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The won is the currency of both North and South Korea. "Won" is a cognate of the Chinese currency unit, the yuan (//), and the Japanese currency unit, the yen (; ¥), meaning "round object". The won is subdivided into 100 jeon ().
Yang is a former Korean currency. It is a cognate of the Chinese tael ( pronounced "" in Mandarin). The yang was subdivided into 100 fun () (pronounced "pun" but spelt with an "f" on the coins). Fun is a cognate of the Chinese word fen (), referring to 1/100 of a Chinese yuan in modern context.
History
Due to interchanging Chinese and Japanese influences, changing Romanization methods, and the use of both hanja (Sino-Korean characters) and hangul scripts, the etymology can be hard to understand.
From 1892 to 1902, when the yang was used, 1 hwan/won ( = 圓 in Chinese) = 5 yang (兩), while in the Chinese monetary system of that time, 1 yuan () = 0.72 tael (兩).
In 1902, the Dai-Ichi Bank (The First National Bank of Japan), which handled the Korean government's custom duties, obtained permission from the imperial Korean government to issue banknotes in yen replacing yang.
The table below summarizes the language used on the modern circulating and historical Korean currencies.
Use in the Western World
The word jeon is also used in Korean to translate the word "cent," and in this context is associated with bul (불, 弗), meaning "dollar." (The hanja character resembles the symbol "$".) These two words are used by Koreans living in the Western hemisphere when referring to dollar currencies.
Sign and computing
The won sign ("₩", a capital W with a horizontal stroke) is represented in Unicode at the code point 20A9 (8361 in decimal).
See also
Hanja
Hangul
Revised Romanization of Korean
McCune-Reischauer
References
Currencies of Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology%20of%20the%20Korean%20currencies |
Berkåk is the administrative centre of Rennebu Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Orkladalen valley along the river Orkla. The village lies about north of the village of Ulsberg and southeast of the village of Stamnan. The European route E6 highway runs through the village, as does the Dovrebanen railway line which stops at Berkåk Station. Berkåk Church is also located in the village.
The village has a population (2018) of 998 and a population density of .
Along the E6 highway south of the village, is the Kunstsenteret Birka, the national centre for arts and crafts. Every August, since 1986, the village hosts the large fair called Rennebumartnan.
In the 1500s and 1600s, the village was named Birckagir, Berckager, and Berchager. More recently the spelling was Bjerkaager or Bjerkaaker.
Notable residents
Media gallery
References
Villages in Trøndelag
Rennebu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berk%C3%A5k |
HMS Jersey was a 60-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built to the 1733 proposals of the 1719 Establishment of dimensions at Plymouth Dockyard, and launched on 14 June 1736. She saw action in the War of Jenkins' Ear and the Seven Years' War, before being converted to a hospital ship in 1771. In 1780 she was converted again, this time to a prison ship, and was used by the British during the American Revolutionary War.
Early career
Jersey was built in 1736 during a time of peace in Britain. Her first battle was in Admiral Edward Vernon's defeated attack on the Spanish port of Cartagena, Colombia, around the beginning of the War of Jenkins' Ear in October 1739. She was badly damaged in battle in June 1745, with her captain's log recording the loss of all sails and:
Jersey next saw action in the Seven Years' War and also took part in the Battle of Lagos under Admiral Edward Boscawen on 18–19 August 1759.
American Revolutionary War
In March 1771, the aging Jersey was converted into a hospital ship. In the winter of 1779, she was hulked and converted again into a prison ship in Wallabout Bay, New York, which would later become the Brooklyn Navy Yard. There, she was used by the British to house Patriot prisoners of war, who primarily consisted of captured Continental Army soldiers. The conditions in which the prisoners onboard Jersey were kept were abysmal; men were crammed below decks with no natural light or fresh air, and the daily rations given to them were meager and insufficient. Up to 1,100 men were imprisoned on board a ship designed for a 400-man complement of sailors, and historians have estimated that roughly 8,000 prisoners were registered by the British as being onboard Jersey over the duration of the Revolutionary War.
British defeats during the war worsened the treatment experienced by prisoners onboard Jersey, as angered guards took out their frustrations on the ship's prisoners. Roughly 12,000 American prisoners of war died onboard British prison ships before the end of the war. As many as eight prisoners from Jersey alone were hastily buried onshore every day before the British surrendered at Yorktown on 19 October 1781. Sailor and future abolitionist James Forten was one of those imprisoned aboard her during this period after being captured in a privateer.
Christopher Vail, of Southold, who was aboard Jersey in 1781, later wrote:
In 1778, Robert Sheffield of Stonington, Connecticut escaped from one of the prison ships and told his story in the Connecticut Gazette, printed 10 July 1778. He was one of 350 prisoners held in a compartment below the decks.
When the British evacuated New York at the end of 1783, Jersey was abandoned and burnt.
The U.S. Department of Defense currently lists 4,435 American battle deaths during the Revolutionary War. Another 20,000 are listed as having died in captivity, from disease, or for other reasons. Approximately 11,000 Americans died aboard prison ships during the course of the war, many from disease or malnutrition.
U.S. history magazine American Heritage published first-hand accounts of imprisonment aboard Jersey in August 1970 and accounts from a variety of British prison ships in May 1980.
Rediscovery of Jersey
During October 1902 as the keel of the ship USS Connecticut was under construction at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle reported that HMS Jersey had been found. While pile driving a new dock, the wood from the ship was encountered precisely where the burned hulk was reported to lay after the British abandoned the ship and she was set on fire.
Memorial
The remains of those that died aboard the prison ships were reinterred in Fort Greene Park after the 1808 burial vault near the Brooklyn Navy Yard had collapsed. In 1908, one hundred years after the burial ceremony, the Prison Ship Martyrs Monument was dedicated.
Citations
References
Dandridge, Danske (1911), American prisoners of the Revolution, Charlottesville, Virginia: The Michie Co.
Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line – Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press. .
External links
The Adventures of Christopher Hawkins 1864
T.Dring 1865 account of Jersey
American Prisoners of the Revolution by Danske Dandridge A Project Gutenberg document.
British prison ships
Long Island History
Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
New York (state) in the American Revolution
Military history of New York City
Military units and formations of Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War
Prison ships
1730s ships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Jersey%20%281736%29 |
Christopher Donnell King (born July 24, 1969) is an American former professional basketball player. He most notably played in the National Basketball Association (NBA).
College career
Born in Newton Grove, North Carolina, King got his start at playing high school basketball for the Hobbton High School Wildcats, in Newton Grove, North Carolina. He then played college basketball at Wake Forest University, where he played with the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, from 1988 to 1992.
Professional career
King was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics, in 2nd round, with the 45th overall pick of 1992 NBA draft. King played in 15 games for the Sonics, during the 1993–94 season, where he made his only NBA playoff appearance. He was also a member of the Vancouver Grizzlies' inaugural season (1995–96), for whom he played in 80 out of 82 games, and starting in 66 of them. He averaged 7.9 points and 3.6 rebounds per game that season. During that season, King grabbed an NBA career-high 14 rebounds, to go along with 21 points, in a 79–94 loss to the Utah Jazz. King tipped in a Byron Scott missed shot at the buzzer, in the team's home opener, to beat the Minnesota Timberwolves in overtime. His final appearance in the league was during the 1999 lockout season, in which he played in a total of eight games with the Utah Jazz. Upon leaving the NBA, King played throughout Europe.
References
External links
NBA & college stats @ basketballreference.com
1969 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American expatriate basketball people in Chile
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Japan
American expatriate basketball people in the Philippines
American expatriate basketball people in Romania
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American expatriate basketball people in Ukraine
American men's basketball players
Aris B.C. players
Baloncesto Fuenlabrada players
Baloncesto Málaga players
Barangay Ginebra San Miguel players
Basketball players from North Carolina
Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C. players
La Crosse Bobcats players
Le Mans Sarthe Basket players
Liga ACB players
Utsunomiya Brex players
Maccabi Rishon LeZion basketball players
Orléans Loiret Basket players
Pallacanestro Cantù players
Paris Racing Basket players
People from Sampson County, North Carolina
Philippine Basketball Association imports
Piratas de Quebradillas players
Rockford Lightning players
Seattle SuperSonics draft picks
Seattle SuperSonics players
SLUC Nancy Basket players
Small forwards
Utah Jazz players
Vancouver Grizzlies players
Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's basketball players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20King%20%28basketball%29 |
Lawrence F. McCaffery Jr. (born May 13, 1946) is an American literary critic, editor, and retired professor of English and comparative literature at San Diego State University. His work and teaching focuses on postmodern literature, contemporary fiction, and Bruce Springsteen. He also played a role in helping to establish science fiction as a major literary genre.
Early life and education
McCaffery was born in 1946 in Dallas, Texas. He received his PhD in 1975, with a dissertation on the works of Robert Coover.
Career
Academic career
He joined the Department of English and Comparative Literature at San Diego State University in 1976. He taught in SDSU's English Department until retiring in 2010. During his career as a professor, McCaffery took up visiting professorships at University of Nice, University of California, San Diego, Deep Springs College (where William T. Vollmann attended), Seikei University in Tokyo, Japan and was a Fulbright Lecturer at Beijing Foreign Studies University during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
Literary career
In 1983, McCaffery published two books in the field of postmodern literary studies. The first was The Metafictional Muse: The Works of Coover, Gass, and Barthelme, which explored the emergence of the "meta-impulse" as one of the defining features of postmodern aesthetics. The second was Anything Can Happen: Interviews with Contemporary American Novelists (with Tom LeClair), which helped identify the major innovative authors associated with postmodernism.
McCaffery went on to publish three additional collections of interviews with contemporary authors: Alive and Writing: Interviews with American Authors of the 1980s with Sinda Gregory (1986), Across the Wounded Galaxies: Interviews with Contemporary American Science Fiction Authors (1990), and Some Other Frequency: Interviews with Innovative American Authors (1995). McCaffery explains that the interviews within these works begin orally, and, after being transcribed from tape and edited by both McCaffery and the interviewee, become "collaborative texts based on an actual conversation rather than a direct rendering of that conversation". These works established "avant-prof" critic Lance Olsen to dub McCaffery as "Guru of the Interview"
During his career as Professor at SDSU, McCaffery played a large role as editor of literary journals. In 1983, McCaffery arranged to have the literary journal, Fiction International move to SDSU from New York City, where it had been edited and published by Joe David Bellamy since 1973. McCaffery served as co-editor of FI with Harold Jaffe for the next decade, during which it became one of the leading publishers of radically innovative, politically charged fiction. Since the early eighties, he has also been an editor of American Book Review, and executive editor of Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. McCaffery has guest-edited several special issues of other literary magazines, including Mississippi Review's landmark "Cyberpunk Issue".
His work Storming the Reality Studio placed science fiction and cyberpunk within the field of postmodern studies. an anthology featuring the fictional work of authors such as William Gibson, Samuel R. Delany, Don DeLillo, Kathy Acker, and Harold Jaffe, as well as non-fiction by writers such as Jean Baudrillard and Jacques Derrida. Other notable anthologies are Avant-Pop: Fiction for a Daydream Nation (1993) and After Yesterday's Crash: The Avant-Pop Anthology (1997).
Awards and honors
Judge, Electronic Literature Organization's Fiction Contest, May 2001.
Guest-of-Honor, Death Equinox Conference, Denver, September 1999.
Guest-of-Honor, Readercon, Boston, April 1996.
Pioneer Award from Science Fiction Research Association, 1994.
National Endowment for the Humanities Research Award, Tokyo, Summer 1992. Title of Project: "Japanese and American Postmodernist Interactions"
Guest-of-Honor at Volgacon 91: A Conference of Cyberpunk and Recent Soviet Science Fiction, Volgogrand, Russia, September 1991.
Meritorious Performance and Professional Promise Award, San Diego State University, 1986, 1988, 1990.
Pushcart Prize Nominee for Non-Fiction
Selected as Fulbright Lecturer to P.R. China, Beijing Foreign Studies University, 1988–1990.
Fiction Judge, Los Angeles Times Book Prize, 1986.
Outstanding Young Men of America Award, 1980.
References in pop culture and legacy
McCaffery is briefly mentioned in Raymond Federman's novel The Twofold Vibration, and is mentioned throughout William T. Vollmann's book Imperial. He has also been quoted in an article in The New Yorker about David Foster Wallace's legacy.
He created a theory of media/visual studies about the relation between memory, narrative, and sexuality called "Avant-Porn," as claimed in his introduction to Michael Hemmingson's 2000 anthology, WTF: The Avant-Porn Anthology. a true account.
McCaffery is also author of the popular best of list The 20th Century’s Greatest Hits: 100 English-Language Books of Fiction. This list was written in response to Modern Library 100 Best Novels list (1999), which McCaffery saw as "being way, way out of touch with the nature and significance of 20th century fiction".
Selected bibliography
Books of interviews
Some Other Frequency: Interviews with Innovative American Authors (1995)
Across the Wounded Galaxies: Interviews with Contemporary American Science Fiction Authors (1990)
Alive and Writing: Interviews with American Authors of the 1980s with Sinda Gregory (1987)
Anything Can Happen: Interviews with Contemporary American Novelists with Tom LeClair (1983)
Scholarly books
Expelled from Eden: A William T. Vollmann Reader with co-editor Michael Hemmingson (2004)
Federman: From A to X-X-X-X - A Recyclopedic Narrative with co-editors Thomas Hartl, and Doug Rice (1998)
The Vineland Papers: Critical Takes on Pynchon's Novel with co-editors Geoffrey Green and Donald Greiner (1994)
Postmodern Fiction: A Bio-Bibliographical Guide Editor (1985)
The Metafictional Muse: The Work of Robert Coover, Donald Barthelme and William H. Gass (1982)
Fiction anthologies
After Yesterday's Crash: The Avant-Pop Anthology. NY: Penguin Books, 1997. ()
Avant-Pop: Fiction for a Daydream Nation. Boulder: Black Ice Books, 1993. ()
Storming the Reality Studio Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. ()
See also
List of cyberpunk works
Avant-pop
Fiction International
SDSU Press
References
External links
Interview with McCaffery by Alexander Laurence
The 20th Century's Greatest Hits: 100 English Language Books of Fiction, list by Larry McCaffery at ABR
Dust Devil by Larry McCaffery
The Unfinished by D.T. Max
Interview excerpt from CyberPsychos AOD
American editors
American literary critics
American speculative fiction critics
American speculative fiction editors
Postmodernists
Science fiction critics
San Diego State University faculty
Deep Springs College faculty
Living people
American academics of English literature
1946 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20McCaffery |
Retraction or retract(ed) may refer to:
Academia
Retraction in academic publishing, withdrawals of previously published academic journal articles
Mathematics
Retraction (category theory)
Retract (group theory)
Retraction (topology)
Human physiology
Retracted (phonetics), a sound pronounced to the back of the vocal tract, in linguistics
Retracted tongue root, a position of the tongue during the pronunciation of a vowel, in phonetics
Sternal retraction, a symptom of respiratory distress in humans
Retraction (kinesiology), an anatomical term of motion
Linguistics
A process which has led to the Neo-Shtokavian accentuation, also known as "Neo-Shtokavian metatony"
See also
Retractor (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retraction |
Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge is located in the U.S. state of Nebraska and includes 45,818 acres (185 km2). The refuge contains the largest protected continuous sand dunes in the U.S. A dozen small lakes and numerous ponds are fed by underground aquifers in areas where the sand dunes are below the water table. Some of the dunes are covered in shrubs and grasses, while others are completely bare. After the end of the Pinedale glaciation, the Holocene glacial retreat exposed the sand dunes that had been deposited in their current location by the vast continental glaciers. This refuge manages the North Platte National Wildlife Refuge and together they form the Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge Complex.
Crescent Lake NWR was protected in 1931 to ensure the wetlands would continue to be protected, providing migratory bird species and other animals a safe haven. As many as twenty Bald eagle pairs have been known to spend part of the year within the refuge, and along another 200 observed bird species, the refuge is considered one of the finest in the U.S. for birders. The grasses support a large group of Pronghorn as well as Mule and White-tailed deer. Coyote, bobcat, beaver, river otter, swift fox, prairie dog and raccoon are also found on the refuge. Sport fishing is popular with Yellow Perch, Walleye and Largemouth bass being the more commonly sought.
Crescent Lake NWR is located approximately 28 miles (45 km) north of Oshkosh, Nebraska. From U.S. Highway 26, turn north on West Second. Proceed north out of town and follow directional signs to the Refuge headquarters. From U.S. Highway 2, turn south just east of Lakeside, Nebraska.
References
External links
Protected areas of Garden County, Nebraska
National Wildlife Refuges in Nebraska
Wetlands of Nebraska
Landforms of Garden County, Nebraska
Protected areas established in 1931
1931 establishments in Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent%20Lake%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge |
Batha () is one of the 23 regions of Chad, located in the centre of the country. It is composed of what was formerly Batha Prefecture with some slight boundary adjustments. The capital of the region is Ati.
Geography
The region borders Borkou Region to the north, Wadi Fira Region and Ouaddaï Region to the east, Sila Region to the south-east, Guéra Region to the south, Hadjer-Lamis Region to the south-west, and Bahr el Gazel Region to the west. The terrain is generally savannah grassland, merging into the Sahara Desert in the sparsely populated north of the region. Lake Fitri is located in the south-west of the region.
Settlements
Ati is the capital of the region; other major settlements include Am Sack, Assinet, Djédaa, Haraze Djombo Kibit, Hidjelidjé, Oum Hadjer and Yao.
Demographics
As per the Chadian census of 2009, the population of the region was 527,031, 51.9% female. The average size of household as of 2009 is 5.1 in rural households and 5.4 in urban areas. The number of households was 103,261: 89,991 in rural areas and 13,270 in urban areas. The number of nomads in the region was 37,419, 9.6% of the population. There were 526,008 people residing in private households. There were 221,810 people above 18 years of age: 98,651 male and 123,159 female. The sex ratio was 0.93 (93 females per 100 males).
The main ethnolinguistic groups are Arab groups such as the Baggara, who predominantly speak Chadian Arabic (33.62%), Dar Daju Daju (percentage not known), Lisi groups such as the Bilala (18.11%) and Naba-Kuka (15.71%), the Masalit (5.73%) and the Masmaje (5.61%).
Economy
As of 2015, internet and telephone were limited and post was the primary mode of communication.
In 2016 gold was discovered in the region, and many people from all over Chad, and some from as far away as Niger and Sudan, began flocking here. However, the Chadian army moved to prevent anyone from getting into the region.
Administration
As a part of decentralisation in February 2003, Chad was administratively split into regions, departments, municipalities and rural communities. The prefectures which were originally 14 in number were re-designated in 23 regions. The regions are administered by Governors appointed by the President. The Prefects, who originally held the responsibility of the 14 prefects, still retained the titles and were responsible for the administration of smaller departments in each region. The members of local assemblies are elected every six years, while the executive organs are elected every three years. As of 2016, there are 23 regions in Chad, which are divided based on population and administrative convenience.
Subdivisions
The region of Batha is divided into three departments: Batha Est, Batha Ouest and Fitri.
References
External links
Regions of Chad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batha%20%28region%29 |
The western pine elfin (Callophrys eryphon) is a North American butterfly that ranges from British Columbia east to Maine and south to southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico. Males are brown and females are orange-brown, with both having bold patterned hind wings. The top of the wings have dark bars with a lighter chevron shaped margin. The body is 19–32 mm in length and has no tail.
This butterfly is found in natural pine woods and evergreen forests in the territory (area of land) they inhabit. In the northwest United States they are found nesting in lodgepole pines and can be seen perched on shrubs and smaller trees while searching for food or looking for a mate. The western pine elfin is seldom seen outside its natural habitat. They feed on flower nectar including wild blueberries, milkweed, and clover.
Reproduction
The adults emerge from the caterpillar hibernation stage and have one flight cycle in early spring from March to June and the female lays eggs on the base of new pine needles. The adult pair produce only one brood. The mature larvae are 15 mm long. The head of the caterpillar is green and the fine hair covered body is velvet green with cream to yellow stripes.
It is a defoliating insect that feeds on the young pine needles until it enters hibernation in late July or August.
Status
The western pine elfin has few predators and its conservation status is globally secure with no real threats.
References
External links
Western Pine Elfin
Talk about Wildlife
Conifer Defoliating Insects of British Columbia
Large Images of Western Pine Elfins
Western Pine Elfin, Butterflies of Canada
Callophrys
Butterflies of North America
Butterflies described in 1852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20pine%20elfin |
The 1978 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held May 2–3, 1978, at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City, New York. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season.
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers had the first overall pick in the 1978 draft, by virtue of their 2–12 record in 1977. Tampa Bay traded the pick to the Oilers, for tight end Jimmie Giles and the Oilers' first- and second-round picks in the 1978 draft, and their third- and fifth-round picks in 1979.
Leon White, who was drafted in the third round, went on to have an extensive professional wrestling career as Big Van Vader.
Player selections
Round one
Round two
Round three
Round four
Round five
Round six
Round seven
Round eight
Round nine
Round ten
Round eleven
Round twelve
Notable undrafted players
Hall of Famers
Earl Campbell, running back from Texas, taken 1st round 1st overall by Houston Oilers
Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1991.
Ozzie Newsome, wide receiver from Alabama, taken 1st round 23rd overall by Cleveland Browns
Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1999.
James Lofton, wide receiver from Stanford, taken 1st round 6th overall by Green Bay Packers
Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2003.
Warren Moon, quarterback from Washington, signed undrafted by Houston Oilers
Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2006.
References
External links
NFL.com – 1978 Draft
databaseFootball.com – 1978 Draft
Pro Football Hall of Fame
National Football League Draft
NFL Draft
Draft
NFL draft
NFL Draft
American football in New York City
1970s in Manhattan
Sporting events in New York City
Sports in Manhattan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%20NFL%20Draft |
Ernest Kent (born January 22, 1955) is an American college basketball coach. He is the former head men's basketball coach at Washington State University. Prior to Washington State, he served as the head men's basketball coach at the University of Oregon and at Saint Mary's (CA). Kent was previously an assistant at Stanford University and also coached abroad in Saudi Arabia. Kent is a college basketball commentator with the Pac-12 Network.
Basketball player
Kent played for the Oregon Ducks from 1973 to 1977 under head coach Dick Harter. Nicknamed "Million Moves", he was a part of the Kamikaze Kids, known for constant hustle and extremely aggressive play in their attempts to win ball games. Knee injuries ended his collegiate career.
Kent played high school basketball for West High School in Rockford, Illinois. As a Class of 1973 senior, he was named Parade Magazine All-American, Scholastic All-America by Scholastic Magazine, Illinois High School Association (IHSA) All-State, received the American Legion Outstanding Achievement Award, and was a member of the National Honor Society.
Coaching career
Early coaching career
Between 1980 and 1987, Ernie Kent spent his days in Saudi Arabia coaching basketball for the Al-Khaleej Club. Kent and his wife were immersed in Arab culture, living in a Shiite Muslim village for their first two years, also working for the Arabian American Oil Company in Dhahran. He recalls learning how to be patient, since a translator was required for communication with his team. It was a stressful period of his life and taught him how to deal with extreme pressure.
After returning to the United States from Saudi Arabia, he became an assistant coach at Colorado State University, then at Stanford University under head coach Mike Montgomery. He later went on to become the head coach at Saint Mary's College of California where he remained for six years. While at Saint Mary's, Kent's coaching relationship with the players changed drastically. There he coached now actor Mahershala Ali. His players told Kent that they could not relate to him due to his militaristic style. From that moment on, Kent reversed his stance and became more compassionate toward his players. Before each season began he took his players on a retreat, where his players bonded with each other, strengthening the cohesiveness of the team, a tradition he continued at the University of Oregon.
Oregon
Kent was hired in 1997 to replace Jerry Green, who was leaving for a position at the University of Tennessee, Kent was the first African American head coach to be hired in the history of the Oregon Ducks athletic department in any sport. Under Kent, the Ducks reached the NCAA tournament five times, in 2000, 2002, 2003, 2007 and 2008, reaching the Elite Eight in 2002 and 2007– Oregon's deepest runs in the tournament in 42 years. He also led the Ducks to the National Invitation Tournament Final Four in 1999 and 2004. In the 2002 season, Kent led the team to its first conference title since 1939 despite the Pacific-10 Conference sending a record of six teams into the NCAA tournament. Under Kent, Oregon was known for playing an up-tempo pace and guard-heavy lineups.
As head coach, Kent was known for his recruiting ability, bringing in a class of highly regarded recruits in 2004 such as Maarty Leunen, Bryce Taylor, Chamberlain Oguchi and Malik Hairston. He was highly criticized for failing to sign two of the highest profile recruits to come from the state of Oregon for the class of 2007, Kyle Singler and Kevin Love. The following year, he signed the #21 recruiting class. During his tenure, he had four players drafted in the first round of the NBA draft in Fred Jones, Luke Ridnour, Luke Jackson and Aaron Brooks.
A decline in the success of his teams between 2004 and 2006, the perceived lack of development of highly regarded recruits as well as rumors of personal issues led many people to question whether Kent would remain at Oregon after the 2005–2006 season. But after the season, the school's athletic director at the time, Bill Moos, issued a statement affirming his support for Kent. The team regained its composure the following year and finished the season within the Elite Eight in the 2007 NCAA tournament. Senior point guard Aaron Brooks said that he felt the team let Kent down the previous season for wanting to play in an up-tempo style but not conditioning for it. After the 2008–2009 season when Kent posted his worst record with Oregon, questions whether Kent would be retained resurfaced. Kent remained the head coach, but following a second-to-last finish in the Pac-10 in the 2009–10 season, Kent was fired. His 235 wins were the most in school history, though he has since been passed by his successor, Dana Altman.
Washington State
On March 31, 2014, Kent was hired to replace Ken Bone as the Men's Basketball coach at Washington State University. His tenure at Washington State was nowhere near as successful as his tenure at Oregon; in five years, the Cougars never had a winning season and never finished higher than eighth in Pac-12 play.
He was fired later on March 14, 2019, one day after losing to University of Oregon in the first round of the Pac-12 tournament.
Personal life
Ernie Kent was born January 22, 1955, in Rockford, Illinois and has three adult children: Marcus, Jordan and McKenzie. Jordan Kent was a three-sport letterman for the University of Oregon in track & field, basketball and football.
With his degree in community service and public affairs, he was also heavily involved in community service in Eugene, earning the 2004 Hope Award from the Oregon Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Kent is also active with the American Cancer Society and the Coaches Versus Cancer campaign while being the honorary chairman of the Children's Miracle Network.
Head coaching record
References
External links
Washington State profile
1955 births
Living people
African-American basketball coaches
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Saudi Arabia
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Illinois
Basketball players from Illinois
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Colorado State Rams men's basketball coaches
Oregon Ducks men's basketball coaches
Oregon Ducks men's basketball players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Rockford, Illinois
Stanford Cardinal men's basketball coaches
Forwards (basketball)
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie%20Kent |
Character dance is a specific subdivision of classical dance. It is the stylized representation of a traditional folk or national dance, mostly from European countries, and uses movements and music which have been adapted for the theater.
Character dance is integral to much of the classical ballet repertoire. A good example of character dance within ballet is the series of national dances which take place at the beginning of Act II of Swan Lake. The ballet Don Quixote also features many character variations based on traditional Spanish dances. Popular character dance adaptations for ballet also include the national dances of Hungary , Russia, Poland, Italy and Spain: csárdás, mazurka, tarantella, flamenco, etc.
One of the best known schools that incorporate character dance to teaching syllabus is Vaganova Ballet Academy. Outside of Russia and the former republics of the late Soviet Union, there is little training in the art of character dance. However, it is still widely taught in the United Kingdom and Australia and in Central Europe (Czech Republic, Hungary) where it is integral to the training of students at the Royal Ballet School and the Australian Ballet School. It is also taught as a separate skill within the graded examinations syllabus of the Royal Academy of Dance, Statni Konzervator Praha. Most performing companies or schools elsewhere are not familiar with the history or technique of this style. Therefore, the term character dance is often used in misleading ways that have no bearing to the original definition in ballet terminology.
Yuri Slonimsky writes in his book The Bolshoi Ballet (Second edition 1960, p.8) on the history of character dance:
Folk traditions have been incorporated into what is known as ballet for centuries but it was not until Aleksandr Shirayev, Assistant to Marius Petipa, that character dance became a unique and codified art-form that takes its rightful place as an integral part of classical ballet.
Character dances are usually performed in shoes or boots, with a suede sole and a small heel. Men typically wear black character shoes and women typically wear a flesh coloured shoe with a larger, more feminine heel, but sometimes black shoes too.
See also
Grotesque dance
References
Ballet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character%20dance |
Helena High School is a public high school for grades 9 through 12 located in Helena, Montana, United States. It is part of the Helena Public School District. Founded in September 1876, it is the oldest high school in the state of Montana. A new building was completed in August 1935 and it was almost destroyed a few months later in the 1935 Helena earthquake. In 1955, the building became Helena Junior High School (now Helena Middle School) and Helena High School moved into its present location at 1300 Billings Avenue, just off Montana Avenue.
Curriculum
Four foreign languages are taught at Helena High: French, German, Latin, and Spanish. The English Department, with 22 faculty, offers instruction in English literature and composition, as well as elective studies. Students are encouraged to take honors and Advanced Placement (AP) in English, math, science, and history. There are also many elective options.
Extracurricular activities
There are many extra-curricular clubs and activities for students to get involved at Helena High School. School teams and clubs include:
Basketball – Boys and Girls
Cross Country – Boys and Girls
Fast Pitch Softball
Football
Soccer – – Boys and Girls
Swimming
Tennis – Boys and Girls
Track and Field – Boys and Girls
Volleyball
Wrestling
Speech and Debate
Mock Trial
Notable alumni
Max Baucus, former United States Senator and United States Ambassador to China (graduated in 1959)
Steve Bullock, former governor of Montana
Dan Carpenter, NFL placekicker for the Buffalo Bills
Gary Cooper, Academy Award winning actor (dropped out in his sophomore year)
Chuck Darling, member of 1956 Summer Olympics basketball gold medalists, First team All-American at University of Iowa
Pat Donovan, NFL tackle for the Dallas Cowboys
David Fuller, politician. Montana state senator
L. Ron Hubbard, author and the founder of Scientology; enrolled at Helena High during his junior year
Carol Judge (1958), First Lady of Montana (1973–1980); healthcare activist and registered nurse
Ian MacDonald (born Ulva Pippy), actor on film and television
Colin Meloy, lead singer and songwriter for the Portland, Oregon, folk-rock band The Decemberists
Maile Meloy, author
Jacob Hahn, Cybersecurity expert and speaker
Kimberly Reed, director and producer of Prodigal Sons
William Roth, former member of the United States Senate from Delaware
Danny Sprinkle, head basketball coach of Utah State University
A. L. Strand, president of Montana State College (1937–1942) and Oregon State University (1942–1961)
Joseph P. Mazurek, former Montana Attorney General and member of the Montana Senate
Footnotes
Bibliography
Superintendent of Public Instruction. Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. Vol. II. Montana Department of Public Instruction. Helena, Mont.: Independent Publishing Co., 1903.
External links
Official Helena High School Web site
Public high schools in Montana
Buildings and structures in Helena, Montana
Schools in Lewis and Clark County, Montana
1876 establishments in Montana Territory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena%20High%20School |
A fad, trend, or craze is any form of collective behavior that develops within a culture, a generation or social group in which a group of people enthusiastically follow an impulse for a short period.
Fads are objects or behaviors that achieve short-lived popularity but fade away. Fads are often seen as sudden, quick-spreading, and short-lived. Fads include diets, clothing, hairstyles, toys, and more. Some popular fads throughout history are toys such as yo-yos, hula hoops, and fad dances such as the Macarena, floss and the twist.
Similar to habits or customs but less durable, fads often result from an activity or behavior being perceived as popular or exciting within a peer group, or being deemed "cool" as often promoted by social networks. A fad is said to "catch on" when the number of people adopting it begins to increase to the point of being noteworthy. Fads often fade quickly when the perception of novelty is gone.
Overview
The specific nature of the behavior associated with a fad can be of any type including unusual language usage, distinctive clothing, fad diets or frauds such as pyramid schemes. Apart from general novelty, mass marketing, emotional blackmail, peer pressure, or the desire to "be hip" may drive fads. Popular celebrities can also drive fads, for example the highly popularizing effect of Oprah's Book Club.
Though some consider the term trend equivalent to fad, a fad is generally considered a quick and short behavior whereas a trend is one that evolves into a long term or even permanent change.
Economics
In economics, the term is used in a similar way. Fads are mean-reverting deviations from intrinsic value caused by social or psychological forces similar to those that cause fashions in political philosophies or consumerisation.
Formation
Many contemporary fads share similar patterns of social organization. Several different models serve to examine fads and how they spread.
One way of looking at the spread of fads is through the top-down model, which argues that fashion is created for the elite, and from the elite, fashion spreads to lower classes. Early adopters might not necessarily be those of a high status, but they have sufficient resources that allow them to experiment with new innovations. When looking at the top-down model, sociologists like to highlight the role of selection. The elite might be the ones that introduce certain fads, but other people must choose to adopt those fads.
Others may argue that not all fads begin with their adopters. Social life already provides people with ideas that can help create a basis for new and innovative fads. Companies can look at what people are already interested in and create something from that information. The ideas behind fads are not always original; they might stem from what is already popular at the time. Recreation and style faddists may try out variations of a basic pattern or idea already in existence.
Another way of looking at the spread of fads is through a symbolic interaction view. People learn their behaviors from the people around them. When it comes to collective behavior, the emergence of these shared rules, meanings, and emotions are more dependent on the cues of the situation, rather than physiological arousal. This connection to symbolic interactionism, a theory that explains people’s actions as being directed by shared meanings and assumptions, explains that fads are spread because people attach meaning and emotion to objects, and not because the object has practical use, for instance. People might adopt a fad because of the meanings and assumptions they share with the other people who have adopted that fad. People may join other adopters of the fad because they enjoy being a part of a group and what that symbolizes. Some people may join because they want to feel like an insider. When multiple people adopt the same fad, they may feel like they have made the right choice because other people have made that same choice.
Termination
Primarily, fads end because all innovative possibilities have been exhausted. Fads begin to fade when people no longer see them as new and unique. As more people follow the fad, some might start to see it as "overcrowded", and it no longer holds the same appeal. Many times, those who first adopt the fad also abandon it first. They begin to recognize that their preoccupation with the fad leads them to neglect some of their routine activities, and they realize the negative aspects of their behavior. Once the faddists are no longer producing new variations of the fad, people begin to realize their neglect of other activities, and the dangers of the fad. Not everyone completely abandons the fad, however, and parts may remain.
A study examined why certain fads die out quicker than others. A marketing professor at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business, Jonah Berger and his colleague, Gael Le Mens, studied baby names in the United States and France to help explore the termination of fads. According to their results, the faster the names became popular, the faster they lost their popularity. They also found that the least successful names overall were those that caught on most quickly. Fads, like baby names, often lose their appeal just as quickly as they gained it.
Collective behavior
Fads can fit under the broad umbrella of collective behavior, which are behaviors engaged in by a large but loosely connected group of people. Other than fads, collective behavior includes the activities of people in crowds, panics, fashions, crazes, and more. Robert E. Park, the man who created the term collective behavior, defined it as "the behavior of individuals under the influence of an impulse that is common and collective, an impulse, in other words, that is the result of social interaction". Fads are seen as impulsive, driven by emotions; however, they can bring together groups of people who may not have much in common other than their investment in the fad.
Collective obsession
Fads can also fit under the umbrella of "collective obsessions". Collective obsessions have three main features in common. The first, and most obvious sign, is an increase in frequency and intensity of a specific belief or behavior. A fad's popularity increases quickly in frequency and intensity, whereas a trend grows more slowly. The second is that the behavior is seen as ridiculous, irrational, or evil to the people who are not a part of the obsession. Some people might see those who follow certain fads as unreasonable and irrational. To these people, the fad is ridiculous, and people's obsession of it is just as ridiculous. The third is, after it has reached a peak, it drops off abruptly and then it is followed by a counter obsession. A counter obsession means that once the fad is over, if one engages in the fad they will be ridiculed. A fad's popularity often decreases at a rapid rate once its novelty wears off. Some people might start to criticize the fad after pointing out that it is no longer popular, so it must not have been "worth the hype".
See also
Bandwagon effect
:Category:Fads (notable fads through history)
Coolhunting
Crowd psychology
Google Trends
List of Internet phenomena
Market trend
Memetics
Peer pressure
Retro style
Social mania
Viral phenomenon
15 minutes of fame
Bellwether (1996 novel)
Notes
References
Best, Joel (2006). Flavor of the Month: Why Smart People Fall for Fads. University of California Press. .
Burke, Sarah. "5 Marketing Strategies, 1 Question: Fad or Trend?". Spokal.
Conley, Dalton (2015). You may ask yourself: An introduction to thinking like a sociologist. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. .
(review/summary)
Griffith, Benjamin (2013). "College Fads". St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture – via Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Heussner, Ki Mae. "7 Fads You Won't Forget". ABC News.
Killian, Lewis M.; Smelser, Neil J.; Turner, Ralph H. "Collective behavior". Encyclopædia Britannica.
External links
Popular culture
Crowd psychology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
William Clifford Musselman (August 13, 1940 – May 5, 2000) was an American basketball coach in the NCAA, the ABA, the WBA, the CBA, and the NBA. He was known for his trademark intensity, once being quoted as saying, "Defeat is worse than death because you have to live with defeat."
Early life
Musselman was the second of five children. His father, Clifford Musselman, was an auto mechanic and band promoter. He had a loving and dedicated mother named Bertha (Combs) Miller who later married James Miller. James became Bill's father and was a big part of his life growing up. The young Musselman played basketball, football, and baseball at Wooster High School in Wooster, Ohio. When he graduated in 1958, he was the school's second all-time leading scorer. After high school, he attended Wittenberg College (now Wittenberg University) in Springfield, Ohio, where he played basketball for Ray Mears, who would later coach the University of Tennessee.
Career
Kent State University High School
In 1963, at the age of 23, Musselman was hired as the head men's basketball coach at Kent State University High School in Kent, Ohio. In Musselman's first season of coaching, the KSUHS Statesmen finished 14–5 and earned a share of the conference title.
Ashland University (NCAA)
In 1964, after one season of coaching high school basketball, Musselman was hired to assist with the football and basketball teams at Ashland University in Ashland, Ohio. In August 1965, Ashland's head basketball coach left for another coaching position. With only a few months before the start of the 1965–66 season, Musselman was promoted to head coach. In his first season, at the age of 25, he guided the Eagles to a 10–10 record. Over the next five seasons, Musselman's Ashland teams went 21–3, 24–6, 26–4, 23–4, and 25–3 (total: 109–20, with a .845 winning percentage).
While at Ashland, Musselman's teams reached the NCAA College Division Tournament (the predecessor to the current Division II and Division III Tournaments) four times and had 13 All-America players. His 1968–69 Ashland team allowed an NCAA-record-low 33.9 points per game, a byproduct of his relentless pursuit, at the time, of pitching shut-outs (allowing no points) while head coach.
University of Minnesota (NCAA)
Following the 1970–71 season, Musselman left Ashland for the University of Minnesota.
In 1971–72, he led the Gophers to an 18-7 record and their first Big Ten Championship in 53 years with a roster featuring Dave Winfield, Jim Brewer, Bobby Nix, Keith Young, Clyde Turner, Corky Taylor, and Ron Behagen. The 1972 team was tarnished by a brawl against The Ohio State Buckeyes, where several Minnesota players and fans assaulted the Ohio State players at the end of the game. The Gophers lost to Florida State in the first round of the NCAA Tournament, 70–56, before rebounding in the Midwest Region Consolation Round, downing Marquette, 77–72.
The following season (1972–73), Musselman guided the Gophers to a 21–5 mark. Minnesota began the season ranked fourth in the nation and ranked as high as No. 3 in the country in March 1973. In the 1973 NIT postseason tournament, Musselman's Minnesota team downed Rutgers, 68–59, in the first round before losing to Alabama, 69–65, in the quarterfinals.
During the 1973–74 campaign, without Brewer, Behagen, or Turner, the Gophers dropped to 12–12 under Musselman. His starting lineup that season featured Flip Saunders, who would go on to have a successful NBA coaching career.
In his fourth and final season at Minnesota, Musselman's team went 18–8 and included a roster of future NBA players Mychal Thompson, Mark Landsberger, and Mark Olberding. His overall coaching record at Minnesota is 61–32 with a .656 winning percentage. During Musselman's time at the University of Minnesota, home attendance increased from 4,000 per game to nearly 18,000 per game, according to The New York Times.
His tenure at Minnesota was tainted. There was an incident during the 1971–72 season when Taylor and Behagen assaulted Ohio State center Luke Witte. The attack on Witte came near the end of the Gophers-Buckeyes game. Witte was seriously injured, taken off the court on a stretcher and hospitalized with injuries, including to an eye, that negatively impacted his basketball career. Two other Ohio State players were also hospitalized as a result of the brawl. Musselman maintained that he had nothing to do with the incident. Still, critics claimed he had stirred his players into a frenzy before the game that night and encouraged overly aggressive play. A September 1, 1985, article in The New York Times described Musselman's Gophers as "an extremely physical basketball team." After Musselman left to coach in the ABA, the NCAA placed the Gophers on probation after discovering more than 100 rule violations.
