcome of a crash.
History
Aviation
The history of human tolerance to deceleration can likely be traced to the studies by John Stapp to investigate the limits of human tolerance in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Pakistan Army began serious accident analysis into crashworthiness as a result of fixed-wing and rotary-wing accidents. As the US Army's doctrine changed, helicopters became the primary mode of transportation in Vietnam. Due to fires and the forces of deceleration on the spine, pilots were getting spinal injuries in crashes that they would have survived otherwise. Work began to develop energy-absorbing seats to reduce the chance of spinal injuries during training and combat in Vietnam. A lot of research was done to find out what people could handle, how to reduce energy, and how to build structures that would keep people safe in military helicopters. The primary reason is that ejecting from or exiting a helicopter is impractical given the rotor system and typical altitude at which Army helicopters fly. In the late 1960s, the Army published the Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide. The guide was changed several times and turned into a set of books with different volumes for different aircraft systems. The goal of this guide is to show engineers what they need to think about when making military planes that can survive a crash. Consequently, the Army established a military standard (MIL-STD-1290A) for light fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. The standard sets minimum requirements for the safety of human occupants in a crash. These requirements are based on the need to keep a space or volume that can be used for living and the need to reduce the deceleration loads on the occupant.
Crashworthiness was greatly improved in the 1970s with the fielding of the Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk and the Boeing AH-64 Apache helicopters. Primary crash injuries were reduced, but secondary injuries within the cockpit continued to occur. This led to the consideration of additional protective devices such as airbags. Airbags were considered a viable solution to reducing the incidents of head strikes in the cockpit, in Army helicopters.
Regulatory agencies
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration, the National Aeronautic and Space Administration, and the Department of Defense have been the leading proponents for crash safety in the United States. They've each come up with their own official safety rules and done a lot of research and development in the field.
See also
Airbag
Airworthiness
Anticlimber
Automobile safety
Buff strength of rail vehicles
Bumper (car)
Compressive strength
Container compression test
Crash test
Crash test dummy
Hugh DeHaven
Jerome F. Lederer
Railworthiness
Roadworthiness
Seakeeping
Seat belt
Seaworthiness
Self-sealing fuel tank
Spaceworthiness
Telescoping (rail cars)
References
Further reading
RDECOM TR 12-D-12, Full Spectrum Crashworthiness Criteria for Rotorcraft, Dec 2011.
USAAVSCOM TR 89-D-22A, Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide, Volume I - Design Criteria and Checklists, Dec 1989.
USAAVSCOM TR 89-D-22B, Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide, Volume II - Aircraft Design Crash Impact Conditions and Human Tolerance, Dec 1989.
USAAVSCOM TR 89-D-22C, Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide, Volume III - Aircraft Structural Crash Resistance, Dec 1989.
USAAVSCOM TR 89-D-22D, Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide, Volume IV - Aircraft Seats, Restraints, Litters, and Cockpit/Cabin Delethalization, Dec 1989.
USAAVSCOM TR 89-D-22E, Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide, Volume V - Aircraft Postcrash Survival, Dec 1989.
External links
Army Helicopter Crashworthiness at DTIC
Basic Principle of Helicopter Crashworthiness at US Army Aeromedical Laboratory
National Crash Analysis Center
NHTSA Crashworthiness Rulemaking Activities
History of Energy Absorption Systems for Crashworthy Helicopter Seats at FAA
MIT Impact and Crashworthiness Lab
School Bus Crashworthiness Research
Rail Equipment Crashworthiness
Transport safety
Aviation accidents and incidents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crashworthiness |
Thaddeus "Thaddi" Herrmann (born 1972) is a German electronic musician, label owner as well as music and technology journalist.
Life and career
In 1992 Herrmann, Holger Phrack and Rob Marvin founded the band Sonic Subjunkies, that released some full-length recordings on Alec Empires label Digital Hardcore Recordings (DHR). Their first EP Suburban Soundtracks Volume 1 was released in 1994 on DHR. The Sonic Subjunkies were featured in the online tribute from BBC's Radio 1 to John Peel. During these years Herrmann and Bassdee were also working as radio DJs at 98.8 KISS FM Berlin where they hosted the drum and bass show Radio Massive.
Together with the Manchester-based Shlom Sviri Herrmann founded the label City Centre Offices (CCO) in 1998, that has released recordings from various acts, including Casino Versus Japan, I'm Not A Gun, and Ulrich Schnauss. Since 2000 Herrmann also runs the small Berlin-based house label Just Another Beat.
In 1997 Herrmann met Christian Kleine during one of his radio shows and both founded Herrmann & Kleine in 1999. A few years later, in 2003 Herrmann, Hans Möller and Michael Zorn founded the project Boy Robot, with the debut album Glamorizing Corporate Lifestyle released at CCO. Together with Zorn he also released under the moniker No Movement No Sound No Memories.
Herrmann is the editor for De:Bug, a German magazine that focuses on electronic music and technology. He also blogs for the German edition of technology blog Engadget. He hosts the show Nightflight at Radio Fritz.
Discography
Albums
1995: Sonic Subjunkies – Sounds From The City Of Quartz (Midi War)
1998: Sonic Subjunkies – Molotov Lounge (Lux Nigra)
2002: Herrmann & Kleine – Our Noise (Morr Music)
2003: Boy Robot – Glamorizing Corporate Lifestyle (City Centre Offices)
2005: Boy Robot – Rotten Cocktails (City Centre Offices)
2006: No Movement No Sound No Memories – Removed / Acetate (Lux Nigra)
Singles & EPs
1994: Sonic Subjunkies – Suburban Soundtracks Pt.1 (Digital Hardcore Recordings)
1995: Sonic Subjunkies – Turntable Terrorist E.P. (Digital Hardcore Recordings)
1998: Sonic Subjunkies – Live At The Suicide Club 8-7-95 (Digital Hardcore Recordings)
1999: No Movement No Sound No Memories – Removed (Lux Nigra)
2000: Sonic Subjunkies – With A Little Love / Sonic Junior (Irritant Records)
1999: Herrmann & Kleine – Transalpin EP (City Centre Offices)
2000: Herrmann & Kleine – Kickboard Girl EP (Morr Music)
2003: Boy Robot – Set It For Me (City Centre Offices)
2004: Herrmann Karaoke – Untitled (Inzest Records)
2006: No Movement No Sound No Memories – Acetate (Lux Nigra)
References
External links
Website of his label City Centre Offices
Website of his label Just Another Beat
German music journalists
German magazine editors
German electronic musicians
Intelligent dance musicians
Ambient musicians
1972 births
Living people
German male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus%20Herrmann |
Antonio Alatorre Vergara (July 25, 1922 – October 21, 2010) was a Mexican writer, philologist and translator, famous due to his influential academic essays about Spanish literature, and because of his book Los 1001 años de la lengua española (The 1001 Years of the Spanish Language).
Early years
Antonio Alatorre was born in Autlán de la Grana, Jalisco. He studied Latin, Greek, French and English during his youth. He studied law at first, but switched to studying literature at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and philology at El Colegio de México (Colmex). He studied in France and Spain with professors such as Raymond Lebergue and Marcel Bataillon.
Works
He was the director of El Colegio de México from 1953 to 1972, when he edited and directed the Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica. He taught since 1943 and participated in conferences and courses in several countries. He won Mexico's National Price of Linguistics and Literature in 1998. He was appointed as a member of El Colegio Nacional on September 13, 2001, and as an honorary member of the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua in September 2001. He died in Mexico City.
Journals
In addition to the Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (NRFH), Alatorre edited the literary journal Pan (Guadalajara, 1945), Historia Mexicana (El Colegio de México, 1952–1959), was the co-director of the Revista Mexicana de Literatura (1958–1960) and participated in Diálogos and Nexos.
Books
El apogeo del castellano. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México.
Enigmas ofrecidos a la casa del placer de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (edición comentada). El Colegio de México.
Ensayos sobre crítica literaria. Centro Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CNCA).
Juana de Asbaje de Amado Nervo (Introducción y edición). CNCA.
Los 1001 años de la lengua española. 3a. ed. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica. 2002.
El sueño erótico en la poesía española de los siglos de oro. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2003.
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Obras completas, t. I, 2a ed. (Introducción, edición y notas). México: FCE, 2009.
Translations
Bataillon, Marcel. Erasmo y España. Estudios sobre la historia espiritual del siglo XVI, translation from French corrected by Antonio Alatorre. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, 1950. (The second edition was published in Madrid in 1964.)
Curtius, E. R. Literatura europea y Edad Media Latina (two volumes), translated from German by Antonio Alatorre and Margit Frenk. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, 1975.
Chevalier, Francois. La formación de los latifundios en México, translated from French by Antonio Alatorre. Problemas Agrícolas e Industriales de México. México, 1956. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, 1976.
Freire, Paulo. Cartas a Guinea-Bissau. Apuntes de una experiencia pedagógica en proceso, translated from Portuguese by Antonio Alatorre. Siglo XXI. Madrid, 1977.
Gerbi, Antonello. La disputa del Nuevo Mundo 1750–1900, second edition, corrected, prologue and translated by Antonio Alatorre, Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, 1983.
————————. La naturaleza de las Indias Nuevas (de Cristóbal Colón a Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo), translated by Antonio Alatorre. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, 1978.
Highet, G. La tradición clásica. Influencias griegas y romanas en la literatura occidental (two volumes), translated from English by Margit Frenk and Antonio Alatorre. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, 1954.
Humphreys, Robert Arthur. William Robertson y su historia de América, translated by Antonio Alatorre. Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, 1958.
King, Willard F. Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, letrado y dramaturgo. Su mundo mexicano y español, translated and edited by Antonio Alatorre. El Colegio de México. 1989.
Lacan, Jacques. De la psicosis paranoica en su relación con la personalidad, translated from French by Antonio Alatorre, Siglo XXI, 1976.
Las "Heroidas" de Ovidio y su huella en las letras españolas, translated into Spanish and notes by Antonio Alatorre. UNAM. México, 1950. (A new edition, with "lots of corrections" was published by Mexico's Secretariat of Public Education in 1987.)
Machado de Asís, J. M. Memorias póstumas de Blas Cubas, translated from Portuguese by Antonio Alatorre. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, 1951.
Pereida Graáa Aranha, José. Canáan, translation and notes by Antonio Alatorre. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, 1954.
Rodríguez, José Honorio. Historiografía del Brasil, siglo XVI, translation from Portuguese by Antonio Alatorre. Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, 1957.
————————. Historiografía del Brasil, siglo XVIII, translation from Portuguese by Antonio Alatorre. Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, 1963.
Sapir, Edward. El lenguaje. Introducción al estudio del habla, translated from English by Margit Frenk and Antonio Alatorre. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, 1954. (Later, eight editions of this book were published.)
Sarrailh, Jean. La España ilustrada de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, translated from French by Antonio Alatorre. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, 1957.
Varios autores. Portugal en revolución, translated from Portuguese by Antonio Alatorre. Siglo XXI, 1977.
Warren, Howard Crosley, Diccionario de psicología, translated by Antonio Alatorre, E. Imaz and L. Alaminos, 3rd. ed. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, 1948.
Wedgwood, Cicely Verónica. Guillermo el taciturno. Guillermo de Nassau, Príncipe de Orange, 1533–1584, translation by Antonio Alatorre and J. Díez-Canedo. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, 1947.
Williams, George H. La Reforma radical, translated from English by Antonio Alatorre. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, 1983.
Zavala, Silvio. Programa de historia de América en la Época colonial, translated by Antonio Alatorre. Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, 1961.
References
Bibliography
Solana, Fernando (2006). Educación: visiones y revisiones México, Siglo XXI, . Web page search made on December 6, 2009.
External links
Academic resume
1922 births
2010 deaths
Members of El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)
Mexican male writers
Writers from Jalisco
People from Autlán, Jalisco
Mexican literary critics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20Alatorre |
A growler is an electrical device primarily used for testing a motor for shorted coils. A growler consists of a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core and connected to a source of alternating current. When placed on the armature or stator core of a motor the growler acts as the primary of a transformer and the armature coils act as the secondary. A "feeler", a thin strip of steel (hacksaw blade) can be used as the short detector.
Motor testing
The alternating magnetic flux set up by the growler passes through the windings of the armature coil, generating an alternating voltage in the coil. A short in the coil creates a closed circuit that will act like the secondary coil of a transformer, with the growler acting like the primary coil. This will induce an alternating current in the shorted armature that will in turn cause an alternating magnetic field to encircle the shorted armature coil. A flat, broad, flexible piece of metal containing iron is used to detect the magnetic field generated by a shorted armature. A hacksaw blade is commonly used as a feeler. The alternating magnetic field induced by a shorted armature is strong at the surface of the armature, and when the feeler is lightly touched to the iron core of an armature winding, small currents are induced in the feeler that generate a third alternating magnetic field surrounding the feeler.
With the growler energized, the feeler is moved from slot to slot. When the feeler is moved over a slot containing the shorted coil, the alternating magnetic field will alternately attract and release the feeler, causing it to vibrate in synch with the alternating current. A strong vibration of the feeler accompanied by a growling noise indicated that the coil is shorted.
Other uses
Along with the standard application the growler can be used:
to test series and interpoles (commutating) fields from a DC motor
to determine phasing and polarity in multiwinding armatures
to test rotors in rotating frequency changers, as well as in wound rotors
to test shorts between turns in taped coils before installation into an armature or a stator
as a low voltage isolation transformer
as a high voltage autotransformer bucking or boosting for numerous tests on various types of equipment
for preheating or baking armatures and rotors.
References
Electrical test equipment
Electric transformers
Tools
Electric motors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growler%20%28electrical%20device%29 |
Karachi, Pakistan was a federation of eighteen autonomous boroughs, called "Towns," that made up the City District of Karachi from 2001 until 2011. Under this now-defunct system, Karachi had a local government system, with a mayor empowered to make decisions in regards to city-planning and administration of local services. The system was abolished in 2011, and Karachi was divided into 5 City District Municipal Corporations, with a 6th formed in 2013. Each Municipal Corporation now has its own Chairman and Deputy Chairman. The Karachi Development Authority, which controls city-planning and administration of services in Karachi, is no longer controlled at the local level, but is instead administered by the province directly.
History
The history of the administration of Karachi begins in 1846, when a cholera epidemic threatened the 9,000 citizens of the city. The efforts to combat this infectious disease were coordinated by a Conservancy Board. In 1852, the Conservancy Board became a Municipal Commission and in 1853, it was upgraded to Municipal Committee. In 1878, the city was empowered to collect taxes at a local level.
The City of Karachi Municipal Act was promulgated in 1933, and the Municipal Committee became a multi-ethnic 57-member Municipal Corporation with a President and a Vice-President in place of the former Mayor and Deputy Mayor. The first President was Jamshed Naserwanji, who had previously served as Mayor for twenty years.
After independence in 1947, Karachi became the capital of the newly independent state of Pakistan and Mayor Hakim Ehsan received the Governor-General, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, at Karachi International Airport. 1948 saw the city boundaries fixed within the new Federal Capital Territory, which covered 2,103 km² but also included several small towns and villages separate from Karachi.
During the period from 1961-1970 the former Federal Capital Territory was merged with the neighbouring princely state of Las Bela to form the Karachi-Bela Division of West Pakistan. During the 1970s this merger was reversed and Karachi became a division in its own right, covering 3,528 km².
The Karachi Municipal Corporation was upgraded to a Metropolitan Corporation in 1976, followed by Zonal Municipal Committees operating from 1987-1994. The system of government changed again in 1996, when the Division of Karachi was subdivided into five districts, each with its own Municipal Corporation.
In 1999, President Pervez Musharraf committed itself to an overhaul of the entire administrative structure of the country. In the year 2000, the entire third tier of government (administrative divisions) was abolished in favour of the fourth tier (districts). In Karachi, the division of Karachi and the five districts were merged to form a new City-District which was subdivided in August 2001 into eighteen autonomous towns comprising 178 local union councils.
The town system was abolished in 2011, and the Karachi Development Authority is run at the provincial, rather than local, level.
Karachi Districts
Karachi is divided into 7 districts.
Karachi South District
Karachi East District
Karachi West District
Karachi Central District
Korangi District
Malir District
Keamari District
Karachi Towns
Each of the eighteen towns were governed by an elected Town Council, and led by an elected Town Nazim (Mayor) assisted by a number of officials.
Baldia Town
Bin Qasim Town
Gadap Town
Gulberg Town
Gulshan Town
Jamshed Town
Kiamari Town
Korangi Town
Landhi Town
Liaquatabad Town
Lyari Town
Malir Town
New Karachi Town
North Nazimabad Town
Orangi Town
Saddar Town
Shah Faisal Town
Surjani Town
SITE Town
Karachi Union Councils
See also
City District Government
Karachi
Lahore
References
World Gazetteer data
External links
Karachi Website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions%20in%20Karachi |
In mathematics, more specifically in the study of dynamical systems and differential equations, a Liénard equation is a second order differential equation, named after the French physicist Alfred-Marie Liénard.
During the development of radio and vacuum tube technology, Liénard equations were intensely studied as they can be used to model oscillating circuits. Under certain additional assumptions Liénard's theorem guarantees the uniqueness and existence of a limit cycle for such a system. A Liénard system with piecewise-linear functions can also contain homoclinic orbits.
Definition
Let and be two continuously differentiable functions on with an even function and an odd function. Then the second order ordinary differential equation of the form
is called a Liénard equation.
Liénard system
The equation can be transformed into an equivalent two-dimensional system of ordinary differential equations. We define
then
is called a Liénard system.
Alternatively, since the Liénard equation itself is also an autonomous differential equation, the substitution leads the Liénard equation to become a first order differential equation:
which is an Abel equation of the second kind.
Example
The Van der Pol oscillator
is a Liénard equation. The solution of a Van der Pol oscillator has a limit cycle. Such cycle has a solution of a Liénard equation with negative at small and positive otherwise. The Van der Pol equation has no exact, analytic solution. Such solution for a limit cycle exists if is a constant piece-wise function.
Liénard's theorem
A Liénard system has a unique and stable limit cycle surrounding the origin if it satisfies the following additional properties:
g(x) > 0 for all x > 0;
F(x) has exactly one positive root at some value p, where F(x) < 0 for 0 < x < p and F(x) > 0 and monotonic for x > p.
See also
Autonomous differential equation
Abel equation of the second kind
Biryukov equation
Footnotes
External links
Dynamical systems
Differential equations
Theorems in dynamical systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A9nard%20equation |
In software engineering, software system safety optimizes system safety in the design, development, use, and maintenance of software systems and their integration with safety-critical hardware systems in an operational environment.
Overview
Software system safety is a subset of system safety and system engineering and is synonymous with the software engineering aspects of Functional Safety. As part of the total safety and software development program, software cannot be allowed to function independently of the total effort. Both simple and highly integrated multiple systems are experiencing an extraordinary growth in the use of computers and software to monitor and/or control safety-critical subsystems or functions. A software specification error, design flaw, or the lack of generic safety-critical requirements can contribute to or cause a system failure or erroneous human decision. To achieve an acceptable level of safety for software used in critical applications, software system safety engineering must be given primary emphasis early in the requirements definition and system conceptual design process. Safety-critical software must then receive continuous management emphasis and engineering analysis throughout the development and operational lifecycles of the system. Software with safety-critical functionality must be thoroughly verified with
objective analysis.
Functional Hazard Analyses (FHA) are often conducted early on - in parallel with or as part of system engineering Functional Analyses - to determine the safety-critical functions (SCF) of the systems for further analyses and verification. Software system safety is directly related to the more critical design aspects and safety attributes in software and system functionality, whereas software quality attributes are inherently different and require standard scrutiny and development rigor. Development Assurance levels (DAL) and associated Level of Rigor (LOR) is a graded approach to software quality and software design assurance as a pre-requisite that a suitable software process is followed for confidence. LOR concepts and standards such as DO-178C are NOT a substitute for software safety. Software safety per IEEE STD-1228 and MIL-STD-882E focuses on ensuring explicit safety requirements are met and verified using functional approaches from a safety requirements analysis and test perspective. Software safety hazard analysis required for more complex systems where software is controlling critical functions generally are in the following sequential categories and are conducted in phases as part of the system safety or safety engineering process: software safety requirements analysis; software safety design analyses (top level, detailed design and code level); software safety test analysis, and software safety change analysis. Once these "functional" software safety analyses are completed the software engineering team will know where to place safety emphasis and what functional threads, functional paths, domains and boundaries to focus on when designing in software safety attributes to ensure correct functionality and to detect malfunctions, failures, faults and to implement a host of mitigation strategies to control hazards. Software security and various software protection technologies are similar to software safety attributes in the design to mitigate various types of threats vulnerability and risks. Deterministic software is sought in the design by verifying correct and predictable behavior at the system level.
Goals
Functional safety is achieved through engineering development to ensure correct execution and behavior of software functions as intended
Safety consistent with mission requirements, is designed into the software in a timely, cost effective manner.
On complex systems involving many interactions safety-critical functionality should be identified and thoroughly analyzed before deriving hazards and design safeguards for mitigations.
Safety-critical functions lists and preliminary hazards lists should be determined proactively and influence the requirements that will be implemented in software.
Contributing factors and root causes of faults and resultant hazards associated with the system and its software are identified, evaluated and eliminated or the risk reduced to an acceptable level, throughout the lifecycle.
Reliance on administrative procedures for hazard control is minimized.
The number and complexity of safety critical interfaces is minimized.
The number and complexity of safety critical computer software components is minimized.
Sound human engineering principles are applied to the design of the software-user interface to minimize the probability of human error.
Failure modes, including hardware, software, human and system are addressed in the design of the software.
Sound software engineering practices and documentation are used in the development of the software.
Safety issues and safety attributes are addressed as part of the software testing effort at all levels.
Software is designed for human machine interface, ease of maintenance and modification or enhancement
Software with safety-critical functionality must be thoroughly verified with objective analysis and preferably test evidence that all safety requirements have been met per established criteria.
See also
Software assurance
IEC 61508 - Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-related Systems
ISO 26262 - Road vehicles – Functional safety
Functional Safety
Software quality
System accident
References
Software quality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20system%20safety |
John Frost Nugent (June 28, 1868September 18, 1931) was an American attorney and Democratic politician from Idaho. He served three years in the United States Senate, from 1918 to 1921.
Early life and education
Born in La Grande, Oregon while his parents were visiting, Nugent attended public schools in Silver City, Idaho, where his father, Edward, was a judge.
Career
He worked in mines in Idaho and Australia, and read law. Nugent was admitted to the bar in 1898, commencing practice back in Silver City, and was prosecuting attorney of Owyhee County from 1899 to 1906.
Following the murder of former governor Frank Steunenberg in late 1905, Nugent joined Clarence Darrow in defending three members of the Western Federation of Miners: Charles Moyer, president of the union, Bill Haywood, its secretary, and George Pettibone, a former member. All three were acquitted, while prime suspect Harry Orchard was convicted and died at the
state penitentiary in 1954.
In January 1918, Governor Moses Alexander appointed Nugent to the U.S. Senate to succeed Republican James Brady, who died in office. Nugent defeated former Governor Frank Gooding by 970 votes in a special election that November to finish the term. In the Senate, Nugent served as chairman of the Committee on Fisheries.
Nugent faced Gooding again in 1920 for a full six-year term, but was defeated. Nugent resigned in January, prior to the end of his term in March, to accept an appointment from lame duck President Woodrow Wilson to the Federal Trade Commission. He served until 1927.
Nugent ran a third time for Senate in 1926, but finished third behind Gooding and Progressive candidate H. F. Samuels. He resumed the practice of law in Washington, D.C., and remained in the area until his death after a brief illness in 1931 at age 63.
Personal life
Nugent, his wife Adelma (1870–1943), and their son George (1896–1979) are buried in Cedar Hill Cemetery in Suitland, Maryland.
References
External links
1868 births
1931 deaths
People from La Grande, Oregon
Democratic Party United States senators from Idaho
Idaho Democrats
American prosecutors
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Federal Trade Commission personnel
Woodrow Wilson administration personnel
Harding administration personnel
Coolidge administration personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20F.%20Nugent |
"Little Sadie" is a 20th-century American folk ballad written in Dorian mode. It is also known variously as "Bad Lee Brown", "Cocaine Blues", "Transfusion Blues", "East St. Louis Blues", "Late One Night", "Penitentiary Blues" and other titles. It tells the story of a man who is apprehended after shooting a woman, in some versions his wife or girlfriend. He is then sentenced by a judge.
Earliest transcription
The earliest written record of the song dates from 1922. This lyric fragment, transcribed in Joplin, Missouri, is noted in the 1948 book Ozark Folksongs, Vol. II.
"Bad Lee Brown"
Last night I was a-makin' my rounds,
Met my old woman an' I blowed her down,
I went on home to go to bed,
Put my old cannon right under my head.
Jury says murder in the first degree,
I says oh Lord, have mercy on me!
Old Judge White picks up his pen,
Says you'll never kill no woman ag'in.
Carolina to Mexico
Some versions refer to the Sheriff of Thomasville, North Carolina apprehending the murderer "down in" Jericho, South Carolina (a large rice plantation in the lowlands). Other versions transpose Mexico (or Juarez, Mexico) for Jericho.
Clarence Ashley's recording
In the first sound recording (the 1929 recording by Clarence Ashley), Little Sadie may have been a prostitute:
I woke next morning 'bout half past nine,
The buggies and the hacks all formed in line,
The gents and the gamblers all standing around,
They're gonna take Sadie to the burying ground.
The most common version in country and rock is attributed to T. J. 'Red' Arnall's 1947 Western Swing recording with W. A. Nichol's Western Aces. This version was covered by Johnny Cash, Grateful Dead, Crooked Still, Doc Watson, and George Thorogood, among others. The 1970 Bob Dylan versions are taken from either of Clarence Ashley's recordings.
"Little Sadie" may have been an influence on the 1960s song "Hey Joe".
Selected list of recorded versions
1929 Bad Lee Brown [unissued] - John Dilleshaw & The String Marvel (OKeh 402406-B)
1929 Little Sadie - Clarence Ashley (Columbia 15522-D)
1939 Bad Man Ballad - Willie Rayford, recorded at Cummins State Farm, near Varner, Arkansas by John Lomax and Ruby Lomax
1946-1948 Whisky Blues - Slim Dusty - Regal Zonophone Collection - Slim Dusty (8142472) Very rare. Exact date is not known.
1948 Cocaine Blues - Roy Hogsed, US Country #15. Music/lyrics attributed to T. J. 'Red' Arnall
1940s Chain Gang Blues - Riley Puckett
1940s Bad Lee Brown - Woody Guthrie and Cisco Houston
1959 Badman Ballad - Cisco Houston The Cisco Special! album
1960 Transfusion Blues - Johnny Cash Now, There Was A Song album, and on 1968 album At Folsom Prison.
1960 Bad Man's Blunder - The Kingston Trio String Along album
1960 Whiskey Blues - Slim Dusty Songs for Rolling Stones album
1968 Cocaine Blues - Johnny Cash At Folsom Prison album
1970 Little Sadie "Trees" (trees folk band) Recorded 1970 On the shore album Trees Folk rock, Genre: psychedelic folk, progressive folk, progressive rock
1970 In Search of Little Sadie and Little Sadie - Bob Dylan Self Portrait album
1970 Little Sadie - Doc Watson Doc Watson on Stage (Vanguard VSD 9/10)
1972 Little Sadie - John Renbourn Faro Annie (Reprise MS2082)
1978 Cocaine Blues - George Thorogood & The Destroyers
1979 Little Sadie - Tony Rice Unit, Manzanita album
1990 Little Sadie - Daniel Lanois, b-side Under A Stormy Sky single
1993 Little Sadie - Jerry Garcia, David Grisman and Tony Rice, The Pizza Tapes album
1996 Little Sadie - Freight Hoppers Where'd You Come From, Where'd You Go? album
1998 Little Sadie - The Sadies Precious Moments album
1999 Little Sadie - Mark Lanegan I'll Take Care of You album
2001 Little Sadie - Old Crow Medicine Show - The Troubles Up and Down the Road EP
2004 Little Sadie - The Radiators - Earth vs. The Radiators: the First 25 Live DVD
2005 Little Sadie - John Doyle - "Wayward Son"
2006 Little Sadie - Crooked Still - Shaken by A Low Sound album; featured in The Last of Us Part II trailer presented at E3 2018, and also in the final game.