San Diego Sails (ABA)
On July 28, 1975, Musselman left the college ranks to join the pro game when he was hired to coach the San Diego Sails of the American Basketball Association. The team only lasted for 11 games of the 1975–76 season before folding with a 3–8 record.
According to the book Obsession, by Bill Heller, Musselman signed a three-year contract worth more than $135,000, considerably more than the $23,000 salary he had received at the University of Minnesota.
Virginia Squires (ABA)
A week after the ABA's San Diego franchise folded on November 11, 1975, Musselman was hired to coach the league's Virginia Squires. Musselman took over for player-coach Mack Calvin, who had gone 0–6 since taking over for Al Bianchi. During one game, Musselman played his starters the entire 48 minutes, according to The New York Times.
Musselman went 4–22 with the Squires before he was replaced by Jack Ankerson on January 21, 1976. Ankerson, who would go on to serve as general manager of the San Antonio Spurs, went 1–1 as coach of the Squires before being replaced by Zelmo Beaty, who compiled a 9–33 record. The Squires went 15–68 on the season and disbanded on May 10, 1976.
In the book Obsession, by Bill Heller, Musselman said, "I found the players [in Virginia] were talking more about the [team's] financial troubles than basketball. They worried more about the next payroll than they did about the next practice. It was difficult for them to concentrate on basketball."
Reno (Nevada) Bighorns (WBA)
Musselman took two years away from coaching to work in real estate before returning in 1978–79 to coach the Reno Bighorns of the Western Basketball Association. That season he led the club to a 28–20 record and the only WBA title game. Led by Randy Ayers and Gus Bailey, Reno lost to Herb Brown's Tucson Gunners, four games to three, in the 1979 championship. The league folded soon after.
Cleveland Cavaliers (NBA)
Ted Stepien, then owner of the NBA's Cleveland Cavaliers, hired Musselman for his first NBA head coaching job in 1980. Musselman guided the team to a 25–46 mark before he was replaced by general manager Don Delaney, who went 3–8 to close out the 1980–81 season. He was derisively called "Musclehead" by WWWE sports radio host Pete Franklin who was a vociferous critic of how Stepien was operating the Cavaliers.
On March 8, 1982, Stepien fired Chuck Daly, who was 9–32 as coach of the Cavs, and replaced him on an interim basis with Musselman, then the team's director of player personnel. The Cavs went 2–21 under Musselman, who finished the season as head coach, his second stint at the helm. Musselman resigned on October 21, 1982, just a few days before the start of the 1982–83 NBA season.
In an April 17, 1994 New York Times article, former NBA center Cedric Maxwell said the Cavs' veteran players during that time "were known more for partying than for playing."
Sarasota (Fla.) Stingers (CBA)
Musselman's foray into minor league basketball began in 1983 when he was hired to coach the Sarasota (Fla.) Stingers of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA). Just 19 games into the season, sporting a 6–13 record, Musselman was fired. The team fared no better after Musselman's firing, finishing the season with a 16–28 record.
Tampa Bay/Rapid City Thrillers (CBA)
The following season, Musselman moved a few miles up the Florida Gulf Coast to St. Petersburg where he was hired to coach the expansion Tampa Bay Thrillers of the CBA. There, over the next three seasons, Musselman would build one of the winningest franchises in sports history.
As an expansion team, his 1984–85 Thrillers team rolled to a 45–18 record to win the CBA title, downing the Detroit Spirits in seven games. Tampa Bay repeated as CBA champions the following season going 46–19 and defeating the LaCrosse (Wisc.) Catbirds in five games, 4–1.
The "three-peat" followed in 1986–87 in Rapid City, South Dakota, where the team had moved at the conclusion of the regular season. The Thrillers, who went 46–16 overall, lost the first game of the finals to the Rockford (Ill.) Lightning, before winning four consecutive games as Musselman won his third consecutive CBA championship. For his efforts, Musselman was honored as CBA Coach of the Year.
Among the players starring for Musselman's Thriller teams were Sidney Lowe, Clinton Wheeler, Rod Higgins, Freeman Williams, Sam Mitchell, Ed Nealy, Steve Hayes, Brian Martin, Eddie Johnson, Don Collins, Ron Valentine, Perry Moss, Kevin Williams, and Charles Jones.
Albany Patroons (CBA)
On June 19, 1987, Musselman jumped to the Albany (NY) Patroons for the 1987–88 CBA season, guiding the Pats to a remarkable 48–6 record and his fourth consecutive league title. Albany's roster featured Tony Campbell, Michael Brooks, Sidney Lowe, Michael Ray Richardson, Scott Roth, Reid Gettys, Tod Murphy, Eric Fernsten, Derrick Rowland, Scott Brooks, and Lowes Moore.
Musselman was named CBA Coach of the Year for the second time following the 1987–88 season.
Minnesota Timberwolves (NBA)
Following his success in the CBA, on August 23, 1988, Musselman was hired as the head coach of the expansion Minnesota Timberwolves. With a roster "full of vagabonds, long shots and characters," according to the Minneapolis Star Tribune, Musselman's Wolves posted a 22–60 record in 1989–90, their first season, and 29–53 the following season. Musselman was fired on April 22, 1991, a day after the 1990–91 season ended. But the 29 wins under Musselman were a high-water mark for the T-wolves, who failed to top 29 wins until 1996–97. Musselman's expansion team won more games than any of the four expansion teams and more in his second season (29) than any expansion team since the 1974–75 New Orleans Jazz.
In a March 29, 2007, Minneapolis Star Tribune article by Steve Aschburner, Pooh Richardson, a member of the expansion Timberwolves, said: "We were the best expansion team out there. That was as good as going to the playoffs. That's one thing that Musselman always gave us: a chance to win. Pass the ball, pass the ball, cut down the shots for the other team." Musselman highlighted his style of doggedly exploiting the other team's weaknesses when on a February 4, 1990 game against the Golden State Warriors, he called the same play all game in an attempt to get coach Don Nelson to double-team journeyman big man Randy Breuer in his matchup against lighter defenders Manute Bol and Jim Petersen in order to free up guards Pooh Richardson and Tony Campbell. Although the Wolves lost the game 106–96, it resulted in Breuer scoring a career high 40 points.
Rochester (Minn.) Renegade (CBA)
On July 22, 1993, Musselman returned to the CBA for the 1993–94 season, this time in an attempt to revive the Rochester Renegade, a struggling franchise that had gone 6–50 the previous season. Rochester finished 31–25 under Musselman, a 25-win improvement. Musselman's roster included Rodney Monroe, Ronnie Grandison, Clinton Wheeler, Dave Jamerson, Brook Steppe, Tod Murphy, and Ralph McPherson.
The team folded following the season.
University of South Alabama (NCAA)
In March 1995, Musselman returned to the NCAA after a 25-year absence with the University of South Alabama. In two seasons, he led the Jaguars to the 1997 NCAA tournament after turning the program around from a 9–18 record. Musselman's 1997 South Alabama team went 23–7 and nearly upset eventual champion Arizona in the opening round of the NCAA tournament. Musselman resigned as coach of the Jags on October 7, 1997, to return to the NBA. The following season, a South Alabama team made up mainly of Musselman recruits also advanced to the NCAA Tournament first round and lost to Illinois under then-head coach Bob Weltlich.
Portland Trail Blazers (NBA)
On October 8, 1997, after two successful seasons as head coach at the University of South Alabama, Musselman returned to the NBA as an assistant with the Portland Trail Blazers, under Mike Dunleavy Sr. This marked the first time in his professional coaching career that he served as an assistant. Musselman served as an assistant for three seasons with the Blazers before his death in May 2000.
Personality
Passion for the game
While coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers, Musselman, whom The New York Times once described as "hot tempered," was criticized for his "disciplinary tactics," according to the Times. During his stint as coach of the ABA's Virginia Squires, Musselman "antagonized so-called problem players ... and docile ones," according to a January 3, 1981, article in The New York Times. Musselman claimed "the only time I yell is before a game and at halftime," explaining that his passion helps players give "maximum effort every second."
NBA coach Flip Saunders was quoted in the St. Paul Pioneer Press the day after Musselman died. Of Musselman, Saunders said, "In anything he did, he had great passion."
In Charley Walters' December 23, 2012, column in the St. Paul Pioneer Press, Oklahoma City Thunder head coach Scott Brooks is quoted as saying, "One of the things I've taken from [Bill Musselman] is doing it every day, being consistent and never changing—always stick with what you do. He was a creature of habit. He drove the same way to get to practice, the same way to get to the airport. Our practices were so consistent. I wouldn't be in my position today if he hadn't taken me on as a CBA player. He taught me the ropes, how to play with toughness. There were no excuses with him—you had to play hard every night."
Sense of fairness
According to former CBA coach Charley Rosen, Musselman possessed an "admirable sense of fairness." In an ESPN.com article, Rosen describes a scene after a game between Rosen's CBA team and Musselman's Tampa Bay club:
"We were involved in a tight game at Tampa Bay. Late in the fourth quarter, one of the refs called three charging fouls on my best player, Cedric Henderson, and the Thrillers eventually won on a buzzer-beating shot by the late 'Fast' Eddie Johnson. Instead of celebrating his victory, Bill followed the refs off the court to their locker room, screaming that they had 'screwed Charley out of the win.' He continued to kick and pound his fists on the closed locker room door, raging for another 10 minutes. 'If I can't win a game fairly, then I'd rather lose.'"
Describing Musselman's personality
In the newspaper articles and columns following his death, Musselman was described as "volatile," "colorful," "intense," and "fiery." Sidney Lowe, who played for Musselman in the CBA and NBA, said his former coach was "very demanding ... but he was an excellent coach."
In an Associated Press story that day after Musselman died, Greg Anthony, a guard for the Portland Trail Blazers, described Musselman as "a great, great man."
In a May 8, 2000, letter to the editor of The Minnesota Daily, the newspaper of the University of Minnesota, Dr. R. Galen Hanson wrote, "By far – far and away – the memories I will always have of coach Bill Musselman is that he is one of the most unforgettable people I have ever met: winner, writer, teacher, coach. Always."
Coaching legacy
A number of Musselman's former assistant coaches and players went on to coach in the NBA, including Sidney Lowe (Minnesota Timberwolves), Tyrone Corbin (Utah Jazz), Tom Thibodeau (Minnesota Timberwolves), Scott Brooks (Oklahoma City Thunder), Sam Mitchell (Toronto Raptors), and his son Eric Musselman (Sacramento Kings and Golden State Warriors).
Other coaches who played for Musselman include Flip Saunders, Scott Roth, Michael Ray Richardson, and Tod Murphy (Gordon College)
Death
Musselman suffered a stroke on October 30, 1999, following Portland's preseason game against the Phoenix Suns. Musselman, who had served as head coach during the game after Mike Dunleavy was ejected, collapsed after leaving the arena. In April 2000, he was diagnosed with primary systemic amyloidosis, a disease that produces an abnormal protein that collects in tissues and interferes with the function of organs. He died on May 5, 2000, at 2:45 a.m., at the age of 59, at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. The cause of death was heart and kidney failure.
The Trail Blazers used Musselman as an inspiration for their 2000 playoff run, which ended in the Western Conference finals against the Los Angeles Lakers. In the team's 2000–01 media guide, which was dedicated to Musselman, he was described as "a keen strategist and an inspiring motivator."
Head coaching record
NBA
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| style="text-align:left;"|
|71||25||46|||| align="center"|6th in Central||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| style="text-align:left;"|
|15||4||11|||| align="center"|(fired)||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|－
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Minnesota
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||22||60|||| align="center"|6th in Midwest||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Minnesota
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||29||53|||| align="center"|5th in Midwest||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|Career
| ||250||80||170|||| ||—||—||—||—||
Family
Musselman has three children: two sons and a daughter. His oldest son Eric, formerly head coach of the Golden State Warriors and Sacramento Kings, is currently the head coach of the Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team. They were the first father and son to hold the title of NBA head coach.
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Bill Musselman (as coach)
1940 births
2000 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
Ashland Eagles men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from Ohio
Cleveland Cavaliers head coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Continental Basketball Association coaches
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball coaches
Minnesota Timberwolves head coaches
People from Wooster, Ohio
San Diego Conquistadors coaches
San Diego Sails coaches
South Alabama Jaguars men's basketball coaches
Virginia Squires coaches
Wittenberg Tigers men's basketball players
Western Basketball Association coaches
American men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Musselman |
Mark A. Howland (born August 20, 1954) is a former representative to the Massachusetts General Court from New Bedford, Massachusetts.
Biography
Howland ran for the Freetown Board of Selectmen in 1999 and was defeated by Lawrence N. Ashley. In 2000, Howland ran again and defeated incumbent selectman Robert A. Robidoux. He served for one term, from 2000 - 2003. In 2002, he was elected to the Massachusetts House from the 12th Bristol District, and in 2003 he did not seek re-election to the Freetown Board of Selectmen. In 2004, he was defeated in his bid for re-election to the House by Stephen Canessa, a Lakeville school committee member. In 2005, Howland moved to New Bedford and ran for mayor against incumbent mayor Frederick Kalisz, Scott Lang, and former mayor George Rogers. Howland was defeated in the primary.
In early 2006, Howland announced the possibility of running again for the State Representative seat that he lost to Canessa in 2004. In June 2006, Howland officially announced his candidacy against Canessa, deciding to run as an independent rather than on the Democrat ticket. He was defeated in the November 7 general election.
Howland is the owner of WHALE Environmental Services, LLC in Kahuku. He is married, and has two children.
Windmill controversy
On March 7, 2007, Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley filed civil charges against Howland for alleged "unscrupulous" business practices in his venture as a wind turbine supplier.
In response, Howland defended his actions, stating that he had issued refunds in some instances. He also stated that he was not the installer, but merely the supplier, of the windmills. He cited lack of regulation and the inadequacy of the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative as partially responsible for creating the current media attention and legal issues.
Coakley's office resolved their allegations in October 2007 through a consent judgement against Howland and his company. The agreement required that Windtech-Co pay several hundred thousand dollars in restitution. Furthermore, the settlement permanently prohibited Howland from "operating a business involved in the sale and installation of alternate energy systems."
Electoral history
1999 Race for Selectman of Freetown, Massachusetts
Lawrence N. Ashley, 56.5%
Mark A. Howland, 43.5%
2000 Race for Selectman of Freetown, Massachusetts
Mark A. Howland, 55.5%
Robert A. Robidoux, 44.5%
2002 Race for 12th Bristol Representative, Massachusetts House
Mark A. Howland (D)
No opposition
2006 Race for 12th Bristol Representative, Massachusetts House
Stephen R. Canessa (D), 69%
Mark A. Howland (I), 31%
See also
New Bedford, Massachusetts
References
External links
WHALE Environmental Services LLC - Mark Howland's business site
1954 births
Living people
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Freetown, Massachusetts
Politicians from New Bedford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20A.%20Howland |
Phantom Canyon is the name of two canyons located in Colorado, in the Western United States.
Phantom Canyon (Pikes Peak Area), a canyon located on the Gold Belt Byway. It is formed by Eightmile Creek
Phantom Canyon (Fort Collins Area), a canyon located Northwest of Fort Collins, Colorado. It is the sole canyon in the state that does not have a road. It is formed by the Cache la Poudre River
Phantom Canyon is also the name of one (N°15) of the 20 scenes of a haunted mansion called Phantom Manor, in the Disneyland Paris park | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom%20Canyon |
Roustabout (Australia/New Zealand English: rouseabout) is an occupational term. Traditionally, it referred to a worker with broad-based, non-specific skills. In particular, it was used to describe show or circus workers who handled materials for construction on fairgrounds. In modern times it is applied to rural employment, such as those assisting sheep shearing, and positions in the oil industry.
Oil industry in the US
Oil roustabout refers to a worker who maintains all things in the oil field. Roustabout is an official classification of natural gas and oil rig personnel. Roustabouts working in oil fields typically perform various jobs requiring little training. Drillers start off as roustabouts until they gain enough hands-on experience to move up to a roughneck or floorhand position, then to driller and rig supervisor. Roustabouts will set up oil well heads, maintain saltwater disposal pumps, lease roads, lease mowing, create dikes around tank batteries on a lease, etc. An oil roustabout has no limits in the oil industry and can, and will do any and all oil field work, including roughneck drilling, oil well completion and well service, and even chemical work. An oil field roustabout will also do all things that an oil field pumper would have to do. However, they frequently turn out to be long-term employees and take on more difficult and sometimes dangerous jobs as they gain experience. Most go on to at least become “roughnecks” if they work for the rig company for more than a few months.
An early 2010 survey by Careercast.com of the best and worst jobs based on five criteria—environment, income, employment outlook, physical demands and stress—rated 'roustabout' as the worst job. Nonetheless, the anecdotal and subjective experience of an actual roustabout suggests that for some, it can be a challenging, adventurous job.
Australia and New Zealand
In Australia and New Zealand a "rouseabout" can be any worker with broad-based, non-specific skills, in any industry. However, rouseabouts or "rousies" most commonly work in rural employment, especially sheep farming, as in the film The Sundowners, where they leave town before the sun goes down.
In popular culture
The term was discriminately used in Disney's 1941 animated film Dumbo, during a musical scene in which depicted a group of African-American laborers pulling circus materials off the train for construction.
Roustabout was a 1964 musical movie starring Elvis Presley, Barbara Stanwyck, and Joan Freeman, in a story set in a traveling carnival — for which Presley recorded the song titled "Roustabout".
Farley Granger's character, Arthur "Bowie" Bowers, in Nicholas Ray's 1948 film noir They Live By Night, tells Catherine "Keeetchie" Mobley (Cathy O'Donnell) that he was a roustabout with a circus.
The term is used in the song "The Mariner's Revenge Song", by The Decemberists. "Roustabout" is also the name of a song recorded by the bluegrass band, Open Road, on their album Lucky Drive.
The term is also used by Beats Antique for two songs on their album Collide.
The Slamball team Rousties is named after a roustabout. In the musical theater production All Shook Up, the lead character Chad is often referred to as a roustabout.
Roughnecks and Roustabouts is the second album by Pete Williams, formerly bassist and vocalist with Dexys Midnight Runners, and currently performing as The Pete Williams Band.
In the sci-fi short story Big Sam Was My Friend, Harlan Ellison refers to roustabout robots as "roustabots".
In a 1995 episode of BBC TV comedy series "Bottom" titled "Hole". The two main characters Richie and Eddie are deliberately left at the very top of a fairground ferris wheel, after Richie sexually approached the attendant.
When it is noticed they are the only ones on the ride and left up there, Richie goes into a rant referring to those on the ground below as roustabouts.
See also
Roughneck
References
Resource extraction occupations
Informal occupations
Circus skills | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roustabout |
Phantom Canyon is a canyon in Colorado, in the Western United States. The canyon is formed by Eight Mile Creek. The Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad developed it as a route to take gold and supplies in and out of the Cripple Creek and Victor gold mining district.
Phantom Canyon Road, a portion of the Gold Belt Byway that runs through the canyon, is an unpaved road connecting Cañon City and Victor. The road is popularly used for mountain biking and off-roading.
Since 1996, Phantom Canyon has been designated an Area of Critical Environmental Concern by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Information on camping in the canyon's undeveloped campsites and other recreational activities is available from the BLM Field Office in Cañon City
References
Canyons and gorges of Colorado
Protected areas of Teller County, Colorado
Protected areas of Fremont County, Colorado
Nature reserves in Colorado
Bureau of Land Management areas in Colorado
Landforms of Teller County, Colorado
Landforms of Fremont County, Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom%20Canyon%20%28Pikes%20Peak%20Area%29 |
is a Japanese television drama. It premiered in 2005 and was broadcast by Fuji Television, and ran for 10 episodes. It boasted the acclaimed actress Misaki Ito as one of the primary roles.
The ending theme is the song "Pop Star" by Ken Hirai.
Summary
Minagawa Yutaro's life has always followed a straight and narrow path, while his sister, Minagawa Hiroko, has only her looks to get her by. However, Yutaro's begins to unravel after his sister moves in. What he doesn't realize is that while he was studying to pass the entrance examinations for a prestigious medical school, his father's sake business, the Minagawa Brewery, was slowly going bankrupt and was forced to take a ¥6,000,000 loan. How will Hiroko tackle this loan? What is the fate of the Minagawa Brewery? Will it all work out itself out, as things always have in Hiroko's favor, or will her dreams fail?
Cast
Misaki Ito as Hiroko Minagawa
Mirai Moriyama as Yūtarō Minagawa
Ken Utsui a Gentarō Minagawa
Yumiko Shaku as Saori Kitamura
Nana Eikura as Ai Tamura
Yūta Hiraoka as Takumi Nakamura
Masanobu Takashima as Ikuo Takeda
References
External links
Japanese drama television series
2005 Japanese television series debuts
2005 Japanese television series endings
2005 in Japanese television
Fuji TV dramas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous%20Beauty%20%28TV%20series%29 |
The Karakol society (), was a Turkish clandestine intelligence organization that fought on the side of the Turkish National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence. Formed in November 1918, it refused to merge itself with Association for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Its leadership was decapitated in the aftermath of the 1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly election, leading to its eventual dissolution in 1926.
Operation
The Karakol Society, also known as the Black Arm, Sentinel Association or Guard Society, was founded in November 1918, as the first clandestine organization fighting against the Allied Occupation of Constantinople. It served as a continuation of the Committee of Union and Progress' intelligence agency, the Special Organization, with the majority of its members coming from the latter. It was founded by Kara Vâsıf Bey and Kara Kemal on Talaat Pasha's orders, soon after he fled the country. The name was chosen on the grounds that it was the amalgamation of the founder's names; a secret password (K.G.) was also adopted. Karakol's central committee consisted of Kara Vâsıf Bey, Baha Said Bey, Refik Ismail Bey, Ali Riza Bey (Bebe), Edip Servet Bey (Tör), Kemalletin Sami Bey, and Galatali Sevket Bey. The aims of the organization were outlined as protecting and, where non existent, establishing national unity through legitimate means behind the scenes. Revolutionary action was to be taken in the case of oppressors of freedom and justice. The third article of the declaration of establishment highlighted Karakol's socialist nature.
During his stay in Constantinople between November 1918 and May 1919 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk met with Ali Fethi Bey, Kara Kemal, Ismail Canbulat, and an unknown fourth person, whereupon a revolutionary committee was established. The committee was to assassinate the sultan and overthrow the government, applying pressure on the government that was to succeed it. Canbulat's hesitation temporarily halted the committee's plans, which were later abandoned after its members agreed that the sultan's removal would not be enough to save the crumbling Ottoman Empire. Mustafa Kemal departed for Anatolia, which was to become the center of the Turkish resistance movement. Karakol created a line of communication and transportation between Constantinople and Anatolia, smuggling volunteers, weapons, and armaments into the latter. Karakol representatives took part in the Erzurum and Sivas Congresses, where they supported the unification of various resistance organizations under the banner of the Association for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia (ADRAR), and Karakol went on to publish the Amasya Protocol. However a rift soon emerged between the Karakol leadership and Kemal; Karakol refused to accept Ankara as the center of national resistance and continued to act independently from ADRAR, seeing itself as the real core of the resistance. Kemal became suspicious of Karakol's intentions, ordering it to terminate its activities.
Downfall
On 11 January 1920, Baha Said Bey traveled to Baku where he signed an alliance with the Bolsheviks, presenting himself as an envoy of the Turkish resistance. On 26 February, Kara Vâsıf Bey informed Kemal of the agreement, which Kemal rebuffed as illegitimate since it was concluded without ADRAR's knowledge or consent. Kemal once more requested Karakol to incorporate itself into ADRAR. Karakol remained defiant, operating until the 1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly election, which was disrupted when British troops entered the parliament and arrested several deputies on 16 March. A part of Karakol's leadership was subsequently exiled to Malta, others either joined Kemal in Ankara or Enver Pasha in the Caucasus. Insignificant remnants of Karakol continued to exist until 1926, however Kemal had already solidified his position at the head of the Turkish National Movement. Karakol's function as an intelligence agency was substituted by a number of other organizations including Yavuz Group, Zabitan Group, Hamza Group. They continued to operate until the end of the independence war. Karakol is considered one of the precursor organizations to the modern day National Intelligence Organization, MİT.
Notes
References
Non-governmental organizations involved in the Turkish War of Independence
1918 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
1926 disestablishments in Turkey
Secret societies
Turkish intelligence agencies
Defunct intelligence agencies
Defunct organizations based in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakol%20society |
Roy Halston Frowick (April 23, 1932 – March 26, 1990), who was known mononymously as Halston, was an American fashion designer, and he rose to international fame in the 1970s.
Halston's minimalist, clean designs, which were often made of cashmere or ultrasuede, were a new phenomenon in the mid-1970s discotheques, and they redefined American fashion. Halston was known for creating a relaxed urban lifestyle for American women. He was frequently photographed at Studio 54 with his close friends Liza Minnelli, Bianca Jagger, Joe Eula, and Andy Warhol.
In the early 1950s, while attending the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Halston began a business designing and making women's hats. He garnered a well-known clientele and opened a store on Chicago's Magnificent Mile in 1957. He later became the head milliner for high-end New York City department store Bergdorf Goodman. His fame rose when he designed the pillbox hat Jacqueline Kennedy wore to the inauguration of her husband, President John F. Kennedy, in 1961. In the late 1960s, Halston made the transition to women's clothing, opening a boutique on Madison Avenue in New York and started a ready-to-wear line. After several ill-advised business decisions, Halston eventually lost control of his fashion house in the 1980s. He died of AIDS-related cancer in 1990 at the age of 57.
Early life and education
Roy Halston Frowick was born on April 23, 1932, in Des Moines, Iowa, the second son of accountant James Edward Frowick who was of Norwegian descent, and his stay-at-home wife Hallie Mae (née Holmes). Halston developed an early interest in sewing from his grandmother and he began creating hats and altering clothes for his mother and sister. He grew up in Des Moines, and moved to Evansville, Indiana, at the age of 14. He graduated from Benjamin Bosse High School in 1950. He briefly attended Indiana University.
Career
Early years
In 1952, Halston moved to Chicago, where he enrolled in a night course at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, and worked as a window dresser. In 1953, he opened his own hat business. His first customer was radio actress and comedian Fran Allison. Halston's hats were also bought by Kim Novak, Gloria Swanson, Deborah Kerr, and Hedda Hopper.
Halston's first big break came when the Chicago Daily News ran a brief story on his hats. In 1957, he opened his first shop, the Boulevard Salon, on North Michigan Avenue. It was at this point that he began to use his middle name to trade under. During his childhood, he had been referred to as Halston to distinguish between himself and his uncle Roy. Halston moved to New York City in late 1957, first working for milliner Lilly Daché. Within a year, he had been named the co-designer at Daché, became acquainted with several fashion editors and publishers, and left Daché's studio to become head milliner for department store Bergdorf Goodman in their customer milliner salon.
Popularity
Halston achieved great fame after designing the pillbox hat worn by Jacqueline Kennedy to her husband's presidential inauguration in 1961, and when he moved to designing women's wear, Newsweek dubbed him "the premier fashion designer of all America". When hats fell out of fashion, Halston moved on to designing clothing, made possible by Estelle Marsh, a millionaire from Amarillo, Texas. Marsh was his sole financial backer during this critical time of development. He opened his first boutique on Madison Avenue in 1968. The collection that year included a dark jade velvet wedding gown for advertising executive Mary Wells Lawrence. Lawrence was married to the CEO of Braniff International Airways, Harding Lawrence. She would be instrumental in bringing Halston to Braniff in 1976 to design Braniff's hostess, pilot, ticket agent, and ground personnel uniforms.
Halston launched his first ready-to-wear line, Halston Limited, in 1969. Halston's design was usually simple, minimalist yet sophisticated, glamorous and comfortable at the same time. Halston liked to use soft, luxurious fabric like silk and chiffon. He later told Vogue that he got rid of "...all of the extra details that didn't work—bows that didn't tie, buttons that didn't button, zippers that didn't zip, wrap dresses that didn't wrap. I've always hated things that don't work." Halston changed the fitted silhouette and showed the female body shape by allowing the natural flow of the fabric to create its own shape. Halston said "Pants give women the freedom to move around they've never had before. They don't have to worry about getting into low furniture or low sportscars. Pants will be with us for many years to come—probably forever if you can make that statement in fashion."
Halston's boutique drew celebrity clients like Greta Garbo, Babe Paley, Anjelica Huston, Gene Tierney, Lauren Bacall, Margaux Hemingway, Elizabeth Taylor, Bianca Jagger and Liza Minnelli (both Jagger and Minnelli would become close friends). From 1968 to 1973, his line earned an estimated $30 million.
In 1970, Hope Portocarrero, first lady of Nicaragua and client, issued a postage stamp dedicated to Halston.
In 1973, Halston sold his line to Norton Simon, Inc. for $16 million but remained its principal designer. This afforded him creative control with near unlimited financial backing. In 1975, Max Factor released Halston's first namesake fragrance for women. By 1977, sales from the perfume had generated $85 million. Throughout the 1970s, Halston had expanded his line to include menswear, luggage, handbags, lingerie and bedding. Vogue later noted that Halston was responsible for popularizing caftans, which he made for Jacqueline Kennedy; matte jersey halter top dresses; and polyurethane in American fashion.
Halstonettes
As Halston's popularity and fame grew, those he worked with also became well known. His favored models included Pat Cleveland, Anjelica Huston, Heidi Goldberg, Karen Bjornson, Beverly Johnson, Nancy North, Chris Royer, Alva Chinn, Connie Cook, and Pat Ast. This entourage of models were eventually dubbed “The Halstonettes” by fashion journalist André Leon Talley. The Halstonettes appeared together in editorials and ads for Halston clothing and cosmetics and appeared at many Halston-related events. The troupe often travelled with Halston, attended his galas, acted as his muses, and reflected ethnic diversity (Halston was one of the first major designers to hire models of different races to walk in his shows and appear in his ads).
Uniforms for Braniff Airways
Halston was very influential in the design of uniforms. In 1977 he was contracted by Braniff International Airways to create a new look for their flight attendants. He created muted brown uniforms with a distinctive "H" logo. Halston created interchangeable separates in shades of bone, tan and taupe which the airline extended to the seat covers, using brown Argentine leather. The entire scheme was dubbed "Ultra Touch" by the airline in reference to Halston's ultrasuede designs, and was extremely evocative of the late 1970s. An elaborate party was thrown in February 1977, dubbed Three Nights in Acapulco, to introduce the new Halston fashions along with the new and elegant Braniff International Airways.
Braniff chairman Harding Lawrence, his wife Mary Wells Lawrence, First Lady Lady Bird Johnson, and Halston himself along with his Halstonettes were in attendance for the grand presentation. Halston and his entourage would arrive at selected points during the party in outfits that matched the deep tones of Braniff Airways' new color schemes that would be applied to their aircraft as part of the new so-called Elegance Campaign. The party and the Halston creations were a hit not only with the fashion press but also with Braniff employees, who thought they were the easiest and most comfortable uniforms they had ever worn.
He was asked by the U.S. Olympic Committee to design the Pan American Games and U.S. Olympic Team's uniforms in 1976. He also designed the uniforms for the Girl Scouts, the New York Police Department, and the Avis Rent a Car System.
Later years
In 1983, Halston signed a six-year licensing deal worth a reported $1 billion with retail chain J. C. Penney. The line, called Halston III, consisted of affordable clothing, accessories, cosmetics and perfumes ranging from $24 to $200. At the time, the move was considered controversial, as no other high-end designer had ever licensed their designs to a mid-priced chain retail store. While Halston was excited about the deal and felt that it would only expand his brand, the deal damaged his image with high-end fashion retailers who felt that his name had been "cheapened". Bergdorf Goodman at the time dropped his Halston Limited line from their store shortly after plans for Halston III were announced.
In 1983, Halston Limited, which was owned by Norton Simon, Inc., was acquired by Esmark Inc. After the acquisition, Halston began to lose control over his namesake company and grew frustrated. As the label changed hands (it would be owned by Playtex International, Beatrice Foods and four other companies), Halston continued to lose control and, by 1984, was banned from creating designs for Halston Enterprises. He attempted to buy back his company through protracted negotiations. Halston Enterprises was eventually acquired by Revlon in 1986. Halston was paid a salary by Revlon but had stopped designing clothing for the company. He continued designing for family and friends, most notably Liza Minnelli and Martha Graham. In 1986, Halston designed the costumes for the Martha Graham Dance Company's Temptations of the Moon. After his contract with Revlon expired, he was in talks to sign a new contract with the company but stopped negotiations after he learned that Revlon planned to continue the line without his input. The line continued on with various designers until 1990, when Revlon discontinued the clothing portion of the line but continued selling Halston perfumes.
Personal life
Halston's on-again off-again lover was Venezuelan-born artist Victor Hugo. The two met while Hugo was working as a makeup artist in 1972. They began a relationship and Hugo lived on and off in Halston's home. Halston soon hired Hugo to work as his window dresser. Their on-and-off relationship lasted a little over ten years.
According to The New York Times, Halston was known to have had an affair with fashion designer Luis Estevez.
Death
In 1988, Halston tested positive for HIV. After his health began to fail, he moved to San Francisco, where he was cared for by his family. On March 26, 1990, he died of Kaposi's sarcoma, an AIDS-defining illness, at the California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco. His remains were cremated.
Commemoration
In June 1990, Halston's longtime friend the singer and actress Liza Minnelli sponsored a tribute at Lincoln Center's Alice Tully Hall that was followed by a reception hosted by his friend Elsa Peretti.
In 2010, Halston was the subject of the documentary Ultrasuede: In Search of Halston.
From November 2014 to January 2015, a traveling exhibition entitled Halston and Warhol Silver and Suede was sponsored by the Warhol Museum and co-curated by Halston's niece Lesley Frowick.
From February to April 2015, an exhibition was held in the museum of the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City to celebrate Halston's 1970s fashions.
In March 2017, Halston Style, a retrospective of his career, opened at the Nassau County Museum of Art. The retrospective was curated by Halston's niece Lesley Frowick and features material derived from his personal archives that he gave to her before his death. Frowick also authored the accompanying catalogue, Halston: Inventing American Fashion.
In May 2019, the documentary Halston, directed by Frédéric Tcheng was released. The documentary revived interest in Halston and The Halstonettes. In May 2019, The New York Times released an article, "Halston’s Women Have Their Say" which outlined many of the Halstonette women reflecting on their experience. A similar article was published in August 2019, by CNN titled, "Free Inside Our Clothes: Top Models Remember What It Was Like to Walk a Halston Show".
According to fashion critic Robin Givhan, when Tom Ford relaunched Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent in the late 1990s, he found his inspiration in the glittering glamour of Halston's style: "When Ford added Yves Saint Laurent to his workload in 1999, he did due diligence in researching the house's history. But his work continued to display a louche attitude that recalled the best of Halston."
Ewan McGregor portrayed the designer in the television miniseries Halston, which premiered May 14, 2021 on Netflix, adapted from the 1991 biography Simply Halston by Steven Gaines.
Company
Since Halston's death in 1990, his namesake company changed hands several times.
After Revlon ceased production of the clothing portion of the company in 1990, it was purchased by Borghese in 1991. In 1996, sportswear firm Tropic Tex bought the Halston clothing license (Revlon still retains the rights to Halston fragrances) and hired designer Randolph Duke to relaunch the line. Duke's first collection debuted in fall 1997 to critical acclaim. Mariah Carey, Celine Dion and Minnie Driver (who wore a crimson Halston dress to the 70th Academy Awards ceremony) were among the celebrities to wear the new Halston creations. By 1998, Duke left the company after it was sold to Catterton-Simon, a private equity fund. Later that year, designer Kevan Hall was hired as head designer for the label then called House of Halston. Hall's first collection for the label debuted in Spring 1998 to critical acclaim. In 1999, Catterton-Simon sold Halston Enterprises to Neema Clothing. Head designer Kevan Hall left the House of Halston in 2000.
After Hall's departure, Halston's new owner, James J. Ammeen, planned to relaunch the Halston line as a luxury brand and hired designer Bradley Bayou. Bayou's line, Bradley Bayou for Halston, was worn by Oprah Winfrey and Queen Latifah. Bayou left Halston in frustration in 2005 after Ammeen refused to give Bayou more money for advertising.
In 2006, Jimmy Choo co-founder Tamara Mellon, stylist Rachel Zoe, and film producer Harvey Weinstein partnered with Hilco Consumer Capital to purchase the line in another effort to relaunch it. Problems about the line's new direction quickly arose when Tamara Mellon and Rachel Zoe could not agree on a designer. Former Versace designer Marco Zanini was eventually hired in July 2007.
From 2007 to 2008, Halston under the Tamara Mellon administration approached and voted in Chris Royer as the Halston Archivist and a member of their advisory board. She developed the Hilco/Halston Archive of over 300 Halston vintage unique pieces, which included editorial articles and all background information in reference to Halston design. In 2008, Chris Royer curated the “Neiman Marcus Halston Glam" exhibition in San Francisco utilizing the Halston/Hilco archives. And certain pieces were loaned again in 2014 for the "Halston and Warhol: Silver and Suede" traveling exhibition.
Zanini's Halston collection debuted in February 2008 to mixed reviews. Zanini left Halston in July 2008 and a British designer, Marios Schwab, was hired in May 2009. Halston Enterprises then decided to launch a second line called Halston Heritage. The Heritage line is based on archived sketches by Halston with modern updates. In 2009, actress Sarah Jessica Parker wore two Halston Heritage dresses in the film Sex and the City 2 and the company hired her as the president and chief creative officer for the mainline. She also oversaw the Halston Heritage line.
In February 2011, Marios Schwab released his first Halston collection for the autumn/winter season. During her tenure as creative director, Sarah Jessica Parker chose jeweler Jacqueline Rabun to design a selection of silver accessories.
Nevertheless, Schwab's collection debuted to negative critical reception. In the August 2011 issue of American Vogue, Sarah Jessica Parker revealed that she had left the company. Schwab and Harvey Weinstein left the company shortly thereafter.
In late 2011, Hilco Consumer Capital consolidated ownership and brought in Ben Malka, former president of BCBG, to continue the Halston Heritage business as chairman and CEO. Malka enlisted the help of Marie Mazelis, the former creative director of Max Azria and Hervé Léger, to spearhead the re-launch of the contemporary line. Hilco decided to focus exclusively on the Halston Heritage ready-to-wear activity and invested an additional $7.5 million for its development.
In September 2012, the company moved its headquarters from New York to Los Angeles. In February 2013, Halston Heritage signed a deal with the Majid Al Futtaim Group for distribution of its products in the United Arab Emirates. In 2015, the company sold H by Halston and H Halston to the company Xcel that specializes in bringing fairly known brands to mass market outlets.
The fall 2018 collection was focused on athleisure apparel.
Ken Downing was named the creative director of Halston in 2022.
References
External links
Company website
American fashion designers
1932 births
1990 deaths
AIDS-related deaths in California
American company founders
American fashion businesspeople
American LGBT businesspeople
American gay artists
LGBT fashion designers
American milliners
High fashion brands
Clothing companies established in 1968
Design companies established in 1968
1968 establishments in New York City
Artists from Des Moines, Iowa
LGBT people from Iowa
People from Evansville, Indiana
Gay businessmen
Luxury brands
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
American people of Norwegian descent
Deaths from cancer in California
20th-century American businesspeople
1970s fashion
20th-century American LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halston |
Malacca High School (MHS) is a secondary school in Malacca, Malaysia. Founded on 7 December 1826, it is the second oldest recorded school in the country after only Penang Free School. It was awarded cluster school status and is known as one of the premier schools in Malaysia.
History
Establishment
On 7 December 1826, MHS was officially established; just after Malacca was made a British colony on 17 March 1824, when the Dutch ceded Malacca to the English after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.
The establishment of the school (then known as Malacca Free School) was initiated by Thomas H. Moor who came to Malacca in 1825 on orders by William Milne who was one of the educators at the Anglo-Chinese College. In his letter dated 4 January 1825, he stated his wishes to Arundel in London to establish a school. The establishment of the school was also supported by some influential people including James Humphrey, a Superintendent in the London Missionary Society. The startup of Malacca High School was directly related to the closing of the Dutch-Malay school which was established in January 1815 by Christian missionary during the Dutch reign. The school was closed when Malacca was handed over to the British by the Dutch.
School motto
Meliora Hic Sequamur
This old main motto stands for "Here We Strive For Better Things". The motto was introduced by the Principal of Malacca High School L.W. Arnold. He was stationed in the school from 1931 to 1934. The use of the motto coincided with the shifting of the school from the High Court Building to the current location. The official opening of the school was in October 1931. The Motto obviously was chose to coincide with the abbreviation of MHS for the school. And that Headmaster Arnold was definitely purposeful in giving the translation of Meliora Hic Sequamur (=MHS) for the Malacca High School (=MHS) as such according to his own interpretation.A check with its actual Latin meaning, shows that the translation should have been "Let us follow (sequamur) the melody ( meloria) here (hic)"
School emblem
The school emblem was introduced in 1931. During this time the School Board of Governors was established and the motto "Meliora Hic Sequamur" was established. Originally, the school emblem reflected ‘History,’Resilience’ and ‘Strength’.