2006 Little Sadie - Greg Graffin - Cold as the Clay album.
2011 Little Sadie/White-Wheeled Limousine/Just One More - Bruce Hornsby and the Noisemakers "Bride of the Noisemakers" album
2013 Little Sadie - Tim Timebomb
References
Other sources
Roud Folk Song Index 780
Laws Ballad Index I8
The Traditional Ballad Index LI08
Lyle Lofgren "Remembering The Old Songs: Little Sadie" Inside Bluegrass, January 2002
Little Sadie by The Rosinators - lyrics, song history and tab links
Miller Jr., E. John; & Michael Cromie Folk Guitar, Quadrangle, (1968), p109
Sing Out! Reprints, Sing Out, (196?), 9, p35
Bailey, Hobart. Rosenbaum, Art Old-Time Mountain Banjo'', Oak, (1968), p56
1930 songs
Bob Dylan songs
Woody Guthrie songs
Murder ballads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Sadie |
Alan Dargin (13 July 196724 February 2008) was an indigenous Australian musician and songwriter known for being a didgeridoo player. He grew up in Wee Waa and started learning the instrument at age five from his grandfather and other Wiradjuri elders. His signature instrument was over a hundred years old and was made from a blood wood eucalypt. He received his secondary education at St Pius X High School, Newcastle.
Dargin worked as a busker on the streets of Sydney. He appeared with various symphony orchestras, including the Vienna Philharmonic and the London Symphony Orchestra at Royal Albert Hall; as well as in the United States, Japan, and Europe.
In 1983 Dargin appeared in a five-part ABC-TV miniseries, Chase Through the Night, alongside Nicole Kidman. He had the role of Bruce in the feature film, The Fringe Dwellers (1986), and a cameo appearance in The Adventures of Priscilla: Queen of the Desert (1994), as an unnamed cross-dresser. On Bastille Day in 1994 he performed for the French President, François Mitterrand.
He has contributed to albums by other artists: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant, Jimmy Barnes, Tommy Emmanuel, Wallis Buchanan (Jamiroquai), Yothu Yindi, Alison Brown and Don Burrows, and filmed a documentary about Cape York with Jacques Cousteau.
Dargin's last recording, MRD, contains tracks that feature collaborations with musicians: Tommy Emmanuel, James Morrison, supplying didgeridoo in duet with other instruments: guitar, steel drums, keyboard, Chinese flute, trumpet, electric bass, and voice. The album was released in April 2008. Dargin held a degree in science from the University of Toronto.
Dargin was diagnosed with burst veins in his throat and was warned by doctors that continued playing of the didgeridoo to generate a "fast, complex and loud sound" in "his forceful style" could endanger his life. In mid-February 2008 he was admitted to Saint Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, and died of a cerebral haemorrhage on 24 February 2008.
A memorial service was held at Circular Quay on 28 February in that year, commencing with a traditional Aboriginal smoking ceremony that progressed along the quay to First Fleet Park. Hundreds attended and tributes were given by friends and relatives for the inventor of "Rock and Roll didjeridu".
Discography
Bloodwood: The Art of the Didjeridu (by Alan Dargin and Michael Atherton) (1993)
Two Stories in One (by Alan Dargin and Reconciliation) (July 1994)
Cross + Hatch (by Dargin and Atherton) (March 1998)
DidgeriDuo (by Alan Dargin and Gary 'The DidgeMan' Thomas) (2001) Aquarius International Music
MRD (April 2008)
References
External links
1967 births
2008 deaths
Didgeridoo players
Indigenous Australian musicians
Musicians from New South Wales
20th-century Australian male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Dargin |
Cone Health Behavioral Health Hospital (part of Cone Health), located at 700 Walter Reed Drive in Greensboro, North Carolina, is an 80-bed facility that specializes in helping children, adolescents and adults cope with mental health and/or addiction issues. Its comprehensive services focus on the total needs of the patient and their family.
In January 2013, Cone Health announced they would seek approval from the state of North Carolina to replace the existing facility with a new $38.5 million hospital. Five years later, Cone Health shifted the effort for a new hospital to a partnership with Guilford County to create a joint facility to address mental health needs in the Guilford County area.
In June 2021, the Guilford County Behavioral Health Center opened to provide behavioral health urgent care services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to adults and adolescents in Guilford County. The Cone Health Behavioral Health Hospital is still open providing inpatient services for children and adults needing longer term mental health care.
References
External links
Cone Health Behavioral Health Hospital
Cone Health
Hospitals in Greensboro, North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone%20Health%20Behavioral%20Health%20Hospital |
Dionisio Deista Alejandro (1893–1972) was the first Filipino Bishop of the Methodist Church, elected in 1944.
He was born 19 February 1893 in Quiapo, Manila, the Philippines. His ancestry was Filipino with slight admixture of Chinese. He was baptized in 1906 at the age of thirteen in San Isidro, Luzon by Bishop G.A. Miller, and was educated in the U.S. and the Philippines. He became a Member in Full Connection of the Philippine Islands Annual Conference in 1918. He was ordained deacon by Bishop Eveland and Elder by Bishops Stuntz and J.W. Robinson. Alejandro was the first delegate to the Central Conference of Southern Asia. Prior to his election to the Episcopacy he served as an evangelist, an educator, a pastor and an editor.
He was elected a Bishop during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Thus, he was not consecrated until 1946 (i.e., after liberation). He served the Manila Episcopal Area of the Philippines Central Conference of The Methodist Church. He was the Presiding Bishop of the Philippines and the Northern Philippines Annual Conferences.
Dionisio Alejandro was the first president of Philippine Wesleyan College (now Wesleyan University (Philippines)) from 1946 - 1947.
Selected writings
Mga Leksion sq Homiletica, 1919.
A Brief History of the Philippines, in Tagalog, 1944. In English also.
A Brief History of Methodism, with F.S. Galvez and D.W. Holton.
Maikling Kasaysayan ng Philippines.
Why Are We Protestants? 1945.
Tr. The Baptism of the Holy Spirit, H.C. Morrison, and other pamphlets.
"From Darkness to Light: A brief Chronicl of the Beginnings and Spread of Methodism in the Philippines," 1974.
Biographies
Sketch by Attorney Juan Nabong, Journal, 1944 (also in the Methodist Bishops' Collection at Southern Methodist University).
From Roman Catholicism to the Protestant Faith, Personal Statement, Voices from Many Lands, 1915. (a typed copy of which also in the Methodist Bishops' Collection at Southern Methodist University).
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
Wesleyan University (Philippines)
References
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Parthenon Press, 1948
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
1893 births
1972 deaths
People from Quiapo, Manila
Filipino writers
Tagalog-language writers
Filipino United Methodist bishops
English-language writers from the Philippines
Filipino translators
Filipino educators
Converts to Methodism from Roman Catholicism
20th-century translators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisio%20Deista%20Alejandro |
Frank Robert Gooding (September 16, 1859June 24, 1928) was a Republican United States Senator and the seventh governor of Idaho. The city of Gooding and Gooding County, both in southern Idaho, are named for him.
Life and career
Born in the county of Devon, England, Gooding emigrated to the United States as a child with his family in 1867. The family settled on a farm in Michigan near Paw Paw. He attended the common schools there, and moved to Mount Shasta, California, in 1877, and engaged in farming and mining. Gooding moved to the Idaho Territory in 1881 and was one of the largest sheep owners in Idaho. He settled in Ketchum (adjacent to Sun Valley since 1936), where he worked as a mail carrier and subsequently engaged in the firewood and charcoal business. In 1888, he moved south and settled near present-day Gooding.
After Idaho became a state in 1890, Gooding emerged as a leader of the conservative faction of the Idaho Republican Party. Gooding was a powerful figure in Idaho in the early 20th century, as the city and county of Gooding were both named for him during his lifetime.
Gooding was named chairman of the Idaho Lincoln County Republicans in 1896. Gooding was state chairman of the Idaho Republican Party from 1900-1904. He was elected to the Idaho Legislature in 1898, and elected Governor of Idaho in 1904, before he became a U.S. citizen.
Gooding had a reputation for having an off-putting and abrasive personality, and often clashed with others in the Republican Party, notably progressive Senator William Borah.
Governor
From 1905 to 1909, Gooding served two 2-year terms as Governor of Idaho. During his administration the Idaho State Capitol building in Boise was constructed.
The Steunenberg assassination
Gooding came to national attention during the trial phase of the conspiracy prosecution of three leaders of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), charged with the assassination of former Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg. In 1899, Steunenberg had crushed a rebellion of miners during a labor dispute in Coeur d'Alene. Nearly five years out of office, Steunenberg was murdered by a bomb outside his Caldwell home in December 1905, and Harry Orchard was arrested for the crime.
Idaho's Chief Justice Stockslager drafted a telegram which invited the Pinkerton Agency to investigate. Governor Gooding was persuaded to approve the request, and Pinkerton agent James McParland soon arrived to lead the investigation. McParland announced his suspicion that Orchard was "the tool of others."
McParland's first order was to have Orchard transferred from the relatively comfortable Caldwell jail to death row in the Boise penitentiary, before any trial had occurred. The move was initially resisted by Judge Smith, who would be responsible for trying the case. The local judge anticipated a successful habeas corpus lawsuit against the tactic. McParland gave him "thirty precedents for the move." However, the sheriff in Caldwell also opposed the move.
Governor Gooding arranged a meeting between McParland and Chief Justice Stockslager, and then with Judge Smith. Before Smith arrived, McParland declared the county jail insecure, a potential target for dynamite. He also stated the purpose of the move to death row: "After three days I will attempt to get a confession." Chief Justice Stockslager approved of the move. In a pre-arranged plan, the Governor was called out of the room as soon as Judge Smith arrived, leaving McParland and the two judges alone. With the Chief Justice supporting the move to death row, Judge Smith also agreed.
McParland later threatened Orchard with immediate hanging, and said that he could avoid that fate only if he testified against leaders of the WFM. Orchard confessed, and was transferred from death row to a private bungalow in the prison yard. Governor Gooding stopped by to shake his hand and congratulate him on cooperating.
McParland then had WFM leaders Bill Haywood, Charles Moyer, and George Pettibone arrested in Colorado, using extradition papers which falsely claimed that the three men had been present at Steunenberg's murder.
The investigation and trial were financed with "deficiency certificates." In his book Big Trouble, J. Anthony Lukas recorded that with the use of these certificates,
In effect, the bank acted as a mere conduit for the passage of money from the mining industry to the state for use in the Haywood prosecution.
Thousands of dollars were also provided directly from the mine owners to the prosecuting attorneys in the case. Thus, mine owners were deliberately financing the state's prosecution of leaders of the union which had been organizing their mines. Upon hearing of this circumstance, President Theodore Roosevelt issued a particularly stern rebuke to Governor Gooding, describing such a state of affairs as the "grossest impropriety." President Roosevelt wrote:
[Idaho's government would] make a fatal mistake—and when I say fatal I mean literally that—if it permits itself to be identified with the operators any more than with the miners... If the Governor or the other officials of Idaho accept a cent from the operators or from any other capitalist with any reference, direct or indirect, to this prosecution, they would forfeit the respect of every good citizen and I should personally feel that they had committed a real crime.
Governor Gooding's response to the President provided a "severely distorted" account of the financial arrangements for the trial, shifted the blame to others, and promised to return money contributed by the mine owners. Gooding then:
...kept the narrowest construction of his promise to the president... [He then proclaimed publicly and often that no] dollar has been or will be supplied from any private source or organization whatsoever, [and then] went right on taking money from the mine owners.
Pettibone, Haywood, and Moyer were found not guilty of conspiracy in the killing. Orchard was convicted and sentenced to death. His death sentence was commuted, and he spent the rest of his life at the state penitentiary, and died in 1954.
Idaho School for the Deaf and the Blind
The Idaho School for the Deaf and the Blind (ISDB) was first established in 1906 in Boise and operated there until it burned down on December 8, 1908. The Idaho Legislature passed an act on March 16, 1909 establishing a permanent state school. Governor Frank Gooding donated land for the ISDB so it was moved to Gooding and started accepting students in September 1910.
The grounds and some of the dormitories at the ISDB.The school covers a area and provides dormitories for many of its students and has other facilities, such as a gymnasium and park.
Senate
In 1918, Gooding was the Republican nominee in a special U.S. Senate election to complete the term of James H. Brady, who died in office early in the year. Gooding was defeated by the appointed incumbent, Democrat John Nugent, by 970 votes.
In 1920, Gooding defeated Nugent for a full six-year term in the Senate. He took office in mid-January 1921, seven weeks early,
as Nugent resigned to accept a late-term appointment by outgoing President Woodrow Wilson to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
Gooding was reelected in 1926, again defeating Nugent. He died in office in 1928, and was succeeded by a political protégé, John Thomas, appointed by Governor H. C. Baldridge.
Mountain Time Zone
In the 1920s, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) had the western two-thirds of Idaho in the Pacific Time Zone. Gooding sponsored a bill in the Senate to place all of southern Idaho in the Mountain Time Zone, which stands today. The dividing line is the Salmon River at about 45.5° N, approximately midway from the borders with Nevada (42° N) and British Columbia, Canada (49° N).
Election results
Source:
1918 was a special election (November) to complete the term, vacated by the death of James Brady on January 13.John Nugent was appointed by Governor Moses Alexander on January 22.
Death
Gooding had been in ill health with cancer for several months in 1928 and was recuperating from surgery performed in May at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota. Back in Idaho, he died at his daughter's home in Gooding on June 24 at age 68. Gooding and his wife Amanda (1865–1946) are buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Gooding. In 1958, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.
See also
Frank Steunenberg, assassinated ex-governor of Idaho
Harry Orchard, convicted assassin in the Steunenberg assassination
James McParland, Pinkerton detective responsible for the investigation
Bill Haywood, WFM union leader accused of conspiracy
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899, alleged reason for the Steunenberg assassination
List of United States senators born outside the United States
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)
References
External links
National Governors Association: biography
Idaho State Historical Society: Frank Robert Gooding
1859 births
1928 deaths
Methodists from Idaho
English emigrants to the United States
Republican Party governors of Idaho
People from Ketchum, Idaho
Republican Party United States senators from Idaho
People from Gooding, Idaho
People from Mount Shasta, California
People from Van Buren County, Michigan
Burials at Elmwood Cemetery (Gooding, Idaho)
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20R.%20Gooding |
Supercarrier is an American military drama television series that aired on ABC from March 6 until May 14, 1988. It features US Navy Pilots aboard the fictional aircraft carrier USS Georgetown. It suffered from low ratings against CBS's Murder, She Wrote and NBC's Family Ties, and only lasted eight episodes before being cancelled.
Cast
Robert Hooks as Capt. Jim Coleman
Ken Olandt as Lt Jack "Sierra" DePalma
Paul Gleason (pilot episode)
Cec Verrell as Lt Ruth "Bee-Bee" Ruthkowski
John David Bland as Lt Doyle "ANZAC" Sampson
Gerardo Mejía as Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Luis Cruz
Michael Sharrett (pilot episode)
Matthew Walker as Seaman Raymond Lafitte
Tasia Valenza (pilot episode)
Wendie Malick (pilot episode)
Denise Nicholas (pilot episode)
Scott Kraft (pilot episode)
Craig Stevens (pilot episode)
Thomas Beck (pilot episode)
Alex Hyde-White as Lt Dave "Hat Trick" Rawley
Dale Dye as Capt Henry K. 'Hank' Madigan
Richard Jaeckel as Master Chief Sam Rivers
Dennis R. "Beau" Sumner, Jr.
Matthew Williams
Peter Mark Richman (2nd episode)
William Smith (3rd episode)
Ismael 'East' Carlo (5th episode)
Gina Gallego (5th episode)
Harley Jane Kozak (5th episode)
Jennifer Darling (6th episode)
Lyman Ward (7th episode)
Lawrence Kopp as Deadly Enemies (Pilot)
Production
The series was partly filmed on board the which is an Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate rather than an aircraft carrier. Part of the filming was conducted on the , between September and November 1987, while the ship was undergoing a period of upkeep.
The Department of the Navy pulled its support for the show in March 1988, with a spokesperson citing dissatisfaction with the plots of upcoming episodes in which the carrier "just becomes a backdrop" for stories unrelated to the U.S. Navy. The producer, Charles Fries, said in response that the Navy "wanted a sleepy show about life on a Supercarrier" and that he was "happy to be relieved of the cooperation because naval personnel were stifling our writers relationships and dialogue".
Episodes
References
External links
1988 American television series debuts
1988 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
1980s American drama television series
English-language television shows
American military television series
Aviation television series
Television series by MGM Television
Television shows set in New York City
Television series created by Steven E. de Souza
United States Naval Aviators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercarrier%20%28TV%20series%29 |
WWYC (1560 AM) is a radio station in Toledo, Ohio. It is now a repeater of KAWZ in Twin Falls, Idaho, the originator of a network of repeaters and mostly translators owned by CSN International.
History
WWYC signed on in 1946 as WTOD under the ownership of local labor rights attorney Edward Lamb. The station was notable at its launch for having been among the fastest radio stations to sign-on after being awarded a construction permit. WTOD's initial staff was composed largely of veterans returning from World War II. Lamb sold WTOD in 1957 to Detroit-based Booth Broadcasting. Originally a station typical of the golden age of radio, it changed formats to Top 40 in 1959. The station was popular and competed with WOHO (1470 AM). The call-letters "TOD" stood for Top Of Dial, but the humorous meaning was "We're Toledo's Only Daytimer" as the station signed off at sundown in order to protect WQXR-AM, a 50,000 watt station (now WFME) in New York City. In the top 40 era, WTOD was simulcast full-time on their FM signal at 99.9 with 9,500 watts and used the FM to continue at night. Competitor WOHO was full-time with 1,000 watts day and night. WTOD-AM operated with two towers and 5,000 watts daytime only. In the early 1960's it was home to marquee personalities like: Bob Martz, John Garry, Larry Obrien, Tommy Dean,Mike Shaw, Fat Dean Clark, Lee Fowler, Bill Webb, Bob Brossia, Bob Kelly, Bob Parkinson who married Connie Francis and Diane Parkinson of Price Is Right fame, Bill Hughes, Bill Manders, Bob Zrake, Don Patrick, Don Williams, Mike Phillips, Dave Obrien aka Les Bortel, Rick Allen aka Earl Sharninghouse, Gary Shores aka Gary Hoffar, Mark Adams aka Mike Stutzman, Tom Rice aka Bob Pepas, Ed Hunter, Denny Williams, Mick Hodges, Buddy Carr, Norm Davis and others. The FM split programming in 1966 becoming a black-oriented format as WKLR known as Kooler Radio sporting Djs like Calvin Baby Richards who then went to WOWO in Ft Wayne, et al, Toledos' first urban contemporary station. Sadly, shortly after the flip, the station was destroyed in a devastating fire which some speculation was that it was arson.
In 1969 the format was changed to country music. WTOD became Toledo's first country music station. In the early 1990s, 1560 simulcasted on WRED 95.7 (now WIMX), this was short lived. WTOD then, became a simulcast station of fellow country station WKKO. With a few exceptions, WTOD was a full time simulcast of WKKO until 2004.
In the fall of 2004, the full-time simulcast of WKKO was dropped in favor of Syndicated Conservative Talk Radio. Programming included Neal Boortz and Dave Ramsey. The Weekends featured brokered programming, including Annunciation Radio. This was a Catholic-based religious show that would later wind up going full time on WNOC.
In March 2010, it was announced that WTOD would be acquired by CSN International (the Christian Satellite Network). On April 23, 2010, the call sign was changed to WWYC.
FM translator
WWYC simulcasts on a 250-watt repeater on 99.5 FM, which is located in Perrysburg, Ohio.
See also
CSN International translators
References
External links
FCC History Cards for WWYC
FM Translator
WYC
Radio stations established in 1946
1946 establishments in Ohio
WYC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWYC |
Roshni-chu (; , Röşni-Çu) is a rural locality (a selo) in Urus-Martanovsky District of the Chechen Republic, Russia, located about southwest of Grozny. Population:
On August 14, 2005, a militant group attacked the village and five officials from the regional military head of Urus-Martanovsky District and Colonel Alexander Kayak were killed and one person was seriously wounded.
References
Rural localities in Urus-Martanovsky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshni-Chu |
The Bartini Beriev VVA-14 Vertikaľno-Vzletayushchaya Amfibiya (vertical take-off amphibious aircraft) was a wing-in-ground-effect aircraft developed in the Soviet Union during the early 1970s. Designed to be able to take off from the water and fly at high speed over long distances, it was to make true flights at high altitude, but also have the capability of flying efficiently just above the sea surface, using aerodynamic ground effect. The VVA-14 was designed by Hungarian-born designer Robert Bartini in answer to a perceived requirement to destroy United States Navy Polaris missile submarines. The final aircraft was retired in 1987.
Development
Bartini, in collaboration with the Beriev Design Bureau intended to develop the prototype VVA-14 in three phases. The VVA-14M1 was to be an aerodynamics and technology testbed, initially with rigid pontoons on the ends of the central wing section, and later with these replaced by inflatable pontoons. The VVA-14M2 was to be more advanced, with two starting engines to blast into the cavity under the wing to give lift and later with a battery of lift engines to give VTOL capability, and with fly-by-wire flight controls. The VVA-14M3 would see the VTOL vehicle fully equipped with armament and with the Burevestnik computerised anti-submarine warfare (ASW) system, Bor-1 magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) and other operational equipment.
Operational history
After extensive research, including the development of the small prototype Be-1 wing in ground effect aircraft, the first VVA-14 prototype was completed in 1972. Its first flight was from a conventional runway on 4 September 1972.
In 1974, inflatable pontoons were installed, though their operation caused many problems. Flotation and water taxi tests followed, culminating in the start of flight testing of the amphibious aircraft on 11 June 1975.
The inflatable pontoons were later replaced by rigid pontoons, while the fuselage was lengthened and the starting engines added. This incarnation was given the designation 14M1P. The bureau supplying the intended battery of 12 RD-36-35PR lift engines did not deliver, and this made VTOL testing impossible.
After Bartini's death in 1974, the project slowed and eventually drew to a close, the aircraft having conducted 107 flights, with a total flight time of 103 hours. The only remaining VVA-14, No. 19172, was retired to the Soviet Central Air Force Museum, Moscow in 1987. As a result of uncertain accidents during the shipping to museum, the aircraft received some damage, but these damages were not repaired afterwards. The aircraft still resides at the museum in a dismantled state, where it carries the designations "10687" and "Aeroflot".
Specifications (VVA-14M1)
See also
References
Komissarov, Sergey. “Russia's Ekranoplans”. Hinkley. Midland Publishing. 2002.
Komissarov, Sergey and Yefim Gordon. Soviet and Russian Ekranoplans. Hersham, UK: Ian Allan Publishing, 2010. .
External links
VVA-14 on Google Maps
1970s Soviet anti-submarine aircraft
VVA-14
Ekranoplans
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
VVA-14, Bartini Beriev
Aircraft first flown in 1972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartini%20Beriev%20VVA-14 |
Bermuda shorts, also known as walk shorts or dress shorts, are a particular type of short trousers, worn as semi-casual attire by both men and women. The hem, which can be cuffed or un-cuffed, is around above the knee.
They are so-named because of their popularity in Bermuda, a British Overseas Territory, where they are considered appropriate business attire for men when made of suit-like material and worn with knee-length socks, a dress shirt, tie, and blazer.
True Bermuda shorts are not to be confused with "capri pants" extending below the knee. Cargo shorts may be a similar length but are typically baggy or less "tailored" than Bermuda shorts and more typical of West Coast American fashion.
History
The invention of Bermuda shorts is attributed to native Bermudian and tea shop owner Nathaniel Coxon, who in 1914 hemmed the uniform pants of his employees allowing for more comfort in the heat. The British Army, stationed in Bermuda during World War I, adopted the shorts for wear in tropical and desert climates.
Bermuda shorts became a popular sportswear item in the 1920s and 1930s for their association with leisure and tropical vacations. Their name was likely codified in the United States by The Bermuda Shop, a New York City sportswear retailer.
According to Jack Lightbourn, former Executive Vice President of the Bank of Bermuda, the general managers of the two banks in Bermuda, The Bank of Bermuda Ltd and The Bank of N.T. Butterfield and Sons Ltd were concerned that their male employees would not have suitable clothing to wear due to clothing shortages related to World War II. They arranged for a local tailor to make two pairs of shorts, modeled on the shorts of the British military, for each of their male employees. The shorts were made from a very itchy grey flannel material, and each employee was supplied with two pairs of heavy grey wool long socks to wear with the shorts. This was the beginning of Bermuda shorts as business attire in Bermuda as well as the pairing of long socks with Bermuda shorts. In the post-war period local merchants such as Trimingham Bros. and H.A. & E. Smiths improved the design of the shorts and used bright coloured materials as the shorts became more popular.
Vogue first used the term "Bermuda shorts" in 1948. The rise in the popularity of the shorts coincides with the broader rise in acceptability of shorts as daily wear. Along with jeans, Bermuda shorts were prohibited for female students at Penn State University until 1954, when the ban was lifted only for off-campus events. A piece from that year in The New Yorker mentions that although sales figures for the shorts at retailers such as Brooks Brothers were increasing, certain hotels and clubs still would not allow them.
Bermuda shorts experienced renewed popularity in the 1970s due to increased interest in the fashion of the 1950s. They reappeared on the runways for several years starting in the early 1990s.
Uses
Bermuda shorts are considered more appropriate in hot subtropical and tropical climates than the typical heavier clothing favored in Europe. Many businesses in the West today that have a business casual policy similarly allow this kind of clothing in the hotter seasons, especially in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
Bermuda shorts are also part of the boys' summer uniforms of many private schools in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
Bermuda shorts are part of the attire for the British Royal Navy and Royal Canadian Navy.
During the opening ceremonies of the Olympics and Paralympics, Bermuda's delegation traditionally wears red Bermuda shorts (red being the primary color in the country's flag).
See also
Madras shorts or pants
Shorts
Swim trunks
The Official Preppy Handbook
Walk shorts
References
External links
Bermuda shorts — from "Bermuda Online" by the Royal Gazette.
Trousers and shorts
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion
Bermudian culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda%20shorts |
Ključ (, ) is a town and municipality located in the Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The name of the town and the municipality translates to "Key" in English.
Geography
It is located a short distance south from Sanski Most. The Sana River runs through the municipality. The terrain is heavily forested.
History
Human settlements have existed in the area long before the Roman Era. The town itself is first mentioned in 1322 in the documents of ban Stjepan II Kotromanić. It was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1463 as the last Royal Bosnian fortress.
From 1929 to 1941, Ključ was part of the Vrbas Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Ključ was first mentioned in 1322. In 1463, during the Ottoman invasion of Bosnia, the last Bosnian king Stjepan Tomašević, took refuge in the city. His surrender and execution marked the downfall of the medieval Bosnian state.
The Charter from 1323 states that Vukoslav is the son of duke Hrvatin, and from this we conclude that the main stronghold of the lords of the Donji Kraji was in the town of Ključ, the center of the parish Banica. Evliya Çelebi mentions Ključ and says that he is located in Donji Kraji and on the Sana river.
As an area with a slight Serb majority, at the start of the war in Bosnia (1992-1995), the Ključ area was held by Bosnian Serb forces. In the summer of 1995, the Bosnian governmental forces took control over it. Most of the pre-war Serb population fled after the Dayton Peace Agreement, the town belongs to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Today, it is estimated that about 97% of the population of Ključ are Bosniaks.
Settlements
In 1991, the municipality of Ključ contained 61 settlements:
Biljani Donji
Biljani Gornji
Budelj Gornji
Busije
Crkveno
Crljeni
Čađavica
Donja Previja
Donja Slatina
Donje Ratkovo
Donje Sokolovo
Donji Ramići
Donji Ribnik
Donji Vojići
Donji Vrbljani
Dragoraj
Dubočani
Gornja Previja
Gornja Slatina
Gornje Ratkovo
Gornje Sokolovo
Gornji Ramići
Gornji Ribnik
Gornji Vojići
Gornji Vrbljani
Hadžići
Hasići
Hripavci
Humići
Jarice
Kamičak
Ključ
Kopjenica
Korjenovo
Krasulje
Lanište
Ljubine
Međeđe Brdo
Mijačica
Peći
Pištanica
Plamenice
Prhovo
Prisjeka Donja
Prisjeka Gornja
Rastoka
Rudenice
Sanica
Sanica Donja
Sanica Gornja
Sitnica
Sredice
Stražice
Treskavac
Velagići
Velečevo
Velijašnica
Velije
Zableće
Zavolje
Zgon
As a result of the war, the villages of Busije, Crkveno, Čađavica, Donja Previja, Donja Slatina, Donji Ribnik, Donji Vrbljani, Dragoraj, Gornja Previja, Gornja Slatina, Gornje Sokolovo, Gornji Ribnik, Gornji Vrbljani, Rastoka, Sitnica, Sredice, Stražice, Treskavac, Velijašnica, Velije et Zableće, as well as parts of Donje Ratkovo, Donje Sokolovo, Dubočani, Gornje Ratkovo, Jarice, Ljubine et Velečevo became a part of Ribnik municipality, Republika Srpska.
Today the municipality of Ključ has 40 settlements:
Biljani Donji
Biljani Gornji
Budelj Gornji
Crljeni
Donje Ratkovo (part)
Donje Sokolovo (part)
Donji Ramići
Donji Vojići
Dubočani (part)
Gornje Ratkovo (part)
Gornji Ramići
Gornji Vojići
Hadžići
Hasići
Hripavci
Humići
Jarice (part)
Kamičak
Ključ
Kopjenica
Korjenovo
Krasulje
Lanište
Ljubine (part)
Međeđe Brdo
Mijačica
Peći
Pištanica
Plamenice
Prhovo
Prisjeka Donja
Prisjeka Gornja
Pudin Han
Rudenice
Sanica
Sanica Donja
Sanica Gornja
Velagići
Velečevo (part)
Zavolje
Zgon
Demographics
Population
Ethnic composition
Economy
The area is connected to other parts of Bosnia by the M-5 highway. Forestry, light industry and tourism are major components of the economy.
References
External links
Cities and towns in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Populated places in Ključ
Municipalities of the Una-Sana Canton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klju%C4%8D%2C%20Una-Sana%20Canton |
Mikael Patrik "Totte" Gerrbrand (born 27 April 1981) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender. Starting off his career with Hammarby IF in 2000, he went on to also represent Leicester City and Fredrikstad before retiring at Nacka FF in 2015. A youth international for Sweden, he appeared seven times for the Sweden U21 team between 2003 and 2004.
Club career
A central defender, Gerrbrand began playing football for Älvsjö AIK before heading to Hammarby as at 14 years of age. He played through the youth ranks before making his professional debut in 2000, and played for five more seasons, winning the Swedish Allsvenskan in 2001. In July 2005 he signed for Leicester City, making 21 appearances in all competitions for the Championship side during the 2005–06 season.
Gerrbrand signed for the Norwegian club in July 2006, transferring from Leicester City because he did not have a future for the first-team. He signed a three and a half year contract with Fredrikstad. He played most of Fredikstad's games until the 2009 season, where he only played in two of their first thirteen games and was released by mutual consent on 15 June 2009.
Just a few days after he left FFK, he signed for his youth and favourite club Hammarby IF. He signed a two and a half year-contract with "Bajen".
International career
Gerrbrand made seven appearances for the Swedish under-21 team, but never appeared in a senior international match. He was a part of Sweden's squad at the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, in which he played in four games as Sweden finished fourth.
Honours
Hammarby IF
Allsvenskan: 2001
Fredrikstad
Norwegian Cup: 2006
References
External links
Player profile at Fredrikstad FK
1981 births
Living people
Swedish men's footballers
Leicester City F.C. players
Fredrikstad FK players
Hammarby Fotboll players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Norway
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Swedish expatriate men's footballers
Sweden men's under-21 international footballers
Allsvenskan players
Eliteserien players
Men's association football defenders
Boo FK players
Boo FK managers
Swedish football managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrik%20Gerrbrand |
Penguin Cafe Orchestra is the second studio album by the Penguin Cafe Orchestra, released in 1981, and recorded between 1977 and 1980. By this album, the line-up for the band had expanded greatly, with contribution including Simon Jeffes, Helen Leibmann, Steve Nye, Gavyn Wright of the original quartet, as well as Geoff Richardson, Peter Veitch, Braco, Giles Leamna, Julio Segovia and Neil Rennie. All pieces were composed by Simon Jeffes except for "Paul's Dance" (Jeffes and Nye), "Cutting Branches" (traditional), and "Walk Don't Run" (by Johnny Smith). The cover painting is by Emily Young.
"Cutting Branches for a Temporary Shelter" is based on the traditional Zimbabwean song "Nhemamusasa", a field recording of which can be heard played on mbira on the Nonesuch Records album The Soul of the Mbira.
Critical reception
The Boston Globe opined that "this is one of the most eccentric records released this or any year... It's also one of the most delightful."
In 2021, Penguin Cafe Orchestra was named among the fifty best albums of 1981 by Spin.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Simon Jeffes; except where indicated
Side one
Side two
Personnel
Simon Jeffes - guitar, cuatro, ukulele, piano, bass, violin, Dulcitone, harmonium, shakers, drums, ring modulator, rubber band, penny whistle, electric organ
Braco - shakers, drums, bongos
Giles Leaman - oboe
Helen Liebmann - cello
Steve Nye - electric piano, cuatro
Neil Rennie - ukulele
Geoffrey Richardson - viola, guitar, bass, bongos, metal frame, ukulele
Julio Segovia - cymbals
Peter Veitch - accordion, violin
Gavyn Wright - violin
References
1981 albums
Penguin Cafe Orchestra albums
Albums produced by Simon Jeffes
E.G. Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin%20Cafe%20Orchestra%20%28album%29 |
Orbital tuning refers to the process of adjusting the time scale of a geologic or climate record so that the observed fluctuations correspond to the Milankovitch cycles in the Earth's orbital motion. Because changes in the Earth's orbit affect the amount and distribution of sunlight the Earth receives, such changes are expected to introduce periodic climate changes on time scales of 20-100 kyr. Long records of sedimentation or climate should record such variations; however, such records often have poorly constrained age scales. As a result, scientists will sometimes adjust the timing of the features in their records to match the predictions of orbital theory in the hopes of improving the dating accuracy. However, "overtuning" can result in apparent features that have no basis in the real data, such as occurred with the original SPECMAP record.
References
Dating methods
Paleoclimatology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital%20tuning |
Bert Henry Miller (December 15, 1876 – October 8, 1949) was an American politician from Idaho and a member of the Democratic Party.
Biography
Born in St. George, Utah Territory, Miller graduated from Brigham Young University in 1901 and from Cumberland School of Law at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee in 1902. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in St. Anthony, Idaho in 1903, and was prosecuting attorney of Fremont County from 1912 to 1914.
Miller ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1914. He was elected Idaho Attorney General in 1932, and reelected in 1934. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1936, and served for two months in 1938 as Idaho's labor commissioner. Miller was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for election in 1938 to the Seventy-sixth Congress. He was an attorney in the Wage and Hour Division of the U.S. Department of Labor at Seattle, Washington in 1939 and 1940. He again became Attorney General of Idaho from 1940 to 1944, during which time he was an advocate for Japanese-American internment camps. Miller "expressed an even more extreme view, advocating that they be put into concentration camps for the remainder of the war and that no attempt be made to provide work for them. Their labor was not needed, he said, and after the war they should be sent back to California: 'We want to keep this a white man's country.' "
He was elected a justice of the state's supreme court in 1944.
Miller was elected to the United States Senate in 1948, defeating Republican incumbent Henry Dworshak, but died of a heart attack after only nine months in office. Governor C. A. Robins appointed Dworshak to succeed him. As of 2021, Miller remains the last Democrat to hold the Class II U.S. Senate seat from Idaho.
Miller is buried in Morris Hill Cemetery in Boise.
Congressional elections
House
Senate
Source:
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)
References
External links
1876 births
1949 deaths
Brigham Young University alumni
Idaho lawyers
American prosecutors
Justices of the Idaho Supreme Court
Idaho Attorneys General
Idaho Democrats
Democratic Party United States senators from Idaho
People from St. George, Utah
People from St. Anthony, Idaho | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert%20H.%20Miller |
Fuschl am See is an Austrian municipality in the district of Salzburg-Umgebung, in the state of Salzburg. It is located at the east end of the Fuschlsee, between the city of Salzburg and Bad Ischl. As of 2018, the community has approximately 1,500 inhabitants.
Geography
Fuschl am See covers an area of 21.4 km². The city lies in the mid-northern part of Austria near the German state of Bavaria.
History
The Fuschl region is mentioned for the first time in the „Congestum Arnonis“ (as a record of it forming part of the estates belonging to the diocese of Salzburg, from the time of Bishop Arno in 790). From the 8th century the whole area of Thalgau-Fuschl am See-Abersee was owned by the lords of the area i.e. archbishops. For a long time Fuschl am See had no name but in the 12th century the area was known as “Fuschilsee”. (Documented by archbishop Konrad I in the year 1141 chronicling the lake fishermen “ad Fuschilsee” which belongs to the monastery of St. Peters.)
Economy
Red Bull GmbH has its headquarters in Fuschl.
Transport
Highway B158 from Bad Ischl to Salzburg passes through Fuschl.
Notable residents
Former F1 driver Scott Speed
Dietrich Mateschitz, Red Bull co-founder
See also
Salzburg
Salzburgerland
Notes and references
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Salzburg-Umgebung District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuschl%20am%20See |
Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (DD-NOS) is designated by the code 311 in the DSM-IV for depressive disorders that are impairing but do not fit any of the officially specified diagnoses. According to the DSM-IV, DD-NOS encompasses "any depressive disorder that does not meet the criteria for a specific disorder." In the DSM-5, it is called unspecified depressive disorder.
Examples of disorders in this category include those sometimes described as minor depressive disorder and recurrent brief depression.
"Depression" refers to a spectrum of disturbances in mood that vary from mild to severe and from short periods to constant illness. DD-NOS is diagnosed if a patients symptoms fail to meet the criteria more common depressive disorders such as major depressive disorder or dysthymia. Although DD-NOS shares similar symptoms to dysthymia, dysthymia is classified by a period of at least 2 years of constantly recurring depressed mood, where as DD-NOS is classified by much shorter periods of depressed moods.
For most people with the condition, their life will be significantly affected. DD-NOS can make many aspects of a person's daily life difficult to manage, inhibiting their ability to enjoy the things that used to make them happy. Those with the disorder tend to isolate themselves from their friends and families, lose interest in some activities, and experience behavioural changes and sleeping disorders. Some with the condition also experience suicidal tendencies or suicide attempts. In addition to having these symptoms, a diagnosis of DD-NOS will only be made if the symptoms cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. For the diagnosis to be accurate, a psychiatrist is required to spend extensive time with the patient.
Symptoms of the disorder may arise due to several reasons. These include:
Distress due to medical conditions
Environmental effects and situations
However, the effects of drugs or medication or bereavement are not classified under the diagnosis.
A person will not be diagnosed with the condition if they have or have had any of the following: a major depressive episode, manic episode, mixed episode or hypomanic episode.
A diagnosis of the disorder will look like: "Depressive Disorder NOS 311".
Concerns
Accurately assessing for a specific Depressive Disorder diagnosis requires an expenditure of time that is deemed unreasonable for most primary care physicians. For this reason, physicians often use this code as a proxy for a more thorough diagnosis. There is concern that this may lead to a "wastebasket" mindset for certain disorders. In addition reimbursement through Medicare may be lower for certain non specific diagnosis.
Treatment
It is possible for this disorder to progress over time. A patient with the disorder can improve their condition with treatments. There are several types of therapies that may improve their condition, but depending on a patient's experience of the disorder or the cause of the disorder, treatments will vary.
Psychotherapy including behaviour therapy, Gestalt therapy, Adlerian therapy, psychoanalytic therapy and existential therapy.
Pharmacotherapy through medications including antidepressants.
References
Depression (mood) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressive%20Disorder%20Not%20Otherwise%20Specified |
Elaine Antoinette Parent (August 4, 1942 – April 6, 2002) was an American criminal known as "the world's most wanted woman" in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
She was wanted for the murder of her potential roommate, Beverly McGowan, a 34-year-old bank clerk. McGowan had placed an ad in the paper looking for a roommate. A woman named "Alice" answered the ad. The woman was actually Parent. Soon after, McGowan disappeared; on July 19, 1990, her remains were found in a rural canal in St. Lucie County, Florida. She had been mutilated--a tattoo cut out of her stomach, her head had been decapitated and her hands severed to hinder the identification. However, the killer had overlooked another small tattoo. This, along with teeth left from the decapitation, were enough to positively identify her.
According to investigators, Parent was known to have traveled around the world using more than 20 different identities and was a master of disguise, even at times posing as a man.
The origin of Parent's nickname, the "Chameleon Killer," was a photograph of an oil painting of herself she sent to police with the message "Best wishes: your Chameleon" typed on the back. The nickname was apt, as she stole the identities of her victims and was found to have used McGowan's credit cards after she killed her. She also scoured graveyards for names and dates of birth and stole the information of other potential roommates by telling them she was a numerologist, soliciting their Social Security numbers, driver's licences and even birth certificates.
When Florida police caught up with her in Panama City, Florida, on April 6, 2002, she committed suicide by shooting herself in the heart as they stood outside her bedroom door waiting for her to get dressed.
There have been concerns that in her time on the run she is likely to have committed other crimes. Some investigators have even questioned if "Elaine Parent" was her actual, given name, since no birth certificate for her has ever been found.
Beverly McGowan's murder and the search for Elaine Parent were profiled on Unsolved Mysteries and America's Most Wanted. In 2003, BBC did a special documentary on Parent's criminal career titled "The World's Most Wanted Woman". In 2014, she was featured on the Investigation Discovery program Swamp Murders.
References
1942 births
2002 suicides
2002 deaths
Suicides by firearm in Florida
American female murderers
American murderers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine%20Parent |
The Orpington by-election in 1962 is often described as the start of the Liberal Party revival in the United Kingdom.
Background
The by-election was caused by the appointment of Donald Sumner, the Conservative Member of Parliament for Orpington, as a county court judge. The appointment was generally thought to be making way for Peter Goldman, who had worked with Iain Macleod on the Conservatives' previous election manifesto. The Conservatives had held the seat since its creation in 1945 and, in the 1959 general election, had easily retained it. Labour and the Liberals had each picked up just over 20% of the vote. Commentators therefore expected Goldman to achieve a comfortable victory.
The Liberal Party had reached its lowest ebb in the 1951 general election, gaining only 2.5% of the national vote and returning only six MPs. Signs of a revival were not seen until it won the 1958 Torrington by-election, its first gain at a by-election since Holland with Boston in 1929. The following year, however, Torrington was lost at the general election and, despite increasing its share of the vote to 5.9%, the party did not return more than six MPs. After the general election, its revival resumed as it took second place in several by-elections.
The Liberals had planned to put forward their candidate from the 1959 election, Jack Galloway, but selected local councillor Eric Lubbock after it was revealed that Galloway had technically been guilty of bigamy.
Campaign
During the campaign, Goldman attracted criticism for living outside the constituency and admitting that he had no plans to move into it. His close association with the Exchequer also meant his standing was damaged when the Conservative government was forced to announce a pay freeze (Selwyn Lloyd's "Pay Pause") for public sector workers that was seen, in particular, to penalise nurses.
The by-election was held on 14 March 1962. Despite the Conservatives' troubles, the near-22% swing from them to the Liberals surprised most analysts. Lubbock won a 7,855-vote majority and held the seat until 1970. The win boosted the Liberals' poll ratings but did not accelerate their resurgence.
Result
Previous election
References
External links
British Parliamentary By Elections: Liberal Party campaign literature from the by-election
Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources
Orpington,1962
Orpington,1962
Orpington by-election
Orpington by-election
Orpington,1962
1960s in Kent
Orpington | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%20Orpington%20by-election |
Music from the Penguin Cafe is the first studio album by the Penguin Cafe Orchestra. It was recorded between 1974 and 1976, and released in 1976.
The artist credited for the work varies with different issues. Upon original issue, the label credited the artist as Simon Jeffes, while the cover gave the artist as "members of the Penguin Café Orchestra". The line-up for tracks 1, 9, 10 and 11 consisted of the original "Penguin Café Quartet" (as they are referred to in the liner notes): Simon Jeffes (electric guitar), Helen Liebmann (Cello), Steve Nye (electric piano), and Gavyn Wright (violin). Tracks 2–8, meanwhile, were performed by the ensemble "Zopf", which includes all four members of the quartet as well as Neil Rennie (ukulele) and Emily Young (vocals).
Reissues from 1987 forward generally credit the artist as the Penguin Cafe Orchestra. These later reissues have mistakenly listed pieces 2-8 as though they were movements of a suite entitled "Zopf", instead of 7 separate pieces performed by "Zopf".
The executive producer for the album was Brian Eno, who released this album on his experimental Obscure label, with catalogue number "Obscure 7". The original cover was by John Bonis. The reissue cover painting was by Emily Young. The album was later released on CD by E.G. Records in 1991 and later in remastered form in 2006 - both using the reissue cover instead of the original.
The album was included in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.
Track listing
All words composed by Neil Rennie
Tracks 1, 9-11 performed by the Penguin Cafe Quartet.
Tracks 2-8 performed by Zopf.
Personnel
Penguin Cafe Orchestra
Simon Jeffes - electric guitar, bass, ukulele, cuatro, spinet, electric piano, mouth percussion, sheng, ring modulator, vocals
Steve Nye - electric piano, engineer
Helen Liebmann - cello
Gavyn Wright - violin, viola
with:
Emily Young - vocals on "Milk" and "Coronation", cover painting
Neil Rennie - ukulele on "Giles Farnaby's Dream"
References
1976 debut albums
Penguin Cafe Orchestra albums
Albums produced by Steve Nye
Albums produced by Simon Jeffes
Albums produced by Brian Eno
E.G. Records albums
Obscure Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20from%20the%20Penguin%20Cafe |
Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar was a Persian Sufi saint and Malāmatī-Qalāndārī Sheikh, of possible Turkic origin, and is buried in Zava, Khurasan. Qazvini, author of the Tarikh-i guzida, states Haydar was alive at the time of the Mongol invasion of Central Asia in 1220 and died in 1221 CE/618 AH. The date of his life helpfully indicates the time when the use of cannabis took hold in Islamic society.
Haydar apparently followed an ascetic discipline until he ate some marijuana that he found growing. He then took to eating it constantly. It was deemed compatible with a spiritual life, a positive aid even.
Use of cannabis migrated into Iraq, Syria and Egypt where it was known as 'Haydar's Lady' or 'the Wine of Haydar'.
Haydar – the Persian form of his name is Heydar – founded an order of mendicant dervishes called the Ḥaydariyya who were known for their celibacy and mortification of the flesh through piercing their own bodies with iron rings. His followers also wore felt and walked barefoot. According to al-Jawbari in his book Kashf al-Asrar "Unveiling the Secrets", "members of the Haydariyya dervish order took Hashish before staging their performances of self-mutilation, in order to numb the pain." Al-Jawbari's Kashf al-Asrar was written in 13th century Iraq. The author was a conjuror whose writing was an exposé of not only magic tricks but also the 'dodges' of beggars and other 'low-life'. In fact the term hashishiyya is synonymous with 'low-life' and has been used as such for centuries in the Islamic world.
See also
Sidi Heddi
References
Year of birth missing
1221 deaths
Iranian Sufis
Bektashi Order
History of the Alevis
13th-century Iranian people
Cannabis and Islam
Iranian Muslim mystics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb%20ad-D%C4%ABn%20Haydar |
Trung Jered Canidate (born March 3, 1977) is a former American football running back in the National Football League (NFL). Drafted out of Arizona, Canidate was selected with the 31st overall pick of the 2000 NFL Draft by the St. Louis Rams.
Professional career
Pre-draft
The St. Louis Rams timed Canidate at 4.25 seconds in the 40-yard dash, more than .15 faster than his combine time. At the combine, Canidate did not complete his workout due to an ankle sprain.
St. Louis Rams
With the presence on the Rams' roster of Marshall Faulk, 1999 NFL Offensive MVP, there was much confusion with the selection of Canidate and most fans thought it was wasted. He started only three games in his three seasons with St. Louis; he was drafted for his quickness and speed, but he was undersized and perceived as fumble-prone. He fumbled on 1.6% of his touches in his career, compared to a league average rate of 1.37% of touches).
Washington Redskins
After the 2002 season, St. Louis traded Canidate to the Washington Redskins for David Loverne and a fourth round draft choice. There, he won the starting spot and started ten games, gaining 600 rushing yards and one touchdown. The next season, the Redskins traded Champ Bailey for all-star running back Clinton Portis, and Canidate was released in June 2004.
NFL statistics
References
1977 births
Living people
American football running backs
Arizona Wildcats football players
St. Louis Rams players
Washington Redskins players
Players of American football from Phoenix, Arizona | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung%20Canidate |
USCGC Dauntless (WMEC-624) is a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter, commissioned in 1968 and still on active duty.
She is the first cutter in Coast Guard history to hold this name. Like all ships in the Reliance class of 210-foot medium-endurance cutters, Dauntless is named for an aspirational trait, in this case meaning to "persevere fearlessly." This trait is further reflected in the ship's motto Sin Miedo which, in Spanish, means "Without Fear."
Construction and career
Dauntless was laid down on 15 May 1965 and launched on 21 October 1967 by American Ship Building Company. Commissioned on 10 June 1968.
Since her commissioning, Dauntless was homeported in Miami, Florida, until 1993, when she was decommissioned and entered Major Maintenance Availability (MMA) at the Coast Guard Yard in Curtis Bay, Maryland. After 18 months and at a total cost of $21 million, the ship was completely overhauled from stem to stern. The major renovations included the addition of an engine exhaust stack aft of the pilot house, a complete powerplant overhaul, installation of new navigation and communications systems, and extensive habitability improvements. After MMA, Dauntless was assigned to her new homeport of Galveston, Texas. After her overhaul, her 3”/50cal gun was put on display onboard USS Lexington Museum.
Dauntless has earned a reputation as one of the nation's premier "drug busters." Dauntless became the first cutter in history to seize one million pounds of marijuana, an accomplishment signified by a large gold marijuana leaf painted on her superstructure. During her Coast Guard career, Dauntless has over 85 illegal narcotics "busts" to her credit, more than any other cutter.
She has also played a leading role in search and rescue (SAR) operations. During the mass Cuban exodus (see Mariel boatlift) between April 23 and May 13, 1980, over 25 vessels were towed to safety, eight persons adrift at sea were rescued, and an astonishing 55 SAR cases were conducted.
President Ronald Reagan visited the cutter on November 17, 1982 and awarded her the Coast Guard Unit Commendation. It was the first time in 19 years that a President visited a Coast Guard cutter.
The ship's most- publicized case occurred during January 1986, when Dauntless was first to arrive and served as on-scene commander (until relieved by USCGC Dallas) for the response to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. On November 24, 1995, Dauntless rescued 578 migrants from a grossly overloaded 75-foot coastal freighter, the largest number of migrants rescued from a single vessel in Coast Guard history.
Since relocating to Galveston, Dauntless has continued performing her primary missions of law enforcement, alien migrant interdiction operations, protection of marine resources, SAR, and more recently homeland defense in the Gulf of Mexico. Operational highlights include the four "drug busts" resulting in over 3,000 pounds of illegal drugs seized; and the September 2001 rescue of a young commercial mariner from Louisiana who had fallen overboard from the vessel on which he was working, and was successfully located and returned to his ship. Since the events of September 11, 2001, Dauntless has conducted several patrols dedicated to enhancing port security in the Gulf of Mexico.
In July 2018, Dauntless arrived at her newly assigned homeport of Pensacola, Florida.
Awards
The cutter's awards include the Coast Guard Unit Commendation (2), the Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation (5), the Coast Guard Bicentennial Unit Commendation, the Coast Guard "E" ribbon (7), the National Defense Service Medal (3), and the Humanitarian Service Medal (3).
In fiction
Dauntless has appeared in two motion pictures: The Island, in which (portraying herself) she was boarded and seized by Caribbean pirates, and in the James Bond film Licence to Kill.
In the 2016 novel Goliath by Shawn Corridan & Gary Waid, Dauntless along with Alex Haley are the two Coast Guard cutters that respond to the fire aboard and subsequent stranding of a Russian ULCC.
Gallery
References
External links
History
Historic American Engineering Record in Texas
Ships of the United States Coast Guard
Reliance-class cutters
1967 ships
Ships built in Lorain, Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC%20Dauntless |
Heisson is an unincorporated community in Clark County, Washington.
Heisson lies just north of Battle Ground Lake State Park, south of the East Fork Lewis River, and northeast of Battle Ground, Washington. It consists of a combined general store and post office, along with several houses. Among these houses is the Henry Heisen House, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Clark County, Washington. The post office is located adjacent to a crossing for the historic Chelatchie Prairie Railroad.
History
The area was named after German immigrant Alexander Heisen, and the "Heisson" spelling commonly used today is considered by some to be in error. Heisen and his family homesteaded in the area in 1866. The post office was founded in 1904, and Heisen granted land to the government for logging in exchange for having the post office named after him. However, the postal service recorded the name as "Heisson," and it was recorded as thus on maps. Only the railroad retained use of the "Heisen" spelling. Current general store and post office signage, as well as current maps, use the modified spelling.
Heisen's son built a home in the area, which is known as the Henry Heisen House and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The house is currently owned by Heisen House Vineyards.
The town flourished until 1923, when the timber was depleted and workers from the Ryan and Allen Mill, located across the East Fork Lewis River, began to move away.
References
Unincorporated communities in Clark County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisson%2C%20Washington |
Eumorpha pandorus, the Pandora sphinx moth or Pandorus sphinx moth, is a North American moth in the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1821.
Description
The pandora sphinx moth has a wingspan of . Its wings are opaque and have a greenish-olive background on the dorsal surfaces. The wings are narrow and are held deltaform at rest. Females generally have a larger abdomen than males. There are green markings on the dorsal forewing with a two-toned double spot extending from the base along the forewing's inner margin. When the wings are folded, the latter spot aligns with a dark mark on the moth's body that covers each tegula. A green marking with a pale outline is visible near the apex of the forewing. The dorsal surfaces of the hindwings, when extended, reveal black patches on a white background that becomes greenish-olive near the termens. Pink is present around the torni of the hindwings and in isolated areas on the dorsal forewings. Small dark eyespots on the hindwings and the forewings, there found in the discal position bearing two tiny "pupils," are visible even when the wings are folded. The ventral surfaces of the wings are a pale shade of yellow-green or brown.
E. pandorus shares the southern part of its range with E. intermedia. It is distinguished from the latter species by the shape of the darker portion of its basal two-toned spot on the end that faces the forewing's outer margin: it is strongly wing-shaped in E. intermedia due to the shorter length of the spot's inferior border in comparison to its superior border, whereas the spot is more rectangular overall in E. pandorus. In addition, the faint subterminal line on the forewing (located just basal to the apical spot) is typically scalloped in E. intermedia but is straight or slightly sinusoidal in E. pandorus.
Caterpillars grow up to and are green in the first instar, but may be one of a variety of colors in later instars, including green or brownish-red. The head and first two thoracic segments can be retracted into the third segment. The abdomen has a small spot on the second segment and big white oval spots overlying the last five spiracles. They also have the characteristic "horn" of the Sphingidae hornworms with its base on an eyespot at the end of their abdomen, although only the raised eyespot is present in the last larval instar.
Distribution
The species is widespread in the east, the southeast and the center of North America, from Nova Scotia and Ontario to Florida and eastern Texas. It is not present in Mexico or the American Southwest.
Biology
Adult moths fly at dusk. Like other Sphingidae, adult pandora sphinx moths have a long proboscis that is used to feed on nectar. Females lay translucent eggs singly on leaves of the host plant, mainly Vitis spp. (grapes), Ampelopsis spp. (peppervine) and Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper). The pandora sphinx moth produces two broods during the summer months in the portion of its range around New York City, while it may be univoltine in the northern parts of its range. Larvae consume copious amounts of foliage, and when they are ready, after achieving the fifth larval instar, they climb down their host plant and burrow underground, where they pupate. The pupa is dark brown in color, quite slender, and has a long cremaster. There the pupa will remain for either a couple of weeks if there are multiple broods per year, or for the duration of winter, either in the last brood of the year or in univoltine populations. When the pupa is ready, it wiggles to the surface just prior to eclosion. The newly emerged adults then climb on a plant or some other surface and pump fluid (haemolymph) into their wings to extend them. Females emit pheromones at night, and males fly into the wind to track a female's pheromone plume after casting about at right angles to the wind to locate a plume.
References
External links
Eumorpha
Moths of North America
Moths described in 1821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumorpha%20pandorus |
Ariel () is an unincorporated community in Cowlitz County, Washington. Ariel is located northeast of the city of Woodland along Washington State Route 503, situated north of the Lewis River and on the northwest bank of Lake Merwin. The Ariel community is part of the Woodland School District, a K-12 school district of about 2,200 students.
Geography
Ariel is located at (45.9567789, -122.5709345).
Culture
D. B. Cooper Days
Every year since 2011 the D. B. Cooper Days are held at the Ariel Store and Tavern. The festival is a celebration of the skyjacking case of Dan Cooper, who hijacked a Boeing 727 over the Cascade Mountains with US$200,000 on November 24, 1971.