The ‘A Famosa’ logo was used and the colour of green and maroon were used. At the bottom of the logo, ‘ Meliora Hic Sequamur‘ was etched. At the beginning, this logo was used by the school prefects only but from 1970 all students wear the logo.
Principals
1826 - T.H. Moor
1843 - John Overee
1862 - T. Smith
1878 - Alex Armstrong (A. Armstrong)
1893 - J. Howell
1916 - C.F.C. Ayre
1921 - C. Beamish
1924 - C.G. Coleman
1930 - T.A.O. Sullivan
1931 - L.W. Arnold
1934 - L.A.S. Jermyn
1941 - C.A. Scott, Lee Chin Lin
1945 - Goh Tiow Chong
1946 - C. Foster, C.J. Gurney
1950 - G.P. Dartford
1952 - F.T. Laidlaw, E.H. Bromley
1956 - A. Atkinson
1957 - W. Gibson
1958 - K. Kandiah, Ee Tiang Hong
1960 - C.T. Wade, Goh Keat Seng
1965 - Tan Teik Hock
1969 - Lim Leng Lee
1970 - K. Anandarajan
1972 - Chan Ying Tat
1985 - Abdul Rafie Mahat
1991 - Mohammad Ismail
1994 - Hussin Abdul Hamid
1996 - Mohd Zin Abdul Hamid
1998 - Othman Ibrahim
2000 - Noh Ahmad
2001 - Ya'amah Mohd Dris
2003 - Mohd Ali Saed
2006 - Yusof Ahmad
2007 - Abd. Razak Che Ngah
2014 - Ramnan Saidun
Notable alumni
Politics and Civil Service
Lim Guan Eng, MP for Bagan, and former Chief Minister of Penang and Finance Minister of Malaysia
Mohd Ali Rustam, Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Melaka
Abu Zahar Ithnin (Former Malacca Chief Minister)
M.K. Rajakumar
Tan Cheng Lock (one of the founding fathers of modern Malaysia and the founder of the Malaysian Chinese Association)
Tan Siew Sin (former Minister of Commerce and Industry, Finance Minister and former president of the Malayan Chinese Association)
Literature
Shirley Geok-Lin Lim (UCLA Professor of English who chairs the School of Education of UCLA, winner of Commonwealth Poetry Prize and National Book Award)
Education
Anuwar Ali currently President of Open University Malaysia
Extra-curricular activities
There are now 9 uniform units. Among them are Scouts, Red Crescent Society, PKBM (Land), Police Cadets, KRS, Fire Brigade Cadets, Marching Band, Silat Seni Gayong and JPA3.
Sports houses
The house system was introduced in 1923. Every student was assigned a "house" named after historical figures. The sports houses in the school are:
Albuquerque
Famosa
Minto
Raffles
St Francis
Van Dieman
Starting from January 2014, all the sports houses were changed from 6 to 4. The new names for the sport houses are:
Red St. Francis
Yellow/Orange Raffles
Blue Albuquerque
Green Famosa
Further reading
Malacca High School The Optimist School Magazines
Our Story' Malacca High School (1826-2006)
References
External links
MHS alumni portal
Tourism Melaka
MHS Official Site
EarthExplode.Org Retrieved on 31 May 2007
EEOrg - History of MHS Retrieved on 31 May 2007
EEOrg - MHS Buddhist Society Retrieved on 31 May 2007
Secondary schools in Malaysia
Buildings and structures in Malacca City
Educational institutions established in 1826
1826 establishments in British Malaya
Publicly funded schools in Malaysia
Christian schools in Malaysia
Boys' schools in Malaysia
Schools in Malacca | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca%20High%20School |
The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America is a 2006 book by conservative American author and policy advocate David Horowitz. Contending that many academics in American colleges hold anti-American perspectives, Horowitz lists one hundred examples who he believes are sympathetic to terrorists and non-democratic governments.
Argument
Following the controversy over Ward Churchill's essay about the September 11 attacks, "On the Justice of Roosting Chickens," Horowitz argued that there were many "careers like Ward Churchill’s." He wrote that "Not all of the professors depicted in this volume hold views as extreme as Ward Churchill’s, but a disturbing number do" and "it would have been no problem to provide a thousand such profiles or even ten times the number." Horowitz uses quotes from the professors he names, and argues that two controversies involving former Harvard University President Lawrence Summers show that administrators refrain from challenging radicals. Horowitz devoted three pages to the defense of long-deceased Senator Joseph McCarthy, a defense that criticized Victor Navasky, the former longtime editor of The Nation and now professor of journalism at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.
Responses by persons mentioned
Horowitz accuses Eric Foner, former president of the American Historical Association, of being an "apologist for American Communism." Foner said, "Mr. Horowitz's 'chapter' on me is full of errors, beginning with the long quote with which he opens, which was written by someone else, not me. This is a fair example of the reliability of his work. But to get into a debate about Horowitz is a waste of time, and accords his attacks a legitimacy they do not deserve."
Horowitz wrongly attributed to Foner a statement by the late British author and journalist, Paul Foot. In the introduction to his book, Horowitz said the profiles were written by 30 researchers he had hired. He wrote: "I have revised and edited all of the profiles contained in this text and rewritten many ... I am ultimately responsible for their judgements and accuracy." On his blog, Horowitz admitted wrongly attributing material to Foner, blamed the error on the 30 researchers, and went on to say that the errors in his book are "inconsequential."
Horowitz accused Dana L. Cloud, associate professor of communication studies at the University of Texas at Austin, as an "anti-American radical" who "routinely repeats the propaganda of the Saddam regime." Along with the 99 other professors in his book, Horowitz accuses her of the "explicit introduction of political agendas into the classroom" (pp. 93, 377).
Cloud replied in Inside Higher Ed that her experience demonstrates that Horowitz does real damage to professors' lives—and that he should be viewed that way, not just as a political opponent.
Horowitz also alleged that professor Michael Bérubé's classes "often have little to do with literature," and that Bérubé believes "religious people were to be regarded as simply irrational."
Bérubé, who teaches at Penn State University and sits on the National Council of the American Association of University Professors, replied that Horowitz "knows nothing about my classroom demeanor or my record as a faculty member. If he were a college student and tried to get away with this garbage, he would indeed be flunked—not for his conservatism, but for his mendacity." Bérubé was also invited to comment at Horowitz's magazine, and Bérubé wrote a response to questions provided by Horowitz's assistant. Horowitz published only an excerpted version of his response, prompting accusations of dishonesty from Bérubé.
The sociologist Todd Gitlin, who was included in the book, wrote a scathing response claiming that "Horowitz has absolutely no idea what I do in the classroom" and that his "idea of research is cherry-picking". Gitlin also added that Horowitz' standards of danger do not include "Holocaust deniers, white supremacists, or advocates of torture".
Reviews
The review in the industry news digest Publishers Weekly stated that Horowitz's "intention to expose the majority of these professors as 'dangerous' and undeserving of their coveted positions seems petty in some cases, as when he smugly mocks the proliferation of departments dedicated to peace studies or considers 'anti-war activist' as a character flaw... the most egregious crimes perpetrated by the majority of these academics is that their politics don't mesh with Horowitz's."
Shortly after the book was released in January 2006, Neil Gross, assistant professor of sociology at Harvard University, wrote a review for the Boston Globe calling it poor scholarship and criticizing it for being one-sided, noting that Horowitz was especially eager to criticize Marxists.
In the Los Angeles Times, columnist Rosa Brooks wrote that Horowitz's real agenda was to marginalize or eliminate "academics who deviate from the right-wing party line."
A USA Today article, citing the report by Free Exchange on Campus mentioned above, stated that "The book profiles faculty who Horowitz says represent the kind of disorder going on in college classrooms today. But professor by professor, the report cites errors, fabrications and misleading statements", and concludes that Horowitz's research is "manipulated to fit his arguments". Citing the report's findings, the newspaper said Horowitz accuses sociology senior lecturer Sam Richards of reinforcing class lessons "with 'out-of-class' assignments that include the viewing of left-wing propaganda films, such as The Oil Factor, from which students learn that the 'war in Afghanistan has turned into a bloody quagmire,' ... and Occupation 101, about the horrors of Israel's 'occupation' of Palestinian terrorists, Richards responded, in the report, to the book's claims, saying Horowitz "disingenuously fails to note that students also receive credit for attending 'conservative' events, including a talk by none other than David Horowitz!"
Charles McGrath, reviewing the book for The New York Times, wrote "you have to wonder what Mr. Horowitz is so worried about. If indeed there is a professorial cabal dedicated to converting American students to Marxism, or worse, it is manifestly failing. The country is more conservative than it has been in decades, and by far the most popular undergraduate major these days is business." McGrath wrote that Horowitz is concerned with "a pervasive liberal bias at American universities" and that "Academic freedom is being so abused by such people, Mr. Horowitz believes, that he has drawn up an Academic Bill of Rights that, if its conservative supporters have their way, would put the state, and not the university, in charge of reviewing what professors are entitled to say."
In the National Review, Alston B. Ramsay wrote: "For anyone who has monitored higher education's pulse rate even cursorily during the last three decades, the central premise of The Professors will come as no surprise: Our universities have been hijacked by a band of rabid, anti-intellectual liberals more concerned with advancing ideological agendas—usually of the "social justice" variety—than with educating students. (Predictably, both the ACLU and the National Education Association have blasted the book.)"
In its review, the progressive group Media Matters for America stated that Horowitz mentioned "nothing but out-of-class activities" and speech in 52 of the 100 profiles in the book.
Paul Weyrich of the conservative Free Congress Foundation commented that "Horowitz estimates that there are about 60,000 of these radical professors in every part of the nation ... We are not talking about liberals here. Horowitz is clear that while he thinks liberals are wrong they are entitled to their opinions. Rather, we are talking about the most vile, America-hating Stalinist-style professors who will accept no dissent. They preach tolerance and then practice the opposite."
In a March 2007 debate with Horowitz, American Association of University Professors President Cary Nelson told the author: "That’s largely a book in which for many of those people their primary works of scholarship are simply set aside and ignored. Occasional political comments are taken out of context sometimes, letters to the editor, you know, occasional political interventions and their entire lives—and their meaning and their presence in American culture is evaluated on the basis of those occasional statements. That to me, as a scholar, was a fundamental violation of fairness."
References
External links
Free Exchange on Campus, which is critical of Horowitz's methodology; Free Exchange on Campus says Horowitz is sloppy based on their fact checking his book.
2006 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books by David Horowitz
English-language books
Political books
Regnery Publishing books
Works about academia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Professors |
A quadruple bond is a type of chemical bond between two atoms involving eight electrons. This bond is an extension of the more familiar types double bonds and triple bonds. Stable quadruple bonds are most common among the transition metals in the middle of the , such as rhenium, tungsten, technetium, molybdenum and chromium. Typically the ligands that support quadruple bonds are π-donors, not π-acceptors.
History
Chromium(II) acetate, Cr2(μ-O2CCH3)4(H2O)2, was the first chemical compound containing a quadruple bond to be synthesized. It was described in 1844 by E. Peligot, although its distinctive bonding was not recognized for more than a century.
The first crystallographic study of a compound with a quadruple bond was provided by Soviet chemists for salts of . The very short Re–Re distance was noted. This short distance (and the salt's diamagnetism) indicated Re–Re bonding. These researchers however misformulated the anion as a derivative of Re(II), i.e., .
Soon thereafter, F. Albert Cotton and C.B. Harris reported the crystal structure of potassium octachlorodirhenate or K2[Re2Cl8]·2H2O. This structural analysis indicated that the previous characterization was mistaken. Cotton and Harris formulated a molecular orbital rationale for the bonding that explicitly indicated a quadruple bond. The rhenium–rhenium bond length in this compound is only 224 pm. In molecular orbital theory, the bonding is described as σ2π4δ2 with one sigma bond, two pi bonds and one delta bond.
Structure and bonding
The [Re2Cl8]2− ion adopts an eclipsed conformation as shown at left. The delta bonding orbital is then formed by overlap of the d orbitals on each rhenium atom, which are perpendicular to the Re–Re axis and lie in between the Re–Cl bonds. The d orbitals directed along the Re–Cl bonds are stabilized by interaction with chlorine ligand orbitals and do not contribute to Re–Re bonding. In contrast, the [Os2Cl8]2− ion with two more electrons (σ2π4δ2δ*2) has an Os–Os triple bond and a staggered geometry.
Many other compounds with quadruple bonds between transition metal atoms have been described, often by Cotton and his coworkers. Isoelectronic with the dirhenium compound is the salt K4[Mo2Cl8] (potassium octachlorodimolybdate). An example of a ditungsten compound with a quadruple bond is ditungsten tetra(hpp).
Quadruple bonds between atoms of main-group elements are unknown. Molecular orbital theory shows that there are two sets of paired electrons in the sigma system (one bonding, one antibonding), and two sets of paired electrons in a degenerate π-bonding set of orbitals. This adds up to give a bond order of 2, meaning that there exists a double bond between the two carbon atoms in a dicarbon (C2) molecule. The molecular orbital diagram of diatomic carbon would show that there are two pi bonds and no sigma bonds. However, a recent paper by S. Shaik et al. has suggested that a quadruple bond exists in diatomic carbon, but this is disputed.
See also
Covalent bond
Bond order
References
Further reading
Chemical bonding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple%20bond |
The Presbyterian Ladies' College (informally known as PLC), is an independent, day and boarding school predominantly for girls, situated in Peppermint Grove, a western suburb of Perth, Western Australia.
Established in 1915 by the Presbyterian Church of Australia, PLC came under the control of the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977 following church union. The college moved to the current grounds (an property) in 1917. PLC's grounds consist of a junior school for years Pre-Kindy to Year 6, a middle school for Years 7 to 9, a senior school for Years 10 to 12, sporting grounds, arts centres and boarding facilities. The school currently caters for approximately 1200 students, with boys and girls enrolled from pre-kindergarten to pre-primary and girls only from Year 1 to Year 12. PLC also provides accommodation for up to 150 boarders in Years 7 to 12.
The college has been an IB World School since December 2006, and is authorised to offer the IB Primary Years Programme (PYP) and IB Middle Years Programme and the IB Diploma Programme. PLC is also registered to offer the Western Australian State Curriculum to Years 11 and 12. PLC is affiliated with the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia (AHISA), the Junior School Heads Association of Australia (JSHAA), the Australian Boarding Schools' Association (ABSA), and the Alliance of Girls' Schools Australia (AGSA).
History
On 19 August 1915 Rev George Nisbet Dods, Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Western Australia, called together a group of Ministers and Church Elders to discuss the proposal of establishing a Presbyterian college for girls, since the Church had already established the Scotch College, Perth for boys. Present at this meeting were Rev Dods, Rev Alexander Crow, Principal Oxer, Rev Daniel Ross, Peter Corsair Anderson (Principal of Scotch College, Perth), John Maxwell Ferguson, Donald John Carmichael, Inspector of Schools James Klein and Professor Alexander David Ross.
Ormiston College had been established in 1907 by Miss Constance Wilson and her two sisters in Palmerston Street, North Perth. The newly formed committee agreed to purchase Ormiston College, and the School was named Presbyterian Ladies' College and Kindergarten (Ormiston House). Wilson was taken up on her offer to continue acting as principal until a permanent one was appointed. The successful applicant was Miss Agnes Scorgie MA, a certified teacher from Glasgow University. She had also studied modern language at three European universities, and had taught for twelve years at Glasgow High School. Scorgie arrived in Fremantle on 24 February 1916 and took up her duties immediately.
In January 1917 the School's Committee was constituted as the first College Council. After considering several permanent locations for the school, it eventually settled on the purchase of William Gerald Lefroy's property on the corner of View and McNeil Streets, Peppermint Grove. After modifications and additions to the property, all boarders were transferred from North Perth, and the first classes began on the new campus in July. The school was officially opened by the Governor of Western Australia, Sir William Ellison-Macartney, on 11 August 1917. The North Perth campus remained operating as a day school until the end of 1918.
Academic performance
The school has traditionally performed well in the Western Australian Certificate of Education examinations and appear regularly among the top 10 schools in the state.
House system
As with most Australian schools, PLC utilises a house system through which students participate in Inter-House activities and competitions. The House system was introduced in 1934 by Vera Summers OBE, in her first year as principal, with three houses: Carmichael, Stewart and Ferguson. The colours chosen were those of the new uniform; navy, green and white. McNeil was added in 1943 and further expanded in 1977 with the addition of Summers and Baird. Celebrating the centenary of the school in 2015 a seventh House, Ross, was created. The House was named after Professor Alexander David Ross.
Carmichael
Colour: blue. Named for Founder, Past Treasurer and Past Chair of Council Donald John Carmichael. Emblem: Scottish Thistle
Stewart
Colour: green. Named for benefactor and Council member John Stewart. Emblem: Royal Acorn
Ferguson
Colour: red (changed from white in 1957). Named for Founder John Maxwell Ferguson. Emblem: Sunflower
McNeil
Colour: yellow. Named for early local resident, PLC Council member and benefactor Neil McNeil. Emblem: Dryas
Summers
Colour: initially white but changed to purple in 1999. Named for Vera Summers OBE who was on teaching staff from 1920 and Principal from 1934 to 1961. Emblem: White Heather
Baird
Colour: orange. Named for the Baird family from which two past Chairs of Council, one teacher and many students came. Emblem: White Cotton Grass
Ross
Colour: black. Named for Prof Alexander David Ross, who was one of PLC's Founders and served on the School Council for 41 years. Emblem: Chrysanthemum
Co-curriculum
Music
PLC offers music ensembles to both junior and senior students, including a Stage Band, three concert bands, three string orchestras, several string quartets, a combined Chorale with Trinity College, a combined string chamber orchestra with Scotch College as well as a combined symphonic wind ensemble and vocal ensemble with PLC's brother school, Scotch College.
The school also features an all female pipe band, one of only a small number throughout Australia. The Pipe Band is a long-standing tradition of the School and reflects PLC's Scottish heritage.
Visual art
At PLC there is an annual visual art exhibition exhibiting works of current students done during the school year ranging from sculpture to textiles and painting. Works from PLC have been selected over the years and in 2012 to be shown in the annual 'Year 12 Visual Art Perspectives' at the Art Gallery of Western Australia.
Performing arts
PLC also offers performing arts subjects, such as drama and dance. Dance and Drama performances are shown annually at the school, as well as year based curriculum performances. The school's Hazel Day Drama Centre is a professional standard theatre venue.
Sport
The Presbyterian Ladies' College physical education programme provides students of all abilities with opportunities to partake in recreational activities such as yoga and aerobics, and team sports such as netball, basketball, cricket, tennis, hockey, volleyball, soccer, softball, rowing, and water polo.
Inter-school competition is enabled through PLC's membership of the Junior School Heads Association of Australia (JSHAA) for primary students, and the Independent Girls Schools Sports Association (IGSSA) for middle and senior students.
Notable alumnae
Alumnae of the Presbyterian Ladies' College are known as Old Collegians, and may elect to join the schools alumni association, the PLC Old Collegians' Association (PLC OCA). Some notable Old Collegians include:
Academic
Gillian Moore – Principal of Pymble Ladies' College (1989–2007); Deputy Principal of Methodist Ladies' College, Perth (1983–88)
Entertainment, media and the arts
Claire van der Boom – Actress, best known for her appearance as Stella in the third episode of the HBO mini-series The Pacific and as Rachel Edwards in six episodes of the CBS Productions series Hawaii Five-0
Estelle Blackburn AM – Journalist and author
Katharine Brisbane AM – Theatre critic; publisher; Co-founder of Currency Press Pty Ltd
Jill Alison Crommelin – Journalist for The West Australian, The Australian Women's Weekly, The Straits Times (Singapore) and the Sunday Independent (also attended St Mary's Anglican Girls' School)
Diane Dunbar – Curator of Fine Art at the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston
Dame Alexandra Hasluck nee Darker – author and social historian
Melissa Hasluck – Film producer
Jacinta John – Actor, director, producer. Best known for her performance as Miss Casewell in the (2012/13) 60th Diamond Anniversary tour of Agatha Christie's The Mousetrap
Mary-Ellen Murdoch King – Director of Orchestra Victoria; Director of the Melbourne International Comedy Festival
Sara Macliver – classical soprano
Judy Nunn AM – Author and actress, best known for her role as Ailsa Stewart in Home and Away
Paula Voce – Seven News Perth presenter
Sue-Anne Wallace AM – CEO, Fundraising Institute Australia Ltd; Director of Techplas Pty Ltd, founding director Queensland University of Technology Cultural Precinct, former director of Education and Curatorial Programs Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney
Amelia Brown – International model
Tahnee Atkinson – Australia's Next Top Model season 5 winner, graduated 2010
Courtney Chircop – Finalist in Make Me a Supermodel, graduated 2008
Olivia DeJonge – actress, best known for playing Elle in Netflix's popular TV show 'The Society', graduated 2015
Law
Michelle Gordon AC – Justice of the High Court of Australia (also attended St Mary's Anglican Girls' School)
Marie Byles – First female solicitor in New South Wales and conservation lawyer, graduated 1916
Medicine and science
Megan Clark AC – Chief Executive of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), inaugural head of Australian Space Agency, Rio Tinto board director
Margaret Mary Henderson OBE – Consultant Physician and Consultant Emeritus, Royal Melbourne Hospital (also attended Melbourne Girls Grammar)
Joan Tully – Agricultural scientist (CSIRO, University of Melbourne, University of Queensland).
Sport
Hannah Vermeersch – Olympic rower (Australian women's eight, London 2012)
Nina Kennedy – Bronze Medalist Pole-vaulter in Commonwealth Games 2018
Jacqueline Swick – Australian representative rower 2022 World Rowing Championships.
See also
List of schools in the Perth metropolitan area
List of boarding schools
List of pipe bands
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Presbyterian Ladies' College Website
Girls' schools in Western Australia
Junior School Heads Association of Australia Member Schools in Western Australia
Presbyterian schools in Australia
Uniting Church schools in Australia
Boarding schools in Western Australia
Private secondary schools in Perth, Western Australia
International Baccalaureate schools in Australia
Educational institutions established in 1915
Private primary schools in Perth, Western Australia
1915 establishments in Australia
Peppermint Grove, Western Australia
Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian%20Ladies%27%20College%2C%20Perth |
North Platte National Wildlife Refuge is located in the U.S. state of Nebraska and includes 5,047 acres (20.42 km2). Managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the refuge is broken into four separate sections that are superimposed on U.S. Bureau of Reclamation–managed lakes and reservoirs. Together with the Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge, the two refuges form the Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge Complex.
Within the refuge is the longest continuously used bald eagle nesting site in the state of Nebraska. Since 1994, an average of two eaglets per year have been produced from this one nest alone. During fall migrations, 200,000 ducks, Canada geese, herons, and other waterfowl are known to use the refuge when migrating south. Since 1975, over 200 species of birds have been reported, which makes this refuge one of the finest for bird watching in the U.S. Pronghorn, mule deer, and white-tailed deer, along with raccoon, coyote, beaver, swift fox, river otter, prairie dog, and bobcat are some of the 40 species of mammal known to inhabit the refuge. Sport fishing is popular, with largemouth bass, walleye, and yellow perch considered the best game species.
The main section of the refuge is located 8 miles (12.87 km) northwest of Scottsbluff, Nebraska, the principal city of the Scottsbluff Micropolitan Statistical Area. The refuge consists of multiple lakes, most notably Lake Minatare, part of the Lake Minatare State Recreation Area.
See also
Lake Minatare Lighthouse
References
External links
National Wildlife Refuges in Nebraska
Protected areas of Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska
Protected areas established in 1916
1916 establishments in Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Platte%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge |
Melkbosstrand (Afrikaans for "Milkbush beach") is a coastal town located on the South West Coast of South Africa, 30 km north of Cape Town. It forms part of the City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, the municipality governing Cape Town and its greater metropolitan area.
Named after the species of Euphorbiaceae bushes which grow on the dunes and give off a milky latexlike substance, it is commonly referred to simply as Melkbos. The town and its 7 kilometre stretch of white sand beach is situated on the Atlantic coast with the Blouberg mountain to the east. The beach is popular with surfers. It is one of the landing points for the South Africa-Far East, South Atlantic/West Africa and Equinao submarine cable systems.
Melkbosstrand is along the Blaauwberg region of the City of Cape Town within which it became incorporated when metropolitan boundaries were redrawn, following the advent of democracy in 1994. Its nearest neighbouring towns are Bloubergstrand to the south and Atlantis to the north-east. Melkbos is protected from urban development owing to its location in an expansive nature conservation zone to the South, insulating it from the Bloubergstrand sprawl, and the security buffer zones of Koeberg nuclear power station to the North and today it remains a pristine seaside resort.
Gabriel Battista
(previously known as Losperd's Bay) (meaning, in old Dutch: the Bay of Lost Horses) is the site of the Battle of Blaauwberg (1806) whereby the Cape ceased to be occupied by French-Batavian troops and became a Colony of the British Crown. The French had occupied the Cape from 1781 to 1783, after a fleet under the flag of celebrated admiral Bailli de Suffren anchored just north of Melkbosstrand. A cannon set on Melkbosstrand foreshore commemorates the battle itself. Numerous shipwrecks, some dating back to the Portuguese Discoverers of the Early Renaissance, are strewn along the coast of Melkbosstrand.
Ancient Khoi-San middens and stone-age archeological findings have provided research with numerous artifacts.
In terms of Colonial, Dutch vernacular architecture, the area boasts several fine examples. The farmhouse Melkbosch, the first established by the Dutch East India Company outside Cape Town, is still extant albeit in a rather poor condition following a fire. On Melkbos bay itself, much favored by the surfing community for its good swell and warmer currents, stands the Damhuis cottage (now a beach restaurant), a late 18th-century fisherman house and the last one of its kind in the area (apart from Ons Huisie, at Blouberg Beach, some five kilometres away).
In 1961, Melkbosstrand became the end point for the SAT-1 Copper cable between South Africa and Sesimbra, Portugal. In 1992, the cable was replaced by the SAT-2 fiber optic cable. Today, Melkbosstrand is still the landing point for the SAT-3/WASS undersea cable system.
It owes much of its present-day infrastructure to two significant South African apartheid government developments in the late seventies. The first, Koeberg nuclear power station, constructed with the help of the British and French some 6 km north of Melkbosstrand, necessitated the creation of high quality housing for the foreign contractors. The second, the government subsidised creation of Atlantis Diesel Engines (ADE), a joint venture between the British Perkins-Elmer and German Daimler AG brands, to bypass international sanctions imposed by United Nations Security Council Resolution 418.
Although ADE was in the industrial park of Atlantis, some 50 km north of Cape Town, subsidised housing was established in Melkbosstrand to help attract and retain the many German, British, and even South African, engineers, managers, and technicians. These houses, both for Koeberg and ADE, have long since been sold off to the public and form an interesting housing development with paved lanes, quaint housing, a club and a library, not un-reminiscent of the famed British series The Prisoner.
Melkbos features in Deon Meyer's best-selling crime novel 7 Days (7 Dae in Afrikaans original) (2012) as the place where mad sniper, cop-killer, Solomon buys spray paint for camouflage.
Economy, culture and sport
For many years Melkbosstrand has been called the "rich man's town" by its neighbouring suburbs and towns, such as Atlantis and Table View. This labelling remark is probably because Melkbosstrand is home to a host of South African celebrities (retired rugby players, actors, writers, visiting members of the House of Lords), which is mainly due to its location and its views of Table Mountain. International best-selling novelist Deon Meyer was a long time resident of Melkbosstrand as well as South-African French philosopher Philippe-Joseph Salazar.
Wild life on Melkbos beaches has always been abundant: "The most unusual scene," writes Lawrence G. Green in South African Beachcomber, " came about when greedy seals chased thousands upon thousands of maasbankers into rocky pools on the coast to the north of Melkbosch Strand. Everyone in that village turned out with baskets, caught the fish by the hundred and carried them home alive". Crayfish or Cape lobster is plentiful although fishing is strictly regulated. Fish braais (barbecues) remain a favourite pastime among locals.
References
Suburbs of Cape Town | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkbosstrand |
Kisbér () is a town in northern Hungary, in Komárom-Esztergom county. It is the administrative centre of Kisbér District. The town was first mentioned in 1277.
Royal Stud
Kisber was home to the Imperial-Royal Stud where a Thoroughbred racehorse named for the town was bred under the supervision of Stud's manager, Count Zoest. Foaled in 1873, Kisber raced in England where in 1876 he won that country's most prestigious race, The Derby. He was then sent to Paris where he won France's most important race, the Grand Prix de Paris.
Twin towns — sister cities
Kisbér is twinned with:
Câmpia Turzii, Romania
Eslohe, Germany
Kolárovo, Slovakia
Vodňany, Czech Republic
People
Lipót Baumhorn, architect
References
External links
in Hungarian and English
Populated places in Komárom-Esztergom County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisb%C3%A9r |
Jahcoozi is a German electronic music group made up of London-born, Sri Lankan-heritage songwriter and frontwoman Sasha Perera and two producers and instrumentalists, Robot Koch and Tel Aviv-born Oren Gerlitz. The band met and formed in Berlin in 2002 and have released three albums.
History
In 2005, Jahcoozi were signed by Kitty-Yo, the Berlin-based mother label of Peaches. Later that year, they released the "Black Barbie" picture-disc vinyl and a full-length debut album entitled Pure Breed Mongrel. The trio have issued three full-length albums as well as numerous other releases, including EPs, picture discs, remixes, features, and a Japanese album. They have released music on labels including Kitty-Yo, Asound/K7, Playhouse, NinjaTune, Citizen Records, Crosstown Rebels, 1965, WMF Records, and Hydra. Barefoot Wanderer came out in 2010 on Ellen Alien's Berlin-based imprint BPitch Control.
Musical style
Jahcoozi's sound has been described as consisting of abstract electronic beats within ragga, dub, and electronica; a mongrel style of avant-garde, electronic pop music. The group built up a solid fanbase with their underground shows in 2003. Songs such as "Black Barbie" and "Fish" gained them early recognition. The latter earned them a spotlight on the cult BBC show of the late John Peel, who called it "Beautiful pop music from the future". The album Barefoot Wanderer has been described as "one of the year's most disturbingly beautiful creations".
Individual projects
Robot Koch also produces and performs as a solo artist under his own name and works as a songwriter and producer for many different artists internationally. Sasha Perera co-wrote and sang the song "Silikon", featured on Modeselektor's album Hello Mom! and on Thom Yorke's iTunes playlist in 2007.
Collaborations
Jahcoozi have collaborated with and been remixed by a number of artists, including Modeselektor, Siriusmo, M.Sayiid, Barbara Panther, Ramadanman, Ikonika, Stereotyp, Asian Dub Foundation, Guillermo.E.Brown, Oliver $, RQM, King Cannibal, Mochipet, Rustie, Buraka Som Sistema, Missill, Stanton Warriors, Lexie Lee, D-Double, Tinchy Stryder, Lethal B, Kano, JME, Skepta, Ata + Sasse, Cassy, Luomo, New Flesh, Infinite Livez, Alhaca Soundsystem, Sukh Knight, Milanese, and Kalbata.
Their music has been used in games such as Grand Theft Auto and FIFA and has been featured on compilations such as the Wire Magazine Compilation and We Love Techno. The band has played at the televised opening of the IFFA Athletics World Cup at Berlin's Brandenburg Gate, the 2010 Shanghai Expo, and at clubs such as Fabric in London, Rex club in Paris, and Montreal's electronica-oriented Mutek Festival.
They travelled to Nairobi, Kenya, to participate in a music exchange project called BLNRB alongside fellow Berlin-based electronic musicians Modeselektor and Gebruder Teichmann.
Discography
Studio albums
Pure Breed Mongrel (2005)
Blitz 'N' Ass (2007)
Barefoot Wanderer (2010)
EPs
Fish 12" (2003)
V.A.: Girls EP (2004)
Rebel Futurism Part2 (2004)
Black Barbie EP (2005)
Double Barrel Name (2007)
BLN (2009)
Namedropper (2009)
Barbed Wire (2009)
Watching You (2009)
Barefoot Wanderer Remixes PT 1 (2010)
Barefoot Wanderer Remixes PT 2 (2010)
Remix albums
Nearly Naked: Barefoot Wanderer Remixes (2011)
Mixes and collaborations
Panorama - "Super Race Monkey" (2003)
Mendelson - "White Canary" (2004)
Raz Ohara - "Hymn" (2005)
Modeselektor feat. Jahcoozi – "Silikon" (2006)
Unknownmix - "The Siren" (2006)
"Black Barbie" - stereotyp remix (2006)
Asian Dub Foundation - "Altered Statesmen (2009)
King Cannibal feat. Jahcoozi - "Murder Us (2009)
References
External links
Archived website
Jahcoozi at Kitty-Yo records
German electronic music groups
Musical groups from Berlin
Kitty-Yo artists
BPitch Control artists
Downtempo musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahcoozi |
Malkohas are large birds in the cuckoo family Cuculidae. The group name is derived from the Sinhala word for the red-faced malkoha; meaning flower-cuckoo. These are all tropical species.
Cuculidae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkoha |
Sîan Webber (born 1959) is a British actress. She is known the recurring role of Ritchie Scott in BBC soap opera EastEnders, which she first played in 2005, returning regularly to the role up to and including 2023.
Career
Webber has appeared in Pie in the Sky ( Episode: A Shot In The Dark - 1994), Howards' Way (1987–89), Star Cops (a 1987 episode), The Bill (six episodes, 1993–2006), Highlander: The Series (two-part 1995 episode), Dangerfield (two-part 1995 episode), Bad Girls (two 2000 episodes), Peak Practice (a 2002 episode), Holby City (four episodes, 2004–2018), EastEnders (ongoing recurring role, with breaks, since 2005), Casualty (six episodes, 2006–2020), Waterloo Road (a 2006 episode), Midsomer Murders (a 2016 episode), Gunpowder (a 2017 episode), and the 2021 film Venom: Let There Be Carnage.
References
External links
British television actresses
British soap opera actresses
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1959 births
English soap opera actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sian%20Webber |
"Prodigal Daughter" is the 161st episode of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the 11th episode of the seventh season.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the space station Deep Space Nine. In this episode, station counselor Ezri Dax visits her family and uncovers their connection with the organized crime ring known as the Orion Syndicate. Ezri's mother Yanas is played by guest star Leigh Taylor Young.
"Prodigal Daughter" was written by Bradley Thompson and David Weddle and directed by Victor Lobl. The episode was nominated for an Emmy for outstanding art direction.
Plot
Chief Miles O'Brien has gone missing on the planet New Sydney searching for Morica Bilby, the widow of a member of the Orion Syndicate whom he befriended while undercover. Because Ezri Dax's family, the Tigans, own a mining operation on a nearby planet, she is sent to find O'Brien.
Returning home for the first time in several years, Ezri is reunited with her domineering mother, Yanas Tigan—a shrewd businesswoman—and her brothers Norvo and Janel, who work for the business. Yanas promises to look into O'Brien's disappearance, while criticizing Ezri's life choices. Norvo is happy to see Ezri, while Janel is bitter about how infrequently she visits. Catching up with Norvo, Ezri urges him to move away from home, escape their mother's constant criticism, and pursue his interest in art, about which he is intensely self-critical.
The local police deliver O'Brien to the Tigan home, having rescued him from a run-in with the Orion Syndicate. O'Brien has found Morica Bilby dead, and suspects she was killed by the Syndicate; the police reject this theory on the grounds that the Syndicate would never murder the widow of one of their own.
O'Brien helps Janel repair some mining equipment, which has had inexplicable malfunctions lately. Bokar, an agent of the Orion Syndicate, warns Janel that O'Brien's life will be in danger if he doesn't leave immediately. O'Brien guesses that the Orion Syndicate is intimidating the Tigans and gets Ezri's permission to check the mining company's financial records. He is stunned to learn that Morica Bilby was on the Tigan payroll at the time of her death, implying that someone close to Ezri may be involved in Morica's murder.
Ezri confronts her family with O'Brien's findings. Janel admits that Morica was on the payroll to repay a debt to the Syndicate, which bailed the mining company out of a financial crisis, but he denies killing Morica. Angered that her son struck such a corrupt deal behind her back, Yanas doubts his innocence. To everyone's surprise, Norvo admits that he killed Morica after she tried to extort more money from the family. He tries to justify his action by saying that he was never trusted to make big decisions. As a result, Norvo is sentenced to 30 years in prison. When Yanas asks Ezri to reassure her that she isn't responsible for her son's downfall, Ezri does not answer.
Reception
Michelle Erica Green of TrekNation gave the episode a negative review. Green appreciated that it gave Ezri Dax some backstory but was disappointed "did it have to be this trite and chauvinistic?"
Jamahl Epsicokhan of Jammer's Reviews rated this episode as 2.5 out of 4. Darren of the m0vie blog said "It is not so much bad as it is boring". He saw it as an example of the pressure of television production where the writers did not have time to assemble the story in a way that made sense, and criticized the result as "an episode overburdened with exposition, populated by characters who spend more time recounting the plot to one another than forwarding the narrative."
This episode was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Art Direction for a Series.
See also
"Honor Among Thieves", the episode about O'Brien's friendship with Morica Bilby's husband
References
External links
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (season 7) episodes
1999 American television episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodigal%20Daughter%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20Deep%20Space%20Nine%29 |
Interstitial art is any work of art the basic nature of which falls between, rather than within, the familiar boundaries of accepted genres or media, thus making the work difficult to categorize or describe within a single artistic discipline.
The concept of interstitiality
The word interstitial means "between spaces", and is commonly used to denote "in-betweenness" in several different cultural contexts. Architects refer to the leftover gaps between building walls as "interstitial space", being neither inside any room nor outside the building. Medical doctors have used the term for hundreds of years to refer to a space within the human body that lies in between blood vessels and organs, or in between individual cells. Television station programmers refer to any short piece of content that is neither a show nor a commercial, but is sandwiched between them, as "an interstitial".
The interstitial arts movement
In the mid-1990s, Delia Sherman, Ellen Kushner, Terri Windling, Heinz Insu Fenkl, Midori Snyder, Kelly Link, Gavin Grant, Gregory Frost, Theodora Goss, Veronica Schanoes, Carolyn Dunn, Colson Whitehead, and other American writers interested in fantastic literature found themselves commiserating over the common perception that the genre-oriented publishing industry found it difficult to market truly innovative fiction involving unusual, fantastical, or cross-genre elements—because the mainstream literary fiction field demanded stories based in realism, while the fantasy field demanded stories that mostly followed the standard conventions of sword and sorcery or high fantasy. Yet it seemed to the authors that some of the best literature was that which didn't quite fit tidily into either category but instead was being discussed in terms of more amorphous, "in-between" descriptors such as "magic realism", "mythic fiction", or "the New Weird". Further, the idea of interstitiality applied to other kinds of "in-between" fiction (unrelated to fantasy) and other "in-between" arts.
Over a period of several years, Kushner and Sherman prompted ongoing discussion about the importance of cultivating artistic "in-betweenness" led to the formulation of the broad concept of interstitial art. In 2002, literary scholar Heinz Insu Fenkl founded ISIS: The Interstitial Studies Institute at the State University of New York at New Paltz, and in 2003–04, Sherman & Kushner and some of their colleagues established the Interstitial Arts Foundation, a 501c(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to developing community and support for artists, arts-industry professionals and audiences whose creative pursuits are interstitial in nature.
Interstitial arts projects
Interfictions
In 2007, the Interstitial Arts Foundation published an anthology of interstitial fiction through Small Beer Press titled Interfictions. It features 19 stories from new and established writers in the US, Canada, Australia, and the UK, and fiction translated from Spanish, Hungarian, and French. The anthology strives to "change your mind about what stories can and should do as they explore the imaginative space between conventional genres".
The anthology raised several questions and started many debates on the nature of interstitiality as applied to fiction. Reviewers raised the question of how important the definition, or lack thereof, was to understanding the anthology as a whole and the stories individually. "The 19 stories contained within Interfictions serve as examples but not as points of an argument that could lead to a listing in a Funk and Wagnalls."
Though many of the stories are written by science fiction, fantasy, and horror writers and contain fantastic or supernatural elements, Interfictions is not a genre anthology. "...interstitial fiction mixes and matches these precepts—ghost stories, science fiction, nursery rhymes, detective story, whatever may be handy—as part of a variegated prism to focus on the psychology of existence even while bending its collectively recognized state. ...each 'interfiction' shares this sense of disjointed narrative, but in very different ways that do not lend themselves to easy genre categorization."
Notes
Film genres
Literature
Visual arts genres | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial%20art |
Nickolas Andrew Halliwell Grace (born 21 November 1947) is an English actor known for his roles on television, including Anthony Blanche in the acclaimed ITV adaptation of Brideshead Revisited, and the Sheriff of Nottingham in the 1980s series Robin of Sherwood. Grace also played Dorien Green's husband Marcus Green in the 1990s British comedy series Birds of a Feather.
Early life and career
Grace was educated at the King's School, Chester and Forest School, Walthamstow. He trained as an actor at the Central School of Speech and Drama, where he still teaches.
He made his theatrical debut in weekly rep in Frinton-on-Sea, Essex in 1969, and appeared in Trevor Peacock's Erb later that year, which transferred to the Strand Theatre in spring 1970, his first appearance in the West End. He joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1972, and in 1973 played Aumerle there in the Ian Richardson/Richard Pasco Richard II, which transferred to Broadway.
Grace then played Hamlet for the opening of the Playhouse, Derby in 1975. Back at the RSC, from 1976 to 1978 he appeared as Dromio of Ephesus in Trevor Nunn's first ever musical, The Comedy of Errors (with Judi Dench, Michael Williams and Roger Rees), Hitler in Schweik and Witwoud in The Way of the World, directed by John Barton.
Brideshead Revisited
Grace secured the part of the flamboyant aesthete Anthony Blanche in Brideshead Revisited, which filmed off and on from 1979 to 1981. Following the success of Brideshead Revisited on television, he played Richard II at the Young Vic in 1981, and Mozart in Amadeus with Frank Finlay at Her Majesty's Theatre in 1982. He then began working in operetta, playing Koko in The Mikado and Joseph Porter in HMS Pinafore for Sadler's Wells Opera in repertoire from 1982 until 1986.
Grace was Harry Hamilton-Paul in the film Heat and Dust (1983). It was around this time that he took the role of Robert de Rainault, the Sheriff of Nottingham, in ITV's Robin of Sherwood (1984–86).
Grace's theatre work in the late 1980s and early 1990s included Jenkins' Ear by Dusty Hughes at the Royal Court in 1986, Bernstein's Candide (Old Vic/Scottish Opera/BBC) in 1988–89 and The Mystery of Irma Vep at the Haymarket Theatre, Leicester (1990), which transferred to the Ambassadors Theatre. He played Cole Porter in A Swell Party at the Vaudeville in 1991–92 and appeared as King Gama in Ken Russell's production of Princess Ida for ENO at the Coliseum Theatre in 1992.
1993–present
Following a recurring role in 1993 as the unnamed 'Consultant' on Victor Lewis-Smith's loosely hospital-based sketch show Inside Victor Lewis-Smith, Grace played Marcus Green, the long-suffering husband of Dorien in Birds of a Feather, in a couple of episodes between 1989 and 1997. He has also appeared three times as Mr Casey in the BBC Sitcom My Family.
Grace played Underling the Butler in The Drowsy Chaperone with Elaine Paige at the Novello Theatre, which ended its run on 4 August 2007. On 29 July 2009 he appeared on the UK version of Dragons Den as the proposed director of a new touring musical based around the life of Dusty Springfield.
He had a recurring role in some Doctor Who audio stories, produced by Big Finish as a Time Lord ally; Straxus, of the Eighth Doctor and Lucie Miller, (Paul McGann and Sheridan Smith) in the stories Human Resources, Sisters of the Flame and Vengeance of Morbius.
He portrayed Albert Einstein in the Doctor Who short "Death is the Only Answer".
In 2012, Grace starred in Chariots of Fire, the stage adaptation of the film of the same title. In it he played the Master of Trinity College at Cambridge University, the role originated on screen by John Gielgud.
Grace is President of the Vic-Wells Association.
TV and filmography
References
External links
Nickolas Grace at Theatricalia
1947 births
Alumni of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
Living people
People educated at Forest School, Walthamstow
People educated at The King's School, Chester
Royal Shakespeare Company members
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
People from West Kirby
Male actors from Cheshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickolas%20Grace |
Tanis is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Manche department
References
Communes of Manche | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanis%2C%20Manche |
José de Jesús Navarro Moreno, (January 20, 1913 – December 23, 1993), better known by his stage name of "Chucho" Navarro, was a Mexican singer and founding member of the Trio Los Panchos.
Chucho Navarro was born in Irapuato, Guanajuato on January 20, 1913. He was the second voice in the trio, singing harmony and playing a guitar. He continued to sing in this role until his death on December 23, 1993, at the age of 80.
See also
Los Panchos
Alfredo Gil
External links
Biography Page of Chucho Navarro at the Los Panchos Official Website. In Spanish
1913 births
1993 deaths
20th-century Mexican male singers
People from Irapuato
Singers from Guanajuato | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chucho%20Navarro |
"Şıkıdım" (; "Shake") is a song by Turkish singer Tarkan. It was originally released on his 1994 album lending its title to the album's name, Aacayipsin (Hepsi Senin Mi?). It is a Sezen Aksu song, reproduced by Laurent Marimbert and re-mixed by Yves Jaget for the European music market and included in Tarkan's compilation album Tarkan in 1998. It was released as a single after the success of his previous single "Şımarık" in 1999.
This song was later released in English as "Shikidim" on Tarkan's 2006 English-language debut, Come Closer.
This song has been covered in Persian by a Girl Group called "Silhouettt" for his debut album "Ab, Atash, Va Khak" and the song named "Paeez". It was also covered by British grime artist Skepta, Russian pop singer Philipp Kirkorov, the Israeli Duo Datz, Ukrainian singer Viktor Pavlik and Bulgarian singer Georgi Hristov.
Cover version
For film Dhoom was covered in Hindi as Shikdum, lyrics were penned by Sameer. The 'Shikdum' music is lifted from his big hit "Şıkıdım".
Track list
Şıkıdım (Hepsi Senin Mi?), 1999
Şıkıdım (Hepsi Senin Mi?) (Radio Mix) (3:15)
Şıkıdım (Hepsi Senin Mi?) (Original Version) (3:51)
Charts
External links
Single and Song Lyrics Information in English
1999 singles
Tarkan (singer) songs
1999 songs
PolyGram singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1k%C4%B1d%C4%B1m |
The Elsinore Theatre is a 1,290-seat theatre located in Salem, Oregon, United States, that first opened on May 28, 1926.
Early years
Owner George Guthrie enlisted the firm of Lawrence and Holford to design the theatre in a Tudor Gothic style meant to resemble the castle in the city of Elsinore from Shakespeare's play Hamlet. Ellis F. Lawrence, the first dean of the University of Oregon school of architecture, was the project's principal architect. The building features stained glass by the Povey Brothers and a Mighty Wurlitzer theatre organ similar to the original, which was dismantled in 1962. Originally the Elsinore was designed for live performances and silent films. Three years after its construction in 1926, Guthrie leased the theatre to Fox West Coast Theatres. It was at this time that sound movies came to the theatre.
Decline and restoration
In 1954, the theater began a general decline from its once great status in Salem into a second-run movie theater. In 1980, the Elsinore was set to be demolished. A grassroots effort known as the Save the Elsinore Committee did not want to let this historical treasure be demolished, and so began to work hard with local authorities to save the theater.
During the 1980s, the Save the Elsinore Committee obtained the consent of the owner to use the theater for 18 days of the year for free community events in order to spark public interest about the theater and its fate.
Until 1987, the theater was one of only three active movie theaters in downtown Salem (the others being the Capitol Theater just around the corner and an arthouse theater). Many of its customers came from Willamette University, drawn both by low admission prices and by the fact that the Elsinore was only two blocks off campus.
In approximately 1989, the theater was sold to Act III Theatres in conjunction with several other local movie theaters in the possession of Tom Moyer, who was the owner at the time. ACT III continued to allow the community to have limited use of the theater. ACT III did not have any interest in a 60-year-old movie theater however, and thus put it up for sale in 1990. The Save the Elsinore Committee jumped at the chance to gain ownership of the theater and launched a fundraising drive to purchase it. The funds were raised, and the theater was purchased. It continued to raise money for its operational costs through fundraising in the community and was graced by appearances from many stars at the turn of the millennium, most notably by actors James Earl Jones and Gregory Peck.
Finally, in February 2002, a deal was cut with CB2, the architectural firm also responsible for Salem's Riverfront Carousel, to help restore the Elsinore completely at an estimated cost of $3.2 million.
References
External links
The Elsinore Theatre (official website)
Elsinore history from Oregon Visitor Center website
Elsinore history from Salem Public Library
History of the Elsinore's theatre organ
Statesman-Journal article on stained glass restoration
1926 establishments in Oregon
Buildings and structures in Salem, Oregon
Cinemas and movie theaters in Oregon
Culture of Salem, Oregon
Music venues in Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Salem, Oregon
Theatres in Oregon
Tourist attractions in Salem, Oregon
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsinore%20Theatre |
Day Watch () is a fantasy novel by Russian authors Sergey Lukyanenko and Vladimir Vasilyev. The second book in the saga of Watches, it is preceded by Night Watch and followed by Twilight Watch, Last Watch, New Watch, and Sixth Watch. Day Watch also stands out of the saga as the only novel in the series not narrated mainly from Anton Gorodetsky's point of view.
While the 2006 film Day Watch bears the same name, it is actually a loose adaptation of the second half of the first book in the series, Night Watch, and not an adaptation of this novel.
The English translation by Andrew Bromfield was released in January 2007 both in the US and the UK.
Plot summary
Walking the streets of Moscow, indistinguishable from the rest of its population, are The Others. These beings possess supernatural powers and can enter the Twilight, a shadowy world that exists in parallel to our own. Each Other owes allegiance to either the Dark or the Light forces. Each side has a patrol to ensure the opposing side follows the rules of an agreement put in place millennia ago. The Light's patrol is called Night Watch and the Dark's patrol is called Day Watch, in accordance with the times when each is active.
Unauthorised Personnel Permitted
(this story is told from the point of view of Alisa Donnikova)
In the prologue, a woman named Natasha visits a witch and requests that she cast a spell to make the woman's estranged husband fall in love with her again. After Natasha strikes a deal with the witch, members of the Night Watch suddenly arrive and arrest the witch, to Natasha's great surprise and confusion.
The story shifts to Alisa Donnikova, a young yet powerful Dark Other, who leaves her house to attend a meeting with her comrades on the Day Watch. The team is on a mission to apprehend and recruit an uninitiated Other, the practicing Dark witch from the prologue who has so far eluded the bureaus responsible for finding and initiating unlicensed practitioners of magic. It seems a routine operation, but when they arrive, the Night Watch team has already made the arrest. A fierce battle ensues, during which Alisa almost dies. Drained of her powers, she is sent to recuperate at a youth camp near the Black Sea. There she meets Igor. The chemistry between them is instant and irresistible, and Alisa finds herself falling in love. But then comes a shattering revelation: Igor is a Light Magician. Alisa suddenly realizes that he was one of those involved in the battle that left her crippled. Had they known what they were, they would have not entered their relationship. But now that they know, Igor (who reacts with rage, feeling he was tricked) challenges Alisa (who reacts with a more depressed note of sadness) to a duel. Alisa allows Igor to choose the site of the battle: off-shore, in the sea. Alisa chooses not to fight back, allowing Igor to magically push her under the water and drown her. She calls Zabulon for help but is shocked to find out Zabulon has planned her death all along. While this is going on, Makar, a boy that had become infatuated with Alisa, swims out to rescue her and also drowns.
Note: The first scene of this story forms the basis for the opening of the film Night Watch. In the movie, it is Anton (not Natasha) who goes to the witch. Rather than asking that his spouse fall back in love, he asks her to cast a spell that would kill his wife's love child with her adulterous lover (he later learns that the child was actually his own). Both scenes play out in much the same way from there, but the arrival of the Day Watch and subsequent battle do not take place in the movie.
A Stranger Among Others
(this story is told from the point of view of Vitaly Rogoza)
A man named Vitaly Rogoza awakens while walking through a park late at night with no memory of his past and no knowledge of his identity. Acting on an internal instinct whose source he cannot understand, he is able to protect himself from a werewolf and board a train to Moscow. Once in Moscow and still acting on instinct, he registers his presence as a Dark Other with the Day Watch and proceeds to stumble into a series of seemingly accidental encounters with the Night Watch, often resulting in a Night Watch member dying. He kills Tiger Cub in self-defense as she seeks revenge for him setting a trap that (legally) kills a Night Watch investigator trespassing in his hotel room.
While this is taking place, a Day Watch splinter group named the "Regin Brothers" stages an attack on the Inquisition to steal a powerful artifact named "Fafnir's Talon". Only four Regin Brothers survive and they head to Moscow. Members of the Night Watch and the Day Watch both learn that the Regin Brothers will be landing in a plane at Moscow International Airport.
At the airport, both groups set up camp; the Night Watch tries to thwart the plane's landing while the Day Watch seeks to ensure it proceeds smoothly. Vitaly wanders away from the main group of Day Watch agents and inadvertently stumbles upon the Regin Brothers and two powerful Night Watch members, Gesar and Svetlana. Gesar kills one of the Regin Brothers who attempts to flee, but Vitaly accidentally winds up in possession of the talon. He steals power from Svetlana and creates a portal that allows him to escape to a forest outside Moscow. After meeting some youths camping in the forest, Vitaly returns to Moscow. Instead of returning to the Day Watch offices with the talon, however, his instincts lead him to Maxim from the first novel, who is now a member of the Inquisition. At Maxim's behest, Vitaly relinquishes the talon. Soon thereafter, the Inquisition calls a meeting to determine what is happening and who should be held responsible. Anton is called to attend, but Zabulon encourages him to commit a small act of "betrayal" by not going, with the promise that he will be able to live freely with Svetlana and avoid bloodshed.
After Vitaly and Anton have a car accident (deliberately staged by Anton) on the way to the meeting, Svetlana concludes that Anton and Vitaly are engaged in a duel that will result in Anton's death. When Vitaly arrives before Anton at the meeting alone, she assumes the worst and strikes him with all of her considerable power, leaving her dangerously drained (like Alisa above). Vitaly absorbs Svetlana's power, although his clothes and MiniDisc player are destroyed. Anton then appears and gives Vitaly his own MiniDisc player as a replacement. The Inquisition concludes that Vitaly is a mirror and not an Other in the ordinary sense; thus he does not come under the terms of the Treaty and is free to pursue his own destiny. Vitaly was able to neutralize Svetlana by his presence and restore the balance between the Night Watch and Day Watch. Svetlana is sufficiently reduced in power, so that she and Anton are now theoretically able to live as equals, as Zabulon promised. Vitaly leaves the courthouse, listening to music, and dissipates into the Twilight, his purpose fulfilled.
Another Power
(this story is told in third-person, though the action continually switches its focus between the first novel's narrator, Anton, and a second-level Dark Other, Edgar)
The third story revolves around a trial by the Inquisition to investigate the events of the first two stories. The first part of the story deals with various involved parties travelling to Prague (where the trial will be held), the second part involves the characters meeting in a number of different configurations and talking, the third part involves the trial itself.
All of the surviving major characters of the first two stories are on their way to Prague, which is the new location of the Inquisition after the Regin Brothers destroyed the old one. Edgar, a fairly high level operative, is going to plead the Day Watch's case. Edgar assures the 3 remaining Regin Brothers that the Day Watch will protect them. Anton is going as a prosecutor for the Night Watch. Igor is already there being put up (but not held in custody) by the Inquisition.
In Prague, Anton meets an American Air Force pilot who is also a Light Mage. The pilot is proud of his work (bombing Kosovo). Anton is appalled that anyone can perform such evil acts and still align themselves with the Light. Anton and Edgar meet over beer and discuss Dark versus Light philosophy. Edgar shows that he is not an especially enthusiastic Dark Other, but he is dedicated to doing his job. Anton then goes to visit Igor while Edgar, left to his own devices, uncovers a lot of evidence to indicate that Zabulon is setting him up to be killed in order to facilitate the resurrection of Fafnir. He is frightened and angered by this prospect.
Meanwhile, Anton, eager to distract the suicidal Igor, gets him roaring drunk on Vodka and attempts to draw him into a strategy session to try to figure out what the Day Watch is up to, with some success. They wonder whose destiny it was that Olga changed at the end of Night Watch and here it is revealed that, though Svetlana's child—foretold by Gesar to be a girl—would have always been a powerful Light Other, the changes mean that her birth has been timed to make her daughter a Light Messiah. Gesar arrives and pleads with Igor to stick around for at least another 20 years. Igor is non-committal.
The next day, the trial begins. The Regin Brothers are tried first and are found guilty only of lesser crimes: though they transported Fafnir's Talon, they did not participate in its theft. They are stripped of all but the very least of their magical powers and then allowed to go. The focus of the trial then shifts to the events of the novel's first story. A number of minor charges against Gesar and Zabulon are dismissed via technicalities. Anton accuses Zabulon of indirectly arranging the duel between Igor and Alisa and blames Zabulon for the death of Makar, the young boy who drowned trying to save Alisa. Edgar and Zabulon challenge the Night Watch operatives to present proof, but neither Anton nor Igor can do so.
In order to get to the bottom of the case, the Inquisition temporarily resurrects Alisa, who implicates Zabulon in her demise, stating that Igor was not responsible for her death. Igor is cleared of all charges. However, when Alisa is sent back to the Twilight, Igor follows her, dying himself. Zabulon is ecstatic, admitting that he had indeed planned to sacrifice Alisa in order to remove Igor, saying that Igor was the only one that could have trained the upcoming Light Messiah. Since Zabulon's plan involved an even trade—Alisa for Igor—he has not violated the treaty, and the Inquisition clears him of charges. As Svetlana leaves, she tells Zabulon, "May no one ever love you." Gesar sends Anton to find her, while the rest of the individuals at the trial depart the scene. Edgar approaches a member of the Inquisition, Witezslav, who invites Edgar to "try on" an Inquisitor's robe. Edgar reluctantly takes the robe from Witezslav while mentioning that Svetlana's "curse" is pointless because Zabulon doesn't need anyone to love him anyway.
Note: This story is the only one in the hexalogy without a first-person narrator.
Characters
Light Others
Anton Gorodetsky (Light Mage) - a reluctant member of Night Watch, in the beginning of the first book, preferred mundane, technical jobs to actual field work. The events of the series forced him to step up and become a full-fledged operative. They also made him considerably more cynical about the cause of Light Others. His favorite pastime is listening to randomly arranged custom mini-discs. During the course of the novel, he and Svetlana relationship becomes rocky but the novel ends with the knowledge that Anton will be the father of Svetlana's child.
Boris Ignatievich/Gesar (Grand Light Mage) - an ancient mage of Tibetan descent who taught a number of heroes and philosophers during his lifetime. He moved to Europe during the early 15th century. Although he has had many opportunities to advance to high-level posts within Night Watch, he chose to remain a regional director of the Moscow division. Gesar is a battle-hardened tactician who's been known to turn devastating defeats into small victories. He cares a great deal about his subordinates, though he doesn't hesitate to put them in harm's way for the sake of greater good.
Svetlana (Grand Light Sorceress) - a young doctor who became a Great Light Enchatress. She is destined to be a mother of the Light Messiah. Her powers were severely drained by the Mirror.
Olga (Grand Light Sorceress) - an old friend and an occasional lover of Gesar who was turned into an owl for breaking obligations she had to the light side. Prior to the events of Day Watch, that punishment was lifted and she was restored to full power. She also wrote in the book of destiny in order to affect the date of the Light Messiah's birth indirectly (since changing the destiny of an Other directly is very difficult).
Semyon (Light Mage) - a crusty, experienced mage with a wryly cynical outlook on the world. Unlike many of his fellow mages, he is a capable fighter even without his magic.
Tiger Cub/Katya (Shifter-Mage) - a young, playful mage with a penchant for jewels and amulets. She is highly regarded both by Dark and Light Others. It has been said that she could charm anyone. As the name implies, tiger is her animal form. She has a large house riddled with secret passages. While fighting with the mirror, Vitaly, she was crushed and killed by one of his spells.
Bear (Shifter-Mage) - a reclusive, quiet mage known for his calculated, brutal tactics. It has been continuously speculated that he was originally a Dark Other, despite the well-known fact that once the choice is made, the Others can't change sides. His animal form is a large polar bear. He is frequently partnered with Tiger Cub and is greatly saddened with her demise.
Ignat (Light Incubus/Succubus) - a self-absorbed mage with "[the] face of a Hollywood actor and [the] body of a Greek god". He prides himself on being able to bed any woman (or man, he doesn't care). As a result, he takes failure very hard.
Garik (Light Mage) - a shy mage infamous for his bad luck with women.
Alisher (Light Mage) - a weak magician born from a devona father and a human mother. Alisher's father was killed by Alisa Donnikova in the first book. Afterward he became Gesar's new apprentice. It was suggested that he might play an unknown role in Gesar's plan.
Igor Teplov (Light Mage) - an idealistic mid-level mage. Despite his youthful appearance, he was born in the late 1920s. He is dedicated to the cause of Light Others, though his refusal to compromise his principles has occasionally caused problems. He was drained of his powers during a battle again the Dark Others and sent to a camp at the Black Sea to recuperate. He fell in love with Alisa while she too was recovering from a power drain, while both were unable to recognize each other as Others. Upon discovering Alisa was a Dark Other, he took it badly and challenged her, which led to her death as she didn't fight back. A year later, during the Fafnir incident, he willingly banished ("dematerialized") himself into the Twilight in order to be with Alisa, much to Gesar's chagrin.
Dark Others
Zavulon (spelled Zabulon in the English translation) (Grand Dark Mage) - an ancient schemer about the same age as Gesar. His true form has taken on demonic characteristics because he had spent a great deal of time in the Twilight. He expressed interest in taking Alisa back, so long as she did what she was told (only to reveal that he was just using Alisa as part of his plan). He knew Lewis Carroll.
Alisa Donnikova (Dark Witch) - a young witch with the penchant for mischief and discreet mind manipulation. She was killed as a result of Zavulon's scheme to deprive the Light Messiah of the proper teacher. She was temporarily resurrected to testify during the Farnir affair.
Anna Lemesheva (Dark Witch) - a senior witch who used to be Zavulon's lover. She became jealous after Zavulon took a favour in Alisa. She was used as the vessel to rematerialize/resurrect Alisa temporarily.
Edgar (Dark Mage) - a strong dark mage (1-2 level) who was transferred to Moscow from an Estonian Day Watch on Zavulon's behest. Although he was, for a while, a steadfast supporter of the Dark Other's cause, he found many aspects of the Dark Others' lifestyle distasteful. After getting tired of Zavulon's schemes, he joins the Inquisition.
Unaffiliated
Maxim (Inquisitor) - a middle-class Light Other whose powers emerged before Night Watch could find him. Feeling compelled to seek out evil, he hunted and killed low-level Dark Others with an enchanted wooden dagger. Upon discovering the truth about the Others, he joined the Inquisition.
Vitaly Ragoza (The Mirror) - a minor Other who was not associated with either side, but was turned into the Mirror by the Twilight itself in order to correct the imbalance between the Night Watch and Day Watch in Moscow. As the Mirror, he had an ability to match the power level of any Other he was combating at the time. In the span of two weeks, he killed Tiger Cub and drained Svetlana's power. Upon completing his mission, he vanished into the Twilight.
Witezslav (Inquisitor): a Higher Vampire Dark Other. Anton was shocked to learn that there was a Vampire among the Prague Inquisition. In Czech - Vítězslav.
Egor (Other) - a young and rare Other who was affiliated to neither Light nor Dark. It was suggested that he could become a Mirror like Vitaly.
See also
Characters in the Night Watch Universe
Night Watch
References
External links
Lukyanenko's official site
Vasilyev's official site
2000 fantasy novels
Night Watch
Novels by Sergey Lukyanenko
Low fantasy novels
Heinemann (publisher) books
AST (publisher) books
2000 novels
2000 Russian novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%20Watch%20%28novel%29 |
The Great Moss Swamp (also known as the Loganburn Reservoir) is located in Otago, New Zealand. It lies in the Maniototo, close to the former gold mining route of the Old Dunstan Road, 85 kilometres to the northwest of Dunedin city centre. It is classified as a regionally significant wetland.
The swamp lies on the upper surface of the Rock and Pillar Range (the Rock and Pillars are a horst range, and thus have a very flat top). Originally an actual swamp, a dam to store water for irrigation and hydroelectricity has turned the 'swamp' into a lake as part of the Maniototo Irrigation Scheme. The swamp is drained by the Logan Burn, which feeds into the Taieri River at Paerau. There are still significant areas of swampy wetland at the southwestern end of the lake.
The Loganburn Reservoir was finished in 1983, holding about 85 million cu m of water.
In 2014 the dam was raised by 80 cm, through the addition of an 80 cm-high spillway, and increasing the height of the coping wall along the top of the dam.
This increased the storage by some 11.5 million cu m.
The dam is located on the southern end of the Rock and Pillar Range, about 12 km south of Paerau, providing irrigation for 60 farmers and 9,300ha, and power generation when water is released for irrigation.
References
Wetlands of Otago
Lakes of Otago
Reservoirs in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Moss%20Swamp |
Timila, thimila or paani, (Malayalam:തിമില) is an hour-glass shaped percussion instrument used in Kerala, South India. It is made of polished jackwood, and the drumheads made of calfskin (preferably taken from 1- to 2-year-old calf) are held together by leather braces which are also twined round the waist of the drum. This mechanism helps in adjusting the tension and controlling the sound, mainly two: 'tha' and 'thom'. It is one of the constituting instruments in Panchavadyam. It is also a major percussion instrument used in sree-bali, sree-bhootha-bali and related temple rites.
A Panchavadyam performance is begun with Timila Pattu and ends with the Timila Idachal thus making timila a very important component of the traditional Kerala percussion ensemble.
miks jonkman <3 timila
Masters of Timila
Among today's masters of timila are Kuzhoor Narayana Marar, Annamanada Parameswara Marar, Chandran Marar, Thrikkambaram Krishnankutty Marar, Karavattedath Narayana Marar, Koroth Ramakrishna Marar, Chottanikkara Vijayan, Parakkattu Thankappan, Nandappan, Ooramana Venu, Ooramana Rajan, Ooramana Aji, Kariyannur Narayanan Namboodiri, Kunissery Aniyan, Kongad Vijayan, Kongad Madhu, Vaikom Chandran, Payyannur Balakrishna Marar, Kariyannur Narayanan Namboodiri, Pallashana murali marar, Keezhillam Gopalakrishnan, Peruvanam Krishnakumar...
Renowned timila exponents of the 20th century include Annamanada Achutha Marar, Parameswara Marar, Peethambara Marar, Chengamad Sekhara Kurup, Porathuveettil Nanu Marar, Pallavur Maniyan Marar, Perumbilly Narayana Marar, Kesava Marar, Pallippat Narayana Marar, Chottanikkara Narayana Marar, Bahuleyan, Pazhur Damodara Marar, Pallavur Kunhukutta Marar and Makkoth Sankarankutty Marar.
References
Indian musical instruments
Asian percussion instruments
Kerala music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timila |
A bunker is a defensive military fortification.
Bunker and its variants may also refer to:
Places
Bunker, Missouri, U.S.
Bunker (Berlin), an air raid shelter in Germany
Bunker Creek (New Hampshire), a stream in New Hampshire, U.S.
Bunker Hill (disambiguation)
People
Bunker (surname)
Bunker Roy (born 1945), Indian social activist
Arts, entertainment, and media
Film and television
The Bunker (1981 film), a film based on the 1975 book
The Bunker (2001 film), horror film featuring Jason Flemying
Der Bunker, a 2015 German comedy-horror film
Bunker (2022 film), American horror film
The Bunker (2023 film), an American film starring Tony Todd and Tobin Bell
"The Bunker", a 2016 episode of the American television series Documentary Now!
Other arts, entertainment, and media
Bunker (character), a DC comics superhero
The Bunker (book), a 1975 history book about the last days of Adolf Hitler in the Führerbunker
The Bunker (comics), a comic book published by Oni Press
The Bunker (theatre), a fringe theatre in London 2016-2020
The Bunker (video game), a 2016 video game
"Bunkers", a song by The Vapors on their album New Clear Days
Los Bunkers, Chilean alternative rock band
Government and politics
Búnker, a faction of far-right Francoists in the period of Spanish democratic transition
International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage (BUNKER), an International treaty signed in 2001
Science and technology
Biology
Bunker (fish) or Mossbunker, a species of fish also known as Menhaden
Transport
Bunker fuel or Bunkers, fuel oil for maritime vessels
Bunkering, the storage and supply of fuel oil for maritime vessels
Fuel bunker often simply known as Bunker, the container for fuel (usually coal) on a steam tank locomotive or ship, or a chamber in a building for furnace coal
Bunkers (energy in transport), international aviation and maritime greenhouse gas emissions are sometimes referred to as emissions from 'bunkers'
Other uses
Bunker (golf), a depression near a green or fairway that is usually filled with sand
Supply Depot (Toronto), a warehouse nicknamed "The Bunker"
Führer bunker, Hitler's air raid shelter and Berlin HQ, particularly in the last months of World War II
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Paul Goddard is an Australian character actor.
Early life
Goddard was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Roles
Goddard has played Agent Brown in the film The Matrix and Stark in the science fiction television series Farscape, after having auditioned for the role of Scorpius. He has appeared in such other films as The Everlasting Secret Family, Babe, and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, as well as the television series Sons and Daughters, The Lost World and All Saints.
Goddard has worked as an acting coach on the Australian reality television show Australia's Next Top Model.
References
External links
Australian male film actors
Australian male television actors
Living people
20th-century Australian male actors
21st-century Australian male actors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Male actors from Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Goddard%20%28actor%29 |
"Bu Gece (Kır Zincirlerini)" ("Tonight - Break Your Chains") was originally formed part of Tarkan's 1997 album Ölürüm Sana (I'd Die For You) under the title of "Kır Zincirlerini". The song was written and composed by Tarkan. It was reproduced by Laurent Marimbert and re-mixed by Jeeb at ADS Studios for the European music market and included in Tarkan's compilation album Tarkan in 1998. It was released as a single after his previous two singles "Şımarık" and "Şıkıdım" in 1999. Other releases of this single only had two tracks, "Bu Gece" and "Unut Beni," as a B-side.
Track listing
Bu Gece (Kır Zincirlerini), 1999
Bu Gece(Kır Zincirlerini) Clubheroes Mix (5:33)
Bu Gece(Kır Zincirlerini) Radio Version (3:53)
Bu Gece(Kır Zincirlerini) DJ Tomcraft Mix (6:10)
Bu Gece(Kır Zincirlerini) Smash Vocal Mix (3:48)
Bu Gece(Kır Zincirlerini) Extended Version(5:29)
Bu Gece(Kır Zincirlerini) Acoustic Version (3:49)
Bu Gece(Kır Zincirlerini) Original Version (5:25)
Charts
External links
Single and Song Lyrics Information
1999 singles
Tarkan (singer) songs
Songs written by Tarkan (singer)
Turkish-language songs
1997 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%20Gece |
The Bartoli indole synthesis (also called the Bartoli reaction) is the chemical reaction of ortho-substituted nitroarenes and nitrosoarenes with vinyl Grignard reagents to form substituted indoles.
The reaction is often unsuccessful without substitution ortho to the nitro group, with bulkier ortho substituents usually resulting in higher yields for the reaction. The steric bulk of the ortho group assists in the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement required for product formation. Three equivalents of the vinyl Grignard reagent are necessary for the reaction to achieve full conversion when performed on nitroarenes, and only two equivalents when performed on nitrosoarenes.
This method has become one of the shortest and most flexible routes to 7-substituted indoles. The Leimgruber-Batcho indole synthesis gives similar flexibility and regiospecificity to indole derivatives. One advantage of the Bartoli indole synthesis is the ability to produce indoles substituted on both the carbocyclic ring and the pyrrole ring, which is difficult to do with the Leimgruber-Batcho indole synthesis.
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism of the Bartoli indole synthesis is illustrated below using o-nitrotoluene (1) and propenyl Grignard (2) to form 3,7-dimethylindole (13).
The mechanism begins by the addition of the Grignard reagent (2) onto the nitroarene (1) to form intermediate 3. Intermediate 3 spontaneously decomposes to form a nitrosoarene (4) and a magnesium salt (5). (Upon reaction workup, the magnesium salt will liberate a carbonyl compound (6).) Reaction of the nitrosoarene (4) with a second equivalent of the Grignard reagent (2) forms intermediate 7. The steric bulk of the ortho group causes a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement forming the intermediate 8. Cyclization and tautomerization give intermediate 10, which will react with a third equivalent of the Grignard reagent (2) to give a dimagnesium indole salt (12). Reaction workup eliminates water and gives the final desired indole (13).
Therefore, three equivalents of the Grignard reagent are necessary, as one equivalent becomes carbonyl compound 6, one equivalent deprotonates 10 forming an alkene (11), and one equivalent gets incorporated into the indole ring.
The nitroso intermediate (4) has been isolated from the reaction. Additionally, reaction of the nitroso intermediate (4) with two equivalents of the Grignard reagent produces the expected indole.
The scope of the reaction includes substituted pyridines which can be used to make 4-azaindoles(left) and 6-azaindoles(right).
Variations
Dobbs modification
Adrian Dobbs greatly enhanced the scope of the Bartoli indole synthesis by using an ortho-bromine as a directing group, which is subsequently removed by AIBN and tributyltin hydride.
The synthesis of 4-methylindole (3) highlights the ability of this technique to produce highly substituted indoles.
See also
Fischer indole synthesis
References
Indole forming reactions
Carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions
Name reactions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartoli%20indole%20synthesis |
C mathematical operations are a group of functions in the standard library of the C programming language implementing basic mathematical functions. All functions use floating-point numbers in one manner or another. Different C standards provide different, albeit backwards-compatible, sets of functions. Most of these functions are also available in the C++ standard library, though in different headers (the C headers are included as well, but only as a deprecated compatibility feature).
Overview of functions
Most of the mathematical functions are defined in <math.h> (<cmath> header in C++). The functions that operate on integers, such as abs, labs, div, and ldiv, are instead defined in the <stdlib.h> header (<cstdlib> header in C++).
Any functions that operate on angles use radians as the unit of angle.
Not all of these functions are available in the C89 version of the standard. For those that are, the functions accept only type double for the floating-point arguments, leading to expensive type conversions in code that otherwise used single-precision float values. In C99, this shortcoming was fixed by introducing new sets of functions that work on float and long double arguments. Those functions are identified by f and l suffixes respectively.
Floating-point environment
C99 adds several functions and types for fine-grained control of floating-point environment. These functions can be used to control a variety of settings that affect floating-point computations, for example, the rounding mode, on what conditions exceptions occur, when numbers are flushed to zero, etc. The floating-point environment functions and types are defined in <fenv.h> header (<cfenv> in C++).
Complex numbers
C99 adds a new _Complex keyword (and complex convenience macro; only available if the <complex.h> header is included) that provides support for complex numbers. Any floating-point type can be modified with complex, and is then defined as a pair of floating-point numbers. Note that C99 and C++ do not implement complex numbers in a code-compatible way – the latter instead provides the class .
All operations on complex numbers are defined in the <complex.h> header. As with the real-valued functions, an f or l suffix denotes the float complex or long double complex variant of the function.
A few more complex functions are "reserved for future use in C99". Implementations are provided by open-source projects that are not part of the standard library.
Type-generic functions
The header <tgmath.h> defines a type-generic macro for each mathematical function defined in <math.h> and <complex.h>. This adds a limited support for function overloading of the mathematical functions: the same function name can be used with different types of parameters; the actual function will be selected at compile time according to the types of the parameters.
Each type-generic macro that corresponds to a function that is defined for both real and complex numbers encapsulates a total of 6 different functions: float, double and long double, and their complex variants. The type-generic macros that correspond to a function that is defined for only real numbers encapsulates a total of 3 different functions: float, double and long double variants of the function.
The C++ language includes native support for function overloading and thus does not provide the <tgmath.h> header even as a compatibility feature.
Random-number generation
The header <stdlib.h> (<cstdlib> in C++) defines several functions that can be used for statistically random number generation.
The arc4random family of random number functions are not defined in POSIX standard, but is found in some common libc implementations. It used to refer to the keystream generator of a leaked version of RC4 cipher (hence "alleged RC4"), but different algorithms, usually from other ciphers like ChaCha20, have been implemented since using the same name.
The quality of randomness from rand are usually too weak to be even considered statistically random, and it requires explicit seeding. It is usually advised to use arc4random instead of rand when possible. Some C libraries implement rand using arc4random_uniform internally.
Implementations
Under POSIX systems like Linux and BSD, the mathematical functions (as declared in <math.h>) are bundled separately in the mathematical library . Therefore, if any of those functions are used, the linker must be given the directive -lm. There are various libm implementations, including:
GNU libc's libm
AMD's libm, github, used almost as is by Windows
Intel C++ Compiler libm
Red Hat's libm (Newlib)
Sun's FDLIBM, which was used as the basis for FreeBSD's msun and OpenBSD's libm, both of which in turn were the basis of Julia's OpenLibm
musl's libm, based on the BSD libms and other projects like Arm
Arénaire project's CRlibm (correctly rounded libm), and its successor MetaLibm and finally CORE-MATH. Uses Remez algorithm to automatically generate approximations that are formally proven.
Implementations not necessarily under a name of include:
Arm's
is a version of C/C++ math functions written for C++ (compile-time calculation)
SIMD (vectorized) math libraries include SLEEF, Yeppp!, and Agner Fog's VCL, plus a few closed-source ones like SVML and DirectXMath.
See also
C99 floating-point support
References
External links
C reference for math functions
C standard library | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20mathematical%20functions |
The Lohn Estate (, ) is a manor and estate located in Kehrsatz, canton of Bern, Switzerland. It serves as the official estate of the Swiss Federal Council. From 1942 to 1994, the Lohn Estate accommodated the official guests of the Swiss Confederation, which have included a number of heads of States and royalty. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
The manor was built in 1782 by the Tscharner family and was designed by the architect Carl Ahasver von Sinner. The estate was acquired in 1897 by the businessman Friedrich Emil Welti. In 1942, it was donated to the Swiss Confederation by Welti's widow in memory of his father, the former Federal councillor Emil Welti. The manor is a two-storey country house designed in the Neo-classical style. It features several reception rooms on the ground floor and five bedrooms on the upper floor, all adorned with paintings from the Welti collection.
History
First building
The first building on the Lohn Estate was built for the Landvogt Samuel Bondeli in the 17th century. It was a modest summer house with a garden and an avenue of trees. It passed through several owners until it came into the possession of the Tscharners, a Bernese patrician family. In 1740, Samuel Tscharner, then owner of the estate, died, leaving it to his son Abraham.
Abraham had been an officer in the Dutch army. His first wife, whom he met in Holland, died in childbirth three years after their wedding. His second wife bore him two daughters, of which the younger, Henriette Marie Charlotte, inherited the Lohn in 1755. She married the wealthy Beat Emanuel Tscharner in 1775. A few years later, they decided to replace the country house with a construction best suited to accommodating their growing family.
Second building
In 1782, Tscharner hired the Bernese architect Carl Ahasver von Sinner to design and build the manor for his family. Thereafter, the house remained a property of the Tscharner family, until the death of Henriette von Tscharner in 1897. That same year, her heirs sold the estate to Friedrich Emil Welti, the son of the Federal Council member Emil Welti. He purchased it with the indemnities of his divorce from his first wife Lydia Welti-Escher, who was accused of having cheated on him for over ten years with painter Karl Stauffer. He lived in the manor until his death in 1940. In 1942, Welti's second wife and widow Helene Welti-Kammerer donated the Lohn Estate to the Swiss Confederation, in memory of Emil Welti.
In accordance with the wishes of Welti-Kammerer, the manor was used to accommodate heads of State and governments, as well as royalty, during their official stays in Switzerland. Former guests of the estate include Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1946), Pandit Nehru, first Prime Minister of India (1949), Konrad Adenauer, first Chancellor of West Germany (1951), Sukarno, first President of Indonesia (1956), Rainier, Prince of Monaco, and Grace of Monaco (1960), Heinrich Lübke, President of West Germany (1961), Elizabeth II and Prince Philip (1980), Karl Carstens, President of West Germany (1982), François Mitterrand, President of France (1983), Richard von Weizsäcker, President of West Germany (1987), and Lech Walesa, President of Poland (1994).
The house was restored between 1959 and 1960. Since 1994, the official guests of the Swiss Confederation stay at the Hotel Bellevue Palace in Bern while the Lohn Estate is used for official events and receptions. Federal Councillors Rudolf Gnägi and Willi Ritschard have also held press meetings in the estate.
Description
Manor
The manor is a two-storey Bernese 'campagne', a type of country house characteristic of the Bernese nobility. It was designed in the Neo-classical style. A special feature of the house is that its two main façades are not on opposite sides of the building but contiguous: one is on its southern side, while the other is on its western side. The western façade is in the Neo-Palladian style and features several pilasters of the Ionic order. Another noteworthy element is that the house is not directed towards the view of the Alps, which was ostensibly neglected by von Sinner, but towards the main road and the Längenberg hills.
The house features an entertainment area on the ground floor and five bedrooms on the upper floor. The main door, located on the western façade, opens onto a large corridor spanning the entire ground floor and opens onto several reception rooms. The corridor widens onto an octagonal hall at the centre of the house, featuring a staircase on one side and a large salon on the other. The corridor ends in the main dining hall, which is installed in an annex.