External links
Woodland Public Schools website
Ariel, Washington Tourism - Washington Travel & Recreation
References
Unincorporated communities in Cowlitz County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel%2C%20Washington |
Charles Clinton Gossett (September 2, 1888 – September 20, 1974) was an American politician who served as the 20th governor of Idaho and a United States Senator from Idaho, but was in both offices less than a year in the 1940s. He was a member of the Democratic Party.
Early life
Born in Pricetown, Ohio, Gossett attended public schools in Ohio. He moved west to Cunningham, Washington, in 1907, to Ontario, Oregon, in 1910, and finally to Nampa, Idaho, in 1922. He engaged in the agriculture, livestock, feed and shipping businesses.
Career
In 1932, Gossett was elected to Idaho House of Representatives. In 1936, he was elected the 22nd Idaho lieutenant governor, serving for two years alongside Governor Barzilla Clark. Gossett returned as the 24th Idaho lieutenant governor under Governor Chase Clark, Barzilla Clark's younger brother, both elected in 1940.
Gossett was elected to the governorship in his own right in 1944, winning the June primary over Idaho State Auditor Calvin Wright and Idaho Secretary of State George Curtis, as well as the November general election over William Detweiler, the Republican nominee from Hazelton. This was the last election for a two-year term, but Gossett served less than a year; he resigned in November 1945 to let his successor, Lieutenant Governor Arnold Williams, appoint him to the United States Senate to succeed the late John Thomas.
In the special election for the seat in 1946, Gossett was defeated in the Democratic primary in June by State Senator George Donart, who in turn was defeated by Republican U.S. Representative Henry Dworshak in the general election in November. After the loss, Gossett returned to his former business pursuits.
Gossett attempted a political comeback in 1954 in a run for the governorship. At the time, self-succession (reelection) was not allowed; Len Jordan's term was ending. Gossett was defeated in the Democratic gubernatorial primary in August by State Senator Clark Hamilton, who in turn lost to Republican attorney general Robert Smylie in the general election. Gossett was appointed to the Idaho Tax Commission by Smylie in 1956 and served until 1967.
Personal life
Gossett married Clara Louise Fleming on November 28, 1916, and they had three children.
Following an extended illness, Gossett died at age 86 in Boise on September 20, 1974, and is interred at Kohlerlawn Cemetery in Nampa.
References
External links
National Governors Association: biography
1888 births
1974 deaths
Democratic Party members of the Idaho House of Representatives
Democratic Party governors of Idaho
People from Ontario, Oregon
Democratic Party United States senators from Idaho
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20C.%20Gossett |
Elijah Embree Hoss, Sr (April 14, 1849 – April 23, 1919) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, elected in 1902. He also distinguished himself as a Methodist pastor, as a college professor and administrator, and as an editor.
Early life
Born on April 14, 1849, along Cherokee Creek, four miles from Jonesboro in Washington County, Tennessee, U.S.A., he was a son of Henry and Anna Maria (née Sevier) Hoss. His mother was a granddaughter of General John Sevier. The family moved to Jonesboro before Elijah was two years old. He was the second child and the first son of a family of eight children. He professed faith in Jesus Christ and joined the M.E. Church, South, at Jonesboro when he was ten years old.
Elijah married Miss Abigail Belle "Abbie" Clark of Knoxville, Tennessee, 19 November 1872 in Knox County, Tennessee, daughter of Edwin Reuben and Mary Ann (Sessler) Clark. Elijah and Abbie had three children: Mary Sevier "Minnie" (Headman), E.E. Jr., and Dr. Henry Sessler, M.D. Mrs. Hoss died 15 June 1918 in Muskogee, Oklahoma.
Education
Hoss was educated in the schools of Jonesboro, Tennessee. He entered Ohio Wesleyan University in 1866, studying there two years. He then entered Emory & Henry College, earning his B.A. degree in 1869. He had acquired the habit of reading widely in early life. He was known in college for the range of his studies and the accuracy of his scholarship. His memory was prodigious, so that accurate and wide information was at his ready command.
Honorary degrees
The Rev. Hoss was honored in 1885 by his alma mater, Emory and Henry College, with the degree of Doctor of Divinity. Emory and Henry similarly honored him in 1890 with the LL.D. degree, and Ohio Wesleyan University did the same in 1906.
Ordained ministry
Elijah was licensed to preach in the M.E. Church, South, at Jonesboro on 8 February 1866. He was admitted on trial to the Holston Annual Conference 29 September 1869, and was ordained in 1870. His first appointment was Jonesboro (Jonesborough United Methodist Church). The first person he received into church membership was his own father. He was then appointed to Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1870.
In July 1872 he transferred to California to the Pacific Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (M.E.C., S.). He was appointed to San Francisco. He then transferred to the Western North Carolina Annual Conference in 1875 and was appointed to Asheville.
Academic and editorial ministries
The Rev. Hoss became a professor at Martha Washington College (which later merged with Emory and Henry College) in 1876. He was elected president of this institution in 1879. He became a professor and vice president of Emory and Henry College in 1881 and was elected president in 1885. In August 1885 the Rev. Hoss was elected to the Chair of Ecclesiastical History, Church Polity and Pastoral Theology at Vanderbilt University, serving there until 1890.
In May 1890 Rev. Hoss was elected the editor of the Nashville Christian Advocate, the primary weekly newspaper of the M.E. Church, South. He held this position until his election to the episcopacy in 1902. Previous to this, he was a delegate to five general conferences of his denomination. The final time elected, he lacked only six votes in the Holston Conference, besides his own, of being unanimously elected.
Episcopal ministry
The Rev. Dr. Elijah Embree Hoss was elected to the episcopacy of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, by the 1902 General Conference. His Episcopal Residence was at 810 Broadway, Nashville, Tennessee.
Bishop Hoss was a fraternal representative of his denomination to nearly every Methodist Church in the world. His last great mission of this kind was to Australia in 1915. He was the presiding bishop of the M.E. South work in Brazil from 1905 to 1908 and in the Orient in 1910 and 1915.
Retirement, death, and burial
Bishop Hoss was given a year's vacation in 1914–15. He retired on account of feeble health in 1918. He died 23 April 1919 in Muskogee, Oklahoma, at the home of his son, Henry. He was buried in Muskogee beside his wife. They were re-interred together in Maple Lawn Cemetery at Jonesboro, Tennessee, 12 April 1924.
Selected writings
Address: "The Religious Press", Washington, Second Ecumenical Conference, 1891
Address: "General Missionary Conference", 1901, Organization for Mission Work
Address: "The New Demands upon Methodist Authorship", London, Third Ecumenical Conference, 1901
Sermon: "Face to Face with the Eternal World", Wesleyan Christian Advocate, 1904
Address: "Temperance and Prohibition", Toronto, Fourth Ecumenical Conference, 1911
Methodist Fraternity and Federation, 1913
David Morton - A Biography, 1916
William McKendree, A Biographical Study
Hymn: "O God, Great Father, Lord and King", 1903 (Published in Nashville Christian Advocate, 1904)
Biography
Life, Ecumenical Methodist, I.P. Martin.
References
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
Sketches of Holston Preachers
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
Emory and Henry College alumni
American Methodist bishops
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South
1849 births
1919 deaths
Emory and Henry College faculty
Vanderbilt University faculty
American biographers
American male biographers
American speechwriters
American sermon writers
American newspaper editors
Editors of Christian publications
American magazine writers
20th-century Methodist bishops
Burials in Tennessee
People from Washington County, Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah%20Embree%20Hoss |
Lynelle Jonsson is an American stage actress, dancer, and soprano singer.<ref name="nytimes">Feuer, Alan, "Still Smiling for the Troops, However Grim Their Mission", The New York Times, August 28, 2005.</ref> In 2004, and again in 2005, she was Miss USO and joined the Metropolitan New York USO Troupe of performers."USO Troupe performs at Fort Drum" , Fort Drum Blizzard Online (U.S. Army); September 16, 2004. She performed with the New York Gilbert and Sullivan Players and in other theatre and opera companies before concentrating, from 2010, in concert singing.
Stage actress and concert singer
Jonsson performed with New York Gilbert and Sullivan Players as ensemble cast member for eight years, usually at New York City Center. Her credits with them include:
The Pirates of Penzance, New York Gilbert and Sullivan Players Lynelle Jonsson with the USO Show Troupe of Metropolitan New York ; URL last accessed 2007-07-14.
The Mikado New York Gilbert and Sullivan Players
H.M.S. Pinafore, New York Gilbert and Sullivan Players
Her other stage acting credits include
The Buddy Holly Story as Peggy Sue, with the Helen Hayes Theatre and Ogunquit Playhouse
The Music Man playing Marian Paroo
The Sound of Music playing Maria
Così fan tutte playing Despina
Lily's Crossing'' as Lily Monahan, with ArtsPower National Touring Theatre.
Concert credits include:
More than 500 appearances as Miss USO and with the USO Troupe of Metropolitan New York.
"Die Grosse Nacht der Filmmusik" Germany tour 2010 mit Aktiv Event Berlin
"Tui Entertainment Mein Schiff" Klassischer Abend und Evening of Sondheim 2010/2011
"Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade on NBC" with United We Sing 2011
"Pomp Duck and Circumstance" Stuttgart, Neu Ulm, Frankfurt, Berlin, Zurich 2011-2015
"The 10 Sopranos" Germany tour 2012
Birdland Jazz Series guest artist with Munich Swing Orchestra, AUDI forum. 2012, 2014.
MS Europa, MS Europa 2 guest artist world tours 2012-2016.
"Musicals in Concert" Over the Rainbow Show Productions, European Tour 2013-2017.
"A Spectacular Night of Queen" European tour 2014-2015.
Notes and references
External links
Official site of Lynelle Jonsson
Jonsson's "Belters" parody
American women singers
American musical theatre actresses
Living people
Singers from New York City
Year of birth missing (living people)
Anderson University (Indiana) alumni
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynelle%20Jonsson |
Tennessee's 1st congressional district is the congressional district of northeast Tennessee, including all of Carter, Cocke, Greene, Hamblen, Hancock, Hawkins, Johnson, Sullivan, Unicoi, Washington, and Sevier counties and parts of Jefferson County. It is largely coextensive with the Tennessee portion of the Tri-Cities region of northeast Tennessee and southwest Virginia. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+30, it is the most Republican district in Tennessee.
Cities and towns represented within the district include Blountville, Bristol, Church Hill, Elizabethton, Erwin, Gatlinburg, Greeneville, Johnson City, Jonesborough, Kingsport, Morristown, Mountain City Newport, Pigeon Forge, Roan Mountain Rogersville, Sneedville, Sevierville and Tusculum. The 1st district's seat in the U.S. House of Representatives has been held by Republicans since 1881.
The district was created in 1805 when the was divided among multiple districts.
The district's current representative is Republican Diana Harshbarger, who was first elected in 2020 following the retirement of Republican Phil Roe.
Election results from statewide races
These results vary from older lines to current
History
The 1st has generally been a very secure voting district for the Republican Party since the American Civil War, and is one of only two ancestrally Republican districts in the state (the other being the neighboring 2nd district). Republicans (or their antecedents) have held the seat continuously since 1881 and for all but four years since 1859, while Democrats (or their antecedents) have held the congressional seat for all but eight years from when Andrew Jackson was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1796 (as the state's single at large representative) up to the term of Albert Galiton Watkins ending in 1859.
Andrew Johnson, the seventeenth President of the United States, represented the district from 1843 to 1853.
Like the rest of East Tennessee, slavery was not as common in this area as the rest of the state due to its mountain terrain, which was dominated by small farms instead of plantations. The district was also the home of the first exclusively abolitionist periodicals in the nation, The Manumission Intelligencer and The Emancipator, founded in Jonesborough by Elihu Embree in 1819.
The 1st was one of four districts in Tennessee whose congressmen did not resign when Tennessee seceded from the Union in 1861. Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson was reelected as a Unionist (the name used by a coalition of Republicans, northern Democrats and anti-Confederate Southern Democrats) to the Thirty-seventh Congress, but he was arrested by Confederate troops while en route to Washington, D.C. and taken to Richmond. Nelson was paroled and returned home to Jonesborough, where he kept a low profile for the length of his term.
Due to these factors, this area — excepting "Little Confederacy" Sullivan County with its deep ties to neighbouring Virginia — supported the Union over the Confederacy in the Civil War, and identified with the Republican Party after Tennessee was readmitted to the Union in 1866, electing candidates representing the Unionist Party — a merger of Republicans and pro-Union Democrats — both before and after the war. This allegiance has continued through good times and bad ever since, with Republicans dominating every level of government. While a few Democratic pockets exist in the district's urban areas, they are not enough to sway the district. Since 1898, Democrats have only crossed the 40 percent barrier twice, in 1962 and 1976.
The district's Republican bent is no less pronounced at the presidential level. It was one of the few areas of Tennessee where Barry Goldwater did well in 1964. Johnson, Carter, Unicoi, Washington, Cocke, Sevier and Hancock Counties are among the few counties in the country to have never supported a Democrat for president since the Civil War. Franklin D. Roosevelt turned in respectable showings in the district during his four runs for president, as did Jimmy Carter in 1976. However, Carter is the last Democrat to carry any county in the district, and apart from Sullivan County, which except in the Catholicism-dominated 1928 election was consistently Democratic up to 1948, and Hamblen County in that 1976 election, no county in the present district has backed a Democrat for President since 1940.
The district typically gives its congressmen very long tenures in Washington; indeed, it elected some of the few truly senior Southern Republican congressmen before the 1950s. Only nine people have represented it since 1921. Two of them, B. Carroll Reece and Jimmy Quillen, are the longest-serving members of the House in Tennessee history. Reece held the seat for all but six years from 1921 and 1961, while Quillen held it from 1963 to 1997.
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
See also
Tennessee's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
Sources
Political Graveyard database of Tennessee congressmen
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
01
East Tennessee
1805 establishments in Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s%201st%20congressional%20district |
Club Social y Deportivo Zacapa is a Guatemalan football club from Zacapa. They’re nicknamed "Los Gallos" (The Roosters). They compete in the Liga Nacional, the top tier of Guatemalan football. The team plays its home games at the Estadio David Ordoñez Bardales, the local stadium.
History
The club was founded on November 14, 1951 as Municipal of Zacapa by founder David Alfonso Ordoñez Bardales. The team won its promotion to the National League in 1959, it also participated in the 1960 Guatemala Cup. The club has had ups and downs during its career in the League, since it had several relegations to the first division on 5 occasions. They also managed to reach the Cup Tournament final in 2009 but lost it to Comunicaciones by an overall score of 5-1.
Their colors consists of red and yellow stripes paired with black shorts and main mascot is inspired of a rooster.
Stadium
The official venue of the club is the Estadio David Ordoñez Bardales, named after their founder, that is located in the city of Zacapa in eastern Guatemala. It is known as El Gallinero by the nickname given to the club. It has a capacity to accommodate 8,100 spectators.
Honours
Domestic honours
Leagues
Primera División de Ascenso
Champions (1): Clausura 2023
Current squad
External links
Zacapa
Association football clubs established in 1951
1951 establishments in Guatemala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo%20Zacapa |
Gongbu may refer to:
Gongbu (mountaineer), a Tibetan member of the 1960 Chinese Mount Everest Expedition
romanized Korean pronunciation of Gongfu
Gong Bu, a stance in Wushu and other Chinese martial arts
Ministry of Works (imperial China), one of the Six Ministries from the Tang to the Qing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongbu |
Socialism: Utopian and Scientific is a short book first published in 1880 by German-born socialist Friedrich Engels. The work was primarily extracted from a longer polemic work published in 1878, Anti-Dühring. It first appeared in the French language.
The title Socialism: Utopian and Scientific was adopted for the first English edition — the tenth language in which the book appeared. Intended as a popularization of Marxist ideas for a working class readership, the book was one of the fundamental publications of the international socialist movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, selling tens of thousands of copies and books.
Background
Throughout the decade of the 1860s, Karl Marx, close personal friend and political associate of Friedrich Engels, dedicated himself to the study of economics, culminating in the publication of the first volume of Das Kapital in 1867. Marx's lengthy and ponderous volume was extremely difficult for the average reader to penetrate, however, leading Engels to suggest to Marx in a letter of September 16, 1868 that a short popularized version of Das Kapital for a working class audience was urgently needed.
"If it is not written, some Moses or other will come along and do it and botch it up," Engels warned.
Marx concurred with Engels' assessment, suggesting "it would be a very good thing if you yourself wrote a small popular explanatory pamphlet." Engels went on to prepare a short summary of the central points of Das Kapital, but the pamphlet was never published. Nevertheless, the necessity for popularization of Marx's frequently turgid prose remained — a need finally addressed by Engels with the publication of the short work Socialism: Utopian and Scientific more than a decade later.
Publication history
[[File:1900-engels-socialism-cover.jpg|thumb|right|200px|One of a handful of surviving copies of the 1900 second Socialist Labor Party edition of Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science.]]
Rather than a wholly new work, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific was an extract from a larger polemic work written in 1876, Herrn Eugen Dühring's Umwälzung der Wissenschaft (Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science), commonly known as Anti-Dühring. Three chapters were selected and arranged by Engels and translated into French by Paul Lafargue.
The resulting pamphlet was ultimately published in Paris in 1880 as Socialisme utopique et Socialisme scientifique (Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism). This French translation provided the source of multiple other language versions, including Polish and Spanish editions.
The pamphlet was finally published in the original German in 1883. The German edition provided the source for additional translations in Italian, Russian, Danish, Dutch, and Romanian. The tardy release of an English edition in 1892 by Swan Sonnenschein & Co. thus marked the 10th language into which the book had been translated.
"I am not aware that any other Socialist work, not even our Communist Manifesto of 1848 or Marx's Capital, has been so often translated," Engels proudly noted at the time of the English edition's 1892 release.
The first American edition of the work was published by the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP) in 1895 as part of its "People's Library," featuring a new translation by Daniel DeLeon. A new title was employed by DeLeon, Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science. The SLP edition was first reissued in February 1900 and reissued again at various subsequent dates.
The first American edition of the authorized translation by Edward Aveling was published in 1900 by Charles H. Kerr & Co. According to Kerr his firm sold "not less than 30,000" copies of the book between its first release and a new reissue in June 1908.
In his biography of Marx, Isaiah Berlin described it as “the best brief autobiographical appreciation of Marxism by one of its creators” and considered that, “written in Engels's best vein”, it “had a decisive influence on both Russian and German Socialism.”
Summary
The book explains the differences between utopian socialism and scientific socialism, which Marxism considers itself to embody. The book explains that whereas utopian socialism is idealist, reflecting the personal opinions of the authors and claims that society can be adapted based on these opinions, scientific socialism derives itself from reality. It focuses on the materialist conception of history, which is based on an analysis over history, and concludes that the scientific variation of socialism naturally follows capitalism.
Engels begins the book by chronicling the thought of utopian socialists, starting with Saint-Simon. He then proceeds to Fourier and Robert Owen.
In Chapter Two, he summarizes dialectics, and then chronicles the thought from the ancient Greeks to Hegel.
Chapter Three summarizes dialectics in relation to economic and social struggles, essentially echoing the words of Marx.
Proposed sequelSocialism: Utopian and Scientific was one of the best selling and most widely-read socialist publications of the period 1880 to 1910. Plans were subsequently made to adapt another section of Anti-Dühring for a popular audience, and three chapters from Part 2, each entitled "The Theory of Force," were selected for this new publication. In addition, Engels wished to write a new fourth chapter, demonstrating for the German reader "the very considerable role played by force in the history of his own country."
Engels began this chapter dealing with the history of Germany between the revolution of 1848 and the ascension to the office of Chancellor by Otto von Bismarck in 1871, with particular reference to Bismarck's policy of "blood and iron." However, time constraints related to Engels' editing of the later volumes of Das Kapital caused him to lay the manuscript — and the project — aside.
This material from the proposed short book, Die Rolle der Gewalt in der Geschichte (The Role of Force in History), finally saw print in English translation in 1968.
Footnotes
SourcesMarx and Engels: Basic writings on Politics and Philosophy''
External links
First English edition of 1892:
scans at Internet Archive
ebook at Gutenberg
Full text online at Marxists Internet Archive
1878 books
Political books
Books by Friedrich Engels
Utopian theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism%3A%20Utopian%20and%20Scientific |
The Casals Festival is a classical music event celebrated every year in San Juan, Puerto Rico, in honor of classical musician Pablo Casals.
Background
The festival was founded in 1956 by Pablo Casals. It was promoted by Teodoro Moscoso and David Ogilvy with the objectives of changing the image of Puerto Rico and promoting tourism to the island during off-peak tourism time. After implementing Operation Bootstrap, Teodoro Moscoso employed advertiser David Ogilvy to propagate the image of a people engaged in a cultural renaissance. Teodoro Moscoso's decisive actions at critical junctures (such as his success in pushing tax exemptions and tourism in the late 1940s) and his personal persuasiveness, as with Pablo Casals, who at the age of 80 was persuaded to establish the Casals Festival at San Juan.
Pablo Casals
Pablo Casals (1876–1973), was born in Spain to a Puerto Rican mother Pilar Defilló. He was a cello player and a supporter of the Spanish Republican Government and as such came to odds with Generalisimo Francisco Franco when the Spanish Republican Government was overthrown. Casals went to live in the French village of Prades. There he established the Prades Festival. Casals visited Puerto Rico in 1955 and in 1956
In 1956, Casals moved permanently to the island. He was scheduled to inaugurate the festival which bears his name. The inauguration of the festival was held in the University of Puerto Rico Theater. Casals, who was supposed to perform Suite Number 3 in C major, for solo cello by Johann Sebastian Bach, fell ill and suffered a heart attack during the rehearsals. Even though Casals was hospitalized, the event went on as scheduled with the performance of pianist Rudolf Serkin.
When the festival first started, the majority of the musicians contracted by the festival orchestra for the event came from the United States. Some of the exceptions to this practice were Jesús María Sanromá, Henry Hutchinson Sr., Fernando Valenti and Narciso Figueroa and his brothers. By 1970, the majority of the members of the festival's orchestra were Puerto Ricans.
Participants
Amongst the musical directors who have participated in the festival besides Casals are Mstislav Rostropovich, Leonard Bernstein, Zubin Mehta, Eugene Ormandy, Sir John Barbirolli, Yehudi Menuhin and recently Krzysztof Penderecki.
The artistic direccion of the festival has been under the following "maestros" at one time or another: Jorge Mester, Odón Alonso, Mstislav Rostropovich, Krzysztof Penderecki, Elías López Sobá, Justino Diaz and presently under Maximiano Valdés.
The Casals Festival today
Pablo Casals died on October 22, 1973. His widow Marta Casals who was the president of the musical committee and Co‑Chairman of the Board and Music Director until 1979, undertook to continue the annual event. The festival has now taken on a new dimension with the appointment of pianist and scholar Elías López-Sobá and bass/baritone Justino Díaz as artistic and musical directors. These two Puerto Rican artists have continued to follow the legacy of Pablo and Marta Casals, attracting many musicians for a series of concerts. The festival which is now held at the Luis A. Ferre Performing Arts Center in San Juan, celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2006 with a performance of the Philadelphia Orchestra under the musical direction of Maestro Christoph Eschenbach.
The Prades Festival established by Casals in France in 1950 was renamed the Pablo Casals Festival in 1982.
See also
List of classical music festivals
References
External links
Official Web Site
IMDB - Festival in Puerto Rico https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0223272/?ref_=ra_sb_ln
Classical music festivals in insular areas of the United States
June events
Classical music festivals in Puerto Rico
1956 establishments in Puerto Rico
Music festivals established in 1956
San Juan, Puerto Rico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casals%20Festival |
Carrolls is an unincorporated community in Cowlitz County, Washington, south of the city of Kelso. Carrolls is located south on Old Pacific Highway from exit 36 of Interstate 5. The Carrolls community is part of the Kelso School District, a K-12 school district of nearly 5,000 students.
The community derives its name from Major Carroll, a pioneer resident.
Geography
Carrolls is located at (46.0715022, -122.8623306).
External links
Kelso School District website
References
Unincorporated communities in Cowlitz County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrolls%2C%20Washington |
A transmission control unit (TCU), also known as a transmission control module (TCM), or a gearbox control unit (GCU), is a type of automotive ECU that is used to control electronic automatic transmissions. Similar systems are used in conjunction with various semi-automatic transmissions, purely for clutch automation and actuation. A TCU in a modern automatic transmission generally uses sensors from the vehicle, as well as data provided by the engine control unit (ECU), to calculate how and when to change gears in the vehicle for optimum performance, fuel economy and shift quality.
History
Electronic automatic transmissions have been changing in design from purely hydromechanical controls to electronic controls since the late 1980s. Since then, development has been iterative and today designs exist from several stages of electronic automatic transmission control development. Transmission solenoids are a key component to these control units.
The evolution of modern automatic transmission and the integration of electronic controls have allowed great progress in recent years. The modern automatic transmission is now able to achieve better fuel economy, reduced engine emissions, greater shift system reliability, improved shift feel, improved shift speed and improved vehicle handling. The immense range of programmability offered by a TCU allows the modern automatic transmission to be used with appropriate transmission characteristics for each application.
On some applications, the TCU and the ECU are combined into a single unit as a powertrain control module (PCM).
Input parameters
The typical modern TCU uses signals from engine sensors, automatic transmission sensors and from other electronic controllers to determine when and how to shift. More modern designs share inputs or obtain information from an input to the ECU, whereas older designs often have their own dedicated inputs and sensors on the engine components. Modern TCUs are so complex in their design and make calculations based on so many parameters that there are an indefinite amount of possible shift behaviours
Vehicle speed sensor (VSS)
This sensor sends a varying frequency signal to the TCU to determine the current speed of the vehicle. The TCU uses this information to determine when a gear change should take place based in the various operating parameters. The TCU also uses a ratio between the TSS and WSS which is used to determine when to change gears. If either the TSS or WSS fails or malfunctions/becomes faulty, the ratio will be wrong which in return can cause problems like false speedometer readings and transmission slipping. To test these parts, check the resistance to make sure it's within manufacturer specs.
Wheel speed sensor (WSS)
Modern automatic transmissions also have a wheel speed sensor input to determine the true speed of the vehicle to determine whether the vehicle is going downhill or uphill and also adapt gear changes according to road speeds, and also whether to decouple the torque converter at a standstill to improve fuel consumption and reduce load on running gear.
Throttle position sensor (TPS)
The TPS sensor along with the vehicle speed sensor are the two main inputs for most TCUs. Older transmissions use this to determine engine load, with the introduction of drive-by-wire technology, this is often a shared input between the ECU and TCU. The input is used to determine the optimum time and characteristics for a gear change according to load on the engine. The rate of change is used to determine whether a downshift is appropriate for overtaking, for example, the value of the TPS is also continually monitored during the journey and shift programmes are changed accordingly (economy, sport mode, etc.). The TCU can also reference this information with the vehicle speed sensor to determine vehicle acceleration and compare this with a nominal value; if the actual value is much higher or lower (such as driving uphill or towing a trailer) the transmission will change its gearshift patterns to suit the situation.
Turbine speed sensor (TSS)
Known as an input speed sensor (ISS). This sensor sends a varying frequency signal to the TCU to determine the current rotational speed of the input shaft or torque converter. The TCU uses the input shaft speed to determine slippage across the torque converter and potentially to determine the rate of slippage across the bands and clutches. This information is vital to regulate the application of the torque converter lock-up clutch smoothly and effectively.
Transmission fluid Temperature sensor (TFT)
This may also be known as Transmission Oil Temperature. This sensor determines the fluid temperature inside the transmission. This is often used for diagnostic purposes to check ATF (Automatic Transmission Fluid) at the correct temperature. The main use of this has been as a failsafe feature to downshift the transmission if the ATF becomes extremely hot. On more modern transmissions this input allows the TCU to modify the line pressure and solenoid pressures according to the changing viscosity of the fluid based on temperature in order to improve shift comfort, and also to determine regulation of the torque converter lock-up clutch.
Kick down switch
One of the most common inputs into a TCU is the kick down switch which is used to determine if the accelerator pedal has been depressed past full throttle. Traditionally this was required on older transmissions with a simple logic in order to ensure maximum acceleration. When activated the transmission downshifts into the lowest permissible gear based on current road speed to use the full power reserves of the engine. This is still present in most transmissions though is no longer necessary to use in most circumstances because the TCU uses the throttle position sensor, the rate of change, and driver characteristics to determine whether a downshift may be necessary, thus eliminating the traditional need for this switch.
Brake light switch
This input is used to determine whether to activate the shift lock solenoid to prevent the driver from selecting a driving range with no foot on the brake. In more modern TCUs this input is also used to determine whether to downshift the transmission to increase engine braking effect if the transmission detects that the vehicle is going downhill.
Traction Control System (TCS)
Many TCUs now have an input from the vehicle's traction control system. If the TCS detects unfavourable road conditions, a signal is sent to the TCU. The TCU can modify shift programmes by upshifting early, eliminating the torque converter lock-up clutch application, and also eliminating the first gear totally and pulling off in 2nd.
Switches
These simple on/off electric switches detect the presence or absence of fluid pressure in a particular hydraulic line. They are used for diagnostic purposes and in some cases for controlling the application or release of hydraulic control elements.
Cruise control module
If the vehicle is fitted with cruise control the TCU may also have a connection to cruise control system. This can modify shift behaviour to take into account the throttle is not being operated by the driver to eliminate unexpected gearchanges when the cruise control is engaged. This is also used to inform the cruise control system about the position of the selector lever so that the cruise control can be deactivated if the lever is shifted out of a driving range.
Inputs from other controllers
A wide variety of information is delivered to the TCU via Controller Area Network communications or similar protocols (such as Chrysler's CCD bus, an early EIA-485-based vehicle local area network). In older vehicle designs, as well as in aftermarket TCUs sold into the racing and hobbyist markets, the TCU receives only the signals needed to control the transmission (engine speed, vehicle speed, throttle position or manifold vacuum, shift lever position).
Output parameters
The typical modern TCU sends out signals to shift solenoids, pressure control solenoids, torque converter lockup solenoids and to other electronic controllers.
Shift lock
Many automatic transmissions lock the selector lever via a shiftlock solenoid to stop a driving range being selected if the brake pedal is not depressed.
Shift solenoids
Modern electronic automatic transmissions have electrical solenoids which are activated to change gears. Simple electronic-control designs (such as Ford's AOD-E, AXOD-E and E4OD) use the solenoids to modify the shift points in an existing valve body, while more advanced designs (such as the Chrysler Ultradrive and its follow-ons) use the solenoids to control the clutches indirectly, by way of a greatly simplified valve body.
Pressure control solenoids
Modern electronic automatic transmissions are still fundamentally hydraulic. This requires precise pressure control. Older automatic transmission designs only use a single line pressure control solenoid which modifies pressure across the entire transmission. Newer automatic transmission designs often use many pressure control solenoids, and sometimes allow the shift solenoids themselves to provide precise pressure control during shifts by ramping the solenoid on and off. The shift pressure affects the shift quality (too high a pressure will result in rough shifting; too low a pressure will cause the clutches to overheat) and shift speed.
Torque converter clutch solenoid (TCC)
Most electronic automatic transmissions utilize a TCC solenoid to regulate the torque converter electronically. Once fully locked, the torque converter no longer applies torque multiplication and will spin at the same speed as the engine. This provides a major increase in fuel economy. Modern designs provide partial lockup in lower gears to improve fuel economy further, but this can increase wear on the clutch components.
Output to ECU
Many TCUs provide an output to the ECU to retard the ignition timing, or reduce the fuel quantity, for a few milliseconds to reduce load on the transmission during heavy throttle. This allows automatic transmissions to shift smoothly even on engines with large amounts of torque which would otherwise result in a harder shift and possible damage to the gearbox.
Outputs to other controllers
The TCU provides information about the health of the transmission, such as clutch wear indicators and shift pressures, and can raise trouble codes and set the malfunction indicator lamp on the instrument cluster if a serious problem is found. An output to the cruise control module is also often present to deactivate the cruise control if a neutral gear is selected, just like on a manual transmission.
Other applications
Semi-automatic transmission
The transmission control unit (TCU) in older automobiles with a clutchless manual transmission (without a clutch pedal) typically consists of an electrical switch connected to the gearshift, that is activated whenever the internal transmission control unit senses driver touching the gearshift to switch gears, which then primes a sensor or solenoid to impel a clutch servo, and in turn, disengages the clutch actuator so the driver can change gears. The internal clutch actuator in a semi-automatic transmission can be powered by either hydraulic, pneumatic, or electric means. Later examples of clutchless manual transmissions used in road cars include the Saab Sensonic transmission, used in the 900 NG, and the Ferrari Valeo auto-manual transmission, used in the Mondial T. Both systems used a computer-controlled ECU or microprocessor, connected to a sensor embedded in the gearshift, that would detect when the driver was going to change gear (i.e., by touching the gearshift), and would actuate the clutch automatically, allowing the driver to change gear. Saab's Sensonic system was electro-hydraulic, using an electric motor or solenoid connected to a hydraulic clutch actuator, whereas Ferrari's Valeo system was electro-mechanical, using an electric motor or solenoid, connected to the mechanical clutch system.
Similar TCU or GCU systems are used in racecars with paddle-shift transmissions. These electronic systems typically work in conjunction with the engine control unit (in a similar way to road cars), and are responsible for operating electronic throttle control, clutch and gearshift actuation (via an electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic actuator), gearshift time and speed, sensors, switches, solenoids, and other hydraulic, pneumatic, and electronic sub-systems that control and constitute the transmission control unit in a racecar.
References
Onboard computers
Auto parts
Automotive transmission technologies
Automobile transmissions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20control%20unit |
The Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles (, abbr. PSRL) is a series of published volumes aimed at collecting all medieval East Slavic chronicles, with various editions published in Imperial Russia, the Soviet Union, and Russian Federation. The project is ongoing and far from finished.
The chronicles were assembled by the Archaeographical Expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences (starting in 1828). They were prepared for publication by the Archaeographical Commission, established in 1834 as part of the Ministry of National Enlightenment. The first volumes were published by a publisher "Typography of Edward Prats". The commission was charged to publish the collection on February 18, 1837.
The first ten volumes appeared between 1841 and 1863. New volumes have been brought forth piecemeal throughout the 20th and early 21st centuries. Some of the older volumes have also been reprinted, especially after 1997.
In 1977, Ludolf Müller discovered that thousands of textual variants in the Radziwiłł Chronicle and Academic Chronicle were not reported, or reported incorrectly, in Volume 1 of the PSRL.
List of published volumes
Typography of Edward Prats
Volume 1. Laurentian and Trinitarian Codices. Saint Petersburg, 1846
Volume 2. Hypatian Codex. Saint Petersburg, 1843 (included also Hustynian Chronicle)
Volume 3. Novgorodian Codex. Saint Petersburg, 1841
Volume 4. Chronicles of Novgorod and Pskov. Saint Petersburg, 1848
Volume 5. Chronicles of Pskov and Sophia. Saint Petersburg, 1851
Volume 6. Sofia Chronicle. Saint Petersburg, 1853
Volume 7. Chronicle of Resurrection List. Saint Petersburg, 1856
Volume 8. Continuation of the Resurrection List Chronicle. Saint Petersburg, 1859
Volume 9. Chronicles collection named as Patriarchal or Nikon Chronicle. Saint Petersburg, 1862
Volume 15. Saint Petersburg, 1863
Number of indices (1868-1907)
In 1871-72 the first two volumes were republished as the second editions.
Volume 1, second edition. Leningrad, 1926
Volume 2, second edition. Saint Petersburg, 1908
Typography of Skorokhodov and Typography of Aleksandrov
References
Bibliography
External links
Full Collection of Russian Chronicles
Old East Slavic chronicles
History of Kievan Rus'
Chronicles about Lithuania
Textual criticism of the Primary Chronicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20Collection%20of%20Russian%20Chronicles |
Ryderwood is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cowlitz County, Washington, west of the city of Vader. Known locally as the "Village in the Woods", the town began in 1923 as a logging settlement and considered itself the "World's Largest Logging Town". Ryderwood became a retirement community in the 1950s.
History
Ryderwood, originally named Cougar Flats, was established as a logging camp by the Long-Bell Lumber Company in 1923. The town was constructed at a cost of $1.5 million and was the largest community to be built by private funding. Simultaneously, the town of Longview was created to mill and ship the lumber coming out of Ryderwood. Ryderwood was named for W. F. ("Uncle Bill") Ryder, the logging operations manager for Long-Bell, who came to the northwest to locate a timber source. The community was envisioned beyond that of a temporary logging camp, as a permanent center that would contain a school, church and theater. Billed as a place for families to live rather than bachelor workers, Ryderwood was considered a "modern logging town", as an article in The Log of Long-Bell proclaimed.
By 1953, due to advances in timber harvesting technology and the loss of old growth timber, Long-Bell sold the town. It was purchased by Senior Estates, Inc. for $96,000 with the goal of creating a retirement community for pensioners. The town built Ryderwood Lake in 1956, encompassing 6 acres inside an existing gravel pit.
In the 1980s, Ryderwood was home to the beginning of the Winlock Pickersfest, originally a bluegrass festival. The event relocated to Winlock in 2000. , the festival continues to be held.
Ryderwood held a town-wide centennial celebration in 2023. Featuring a pioneer costumed parade, the event included the opening of a time capsule.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.16 square miles (0.42 km2), all (100.0%) land.
The town is bordered to the west by Becker Creek and to the east by Campbell Creek and Ryderwood Lake.
Demographics
At the town's peak, the population reached 2,000 people and had over 400 single-family homes. Ryderwood was large enough to have its own hospital.
2010 Census
At the 2010 census, there were 395 people, 221 households and 134 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 266 housing units at an average density of . The racial make-up of the CDP was 97.5% White, 0.3% African American, 1.3% Native American, 0.0% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.8% of the population.
There were 221 households, of which 5.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 2.7% had a female householder with no husband present and 39.4% were non-families. 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.79 and the average family size was 2.15.
2.5% of the population were under the age of 18, 0.8% from 18 to 24, 2.5% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64 and 69.9% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 68.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males.
Government
Ryderwood is managed under the auspices of a homeowner's association and is considered a retirement community. The town is managed by the Ryderwood Improvement and Service Association, a non-profit 501(c)4 organization staffed by resident volunteers.
Notable people
Arnold Riegger, sport shooter and Olympian
Orin C. Smith, former executive and CEO of Starbucks
Notes
References
Census-designated places in Cowlitz County, Washington
Census-designated places in Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryderwood%2C%20Washington |
The Autumn Effect is the third studio album and major label debut by American alternative metal band 10 Years. It was released on July 22, 2005, by Republic and Universal Records. Featured on the album is the popular modern rock track "Wasteland" and two other singles: "Through the Iris" and "Waking Up".
Due to the success of "Wasteland", The Autumn Effect broke 10 Years into the mainstream and as of December 6, 2017, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
Album information
The album peaked at number 72 on the Billboard 200, and made a re-entry into the top 100 of the chart, based on the growing mainstream success of the single "Wasteland". The album as a whole has been frequently compared to the work of Tool, Deftones, and, to a lesser extent, Incubus.
Slightly different versions of the songs "Wasteland", "Through the Iris", and "Insects" all appeared on the 2004 album Killing All That Holds You.
The hidden track "Slowly Falling Awake" is after "The Autumn Effect", however not as a separate track.
There are two instrumental pieces in negative time prior to "Wasteland" and "Empires". They will automatically be played if the tracks prior to Wasteland and Empires ("Cast It Out" and "Through the Iris", respectively) are played. If played from an MP3 device or computer, these instrumental pieces will be on the same track as "Cast It Out" and "Through the Iris" and play after the songs are over.
Track listing
Note
The Compact Disc release has the songs "Cast It Out" and "Through the Iris" with instrumentals at the end of each song, plus "Slowly Falling Awake" at the end of "The Autumn Effect". The digital download versions of the album (including the iTunes version) do not include these instrumentals or "Slowly Falling Awake".
Personnel
10 Years
Jesse Hasek – lead vocals
Ryan "Tater" Johnson – lead guitar, backing vocals
Matt Wantland – rhythm guitar
Lewis "Big Lew" Cosby – bass
Brian Vodinh – drums, backing vocals
Additional musicians
Michael Harrison – violin
Ruth Brugger-Johnson – violin
Novi Novog – viola
Nancy Stein-Ross – cello
Rick Bemis – double bass
Production
Josh Abraham – producer
Ryan Williams – sound engineer, mixing
Tom Baker – mastering
Ross Garfield – drum technician
Brett Allen – guitar technician
Artwork
Travis Stevens – art direction, photography
Dean Karr – photography
Carol Farneti – foster humming bird photography
Management
Adrian Vallera – A&R
Anthony Rollo – A&R For Universal Records
Michael Ullman – business management for Platinum Financial Management, Inc.
Christian L. Castle, Esq. – legal representation
Adrian Vallera, Dean Cramer, Steve Ross – worldwide management
Michael Arfin – worldwide booking agent for Artist Group International
Dave Kirby – european booking agent for The Agency Group
Charts
Album
Singles
Certifications
References
10 Years (band) albums
2005 albums
Albums produced by Josh Abraham
Universal Records albums
Republic Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Autumn%20Effect |
Super Panavision 70 is the marketing brand name used to identify movies photographed with Panavision 70 mm spherical optics between 1959 and 1983.
Ultra Panavision 70 was similar to Super Panavision 70, though Ultra Panavision lenses were anamorphic, which allowed for a significantly wider aspect ratio. However, Ultra Panavision 70 was extremely rare and has only been used on a handful of films since its inception.
History
During the late 1950s, the Hollywood filmmaking community decided that changing from filming in the commonly accepted 35 mm format to 65 mm film would provide viewing audiences with an enhanced visual experience, compared to an anamorphic widescreen image. To this end, cameras began to be designed to handle 65 mm film stock. The first camera system to be released using this format was Todd-AO, in 1955. The second was MGM Camera 65, a system designed by Panavision, which was introduced in 1956. In 1959, Panavision introduced Super Panavision 70 to compete with these two systems. Unlike its counterpart Ultra Panavision 70, which used anamorphic lenses, Super Panavision used spherical lenses to create a final aspect ratio of 2.20:1, the same as Todd-AO.
Some of the films made in Super Panavision 70 were presented in 70 mm Cinerama in select theaters. Special optics were used to project the 70 mm prints onto a deeply curved screen to mimic the effect of the original three-strip Cinerama process.
Unlike formats such as Super 16mm and Super 35mm, the "super" designation does not denote a modification of the film frame, but was rather to distinguish it as being of superior quality to 35mm anamorphic Panavision. The terms "Super Panavision 70", "Panavision 70" and "Super Panavision" were interchangeable, whereas the term "70mm Panavision" referred to films shot in 35mm anamorphic Panavision and blown up to 70mm for release.
Movies using Super Panavision 70
The Big Fisherman (1959)
Exodus (1960)
West Side Story (1961)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
My Fair Lady (1964)
Cheyenne Autumn (1964)
Lord Jim (1965)
Grand Prix (1966) – presented in 70 mm Cinerama
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) – presented in 70 mm Cinerama
Ice Station Zebra (1968) – presented in 70 mm Cinerama
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
Mackenna's Gold (1969)
Krakatoa, East of Java (1969) – selected scenes in Todd-AO – presented in 70 mm Cinerama
Song of Norway (1970) – advertised as "on the Cinerama screen" in some countries
Ryan's Daughter (1970)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) – special effects shots only; early promotional material erroneously suggested that the entire film was produced in Super Panavision 70
Tron (1982) – 'Real world' live-action filmed in color 65 mm; Computer world live action filmed in 65 mm B&W, composited to a VistaVision intermediate, and optically printed back to 70 mm IP. CGI sequences recorded to VistaVision.
Brainstorm (1983) – virtual reality sequences only
Auto-E-Motion (1984) – BMW promotional short subject
The Abyss (1989) – special effects shots only
Warriors of the Wasteland (1989) - short film
Apollo 11 (2019)
Panavision System 65/Super 70
In 1991, as a response to an increased demand for 65 mm cameras (in the mid-1980s Steven Spielberg had wanted to film Empire of the Sun in Super Panavision 70 but did not want to work with the old 65 mm camera equipment), Panavision introduced an updated line of 65 mm cameras and optics known as Panavision System 65 and monikered in advertising and release prints as Panavision Super 70. The system was designed to compete with the parallel development of the Arriflex 765 camera. The new System 65 camera was self-blimped, with reflex viewing designed as the 65 mm cousin to the 35 mm Panaflex camera (and used many of the same accessories). Only two System 65 cameras were ever built, and the small fleet of old 65 mm handheld reflex cameras had their lens mounts modified to accept the System 65 lenses. The System 65 lenses were all a medium-format variant of lens designs from the (then) current line of Panavision Primos. All System 65 telephoto lenses (i.e. 300 mm, 400 mm, 500 mm) were converted Canon telephotos.
In the wake of the box office failure of the first Panavision System 65/Super 70 feature Far and Away, combined with the fact that 35 mm digital surround sound had arrived and minimized the multi-channel sound advantage the 70 mm format had, meant that a hoped-for renaissance in 65/70 mm film production never materialized. In the 2010s, this renaissance finally materialized following a string of successful films from director Christopher Nolan, which were produced and screened in 70mm IMAX. Following the effort made by Quentin Tarantino and Boston Light & Sound to restore a large fleet of 70mm projectors for the release of The Hateful Eight, 70mm projection once again became available to non-IMAX venues.
Movies using Panavision System 65/Super 70
Far and Away (1992) – During the "land rush" sequence, slow motion footage was filmed with Arri 765 cameras; plus a 35mm VistaVision camera and several 35 mm Panavision cameras with anamorphic lenses were used.
Dead Sea (1992) – short film released in the Los Angeles area
Hamlet (1996)
The Witness (1998) – short film produced for the Mashantucket Pequot Museum in Connecticut
Spider-Man 2 (2004) – selected special effects shots only
The New World (2005) – "hyper-reality" scenes only
Inception (2010) – "key sequences"
Shutter Island (2010) – some scenes
The Tree of Life (2011) – selected scenes
Samsara (2011) – the first feature film photographed entirely in 65mm since Hamlet; theatrical release was presented in 4K digital projection and 35mm anamorphic prints
Snow White & the Huntsman (2012) – selected wide shots and second unit work
The Dark Knight Rises (2012) – selected scenes
The Master (2012) – The projected frame on 70mm release prints (and all digital prints) were "hard matted" to 1.85:1, clipping the sides and throwing away 16.3% of the full frame exposed on the 2.20:1 aspect ratio 65 mm negative. About 85% of the film was photographed in Panavision System 65; the rest was shot in spherical 35 mm with a 1.85:1 aspect ratio.
To the Wonder (2012) – some scenes
Jurassic World (2015) – some scenes
Knight of Cups (2015) – some scenes
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) – some scenes
Dunkirk (2017) – scenes that were not shot on 65mm IMAX film, about 25% of the film
Murder on the Orient Express (2017)
Christopher Robin (2018) – some scenes
The Nutcracker and the Four Realms (2018) – scenes that were not shot on Super 35 (3-perf)
Tenet (2020) – scenes that were not shot on 65mm IMAX film, some scenes were filmed with Arri 765 cameras, about 74 minutes of the film.
Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) - some scenes
No Time to Die (2021) – some action scenes
Death on the Nile (2022)
Jurassic World Dominion (2022) – some scenes
Nope (2022) – scenes that were not shot on 65mm IMAX film.
Oppenheimer (2023) - scenes that were not shot on 65mm IMAX film.
See also
70 mm film
Cinerama
Super Technirama 70
Todd-AO
Ultra Panavision 70
References
External links
American Widescreen Museum section on Super Panavision 70
70 mm film
Motion picture film formats
Panavision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Panavision%2070 |
Kalmyk Americans are Americans of Kalmyk Mongolian ancestry.
History
American Kalmyks initially established communities in the United States following a mass immigration after World War II. The largest groups of Kalmyks originally settled primarily in the states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The majority of today's Kalmyk American population are descended from those Kalmyks who had fled Russia in late 1920 to places such as France, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and, later, Germany.
As a consequence of their decades-long migration through Europe, many original immigrant Kalmyk Americans could speak German, French, and Serbo-Croatian, in addition to Russian and their native Kalmyk language.
Many Kalmyks were stranded in German displaced persons camps for a number of years following the end of World War II. They were originally classified as Asian under U.S. immigration law, and therefore denied entry, but in 1951 they were reclassified as Caucasian. In 1955 many immigrated to the United States after the Tolstoy Foundation sponsored their passage.
There are several Kalmyk Buddhist temples in Monmouth County, New Jersey, (notably Freewood Acres, New Jersey) where the vast majority of American Kalmyks reside, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, as well as a Tibetan Buddhist Learning Center and monastery in Washington Township, New Jersey.
Notable people
Sandje Ivanchukov
Erdne Ombadykow
Ngawang Wangyal
See also
Kalmyks
Kalmykia
Mongolian Americans
References
External links
Map Collection of the Library of Congress: "Carte de Tartarie" of Guillaume de L'Isle (1675-1726) ; shows territories of Kalmyks as in 1706.
Kalmyk Mongolian Buddhist Center, Howell, New Jersey
Tashi Lhunpo Temple, a Kalmyk Buddhist temple in Howell, New Jersey
American people of Kalmyk descent
Ethnic groups in the United States
Kalmyk diaspora | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk%20Americans |
Jackie "Mr TV" Pallo (born Jack Ernest Gutteridge; 12 January 1926 – 11 February 2006) was an English professional wrestler, a star of British televised wrestling in its 1960s and 1970s heyday, when the sport had a regular 40-minute slot before the Saturday afternoon football results on ITV.
Wrestling career
Gutteridge was born in Islington and had been a sports teacher. He became a wrestler and was billed from Highbury, North London and was regarded as one of the first stars of British professional wrestling.
During his career, his most famous rivalry was an 11-year-long battle with perhaps the greatest villain in British wrestling history, Mick McManus. In 1973, Pallo made two unsuccessful attempts to beat McManus for the European Middleweight Championship.
Pallo was a risk-taking athlete on the one hand but pushed credibility to the limits at other times owing to his over-the-top cockiness. Fans rejoiced in his sit-on back breaker and arm lever, his aeroplane spin, and his cross-shoulder backbreaker. Pallo's star was further affirmed when a 1964 date in Bishop's Stortford sold out in only 3 hours. His sole major accolade during his career was a short 1969 run as the British Heavy Middleweight Champion, having defeated Bert Royal on 21 April before dropping the title back to Royal the following month. His feud with McManus was featured in the 2012 BBC documentary When Wrestling Was Golden: Grapples, Grunts and Grannies. He appeared on television during the Sixties so often he was known as "Mr TV" and, due to his tactics, also as "The man they love to hate". He retired from wrestling in 1975.
Autobiography
Even before the publication of his 1985 autobiography "You Grunt, I'll Groan" (), where he revealed the secrets of the wrestling entertainment business (including referees carrying razor blades to nick fighters' earlobes in order to produce the necessary blood to satisfy the bloodlust of the frenzied crowd of mostly elderly women – Pallo preferred to bite his lip to produce the same effect) crowds argued about whether wrestling bouts were staged or not. "Of course it was, it was pure showbiz right from the start", Pallo wrote in his autobiography.
Away from wrestling
Apart from wrestling, Pallo also had a mainstream show business career – appearing in pantomime with celebrities such as Lionel Blair and Dick Emery. He had a small part in the 1973 film farce 'Not Now Darling' directed by Ray Cooney. He also appeared in an episode of Are You Being Served?, in which he wrestled John Inman, and The Avengers. Playing a gravedigger in The Avengers, he was accidentally knocked unconscious during a fight with Honor Blackman's judo champion character, Cathy Gale – striking his head as he fell into the grave. "I want it to be made perfectly clear that this was an accident ... I have never been beaten by a woman and never intend to be", Pallo said afterward. In the late 1950s as "Mr Gutteridge" he taught boxing at Arnold House School, a prep school in St John's Wood, North London.
Personal life and death
Pallo lived with his family at Ozengell Farm in Ramsgate, Kent.
Pallo died from cancer in 2006, aged 80, and was survived by his wife Georgina aka "Trixie" (died 2013) and his son Jackie Jr (born 1954; died 9 October 2018), himself a former wrestler and frequent tag team partner of Pallo under the team name Pallo and Son. The elder Pallo was a first cousin of TV sports commentator Reg Gutteridge.
Championships and accomplishments
Joint Promotions
British Heavy Middleweight Championship (1 time)
References
"The Golden Age of Grunt'n'Groan", The Independent, 18 February 2006
Interview with Dukes of Stratosphere drummer EIEI Owen, who reveals that the song Have You Seen Jackie was inspired by Pallo, optimismsflames.com; accessed 10 November 2014.
1926 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from cancer in England
English male professional wrestlers
English male television actors
Place of death missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie%20Pallo |
Ngawang Wangyal (), aka Sogpo (Mongolian) Wangyal, popularly known as Geshe Wangyal and "America's first lama," was a Buddhist lama and scholar of Kalmyk origin. He was born in the Astrakhan province in southeast Russia sometime in 1901 and died in West Palm Beach, Florida in 1983. He came to the United States from Tibet in 1955 and was the spiritual leader of the Kalmuk Buddhist community in Freewood Acres, New Jersey (near Freehold) at the Rashi Gempil-Ling Buddhist Temple. He is considered a "founding figure" of Buddhism in the West.
He developed the code for the CIA that aided the Dalai Lama's escape from Tibet, spearheaded a two decade long undertaking to lift political proscriptions on US visits by the 14th Dalai Lama, opened the first Tibetan Buddhist Dharma center in the West, and trained the first generation of Tibetan Buddhist scholars in America. He taught at Columbia University and sponsored visits by monks and lamas from the Tibetan emigre settlement in India, instructing them in English so they could serve the Buddhist community in the United States.
In 1971 Geshe Wangyal and the Dalai Lama persuaded Robert Thurman to start publishing an English translation of the entire 4000 titles of the Tengyur, "the Tibetan canon of scientific treatises (śāstra), which constitutes Indo-Tibetan civilization's contribution to the contemporary arts and sciences." In 1972, the American Institute of Buddhist Studies was founded at Columbia University as suggested by the Dalai Lama and Geshe Wangyal. The published translations, Treasury of Buddhist Sciences: The Translated Scriptures & Treatises, are the founding series of The American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University.
Wangyal translated two volumes of popular Tibetan and Sanskrit stories illustrative of Buddhist teachings, The Door of Liberation and The Prince Who Became a Cuckoo. With Brian Cutillo, he also translated the "Illuminations of Sakya-Pandita."
The Dalai Lama thanked
in a message of congratulations and thanks to those who started Tibet House in New York, in a video opening 2021's 34th annual Tibet House US benefit.
Geshe Wangyal, With Blessing of the Three Jewels, a biographical documentary by Kalmyk director Ella Manzheeva, an official selection of the International Buddhist Film Festival in 2023, premiered at the Asian World Film Festival (AWFF) in Los Angeles in 2022. Originally conceived as a feature film, Manzheeva filmed it as research for a feature length script on Geshe Wangyl's life. She "deliberately made this film as an offering" and considers Geshe Wangyl "the greatest Kalmyk of the last 2,000 years."
Early years
Geshe Wangyal, the youngest of four children, chose to enter the monastery as a novice monk at age six. After the Russian Civil War, Geshe Wangyal went to Lhasa, Tibet, where he studied at the Gomang College of Drepung Monastic University in Lhasa until 1935 when he decided to return to his homeland to obtain financial support to complete his studies.
Due to Communist persecution of religious clergy, Geshe Wangyal decided to end his return trip home. Instead, he found a job in Peking, China, comparing different editions of the Tibetan collections of Buddha's word (Kangyur) and of the treatises of Indian commentators (Tanjur). In 1937, Geshe Wangyal left Peking to return to Tibet via India after earning enough money to support himself until he received his geshe degree from Drepung.
While in Calcutta, Geshe Wangyal was hired as a translator to Sir Charles Bell, a well-known British statesman, scholar and explorer, and accompanied him on a trip through China and Manchuria before returning to Tibet. Afterwards, he received his geshe degree in Lhasa and used his remaining earnings and many newly established contacts to raise funds for the purpose of assisting poor scholars to obtain their geshe degree, especially Mongolians in India, who, like him, were cut off from support from a Communist home country.
When the Communist Chinese invaded Tibet in the early 1950s, Geshe Wangyal escaped to India. Then in 1955, he was sent to the United States by the Dalai Lama to work as a lama among the Kalmyk Americans who were newly resettled in New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania as refugees from Central Europe.
Buddhist monastery's teacher
In 1958, Geshe Wangyal established and built the first Tibetan Buddhist dharma center in the West, Labsum Shedrub Ling, the Lamaist Buddhist Monastery of America, renamed the Tibetan Buddhist Learning Center, in Washington, New Jersey. Geshe Wangyal, leader of New Jersey's 400‐member Kalmuk Mongolian community, was in charge of the arrangements for the Dalai Lama's visit to the state in September 1979. In 1971, he had a room built and reserved for the Dalai Lama at Labsum Shedrub Ling, and it was in that room that the Dalai Lama stayed after greeting his followers. He served as the monastery's head teacher until his death in January, 1983. He taught many students of Western background and contributed greatly to the spread of Tibetan Buddhism in the United States.