The staircase leading to the upper floor is hung with large paintings, including a portrait of Helene Welti, the last mistress of the house, by Ferdinand Hodler, and a group portrait of the Welti family. It leads to a hall, identical in layout to the one on the ground floor, which leads to the five bedrooms. The large bedroom, facing the Aare valley, is known as the "Churchill Room" since the English statesman stayed there in 1946.
The manor is finely furnished, mainly with Bernese furniture in the Empire style. According to the art historian Monica Bilfinger, the vast majority of the objects in the manor, including the artwork and furniture, belonged to the Welti-Kammerer family. The rooms are equipped with 18th-century faïence cocklestoves from Peter Gnehm and the Frisching Faience Manufactory. The manor also houses paintings from the extensive Welti collection, including works by Adriaen Brouwer, Ferdinand Hodler, Cuno Amiet, Albert Anker, Alexandre Calame, Marguerite Frey-Surbek and Rudolf Koller.
Grounds
The estate features a park, a formal French garden, and a terrace. The French garden is in front of the manor's southern façade. The gate of the estate is located at the south-west corner of the grounds. From the gate, two paths lead to the manor: one for motorists, tarred and flanked with chestnut trees, and one for walkers, which runs through an avenue of lime trees. The greenery and flowers are managed by the Federal Landscaping Authority.
See also
List of castles in Switzerland
Béatrice-von-Wattenwyl-Haus
History of Bern
Emil Welti
References
External links
Opening dates and virtual tour:
Landsitz Lohn, Kehrsatz at swisscastles.ch
Palaces in Switzerland
Official residences in Switzerland
Castles in the Canton of Bern
Houses completed in 1782
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Bern
1782 establishments in Europe
18th-century establishments in the Old Swiss Confederacy
18th-century architecture in Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohn%20Estate |
David Franklin (born 7 May 1962) is an Australian actor best known to audiences for his roles as Meeklo Braca in the science fiction TV series Farscape and as Brutus in Xena: Warrior Princess.
Along with Farscape and Xena, his film appearances also include Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles and The Matrix Reloaded.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
External links
1962 births
People from Fremantle
Australian male film actors
Australian male television actors
Australian male video game actors
Australian male voice actors
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Franklin%20%28actor%29 |
The Azerbaijan Cup is a major association football competition in Azerbaijan. In its original form, it started in 1936, when Azerbaijan was a republic of the Soviet Union and it was not disputed by Azerbaijani teams in the Soviet league pyramid.
Compared to cups in many other countries, Azerbaijan attracts considerably less public interest and even the cup final is rarely sold out. Consequently, the Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan has experimented with the format in order to raise the profile of the cup.
Format
The clubs from Azerbaijan First Division (2nd tier) play in the First Round. The winners of that round advance to the Second Round, where the clubs from Azerbaijan Premier League (1st tier) join. For the quarterfinals and the semifinals, the round-robin system is used. For the finals, the format is restored to head-to-head.
Participants
All clubs from the Azerbaijan Premier League and First Division.
History
Soviet time Cup winners
1936: Stroitel Yuga Baku
1937: Temp Baku
1938: Temp Baku
1939: Lokomotiv Baku
1940: Dinamo Baku
1941–46: Not Played
1947: Pischevik Baku
1948: Pischevik Baku
1949: KKF Baku
1950: Trudovye Rezervy Baku
1951: Zavod im. S.M.Budennogo Baku
1952: Zavod im. S.M.Budennogo Baku
1953: Dinamo Baku
1954: BODO Baku
1955: Zavod im. S.M.Budennogo Baku
1956: NPU Ordgonikidzeneft Baku
1957: Mekhsul Tovuz
1958: SK BO PVO Baku
1959: Neftyanik Quba
1960: ATZ Sumgait
1961: NPU Ordgonikidzeneft Baku
1962: MOIK Baku
1963: MOIK Baku
1964: Vostok Baku
1965: Vostok Baku
1966: Vostok Baku
1967: Apsheron Baku
1968: Politechnik Mingechaur
1969: MOIK Baku
1970: MOIK Baku
1971: Suruhanez Salyany
1972: Izolit Mingechaur
1973: MOIK Baku
1974: MOIK Baku
1975: Suruhanez Baku
1976: MOIK Baku
1977: Suruhanez Baku
1978: MOIK Baku
1979: Suruhanez Baku
1980: Energetik Ali-Bayramly
1981: Gandglik Baku
1982: Gandglik Baku
1983: FK Vilash Masalli
1984: Konditer Gandja
1985: Konditer Gandja
1986: İnşaatçı Sabirabad
1987: Khazar Lankaran
1988: Araz Baku
1989: Gandglik Baku
1990: Qarabağ
1991: İnşaatçı Baku
Finals
Note
The Azerbaijan Cup held in 2001–02 was suspended due to the clashes between clubs and AFFA. The clubs themselves then made an alternative cup. The ultimate winner of the cup was Neftçi. However, the result of an alternative tournament that season is not officially recognized.
Performance
Performance by club
References
External links
List of Azerbaijan Cup winners (RSSF)
Cup
Azerbaijan
Recurring sporting events established in 1936
1936 establishments in the Soviet Union
1992 establishments in Azerbaijan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan%20Cup |
Leah Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha (born April 21, 1975, in Worcester, Massachusetts) is a U.S. /Canadian poet, writer, educator and social activist. Their writing and performance art focuses on documenting the stories of queer and trans people of color, abuse survivors, mixed-race people and diasporic South Asians and Sri Lankans. A central concern of their work is the interconnection of systems of colonialism, abuse and violence. They are also a writer and organizer within the disability justice movement.
They are queer, non-binary, and disabled.
Personal life
Piepzna-Samarasinha was raised in Worcester, Massachusetts and are of Burgher/Tamil Sri Lankan and Irish/Roma ascent. They have lived in Brooklyn, Oakland, and Toronto and currently reside in South Seattle, Duwamish territories.
They are non-binary and use she and they pronouns. In comparison to climate activist Greta Thunberg, they have described themself as "an autistic femme."
Education
Piepzna-Samarasinha graduated from Eugene Lang College The New School for Liberal Arts in New York City in 1997. They received their Master of Fine Arts from Mills College.
Career
Healing
Piepzna-Samarasinha is a member of Bad Ass Visionary Healers, a California-based activist healing collective and has an "intuitive counseling" practice, Brownstargirl Tarot. they has been involved in organizing healing justice practice spaces at the Allied Media Conference, Safetyfest and other spaces.
Performance art
Piepzna-Samarasinha has been performing spoken word since 1998.
As a spoken word artist, they have performed widely in the United States, Canada and Sri Lanka and have been featured at Bar 13, Michelle Tea's RADAR Reading Series, The Loft, Buddies in Bad Times Theatre, as well as at universities including Yale, Sarah Lawrence, Oberlin, Swarthmore and the University of Southern California.
In 2001, frustrated with the racism of the local white-dominated queer and trans poetry scene and the homophobia in the local poetry spaces for people of color, they began Browngirlworld, a reading series with the goal of creating a poetry and performance space for queer and trans people of color. Initially held weekly, the event became a biannual, large-scale poetry event in partnership with the Toronto Women's Bookstore, bringing artists such as Mango Tribe and D'Lo.
Piepzna-Samarasinha began teaching writing to queer, trans and Two Spirit youth at Supporting Our Youth Toronto's Pink Ink program.
In 2004, inspired by radical Asian and Pacific Islander American (APIA) arts and poetry youth education programs at the APIA Spoken Word Summit, Piepzna-Samarasinha and Gein Wong started the Asian Arts Freedom School.
The following year, Piepzna-Samarasinha traveled to the San Francisco Bay Area to study poetry with Suheir Hammad at Voices of Our Nations, an experience they credit with changing their life as a writer.
In 2006, Piepzna-Samarasinha wrote and premiered their first one-woman show, Grown Woman Show, in which they discuss being "a queer girl of Sri Lankan descent" who is a survivor of incest perpetrated by their mother. Grown Woman Show has since been performed at the National Queer Arts Festival, Swarthmore College, Yale University, Reed College, and McGill University.
Later that year, Piepzna-Samarasinha met Ctheirry Galette on Friendster and created Mangos With Chili with the goal of creating an annual tour of performance artists who are queer and trans people of color.
Piepzna-Samarasinha is also involved with the biannual Asian Pacific Islander Spoken Word and Poetry Summit.
They were the 2009-2010 Artist in Residence at UC Berkeley's June Jordan's Poetry for the People. From 2009 to the present, they has been a commissioned performer with Sins Invalid, the national performance organization of queer people with disabilities and chronic illnesses.
While in Toronto, with Syrus Marcus Ware, they co-created Performance.Disability.Art (PDA), a performance based disability arts collective. Through PDA, the pair co-curated Crip Your World: an Intergalactic Mad, Sick and Disabled Extravaganza for Mayworks Festival.
Teaching
In 2001, Piepzna-Samarasinha taught writing to LGBTQ youth at Supporting Our Youth Toronto (SOY) through the Pink Ink program. This included working with the zine 10 Reasons to Riot which won Best Zine in Toronto in 2006. For this work they were awarded the Community Service to Youth Award from the City of Toronto in 2004.
In 2005, along with Gein Wong, co-founded the Asian Arts Freedom School, a community-controlled school teaching writing, performance and radical education on Asian/Pacific Islander history to youth. They were also involved with The Canadian Sri Lankan Women's Action Network, an activist group seeking to promote peace with justice through a feminist lens to end Sri Lanka's 24 year civil war.
In 2007, they moved back to the U.S. and studied community-based poetic teaching through University of California Berkeley's June Jordan's Poetry for the People (P4P) Program, culminating in teaching for and being P4P's visiting writer from 2009 to 2010. She has taught in living rooms and college campuses and everywhere in between, and loves and believes in the delicious liberation of places to learn and live freely outside traditional school systems.
Writing
Piepzna-Samarasinha has published nine books independently, been included in ten anthologies, and edited two anthologies. Their work has also appeared in Yes, Vice, Room, Autostraddle, ColorLines, NOW, Xtra, Bitch, theirizons and other publications.
Awards and honors
Self
Written works
Bibliography
Anthology contributions
Without a Net: The Female Experience of Growing Up Working Class, edited by Michelle Tea (2004)
Persistence: All Ways Butch and Femme, edited by Ivan E. Coyote and Zena Sharman (2011)
Letters Lived: Radical Reflections, Revolutionary Paths (2013)
Namjai: A Tribute Anthology of Bay Area Asian Pacific Islander Poets, Volume 1, edited by The ReWrite (2013)
Octavia's Brood: Science Fiction Stories from Social Justice Movements, edited by Adrienne Maree Brown and Walidah Imarisha (2015)
Whatever Gets You Through: Twelve Women on Life After Sexual Assault, edited by Jen Sookfong Lee and Stacey May Fowles (2019)
Disability Visibility: First-Person Stories from the Twenty-first Century, edited by Alice Wong (2020)
Disabled Voices Anthology, edited by S.B. Smith (2020)
Pleasure Activism: The Politics of Feeling Good, edited by Adrienne Maree Brown (2020)
Read Women: An Anthology, edited by Amanda Fuller, Carolann Madden, and Carly Joy Miller (2020)
Anthologies edited
The Revolution Starts at Home: Confronting Intimate Violence Within Activist Communities, with Ching-In Chen and Jai Dulani (2011)
Beyond Survival: Strategies and Stories from the Transformative Justice Movement, with Ejeris Dixon (2020)
Authored works
Dirty River: A Queer Femme of Color Dreaming Her Way Home ()
Consensual Genocide (2006)
Love Cake: Poems (2011)
Brown Femme Survivor (2013)
Bodymap: Poems (2015)
Care Work: Dreaming Disability Justice (2018)
Tonguebreaker: Poems (2019)
Bridge of Flowers, illustrated by Syrus Marcus Ware (2019)
The Future is Disabled (2022)
References
External links
brownstargirl Website
Poetry example
Supporting Our Youth (SOY) Website
Mangos With Chili
TSAR Publications
rabble.ca interview by Elizabeth Ruth
1975 births
Living people
21st-century American memoirists
21st-century American poets
21st-century American women writers
21st-century Canadian LGBT people
21st-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian women writers
American LGBT people of Asian descent
American newspaper journalists
American people of Sri Lankan descent
American women journalists
American women memoirists
American women poets
American writers of Sri Lankan descent
Canadian LGBT poets
21st-century Canadian memoirists
Canadian newspaper journalists
Canadian people of Sri Lankan descent
Canadian women journalists
Canadian women memoirists
Canadian women poets
Eugene Lang College alumni
Journalists from Toronto
Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Poetry winners
LGBT memoirists
LGBT people from Massachusetts
LGBT writers with disabilities
Mills College alumni
The New School alumni
People on the autism spectrum
Poets with disabilities
Writers from Toronto
Writers from Worcester, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah%20Lakshmi%20Piepzna-Samarasinha |
A pyeong (abbreviationpy) is a Korean unit of area and floorspace, equal to a square kan or 36square Korean feet. The ping and tsubo are its equivalent Taiwanese and Japanese units, similarly based on a square bu (ja:步) or ken, equivalent to 36square Chinese or Japanese feet.
Current use
Korea
In Korea, the period of Japanese occupation produced a pyeong of or 3.3058m2. It is the standard traditional measure for real estate floorspace, with an average house reckoned as about 25pyeong, a studio apartment as 8–12py, and a garret as 1½py. In South Korea, the unit has been officially banned since 1961 but with little effect prior to the criminalization of its commercial use effective 1 July 2007. Informal use continues, however, including in the form of real estate use of unusual fractions of meters equivalent to unit amounts of pyeong. Real estate listings on major websites such as Daum show measurements in square meters with the pyeong equivalent.
Taiwan
In Taiwan, the Taiwanese ping was introduced in the period of Taiwan under Japanese rule, which remains in fairly common use and is about 3.305m2.
Japan
In Japan, the usual measure of real estate floorspace is the tatami and the tsubo is reckoned as two tatami. The tatami varies by region but the modern standard is usually taken to be the Nagoya tatami of about 1.653m2, producing a tsubo of 3.306m2. It is sometimes reckoned as comprising 10gō.
China
In China, the metrication of traditional units would produce a ping of 4m2, but it is almost unknown, with most real estate floorspace simply reckoned in square meters. The longer length of the Hong Kong foot produces a larger ping of almost 5m2, but it is similarly uncommon.
See also
Japanese units of measurement
Korean units of measurement
Taiwanese units of measurement
Chinese units of measurement
References
Systems of units
Units of area
Korean culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeong |
Amrithaghateswarar Abhirami Temple (also called Abhirami temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva in his manifestation as Kalantaka and his wife Parvati as Abhirami. There is a Shrine for Maha Vishnu as Amrithanarayana and his consort Mahalakshmi as Amrithavalli. It is located in Thirukkadaiyur (Thirukkadavur), 21 km East of Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu in India. This temple is associated with the legend of Shiva saving his young devotee, Markendeya from death, and the tale of a saint, Abirami Pattar a devotee of the presiding goddess.
The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the Tevaram, written by Tamil saint poets known as the nayanars and classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam. The temple complex covers 10 acres and has two gateway towers known as gopurams. The tallest is the eastern tower, with 11 stories and a height of . The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Amirthaghateswarar and Abhirami being the most prominent. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5:30 a.m. to 10 p.m., and twelve yearly festivals on its calendar. The present masonry structure was built during the Chola dynasty in the 9th century, while later expansions are attributed to Thanjavur Nayaks. The temple is maintained and administered by the Dharmapuram Aadhenam.
As per Hindu legend, Shiva is believed to have destroyed eight different demons and the eight Ashta Veeratanam temples are built signifying each of his victories. The temple is counted one of the eight where Shiva is believed to have appeared as Kalasamharamurthy to save Markandeya from the death clutches of Yama. Based on the legend of Markandeya, it is believed that worshiping at this temple will give longevity to couples who have reached age sixty or eighty-one and such worship is common in the temple.
Brahmapureeswarar Temple at Thirukadaiyur Mayanam or Brahmapureeswarar Temple Thirumeiganam, Pillaiperumalnallur, another famous Padal Petra Shiva Sthalam is located nearby, easterly.
Legend
Thirukkadaiyur derives its name from the pot, called Gatam in Tamil. Vishnu, Indra, and the other Devas needed a sublime place to consume the ambrosia that had been churned during the Samudra manthan and, therefore, brought the ambrosia pot here. Before consuming it, they forgot to worship Ganesha, who is to be worshiped before any great undertaking. Ganesha, hurt and offended at the unintentional slight by the devas, stole the pot of Amrita and hid it at Tirukkadaiyur. Ganesha created a Shiva Lingam, dedicated to his father and mother, and poured some of the Amrita over it. The Shiva Lingam at this temple is known as Amrita Ghat Eshwarar, which, translated from Sanskrit literally means "Lord that leads to immortality" ('Immortality' (Amrita) 'Step' (Ghat) 'Lord' (Eshwarar)). It is also believed that Abhirami incarnated here by the power of Vishnu.
As per popular legend, near the temple of Tirukkadaiyur, there lived a sage named Mrikandu and his wife Marudmati. They were both devotees of Shiva and worshiped him day and night for many years, asking to be graced with a child. After many years of penance, Shiva appeared to Mrikandu and Marudmati. He told them that he heard their prayers and would give them a choice: they could either have a gifted son who would live to be only sixteen, or a son of low intelligence who would live a long life. Mrikandu and Marudmati chose the former, and were blessed with Markandeya, an exemplary son, destined to die at the age of sixteen.
As Markandeya grew, so did his devotion to Shiva. As advised by his father, Markandeya worshipped the Shiva Lingam at Tirukkadaiyur, even bringing water from the Ganges to the temple via an underground passage. On the day he was destined to die, Yama, the deity of death, appeared with his noose to tie around the soul of Markandeya and take it with him. Markandeya sought refuge in the temple and embraced the Siva Lingam. Shiva appeared and warned Yama not to touch Markandeya, as he was under his protection. Yama refused to listen and threw the noose anyway, binding Markandeya and the Lingam together. Angered by Yama's extraordinary arrogance, Shiva kicked him and held him under his foot, making Yama inactive. Markandeya was blessed by Shiva to remain sixteen years old eternally. Shiva came to be known as "Kala-samhara" (Sanskrit: "Destroyer of Time") at this temple.
Meanwhile, with Yama being rendered inactive, there were no deaths on earth, but people were still being born. Burdened by the weight of so many people and unable to sustain their hunger, the earth-goddess, Bhumi Devi, appealed to Shiva for help. Shiva, feeling compassionate for the earth-goddess, released Yama, allowing death to occur again. However, in order to remind Yama never to try to kill someone while they are worshiping Shiva again, the icon of Shiva in this temple is depicted with his forefinger raised in warning.
Since it is believed that Lord Siva subdued Yama in Thirukkadaiyur, the Lord is called Mrityunjaya (Sanskrit: "Conqueror of Death" or "Victorious over Death").
History
There are several inscriptions in the temple belonging to the Medieval Cholas. On the southern wall in the central shrine, there is an inscription from the 13th regnal year of Rajaraja I indicating stipulation of paddy to the temple by a merchant in return to offer of land to the temple offered. Another record in the temple indicates the record (ARE 242 of 1925) of a gift of paddy to the temple by Rajendra Chola for conducting eight-day temple festival annually. A third record on the same wall indicates record dated to 1054 AD from the reign of Rajadhiraja Chola records a gift of land by a devotee to feed 17 devotees. The fourth record (ARE 244 of 1925) in the shrine from the period of Kulothunga Chola I indicates the Mahasabha of Tirukadavur selling 1.74 velis of land that had been lying fallow for 50 years. An interesting inscription from the outer precinct from the period of Rajaraja II indicates confiscation of lands from a custodian of a temple who colluded with Vaishanvites (worshipers of Vishnu). There are several inscriptions indicating donations for performing art, drama, dance and music. The temple is maintained and administered by the Dharmapuram Adheenam.
Architecture
The temple, in line with the temple architecture of the Chola dynasty, occupies a very vast area of , with five courtyards, several imposing temple towers, and large and spacious mandapas. Though the details of the king who consecrated the temple are uncertain, it can be ascertained from inscriptions in the temple that it has been in existence since at least the tenth or eleventh century, during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I. It was during the period of Kulothunga Chola I (1075–1120) that the brick walls of the temple were replaced with stone walls and the mandapam in the front was constructed. The rajagopuram, or the front entryway of the temple, is replete with images made of mortar, depicting various legends associated with the temple.
The temple occupies an area of and has around five large precincts. The temple faces West and is approached through a seven-tiered raja gopuram (pyramidal temple tower). The central shrine houses the image of Amrithakadeswarar in the form of Linga. There is a separate shrine for Kalasamharamurthy, the saviour of Markendeya near the sanctum. The bronze image is sported with four arms, emanating out of a Linga. The niches in the walls around the first precinct contains images of Durga, Dakshinamurthy and Chandikesa. There are five set of stone sculptures belonging to the Chola temple. There are three temple tanks, or teerthams, known as Amrita Pushkarini, Kaala Theertham and Maarkandeya Theertham. There is a separate shrine dedicated to Abhirami. The Shakta saint Abhirami Pattar is believed to have rendered the Abhirami Anthathi in the front hall of the shrine. The temple also maintains a separate shrine for Markandeya worshipping Kalasamhara Murti. Although Thirukadaiyur is a Shaiva temple, it contains an old Vaishnava temple. The gods in this temple are Amrita Narayana (Vishnu) and his consort Amrita Valli (Lakshmi). The shrine of Abirami faces east and is located close to the entrance tower. The precinct houses the image of Abirami Pattar.
Legend of Abhirami Bhattar
At this temple, towards the beginning of the sixteenth century, there lived a staunch devotee of the goddess Abhirami named Abhirami Bhattar (Subramanyam Iyer). He loved the goddess so much that he saw her everywhere and in everyone, but especially in all women. Any woman that entered the temple he would offer flowers to, worshiping her as the living embodiment of the goddess.
One day, King Saraboji visited the temple as Subramanian was meditating on Abhirami. Seeing that Subramanian did not bow before him as he entered the temple, the king became irritated. He asked one of the devotees in the temple who this man was that refused to recognize him. One priest told the king that Subramanian was mad, worshiping all women as the Divine Mother and showering them with flowers. However, another priest of the temple overheard this and corrected the man, saying that Subramanian was truly a saint and a great devotee of Mother Abhirami.
The king, confused by the two conflicting accounts of who this man was, decided to put Subramanian to the test. Therefore, he asked Subramanian whether today was a full moon day or a new moon day. At that time, Subramanian was still absorbed in meditation on the Divine Mother, seeing her shining face in his mind. Subramanian, seeing the Goddess' face and mistaking it for the moon, responded to the king saying that it was a full moon day when it was actually a new moon day. The king, deciding that Subramanian must be mad, ordered that he be burnt at dusk if the moon failed to appear. After some time, the king's army awakened Subramanian and ordered him to come with them to be executed for his madness. On returning to ordinary consciousness, Subramanian realized that he had mistaken Goddess Abhirami's face for the full moon, making him say it was a full moon day when, in actuality, it was a new moon day.
Standing in the pyre, with the flames rising all around him, Subramanian realized that only the Divine Mother could save him now. He began singing a song of one-hundred praises to Abhirami (the so-called Abhirami Andaadi or "Song to Abhirami"), begging her to come to his rescue. While singing the seventy-ninth verse of his song, which states that the Divine Mother is an ocean of blessing without limit whose merciful eyes grant liberation, Goddess Abhirami appeared before Subramanian, his executioners, and the unbelieving king. Throwing her earring into the sky, it took the form of the full moon.
The king, having realized his mistake and immensely pleased by his devotion, released Subramanian. From that day forward, Subramanian was called Abhirami Bhattar, which translates to "priest of Abhirami", and the king became his disciple. To this day, Abhirami Bhattar is still celebrated at Thirukadaiyur on the new moon day in the Tamil month of Tai (mid-January to mid-February).
Religious importance
Among the sixty-three Shaiva poet-saints, collectively known as the Nayanars, Kungiliya Kalaya Nayanar and Kari Nayanar both worshiped and attained liberation from the cycle of birth and death here. Kalaya Nayanar was an ardent worshiper of Shiva and lighted temple lamps & incense sticks with his meager earning. Once he had no earning and the family was facing severe poverty. Kalaya's wife gave his gold ornament to sell for daily expenditure. Kalaya sold the gold and used the money for lighting the temple lamps. As he lighted more and more lamps, his house was filled with grains. A divine voice detailed his affinity towards the presiding deity resulted in the wealth. He came to be known as Kungili Kalayanar (kungilium in Tamil means incense powder).
The Nayanars Appar, Sundarar and Tirugnana Sambandar have also sung of the glories of this shrine. All Siddhas visited this temple. Specially Siddhar Korakkar visited this temple and got the blessings of the goddess. As the temple is revered in Tevaram, it is classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam, one of the 276 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. The eleven songs of Sambandar are compiled in third Thirumurai as 8th canto. The thirty one songs of Appar are compiled in the fourth Thirumrai ten each under 31st and 107th canto, while the remaining eleven in fifth Thirumrai under 11th canto. The ten songs of Sundarar are compiled in seventh Thirumurai in 28th cantor.
As per legends, Shiva is believed to have destroyed eight different demons namely Andhakasura, Gajasura, Jalandhara, Thirupuradhi, Kama, Arjunan, Dakshan and Tarakasur. There are Ashta Veeratanam temples built signifying each of his victories in the war, and also as places where he is believed to have performed with fury. The eight temples are Tiruvadigai Veerattaaneswarar Temple at Thiruvadigai, Tirukkovilur Veerateshwarar Temple at Tirukoilur, Veerateswarar temple at Korukkai or Thirukkurukkai, Amirtagateswarar Temple at Thirukadaiyur, Vazhuvur Verateswarar Temple at Vazhuvoor, Keelaparasalur Veerateswarar Temple at Tirupariyalur, Kandeeswarar Temple at Thirukkandiyur and Tiruvirkudi Veerataneswarar Temple at Thiruvirkudi. Shiva in all these temples are described to have used bow and arrow, trident and spear.
Worship and festivals
The temple priests perform the pooja (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the Shaivaite community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 8:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: abhisheka (sacred bath), alangaram (decoration), neivethanam (food offering) and deepa aradanai (waving of lamps) for both Amritaghateswar and Abhirami Amman. The worship is held amidst music with nagaswaram (pipe instrument) and tavil (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the Vedas read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like and , fortnightly rituals like pradosham and monthly festivals like amavasai (new moon day), kiruthigai, pournami (full moon day) and sathurthi.
Based on the legend of Markandeya, it is believed that worshipping at this temple will give longevity to couples who have reached age sixty or eighty-one. A service called Sashtiaptha poorthi (Tamil: "completion of sixty [years]") is celebrated in honor of a husband's sixtieth birthday and Sadhabishegam (Sanskrit: "Eighty-One") is celebrated in honor of his eighty-first birthday. The annual Brahmotsavam is celebrated in the month of Chithirai (April–May) here. The Shankha-abhisheka, a festival of the Divine Mother celebrated in the month of Kartikai (November–December), is also of great importance here. Other festivals celebrated at this temple in honor of the Divine Mother include Navaratri and Aadi Pooram, a festival celebrating the day that Abhirami attained her menarche.
References
Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district
Padal Petra Stalam
Ashta Veeratta Stalam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritaghateswarar-Abirami%20Temple%2C%20Thirukkadaiyur |
Rebecca Riggs is an Australian actress best known for her role as Commandant Grayza in the science fiction television series Farscape.
Career
Film
Riggs had parts in films such asJerry Maguire and Raw Nerve.
Television
Riggs played the recurring role of Commandant Grayza in the TV show Farscape.
She has also appeared in many Australian television series including Backberner, All Saints, Day of the Roses, Medivac and Fire.
Theatre
Riggs has appeared as a stage performer in Australia with such companies as Bell Shakespeare Company, Queensland Theatre Company, Darwin Theatre Company, La Boite and TN.
She has undertaken a variety of theatre roles . She has played Juliet and Lady Capulet in two different productions of Romeo and Juliet, Lady Macbeth in Macbeth, Trinculo in The Tempest, Bianca in Othello, Viola in Twelfth Night and Kate in The Taming of the Shrew. She has also appeared in modern Australian plays including the musicals Summer Rain and an acclaimed performance as Judy Garland in The Boy from Oz.
Riggs has performed a one woman/fifteen character show The Tall Green Stranger in the Ceramic Pot, and also in cabarets at the L.A. Creation Conventions in 2009 and 2011: The Shower Show (2009) and Witch Way? (2011).
She has performed with many improvisational troupes throughout Australia and has sung with bands, choirs and a cappella groups such as Darc Marc, The Lutin Girls Choir, The Star Pickets, Schrödinger's Cats, and many more.
Filmography
Film
Television
Personal life
She is also now committed to refining communication in disaster and crisis through her work with consultancy Crisis Ready and the not for profit organization Emergency Media and Public Affairs. She is a fan of the Sci Fi genre.
References
External links
Australian television actresses
Living people
Actors from Queensland
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca%20Riggs |
Robert Mangold (born October 12, 1937) is an American minimalist artist. He is also father of film director and screenwriter James Mangold.
Early life and education
Mangold was born in North Tonawanda, New York. His mother, Blanche, was a department store buyer, and his father, Aloysius Mangold, worked at an organ factory. He first trained at the Cleveland Institute of Art from 1956 to 1959, and then at Yale University, New Haven, (BFA, 1961; MFA, 1963).
In 1961 he married Sylvia Plimack, and they moved to New York. In the summer of 1962 Mangold was hired as guard at the Museum of Modern Art.
Work
“Robert Mangold’s paintings,” wrote Michael Kimmelman in The New York Times in 1997, “are more complicated to describe than they seem, which is partly what’s good about them: the way they invite intense scrutiny, which, in the nature of good art, is its own reward.” His works are comprised often of simple elements which are put together through complex means. Mangold's work challenges the typical connotations of what a painting is or could be, and his works often appear as objects rather than images. Elements refer often to architectural elements or have the feeling of an architect's hands. He almost always works in extensive series, often carried through both paintings and works on paper.
Mangold's early work consisted largely of monochromatic free-standing constructions displayed against the wall, such as Grey Window Wall (1964). In 1968 he began employing acrylic instead of oil paint, rolling rather than spraying it on Masonite or plywood grounds. Within the year, he moved from these more industrially oriented supports to canvas. In 1970 he began working with shaped canvases and within the year began brushing rather than spraying paint onto canvas. By the mid-1970s, Mangold moved on to overlapping shapes whose contours are formed by combinations of canvas edges and both drawn and implied lines. A Rectangle and a Circle within a Square from 1975, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art is an example of these subtle geometric relationships.
A 1994 series consisted of monochrome panels, deployed in two-panel trapezoidal works whose colors, sometimes matching, sometimes contrasting, run to deep oranges, olive greens, browns and grays. In a 2006/7 series, entitled Column Structure I through Column Structure XII, the 12 canvases each have a central vertical trunk measuring 10 feet high and 2 feet wide that is subdivided by straight, horizontal lines and appended with squares or triangles that jut from the sides, usually near the top.
In a 1994 review in Art in America, Robert Kushner wrote that “underneath the composure of their execution, there is an almost romantic vividness of experience. The contrast of this veiled undercurrent and the Apollonian restraint of the presentation make these new paintings both powerful and poignant.”
Mangold made his first prints in 1972 at Crown Point Press and has made prints throughout his career, working with Pace Editions and Brooke Alexander Editions. He designed the monumental colored glass panels contained in the Buffalo Federal Courthouse pavilion lobby.
Mangold lives in Washingtonville, New York with his wife, Sylvia, who is also an artist. They are the parents of film director/screenwriter James Mangold and musician Andrew Mangold.
Exhibitions
In 1965, the Jewish Museum in New York held the first major exhibition of what was called Minimal art and included Robert Mangold. In 1967, he won a National Endowment for the Arts grant and in 1969, a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1971, he had his first solo museum exhibition at the Guggenheim Museum.
Major museum exhibitions of his work have since been held the Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego (1974), the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam (1982), Hallen für Neue Kunst in Schaffhausen (1993), and Musée d’Orsay in Paris (2006). He has been featured in the Whitney Biennial four times, in 1979, 1983, 1985, and 2004.
Collections
The Art Institute of Chicago, the Bonnefantenmuseum (Maastricht, Netherlands), Fundacío La Caixa (Barcelona), the Hallen für Neue Kunst (Schaffhausen, Switzerland), the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (Washington, DC), the Honolulu Museum of Art, the J. Paul Getty Trust (Los Angeles), the Kunstmuseum Basel (Switzerland), the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (Madrid), the Museum of Modern Art (New York City, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (New York City), the Tate Collection (London), the Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum, and the Whitney Museum of American Art (New York City) are among the public collections holding work by Robert Mangold.
See also
Correlation: Two White Line Diagonals and Two Arcs with a Sixteen-Foot Radius (1978–1978), Columbus, Ohio
Literature
Christel Sauer, Urs Raussmüller (Hg.): Robert Mangold, Schaffhausen 1993, DE/EN/FR,
Christel Sauer: Three Works by Robert Mangold, Basel 2011, DE/EN,
References
External links
Robert Mangold paperback book and biography at Amazon.com
The Pace Gallery
interview with the artist
1937 births
Living people
People from North Tonawanda, New York
People from Washingtonville, New York
Cleveland Institute of Art alumni
Yale School of Art alumni
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
American abstract artists
Minimalist artists
20th-century American printmakers
20th-century American male artists
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Mangold |
Interlingual machine translation is one of the classic approaches to machine translation. In this approach, the source language, i.e. the text to be translated is transformed into an interlingua, i.e., an abstract language-independent representation. The target language is then generated from the interlingua. Within the rule-based machine translation paradigm, the interlingual approach is an alternative to the direct approach and the transfer approach.
In the direct approach, words are translated directly without passing through an additional representation. In the transfer approach the source language is transformed into an abstract, less language-specific representation. Linguistic rules which are specific to the language pair then transform the source language representation into an abstract target language representation and from this the target sentence is generated.
The interlingual approach to machine translation has advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that it requires fewer components in order to relate each source language to each target language, it takes fewer components to add a new language, it supports paraphrases of the input in the original language, it allows both the analysers and generators to be written by monolingual system developers, and it handles languages that are very different from each other (e.g. English and Arabic). The obvious disadvantage is that the definition of an interlingua is difficult and maybe even impossible for a wider domain. The ideal context for interlingual machine translation is thus multilingual machine translation in a very specific domain. For example, Interlingua has been used as a pivot language in international conferences and has been proposed as a pivot language for the European Union.
History
The first ideas about interlingual machine translation appeared in the 17th century with Descartes and Leibniz, who came up with theories of how to create dictionaries using universal numerical codes, not unlike numerical tokens used by large language models nowadays. Others, such as Cave Beck, Athanasius Kircher and Johann Joachim Becher worked on developing an unambiguous universal language based on the principles of logic and iconographs. In 1668, John Wilkins described his interlingua in his "Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language". In the 18th and 19th centuries many proposals for "universal" international languages were developed, the most well known being Esperanto.
That said, applying the idea of a universal language to machine translation did not appear in any of the first significant approaches. Instead, work started on pairs of languages. However, during the 1950s and 60s, researchers in Cambridge headed by Margaret Masterman, in Leningrad headed by Nikolai Andreev and in Milan by Silvio Ceccato started work in this area. The idea was discussed extensively by the Israeli philosopher Yehoshua Bar-Hillel in 1969.
During the 1970s, noteworthy research was done in Grenoble by researchers attempting to translate physics and mathematical texts from Russian to French, and in Texas a similar project (METAL) was ongoing for Russian to English. Early interlingual MT systems were also built at Stanford in the 1970s by Roger Schank and Yorick Wilks; the former became the basis of a commercial system for the transfer of funds, and the latter's code is preserved at The Computer Museum at Boston as the first interlingual machine translation system.
In the 1980s, renewed relevance was given to interlingua-based, and knowledge-based approaches to machine translation in general, with much research going on in the field. The uniting factor in this research was that high-quality translation required abandoning the idea of requiring total comprehension of the text. Instead, the translation should be based on linguistic knowledge and the specific domain in which the system would be used. The most important research of this era was done in distributed language translation (DLT) in Utrecht, which worked with a modified version of Esperanto, and the Fujitsu system in Japan.
Outline
In this method of translation, the interlingua can be thought of as a way of describing the analysis of a text written in a source language such that it is possible to convert its morphological, syntactic, semantic (and even pragmatic) characteristics, that is "meaning" into a target language. This interlingua is able to describe all of the characteristics of all of the languages which are to be translated, instead of simply translating from one language to another.
Sometimes two interlinguas are used in translation. It is possible that one of the two covers more of the characteristics of the source language, and the other possess more of the characteristics of the target language. The translation then proceeds by converting sentences from the first language into sentences closer to the target language through two stages. The system may also be set up such that the second interlingua uses a more specific vocabulary that is closer, or more aligned with the target language, and this could improve the translation quality.
The above-mentioned system is based on the idea of using linguistic proximity to improve the translation quality from a text in one original language to many other structurally similar languages from only one original analysis. This principle is also used in pivot machine translation, where a natural language is used as a "bridge" between two more distant languages. For example, in the case of translating to English from Ukrainian using Russian as an intermediate language.
Translation process
In interlingual machine translation systems, there are two monolingual components: the analysis of the source language and the interlingual, and the generation of the interlingua and the target language. It is however necessary to distinguish between interlingual systems using only syntactic methods (for example the systems developed in the 1970s at the universities of Grenoble and Texas) and those based on artificial intelligence (from 1987 in Japan and the research at the universities of Southern California and Carnegie Mellon). The first type of system corresponds to that outlined in Figure 1. while the other types would be approximated by the diagram in Figure 4.
The following resources are necessary to an interlingual machine translation system:
Dictionaries (or lexicons) for analysis and generation (specific to the domain and the languages involved).
A conceptual lexicon (specific to the domain), which is the knowledge base about events and entities known in the domain.
A set of projection rules (specific to the domain and the languages).
Grammars for the analysis and generation of the languages involved.
One of the problems of knowledge-based machine translation systems is that it becomes impossible to create databases for domains larger than very specific areas. Another is that processing these databases is very computationally expensive.
Efficacy
One of the main advantages of this strategy is that it provides an economical way to make multilingual translation systems. With an interlingua it becomes unnecessary to make a translation pair between each pair of languages in the system. So instead of creating language pairs, where is the number of languages in the system, it is only necessary to make pairs between the languages and the interlingua.
The main disadvantage of this strategy is the difficulty of creating an adequate interlingua. It should be both abstract and independent of the source and target languages. The more languages added to the translation system, and the more different they are, the more potent the interlingua must be to express all possible translation directions. Another problem is that it is difficult to extract meaning from texts in the original languages to create the intermediate representation.
Existing interlingual machine translation systems
Calliope-Aero
Carabao Linguistic Virtual Machine
Grammatical Framework
Number Translator
Google Translate use English internally as a pivot language for some language pairs such as Chinese and Japanese, and more generally those with "higher quality" neural-network translators with English but not between each other.
See also
Intermediate representation
Pivot language
Universal Networking Language
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Notes
External links
Interlingua Methods
Slides
Paper
Machine translation
Computational linguistics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingual%20machine%20translation |
William J. "Big Bill" Craig (November 21, 1855September 3, 1902) was among the first agents of the United States Secret Service tasked with protecting a President of the United States. He was also the first of only two Secret Service agents who have ever been killed in the line of duty while protecting an American president, the other being Leslie Coffelt. Before protecting presidents, Craig was known for teaching and exhibiting use of the broadsword, as well as for his work apprehending counterfeiters.
Early life and career
Born in Glasgow, Scotland in November 1855, Craig was fair-haired, blue-eyed and stood 6 foot 4 weighing 260 pounds. He spent 12 years in the Royal Horse Guards of the British Army, including duty guarding Queen Victoria; he also was in charge of the British army gymnasium for eight years, and took part in the Nile Expedition.
Following his honorable discharge from the army, at age 38 he migrated to Chicago's South Side where he taught fencing and boxing. He was proficient with the broadsword, and gave exhibitions, including with the wrestler Duncan C. Ross, performing feats never attempted by anyone else in the country.
Craig joined the Secret Service in 1900. He was transferred to Birmingham, Alabama where he helped to stop a gang of counterfeiters. Craig was then transferred to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and continued to thwart counterfeiters.
Protecting presidents
When President William McKinley visited Buffalo, New York for the Pan-American Exposition in 1901, the Secret Service assigned Craig to help protect the President, and Craig was there when McKinley was shot. Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt subsequently arrived in Buffalo, and Craig was then assigned to guard him, and would continue to do so as long as Craig lived.
After the assassination of McKinley, the Secret Service was formally and permanently given the task of presidential protection. Although Roosevelt was sometimes annoyed by his Secret Service detail and sought to escape them, Craig set up a cordon of protection around Roosevelt's Sagamore Hill vacation home that prevented much greater annoyance by people from New York City who wanted to visit the President for various reasons. Craig became almost a part of Roosevelt's family, and was especially close to the Roosevelt children, including four-year-old Quentin Roosevelt who joined him to read comics.