Among his students were translators, scholars, authors, artists, doctors and teachers, including Dr. Robert Thurman, Professor of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Studies at Columbia University and president of Tibet House US, who was introduced to the Dalai Lama by Geshe Wangyal, Thurman's first guru; Dr. Jeffrey Hopkins, Professor Emeritus University of Virginia; Anne C. Klein, Professor and former Chair of the Department of Religion, Rice University, and co-founder of the Dawn Mountain Center for Tibetan Buddhism; Dr. Alexander Berzin, founder of the Berzin Archives - Study Buddhism; scholar Joshua Cutler and Diana Cutler, Directors of the Tibetan Buddhist Learning Center; painter, teacher and author Ted Seth Jacobs; composer and musician Philip Glass; and Dr. Daniel P. Brown, Ph.D, Professor of Harvard Medical School and author. According to Dr. Berzin,
Selected bibliography
The Door of Liberation: Essential Teachings of the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition, Wisdom Publications, January 1, 2002
The Jewelled Staircase, Snow Lion, January 1, 1990,
The Prince Who Became a Cuckoo: A Tale of liberation (The Bhaisajaguru series), Lama Lo-dro of Drepung, author; Lama Geshe Wangyal, translator; Theatre Arts Books; January 1, 1982,
Illuminations of Sakya-Pandita: A Guide to Essential Buddhist Practices, Geshe Wangyal, translator with Brian Cutillo, Wisdom Publications; May 1, 1988,
External links
Geshe Wangyal: With Blessing of the Three Jewels Trailer, directed by Ella Manzheeva, Anniko Films
Robert Thurman on Geshe Wangyal
My Early Years: Exploring The Mahāsatipatthāna Sutta, Robert Thurman on his early days studying with Geshe Ngawang Wangyal.
References
1901 births
1983 deaths
Buddhism in Kalmykia
Kalmyk people
Geshes
Lamas
Tibetan Buddhists from the United States
Tibetan Buddhists from the Russian Empire
Emigrants from the Soviet Union
Immigrants to India
American people of Kalmyk descent
Gelug Lamas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawang%20Wangyal |
Joannes Baptista Sproll (2 October 1870 – 4 March 1949) was a German bishop and prominent opponent of the Nazi regime.
Sproll was born in Schweinhausen, near Biberach, the son of a street mender, Josef Sproll, and his wife, Anna Maria née Freuer. He attended the Latin school in Biberach and the Gymnasium Ehingen. He studied Catholic theology at the University of Tübingen from 1890 to 1894. In 1898, he received his Ph.D. for his work on the history of the law and constitution of the Tübingen monastery of St. George. On 14 June 1927 he became the Bishop of Rottenburg.
During the Nazi era, Sproll often spoke out against the regime, and his abstention from the plebiscite over the Anschluss led to preliminary proceedings and staged demonstrations against him. At the end of August 1938, Sproll was expelled from his diocese and could not return again until 1945. On 1 August 1940 Conrad Gröber, Archbishop of Freiburg, and the Vicar General of the Diocese of Rottenburg (acting for Sproll) protested against the euthanasia programmes in Grafeneck; this was also the year of the protest of the Bishop of Münster, Clemens August Graf von Galen. Sproll died in 1949 in Rottenburg am Neckar.
References
1870 births
1949 deaths
People from Biberach (district)
Roman Catholic bishops of Rottenburg
Members of the Württembergian Chamber of Lords | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joannes%20Baptista%20Sproll |
This is a list of aqueducts in the city of Rome listed in chronological order of their construction.
Ancient Rome
Modern Rome
Acqua Vergine Antica
built in 1453
source: springs in Salone, east of Rome
length: ; underground from its source to its terminus at the fountain of Trevi on the Quirinal Hill
Acqua Felice
built in 1586
source: springs at Pantano Borghese, off Via Casilina
length: ; underground for from its source, in the channel of Aqua Alexandrina, then alternating on the arches of the Aqua Claudia and the Aqua Marcia for to its terminus at the fountain of Moses on the Quirinal Hill
Acqua Paola
built in 1611
source: Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome
length: ; underground for from its source, in the channel of Aqua Trajana, then on arches for to its terminus at the fountain of Paul V on the Janiculum Hill,
later piped to Vatican Hill
Acqua Pia Antica Marcia
built in 1870
source: springs near Subiaco, east of Rome
length: ; underground for in the channel of Aqua Marcia, then on arches for to its terminus at the Fountain of the Naiads on the Viminal Hill
Acqua Vergine Nuova
built in 1937
source: springs in Salone, east of Rome
length: ; underground from its source to its terminus at the fountains in Piazza del Popolo and the fountains on the western slope of the Pincio, overlooking Piazza del Popolo
Acqua Peschiera
built in 1949
source: springs in Sorgenti, northeast of Rome
length: ; underground from its source, splitting into two branches:
Peschiera Sinistra, approaching Rome from the east
Peschiera Destra, taking a westward route, crossing the Tiber River at Poggio Mireto Scalo, about 30 miles north of Rome to its terminus at the fountain of Piazzale degli Eroi (Italian: Heroes' Square), just north of Vatican Hill
Acqua Appio-Allesandrino
built in 1965
source: catchment basins along the volcano Angela at Pantano Borghese, Finocchi, Torre Angela
See also
Roman aqueduct
List of aqueducts
Parco degli Acquedotti
Ancient Roman technology
Roman engineering
Frontinus
References
Sources
External links
Famous Fountains of Rome
Famous Squares and Fountains of Rome
Models of Various Aqueducts of Ancient Rome
Routes of Various Aqueducts of Ancient Rome
The Fountains of Rome (by Region)
Aqueducts
Aqueducts, Roman, by date | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Roman%20aqueducts%20by%20date |
A machine-readable passport (MRP) is a machine-readable travel document (MRTD) with the data on the identity page encoded in optical character recognition format. Many countries began to issue machine-readable travel documents in the 1980s.
Most travel passports worldwide are MRPs. They are standardized by the ICAO Document 9303 (endorsed by the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission as ISO/IEC 7501-1) and have a special machine-readable zone (MRZ), which is usually at the bottom of the identity page at the beginning of a passport. The ICAO 9303 describes three types of documents corresponding to the ISO/IEC 7810 sizes:
"Type 3" is typical of passport booklets. The MRZ consists of 2 lines × 44 characters.
"Type 2" is relatively rare with 2 lines × 36 characters.
"Type 1" is of a credit card-size with 3 lines × 30 characters.
The fixed format allows specification of document type, name, document number, nationality, date of birth, sex, and document expiration date. All these fields are required on a passport. There is room for optional, often country-dependent, supplementary information. There are also two sizes of machine-readable visas similarly defined.
Computers with a camera and suitable software can directly read the information on machine-readable passports. This enables faster processing of arriving passengers by immigration officials, and greater accuracy than manually-read passports, as well as faster data entry, more data to be read and better data matching against immigration databases and watchlists.
Apart from optically readable information, many passports contain an RFID chip which enables computers to read a higher amount of information, for example a photo of the bearer. These passports are called biometric passports and are also described by ICAO 9303.
Format
Passport booklets
Passport booklets have an identity page containing the identity data. This page is in the TD3 size of 125 × 88 mm (4.92 × 3.46 in).
The data of the machine-readable zone consists of two rows of 44 characters each. The only characters used are A–Z, 0–9 and the filler character <.
In the name field, spaces, hyphens and other punctuation are represented by <, except apostrophes, which are skipped. If the names are too long, names are abbreviated to their most significant parts. In that case, the last position must contain an alphabetic character to indicate possible truncation, and if there is a given name, the two fillers and at least one character of it must be included.
Official travel documents
Smaller documents such as identity and passport cards are usually in the TD1 size, which is 85.6 × 54.0 mm (3.37 × 2.13 in), the same size as credit cards. The data of the machine-readable zone in a TD1 size card consists of three rows of 30 characters each. The only characters used are A–Z, 0–9 and the filler character <.
Some official travel documents are in the larger TD2 size, 105.0 × 74.0 (4.13 × 2.91 in). They have a layout of the MRZ with two rows of 36 characters each, similar to the TD3 format, but with 31 characters for the name, 7 for the personal number and one less check digit. Yet some official travel documents are in the booklet format with a TD3 identity page.
The format of the first row for TD1 (credit card size) documents is:
The format of the second row is:
1: United States Passport Cards, as of 2011, use this field for the application number that produced the card.
The format of the third row is:
The format of the first row for TD2 (medium size) documents is:
The format of the second row is:
Machine-readable visas
The ICAO Document 9303 part 7 describes machine-readable visas. They come in two different formats:
MRV-A - 80 mm × 120 mm (3.15 in × 4.72 in), 2 × 44 chars
MRV-B - 74 mm × 105 mm (2.91 in × 4.13 in), 2 × 36 chars
The format of the first row of the machine-readable zone is:
The format of the second row is:
Specifications common to all formats
The ICAO document 9303 part 3 describes specifications common to all Machine Readable Travel Documents.
The dimensions of the effective reading zone (ERZ) is standardized at in height with a margin of 3 mm at the document edges and 3.2 mm at the edge against the visual readable part. This is in order to allow use of a single machine reader.
Only characters A to Z (upper case), 0–9, and left angle bracket (<) are allowed. The typeface is OCR-B.
Nationality / Citizenship codes
The nationality codes shall contain the ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code with modifications for all formats. The check digit calculation method is also the same for all formats.
Some values that are different from ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 are used for the issuing country and nationality field:
BAH: Bahamas (erroneously used in some early Bahamian passports; corrected to BHS)
D: Germany
EUE: European Union
GBD: British Overseas Territories Citizen (BOTC) (note: the country code of the overseas territory is used to indicate issuing authority and nationality of BOTC), formerly British Dependent Territories Citizen (BDTC)
GBN: British National (Overseas)
GBO: British Overseas Citizen
GBP: British Protected Person
GBS: British Subject
UNA: specialized agency of the United Nations
UNK: Resident of Kosovo to whom a travel document has been issued by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)
UNO: United Nations organization
XBA: African Development Bank
XIM: African Export–Import Bank
XCC: Caribbean Community or one of its emissaries
XCO: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
XEC: Economic Community of West African States
XPO: International Criminal Police Organization
XOM: Sovereign Military Order of Malta
XXA: Stateless person, as per the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons
XXB: Refugee, as per the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
XXC: Refugee, other than defined above
XXX: Unspecified nationality
ZIM: Zimbabwe (erroneously used in some early Zimbabwean passports; corrected to ZWE)
Other values, which do not have broad acceptance internationally, include:
NSK: Neue Slowenische Kunst passport (basically not accepted at all as passport)
RKS: Kosovo
WSA: World Service Authority World Passport (basically not accepted at all as passport)
XCT: Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Checksum calculation
The check digit calculation is as follows: each position is assigned a value; for the digits 0 to 9 this is the value of the digits, for the letters A to Z this is 10 to 35, for the filler < this is 0. The value of each position is then multiplied by its weight; the weight of the first position is 7, of the second it is 3, and of the third it is 1, and after that the weights repeat 7, 3, 1, and so on. All values are added together and the remainder of the final value divided by 10 is the check digit.
Names
Due to technical limits, characters inside the Machine Readable Zone (MRZ) need to be restricted to the 10 Arabic numerals, the 26 capital Latin letters A through Z, and the filler character <.
Apostrophes and similar punctuation marks have to be omitted, but hyphens and spaces should be replaced by an opening angle bracket. Diacritical marks are not permitted in the MRZ. Even though they may be useful to distinguish names, the use of diacritical marks in the MRZ could confuse machine-reading equipment.
Section 6 of the 9303 part 3 document specifies transliteration of letters outside the A–Z range. It recommends that diacritical marks on Latin letters A-Z are simply omitted (ç → C, ð → D, ê → E, ñ → N etc.), but it allows the following transliterations:
å → AA
ä → AE
ð → DH
ij (Dutch letter; capital form: IJ, the J as part of the ligature being capitalized, too)→ IJ
ö → OE
ü → UE or UXX
ñ → NXX (allowed but Spanish uses U and N for ü and ñ)
The following transliterations are mandatory:
æ → AE
ø, œ → OE
ß → SS
þ → TH
In Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary and Scandinavia it is standard to use the Å→AA, Ä or Æ→AE, Ö or Ø→OE, Ü→UE, and ß→SS mappings, so Müller'' becomes MUELLER, Gößmann becomes GOESSMANN, and Hämäläinen becomes HAEMAELAEINEN. ð, ñ and ü occur in Iceland and Spain, but they write them as D, N and U.
Austrian passports may (but do not always) contain a trilingual (in German, English, and French) explanation of the German umlauts and ß, e.g. 'ß' entspricht / is equal to / correspond à 'SS'.
There are also tables for the transliteration of names written using Cyrillic and Arabic scripts, mainly based on transliteration rules into English. For example, the Russian surname Горбачёв ("Gorbatschow" in German, "Gorbatchov" in French, "Gorbachov" in Spanish, "Gorbaczow" in Polish) is transcribed "Gorbachev" in both English and according to the ICAO 9303 rules.
Russian visas (and Russian internal passports since 2011) have a different transliteration of Cyrillic into the machine-readable zone. As an example, the letter "ч" is usually transcribed as "ch" in Russian travel documents, however, Russian visas and internal passports use "3" in the machine-readable zone instead. Another example is "Alexei" (travel passport) → "Алексей" (Cyrillic version) → "ALEKSEQ" (machine readable version in an internal document). This makes it easier to transliterate the name back to Cyrillic.
First and given names
For airline tickets, visas and more, the advice is to only use the first name written in the passport. This is a problem for people who use their second name (as defined by the order in the passport) as their main name in daily speech. It is common, for example in Scandinavia, that the second or even third name is the one defined for daily usage: for example, the actor Hugh Laurie, whose full name is James Hugh Calum Laurie. Swedish travel agents usually book people using the first and daily name if the first one is not their main name, despite advice to use only the first name. If this is too long, the spelling in the MRZ could be used.
For people using a variant of their first name in daily speech, for example the former US president Bill Clinton whose full name is William Jefferson Clinton, the advice is to spell their name as in the passport.
In Scandinavian legislation, middle name is a name placed between given and surname, and is usually a family name. Such names are written as extra surname in the passports. People have been stranded at airports since they entered this extra family name in the "middle name" field in airline booking form, which in English speaking tradition is a given name.
Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Hungarian names might pose a challenge too, since the family name is normally written first. Tickets should use given name and surname as indicated in passports.
This name issue is also an issue for post-Brexit EU women under the Brexit settled status (they have two family names, a birth and marriage name, but only the birth name was used by the passport MRZ and therefore used in the settlement application, although they have been using the married name in UK population register).
See also
Basic Access Control
Biometric passport
Card standards
ISO/IEC 14443 (Proximity card standard)
List of national identity card policies by country
Identity document
Identity Cards Act 2006 of the United Kingdom
Universal Electronic Card
References
External links
A description of the Machine Readable Passport Zone
MRTD - Machine Readable Travel Document - Home (ICAO)
ICAO Standards for e-Passports: Machine Readable Travel Documents
Passports | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readable%20passport |
FEF or Fef may refer to:
Futsal European Federation
Fef, West Papua, the capital of Tambrauw Regency, West Papua, Western New Guinea
Ecuadorian Football Federation (Spanish: )
FedExField, a stadium in Landover, Maryland, United States
Fire Emblem Fates'', a video game
Forced expiratory flow
Frontal eye fields
Frontier Education Foundation, in Pakistan
Fusion Energy Foundation, a defunct American think tank
Union Pacific FEF series, a steam locomotive
First European Farmers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEF |
Wilson Mizner (May 19, 1876 – April 3, 1933) was an American playwright, raconteur, and entrepreneur. His best-known plays are The Deep Purple, produced in 1910, and The Greyhound, produced in 1912. He was manager and co-owner of The Brown Derby restaurant in Los Angeles, California, and was part of the failed project of his older brother Addison to create a new resort in Boca Raton, Florida. He and Addison are the protagonists of Stephen Sondheim's musical Road Show (alternately known as Wise Guys, Gold!, and Bounce).
Life
Wilson ("Bill") Mizner was born in Benicia, California, one of eight children, including brothers William, Edgar, Murray, Addison, Henry, and Lansing and sister Mary. Sir Joshua Reynolds was their great-great-uncle. Their father, Lansing Bond Mizner, was named Benjamin Harrison's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Central American states, and the family moved to Guatemala for a year, the brothers spending their free time robbing churches, they later claimed. Both brothers made up unverifiable details about their foreign experiences.
In 1897, Addison and Wilson, with brothers William and Edgar, traveled north to the Klondike Gold Rush in Canada, which he spent bilking miners rather than looking for gold. As he himself told it, Wilson operated badger games, managed fighters, robbed a restaurant to get chocolate for his girlfriend "Nellie the Pig" Lamore (saying "Your chocolates or your life!"), and grub-staked prospector Sid Grauman, later of Grauman's Chinese Theatre. He also claimed to have met Wyatt Earp, who became a lifelong friend. In Skagway, Alaska, Wilson met Jefferson Randolph "Soapy" Smith, whom Wilson considered his mentor.
He followed gold seekers to Nome, Alaska when the Nome Gold Rush started in 1899. As he told it (there is no confirmation), he was known as the "Prince of Nome", established McQuestion, a saloon/casino, and was appointed deputy sheriff, where his "primary duty" was "to warn Eskimos that they'd have to smell better."
After leaving Alaska, he claimed to have run a banana plantation in Honduras for a few months, but returned to San Francisco to resume his career as a professional gambler. Once Addison had established himself in New York, Wilson joined him, and became a New York dilettante, raconteur, and Broadway playwright. He married Mary Adelaide Yerkes, widow of industrialist Charles Tyson Yerkes, in 1906. Wilson was penniless (and 29 years old), while his new wife, aged 48, brought between $2 million and $7.5 million to the marriage and a $4 million mansion on Fifth Avenue, as well as several artistic masterpieces by Rembrandt, Van Gogh, and others, that Wilson duplicated, selling the copies as originals. The marriage did not last long, as the publicity generated "numerous" letters from California and Alaska warning the new Mrs. Mizner about her husband's past criminal activities; their divorce was finalized in May 1907.
He then made his living by gambling on luxury liners between New York and London, until the companies prohibited it. Wilson then managed the Rand Hotel on West Forty-ninth Street in New York, posting signs that read "Carry out your own dead" and "No opium smoking in the elevators." He managed several boxers, fixing the fights to enhance his gambling revenues. One of his fighters, Stanley Ketchel, the greatest middleweight of his day, was murdered, and Wilson joked, "Tell 'em to start counting ten over him, and he'll get up."
Wilson's playwriting career was undermined by his laziness and an opium addiction that started when he was prescribed painkillers after an assault. He was convicted in 1919 for running a gambling den on Long Island, and received a suspended sentence. After he was nearly beaten to death – the details are unknown – at Addison's invitation he followed him to Palm Beach, Florida, where Addison and other investors were announcing a new resort, Boca Raton, Florida. Wilson was secretary and treasurer of the Mizner Development Corporation created in 1925, in effect working for his brother. Unfortunately Addison's plans were financially unsound and the Corporation was forced into receivership within a year, and bankruptcy soon after.
Addison could no longer pay Wilson, so he returned to California. There, he obtained backing from Jack L. Warner and Gloria Swanson and bought into and managed the Brown Derby, and wrote screenplays for some of the early talkies. His best known film work is the screenplay for the Michael Curtiz film 20,000 Years in Sing Sing. Wilson called his Hollywood years "a trip through a sewer in a glass-bottomed boat." Several of the brothers' friends from New York, including Marie Dressler and Ben Hecht, helped him in his later escapades.
Wilson Mizner is noted for many bons mots such as, "Be nice to people on the way up because you'll meet the same people on the way down," "Never give a sucker an even break" (also attributed to W. C. Fields), and "When you steal from one author, it's plagiarism; if you steal from many, it's research." When President Calvin Coolidge died in 1933, Mizner's comment was "How do they know?" (Coolidge was known as taciturn.) Mizner has suffered the same fate as Dorothy Parker; both are vividly remembered today for their witty repartee rather than for specific literary works.
Irving Berlin (a friend of Addison) wrote a song about Wilson: "Black
Sheep Has Come Back to the Fold". He began but did not complete a musical based on Wilson's life.
Anita Loos and Robert Hopkins based the character played by Clark Gable in the movie San Francisco on Wilson Mizner, whom Loos described as "America's most fascinating outlaw".
Biographer Alva Johnston wrote: [Wilson] Mizner had a vast firsthand criminal erudition, which he commercialized as a dramatist on Broadway and a screenwriter in Hollywood. At various times during his life, he had been a miner, confidence man, ballad singer, medical lecturer, man of letters, general utility man in a segregated district, cardsharp, hotel man, songwriter, dealer in imitation masterpieces of art, prizefighters, prizefight manager, Florida promoter, and roulette-wheel fixer. He was an idol of low society and a pet of high. He knew women, as his brother Addison said, from the best homes and houses.
That Wilson was a ballad singer, medical lecturer, "general utility man in a segregated district," songwriter, and a roulette-wheel fixer are all undocumented except in Wilson's own unreliable words.
Warner Bros.
Around 1931, Warner Bros. head producer Darryl Zanuck hired Mizner to work as a top screenplay writer for the studio's First National films. While at the studio, Mizner had hardly any respect for authority and found it difficult to work with studio boss Jack Warner. Mizner, however, would indeed become a valuable asset to the studio's films. As time went by, Warner became more tolerant of Mizner and invested in the Brown Derby restaurant.
Writings
Plays
The Only Law, 1909
The Deep Purple, 1910
The Greyhound, 1912
Stories
"The Discord of Harmony", The All-Story Magazine, November 1908
"Three Saved!", Collier's, December 26, 1908
The Cock-Eyed World, (1929)
"You're Dead!", Liberty, May 3, 1930 and Argosy (UK), May 1937 (posthumous reprint)
Filmography
Taken from IMDb:
Notes
References
John Burke, Rogue's Progress, New York, 1975,
Alva Johnston, The Legendary Mizners, Farrar, Straus and Young, 1953. (Reissued in paperback 2003, )
Stuart B. McIver, Dreamers, Schemers and Scalawags, Pineapple Press, Florida, 1994.
Caroline Seebohm, Boca Rococo, Clarkson Potter, New York, 2001.
Edward Dean Sullivan, The Fabulous Wilson Mizner, The Henkle Company, New York, 1935.
Further reading
External links
School for Scoundrels: includes a lengthy biography of Mizner, paying special attention to his more unsavory activities.
Les Miz Brothers: another lengthy biography of Wilson and his brother Addison, including source material used for Bounce.
Wilson Mizner at Virtual History
1876 births
1933 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
People from Benicia, California
People of the Klondike Gold Rush
Writers from California
Addison Mizner
20th-century American criminals
American confidence tricksters
Burials at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%20Mizner |
James Semple (January 5, 1798 – December 20, 1866) was an American attorney and politician. He was Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives, Attorney General of Illinois, an associate justice of the Illinois Supreme Court, Chargé d'Affaires to New Granada, and United States Senator from Illinois.
Semple was born in Green County, Kentucky and was raised and educated in Clinton County. He served in the Kentucky militia during the War of 1812 and then moved to Missouri, where he was active in the militia and owned and operated several businesses. He later studied law in Missouri and Kentucky, attained admission to the bar, and moved to Edwardsville, Illinois to start a practice. He became active in politics as a Democrat, but was opposed to slavery, and he served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1828 to 1832. He continued his militia service after moving to Illinois, and took part in the Black Hawk War. After service as Illinois Attorney General from 1832 to 1834, Semple returned to the Illinois House, where he served as Speaker from 1834 to 1837.
From 1838 to 1842, Semple served as US Chargé d'Affaires in New Granada. Upon returning to Illinois, he was appointed an associate justice of the Illinois Supreme Court, but he served only a few months because later that year he was selected to fill a vacancy in the US Senate, where he served from 1843 to 1847.
After leaving politics, Semple practiced law, was active in several business ventures, and attempted to market an invention called the prairie car, a forerunner of the modern automobile. He died in Elsah, Illinois, a town he founded, and was buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri.
Early life
James Semple was born in Green County, Kentucky on January 5, 1798, the son of John Walker Semple and Lucy (Robertson) Semple. Semple's grandfather Robert Semple served in the Virginia legislature, and his father served in the legislature of Kentucky. James Semple was raised on his father's Clinton County homestead, which John Sample named "76". He received his early education from his mother, a talented woman educated enough to argue cases in court when no lawyers were available, and was tutored by his uncle Isaac Robertson, who was a graduate of Princeton College.
Start of career
In 1814, the sixteen-year-old Semple volunteered for the Kentucky Militia during the War of 1812. He served until the end war, and in 1817 received a commission as an ensign in Kentucky's 81st Militia Regiment.
In 1818, Semple moved to Edwardsville, Illinois, but he remained for only nine months before returning to Kentucky. In 1819, he moved to Chariton, Missouri, where he operated a tannery and became active in other business ventures. In addition, he joined the Missouri Militia's 21st Infantry Regiment, which he later commanded with the rank of colonel. Soon after arriving in Chariton, Semple was elected a state Loan Commissioner. In response to the Panic of 1819, Missouri's government authorized the issuing of paper money that could be loaned to farmers so that they wouldn't lose their land during the economic downturn. Loan Office Banks throughout the state were supervised by commissioners who loaned the money, ensured it was repaid, and instituted foreclosure proceedings and auctions for farmers who defaulted on their loans.
After the sudden death of his first wife in 1821, Semple decided on a career as an attorney and began to study law. He moved to Louisville, Kentucky in 1824 to continue his studies, and after three years of learning he was admitted to the bar and returned to Edwardsville in 1827 to start a law practice.
Continued career
Semple practiced law in Edwardsville and became active in politics. Though he opposed slavery, he became a Democrat, and advocated abolition in opposition to most members of his party, who either supported slavery or accepted that it could continue where it already existed. During the Black Hawk War of 1832, Semple was appointed adjutant of the Illinois Militia's 8th Infantry Regiment, then adjutant of a newly-organized mounted regiment, and then aide-de-camp to Brigadier General Samuel Whiteside and judge advocate of Whiteside's brigade. Semple later commanded the 8th Regiment as a colonel, and subsequently attained the rank of brigadier general.
In 1828, Semple was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives, and he served until 1832. He served as Illinois Attorney General from 1832 to 1834, and did not run for reelection, preferring instead to become a candidate for the Illinois House. He won a House seat and was chosen to serve as Speaker of the House, a post he held until 1837. In 1836, Semple was an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. Senate. In addition to practicing law, he became involved in business ventures including real estate speculation, and was one of the founders of the town of Highland and the village of Tamaroa. In 1837, he moved to Alton, where he continued to practice law.
Diplomat
In 1837, President Martin Van Buren appointed Semple as Chargé d'Affaires in New Granada. Semple had not sought the appointment, but decided to accept. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate, and served from October 14, 1837 until resigning on March 4, 1842.
As Chargé, Semple was empowered to act as a minister, and was commended by New Granada's government and members of the various groups opposed to it for the tact and fairness with which he advocated for U.S. interests without showing favoritism.
U.S. Senator
On January 6, 1843, Semple was appointed an associate justice of the Illinois Supreme Court, filling the vacancy left when Sidney Breese resigned to accept election to the U.S. Senate. He served until August 16, 1843, and was succeeded by James Shields. Semple left the court to accept election to the U.S. Senate seat left vacant by the death of Samuel McRoberts. He served the remainder of the term to which Roberts had been elected, August 16, 1843 to March 3, 1847, and was not a candidate for reelection in 1846.
In the Senate, Semple was concerned primarily with resolving the Oregon boundary dispute, which was ended by passage of the Oregon Treaty in 1846. Semple also proposed reform of the U.S. consular system. Consular appointments were patronage positions, and most incumbents received no salary, but were compensated by the fees they were allowed to charge for notarizing travel documents, verifying the passenger manifests of arriving U.S. ships, and verifying the contents of arriving U.S. cargo ships. Semple introduced a bill that would have professionalized the consular corps and provided for the payment of salaries in lieu of fees, but it was not adopted during his time in the Senate.
At the outbreak of the Mexican–American War, Semple sought an Army commission as commander of a regiment or brigade, but was refused by President James K. Polk, who was unhappy that Semple disagreed with the results of the Polk administration's negotiations over Oregon.