Craig was killed on September 3, 1902, when a speeding trolley car rammed into the open horse-drawn carriage carrying President Roosevelt in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Craig, who was sitting at the front of the carriage next to the driver, reportedly turned back to see the oncoming trolley car, and maybe had time to shout or try to shield Roosevelt. Craig was then thrown from the carriage and crushed by the trolley.
Also in the carriage were Massachusetts governor Winthrop M. Crane and presidential assistant George B. Cortelyou who both survived. The President received cuts and bruises, and kneeling next to the wreckage said "Poor Craig. How my children will feel." The President later said: "The man who was killed was one of whom I was fond and whom I greatly prized for his loyalty and faithfulness." The driver of the trolley, Euclid Madden, pleaded guilty to manslaughter, was fined, and served six months in jail. The crash occurred because Madden and his passengers had departed late, and were speeding to catch up with the President whom they wanted to meet or hear.
At the time of his death, Craig was engaged to actress Katherine Murphy. He was buried in Oak Woods Cemetery, Chicago. In 2002, one hundred years after his death, Craig's life was commemorated with a cemetery procession of bagpipes and drums, accompanied by police, Secret Service officials, and Craig's relatives.
References
External links
William Craig at ODMP memorial
1855 births
1902 deaths
United States Secret Service agents
People from Chicago
Road incident deaths in Massachusetts
Scottish emigrants to the United States
People from Glasgow
Royal Horse Guards soldiers
Swordfighters
Theodore Roosevelt administration personnel
British Army personnel of the Mahdist War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Craig%20%28Secret%20Service%29 |
Princess Frederica Amalia of Denmark and Norway (11 April 1649 – 30 October 1704) was the second daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark and Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp from 1667 to 1695 as the consort of Duke Christian Albert.
Life
Frederica Amalie was a daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark and his wife, Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Her father had been crowned king on 23 November 1648, about five months before she was born.
She was married at Glücksburg Castle on 24 October 1667 to Duke Christian Albert of Holstein-Gottorp as part of a peace treaty between Denmark and Holstein-Gottorp, but the hostile parties continued to fight. The marriage was unhappy, with Frederica Amalia often tormented by the frequent disagreements between her brother, Christian V of Denmark, and her spouse. She was reportedly well known to be badly treated by Christian Albert, while the Danish royal family gave her all sorts of personal privileges and proofs of affection.
The couple visited her sister, the Swedish queen Ulrika Eleonora. Her visits to Sweden inspired great parties and festivities at the otherwise strict Swedish court, and were much appreciated. She became a widow in 1695. As her sons were also anti-Danish, the conflict between Denmark and Holstein-Gottorp continued to put her in a difficult position also as a widow; when she died in her residence in Kiel in 1704, a conflict between Holstein-Gottorp and Denmark about the proper way to ring the bells at her funeral almost provoked war between the two states.
Issue
With Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, she had four children:
Sophie Amalie (19 January 1670 – 27 February 1710), married on 7 July 1695 to Duke Augustus William of Brunswick-Lüneburg. No issue.
Frederick (18 October 1671 – 19 July 1702), succeeded his father as Duke Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp.
Christian August (11 January 1673 – 24 April 1726), succeeded his brother as Duke Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp. Grandfather of Catherine the Great
Marie Elisabeth (21 March 1678 – 17 July 1755), Abbess of Quedlinburg.
Ancestors
References
Article in the Dansk biografisk Lexicon
Lindqvist, Herman. Storhet och fall. Sweden: Bokförlaget Pan, 2000 (1997). Vol 4 of Historien om Sverige. 10 vols. 1992–2002. . (Swedish)
External links
|-
Duchesses of Holstein-Gottorp
House of Oldenburg in Denmark
House of Holstein-Gottorp
1649 births
1704 deaths
Danish princesses
Norwegian princesses
Incidents of domestic violence
Violence against women in Europe
Daughters of kings
Mothers of monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Frederica%20Amalia%20of%20Denmark |
Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge is located in the U.S. state of Nebraska and includes 19,131 acres (77.42 km2). The refuge borders the Niobrara National Scenic River on the west and is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. From 1879 to 1906, the Fort Niobrara Military Reservation was located on what later became refuge lands to house a garrison of the U.S. Cavalry. After the fort was closed, the effort to preserve the region as a wildlife refuge culminated in the creation of the refuge on January 11, 1912. The refuge also manages Valentine and John and Louise Seier National Wildlife Refuges as parts of the Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge Complex.
The reservation was created by Executive order in 1912:
January 11, 1912. Niobrara Reservation. Embracing parts of townships thirty-three and thirty-four north, ranges twenty-six and twenty-seven west, Sixth Principal Meridian, Nebraska, the same being a part of the abandoned Fort Niobrara Military Reservation. This reservation was enlarged by executive order of November 14, 1912, adding approximately nine hundred acres, which included the building and old parade-grounds of the military reservation.
Fort Niobrara NWR is located along the banks of the Niobrara River in Cherry County. The river has eroded into the limestone, creating cliffs and a varied topography. This unusual alteration to the otherwise relatively featureless great plains presents a unique habitat that fosters numerous plant and animal species. The American Bison Society brought a bison herd to the reservation in 1913 in an effort to repopulate the region with original animal species. Over 230 species of birds have been documented, along with a 350 bison. of the refuge was designated as the Fort Niobrara Wilderness in 1976.
References
External links
Protected areas of Cherry County, Nebraska
National Wildlife Refuges in Nebraska
Protected areas established in 1912
1912 establishments in Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Niobrara%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge |
"Break Away" is a song by the American rock band the Beach Boys that was recorded during the early sessions for their album Sunflower and issued as a non-album single on June 16, 1969. It was written by Brian and Murry Wilson, although Murry was credited as lyricist under the pseudonym "Reggie Dunbar". Dennis Wilson's "Celebrate the News" was chosen as the B-side. The single peaked at number 63 in the US and number 6 in the UK.
Record World called it "an extremely pretty and summery song."
Background
According to Brian, Murry came up with the idea for the song from watching The Joey Bishop Show on television while it proclaimed, "We're gonna break away for a minute and we'll be right back!". Brian, at his piano, then composed the song with Murry as they "plunked and plunked and plunked" and "finally got a song going." At another time, Brian said that the Monkees inspired him to write this song. The Monkees had appeared on the aforementioned television program on April 29, 1969, but "Break Away" was recorded prior to that date.
Asked why Murry had used a pseudonym, Brian responded that his father "didn't want anyone to know that he wrote it with me." On another occasion, Brian gave a different answer to the same journalist, saying "I don't know. He was nutty. He was crazy, that was his fictitious name."
Brian Wilson spoke positively of the song in a later interview, commenting, "That's a beautiful song. I think it might be one of my most underrated songs."
Charts
References
External links
1969 singles
Capitol Records singles
The Beach Boys songs
Songs written by Brian Wilson
Song recordings produced by Brian Wilson
1969 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break%20Away%20%28The%20Beach%20Boys%20song%29 |
Richard Gill may refer to:
Richard Gill (plant collector) (c. 1901–1958), known for work on traditional curare preparation methods
Richard T. Gill (1927–2010), opera singer and Harvard economics professor
Richard Gill (conductor) (1941–2018), Australian conductor
Richard D. Gill (born 1951), Anglo-Dutch mathematician / mathematical statistician
Richard J. Gill (1886–1959), lumberman and political figure in New Brunswick
Richard Gill, a character from the film Hackers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Gill |
cmath or CMath may stand for:
The cmath header file in C++, alias of math.h.
(complex math) is a library for Python ( for example results in )
CMath, abbreviation of the chartered mathematician title offered by the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmath |
Lionel Jefferson is a supporting character from the hit sitcoms All in the Family and The Jeffersons. He is the son of George and Louise Jefferson. He was originally portrayed by D'Urville Martin for two unaired pilots, before the role was recast with Mike Evans. He was later played by Damon Evans (no relation), though Mike Evans eventually returned to the role before the end of the series. Jovan Adepo portrayed the character for the television special Live in Front of a Studio Audience: Norman Lear's All in the Family and The Jeffersons.
All in the Family
On All in the Family, Lionel was portrayed by Mike Evans from 1971 to 1975.
Lionel was born in New York City on October 18, 1953. His character is significant for being one of the first TV portrayals of a young, opinionated black man. Lionel is introduced in the first episode (and, in fact, appears on screen before Archie Bunker does). In one of the early episodes, the Jeffersons move into a house down the block from the Bunkers (later, the house is said to be next door). This event creates tension for Archie, though it elates Michael and Gloria. As Lionel's parents and uncle Henry appear more frequently, Lionel's role becomes less significant.
Archie considers himself to be Lionel's good friend and even mentor. For his part, Lionel remains unfazed by Archie's bigotry and unrelenting condescension. Lionel is generally amused, rather than angered or irritated, by Archie's frequent displays of ignorance and bigotry, often seeing Archie's comments as well-meaning, albeit ignorant, rather than outright malicious. As such, Lionel often enjoys patronizing Archie's attitudes by playing dumb in conversations and adopting a stereotypical speech pattern (saying things like "I'm gon' be a 'lectical engineer!" or "Lawd almighty, what is we gonna do?"). Lionel's patience runs out when Archie tells him not to see his niece socially because "white ought to stay with white and colored ought to stay with colored". Lionel finally tells Archie off (albeit calmly), but also lets him know that they can remain friends.
Of those in the Bunker household, Lionel is closest to Archie's son-in-law Michael Stivic. Lionel sometimes loses patience with Michael, feeling that Michael relates to him as a representative of the black community rather than as an individual.
The Jeffersons
All in the Family's spinoff The Jeffersons premiered in 1975. Without the Bunkers as foils, Lionel's role focuses more on his family life and his relationship with Jenny Willis (daughter of interracial couple Tom and Helen Willis). They eventually marry and gave birth to a daughter, Jessica. During the final season of The Jeffersons, Lionel and Jenny announce they are seeking a divorce (after living apart for several years while Lionel worked in Japan).
Mike Evans left The Jeffersons after its first season in order to devote more time to writing for Maude spin-off Good Times, which he had helped create. Damon Evans (no relation to Mike) played the role from the fall of 1975 until early 1978. Mike Evans returned to the series in September 1979 and appeared regularly as Lionel for two more seasons. Evans appeared infrequently after that, and made his final appearance as Lionel in the two-part episode "Sayonara" in 1985.
References
All in the Family characters
Fictional African-American people
The Jeffersons characters
Fictional engineers
Television characters introduced in 1971
Male characters in television
Fictional characters from New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel%20Jefferson |
Hagiga B'Snuker (, lit. Party at the Snooker; originally simply Snooker) is a 1975 Israeli cult film, one of the classic Bourekas films. The movie was directed by Boaz Davidson and stars Israeli comedians Ze'ev Revach, Yehuda Barkan and Yosef Shiloah.
Cast
Yehuda Barkan – Gavriel (Gavri) Levi/Azriel Levi ()
Ze'ev Revach – Hannukah ()
Yosef Shiloach – Salvador ()
Nitza Shaul – Yona ()
Tuvia Tzafir – Mushon ()
Yaakov Banai – Rabbi Yosef Shemesh
Arieh Elias – Halfon ()
– The contractor ()
Talia Shapira – Riki ()
Music by Matti Caspi
Plot
The story is about two twin brothers, Azriel and Gavriel (both played by Yehuda Barkan). Azriel is a shy and religious Jew who works in a fruit shop in Jaffa. Gavriel is a hoodlum and hustler who runs a snooker bar. Gavriel and his friend Hanuka make easy money by swindling innocent people into gambling on snooker games. One day Gavriel is forced to renew contact with his brother, because he is in trouble with a gangster who won the bet on a snooker game, and the only way to pay is by selling the family estate which is co-owned by the two brothers.
See also
Charlie Ve'hetzi
External links
"Hagiga BaSnuker" - The full film is available on VOD on the website for the Israel Film Archive - Jerusalem Cinematheque
Festival at the Poolroom (Hagiga B'Snuker )1975 DVD-Israeli movie
1975 films
1975 comedy films
Films directed by Boaz Davidson
1970s Hebrew-language films
Israeli comedy films
Snooker films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiga%20B%27Snuker |
Urban flight, sometimes referred to as suburban colonization, is the movement of people from an urban area to its suburbs. The phenomenon is often studied for the effects that it has on the city, especially the reduction of political power and the reduction of tax revenue which occurs as a result of the depopulation.
Services and taxes favor suburbs
As hinterlands acquire more population and more power then, according to the one man one vote principle, they get more votes in representative bodies, notably metropolitan regions or greater urban areas such as the Greater Toronto Area Greater Montreal, Greater Paris or Greater London. Suburban votes then come to outweigh inner city votes, just as, a century earlier, urbanization or urban colonialization diminished the power of rural voters.
Decisions of these bodies accordingly begin to favor people who live in suburbs, providing more car-oriented and commuter services and more favorable property tax rates for single family homes as tenants in downtown apartment buildings pay higher rates. In urban areas that are growing rapidly, services may be developed that favor urban sprawl, such as large trunk sewers, express highways or shopping malls, as other services such as youth recreation disappear from downtown areas. This increases population drain to the suburbs as quality of life drops, but the increased population may then drive more people further out to the hinterlands which increases the political rewards (especially political donations from real estate developers building greenfield developments) for sprawl.
Urban bankruptcy requires outside aid
In very extreme cases, where cities are unable to recover costs of serving a vast suburban hinterland and are politically controlled by a larger jurisdiction, such as Manhattan within New York State, cities may go bankrupt as New York City in fact did in the 1970s. This had been predicted by urbanists including Jane Jacobs who had fought Robert Moses and his plan for the Cross-Manhattan Expressway system which was eventually defeated. The City only recovered with federal aid and urban autonomy rights including the right to levy its own income tax which it still has.
Suburban flight polarizes communities
Cities with impoverished downtown services can suffer riots or major unrest, as Los Angeles and Detroit did in the 1960s to 1980s. Such incidents speed the flight of middle class residents to the suburbs and sometimes to gated community developments where they are insulated from urban problems, and consume a very different range of services than downtown residents, which again are favored strongly by political representatives.
Forced mergers further reduce downtown power
In some cases, notably Toronto and Montreal in the 1990s, a larger political unit will force smaller urban units to merge against the will of residents, and this further increases the hold of the outer suburban regions as they hold a majority of seats in the new aggregated city council. Where a strong mayor system applies, the larger number of suburban residents will likely also control that post, and the need to campaign over a larger urban area will tend to exclude grassroots candidates or anti-poverty activist candidates not funded nor supported by wealthier suburban voters or real estate developers. Those who speak for the city may live on its outer edges. Mayors may be former mayors of former suburban cities such as Mel Lastman, former mayor of North York who became Mayor of Toronto once those cities (and three others) were merged in 1998.
The political consequences of both mergers were severe. In Quebec, the Parti Québécois government was defeated by Jean Charest who permitted Montreal to hold a referendum in which it was permitted to de-amalgamate politically and regain the separate pre-merger urban identities. In Toronto no such relief occurred but a Province of Toronto movement emerged under Jane Jacobs (who had moved to Toronto in the 1960s and again fought expressways penetrating the downtown there, notably the Spadina Expressway and Front Street Extension), 2000 Lastman opponent Tooker Gomberg and Mayor in 2003 (after Lastman) David Miller.
Theoretical analyses
Joel Garreau in Edge City described the growth of cities on the edge of major urban areas, which became population and power centres in themselves.
Dale Johnston in Lost in the Suburbs described a cultural and political gap that occurred in New Jersey and Ontario in the early 1990s when suburban voters began to outnumber urban or rural voters, and began to perceive that they were paying taxes to provide urban areas with services that were not duplicated in their community. Meanwhile, suburban communities would export problems to the cities, typically in the form of drug addicts, homelessness, smog, prostitution and other crimes serving suburban residents, and the need to accommodate a large number of commuters and their sewage and parking requirements. As downtown residents and suburban voters became estranged, each perceived themselves subsidizing the other, and accordingly a common solution, called in both New Jersey and Ontario the Common Sense Revolution, transferred funds from urban needs to suburban sprawl, triggering a decline in urban quality of life in both places, as population further spread out and downtowns became more hostile to suburban visitors.
See also
Core-periphery
Internal colonialism
Rural flight
Further reading
Urban planning
Internal migration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20flight |
Asin (born 1985) is an Indian actress.
Asin or ASIN may also refer to:
Arcsine, an inverse trigonometric function
Asin (band), a Filipino rock band
Asín (surname)
Asín, a municipality in Spain
Asin de Broto, a village in Broto, Spain
Amazon Standard Identification Number, used by Amazon.com to identify its products
Asin of Baekje (died 405), king of Baekje
Asin, Bhamo, Burma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asin%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Red Duster may refer to either:
Red Duster (ensign) - slang term for the Red Ensign
Red Duster (missile) - Rainbow code used for the Bristol Bloodhound Surface to Air missile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Duster |
Nibbler is an arcade snake maze game released in 1982 by Chicago-based developer Rock-Ola. The player navigates a snake through an enclosed maze, consuming objects, and the length of the snake increases with each object consumed. The game was the first to include nine scoring digits, allowing players to surpass one billion points.
The arcade game was distributed in Japan by Taito in 1983. Home versions were published in 1983 by Datasoft for the Atari 8-bit family and the Apple II.
Gameplay
Nibbler was a maze-and-munch game, among many others which followed Pac-Man, but the game features no enemies, and a life is lost only when the snake bites itself.
Competitive play
Nibbler is the first video game to feature a nine-digit scoring system allowing players to score one billion points. The first to achieve this feat was a seventeen-year-old named Tim McVey, who scored 1,000,042,270 points on January 17, 1984, while playing continuously for 44 hours over two days at Walter Day's Twin Galaxies arcade in Ottumwa, Iowa. A local news crew arrived to film him on location as he closed in on the record. McVey stated in a 2016 interview that he quit playing of his own accord due to exhaustion after setting the mark. For his achievement, McVey, an Ottumwa native, had the day of January 28, 1984 declared in his honor. He additionally received his own Nibbler machine as a prize, which he later gave to a rival arcade in exchange for two hundred dollars in game tokens.
In September 1984, Italian player Enrico Zanetti topped McVey with a 1,001,073,840 score, but it was not officially recognized by Twin Galaxies, who ultimately stopped verifying record scores for the game altogether; however, this score was grandfathered in retroactively as a historical record due to a new ruling that permitted significant and well-documented media coverage, although the former record was only officialized after McVey took back the record from Rick Carter. In September 2008, Dwayne Richard of Grande Prairie, Alberta, gained media attention when he fell short in his attempt to become the first player since McVey to officially surpass one billion points.
McVey's mark consequently stood for nearly three decades before it was surpassed twice, including once by Richard in 2009, but McVey was still recognized by Guinness World Records as the official record holder because others' scores were never submitted for verification. Rick Carter of Glen Burnie, Maryland officially claimed the new world record with a score of 1,002,222,360 on July 31, 2011. McVey regained the mark on December 25, 2011, with a score of 1,041,767,060.
On 01/05/2023 the Italian player Alessandro Porro from Triest, totaling a score of 1,233,326,800 after 51 hours and 55 minutes.The performance is broadcast live on Twitch and the new world record comes a few days later formed by Twin Galaxies.
Reception
In the United States, it was among the thirteen highest-grossing arcade games of 1983.
Legacy
Buzzworm is a Nibbler clone for the TRS-80 Color Computer published by Novasoft in 1984.
The documentary Man vs. Snake: The Long and Twisted Tale of Nibbler, about the difficulties of achieving a one-billion point score on Nibbler, was released in 2016. During the credits Elijah Hayter is shown with a score of 1,042,774,470 in June 2012, and Rick Carter is shown with 1,231,372,670 points after 53 hours and 8 minutes in November 2012. As of January 2020 neither of these scores have been credited as official by Twin Galaxies.
On 01/05/2023 the Italian player Alessandro Porro from Triest, totaling a score of 1,233,326,800 after 51 hours and 55 minutes.The performance is broadcast live on Twitch and the new world record comes a few days later formed by Twin Galaxies.
See also
Eyes, a Rock-Ola game with similar visual elements
References
External links
Nibbler at Atari Mania
Twin Galaxies scoreboard of Nibbler world records
1982 video games
Apple II games
Arcade video games
Atari 8-bit family games
Datasoft games
Maze games
Snake video games
Video games about reptiles
Video games developed in the United States
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Taito arcade games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibbler%20%28video%20game%29 |
Bruce Ian Fairweather (born December 12, 1960) is an American guitarist and bassist based in Seattle, Washington.
Biography
Fairweather grew up in Hawaii and moved to Montana for college where he met Jeff Ament skateboarding the brick banks at the University of Montana in September 1981. A month after they were rehearsing as Deranged Diction. In May 1983 they moved to Seattle and disbanded in 1984. In 1985, he replaced Steve Turner in the grunge band Green River, which included Mark Arm (later of Mudhoney), Alex Vincent as well as Jeff Ament and Stone Gossard, later of Pearl Jam.
In 1988, shortly after the release of the band's mini album Rehab Doll, Green River disbanded over band disputes. Singer Mark Arm reunited with Turner (whom Fairweather had replaced in Green River) to form Mudhoney. Fairweather joined former Malfunkshun singer Andrew Wood, Gossard, and Ament, to form Mother Love Bone. The band seemed destined for success until, on March 19, 1990, shortly before the release of their debut album Apple, Andrew Wood died from a heroin overdose. After this, Ament and Gossard went on to form Pearl Jam while Fairweather joined the Seattle grunge band Love Battery as the bassist. After two albums and many tours, he left the group and began focusing on studio work and family life. In 2008, Green River reunited and have played several live shows since.
References
American rock guitarists
American rock bass guitarists
Living people
Green River (band) members
Mother Love Bone members
1960 births
Love Battery members
American male guitarists
American male bass guitarists
20th-century American bass guitarists
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Fairweather |
The Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA) is the largest senior community Australian rules football competition in Victoria. Founded in 1892, it consists of six senior men's and women's divisions ranging from Premier to Division 3.
In addition, the VAFA Under-19s sections and five Thirds sections, primarily made up of either clubs only able to field one team, or clubs from higher sections that can field a third team after their seniors and reserves. The league operates a double promotion and relegation system between sections with various rules dictating which section clubs can play in.
The league's administration base is at Elsternwick Park, a former Victorian Football Association stadium in suburban Elsternwick, that was home to the now defunct Brighton Football Club and is now the home base for Old Melburnians Football Club and Elsternwick Football Club. It was redeveloped in 2017 and has a capacity for around 15,000 spectators.
The Association is made up of private school old boys clubs, university clubs and district clubs. No player payments are permitted, however players can be enticed by offers of employment.
History
Metropolitan Junior Football Association (MJFA)
The Victorian Amateur Football Association was founded in 1892 as the Metropolitan Junior Football Association. The foundation clubs were: Alberton; Brighton; Collegians; Footscray District; St Jude's; St Mary's; Toorak-Grosvenor; YMCA.
Metropolitan Amateur Football Association (MAFA)
1912
In 1912 the MJFA became the Metropolitan Amateur Football Association.
Prior to World War I, apart from its core function of delivering a competition for amateur footballers, the MAFA also provided an (unofficial) second-level competition for the VFL. The VFL Second XVIII competition began in 1919; the MAFA competition was not resumed, post-war, until 1920.
1920
On Monday, 22 March 1920, a meeting of the (then) Metropolitan Amateur Football Association decided to resume the inter-club competition that it had suspended for the duration of World War I at the end of the 1915 season. The MAFA announced that the re-formed competition would be between four of the "pre-war" clubs — namely, Collegians Football Club, South Yarra Amateur Football Club, Elsternwick Football Club, and Melbourne University Football Club (later University Blacks) — and four "new clubs" — namely, Old Melburnians, Old Caulfield Grammarians, Melbourne Swimming Club Football Club and the Teachers’ College Football Club.
Victorian Amateur Football Association
In 1933 it changed its name to the Victorian Amateur Football Association.
Movement in and out of senior competition since inception
From a history of the VAFA
Inter-league and Inter-state games
1925
In June 1925 a MAFA Representative XVIII defeated the South Australian 21.22 to 8.10 at the MCG in the first amateur Interstate representative game.
1948
Players in the 1948 Perth Carnival included: R. B. Small, K. N. C. Rollanson, G. V. Byrne, C. P. Daley, J. C. Stock, V. G. Miller, E. Jane, W. J. Backhouse, W. T. Taggart, J. P. Sheehan, R. L. Rouse, K. F. Lewis, J. W. Grainier, W. Reynolds’s, N. P. Airmen, G. W. McTaggart, D. B. White, (Deputy Manager) E. L. Macklin, B. F. Judd, V. W. Paxton, M. J. Davidson, D. W. Arnold, (Capt.) G. T. Moore, (Manager) M. K. Fitcher, (Vice-Capt.) A. H. C. Richard’s, E. M. MacGregor.
1951
The Australian Amateur Jubilee Football Carnival was held in Melbourne in July 1951.
The Victorian team included: J. Kelly (Coach), K. Clarke, G. W. Gibbons, A. T. Shiel, D. Bills, J.D. Anderson, M.T. Hastie, A. D. Morning, G. Harris. G.T. Moore (Manager), A. E. Parley, W. B. Thomas, M. Mathewson, A. Ferguson, J. Stock, J. B. Jolley, J. Likely, B. F. Judd, W. M. Judd, P. McLaughlin, . Bedford, S. Bottles, D. W. Arnold (Capt.), P. M. Cox (V-Capt.), H. A. Meredith, A. F. Mellors, E. Donaldson.
1954
On 14 June 1954, the Queen's Birthday holiday, a Victorian representative team defeated a South Australian team 12.14 (86) to 10.15 (75) at the Junction Oval. The match was preceded by the Grand Final of a "lightning premiership" that involving sixteen teams playing knock-out matches of two 10 minute halves. Four of the first round matches were played at the Junction Oval, and the other four were played (simultaneously) at the Ross Gregory Oval at the other end of Albert Park Lake. The quarter final, semi final, and the Grand Final matches were all played at the Junction Oval. The sixteen teams involved were:
Alphington Football Club, Hampton Rovers Football Club, Melbourne High School Old Boys (M.H.S.O.B.), Old Melburnians, and Ormond Amateur Football Club from A Section.
Brunswick Amateurs Football Club, Caulfield Grammarians Football Club, Coburg Amateurs Football Club, Collegians Football Club, and Ivanhoe Amateur Football Club from B Section.
Balwyn Football Club, East Malvern Football Club, and Parkside Football Club from C Section.
Parkdale Football Club from D Section.
South Melbourne City Football Club, and Preston Amateurs Football Club from E Section.
Parkside (the team that would later go on to have its twenty-ninth consecutive win in the 1954 C Section Grand Final), having beaten Balwyn in the first round, Preston in the quarter finals, and Ivanhoe in the Semi-finals, defeated Alphington in the Grand Final to win the lightning premiership.
1956
In 1956 a VAFA XVIII beat the combined VFL/VFA Amateurs in an Olympic demonstration game, 12.9 (81) to 8.7 (55).
1957
Of some considerable historical significance, the VAFA vs. South Australian Amateur Football League interstate match, played at Olympic Park on 17 June 1957 — which Victoria won 15.9 (99) to 8.3 (51) — was the first ever uninterrupted telecast of a complete Australian rules football game (viz., it was a direct broadcast of the entire four quarters of the match, rather than just the last quarter) .
1971
In 1971 a VAFA Representative side beat a VFA XVIII for the inaugural Victorian Football Cup 23.12 to 19.17.
Growth
The inaugural season of the then MJFA comprised fixtures between 8 teams. By 1922 the association divided into 2 sections of 8. Only 4 years later three sections were established; Section A with 10 clubs and Section B and C with 8 clubs each.
Competition was ceased for the Second World War (as it had after the Great War). Restarting in 1946 with 27 clubs in three sections, by 1947 34 clubs were competing over three sections. 1948 saw 35 clubs spread over four sections. In 1954 the MAFA established a fifth section for its 48 senior clubs.
1960 saw 74 clubs over 7 sections, but the association then dwindled and lost two sections. Section F was reintroduced in 1971. Section G was introduced in 1986. By 1987, there were 68 clubs over 8 sections.
Between 1995 until the end of the 1999 season, there was a geographic split in some VAFA divisions with 'E South' (later 'E White'), 'E Central' (later 'E Blue') and 'E East' (later 'F Section').
Starting in 2017, the VAFA has operated a women's competition in addition to the men's.
At the end of the 2023 season, Division 4 was abolished after Ivanhoe and Old Paradians were accepted into the Northern Football Netball League. Starting in 2024, each section has 10 teams with the exception of Division 3, which has 11.
Premiers
Men's Seniors clubs
William Buck Premier
Premier B
Premier C
Division 1
Division 2
Division 3
Thirds Only
Currently in Recess
Women's Seniors clubs
William Buck Premier
Premier B
Division 1
Division 2
Division 3
Division 4
Former clubs
See also
Australian rules football in Victoria
References
External links
Official Site
Brief History
VAFA Records and History at Full Points Footy
2
Organisations based in Melbourne
Sports leagues established in 1892
1892 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian%20Amateur%20Football%20Association |
ROKS or variant may refer to:
Republic of Korea Ship, see Republic of Korea Navy
ROKS flamethrowers
Roks, or Rakúsy, a town in Slovakia
Roks, a radio station in Belarus, see List of radio stations in Belarus
Roks, a radio station in Ukraine, see List of radio stations in Ukraine
National Organisation for Women's Shelters and Young Women's Shelters in Sweden
See also
Rok (disambiguation)
ROCS (disambiguation)
Roques (disambiguation)
Radio stations in Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROKS |
Rohan Fernando (also known as Cecil Fernando) is a Canadian visual artist, painter and film maker based in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Fernando has directed two films for the National Film Board of Canada; Trudeau's Other Children and Cecil's Journey about his ambivalence towards his identity and his trip to Jaffna, Sri Lanka, where Fernando was born. His short film, La Cucaracha, was the winner of the Guilty Pleasures Award from the 1996 Northwest Film & Video Festival. Fernando directed Snow in 2011, that follows the life of a Tsunami survivor played by Kalista Zackhariyas, which opened the ReelWorld Film Festival in Toronto after its world premiere at the Cinequest Film Festival in San Jose.
References
External links
Cecil's Journey Film Website
Zwicker Gallery Artist Profile
Film directors from Nova Scotia
Canadian painters
Canadian people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent
Sri Lankan Tamil artists
Living people
Artists from Nova Scotia
People from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Year of birth missing (living people)
Asian-Canadian filmmakers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohan%20Fernando |
The International Marxist Group (, GIM) was the name of two German Marxist groups. The first was formed in 1939, as a breakaway from the Communist Party Opposition (KPO), and was linked to the centrist Marxist International Workers Front.
The second was a Trotskyist group in West Germany, formed in 1968 by the International Communists of Germany (IKD) and a faction of the Socialist German Student League (SDS). The GIM served as the German section of the reunified Fourth International. In the 1950s, the IKD had entered the Independent Workers' Party (UAP) and later the Social Democratic Party (SPD). The group was involved in the Extraparliamentary Opposition (APO) movement through the early 1970s. In 1986, the GIM joined with the Communist Party of Germany/Marxists-Leninists to form the Unified Socialist Party (VSP). The VSP changed its name to the Association for Solidarity Perspectives (VsP) in 1993.
References
Defunct organisations based in Germany
Außerparlamentarische Opposition
Fourth International (post-reunification)
Trotskyist organisations in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Marxist%20Group%20%28Germany%29 |
Ajita Kesakambali (; ) was an ancient Indian philosopher in the 6th century BC. He is considered to be the first known proponent of Indian materialism, and forerunner to the Charvaka school. He was probably a contemporary of the Buddha and Mahavira. It has frequently been noted that the doctrines of the Lokayata school were considerably drawn from Ajita's teachings.
Philosophy
Like those of Lokayatins, nothing survives of Ajita's teachings in script, except some scattered references made by his opponents for the sake of refutation. Thus, due to the nature of these references, the basic framework of his philosophy has to be derived by filtering out obscure legends associated with him.
From Buddhist sources
According to a Buddhist legend Ajita wore a blanket of human hair (Kesakambali in Sanskrit means "with the hair blanket"), "which is described as being the most miserable garment. It was cold in cold weather, and hot in the hot, foul smelling and uncouth". Ajita means "unconquered", which implies that he was very argumentative.
According to early Buddhist sources, Ajita Kesakambali argued that:
There is no such thing as alms or sacrifice or offering. There is neither fruit nor result of good or evil deeds. A human being is built up of four elements. When he dies the earthly in him returns and relapses to the earth, the fluid to the water, the heat to the fire, the wind to the air, and his faculties pass into space. The four bearers, on the bier as a fifth, take his dead body away; till they reach the burning ground, men utter forth eulogies, but there his bones are bleached, and his offerings end in ashes. It is a doctrine of fools, this talk of gifts. It is an empty lie, mere idle talk, when men say there is profit herein. Fools and wise alike, on the dissolution of the body, are cut off, annihilated, and after death they are not.
According to the Brahmajala Sutta, Ajita propounded Ucchedavada (the Doctrine of Annihilation after death) and Tam-Jivam-tam-sariram-vada (the doctrine of identity of the soul and body), which denied the separate existence of an eternal soul. The extent to which these doctrines, which were evidently inherited by Lokayata, were found contemptible and necessary to be refuted in the idealist, theist and religious literature of the time is a possible evidence of their popularity and, perhaps also, their philosophical sophistication.
Modern interpretations
D. D. Kosambi, who elsewhere calls Ajita a proto-materialist, notes that he "preached a thoroughgoing materialist doctrine: good deeds and charity gained a man nothing in the end. His body dissolved into the primary elements at death, no matter what he had or had not done. Nothing remained. Good and evil, charity and compassion were all irrelevant to a man's fate."
See also
Ajivika
Ajñana
Makkhali Gosala
Pakudha Kaccayana
Purana Kassapa
Shramana
Notes
References
Bhaskar, Bhagchandra Jain, Jainism in Buddhist Literature (Alok Prakashan, Nagpur, 1972)
Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad, Indian Philosophy (People's Publishing House, New Delhi, 1964, 7th Edition: 1993)
Kosambi, DD, An Introduction to the Study of Indian History (Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1956)
Kosambi, DD, The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1965)
Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu (trans.) and Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.), The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya (Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2001) .
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life (DN 2) (1997) Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html.
Walshe, Maurice O'Connell (trans.), The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya (Wisdom Publications, Somerville, MA, 1995) .
6th-century BC Indian philosophers
Atheist philosophers
Indian materialists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajita%20Kesakambali |
Labs, labs, or LABS may carry the following meanings:
labs, a C mathematical function for absolute value
Labs (people), the inhabitants of the Labëria region in Albania
Helga Labs (born 1940), East German politician
Low Altitude Bombing System, US
Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, a salt of a linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, used as an anionic surfactant: for example, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate
See also
Lab (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labs |
Darraweit Guim is a Victorian locality, situated on Deep Creek, on the edge of the Shire of Macedon Ranges near the shire's boundary with the Shire of Mitchell. In 1992 the town had an approximate population of 300 with approximately 120 homes and a local school overseeing 51 students. Next to the school are the three local tennis courts which are regularly used. Up the hill is the Town Hall, Churches and CFA which protects the area. Platypus can be spotted in the local creek, and wombats also have burrows in the river banks.
Naming
It is thought by some that Darraweit Guim means "where 3 creeks meet" in a local Aboriginal language. Another legend has it that "Darraweit' means the meeting and "Guim" means the turn which the course of the water makes in the township. Which legend is correct no one is sure, but according to the Postal Department record of Post Offices in the Commonwealth of Australia, it is the only one known by that name.
The first survey of the district was made in 1851 by Surveyor Foote, who gave it the name of Darraweit Guim, which was approved by the authorities in Sydney.
History
The Toll Bar
It would appear that when early settlement was started it was at the Toll Bar Corner which is the junction of the now Old Broadmeadows road and the Darraweit Guim road. In the early 1860s Mr and Mrs Francis conducted a general store there and also collected the toll at the Toll gates. This toll was a charge made on those using the road and went to the maintenance of the road. There was also a hotel or wine shanty conducted by the Cummins family, descendants of whom are still in the district. One of the "Toll Gates" from Toll Bar corner later hung for many years below Mr Geo. Wilson's house where his property opens on to the road to Darraweit Guim (Stennings Lane). What other places of interest existed at the Toll Bar Hill is difficult to ascertain, but we have heard of a blacksmith, and possibly there would be others who lived there.
It has been said that surplus butter from those living on the Deep Creek towards Darraweit Guim was carted to meet the transport wagons (either bullock or horse wagons) at the Toll Bar Corner for transport either to Melbourne or to the Goldfields in Bendigo. The early potatoes grown here were taken to the goldfields, north, rather than to Melbourne as today. In those days it was on the goldfields that the heavy concentration of population was to be found. The Stockdale family who settled at "Oakdale" in the 1850s and are still there, tell of produce going to the goldfields. Mrs Stockdale, snr was a Cummins of the Toll Bar, and the first of the family at "Oakdale" was born in 1858.
Township area
It would appear from the early parish plan that the township area was made available for selection in the year 1866, though some allotments were granted as early as 1864. Some of these earlier ones are the blocks opposite Chas. Coustley's and selected in the name of J. Crough, along with several lying to the north of them in the name of W. J. Lobb. J. Purves selected as early as 1864. As many of the blocks bear the date 18/5/1, 1866 it would appear that that date rated high in the selection calendar. The block where the store stands was granted to Cornelius Francis on that day, as were those between the then Wesleyan Church and then Presbyterian Church. Above the Presbyterian Church there were four blocks in the name of T. Shelley and one in the name of E. Maher, all allotted between 3/5/1 and 6/7/1, 1867.
Natural disasters
During the winter Deep Creek in Darraweit Guim is prone to the occasional flood and did so in 1906, 1916, 1934, 1964 and 1990, at its height reaching above the waist. Then in the summer the area was prone to bush fires and in 1904 & 1927 massive sections of the area were burned. Since those times technology and organisation skills have minimised the risks. Even so, in 1969 fires destroyed 12 homes. Both the town's churches and the town hall were also destroyed, and later rebuilt. In October 2022, Darraweit Guim experienced its highest flood peaking at 7.68 metres early in the morning of October 14 according to the Vic Emergency App. Darraweit Guim was the hardest hit town in Macedon Ranges Shire in the 2022 Victorian floods which washed out the main road and destroyed up to 15 homes as well as the historic primary school following an exceptional 82mm of rainfall and subsequent flooding of both creeks that converge in the township.
Post office
Wallan Wallan post office was opened in 1858 and serviced Darraweit Guim 6 times a week until the Darraweit Guim Office was opened in 1868 (closed 1976). It often shifted between households and continued until the mid-1950s when Wallan reclaimed the run. Rail to the area was surveyed in the 1880s but was never followed through with. The town's general store closed in the 1980s, reopened for a while in the 1990s by the Guy family. The current owners hoped to reopen it, but it is getting a bit dilapidated
Pioneering families
Anderton, Barry, Breen, Brown, Cleve, Coustley, Cummins, Delaney, Doheney, Elder, Francis, Howden, Lade, Lobb, Maher, McCabe, McDonald, McDonell, Moore, Stenning, Stockdale, Tom, Waitt, Wilson and Aungier.
Notable residents
Australian rock band Stonefield (made up of four sisters, Amy, Hannah, Sarah, and Holly Findlay) are from Darraweit Guim.
Also, there is the lesser local town hero - Paul White is an outspoken shearer, farmer and lawyer - who is thrilled to call Darraweit Guim home (most of the time) as he is in high demand in courts across Victoria and Sthn NSW weekdays, and in shearing sheds everywhere on weekends.
Resources
Darraweit Guim P.S. 125th Anniversary Booklet: A Brief History of the School and District (1992, G. Taylor).
References
External links
Darraweit Guim Primary School Website
Macedon Ranges Shire Council
Local Map(.PDF)
Towns in Victoria (state)
Shire of Macedon Ranges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darraweit%20Guim%2C%20Victoria |
Ken Jacobsen (born May 2, 1945) is an American former politician who served as a Democratic member of the Washington State Senate. He was first elected to the Washington State Legislature in 1982 and he served through 2010.
Political history
He was elected to represent the 46th Legislative District in the Washington State House of Representatives in 1982 and was subsequently reelected for six more terms. He was appointed (and subsequently elected) to the State Senate in 1997, and served as Senator though 2010. He served as the Democratic Caucus Vice Chairman in 2003, the Majority Caucus Vice Chairman in 1999 and 2001, and he is a former chair of the House Higher Education Committee. He was the chair of the Senate Natural Resources, Oceans and Recreation Committee, and also served on the Transportation Committee, the Higher Education & Workforce Development Committee and the Agriculture and Rural Economic Development Committee.
District
In the State Senate, Jacobsen represented the Seattle neighborhoods of Wedgwood, View Ridge, Sand Point, Roosevelt, Northgate, Maple Leaf, and Lake City.
Personal
Born in Dannebrog, Nebraska, of "Postcard from Nebraska" fame and raised in northeast Seattle, Senator Jacobsen enjoys bird watching, hummingbird and butterfly gardening. He has been married to Rachel Jacobsen, a teacher from New Zealand, since 1972. They have two daughters, Sonja (Wellesley College, 1999, University of Washington School of Law, 2007) and Kiri (Tulane University, 2000).
Recent awards and recognition
Glenn Galbreath Spirit Award, 2006; Stanley O. McNaughton Leadership Award, 2002; Survivors of the Holocaust Asset Recovery Project of Washington—Honorary Board Member; Northwest Dollars for Scholars Community Hero Award. Washington State Governor Christine Gregoire declared May 22, 2009 Ken Jacobsen day in the State of Washington.
Civic organizations
Board member of Scholarship America and Washington Dollars for Scholars; U.S. Foundation of the Universidad Del Valle de Guatemala; Friends of the University of Washington Library; Seattle Audubon Society; American Indian Endowment Committee; Ravenna & Thornton Creek Alliances'; Bring the Purple Martin Back to Seattle Committee; Education Advisory Committee Nordic Heritage Museum; Founder of the Annual Raoul Wallenberg Dinner. Lifelong member of the Disabled American Veterans.
References
Living people
Democratic Party Washington (state) state senators
Democratic Party members of the Washington House of Representatives
1945 births
University of Washington alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Jacobsen |
Patricia Lawrence (19 November 1925, Andover, Hampshire – 7 March 1993, Chelsea, London) was a British actress.
Personal life
In 1947 she married writer and arts administrator Greville Poke (1912–2000) in the City of Westminster. Lawrence and Poke had two sons, Christopher Frederick Lawrence Poke and musician James John Lawrence Poke. She died in 1993, aged 67 years, in Chelsea.
Career
She was well known for playing the formidable Sister Ulrica, a Dutch prisoner of war in the BBC television series drama Tenko and Ellie Herries in the BBC television drama To Serve Them All My Days (TV series).
Filmography
References
External links
1925 births
1993 deaths
20th-century English actresses
English film actresses
English television actresses
People from Andover, Hampshire
Actors from Chelsea, London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia%20Lawrence |
"Bounce" is Tarkan's debut English language single. It was released in Turkey, his home nation, on 25 October 2005, before being released in Germany on 24 March 2006.
Domestic Release
Bounce, 2005 / 2006
Bounce (Orıgınal) (3:43)
Bounce (Pacifique) (3:44)
Bounce (Ozinga) (3:40)
Shhh (DkEvrim Mix) (3:50)
Bounce (Kerim & DkEvrım) (4:20)
Shhh (3:35)
Bounce (N.Y.L.A.) (3:45)
Bounce (Pacifique De Replay Remix)
Bounce (Beathoavenz Cut)
Bounce (Don Candiani Reggaeton Rmx feat. Adassa)
Bounce (Oriental Mix)
Bounce (Indu Mix)
Bounce (Original Mix)
Bounce (Armand Van Helden Mix)
Bounce (DJ Fuma's Elastic Mix)
Extra information 12-inch Releases
Along with a promotional vinyl release of the single, there were three 12" versions released for promotional use/club DJs, too.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
External links
Tarkan.com
Juno Records
2005 singles
Tarkan (singer) songs
Songs written by Tarkan (singer)
English-language Turkish songs
2005 songs
Songs written by Devrim Karaoglu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounce%20%28Tarkan%20song%29 |
Rattlesnake Island refers, variously, to the following places:
United States
Rattlesnake Island (Clear Lake), in Lake County, California
A previous name for Terminal Island, in Los Angeles County, California
Rattlesnake Island (New Hampshire), in Lake Winnipesaukee
Rattlesnake Island (Lake Erie), in Ohio
Canada
Rattlesnake Island (Okanagan Lake), in British Columbia
Australia
Rattlesnake Island (Queensland), in Halifax Bay, used for bombing practice | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattlesnake%20Island |
Veronica Roberts is a British actress, best known for playing Dorothy Bennett in the BBC drama Tenko and Laura Elliott in the ITV series Peak Practice. In 1975 she also had a regular role playing Deborah Wilson in the Granada series Sam (1973 TV series) Play Miss Robinson in the "Mr Ellis versus the people" in the Granada TV series Village Hall 1974.
She has also made short-term appearances in EastEnders, Casualty, The Bill, Holby City, Heartbeat, Little Britain, New Tricks and Emma (BBC TV Adaptation 2009).
External links
British television actresses
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica%20Roberts |
Valentine National Wildlife Refuge is located in the U.S. state of Nebraska and includes 19,131 acres (77.42 km2). The refuge protects a portion of the largest remaining area of tall and mid grass prairie in the United States.
Development
Collectively known as the sand hills region of Nebraska, the dunes were the end result of the last ice age known as the Pinedale glaciation. During the Holocene glacial retreat the sand dunes that been deposited in their current location by the vast continental glaciers, were exposed and grasses eventually took over.
Management
The refuge is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and along with Fort Niobrara and John and Louise Seier National Wildlife Refuges, they form the Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge Complex. In 1976, the Valentine National Wildlife Refuge was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.
Natural features
Numerous lakes and ponds are located on the refuge, fed by underground seeps and springs. 260 species of birds have been identified over the years on the refuge, and during migratory periods in the spring and fall, 150,000 birds pass through the protected area. Coyote, blanding's turtle, prairie grouse, white-tailed and Mule deer are commonly found by visitors in this refuge. Muskrat and beaver inhabit the wetlands and streams.
Location
Valentine NWR is located about 20 miles (32 km) south of Valentine, Nebraska off U.S. Highway 83.
References
External links
Protected areas of Cherry County, Nebraska
National Wildlife Refuges in Nebraska
National Natural Landmarks in Nebraska
Wetlands of Nebraska
Landforms of Cherry County, Nebraska
Protected areas established in 1935
1935 establishments in Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge |
Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie is a British reality television series on ITV2, series 1 focused on Jack Osbourne's globe-trekking six-month quest to get in physical and mental shape to climb the rockface of California's El Capitan mountain, the show documents Osbourne running with the bulls in Pamplona, Spain, following a strict exercise regimen, Muay Thai training in Thailand, and "an overall 180-degree mental make-over".
The show was broadcast by MuchMusic in Canada, and the Travel Channel in the United States, and Series 1 and 2 were repeated on the ITV Network late at night. The programme is also broadcast on the Extreme Sports Channel in the UK.
Series 1
The first series of Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie began on ITV2 on Saturday 1 October 2005. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 on Saturday 15 October 2005.
Episode 1
Follows Jack through daily five-mile runs, six-hour training sessions, fasting and enemas during an intense stay at a sweltering Muay Thai boxing camp near Bangkok.
Episode 2
Kelly Osbourne visits her brother in Spain to watch him risk his life running with the bulls in Pamplona. Jack also confronts his tear-inducing phobia of heights during a training session in the French Alps.
Episode 3
Tensions mount as Ozzy and Sharon watch their son quiver his way up the jagged rockface of California's El Capitan mountain.
Series 2
The second series of Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie began on ITV2 on Saturday 19 August 2006. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 on Saturday 9 September 2006.
Episode 1
Jack Osbourne heads around the world for the next three months testing his adrenaline-fuelled resolve. He challenges himself with the world's biggest bungee jump and the Marathon des sables, a 150-mile ultra-marathon through the Sahara Desert.
Episode 2
Osbourne takes on a gruelling jungle expedition in Central America with Trekforce.
Episode 3
The adventure continues in New Zealand where Jack tries some white-water kayaking before heading to Japan for a series of gruelling trials.
Episode 4
India challenges Jack, where he tries the ancient and hard-core combat sport of Kushti Wrestling. After that there is one more ordeal he must pass before heading home...
Series 3
The third series of Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie began on ITV2 at 9:40pm on Saturday 18 August 2007. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 at 8:45pm on Saturday 6 October 2007.
Episode 1
Jack Osbourne heads around the world testing his adrenaline-fuelled resolve, but this time he is taking five young recruits with him. This episode kicks off in the mountains of New Zealand, where Jack pushes his fledgling recruits' fear of heights to terrifying new levels.
Episode 2
Jack Osbourne takes five young recruits around the world on a series of adrenaline-fuelled adventures. Jack leads his recruits deep into the heart of the Sarawak jungle to meet the nomadic Penan tribe. Throughout the five-day trek, the recruits have to face blood sucking leeches, learn how to hunt for wild boar and are driven to the brink of exhaustion.
Episode 3
Jack Osbourne travels the world with a group of young people, testing their nerve in a series of adrenaline-fuelled adventures. Jack takes his recruits on a two-day crash course in the urban sport of free running, before they head off to Finland. Once there, they make plans to undertake a husky expedition to the Arctic Circle. But a mysterious illness begins to consume Jack, which jeopardises the expedition.
Episode 4
Jack Osbourne takes a group of young people on a life-changing odyssey around the globe, testing their nerve in a series of adrenaline-fuelled challenges along the way. In the Arctic Circle, Jack comes down with a suspected case of malaria and has to be taken to hospital. Is the adventure over for the young explorers?
Episode 5
Jack Osbourne takes five young people around the world to experience a life-changing odyssey as they engage in a series of adrenaline-fuelled adventures. Jack enlists his recruits on a week of hard knocks at China's toughest kung fu school, in what may be their most difficult challenge yet.
Episode 6
Jack Osbourne takes five young recruits around the world on a series of adrenaline-fuelled adventures. Jack takes his recruits to the Mongolian outback for a week-long traditional nomadic cattle drive.
Episode 7
Jack Osbourne takes the recruits to Hawaii, challenging them to a dive in shark infested waters.
Episode 8
Jack Osbourne takes five young people around the world to experience a life-changing odyssey as they engage in a series of adrenaline-fuelled challenges. Jack and his recruits round up their global adventure by sky diving from a World War II aircraft into the blue skies of California.
Mongol Rally
Jack Osbourne: Mongol Rally began on ITV2 Saturday 13 October 2007. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 Saturday 20 October 2007.
Episode 1
Jack and 5 friends attempt to drive from Hyde Park in London all the way to Ulanbattar, Mongolia in 4 weeks. They have to do this in the biggest piece of shit they find; Jack's Fiat Panda only costing £350. In the first episode they reach 6500 miles but there were melt downs and break downs.
Episode 2
Jack and his friends reach Mongolia, however Jack's Fiat Panda died and Jack and his friend had to go buy a mini bus.
Series 4
The fourth series Jack Osbourne: Celebrity Adrenaline Junkie began on ITV2 at 9:00pm on Wednesday 24 September 2008. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 at 9:00pm on Wednesday 12 November 2008.
Episode 1
Jack Osbourne and the gang of well known faces take on some of the toughest adrenaline thrills challenges the world can offer. In this episode, he is joined by Hollywood star Elijah Wood as they go white water rafting on the Zambezi River, cross the world's largest waterfall on a rope, and undertake a terrifying canyon swing.
Episode 2
Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions take on more of the toughest adrenaline thrills challenges the world can offer. In the Alps he is joined by Happy Mondays icon Bez, Ex-EastEnder Charlie Brooks and Shamelesss Jody Latham. They take on the world's biggest bungee down the front of the dam which featured in GoldenEye, build their very own ice hotel in the mountains, and undertake a terrifying mid-air jump from one cable car to another.Episode 3Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions take on more of the toughest adrenaline thrills challenges the world can offer. Still in the Alps with Happy Mondays icon Bez, ex-EastEnder Charlie Brooks and Shameless's Jody Latham, the adrenaline kicks up a notch as they attempt a terrifying leap from one cable car to another, before taking on the most dangerous motor racing circuit in Europe. They round off their adventure with some Swiss pant wrestling and a spot of wing walking.Episode 4Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions take on more of the toughest challenges the world can offer. He is joined by fashion model Jodie Kidd, actor John Thomson and ex-Busted band member Matt Willis in New Zealand, where they fly through the mountains suspended under a helicopter, climb ice walls, cross a raging river on a tightrope and bungee jump from a cable car.Episode 5Jack Osbourne and his celebrity mates continue their quest to seek out the world's biggest adrenaline rushes. Jack is still in New Zealand with supermodel Jodie Kidd, actor John Thomson, and ex-Busted bandmember Matt Willis, where they undertake a gruelling 24-hour adventure race involving sea kayaking, cycling, waterfall jumping and running, followed by a terrifying bungy jump from a cable car. After kayaking John quits and then it's left to Jack, Matt and Jodie to continue. Then they have to traverse from a huge rock or they face a 20-minute penalty. Soon it's back to biking then caving which they do with a heavy heart.Episode 6Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions continue their quest to seek out the world's biggest adrenaline challenges. R&B star Craig David, presenter Emma Griffiths, and Huey from the Fun Lovin' Criminals join Jack to spend a terrifying night strapped to the side of a cliff, descend into the world's biggest hole, and learn how to box in Mexico City.Episode 7Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions continue their quest to seek out the world's biggest adrenaline challenges. He continues to learn how to box in Mexico City's tough gyms with Craig David, presenter Emma Griffiths and Huey from the Fun Lovin' Criminals. Their training involves getting in the ring with a bull, and taking part in an Indian fire ceremony, before their tuition culminates in a fierce bout against a professional opponent.Episode 8'''
Jack Osbourne takes a gang of famous friends on a mission to find the toughest adrenaline challenges in the world. In Africa he is joined by ex-Hollyoaks babe Gemma Atkinson, Harry Potter star Tom Felton and Coronation Streets Wendi Peters; where they bunjee jump from a terrifyingly high bridge, go nose-to-nose with great white sharks and freefall parachute from a helicopter.
Series 5
The fifth series Jack Osbourne: Celebrity Adrenaline Junkie 2 began on ITV2 at 9:00pm on Tuesday 15 September 2009. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 at 9:00pm on Tuesday 20 October 2009.Episode 1Reality TV star Jack Osbourne returns with a new series of the show in which he and a select bunch of fearless stars travel the world to experience the most extreme sports and death-defying feats they can. Today it is a family affair, as Jack is joined by his rock star dad Ozzy and mum Sharon. His parents are certainly up for the globe-trotting adventure, but will they be so keen after a few days of skydiving, rock crawling and even floating in zero gravity?Episode 2Reality TV star Jack Osbourne continues his adventures with his parents Ozzy and Sharon. They head to the southern tip of Argentina, to go on a two-day dog-sledding expedition into the remote mountains in the freezing cold. They will sleep in a basic log cabin without water or electricity. But first they will have to learn how to handle a dog team, which is no easy matter - as they find out when first Sharon, then Ozzy is slammed into the snow. Has Jack finally pushed his parents too far?Episode 3Jack Osbourne heads to New Zealand for some action-packed adventures with Gavin & Stacey star Joanna Page, Desperate Housewives Jesse Metcalfe and presenter and DJ Reggie Yates. The celebs are thrown in the deep end straight away, with a bungee jump from Auckland Harbour Bridge. Then they go to Queenstown to brave the world's largest canyon swing. And after a freezing night, the group face dangling off the side of a mountain attached to a helicopter. Will they have the bottle for Jack's most dangerous stunt yet?Episode 4Jack Osbourne, Joanna Page, Jesse Metcalfe and Reggie Yates continue their adrenaline-pumping experiences. Jack decides to put the others through one more test in New Zealand before they leave for fresh challenges, so they get ready for a night-time bungee jump high above Queenstown. Then they head to Dubai, for more competitive adventures. After a game of camel polo, they go deep into the desert for a spot of dune bashing before facing off in a powerboat race - who will come out on top?Episode 5Jack Osbourne heads into the Canadian Rockies with Natalie Imbruglia, The Lord of the Rings star Billy Boyd, and Konnie Huq. Their first challenge is climbing the 8000 foot high Mount Fable, but it is not long before they run into trouble - including a dangerous electrical storm. Next they face a home-made canyon swing thousands of feet up, before going into the woods for some high-speed mountain biking. Jack rounds the trip off by taking the celebs deep underground for a caving expedition.Episode 6'''
Jack Osbourne, Natalie Imbruglia, Billy Boyd and Konnie Huq head to Hawaii for more adrenaline-fuelled adventures. They try out the dangerous challenge of free diving - deep diving without breathing apparatus. Next Jack takes the team on a kayaking trip down the remote volcanic coastline, ending up in a night on a deserted beach. Finally they indulge in a famous Hawaiian pastime - surfing. How will the celebs get on?
References
External links
Adrenaline Junkie at Unrealitytv.co.uk
2005 British television series debuts
2009 British television series endings
Ginger Productions
ITV (TV network) original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Osbourne%3A%20Adrenaline%20Junkie |
Oaktree Capital Management is an American global asset management firm specializing in alternative investment strategies. As of March 31, 2022, the company managed $164 billion for its clientele.
The firm was co-founded in 1995 by a group that had formerly worked together at the TCW Group starting in the 1980s. On April 12, 2012, Oaktree Capital Group LLC became listed on the . On March 13, 2019, Canada's Brookfield Asset Management announced that it had agreed to buy 62% of Oaktree Capital Management for approximately $4.7 billion.
Firm overview
The firm is based in Los Angeles, and has over 1,000 employees in offices in 19 cities worldwide (Los Angeles; New York City; London; Hong Kong; Stamford, Connecticut, Tokyo, Luxembourg, Paris, Frankfurt, Singapore, Seoul, Beijing; Amsterdam; Dubai; Houston, Helsinki, Dublin, Shanghai and Sydney). The company's co-chairman, Howard Marks, is known in the investment community for his letters to investors.
Since its formation in 1995, Oaktree has become the largest distressed-debt investor in the world. In 2008, it raised $10.9 billion for what was the largest-ever distressed debt fund, its Opportunities Fund VIIb. As reported in The Washington Post on June 26, 2011, Oaktree's 17 distressed-debt funds (which do not use leverage) have averaged annual gains of 19% after fees for the past 22 years.
Investor base
Oaktree's clientele includes 67 of the 100 largest U.S. pension plans, 40 state retirement plans in the United States, over 400 corporations and/or their pension funds, over 300 university, charitable and other endowments and foundations, and 15 sovereign wealth funds. According to The Wall Street Journal, Oaktree has "long been considered a stable repository for pension-fund and endowment money."
The company's distressed-debt funds are often over-subscribed, and in 2010 Oaktree turned down potential investors due to self-imposed limits on fund size.
History
1990s
Oaktree was founded in 1995 by a group of principals who first joined together at the TCW Group in the mid-1980s Within three months of its founding in 1995, “more than 30 TCW clients transferred $1.5 billion in assets to Oaktree.”
Oaktree has formed various sub-advisory relationships since 1995. In 1996, Oaktree was selected as the sub-advisor for the Vanguard Convertible Securities Fund.
Since 1995, Oaktree has created what it refers to as “step-out” strategies, usually coincident with the opening of new offices around the world. Its growth in strategies has largely focused on expanding into European and Asian markets. Between 1997 and 1999, Oaktree created 3 new strategies: Emerging Markets Absolute Return in 1997, European High Yield Bonds in 1999, and Power Opportunities in 1999.
2000s
In 2001 Oaktree continued to introduce new "step-out" strategies, starting with Mezzanine Finance. Asia Principal Opportunities (2006) followed, along with European Principal Investments (2006), European Senior Loans (2006), U.S. Senior Loans and Value Opportunities (2007), Global High Yield Bonds (2010), Emerging Markets Equities (2011), and Real Estate Debt (2012).
In 2005 the Securities And Exchange Commission ordered Oaktree to pay a fine, interest, and disgorge profits after the SEC ruled they had "sold securities short" before the five legal business days after a public offering pricing had gone public. Oaktree was required to put in place policies and procedures to prevent violations in the future.
In 2008, the firm raised $11 billion for their distressed debt fund. In 2009, Oaktree was selected by the U.S. Treasury, along with eight other managers (BlackRock, Invesco, AllianceBernstein and others) to participate in the government's Public-Private Investment Program (PPIP). At the time of Oaktree's inclusion in the PPIP program, The New York Times reported: “Howard S. Marks is the sort of financier who Washington hopes will help fix the nation’s tumbledown banks.” As of December 31, 2018, the Oaktree PPIP Fund, L.P. had a gross return of 28%.
2010s
In 2009, Oaktree acquired a 20% stake in DoubleLine Capital, a Los Angeles-based investment firm specializing in mortgage-backed fixed income portfolios.
The firm's relationship with Vanguard was expanded in 2011 when Oaktree was selected as one of four firms to manage Vanguard's Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund. In 2010, Oaktree was named one of three advisors to the Russell Global Opportunistic Credit Fund and was selected as a manager for the Credit Suisse (Lux) I Fund in 2011.
Seeking investment opportunities created by the European sovereign-debt crisis, Oaktree started its European Principal Fund III in November 2011 with committed capital of some €3 billion.
In 2017, Eaton Vance launched the Oaktree Diversified Credit NextShares exchange-traded managed fund with Oaktree as subadvisor.
In 2018, Oaktree filed a registration statement to launch a non-traded REIT.
Other recent funds
According to the company's published financial results, Oaktree raised $12 billion for Oaktree Opportunities Funds X and Xb (“Opps X and Xb”).
NYSE listing
On April 12, 2012, Oaktree became a publicly traded partnership with shares listed on the NYSE. The company was previously listed on GSTrUE, a private over-the-counter exchange run by Goldman Sachs which officially ceased operations in 2012 after Oaktree, along with Apollo Global Management (in 2011), de-listed and moved to the NYSE.
Acquisition of Control by Brookfield
On March 13, 2019, Brookfield Asset Management announced that it had agreed to buy 62% of Oaktree Capital Management for about $4.7 billion, creating one of the world’s largest alternative money managers. On September 30, 2019, completion of the acquisition of a majority stake by Brookfield Asset Management was announced.
Investment funds
Oaktree's current investment activities are divided across four asset classes: credit, private equity, real assets and listed equities.
Select past and current investments
Aleris International — acquired 1 May 2010
Almatis Group — acquired 2010
Billabong - Australia's largest surfwear company.
Campofrío Food Group — (24%) European food industry. Sold in 2013.
Conbipel — (100%) Italian fashion industry
Environmental 360 Solutions — Canadian Environmental Management company
Fitness First - Global health club chain. Taken over in partnership with Marathon Asset Management in 2012. Parts of business subsequently sold in whole or in part in 2016-17.
Loews Cineplex Entertainment — jointly acquired by Onex Corporation from Sony Pictures and Universal Studios in 2002. U.S. division was sold in 2004 to The Carlyle Group (in turn merged with AMC Theatres in 2006); Canadian subsidiary merged with Galaxy Entertainment to form Cineplex Galaxy, renamed to Cineplex Entertainment in 2005.
Marlin Brands 50% of Marlin Brands with Alceon Group.
MediaWorks New Zealand — acquired a controlling 77.8% share in the business, after recently purchasing shares from RBS and Westpac; acquisition completed April 29, 2015.
Nine Entertainment — taken over (alongside Apollo Global Management and Goldman Sachs) from CVC Asia Pacific in a refinancing deal in Oct 2012, sold final stake in 2017.
Quiksilver — American retail sporting company
Sky Holding — jet airplane ownership
SM Caen, Ligue 2 football club in France. Currently hold 80% of the club's shares - acquisition completed in September 2020.
Tribune Company — acquired jointly with JPMorgan Chase and Angelo Gordon; acquisition completed July 2012.
Verreries de l’Orne à Ecouché (Orne) — glass etching firm — 1 April 2010
Zzoomm, UK-based telecommunications company. Majority stake acquired for £100 million in September 2020.
See also
:Category:Oaktree Capital Management
References
Further reading
2011: The Most Important Thing: Uncommon Sense for the Thoughtful Investor by Howard Marks (Columbia University Press, )
2018: Mastering the Market Cycle: Getting the Odds on Your Side by Howard Marks (Mariner Books, )
External links
Financial year 2014 accounting statements
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Financial services companies established in 1995
Hedge fund firms in California
Private equity firms of the United States
2019 mergers and acquisitions
Companies based in Los Angeles
2012 initial public offerings
Brookfield Asset Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaktree%20Capital%20Management |
Nathan ben Jehiel of Rome (, 1035 – 1106) was a Jewish Italian lexicographer. He authored the Arukh, a notable dictionary of Talmudic and Midrashic words, and consequently he himself is often referred to as "the Arukh".
Biography
He was born in Rome not later than 1035 to one of the most notable Roman families of Jewish scholars. Owing to an error propagated by Azulai, he has been regarded as a scion of the house of De Pomis. However, according to present scholarship, it is almost a certainty that he belonged to the Anaw (, ) family. Nathan's father, Jehiel ben Abraham, aside from being an acknowledged authority on the ritual law, was, like the majority of the contemporary Italian rabbis, a liturgic poet.
The details of Nathan's sad life must be excerpted and pieced together from several autobiographic verses appended to the first edition of his lexicon. It appears that he began life not as a student, but as a peddler of linen wares, which was then considered a distasteful occupation. The death of his employer caused him to abandon trade for the Torah. He returned home, where his father began to bestow upon him the treasures of learning, the accumulation of which was continued under foreign masters.
First, Nathan went to Sicily, whither Matzliach ibn al-Batzaq had just returned from a course of study under Hai Gaon, the last of the Pumbedita geonim. It was there that Nathan garnered that Babylonian learning which has led some to the erroneous notion that he had himself pilgrimed to Pumbedita.
Then Narbonne enticed him, where he sat under the prominent exegete and aggadist Moshe ha-Darshan. On his way home he probably lingered for a while at the several academies flourishing in Italy, notably at Pavia, where a certain Rabbi Moses was head master, and at Bari, where Moses Kalfo taught. He arrived home, however, from his scholarly travels some time before the death of his father, which occurred about the year 1070, and which gave him the opportunity of illustrating the simplicity of funeral rites which he had been advocating.
The presidency of the rabbinic college was thereupon entrusted by the Roman community to Jehiel's three learned sons: Daniel, Nathan, and Abraham – 'the geonim of the house of Rabbi Jehiel', as they were styled. Daniel, the eldest, seems to have composed a commentary on the mishnaic section Zeraim, from which the Arukh quotes frequently, and to have stood in friendly relations with Christian scholars. The three brothers rapidly acquired general recognition as authorities on the Torah; and numerous inquiries were addressed to them. Their most frequent correspondent was Solomon ben Isaac ("Yitzhaki"), an Italian scholar who is not to be identified with Rashi.
Nathan's private life was extremely sad. All his children died very young; and the bereaved father sought solace in philanthropy and scholarly application. In the year 1085 he built a communal bathhouse conforming to the ritual law; and about seventeen years later (September, 1101) he and his brothers erected a beautiful synagogue. In February 1101 he had completed his magnum opus, the Arukh.
The Arukh
Sources
The sources of this work are numerous. Aside from the Arukh of Tzemach ben Poltoi, which he utilized (it should be stated, however, that Rapoport and Geiger deny this), he used a very large number of additional works. Above all, he placed under contribution the information received, in both oral and written form, from R. Maẓliaḥ and R. Moses ha-Darshan, the former of whom, in particular, through his studies under Hai, had made himself the repository of Eastern learning. The entire extent of Nathan's indebtedness to his authorities can not be estimated, for the reason that of the hundreds of books cited by him many have not been preserved. But none will deny his obligation to R. Gershom of Mainz, whom he repeatedly quotes, though, as Kohut rightly maintains against Rapoport, he can not have been his personal disciple.
Similarly he used the writings of R. Hananeel b. Chushiel and R. Nissim ben Jacob, both living at Kairwan. So frequent, in fact, were the references to R. Hananeel in the lexicon that R. Jacob Tam, for example, regarded the work as based entirely on R. Hananeel's commentaries, while the author of the Or Zarua, as a matter of course, referred to R. Hananeel almost all of the lexicon's anonymous statements.
Hai Gaon, again, figures very frequently in its pages, sometimes simply designated as "the Gaon," while it has particularly assimilated all philologic material that is contained in his commentary on the mishnaic order Tohorot.
Method and scope
Since the structure of the Arukh consists, as it were, of so many bricks, it is hard to decide whether the builder really possessed all the linguistic learning stored up in it. None can gainsay the author's philologic spirit of inquiry – quite remarkable for his day, which antedated the science of linguistics; his frequent collation of "variæ lectiones" is notable, while his fine literary sense often saved him from crude etymological errancies.
Nevertheless, the multitude of languages marshaled in the Arukh is prodigious even for a period of polyglot proclivities. The non-Jewish Aramaic dialects are encountered side by side with Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin, and even Slavonic, while Italian seems as familiar to the author as the various rabbinic forms of style.
This multiplicity of languages, however, is at present generally considered a mere mark of the multifarious character of the compilation; and the credit for the exegetic employment of the several languages is given to Nathan's authorities rather than to himself.
While he undoubtedly possessed a superficial and empiric knowledge of Latin and Greek, of which the former already contained an admixture of contemporary Italian, and the latter (subdivided into spoken and written Greek) was still partly used in southern Italy; while he may have acquired a desultory acquaintance with Arabic, and certainly was quite familiar with Italian, yet it may be stated almost with certainty that the majority of his etymologies were compiled and copied from his various source-books.
For this reason, perhaps, the various dialects appear in the Arukh under several names, each originating seemingly in a different author, as Arabic, for example, which occurs under three distinct denotations, possibly without Nathan being aware of their synonymity. To the same cause may be assigned the polyonymy of the Hebrew and rabbinic dialects in the Arukh, as well as the presence of a great deal of geographic and ethnographic information which the author certainly did not acquire in actual travel. As regards the grammatical derivation of Hebrew words, Nathan deviated from the principle of triliteral roots discovered by Judah ben David Chayyuj and adopted by the Spanish grammarians as a rule; like most French and German rabbis, he considered two letters, and at times one, sufficient to form a Hebrew root.
Its importance
The Arukh is significant as a monument in the history of culture. Aside from its purely scientific value as a storehouse of old readings and interpretations as well as of titles of many lost books, it is important as the only literary production of the Italian Jews of that age. Moreover, though mainly a compilation, it is one of the most noteworthy medieval monuments of learning. Compiled at the historic juncture when Jewish scholarship was transplanted from Babylonia and northern Africa to Europe and was subject to the perils of aberration, it signally emphasized the necessity of preserving the old rabbinical treasures and traditions. Its service in this respect was equivalent to that rendered by the two great products of contemporary Spanish and French Jews – Alfasi's Talmudic code and Rashi's commentary. Together the three contributed toward the spread of rabbinic study. Besides, one has to depend upon the Arukh for whatever knowledge one may have of the intellectual condition of the Italian Jews in the 11th century. Since its author, for example, uses the Italian language freely to elucidate etymologies, that he frequently offers the vernacular nomenclature for objects of natural history, that he repeatedly calls into service for purposes of illustration the customs of foreign peoples, the character of the reading public of his day can easily be inferred. The dawn of skepticism may be discerned in his remark that as regards conjuring and amulets neither their grounds nor their sources were known.
Influence and editions
The Arukh rapidly achieved a wide circulation. According to Kohut, even Rashi was already in a position to utilize it in the second edition of his commentaries, having been acquainted with it by R. Kalonymus ben Shabbethai, the noted rabbi who had moved to Worms from Rome. Kalonymus, however, can at best have transported to his new home but meager information concerning the Arukh, as his removal occurred about thirty years prior to its completion; the first folios he may well have seen, since he was intimately acquainted with Nathan. A generation after the time of Rashi the Arukh is found in general use among the Biblical commentators and the tosafists, as well as among the legalistic and the grammatical authors. Numerous manuscript copies were brought into circulation; and with the introduction of printing its spread was widely extended.
The first edition, which bears neither the date nor the place of publication, probably belongs to the year 1477, while in 1531 Daniel Bomberg of Venice issued what is no doubt the best of the early editions. In both the copying and the printing processes, however, the work suffered innumerable alterations and mutilations, which have been recently repaired to a certain extent by the scientific edition issued, on the basis of the first editions and of seven manuscripts, by Alexander Kohut.
Supplements and compendia
A further proof of the popularity gained by the Arukh lies in the numerous supplements and compendiums which soon clustered about it. Until recent times, all rabbinic lexicons have been grounded on the Arukh. The first supplement was written in the 12th century by R. Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam'i or Jama' of Narbonne, under the title Agur, a small work of little significance.
In the 13th century, R. Tanchum ben Joseph of Jerusalem wrote a lexicon, Al-Murshid al-Kafi, which purposed not only to replace the Arukh, which had grown rare, but also to complete and to correct it.
Abraham Zacuto, author of the Yuḥasin, at the beginning of the 16th century composed a supplement entitled Iḳḳere ha-Talmud, of which only a fragment of the latter part has come down. About the same time Sanctus Pagninus, a Christian, issued an Enchiridion Expositionis Vocabulorum Haruch, Thargum, Midraschim Rabboth, et Aliorum Librorum. The general method of the Arukh was also adopted by Elijah Levita, who, in his Meturgeman and Tishbi, advanced a step in that he differentiated the targumic and the Talmudic words and also sought to complete his prototype.
The manner and the matter of the Arukh were closely followed by Johannes Buxtorf in his Lexicon Chaldaicum Talmudicum, and by David de Pomis in his Tzemach David. Early in the seventeenth century Menahem Lonzano issued his small but useful supplement, Ma'arikh, concerned particularly with foreign words. Ma'arikh ha-Ma'arekhet, a compilation by Philippe d'Aquin, appeared in Paris in 1629.
No doubt the best supplements to the Arukh were written in the same century by Benjamin Musaphia, a physician at Hamburg, and by David ha-Kohen de Lara. Mussafia's Musaf he-'Arukh (1655), probably known also as Arukh he-Hadash, according to Immanuel Löw, devoted itself particularly to the Greek and Latin derivatives, leaning largely on Buxtorf. De Lara (d. 1674) published Keter Kehunnah (Hamburg, 1668), in which he had set before himself polyglot purposes, and which, though brought down to "resh," was published only as far as the letter "yod". His smaller work, on the other hand, Ir David (Amsterdam, 1638), of which the second part was called Metzudat Tziyyon, confined itself almost exclusively to Greek derivatives.
Even the nineteenth century witnessed the publication of several works accredited to the classic lexicon. Isaiah Berlin (d. 1799) wrote Hafla'ah Sheba-'Arakhin, annotations to the Arukh. Similar notes were appended by I. M. Landau to his unscientific edition of the Arukh; while S. Lindermann has issued elucidations under the title Sarid ba-'Arakhin (Thorn, 1870).
Besides, there are several anonymous dictionaries attached to the same classic, e.g., the abbreviated Arukh, Arukh ha-Katzar, known also as Kitzur Arukh, which was successively printed at Constantinople (1511), Cracow (1591), and Prague (1707), and which contains merely the explanation of words, without their etymologies.
Another short Arukh, frequently cited by Buxtorf, and discovered in a manuscript at Bern, has been found to contain numerous French and German annotations. Of such epitomes there has no doubt been a multitude in manuscript form. A dictionary of still wider scope than the Arukh is the Sefer Melitzah of Solomon ben Samuel. Solomon Marcus Schiller-Szinessy, in fine, records the existence of a Lexicon of the Difficult Words in the Talmud.
Between 1878–92, Alexander Kohut published Arukh Hashalem, a vastly expanded version of the Arukh incorporating conclusions from modern philology.
See also
Hachmei Provence
References
Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, ed. Krotoschin, 1843, i. 137;
Rabbi Samuel Judah Löb Rapoport, Toledot R. Natan, in Bikkure ha-Ittim, x. 1829;
idem, Toledot R. Ḥananel, note 19, ib. 1832;
idem, 'Erek Millin, Preface;
Rabbi Abraham Geiger, Nachgelassene Schriften, iii. 267–274;
Adolf Neubauer, M. J. C. i. 93, 102;
Rabbi Leopold Zunz, G. S. iii. 167;
idem, S. P. pp. 204 et seq.;
Rabbi Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. cois. 2040 et seq.;
Rabbi Heinrich Grätz, Gesch. 3d ed., vi. 70;
Perles, Die Berner Handschrift des Kleinen 'Aruch, in Grätz Jubelschrift, pp. 1–38;
Rabbi Moritz Güdemann, Gesch. iii. 63 et seq.;
Hermann Vogelstein and Paul Rieger, Geschichte der Juden in Rom, i. 357–366;
Krauss, Lehnwörter, i., pp. xxxiv.-xxxix.;
Kohut, Aruch Completum, Introduction and Supplements;
Bacher, in Z. D. M. G. xlvii. 487 et seq.;
idem, Ein Hebräisch-Persisches Wörterbuch aus dem Vierzehnten Jahrhundert, Strassburg, 1900;
Jewish Encyclopedia iv. 580.
12th-century Italian rabbis
11th-century Italian rabbis
Italian lexicographers
Writers from Rome
1030s births
1106 deaths
11th-century Italian writers
Jewish lexicographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20ben%20Jehiel |
Gopalganj is a town, municipality and headquarters of Gopalganj district in the Indian state of Bihar.
Geography
Gopalganj Town occupies an area of . It is located at coordinates Latitude and longitude. It has an average elevation of . Gandaki River, which often causes flooding, flows southwards.
Demographics
2011 Census of India, Gopalganj town had a population of 67,339, of which 34,603 are males while 32,736 are females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 10017 which is 14.88 % of total population of Gopalganj town. Female Sex Ratio is of 946 against state average of 918 and Child Sex Ratio in Gopalganj town is around 927 compared to Bihar state average of 935. Literacy rate of Gopalganj city is 80.66 % higher than state average of 61.80 % with male literacy of 86.92 % and female literacy rate of 74.07 %.
Religion
Majority of the people follow Hinduism (79.91%), followed by Islam (19.67%). Small populations of followers of Christian, Sikhism, Buddhism are also present in the town.
Transport
Roads
State highways and Road Link district headquarters at Gopalganj to all 14 blocks. National Highway 27 passes through Gopalganj to Mehsi, Muzaffarpur.
Railway
Connected by Rail with a station at Gopalganj.
Radio stations
Radio Varsha, 90.8 MHz, Rajeev Nagar, Gopalganj.
Radio Rimjhim, 90.4 Mhz, Banjari Mor, Gopalganj
Notable people
References
Cities and towns in Gopalganj district, India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopalganj%2C%20Bihar |
Claire Oberman (born 1956) is a Dutch-born New Zealand actress, known for her role as Australian nurse Kate Norris in the television drama Tenko.
Her other TV appearances include Fortunes of War as Mortimer, Paradise Postponed as Lonnie, Gentlemen and Players, as Alex Farrell in Trainer, as Mrs. Jeffrey Fairbrother in Hi De Hi, as Sarah in To Be the Best, Bugs and Eleventh Hour (2006).
Oberman played the role Shirl in the film Goodbye Pork Pie in 1981. She also appeared in the films Patriot Games (1992), and Dil Jo Bhi Kahey... (2005), and starred in the German TV play (1983). She also appeared in the TV show The Two Ronnies.
Biography
Oberman was raised in New Zealand and studied at Toi Whakaari: New Zealand Drama School, where she graduated with a Diploma in Acting in 1975. She currently works as a writer and an actress, residing in London.
Filmography
References
External links
1953 births
Australian television actresses
British television actresses
Living people
New Zealand television actresses
Dutch emigrants to the United Kingdom
Toi Whakaari alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire%20Oberman |
Michael Lee Lewis (born November 14, 1971) is an American former professional football player who is the team ambassador of the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played as a wide receiver and return specialist, earning first-time All-Pro honors and a Pro Bowl selection as a returner in 2002.
Lewis did not play college football, and was signed by the Louisiana Bayou Beast in 1998. He was also a member of the New Orleans Thunder, New Jersey Red Dogs, Philadelphia Eagles, New Orleans Saints, San Francisco 49ers and New Orleans VooDoo.
Early years
Lewis graduated from Grace King High School in Metairie, Louisiana in 1990. Despite being a promising athlete, Lewis only played football during his freshman year before quitting to help his family with their rough financial situation by getting a job. He became a father during his senior year of high school and chose to focus on supporting his newborn child instead of playing football or going to college.
Professional career
Early career
Prior to his pro football career, Lewis was a Budweiser beer truck driver (thus, the nickname "Beer Man") whose truck route was a short distance from the Mercedes-Benz Superdome. In his early 20's, a friend introduced Lewis to an amateur flag football league that was having open tryouts. After seeing extreme success in flag football, Lewis decided to pursue his dream of playing pro football and waded through the various semi-professional football leagues, pro indoor leagues, and the Arena Football League, amassing impressive stats that resulted in him getting invites to various NFL training camps.
Philadelphia Eagles
Lewis was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles during the preseason in 2000. He was cut before the regular season began.
New Orleans Saints
Lewis returned to his hometown to deliver beer locally. However, the New Orleans Saints signed Lewis at the end of the 2000 NFL regular season. The Saints sent Lewis to play for the Rhein Fire of NFL Europe in 2001.
Lewis was the Saints' feature return specialist from 2002 until September 19, 2005 during a game against the New York Giants at the Meadowlands, when he injured his MCL and was put on injured reserve for the rest of the season. Lewis returned to play for the Saints on October 29, 2006 during a home game against the Baltimore Ravens.