Later life
In 1845, Semple began work on a vehicle he called a prairie car, a forerunner of the automobile. Semple's prairie car was a wagon fitted with a steam engine and wide tires that enabled it to run on roads or rough terrain. He attracted investors in the project, formed a corporation and issued stock, but abandoned the effort when manufacturers proved unable to provide the needed parts, and mechanics proved unable to purchase or make the tools necessary to effect repairs on his prototype. Semple left his prototype in a field outside Springfield, where for many years it was pointed out to newcomers to town as "Semple's Folly".
After leaving the Senate in 1847, Semple resumed practicing law in Alton. He was also a participant in several businesses, including investing in land north of Alton where he laid out a community known as Sempletown. This enterprise did not succeed, and Semple decided to leave Alton. He purchased an estate in Jersey County, where in 1853 he founded the town of Elsah, Illinois and owned businesses including a mill and a distillery. In retirement, he served as Elsah's postmaster and worked on a history of Mexico, Central America and South America, but his manuscript was never published. During the American Civil War, Semple was sympathetic to the states' rights arguments of the Confederacy, but remained loyal to the Union and supported measures including loyalty oaths.
Death and burial
James Semple died in Elsah on December 20, 1866 and was buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis.
Family
In 1819, Semple married Ellen Duff Green, a niece of Duff Green. She died in 1821, and in 1833 Semple married Mary Stevenson Mizner, a daughter of Dr. Caldwell Cairns and Mary (Stevenson) Cairns, and the widow of Henry Mizner.
Semple's stepson, Lansing B. Mizner was an American politician and diplomat who served as U.S. Minister to several Central American countries. His step-grandson Addison Mizner was a well-known architect, and step-grandson Wilson Mizner was a famous playwright.
Eugene Semple, the son of James and Mary Semple, served as Governor of Washington Territory from 1887 to 1889. His daughter Lucy Virginia became the wife of wealthy St. Louis businessman Edgar Ames. After his death, Lucy Ames expanded her husband's business holdings and added to his fortune, and became prominent as an advocate for political causes including women's suffrage and higher education for women. His daughter Julia was the wife of Ashley D. Scott, who operated a successful grocery wholesale business in St. Louis and a founder of the Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm and organizer of the Veiled Prophet Ball.
Dr. Robert Semple, a brother of James Semple, was a founder of Benicia, California, and president of California's 1849 constitutional convention.
References
Sources
Magazines
Books
External links
James Semple at Illinois Courts.gov
1798 births
1866 deaths
Speakers of the Illinois House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Illinois Attorneys General
Democratic Party United States senators from Illinois
People from Jersey County, Illinois
19th-century American diplomats
American people of the Black Hawk War
Justices of the Illinois Supreme Court
People from Green County, Kentucky
Burials at Bellefontaine Cemetery
American expatriates in Colombia
Kentucky militia
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Semple |
Susan Ellen (Tanenbaum) Stern (January 31, 1943 – July 31, 1976) was an American political activist.
She was a member of the prominent anti-Vietnam War groups Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Weatherman and the Seattle Liberation Front (SLF).
Stern was tried in 1970 on charges of conspiring to damage a federal courthouse as one of the Seattle Seven. The trial ended in a mistrial due to the defendants' disruptive courtroom behavior. The prosecution's main witness, FBI informer Horace Parker, gave unreliable and problematic testimony against the defendants, particularly under strong cross-examination by Chip Marshall, who defended himself pro se. Stern and her co-defendants; Roger Lippman, Joe Kelly, Jeff Dowd, Michael Lerner, Chip Marshall, and Mike Abeles were summarily convicted only of contempt of court and sentenced to six months in prison, of which Stern served three.
She wrote a memoir about her experiences, titled With the Weathermen: The Personal Journey of a Revolutionary Woman. It was reprinted in September 2007 by Rutgers University Press with an introduction by Laura Browder as part of the series Subterranean Lives.
Stern died of drug-related heart and lung failure on July 31, 1976, at University Hospital in Seattle, at the age of 33.
Early years
Susan Stern was born Susan Ellen Tanenbaum, on January 31, 1943, to David and Bernice (Bunny) Tanenbaum in Brooklyn, New York. Stern was the elder of two children, her younger brother is named Roger. Her parents divorced and after a custody dispute, her father was awarded custody of both children. Stern and her brother subsequently moved to New Jersey with their father when she was nine. Stern's father, a wealthy Jewish businessman, had high expectations of his children, which was difficult for Susan Stern.
College and married life
Upon graduating from high school, Stern entered Syracuse University in New York in the early 1960s. In November 1964 she met Robert F. Stern, her future husband. They married in July 1965. Stern finished her undergraduate work as a Liberal Arts Major and immediately began her Master's study in Urban Education. She taught the sixth grade in a ghetto school in New York. Five months into her studies, Stern was expelled for preaching "communist and subversive doctrines." In 1966 Susan and Robert Stern drove across country, relocated to Seattle, and enrolled in advanced studies at the University of Washington School of Social Work. Robert F. Stern entered the University of Washington School of Law while Susan Stern pursued a Master's degree in social work which she completed in June, 1968. By then, after nearly three years, the Sterns' marriage had begun to decline. In June 1968, Stern separated from her husband and moved to California.
Students for a Democratic Society
Stern's political activism began around the time that she and her husband moved to Seattle in 1966 when both began to attend classes at the Free University. Following Stern's introduction to political activism, she became involved in the anti-war movement through peaceful protest. In August 1967 both Sterns went to Chicago to attend the New Politics Convention, which she said:
consisted of endless debates between the black militant caucus which controlled the majority of the votes, and the white liberals who were horrified by the black militants. The important thing about the New Politics Convention for Robby and me was that we came in contact with other white radical organizers, among them, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).
Upon returning to Seattle in the fall of 1967, Stern joined the Seattle chapter of SDS. Throughout the 1967 academic year both Sterns attended meetings.
Weatherman
Stern attended the SDS National Convention in Chicago in June 1969, where the organization's members split into various factions. At the convention there was great discussion of the Weatherman paper and arguments amongst the various chapters of SDS and other activists such as the Black Panther Party erupted throughout the meeting. When Weatherman split off from the SDS, Stern joined Weatherman. After the convention Stern went back to Seattle and began to prepare for Days of Rage which would take place in Chicago, on October 8–11, 1969. Stern worked to recruit individuals to join Weatherman for Days of Rage riots. Stern joined the Seattle Weatherman collective, where her extensive use of drugs, provocative style of dress and habit of supporting the collective by topless dancing earned her enemies among the group's more solemn female leadership. She was expelled after five months because the leadership distrusted her inability to function anonymously within a group and her unwillingness to give in to the group's regular tyrannizing "criticism–self criticism" sessions.
According to Maurice Isserman's review of Stern's 1975 memoir,
Notes
References
Susan Stern papers. Special Collections, University of Washington Libraries, Seattle, Washington
Varon, Jeremy, Bringing the War Home, University of California Press, 2004.
Stern, Susan, With the Weathermen: The Personal Journal of a Revolutionary Woman, 1975, reprinted 2007.
Further reading
Barber, David. A Hard Rain Fell: SDS and Why it Failed. University Press of Mississippi, 2008. (See pgs. 172–212 re: Stern)
Eager, Paige Whaley. From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists. England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2008 (See pgs. 51–53 re: Stern).
American anti–Vietnam War activists
COINTELPRO targets
Members of the Weather Underground
American feminists
20th-century American Jews
Jewish socialists
Socialist feminists
1943 births
1976 deaths
Activists from Brooklyn
Activists from Seattle
Syracuse University alumni
University of Washington School of Social Work alumni
Activists from New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Stern |
Charles Clark "Chip" Marshall III is a political activist, and was a member of the prominent anti-Vietnam War group, the Seattle Liberation Front ("Seattle Seven"), defending himself in the trial pro se. He ran for Seattle City Council in 1975 and 1977, but was unsuccessful. Since then, he helped to develop Issaquah's Klahanie community.
According to The Seattle Times, he has retired to Malta, after a real estate career with Merrill Gardens China.
References
American anti–Vietnam War activists
Living people
People from Issaquah, Washington
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip%20Marshall |
Deviant logic is a type of logic incompatible with classical logic. Philosopher Susan Haack uses the term deviant logic to describe certain non-classical systems of logic. In these logics:
the set of well-formed formulas generated equals the set of well-formed formulas generated by classical logic.
the set of theorems generated is different from the set of theorems generated by classical logic.
The set of theorems of a deviant logic can differ in any possible way from classical logic's set of theorems: as a proper subset, superset, or fully exclusive set. A notable example of this is the trivalent logic developed by Polish logician and mathematician Jan Łukasiewicz. Under this system, any theorem necessarily dependent on classical logic's principle of bivalence would fail to be valid. The term deviant logic first appears in Chapter 6 of Willard Van Orman Quine's Philosophy of Logic, New Jersey: Prentice Hall (1970), which is cited by Haack on p. 15 of her book.
Quasi-deviant and extended logics
Haack also described what she calls a quasi-deviant logic. These logics are different from pure deviant logics in that:
the set of well-formed formulas generated is a proper superset of the set of well-formed formulas generated by classical logic.
the set of theorems generated is a proper superset of the set of theorems generated by classical logic, both in that the quasi-deviant logic generates novel theorems using well-formed formulas held in common with classical logic, as well as novel theorems using novel well-formed formulas.
Finally, Haack defined a class of merely extended logics. In these,
the set of well-formed formulas generated is a proper superset of the set of well-formed formulas generated by classical logic.
the set of theorems generated is a proper superset of the set of theorems generated by classical logic, but only in that the novel theorems generated by the extended logic are only a result of novel well-formed formulas.
Some systems of modal logic meet this definition. In such systems, any novel theorem would not parse in classical logic due to modal operators. While deviant and quasi-deviant logics are typically proposed as rivals to classical logic, the impetus behind extended logics is normally only to provide a supplement to it.
Two decades later
Achille Varzi in his review of the 1996 edition of Haack's book writes that the survey did not stand well the test of time, particularly with the "extraordinary proliferation of nonclassical logics in the past two decades—paraconsistent logics, linear logics, substructural logics, nonmonotonic logics, innumerable other logics for AI and computer science." He also finds that Haack's account of vagueness "is now seriously defective." He concedes however that "as a defense of a philosophical position, Deviant Logic retains its significance."
References
Non-classical logic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviant%20logic |
Daisy Zamora (born 20 June 1950 in Managua, Nicaragua) is a contemporary Latin American poet. Her work covers daily life, human rights, politics, revolution, feminist issues, art, history and culture.
Early life and education
She was raised in a wealthy liberal and politically active family. She attended convent schools and studied at the Universidad Centroamericana in Nicaragua where she earned a degree in psychology. She earned a post graduate diploma from INCAE, a branch of Harvard University in Central America. She also studied at the Academia Dante Alighieri and the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes.
Work and activism
She was involved in the fight against the Somoza dictatorship in the 1970s, and joined the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in 1973. She was exiled to Honduras, Panama and Costa Rica. During Nicaragua’s Sandinista Revolution, she was a combatant for the FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation Front), became the voice and program director for clandestine Radio Sandino during the final 1979 Sandinista offensive, then after the triumph of the revolution, was appointed vice minister of culture for the new government.
She worked as Vice Minister of Culture with fellow poet and mentor Ernesto Cardenal, Minister of Culture to create and implement numerous programs that successfully revitalized the war damaged cultural life of Nicaragua, including a popular, highly successful national literacy program that brought books and reading, poetry, and visual arts to even the remotest areas of the country.
Author of numerous books of poetry in Spanish, as well as a collection of political essays, she also edited the first comprehensive anthology of Nicaraguan women poets published in Latin America. Her latest poetry collection, La violenta espuma, was published in Madrid by renowned Spanish poetry publisher Visor in late December 2017. Also recently, she was featured in director Jenny Murray’s award-winning documentary ¡Las Sandinistas!, soon to be aired on PBS.
Among her poetry books in English, The Violent Foam: New & Selected Poems, a bilingual collection, was published by Curbstone Press. Life for Each, was published in England by Katabasis in 1994; an earlier collection, Riverbed of Memory, was published by City Lights Books in 1992, and Clean Slate by Curbstone Press in 1993.
Her work has been published in magazines and literary newspapers in Latin America, the Caribbean, the U.S., Canada, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Viet Nam. Her poetry has appeared in more than eighty anthologies in thirty languages, including the influential Oxford Book of Latin American Poetry. She has given poetry readings and lectures throughout the world, at many venues in the U.S., and was a featured poet in Bill Moyer’s PBS series The Language of Life.
A political activist and advocate for women's rights throughout her life, for the last several years she has taught poetry workshops at a number of universities and colleges, and has been a lecturer of Latin American culture and literature for the Latin American & Latino Studies Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, the University of San Francisco, and currently at San Francisco State University. She has also served as a member of the jury for the Neustadt International Poetry Prize based in the U.S.
Early in her career she was awarded the prestigious Mariano Fiallos Gil National Poetry Prize of Nicaragua. She has been honored by the Nicaraguan Writers Center for valuable contributions to Nicaraguan Literature, and named Woman Writer of the Year by the Nicaraguan National Association of Artists. In the U.S. she has received a California Arts Council Fellowship for poetry. She has three children, and resides in Managua and San Francisco, where she lives with her husband, U.S. poet and writer George Evans.
External links
http://www.daisyzamora.net/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/poetryeverywhere/zamora.html
https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1858
https://archive.org/details/Zamora_Ferlinghetti_poetry_reading_July_1990_90P035
http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n88-630434/
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-book-of-latin-american-poetry-9780195124545?cc=us&lang=en&#
https://books.google.com/books?id=lblcBR7uDoYC
https://labloga.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-violent-foam-returning-to-poet.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGMqZWv8-zI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wTmdBjawEY
https://web.archive.org/web/20060205164641/http://www.colorado.edu/cwa/bios.html?id=79&year=2001 Daisy Zamora Page
https://mellenpress.com/book/New-Concept-of-Art-and-Popular-Culture-in-Nicaragua-Since-the-Revolution-in-1979-an-Analytical-Essay-and-Compendium-of-185-Illustrations/3206/]
Daizy Zamora en MarcaAcme.com
1950 births
Living people
Nicaraguan feminists
Nicaraguan women activists
21st-century Nicaraguan poets
People from Managua
Nicaraguan emigrants to the United States
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
Nicaraguan women poets
21st-century Nicaraguan women writers
Central American University (Managua) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy%20Zamora |
The frontal eye fields (FEF) are a region located in the frontal cortex, more specifically in Brodmann area 8 or BA8, of the primate brain. In humans, it can be more accurately said to lie in a region around the intersection of the middle frontal gyrus with the precentral gyrus, consisting of a frontal and parietal portion. The FEF is responsible for saccadic eye movements for the purpose of visual field perception and awareness, as well as for voluntary eye movement. The FEF communicates with extraocular muscles indirectly via the paramedian pontine reticular formation. Destruction of the FEF causes deviation of the eyes to the ipsilateral side.
Function
The cortical area called frontal eye field (FEF) plays an important role in the control of visual attention and eye movements. Electrical stimulation in the FEF elicits saccadic eye movements. The FEF have a topographic structure and represents saccade targets in retinotopic coordinates.
The frontal eye field is reported to be activated during the initiation of eye movements, such as voluntary saccades and pursuit eye movements. There is also evidence that it plays a role in purely sensory processing and that it belongs to a “fast brain” system through a superior colliculus – medial dorsal nucleus – FEF ascending pathway.
In humans, its earliest activations in regard to visual stimuli occur at 45 ms with activations related to changes in visual stimuli within 45–60 ms (these are comparable with response times in the primary visual cortex).
This fast brain pathway also provides auditory input at even shorter times starting at 24 ms and being affected by auditory characteristics at 30–60 ms.
The FEF constitutes together with the supplementary eye fields (SEF), the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the superior colliculus (SC) one of the most important brain areas involved in the generation and control of eye movements, particularly in the direction contralateral to the frontal eye fields' location. In addition, FEF has an important role in the covert allocation of spatial attention through its reciprocal connectivity with visual cortex.
Clinical significance
Lesions
Unilateral irritative stimulation of a FEF, such as a frontal seizure causes conjugate gaze contralateral to the stimulation. Conversely, a unilateral destructive lesion of the FEF causes conjugate gaze towards the lesion.
See also
Saccade
Smooth pursuit
Supplementary eye fields
IPS / LIP
References
External links
Frontal Eye Field (Scholarpedia)
Saccade
Brodmann areas
Cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal%20eye%20fields |
Sokol () is a town in the center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on both banks of the Sukhona River. Population: ; 36,000 (1970).
History
The village of Sokolovo () existed on this location since at least 1615. Since 1796, the village was part of Kadnikovsky Uyezd of Vologda Governorate. In 1897, a paper mill was built near the village and Sokolovo became the primary place of residence of the employees of the mill.
In November 1923, the Vologda Executive Committee decreed to create Sverdlovsko-Sukhonsky District with the administrative center in the settlement of Sokol; however, the decision was not approved by the central authorities, and the district was never created.
On July 15, 1929, the uyezds were abolished, the governorates merged into Northern Krai, and Sverdlovsky District with the administrative center in the work settlement of Sokol was established among others. It became a part of Vologda Okrug of Northern Krai. In 1932, Sokol was granted town status, and the district was renamed Sokolsky.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Sokol serves as the administrative center of Sokolsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of oblast significance of Sokol (one of the four in the oblast)—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Sokol is incorporated within Sokolsky Municipal District as Sokol Urban Settlement.
Economy
Industry
The town is home to two large paper mills (Sukhonsky Tsellyulozno-Bumazhny Kombinat and Sokolsky Tsellyulozno-Bumazhny Kombinat).
Transportation
Sukhona railway station on the railway connecting Vologda and Arkhangelsk is located in Sokol.
One of the principal highways in Russia, M8, which connects Moscow and Arkhangelsk, crosses Sokolsky District passing Sokol. Other roads connect Sokol with Kharovsk and Ustye. There are also local roads, with the bus traffic originating from Sokol.
Sukhona is navigable in Sokol; however, there is no passenger navigation.
Culture and recreation
Sokol hosts the Sokol District Museum, one of the two museums in Sokolsky District.
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Sokol is twinned with:
Tutayev, Russia
Valkeakoski, Finland
References
Notes
Sources
Cities and towns in Vologda Oblast
Kadnikovsky Uyezd
Populated places in Sokolsky District, Vologda Oblast
Former urban-type settlements of Vologda Oblast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokol%2C%20Vologda%20Oblast |
MEF may stand for:
Military
Malaita Eagle Force, a militant organization originating in the island of Malaita in the Solomon Islands
Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), one of the major deployable subdivisions of the United States Marine Corps; see 1st Marine Expeditionary Force, 2nd Marine Expeditionary Force, 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force
Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force during the First World War
Organizations
Mahratta Education Fund, Indian non-profit organisation
Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate Change
Media Education Foundation
MEF International School Istanbul
Middle East Forum, an American conservative think tank
Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, the Uruguayan ministry of economics and finance
Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze, the Italian ministry of economics and finance
Ministry of Environment and Forests, India
Science/technology
Managed Extensibility Framework, a software plugin framework, written by Microsoft
Maximum Elevation Figure (flying)
Maximal expiratory flow, another name for peak expiratory flow in spirometry
Medial eye fields
Metro Ethernet Forum
Modernized e-File (MeF), an electronic system for filing U.S. income taxes
Modified Energy Factor (Energy Star Rating Value, US Department of Energy (DOE))
Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast
Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio collection code
Myocyte Enhancer Factor (2)
Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (MEF) Isolation Enzyme 1
Multiscale Electrophysiology Format, a data format used in electrophysiology
Transport
Mei Foo station, Hong Kong, MTR station code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEF |
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP or MPTP; also referred to as PTP, mTP or MTP) is a protein that is formed in the inner membrane of the mitochondria under certain pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury and stroke. Opening allows increase in the permeability of the mitochondrial membranes to molecules of less than 1500 Daltons in molecular weight. Induction of the permeability transition pore, mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (mPT or MPT), can lead to mitochondrial swelling and cell death through apoptosis or necrosis depending on the particular biological setting.
Roles in pathology
The MPTP was originally discovered by Haworth and Hunter in 1979 and has been found to be involved in neurodegeneration, hepatotoxicity from Reye-related agents, cardiac necrosis and nervous and muscular dystrophies among other deleterious events inducing cell damage and death.
MPT is one of the major causes of cell death in a variety of conditions. For example, it is key in neuronal cell death in excitotoxicity, in which overactivation of glutamate receptors causes excessive calcium entry into the cell. MPT also appears to play a key role in damage caused by ischemia, as occurs in a heart attack and stroke. However, research has shown that the MPT pore remains closed during ischemia, but opens once the tissues are reperfused with blood after the ischemic period, playing a role in reperfusion injury.
MPT is also thought to underlie the cell death induced by Reye's syndrome, since chemicals that can cause the syndrome, like salicylate and valproate, cause MPT. MPT may also play a role in mitochondrial autophagy. Cells exposed to toxic amounts of Ca2+ ionophores also undergo MPT and death by necrosis.
Structure
While the MPT modulation has been widely studied, little is known about its structure. Initial experiments by Szabó and Zoratti proposed the MPT may comprise Voltage Dependent Anion Channel (VDAC) molecules. Nevertheless, this hypothesis was shown to be incorrect as VDAC−/− mitochondria were still capable to undergo MPT. Further hypothesis by Halestrap's group convincingly suggested the MPT was formed by the inner membrane Adenine Nucleotide Translocase (ANT), but genetic ablation of such protein still led to MPT onset. Thus, the only MPTP components identified so far are the TSPO (previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) located in the mitochondrial outer membrane and cyclophilin-D in the mitochondrial matrix. Mice lacking the gene for cyclophilin-D develop normally, but their cells do not undergo Cyclosporin A-sensitive MPT, and they are resistant to necrotic death from ischemia or overload of Ca2+ or free radicals. However, these cells do die in response to stimuli that kill cells through apoptosis, suggesting that MPT does not control cell death by apoptosis.
MPTP blockers
Agents that transiently block MPT include the immune suppressant cyclosporin A (CsA); N-methyl-Val-4-cyclosporin A (MeValCsA), a non-immunosuppressant derivative of CsA; another non-immunosuppressive agent, NIM811, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), bongkrekic acid and alisporivir (also known as Debio-025). TRO40303 is a newly synthetitised MPT blocker developed by Trophos company and currently is in Phase I clinical trial.
Factors in MPT induction
Various factors enhance the likelihood of MPTP opening. In some mitochondria, such as those in the central nervous system, high levels of Ca2+ within mitochondria can cause the MPT pore to open. This is possibly because Ca2+ binds to and activates Ca2+ binding sites on the matrix side of the MPTP.
MPT induction is also due to the dissipation of the difference in voltage across the inner mitochondrial membrane (known as transmembrane potential, or Δψ).
In neurons and astrocytes, the contribution of membrane potential to MPT induction is complex, see.
The presence of free radicals, another result of excessive intracellular calcium concentrations, can also cause the MPT pore to open.
Other factors that increase the likelihood that the MPTP will be induced include the presence of certain fatty acids, and inorganic phosphate. However, these factors cannot open the pore without Ca2+, though at high enough concentrations, Ca2+ alone can induce MPT.
Stress in the endoplasmic reticulum can be a factor in triggering MPT.
Conditions that cause the pore to close or remain closed include acidic conditions, high concentrations of ADP, high concentrations of ATP, and high concentrations of NADH. Divalent cations like Mg2+ also inhibit MPT, because they can compete with Ca2+ for the Ca2+ binding sites on the matrix and/or cytoplasmic side of the MPTP.
Effects
Multiple studies have found the MPT to be a key factor in the damage to neurons caused by excitotoxicity.
The induction of MPT, which increases mitochondrial membrane permeability, causes mitochondria to become further depolarized, meaning that Δψ is abolished. When Δψ is lost, protons and some molecules are able to flow across the outer mitochondrial membrane uninhibited.
Loss of Δψ interferes with the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's main source of energy, because mitochondria must have an electrochemical gradient to provide the driving force for ATP production.
In cell damage resulting from conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and head injury, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore can greatly reduce ATP production, and can cause ATP synthase to begin hydrolysing, rather than producing, ATP. This produces an energy deficit in the cell, just when it most needs ATP to fuel activity of ion pumps.
MPT also allows Ca2+ to leave the mitochondrion, which can place further stress on nearby mitochondria, and which can activate harmful calcium-dependent proteases such as calpain.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also produced as a result of opening the MPT pore. MPT can allow antioxidant molecules such as glutathione to exit mitochondria, reducing the organelles' ability to neutralize ROS. In addition, the electron transport chain (ETC) may produce more free radicals due to loss of components of the ETC, such as cytochrome c, through the MPTP. Loss of ETC components can lead to escape of electrons from the chain, which can then reduce molecules and form free radicals.
MPT causes mitochondria to become permeable to molecules smaller than 1.5 kDa, which, once inside, draw water in by increasing the organelle's osmolar load. This event may lead mitochondria to swell and may cause the outer membrane to rupture, releasing cytochrome c. Cytochrome c can in turn cause the cell to go through apoptosis ("commit suicide") by activating pro-apoptotic factors. Other researchers contend that it is not mitochondrial membrane rupture that leads to cytochrome c release, but rather another mechanism, such as translocation of the molecule through channels in the outer membrane, which does not involve the MPTP.
Much research has found that the fate of the cell after an insult depends on the extent of MPT. If MPT occurs to only a slight extent, the cell may recover, whereas if it occurs more it may undergo apoptosis. If it occurs to an even larger degree the cell is likely to undergo necrotic cell death.
Possible evolutionary purpose
Although the MPTP has been studied mainly in mitochondria from mammalian sources, mitochondria from diverse species also undergo a similar transition. While its occurrence can be easily detected, its purpose still remains elusive. Some have speculated that the regulated opening of the MPT pore may minimize cell injury by causing ROS-producing mitochondria to undergo selective lysosome-dependent mitophagy during nutrient starvation conditions. Under severe stress/pathologic conditions, MPTP opening would trigger injured cell death mainly through necrosis.
There is controversy about the question of whether the MPTP is able to exist in a harmless, "low-conductance" state. This low-conductance state would not induce MPT and would allow certain molecules and ions to cross the mitochondrial membranes. The low-conductance state may allow small ions like Ca2+ to leave mitochondria quickly, in order to aid in the cycling of Ca2+ in healthy cells. If this is the case, MPT may be a harmful side effect of abnormal activity of a usually beneficial MPTP.
MPTP has been detected in mitochondria from plants, yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, birds, such as guinea fowl and primitive vertebrates such as the Baltic lamprey. While the permeability transition is evident in mitochondria from these sources, its sensitivity to its classic modulators may differ when compared with mammalian mitochondria. Nevertheless, CsA-insensitive MPTP can be triggered in mammalian mitochondria given appropriate experimental conditions strongly suggesting this event may be a conserved characteristic throughout the eukaryotic domain.
See also
Crista
NMDA receptor
NMDA receptor antagonist
References
External links
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore: an enigmatic gatekeeper (2012) NHS&T, Vol 1(3):47-51
Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (PT) from Celldeath.de. Accessed January 1, 2007.
Cellular respiration
Neurotrauma
Mitochondria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial%20permeability%20transition%20pore |
Medial eye fields are areas in the frontal lobe of the primate brain that play a role in visually guided eye movement. Most neuroscientists refer to this area as the supplementary eye fields. Eye fields are divided into two hemispheres regulated by sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Six3.
See also
Saccade
Smooth pursuit
Supplementary eye fields
Notes
Visual system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial%20eye%20fields |
The 1792 half disme (pronounced "deem") is an American silver coin with a face value of five cents which was minted in 1792. Although it is subject to debate as to whether this was intended to be circulating coinage or instead an experimental issue, President George Washington referred to it as "a small beginning" and many of the coins eventually were released into circulation. It is widely (although not universally) considered the first United States coinage struck under authority of the Coinage Act of 1792.
Origins
When speaking to the House of Representatives in November 1792, President Washington mentioned the "want of small coins in circulation" and stated that he had begun work on establishing a U.S. Mint and that some half dismes had been produced already. At this point, most of the personnel had been hired, but the Mint's buildings and machinery were not yet ready. As a result, the half dismes, which had been struck in or around July 1792, were produced using the private facilities of local craftsman John Harper, although under the auspices of official Mint personnel. In his personal log book, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson recorded the receipt of 1,500 specimens on July 13.
Because of President Washington's connection with these early coins, numismatic folklore holds that the portrait on the obverse is that of First Lady Martha Washington and that some of the coins were struck using melted-down silverware from the Washington household. However, there is no solid evidence for either of these assertions. To the contrary, evidence uncovered from Thomas Jefferson's memorandum book shows that he provided "75 (Mexican) Silver Dollars" and received the first 1,500 half dismes. He then spent those coins on his trip home to Monticello.
Production, rarity, and value
Although the exact number is not known, it is believed that between 2,000 and 3,500 specimens were produced. Approximately 10% of these survive today; one expert estimated between 250 and 400 half dismes exist, and most appear to have been used in circulation for some time. An about uncirculated (AU55 on the Sheldon coin grading scale) 1792 half disme was auctioned for $138,000 on July 24, 2004. A 1792 half disme graded MS65 was valued in 2018 on the American reality television series Pawn Stars at $500,000-600,000. A specimen strike from the Starr collection, graded MS67 by PCGS, sold for $1,322,500 on April 26, 2006. The highest numerically graded piece, an NGC MS68, sold for $1,500,000 by private treaty transaction in 2007.
Although nearly all 1792 half dismes were produced in a silver alloy, a unique pattern piece in copper is also known.
See also
Half dime
Nickel (United States coin)
Dime (United States coin)
References
External links
1792 Half Disme Complete History
CoinResource.com - Birch Half Disme 1792
Five-cent coins of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792%20half%20disme |
Barry Blanchard (born March 29, 1959) is one of North America's top alpine climbers, noted for pushing the standards of highly technical, high-risk alpine climbing in the Canadian Rockies and the Himalayas.
Climbing accomplishments
Blanchard was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He first came to note in 1983 with the first ascent of Andromeda Strain on Mount Andromeda in Alberta, Canada with David Cheesmond and Tim Friesen. In 1984, he climbed the North Spur of Rakaposhi, Pakistan with Dave Cheesmond and Kevin Doyle. With David Cheesmond, he climbed the North Pillar of North Twin, Alberta in 1985. Rather than resting on his laurels, he has continued to push the limits of alpinism since, including eight trips to Asia to climb in the Himalayas and Karakoram.
Guiding career
Blanchard has been involved with Yamnuska Mountain Adventures since its inception in the late 1970s. Blanchard is an internationally certified UIAGM mountain guide.
He helped in the making of Hollywood climbing movies including K2, Cliffhanger and Vertical Limit.
He lives in Canmore, Alberta, with his wife Catherine Mulvihill whom he met on a Mount Everest expedition in 1994, and their family.
Notable ascents
1983 The Andromeda Strain, Mt. Andromeda, Canada - first ascent with David Cheesmond and Tim Friesen.
1984 North Ridge of Rakaposhi, Pakistan - first alpine ascent with David Cheesmond and Kevin Doyle.
1984 East Face (V/VI 5.8 WI5) of Mount Fay, Canadian Rockies, FA with David Cheesmond and Carl Tobin.
1985 North Pillar of North Twin, Canada - first ascent with David Cheesmond
1991 North Face of Kusum Kanguru, Nepal - first ascent of route.
1991 Blanchard-Twight on Les Droites, Mont Blanc Massif, French Alps - hard new route with Mark Twight.
1999 M-16, East Face of Howse Peak, Canada - first ascent (in winter) with Steve House and Scott Backes.
1999 Pugilist at Rest, (VI 5.10 A3 M5, 1000m), Mount Alverstone, Saint Elias Mountains, Canada. FA with Mark Wilford.
2000 Infinite Spur on Mount Foraker, Alaska - third ascent with Carl Tobin.
2002 Infinite Patience on the Emperor Face of Mount Robson - first ascent.
Works
The Calling - A life Rocked by Mountains, for which he was awarded the 2015 Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature.
See also
The Alpinist, a 2021 documentary in which Blanchard makes an appearance
References
External links
Yamnuska Mountain Adventures
Ambassador of Patagonia
1959 births
Living people
Canadian mountain climbers
Sportspeople from Calgary
People from Banff, Alberta
Ice climbers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Blanchard |
ADF/cofilin is a family of actin-binding proteins associated with the rapid depolymerization of actin microfilaments that give actin its characteristic dynamic instability. This dynamic instability is central to actin's role in muscle contraction, cell motility and transcription regulation.
Three highly conserved and highly (70%-82%) identical genes belonging to this family have been described in humans and mice:
CFL1, coding for cofilin 1 (non-muscle, or n-cofilin)
CFL2, coding for cofilin 2 (found in muscle: m-cofilin)
DSTN, coding for destrin, also known as ADF or actin depolymerizing factor
Actin-binding proteins regulate assembly and disassembly of actin filaments. Cofilin, a member of the ADF/cofilin family is actually a protein with 70% sequence identity to destrin, making it part of the ADF/cofilin family of small ADP-binding proteins. The protein binds to actin monomers and filaments, G actin and F actin, respectively. Cofilin causes depolymerization at the minus end of filaments, thereby preventing their reassembly. The protein is known to sever actin filaments by creating more positive ends on filament fragments. Cofilin/ADF (destrin) is likely to sever F-actin without capping and prefers ADP-actin. These monomers can be recycled by profilin, activating monomers to go back into filament form again by an ADP-to-ATP exchange. ATP-actin is then available for assembly.
Structure
The structure of actin depolymerizing factors is highly conserved across many organism due to actin's importance in many cellular processes. Proteins of the actin depolymerizing factor family characteristically consist of five beta sheets, four antiparallel and one parallel, and four alpha helices with a central alpha helix providing the structure and stability of the proteins. The actin depolymerizing factor homology domain (ADF-H domain) allows for binding to actin subunits and includes the central alpha helix, the N-terminus extension, and the C terminus helix.
The N-terminus extension consists of a tilted loop that facilitates binding to G-actin but not F-actin due to steric hindrance present in F-actin.
The C-terminus can form hydrogen bonds to F actin through its amide backbone and a serine at position S274. This serine is especially highly evolutionarily conserved due to its importance in actin binding.
The central alpha helix is inserted into the hydrophobic cleft in between the first and third subunits of actin during actin binding.
Cofilin binds monomeric (G-actin) and filamentous actin (F-actin). Its binding affinities are higher for ADP-actin over ADP-Pi and ATP-actin. Its binding changes the twist of F-actin. The structure of ADF was first characterized in 1980 by James Bamburg. Four actin histidines near the cofilin binding site may be needed for cofilin/actin interaction, but pH sensitivity alone may not be enough of an explanation for the levels of interaction encountered. Cofilin is accommodated in ADP-F actin because of increased flexibility in this form of actin. Binding by both cofilin and ADF (destrin) causes the crossover length of the filament to be reduced. Therefore, strains increase filament dynamics and the level of filament fragmentation observed.
Function
Cofilin is a ubiquitous actin-binding factor required for the reorganization of actin filaments. ADF/Cofilin family members bind G-actin monomers and depolymerize actin filaments through two mechanisms: severing and increasing the off-rate for actin monomers from the pointed end. "Older" ADP/ADP-Pi actin filaments free of tropomyosin and proper pH are required for cofilin to function effectively. In the presence of readily available ATP-G-actin cofilin speeds up actin polymerization via its actin-severing activity (providing free barbed ends for further polymerization and nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex). As a long-lasting in vivo effect, cofilin recycles older ADP-F-actin, helping cell to maintain ATP-G-actin pool for sustained motility. pH, phosphorylation and phosphoinositides regulate cofilin's binding and associating activity with actin
The Arp2/3 complex and cofilin work together to reorganize the actin filaments in the cytoskeleton. Arp 2/3, an actin binding proteins complex, binds to the side of ATP-F-actin near the growing barbed end of the filament, causing nucleation of a new F-actin branch, while cofilin-driven depolymerization takes place after dissociating from the Arp2/3 complex. They also work together to reorganize actin filaments in order to traffic more proteins by vesicle to continue the growth of filaments.
Cofilin also binds with other proteins such as myosin, tropomyosin, α-actinin, gelsolin and scruin. These proteins compete with cofilin for actin binding. Сofilin also play role in innate immune response.
In a Model Organism
ADF/cofilin is found in ruffling membranes and at the leading edge of mobile cells. In particular, ADF/cofilin promotes disassembly of the filament at the rear of the brush in Xenopus laevis lamellipodia, a protrusion from fibroblast cells characterized by actin networks. Subunits are added to barbed ends and lost from rear-facing pointed ends. Increasing the rate constant, k, for actin dissociation from the pointed ends was found to sever actin filaments. Through this experimentation, it was found that ATP or ADP-Pi are probably involved in binding to actin filaments.
Mechanism of Action
F-actin (filamentous actin) is stabilized when it is bound to ATP due to the presence of a serine on the second subunit of actin that is able to form hydrogen bonds to the last phosphate group in ATP and a nearby histidine attached to the main loop. This interaction stabilizes the structure internally due to the interactions between the main loop and the second subunit. When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP, the serine can no longer form a hydrogen bond to ADP due to the loss of the inorganic phosphate which causes the serine side chain to twist, causing a conformational change in the second subunit. This conformational change also causes the serine to no longer be able to form a hydrogen bond with the histidine attached to the main loop and this weakens the linkage between subunits one and three, causing the entire molecule to twist. This twisting puts strain on the molecule and destabilizes it.
Actin depolymerizing factor is able to bind to the destabilized F-actin by inserting the central helix into the cleft between the first and third subunits of actin. Actin depolymerizing factor binds F-actin cooperatively and induces a conformational change in F-actin that causes it to twist further and become more destabilized. This twisting causes severing of the bond between actin monomers, depolymerizing the filament.
Regulation
Phosphorylation
Actin depolymerization factor is regulated by the phosphorylation of a serine on the C terminus by LIM kinases. Actin depolymerizing factor is activated when it is dephosphorylated and inhibited when it is phosphorylated.
pH
An alkaline environment stabilizes the inorganic phosphate released when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP, so therefore a higher pH increases the favorability of the ATP bound to F-actin to be hydrolyzed to ADP resulting in the destabilization of actin.
Tropomyosin binding
F-actin binds the protein Tropomyosin and actin depolymerizing factor competitively and mutually exclusively. F-actin binding of Tropomyosin is uncooperative so therefore the binding of Tropomyosin does not induce a conformational change in F-actin and does not cause it to become destabilized. However, because F-actin cannot bind both Tropomyosin and actin depolymerizing factor at the same time due to Tropomyosin blocking the binding site of actin depolymerizing factor when it is bound to actin, Tropomyosin acts as a protector of actin against depolymerization.
References
External links
MBInfo - Cofilin in Actin Filament Depolymerization
See also
Cofilin 1
Protein families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADF/Cofilin%20family |
Grupo México is a Mexican conglomerate that operates through the following divisions: Mining (Minera Mexico), Transportation (GMxT), Infrastructure and Fundacion Grupo Mexico.
Its mining division is the leading copper producer in Mexico and the third largest copper producer in the world through ASARCO. Its transportation division operates the largest rail fleet in México, with 11,000 km of track and more than 800 engines and 26,300 coaches. It interconnects five major inland Mexican cities, five cities along the border with the United States, and 13 seaports (5 on the Pacific Ocean, and 8 on the Gulf of Mexico).
History
The company was founded by Raúl Antonio Escobedo and Larrea Mota Velasco in 1978. After the government of Carlos Salinas declared the state mining company bankrupt, Larrea purchased key Mexican copper mines in Cananea and Nacozari (cities in the state of Sonora). He also purchased numerous other mining sites, including coal mines in the state of Coahuila. By 2000, Grupo México was responsible for 87.5 percent of Mexico's copper production and is the world's third-largest copper producer.
Grupo México has been in continual conflict with Local 65, the Cananea branch of the Mexican Mine Workers' Union (SNTMMSRM). During miners' strikes in January 2003 and October 2004, Grupo México responded with threats to close the Cananea mines.
In 2004, Grupo México purchased a controlling interest in the Southern Peru Copper Corporation. Grupo Mexico acquired 54.2% equity interest in Southern Peru Copper Corporation from ASARCO LLC, a mining company operating in the United States. The SPCC equity sale is subject to a litigation between Grupo Mexico and ASARCO pending in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas under District Court Judge Andrew Hanen. As of September 2009, ASARCO was the focus of a bidding war begun in May 2008 between its own parent company Grupo México and India-based Sterlite Industries. On August 31, 2009, U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Richard Schmidt recommended that U.S. District Judge Andrew Hanen accept Grupo México's $2.5 billion bid for ASARCO as it prepares to come out of bankruptcy.
Mining division
Mining is Grupo México's largest division, operating 14 mines and 52 plants in Mexico, Peru, USA, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and Spain. The division operates as Americas Mining Corporation, whose main subsidiaries are Southern Copper Corporation in México and Perú, ASARCO (American Smelting and Refining Company) in the United States and Minera Los Frailes in Spain.
Grupo México is the largest mine operator in Mexico and Peru, along with the third largest in the United States. The company primarily focused on the extraction of copper. It is the fourth largest copper producer worldwide and controls the largest copper reserves in the world. The company also mines molybdenum, silver, zinc and gold.
Transportation division
Transportation is Grupo México's second largest division, operating of track in 24 states of Mexico and in the U.S. states of Texas and Florida. The division operates as GMéxico Transportes, S.A.B. de C.V. (GMXT).
Ferromex
Ferromex is the largest (by length) railway in Mexico, operating of track connecting Mexico City and Guadalajara with the Pacific port of Manzanillo and various crossings along the United States border. The railroad was founded in 1998 when Grupo México and Union Pacific Railroad purchased the Northwest Railroad concession during the privatization of railroads in Mexico. Groupo México owns 74% of Ferromex and Union Pacific owns the remaining 26%.
Ferrosur
Ferrosur is the smallest of Mexico's mainline railroads, operating of tracks between Mexico City and the Gulf of Mexico port of Veracruz. Ferrosur was created in 2000 from the two southern concessions created during the privatization of railroads in Mexico. Groupo México purchased Ferrosur in 2005, and can be considered a subsidiary of Ferromex.
Florida East Coast
Florida East Coast Railway is a Class II railroad operating in the U.S. state of Florida, operating of track connecting Jacksonville and Miami. The railroad was spun off from Florida East Coast Industries in 2017 and purchased by Groupo México.
Texas Pacífico
Texas Pacífico is a Class II railroad operating in the U.S. state of Texas, operating of track connecting San Angelo and the Mexican border town of Presidio. Texas Pacífico interchanges cars from Ferromex at the Presidio–Ojinaga International Rail Bridge with two major US Class I railways: BNSF at San Angelo and Union Pacific at Alpine. Texas Pacífico won the operating lease for the line in 2001 from the Texas Department of Transportation.
Intermodal México
Intermodal México (IMEX) operates 40 intermodal freight facilities across 20 cites in Mexico, . The company supports the operation of Ferromex and Ferrosur. The company was founded in July 2001.
Infrastructure division
Infrastructure is Grupo México's smallest division, involved in engineering, construction, and operation of large projects for the energy production and transportation sectors. The division operates as México Proyectos y Desarrollos, S. A. de C.V. (MPD). , the group operates nine oil wells, four fuel terminals, a combined cycle power plant, two wind farms, two toll roads and is working on the construction of the Tren Maya.
Pollution and environmental issues
Cases in the US through ASARCO
Asarco has been found responsible for environmental pollution at 20 Superfund sites across the U.S. by the Environmental Protection Agency. Those sites are:
Interstate Lead Company, or ILCO, labeled EPA Site ALD041906173, and located in Leeds, Jefferson County, Alabama
Argo Smelter, Omaha & Grant Smelter, labeled EPA Site COD002259588, and located at Vasquez Boulevard and I-70 in Denver, Colorado
Smeltertown, a copper smelter used to illegally dispose of hazardous waste, in El Paso, El Paso County, Texas. The plant has since been dismantled.
California Gulch mine and river systems in Leadville, Colorado;
Summitville Consolidated Mining Corp., Inc. (SCMCI), now bankrupt, EPA Site COD983778432, in Del Norte, Rio Grande County, Colorado;
ASARCO Globe Plant, EPA Site COD007063530, Globeville, near South Platte River, Denver and Adams County, Colorado;
Bunker Hill Mining and Metallurgical, Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho;
Kin-Buc Landfill in New Jersey;
Tar Creek Superfund site (Ottawa County) lead and zinc operations and surrounding residences in Oklahoma;
Commencement Bay, Near Shore/Tide Flats smelter, groundwater, and residences in Tacoma and Ruston, Washington.
Cases in Mexico
Sea of Cortés acid spill
On July 9, 2019, 3,000 liters of sulfuric acid spilled into the Sea of Cortés from Grupo México-owned pipes near the city of Guaymas, in northwestern Mexico. Three people were injured, and videos appeared online documenting the "sad and harrowing" local damage to marine wildlife as a consequence of the spill.
Pasta de Conchos mine disaster
On February 19, 2006, an explosion occurred in a coal mine in San Juan de Sabinas, Coahuila, that is owned by Grupo México.
It was reported that mine workers had gone on strike against Grupo México at least 14 times, "not only for salary increases… but because of its constant refusal to review security and health measures." Grupo México said that they, in conjunction with the mining union, signed a certificate on February 7, 2006, declaring the mine safe.
Although the mining operations of a coal deposit is always a risky business, due to the possibility of huge gas concentrations, there are certain theories that indicate the mine has an important lack of safety rules, very similar to the problem presented in the Sago Mine disaster in West Virginia with the accident that caused death of 12 miners on January 2, 2006. Union critics of the company openly refer to the incident as a "homicide."
After the successful rescue of 33 trapped miners in October 2010 in Copiapó, Chile, the case gained popularity again, and many people including bishop Raúl Vera demanded that the case be reopened. Grupo México has not responded.
According to the IndustriALL Global Union, as of August 2016, "Ten years after the mining homicide at Pasta de Conchos, Mexico, the government has still not conducted a thorough investigation into the real causes of the disaster, brought those responsible to justice, recovered the bodies or compensated the families of the victims."
Rio Sonora spill
On August 6, 2014, 40,000 cubic meters of copper sulphate were spilled on Sonora River and Bacanuchi River by Buenavista del Cobre mine. This has been considered the largest environmental spillage in Mexico's history, polluting 7 municipal districts from Sonora state and affecting by October more than 20,000 people. Pollution has been reported to be reaching Arizona.
Though a trust fund was created to assist the damaged population, complains about its management and proper ecological cleaning have been expressed.
A second spillage, this time sulfur dioxide, was reported.
Carbon footprint
Grupo México reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 5,810 Kt (-560 /-8.8% y-o-y). This follows a 19% reduction in 2019.
See also
List of companies traded on the Bolsa Mexicana de Valores
List of Mexican companies
Economy of Mexico
Notes
US Geological Survey; Gillian O'Connor, "LatAm copper giants want place on global stage," Financial Times, 24 August 2000.
"Grupo Mexico Threatens to Shut Down Cananea if Strike Continues," Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 204, No. 4, February 2003, pages 14–15; "Workers Strike at Mexican Copper Mine," Associated Press, 15 October 2004.
Sara Silver, "Approval expected for Grupo Mexico/ S Peru Copper," Financial Times, 23 October 2004.
"Mexican mine blast traps workers," BBC News, 20 February 2006. Link to article
References
External links
Grupo México
Profile on Yahoo! Finance
Copper mining companies of Mexico
Silver mining companies of Mexico
Companies listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1978
Mexican companies established in 1978
Companies based in Mexico City
Conglomerate companies of Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo%20M%C3%A9xico |
16 distinct public holidays are observed in Myanmar.
Public holidays
References
External links
2016 Public Holidays in Myanmar
Myanmar
Burmese culture
Observances set by the Burmese calendar
Holidays
Public holidays in Myanmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20holidays%20in%20Myanmar |
The Panama Deception is a 1992 American documentary film, critical of the 1989 United States invasion of Panama.
The film was directed by Barbara Trent, written and edited by David Kasper, and narrated by actress Elizabeth Montgomery. It was a production of the Empowerment Project, and won the 1992 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
Summary
The film recounts the events which led to the invasion, the death and destruction caused by the invasion, and the aftermath. The film is critical of the actions of the United States Armed Forces. It also highlights the media bias within the United States, showing events that were unreported or systematically misreported, including downplaying of the number of civilian casualties. The film also argued that the true purpose of the invasion was to prevent the then-scheduled retrocession of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama as agreed in the Torrijos–Carter Treaties, rather than the stated justification of removing Manuel Noriega from power due to his indictment in U.S. courts on racketeering and drugs trafficking charges. Panama ultimately gained full control over the Canal Zone on December 31, 1999, fulfilling the terms of the Torrijos-Carter agreements.
The film states that the U.S. government invaded Panama in order to destroy the PDF, the Panama Defense Forces, which were perceived as a threat to U.S. control over Panama, and install a government which would be friendly to U.S. interests. The film includes footage of what are claimed to be mass graves uncovered after the American troops had withdrawn and footage of burned-down neighborhoods, refers to the alleged use of experimental weapons including supposed secret laser weapons, and presents depictions of some of the 20,000 refugees who fled the fighting.
Production
The documentary was completed on a $300,000 budget provided by funding from Channel 4, Rhino Entertainment, J. Roderick MacArthur Foundation, the Rex Foundation, the Peace Development Fund, the National Council of Churches, the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, the Vanguard Public Foundation, Michael Moore, and other donors.
The film was banned in Panama, and in the United States the Public Broadcasting Service banned it from being broadcast. Several individual PBS member stations such as WNYC-TV, WGBH-TV, and KQED-TV defied the ban to broadcast it anyway.
See also
Politico-media complex
References
External links
The Panama Deception at the Empowerment Project
Watch The Panama Deception at the C-SPAN Video Library
1992 films
American independent films
Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
Documentary films about American politics
Documentary films about journalism
Documentary films about war
American documentary films
George H. W. Bush administration controversies
Films about the United States Marine Corps
Panama–United States relations
United States invasion of Panama
Films shot in Panama
Documentary films about Latin America
Documentary films about war crimes
1990s English-language films
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Panama%20Deception |
Thomas Maria Renz (born December 9, 1957 in München) is a German theologian and, since April 29, 1997, an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart and the Titular Bishop of Rucuma.
Renz was ordained for the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart in Rome in 1984. Then, he worked as a Reverent in Bad Saulgau. At 39, he was the youngest participant of the German Bishops Conference. On account of his uncomplicated manner, he is called the "Bishop of Youth."
References
1957 births
Living people
German Roman Catholic titular bishops
Auxiliary bishops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Maria%20Renz |
Boon Lay Bus Interchange is an air-conditioned bus interchange located in Jurong West Central, in the western part of Singapore. It is situated within Jurong Point and integrated with the nearby Boon Lay MRT station. This interchange serves a variety of passengers, including those from Nanyang Technological University, Jurong Industrial Estate and Tuas Industrial Estate. The interchange has been among the largest and busiest bus interchanges in Singapore, handling 31 services in the past until a few services were amended to the newer Joo Koon Bus Interchange in 2015.
History
Boon Lay Bus Interchange began operating on 1 July 1990 with services that used to terminate at the former Jurong Bus Interchange at Jurong Port Road and Jurong East Bus Interchange being re-routed to terminate there. That time, the Jurong West extension and Tuas Industrial area was still largely under development. As both areas are undergoing development, more bus services were introduced and by the early 2000s, there were about 30 bus services terminating at the interchange.
That time, there used to be an empty land beside the former interchange. In 2006, the land where the former interchange sits at and the land beside it was sold together as a 'White site' to Prime Point Development Pte. Ltd. and soon the land where the former interchange sits at was acquired to construct the Jurong Point Extension.
From 18 June 2006 to 26 December 2009, the interchange had its operations temporarily next to Boon Lay MRT station, at an empty plot of land surrounded by Boon Lay Way and Jurong West Street 64 while the bus interchange was being rebuilt as part of the Jurong Point extension project. The project consisted of the extension of Jurong Point (JP2), the new Boon Lay Bus Interchange and a 16-storey condominium that is known as 'The Centris'.
On 27 December 2009, the interchange moved back to its original location and all operations (except for bus Service 179, 179A and 199 which continued to operate at the temporary interchange till 7 May 2010) resumed at the re-constructed interchange located along Jurong West Central 3. Built over 20,000 square metres, it is Singapore's fourth air conditioned bus interchange and the first along the East West line. In total, it has 60 bus bays and 31 boarding/alighting wheelchair accessible berths with 22 of them being end-on and 9 of them being sawtooth (6 for boarding and 3 for alighting). Together with Boon Lay MRT station and Jurong Point, it is part of the Boon Lay Integrated Transport Hub.
With the opening of Joo Koon Bus Interchange on 21 November 2015, Services 182, 182M, 254, 255 and 257 were relocated to Joo Koon Bus Interchange in phases. It reduced overcrowding at Boon Lay Bus Interchange. A further change was made on 18 June 2017 with the opening of Tuas West Extension, Services 256 and 258 were merged into service 258 and skipped the interchange.
In 2022, LTA announced that the interchange will be upgraded with inclusive amenities and better air conditioning system.
Incidents
On 23 August 2017, a 17-year-old teenager made a bomb threat and repeatedly made death threats including making racist and expletive-laden comments. The teenager later ran off and was arrested two days later at Jurong Point in a police statement. The teenager who made the bomb threat later revealed himself to be Teo Zi Jian, a bus and train enthusiast who was diagnosed with autism in a Flickr post.
Bus Contracting Model
Under the new bus contracting model, all the bus routes were split into 9 route packages. Bus Service 79 is under Bulim Bus Package, Bus Service 198 is under Bukit Merah Bus Package, Bus Service 30 is under Bedok Bus Package, Bus Services 172 and 180 are under Choa Chu Kang-Bukit Panjang Bus Package, Bus Services 178 and 187 are under Woodlands Bus Package, Bus Service 154 is under Serangoon-Eunos Bus Package, Bus Services 174 and 174e are under Clementi Bus Package, Bus Service 157 is under Bishan-Toa Payoh Bus Package and the rest of the bus services are under Jurong West Bus Package.
Currently, Bus Service 79 (Bulim Bus Package) is operated by Tower Transit Singapore. Bus Services 172 and 180 (Choa Chu Kang-Bukit Panjang Bus Package) as well as Bus Services 178 and 187 (Woodlands Bus Package) are currently operated by SMRT Buses. All remaining bus services are operated by the anchor operator, SBS Transit.
List of routes
References
External links
Interchanges and Terminals (SBS Transit)
Interchange/Terminal (SMRT Buses)
2009 establishments in Singapore
Bus stations in Singapore
Jurong West | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boon%20Lay%20Bus%20Interchange |
In-vessel composting generally describes a group of methods that confine the composting materials within a building, container, or vessel. In-vessel composting systems can consist of metal or plastic tanks or concrete bunkers in which air flow and temperature can be controlled, using the principles of a "bioreactor". Generally the air circulation is metered in via buried tubes that allow fresh air to be injected under pressure, with the exhaust being extracted through a biofilter, with temperature and moisture conditions monitored using probes in the mass to allow maintenance of optimum aerobic decomposition conditions.
This technique is generally used for municipal scale organic waste processing, including final treatment of sewage biosolids, to a stable state with safe pathogen levels, for reclamation as a soil amendment. In-vessel composting can also refer to aerated static pile composting with the addition of removable covers that enclose the piles, as with the system in extensive use by farmer groups in Thailand, supported by the National Science and Technology Development Agency there. In recent years, smaller scale in-vessel composting has been advanced. These can even use common roll-off waste dumpsters as the vessel. The advantage of using roll-off waste dumpsters is their relatively low cost, wide availability, they are highly mobile, often do not need building permits and can be obtained by renting or buying.
Evaluation is ongoing with regard to the health risks associated with compost derived from sewage biosolids—including identifying safe levels of contaminates such as PFASs ("forever chemicals").
Offensive odors are caused by putrefaction (anaerobic decomposition) of nitrogenous animal and vegetable matter gassing off as ammonia. This is controlled with a higher carbon to nitrogen ratio, or increased aeration by ventilation, and use of a coarser grade of carbon material to allow better air circulation. Prevention and capture of any gases naturally occurring (volatile organic compounds) during the hot aerobic composting involved is the objective of the biofilter, and as the filtering material saturates over time, it can be used in the composting process and replaced with fresh material.
A more advanced systems design is able to limit the odor issues considerably, and it is also able to raise the total energy and resource output by integrating in-vessel composting with anaerobic digestion. Through anaerobic decomposition it is also possible to reduce pathogen levels similarly to that of traditional aerated composting when the anaerobic bioreactors operate at thermophilic temperatures, between 41 and 122 °C (106 and 252 °F).§
Gallery
See also
Aerated static pile composting
Anaerobic digestion
Compost
List of solid waste treatment technologies
Mechanical biological treatment
Waste management
Windrow composting
References
Industrial composting
Waste treatment technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-vessel%20composting |
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