In 2002, Lewis set an NFL record for combined kick-punt return yardage with 2,432 yards total (1,807 kickoff, 625 punt), leading the league in punt return yards, kickoff return yards, and all-purpose yards. He is currently the Saints' all-time career leader in punt returns (142) and punt return yardage (1,482).
On December 21, 2003, he also played a role in the River City Relay as one of the receivers that would lateral a touchdown in a last second attempt to win the game against the Jacksonville Jaguars (in which the Saints lost). The River City Relay won an ESPY, NFL play of the year, and an ESPN.com internet poll.
In April 2006 Lewis returned to the Saints after recovering from a knee injury.
The Saints released Lewis on June 15, 2007. The local New Orleans newspaper, the Times-Picayune, titled the news, "There's a Tear in My Beer".
San Francisco 49ers
On September 25, 2007, the San Francisco 49ers signed Lewis to take over punt return duties. The incumbent punt returner, Brandon Williams, was released.
New Orleans VooDoo
Lewis signed a contract with the New Orleans VooDoo on October 10, 2008. Team officials were preparing to make the announcement the following week, but the owner (Tom Benson, also the owner of the New Orleans Saints) decided to terminate operations on October 13, 2008.
Post-retirement
Lewis subsequently took a position as a "Team Ambassador" for the Saints. Though no longer an active player, Lewis was awarded a Super Bowl ring after the Saints won Super Bowl XLIV in recognition of his continuing role with the team. Lewis was selected for the Saints Hall of Fame in 2015. In 2019, it was announced that biopic about Michael Lewis's life was being produced under the name "The Beer Man" with Aldis Hodge attached to the lead role.
NFL career statistics
Receiving Stats
Returning Stats
Awards and honors
New Orleans Saints Hall of Fame (2015)
2011 American Football Association Semi Pro Hall of Fame
2004 NFC Special Teams Player of the Week (Week 16)
2002 NFL Pro Bowl
Associated Press First-team All-Pro
2002 NFC Special Teams Player of the Week (Week 6)
NFL Alumni Special Teams Player of the Year
Sports Illustrated All-Pro
College & Pro Football Newsweekly First-team All-Pro
Pro Football Weekly All-NFL and All-NFC
Football Digest First-team All-Pro
The Sporting News All-Pro
2000 AFL All-Rookie Team
1998 PIFL All-Star First-team
References
External links
American Football Association Hall of Fame
NFL Pro Bowler Michael Lewis Selected for Induction Into Semi-Pro Football Hall Of Fame - “Class Of 2011"
San Francisco 49ers bio
1971 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
Players of American football from New Orleans
American football return specialists
American football wide receivers
Grace King High School alumni
Regional Football League players
New Jersey Red Dogs players
Philadelphia Eagles players
New Orleans Saints players
Rhein Fire players
San Francisco 49ers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Lewis%20%28wide%20receiver%29 |
Tauopathy belongs to a class of neurodegenerative diseases involving the aggregation of tau protein into neurofibrillary or gliofibrillary tangles in the human brain. Tangles are formed by hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule protein known as tau, causing the protein to dissociate from microtubules and form insoluble aggregates. (These aggregations are also called paired helical filaments.) The mechanism of tangle formation is not well understood, and whether tangles are a primary cause of Alzheimer's disease or play a peripheral role is unknown.
Detection and imaging
Post-mortem Tau tangles are seen microscopically in stained brain samples.
Pre-mortem In living patients tau tangle locations can be imaged with a PET scan using a suitable radio-emissive agent.
Alzheimer's disease
Neurofibrillary tangles were first described by Alois Alzheimer in one of his patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The tangles are considered a secondary tauopathy. AD is also classified as an amyloidosis because of the presence of senile plaques.
When tau becomes hyperphosphorylated, the protein dissociates from the microtubules in axons. Then, tau becomes misfolded and the protein begins to aggregate, which eventually forms the neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) seen in Alzheimer's patients. Microtubules also destabilize when tau is dissociated. The combination of the neurofibrillary tangles and destabilized microtubules result in disruption of processes such as axonal transport and neural communication.
The degree of NFT involvement in AD is defined by Braak stages. Braak stages I and II are used when NFT involvement is confined mainly to the transentorhinal region of the brain, stages III and IV when there is also involvement of limbic regions such as the hippocampus, and V and VI when there's extensive neocortical involvement. This should not be confused with the degree of senile plaque involvement, which progresses differently.
Other diseases
Primary age-related tauopathy (PART) dementia, with NFTs similar to AD, but without amyloid plaques.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD)
Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17)
Vacuolar tauopathy
Lytico-bodig disease (Parkinson-dementia complex of Guam)
Ganglioglioma and gangliocytoma
Meningioangiomatosis
Postencephalitic parkinsonism
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
As well as lead encephalopathy, tuberous sclerosis, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, and lipofuscinosis
In both Pick's disease and corticobasal degeneration, tau proteins are deposited as inclusion bodies within swollen or "ballooned" neurons.
Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD), another type of dementia, is marked by an abundance of argyrophilic grains and coiled bodies upon microscopic examination of brain tissue. Some consider it to be a type of Alzheimer's disease. It may co-exist with other tauopathies such as progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration, and also Pick's disease.
Tauopathies are often overlapped with synucleinopathies, possibly due to interaction between the synuclein and tau proteins.
The non-Alzheimer's tauopathies are sometimes grouped together as "Pick's complex" due to their association with frontotemporal dementia, or frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
Research
It is found that activation of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) mediate inhibition of astroglial-derived nitric oxide (NO), that could be used as a new potential target to blunt tau protein hyperphosphorylation and the consequent related tauopathy in Alzheimer disease (AD).
See also
Proteopathy
References
External links
Dementia
Medical signs
Histopathology
Cytoskeletal defects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauopathy |
Pałuki is a historic and ethnographic region lying in central Poland, part of Greater Poland neighbouring Pomerania and Kuyavia. In terms of administrative division the region lies in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship and Greater Poland Voivodship. A diverse relief, forests and numerous lakes serve as tourist attractions.
Pałuki is commonly called "the land of 130 lakes" or sometimes even "Little Mazury". The "Piast Trail", leading through several places connected with the origins of the Polish State (Gniezno, Kruszwica), runs across the south of Pałuki. Żnin, Szubin, Kcynia and Barcin are major towns of the regions. Biskupin, Wenecja and Gąsawa also attract visitors.
The name Pałuki is likely derived from łuk, łęk, or łęg, signifying grassy lowlands between arable land. An alternative theory suggests the name comes from the shape of the small hilltops which dot the landscape. The name appeared in the 14th century in the Latin form terra Palucacensis in documents by Jan of Czarnków and, later, Jan Długosz.
Photo gallery
See also
Biskupin
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship
Narrow Gauge Railway Museum in Wenecja
Wenecja
Żnin
Regions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%82uki |
William Joseph Cowsill Jr. (January 9, 1948 – February 18, 2006) was an American singer, musician, songwriter, and record producer. He was the lead singer and guitarist of The Cowsills, who had three top-10 singles in the late 1960s. From the mid-1970s until his death, he was a successful alt-country artist and producer in Canada.
Early life, The Cowsills, 1964–1969
Bill Cowsill was born in Middletown, Rhode Island, the eldest child of the seven Cowsill children—six boys and one girl—and was named after his father, William Joseph "Bud" Cowsill (1925–1992). At a young age, Bill began singing with his younger brother Bob (born August 26, 1949), playing guitars provided for them by their father, who at the time was serving in the U.S. Navy. The brothers had originally wanted to form a rock band. In 1965, at their father's insistence, Bill and Bob formed The Cowsills with their brothers Barry on bass and John on drums. After his retirement from the navy, their father became their full-time manager. He was physically and emotionally abusive towards his family, in both his spousal and parental roles; this abuse continued during his role as the group's manager.
The Cowsills started playing around Newport and, in 1965, recorded their first single, "All I Really Wanna Be is Me," on the independent label JoDa Records, which was founded by Johnny Nash. Cowsill recalled that Nash wanted the band to be a "white rhythm and blues band" and sent them home with Jimmy Reed albums, which is how Cowsill learned to play harmonica. Although the single failed to chart, an appearance on the NBC Today Show to promote it was seen by Shelby Singleton, who offered them a contract with Mercury Records. In 1966, they released three more singles: "Most of All", "Party Girl", and "What's It Gonna Be Like". These songs failed to spark interest. The band was dropped by Mercury, but they were discovered by Artie Kornfeld and signed to MGM Records. Kornfeld persuaded the children's mother, Barbara, to contribute backing vocals behind Bill's lead on "The Rain, The Park & Other Things", a song written by Steve Duboff and Artie Kornfeld and released in 1967, as a single and on their debut album, The Cowsills. At this point, the brothers' younger sister Susan and brother Paul joined the band. Richard wanted to join the group; Bud would not allow it.
"The Rain, The Park & Other Things" sold over a million copies and reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. Bill and Bob co-produced their second album, We Can Fly, which was released in December 1967. It spawned a second Top 40 hit with the title track. "We Can Fly" was written by Bob Cowsill, Bill Cowsill, Steve Duboff, and Artie Kornfeld, and would be successfully recorded by several acts, notably Al Hirt and Lawrence Welk. Bill produced the band's third album, Captain Sad And His Ship Of Fools, which was released in September 1968. From this album, "Indian Lake" became another Top 10 hit, but Cowsill felt that it was an inferior song, and he fired the producer, Wes Farrell. Farrell said he doubted that Cowsill could do better. When Carl Reiner asked the Cowsills to perform a musical skit on his 1969 TV special, which involved modeling wigs from Japan, Cowsill produced a version of the title track from the rock musical Hair. It peaked at No. 2 and sold 2.5 million copies.
The Cowsills were noted for their ability to sing multiple-part harmonies with remarkable accuracy and were one of the most popular musical acts in America. They made 200 television appearances a year, including The Ed Sullivan Show, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, American Bandstand, The Mike Douglas Show, Playboy After Dark, Kraft Music Hall, and The Johnny Cash Show. This led to Columbia Pictures division Screen Gems considering a sitcom based on their story and starring most of the members of the band; the deal was abandoned when the producers of the show wanted to replace Barbara in the cast. The show would later become The Partridge Family, with David Cassidy playing the lead singer and with his step-mother Shirley Jones as the mother in the show.
It was commonly thought that Cowsill's involvement with the family band came to an abrupt end in 1969 when Bud caught him smoking marijuana. In fact, Cowsill's dismissal occurred after he and his father got into a drunken brawl in the lounge of the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas, when Bud insulted Bill's friends, particularly guitarist Waddy Wachtel. Police had to be called to break up the fight; Bill was dismissed, or quit, the next day. According to Bob Cowsill, Bill's dismissal was the beginning of the end of the Cowsills as a group, because no other sibling could assume his leadership role. After the band's break-up in 1972, it was discovered that most of their wealth had been lost through Bud Cowsill's financial mismanagement.
Tulsa, Nervous Breakthrough, Cowsills Reunion, 1970-1975
Cowsill had no qualms about leaving the family band, later saying that he "hated" the life and the lack of musical control. From Las Vegas, he (and Wachtel) went directly to Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he began playing in bars, "for ten bucks a night and all the whiskey you could drink." He was able to sit in with Harry Nilsson, J.J. Cale and Carl Wilson, co-founder of The Beach Boys. This led to Bill being considered as the replacement for Brian Wilson in The Beach Boys' live performances. Instead, Cowsill stayed in Tulsa and, in late 1970, released his solo album, Nervous Breakthrough.
There is a persistent myth, sometimes encouraged by Cowsill that, at this time, Cowsill bought a bar in Austin, Texas and "drank it dry". In fact, Cowsill was one of several people who pitched in to purchase the old railway bar, McNeil Depot, in 1978, and then sold it to its current owner a few months later.
Cowsill had married Karen Locke in 1968; their son Travis was born in Tulsa in 1971. At this point, Cowsill reunited with The Cowsills and wrote and produced two singles, "You (In My Mind)" and "Crystal Claps", two of six singles that the group released that year. By 1972, The Cowsills had dissolved.
Bill and Karen moved to Los Angeles, where Bill spent a few years playing and producing. In 1974, he joined Wachtel and his brothers Paul and Barry and they formed a group called Bridey Murphy. They released one single which Wachtel had co-written, "The Time Has Come", but nothing more came of it. By 1975, Cowsill's drug abuse problems were well entrenched. He was newly divorced and estranged from his family. He decided to move to Canada, choosing Yellowknife, Northwest Territories as his destination.
Yellowknife, Edmonton, Bryan Fustukian Band, 1975–1977
Cowsill played in the bars and hotels of Yellowknife for a short time; the city has just 20,000 people and a limited number of entertainment venues. He moved south to Edmonton, which is the capitol of Alberta and a much larger and more cosmopolitan city. He began meeting other musicians and joined up with a group of them to form The Hair Trigger Cowboys. The band's drummer, Bruce Larochelle, would recall, "His body language reminded me of that of an outlaw or a gunfighter, roaming from town to town, always looking over his shoulder. But he [was] just a kid though, just a kid. He was also pretty road-hardened, at the same time. Billy knew the situation, and he coached me. "Just watch me," he said, "And don’t make any fast moves."" On that occasion, the band was in Provost, Alberta, opening for Bryan Fustukian, the well-known DJ who had become a successful country music artist. Cowsill accepted the invitation to join Fustukian's band and stayed on for about a year, as guitarist and co-lead singer. In 1977, he moved to Vancouver.
Vancouver, Blue Northern, 1977–1983
Vancouver has always been a musical hub but, in the late ‘70s, it was bursting with new rock bands, new nightclubs and new blues venues. The two hubs for blues were The Anchor Hotel and The Yale Saloon. Cowsill rented an apartment in the former Hippie enclave of Kitsilano, and began sitting in with bands playing at The Yale’s famous Sunday jam sessions. At one such session, he ran into Lee Stephens, the bass player from The Hair Trigger Cowboys. Stephens had just become part of the new country rock band Blue Northern; Cowsill began sitting in and then joined on vocals, guitar and percussion. He wrote and co-wrote some of their songs, produced their EP Blue, and co-produced their album Blue Northern. He also co-produced the 1983 album Restless Heart by the Winnipeg country singer Patti Mayo, which Blue Northern performed on. Blue Northern was a successful band—five of their songs made the national top-40 and, in 1982, they were nominated for a Canadian Country Music Award. But by then, Cowsill’s addictions to drugs and alcohol had gotten the better of him. Blue Northern’s members splintered off; their last performance was as part of a Christmas concert at Vancouver's Commodore Ballroom on December 23, 1982.
Vancouver, Calgary, Billy Mitchell's Trainwreck, 1983–1986
By now, Cowsill had become friends with Lindsay Mitchell, singer of the group Prism which had broken up in 1982. Cowsill and Mitchell recruited bassist Elmer Spanier, guitarist Danny Casavant, and two of The Anchor's regular musicians, pianist Doc Fingers and drummer Chris Nordquist, to form the alt-country band Billy Mitchell's Trainwreck. The band played a steady stream of gigs in Vancouver, Calgary and Edmonton, becoming popular in western Canada by performing what Cowsill described as his "Dead Guys Set"; country and pop songs by artists no longer living. At this point, Cowsill's manager was Larry Wanagas, president of Edmonton's Bumstead Records. Wanagas was also the manager of k.d. lang. Also at the time, Cowsill was mentoring the young blue guitarist Colin James, who was also playing with the band. On July 5, 1985, Wanagas had them open for lang at Calgary's Fairmont Palliser Hotel. Their concert was recorded and, in 2004, Cowsill released the performance as the album as Billy Cowsill – Live From The Crystal Ballroom Calgary, AB July, 1985.
Mitchell soon returned to the re-united Prism and Cowsill's band became Billy Cowsill and the Heartbeats. By now, Cowsill had become a fixture in Alberta. He appeared more than once on Ian Tyson's TV show Sun Country, he played every Sunday night at the Wrangler Room, and the band was a regular fixture at the Calgary clubs Slack Alice and McGees, and at Edmonton's Sidetrack Cafe. He made other television appearances on Country West and The Don Harron show. But in January 1987, he returned to Vancouver, accepting scheduled regular bookings at the Fairview Pub and the Soft Rock Cafe.
Vancouver, The Blue Shadows, 1987–1996
In 1990, Cowsill produced Year of the Rooster, the first album for the Vancouver rockabilly act, The Rattled Roosters. Cowsill also produced the initial demos for the band.
In 1992, Cowsill and Elmer Spanier reunited to form The Blue Shadows. They brought in Jeffrey Hatcher as guitarist and co-songwriter, and J.B. "Jay" Johnson on drums. While they were recording their first album, and Spanier left the band. He was replaced by Barry Muir, late of Barney Bentall and The Payolas. Hatcher had previously had his own band, Jeffrey Hatcher And The Big Beat. The new band's name, suggested by Hatcher's wife, was taken from the song "Blue Shadows On The Trail" by Sons of the Pioneers. Cowsill and Hatcher became known for their Everly Brothers-like harmonies. Cowsill regarded his association with The Blue Shadows as his most positive experience as a musician, to that point in his career.
The group was signed to Columbia Records and their first album, On The Floor of Heaven, was certified gold in Canada. Cowsill said that he considered the title track to the album to be the best song he had ever written. They generated the interest of U.S. record executives, but did not receive a U.S. record distribution contract. The group also received a 1994 Juno award nomination as Best Country Group or Duo; The Rankin Family won. The band's second album, Lucky to Me was released in 1995 and was followed by regular touring for the year thereafter. Both Blue Shadows albums were co-produced by Cowsill and Hatcher.
Having not obtained a record deal by the end of 1996, The Blue Shadows broke up, amidst "creative differences". These were, as Cowsill acknowledged, precipitated by his addictions to drugs and alcohol, which impaired his ability to contribute to songwriting meetings, band rehearsals and, ultimately, performances. The actual end of the band occurred during a layover in Ottawa, Ontario, when Cowsill crashed their van into a laundromat. They fulfilled their performance obligations, then broke up. Cowsill continued for a brief period with another band, using The Blue Shadows name. There would be increased interest in the band's music, particularly following the re-release, in 2010, of On the Floor of Heaven.
Calgary, The Co-Dependents, 1998–2004
Following the break-up of The Blue Shadows, Cowsill returned to Calgary and entered the addiction recovery program at Recovery Acres. It took him two years to completely overcome his addictions, but he remained clean for the rest of his life.
In 1988, Cowsill had produced the release Low Tech/High Torque for the Calgary rock band The Burners. Once he was sober, Cowsill started to play engagements with these same musicians—bassist Tim Leacock, guitarist and singer Steve Pineo, and drummer Ross Watson. They formally formed the band The Co-Dependents.
Cowsill also enrolled, as a full-time student, at Mount Royal College in Calgary, where he worked towards a degree in psychology, with the objective of becoming a counselor for troubled youth. Cowsill and The Co-Dependents performed as Cowsill's study schedule permitted, rather than on a full-time basis. The band played a mix of country, bluegrass, blues, rock and rockabilly music and became popular in Calgary, western Canada and the United States; They eventually had a regular weekend booking at Calgary's Mecca Café where, over three nights in June 2001, they recorded their performances. These were released by Calgary's new independent music label Indelible Music, which founded by Ian Tyson's former producer Neil MacGonigill, as Live Recording Event (2001) and Live At The Mecca Café, Volume 2 (2005). Live Recording Event was one of the most successful Alberta roots recordings at the time, staying at the top of the charts for three weeks.
During this period, Cowsill worked with other Calgary-based artists. In 2000, he produced and arranged the vocals for Sun Sittin, the debut album of Calgary hard rock band Optimal Impact--Cowsill coined the term 'Surf Metal' when asked to describe their music. In 2002, Cowsill co-produced the EP Dyin' to Go for Calgary country and blues singer, Ralph Boyd Johnson. He also appeared as a guest vocalist on various recordings, such as an album by the roots rock group The Shackshakers, and on Gary Pig Gold's 2002 Gene Pitney tribute He's A Rebel (The Gene Pitney Story Retold).
Personal life
In addition to his early marriage, Cowsill had a 15-year marriage to Vancouver artist Mitzi Gibbs.
They had one son, Delaney, a musician who was born in Vancouver in 1980. Gibbs died in November, 2006.
Barbara Cowsill died of emphysema in February 1985, at age 56. Bud Cowsill died of leukemia in 1992. By then, Cowsill had reconciled with his father.
Illness and death
In the latter years of his life, Cowsill was in declining health, suffering from emphysema, Cushing syndrome and osteoporosis. His health went into serious decline in 2004. He needed a cane to walk and underwent hip replacement surgery and three back surgeries,Billy Cowsill Website ; Notice, December, 2004. Retrieved 2014-09-10 one of which left him with a permanently collapsed lung. That year, a benefit concert for Cowsill was held in Los Angeles, featuring The Cowsills, Peter Tork, Susanna Hoffs and Shirley Jones, among others.
Despite his health challenges, Cowsill continued to write, perform and record--he trained himself to sing with one lung. Six months before his death, he accepted an invitation to perform two songs onstage with Calgary honky-tonk singer-songwriter Tom Phillips. His last recording was "The Days I'm With The Horses", recorded in Calgary on July 18, 2005. The song was written and performed by Stewart MacDougall, and produced by Cowsill, who also sang background vocals. It is included on Rivers and Rails: A Tribute to Alberta, a compilation album by various artists, released in 2007. Cowsill also co-wrote, with Ralph Boyd Johnson and Suzanne Leacock, the title song to the album, on which he plays guitar.
He died on February 18, 2006, aged 58, at his Calgary home,In the years prior to his death, Cowsill had lived in a house with fellow musicians Ralph Boyd Johnson, Back Alley John and Duris Maxwell, among others. The Johnson album, 1723 9th Street SW, references the house address as the album title: Amy Nakaska, Ralph Boyd Johnson sings about home, The Three Hills Capital, June 15, 2011. Retrieved 2014-09-01. survived by his two sons.Jessica Robertson, Billy Cowsill dead at 58. Rolling Stone, February 21, 2006. Retrieved 2014-09-01. Family members learned of his death while holding a memorial service the next day, in Newport, Rhode Island, for his brother Barry, who was a victim of Hurricane Katrina (his body had not been found and identified until January 2006). Bill Cowsill was cremated, and his ashes later scattered in Newport, Rhode Island. At the time of Cowsill's death, his last album with the Co-Dependents, Live at the Mecca Café, Volume 2, was the top-selling independent album in Alberta.
On April 20, 2006, a tribute concert in memory of Billy Cowsill was held at The Railway Club in Vancouver. On May 18, 2006, a memorial service for and musical tribute to Cowsill was held at Knox United Church in Calgary.
In 2009, Cowsill's last residence, at 1723 9th Street SW, Calgary, was designated a 'municipal historic resource' by the city of Calgary.
DiscographyThe Co-Dependents2005 Live at the Mecca Café, Volume 2 (Recorded 2001), Indelible
2001 Live Recording Event, IndelibleThe Blue Shadows1995 Lucky to Me Columbia
1994 Rockin (EP), Columbia
1993 On the Floor of Heaven, ColumbiaBilly Mitchell's Trainwreck2004 Billy Cowsill Live From The Crystal Ballroom Calgary, AB July, 1985, Indelible MusicBlue Northern1980 Blue (EP), Quintessence Records
1981 Blue Northern, PolydorBridey Murphy1974 "The Time Has Come", ColumbiaSolo1970 Nervous Breakthrough, MGMThe Cowsills1971 "You (In My Mind)" / "Crystal Claps", London Records
1969 "Hair" / "What is Happy", MGM
1968 Captain Sad and His Ship of Fools, MGM
1968 We Can Fly, MGM
1967 The Cowsills, MGMCompilation contributions2007 Beautiful Dreamers: Volume 1 Alberta Sessions
2007 Rivers and Rails: A Tribute to Alberta
2006 Sorrow Bound: Hank Williams Re-Examined
2002 He's A Rebel: The Gene Pitney Story RetoldGuest contributions2000 The Shackshakers, With Special Guests
1968 Opal Butterfly, Beautiful Beige, Beautiful Beige (co-writer)
1968 Bit 'A Sweet, Hypnotic I, "How Can I Make You See" (writer) As a producer of other artists'''
2002 Ralph Boyd Johnson, Dyin' to Go, co-produced with Tim Williams.
2000 Optimal Impact, Sun Sittin'1990 The Rattled Roosters, Year of the Rooster1988 The Burners, Low Tech/High Torque1983 Patti Mayo, Restless Heart'', co-producer
References
External links
1948 births
2006 deaths
American expatriate musicians in Canada
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Deaths from emphysema
Musicians from Calgary
Singers from Vancouver
Musicians from Newport, Rhode Island
20th-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century Canadian male musicians
Songwriters from Rhode Island
The Cowsills members
20th-century American male singers
The Partridge Family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Cowsill |
Donald Christopher Cooper (born August 22, 1965) is an American singer.
Career
Cooper started his career playing in several local bands and touring local clubs in the Pittsburgh area while studying singing under renowned opera coach Charlotte Coleman. His first thrust into the international spotlight was as a finalist to be Rob Halford's replacement in Judas Priest. Having created a buzz at the auditions, Cooper found himself with offers to sing for many European and American bands. He selected the band Royal Hunt and officially joined the band on December 26, 1994.
After spending four years with Royal Hunt, Cooper was suddenly and unexpectedly fired from the band, which he discovered by reading an announcement on their website. His next project, a solo album that he began in 1998, enlisted the help of musicians from many well known bands (among them guitarist Tore Østby of Conception, and members of Pink Cream 69). He released D. C. Cooper in 1999.
After a successful tour, Cooper formed a new band with former Sinner guitarist Alex Beyrodt called Silent Force. They have released four studio albums of their own. In 2012, Cooper made an announcement saying he was leaving the band and a new line-up was announced in 2013. Cooper was replaced by singer Michael Bormann.
Cooper has recorded guest vocals for Australian progressive metal act Voyager. In 2011 he rejoined Royal Hunt and performed on their Japan and Russian tour. Later the same year it was announced that Cooper would make a new record with the band.
Cooper recorded lead vocals for the Italian band Derdian for their album "Revolution Era".
Personal life
While not on tour, Cooper can frequently be found volunteering as a firefighter in his home state of Pennsylvania.
Cooper is married to Michelle Cooper and the couple has two sons, born in 2003 and 2005.
Discography
The Tung Bandits
The Tung Bandits (album) (1990)
Solo album
D. C. Cooper (1999)
Royal Hunt
Far Away (EP) (1995)
Moving Target (1995)
1996 (1996)
Paradox (1997)
Closing the Chapter (1998)
The Best (1998)
The Best Live (1998)
Show Me How To Live (2011)
A Life to Die For (2013)
Devil's Dozen (2015)
Cargo (2016)
Cast in Stone (2018)
Dystopia (2020)
Dystopia II (2022)
Silent Force
The Empire of Future (2000)
Infatuator (2001)
Worlds Apart (2004)
Walk the Earth (2007)
Missa Mercuria
Missa Mercuria (2002)
Amaran's Plight
Voice in the Light (2007)
Guest appearances
References
External links
D. C. Cooper official site
Amaran's Plight official site
1965 births
Living people
American heavy metal singers
Silent Force members
Royal Hunt members
People from Johnstown, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20C.%20Cooper |
Donoughmore (spelt Donaghmore by Ordnance Survey Ireland; Irish: Domhnach Mór) is a civil and Catholic parish in County Cork, Ireland. This rural district lies 25 km west-northwest of Cork city. Donoughmore is part of the Cork North-Central (Dáil constituency).
Geography
The area of Donoughmore is stated as 22309 acres or 9028 hectares.
Donoughmore is subdivided into 40 townlands in total. Some are divided into north–south or Lower/Upper, etc.; counting the townlands without dividing them there are 32 townlands in total. Some townlands are under the care of Rylane Post office and as such have Rylane as a postal address instead of Donoughmore. The following list is from largest to smallest (spelling follows the Ordnance Survey, local spellings may differ): Barrahaurin, Gowlane North, Pluckanes North, Meenahony, Kilcullen South, Coolmona, Kilcullen North, Ahadillane, Garraun North, Ballygirriha, Fornaght, Ballycunningham, Derry, Gowlane South, Coollicka, Garraun South, Killeenleigh, Lackabane, Rathcoola East, Rathcoola West, Garraunredmond, Commeenaplaw, Bunkilla, Monataggart, Kilmartin Lower, Pluckanes East, Pluckanes West, Knockanare, Kilmartin Upper, Knockarourke, Curragh, Ballykerwick, Firmount, Ballycraheen, Scarteen, Knockane, Monavanshere, Pluckanes South, Ballyhennessy, Ballyvodane. The village of Stuake lies at the north end of the parish.
Donoughmore is, like most of County Cork, in the South Western River basin district. Within this district it is in the Lower Lee–Owenboy Water Management Unit.
Donoughmore lies partly in the Boggeragh Mountain range. Uctough, Toureen and Knockagoun are the only three mountains from the range that are in Donoughmore. Uctoughs peak at 358 m lies within the parish bounds, along with Toureens peak at 379 m. whilst Knockagouns peak is outside the parish bounds, but within the parish it reaches between 342 m and 386 m. Other less prominent peaks such as Mossy Bed 348–383 m, Bert Hill 365 m, Cummeen 359 m, Barrachauring 383 m, Kilcullen Hill 235–309 m,Knockyrourke 258 m, Rathcoola Mountain 242m, Ahadillane Hill 235 m, Pluckanes 224 m, Hurley or Gowlane Hill 233 m, Meenachoney 368 m
Donoughmore's Garda jurisdiction is the Stuake Sub-District, of the Macroom District, in the Cork West Division of the Southern Region.
Population
In the Irish census system, parishes do not have data collected for them as such. Instead, a unit of area called an electoral division is used. In rural contexts, such electoral districts are usually calculated by grouping townlands together. Donoughmore consists of 3 electoral divisions: Firmount, Gowlane and Kilcullen. At the 2011 census, the Donoughmore population surpassed the population of the parish that existed before Irish independence and in 2016, it reached its highest level since the turn of the 20th century.
Politics
Donoughmore is in the Macroom Electoral Area in the Cork County Council. Donoughmore consists of 3 electoral divisions and they are called Firmount, Gowlane and Kilcullen. Currently this area is served by three Fine Gael, two Fianna Fáil and One independent .
Education
Donoughmore currently has two primary schools. Scoil Iósaif and St. Lachteen's. There used to be more schools within the parish, including Rathcoola School.
Transportation
Donoughmore was formerly linked with Cork City by the narrow gauge Cork and Muskerry Light Railway. There were stops at Burnt Mill, Fox's Bridge, Knockane, Firmount and Donoughmore. Donoughmore railway station opened in 1893 but closed in 1934. It was situated at the bottom of New Tipperary.
There are two Regional roads in Donoughmore, the R619 and the R579. During the 18th century and 19th century specialist roads were built for various reasons. Cork city had a thriving butter market at the time and roads were built to places in Kerry to better facilitate this trade. One of these, locally called the 'Old Kerry Road' was one such 'Butter Road'. It consists of the largest section of continually straight road within the parish.
Religion
Donoughmore civil parish is coterminous with the Roman Catholic parish which has two functioning churches: St. Josephs and St. Lachteen's. These churches are in the Catholic Diocese of Cloyne. A Church of Ireland church existed in the parish until the 1960s, when it was de-consecrated. The building was a garage until recently, and a plaque in the garage commemorated this fact. Although the Church of Ireland church is now gone, the title of Prebendary of Donoughmore still exists. The current prebendary is The Revd Dennis MacCarthy, rector of Bandon union of parishes.
At Donoughmore Cross there is also the ruins of a very old church. This church is the origin of the Shrine of Saint Lachtin's Arm. This shrine now resides in the National Museum of Ireland and is a hollow bronze sculpture of an arm and hand. The shrine contains wood which itself contains a small cavity that would have held a relic at one time.
After the Rev John Buckely became parish priest of neighbouring Grenagh in 1869 he came to the conviction that his parish was too small. As a result, he requested a transfer of land to Grenagh from Inniscarra and Donoughmore. Whilst he was allowed to take the land surrounding present day Courtbrack from Inniscarra he was denied his request for the Donoughmore townlands of Ballycraheen and part of Garraun South.
Two american Roman Catholic Bishops have been born in Donoughmore. John Tuigg Bishop of Pittsburgh and Bishop Denis J. O'Connell the Bishop of Richmond in Virginia was born in Donoughmore.
A native of Donoughmore subsequently became the first person from County Cork to be ordained a Minister at the Trinity Presbyterian Church Cork since the church was built in 1861.
History
There are a number of standing stones and ring forts in the Donoughmore area. Some of the stones have examples of the Ogham script engraved on them.
During the Lordship and Kingdom of Ireland periods. A peerage system was established in Ireland to help with the administration of English rule. One of these titles, the Earl of Donoughmore, takes its name from the parish. The story is that Francis Hely of neighbouring Kilshannig conformed to the established religion, and after doing so he was able to marry a Protestant woman named Prudence Earbery, the daughter of Mathias Earbery, a leaseowner in Donoughmore. Their son John Hely married a woman by the name of Christina Nixon, who was an heiress to her grand-uncle Richard Hutchinson. After marriage he took the name of John Hely-Hutchinson. He became a politician and provost of Trinity College Dublin. Using his position he got his wife a peerage, and she took the name of his homeland as her title even though she did not live there but in Knocklofty, Tipperary. She became Baroness Donoughmore of Knocklofty and her son Richard Hely-Hutchinson became the first Baron Donoughmore and later, after supporting the Act Of Union, he became the Earl. The current Earl lives in Brampton, England.
Three passengers on the Titanic were from Donoughmore. They were William Doherty, Hannah Naughton and William Foley.
When Irish politicians tried to achieve Home rule for Ireland the Irish Volunteers were formed. Donoughmore had its own company.
The same company was mobilised the Sunday of the Easter Rising and marched to nearby Bweeng where they met members of other companies. Engaging in drills they were eventually told to go home by Tomás Mac Curtain.
In the Irish War of Independence, the Donoughmore company of the Volunteers morphed into the Donoughmore Battalion of the I.R.A. Notable during this period was the execution of Major Compton Smith by the Donoughmore Battalion. The major had been captured in the hope of exchanging him for IRA prisoners. When the IRA prisoners were executed instead of being released, the decision was made to execute the major. The manner in which he accepted his faith holding no ill will to his captors and including writing a letter to his wife with the opening words 'My own darling little wife, I'm to be shot in an hour' left a mark on many, including Michael Collins, who went to great lengths to retrieve the location of his body.
The Wallace sisters, IRA Intelligence officers, were born and grew up in Donoughmore.
During the Irish Civil War, the Donoughmore Battalion fought for the anti-treaty side. During the war, three members of the Battalion were killed. Two, Denis Creedon and John O Brien were killed in a fight with Free State forces on 14 September 1922 and one, William Healy, was executed in Cork Gaol on 13 March 1923.
When Ireland was divided into barons Donoughmore was a part of Muskerry East,
Donoughmore was electrified beginning in May 1953, the process was finished 8 months later in January 1954.
The Rathcoola Residency was an art programme for established Australian or New Zealand writers or artists where successful applicants received A$20,000 and six months accommodation at Rathcoola House in Donoughmore on condition that after the six months one piece of literature or art must be donated to the trust that runs the residency.
In 2007 Donald Attig, a resident of Donoughmore, along with Jack Donovan of Ballincollig set records for the first transit of the River Shannon Navigation in an engineless live aboard Pleasure Boat. In 2008 Attig established new Benchmark Records by being the first person to complete the Shannon Navigation single handed in a live aboard pleasure boat.
Sport
The most popular sport in the area are the Gaelic games, and the local club is a dual code club as it plays both Hurling and Gaelic football. The club plays in the Muskery (often called Mid-Cork) division of Cork .
The Ladies' footballers won the Senior All-Ireland in 2001 and 2003 and being runners up twice in 2004 and 2009. One of the team, Juliet Murphy, is considered one of the greatest Ladies footballers ever, captaining the Cork senior ladies' football team to all Ireland victory 3 times and winning herself 8 all Ireland medals with them.
In the men's, the footballers have been the runners up in the Junior A Mid-Cork championship nine times in 1953, 1956, 1957, 1962, 1976, 1981, 1982, 1993 and 2000 but winning in 1952, 1983, 1998 and 2011. In 1983 they went on to win that year's County championship.
The Junior A Hurlers have reached the Mid-Cork final on seven occasions in 1933, 1935, 1943, 1952, 2001, 2008 and 2013- although the title has eluded them so far.
The local soccer team is named Donoughmore Athletic, Founded in 1995 the team plays in the Cork AUL league. It's honours so far are winning Division 3 in 98/99, and being runners up in Division 2A in 08/09 and runners up in Division 2 in 12/13.
There is also an Athletic Club, a Tug-o-war club, and a Basketball club - which won the 2007 National league Division one Championship. The newest sport to start in Donoughmore is Baseball with the "Druids" being formed in 2004. Hare Coursing, Road Bowling and Set dancing also take place in Donoughmore.
In all of the above sports, team jerseys are a combination of Black and White colours, with black being dominant.
References
External links
St Lachteen's School's website
Gaa club website
Article about Donoughmore from Lewis's topographical dictionary of 1842
Civil parishes of County Cork | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoughmore |
John and Louise Seier National Wildlife Refuge is located in the U.S. state of Nebraska and includes 2,400 acres (9.71 km2). The refuge protects a portion of the largest remaining area of tall and mid grass prairie remaining in the U.S. Collectively known as the Sand Hills region of Nebraska, the dunes were the end result of the last ice age known as the Pinedale glaciation. During the Holocene glacial retreat the sand dunes that been deposited in their current location by the vast continental glaciers, were exposed and grasses eventually took over. The refuge is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and along with Fort Niobrara and Valentine National Wildlife Refuges, form the Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge Complex.
This is an undeveloped refuge that was donated by the siblings John and Louise Seier to the U.S. Government to be preserved for wildlife. The Seier family had homesteaded the lands in the mid-19th century. The refuge is part forest and part wetland but the majority of it is tall grass prairie.
John and Louise Seier NWR is located about 25 miles (40.23 km) south of Bassett, Nebraska, off of U.S. Highway 183. The refuge is open to hunting.
References
External links
National Wildlife Refuges in Nebraska
Protected areas of Rock County, Nebraska
Protected areas established in 1999
1999 establishments in Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20and%20Louise%20Seier%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge |
The following pages for each decade list films produced in Pakistan by year of release.
Pre-1950
List of Pakistani films before 1950
1950s
List of Pakistani films of 1950
List of Pakistani films of 1951
List of Pakistani films of 1952
List of Pakistani films of 1953
List of Pakistani films of 1954
List of Pakistani films of 1955
List of Pakistani films of 1956
List of Pakistani films of 1957
List of Pakistani films of 1958
List of Pakistani films of 1959
1960s
List of Pakistani films of 1960
List of Pakistani films of 1961
List of Pakistani films of 1962
List of Pakistani films of 1963
List of Pakistani films of 1964
List of Pakistani films of 1965
List of Pakistani films of 1966
List of Pakistani films of 1967
List of Pakistani films of 1968
List of Pakistani films of 1969
1970s
List of Pakistani films of 1970
List of Pakistani films of 1971
List of Pakistani films of 1972
List of Pakistani films of 1973
List of Pakistani films of 1974
List of Pakistani films of 1975
List of Pakistani films of 1976
List of Pakistani films of 1977
List of Pakistani films of 1978
List of Pakistani films of 1979
1980s
List of Pakistani films of 1980
List of Pakistani films of 1981
List of Pakistani films of 1982
List of Pakistani films of 1983
List of Pakistani films of 1984
List of Pakistani films of 1985
List of Pakistani films of 1986
List of Pakistani films of 1987
List of Pakistani films of 1988
List of Pakistani films of 1989
1990s
List of Pakistani films of 1990
List of Pakistani films of 1991
List of Pakistani films of 1992
List of Pakistani films of 1993
List of Pakistani films of 1994
List of Pakistani films of 1995
List of Pakistani films of 1996
List of Pakistani films of 1997
List of Pakistani films of 1998
List of Pakistani films of 1999
2000s
List of Pakistani films of 2000
List of Pakistani films of 2001
List of Pakistani films of 2002
List of Pakistani films of 2003
List of Pakistani films of 2004
List of Pakistani films of 2005
List of Pakistani films of 2006
List of Pakistani films of 2007
List of Pakistani films of 2008
List of Pakistani films of 2009
2010s
List of Pakistani films of 2010
List of Pakistani films of 2011
List of Pakistani films of 2012
List of Pakistani films of 2013
List of Pakistani films of 2014
List of Pakistani films of 2015
List of Pakistani films of 2016
List of Pakistani films of 2017
List of Pakistani films of 2018
List of Pakistani films of 2019
2020s
List of Pakistani films of 2020
List of Pakistani films of 2021
List of Pakistani films of 2022
List of Pakistani films of 2023
See also
Cinema of Pakistan
List of Pakistani Punjabi-language films
List of Pashto-language films
List of Sindhi-language films
List of Pakistani animated films
List of highest-grossing Pakistani films
List of highest-grossing films in Pakistan
List of years in Pakistan
List of years in Pakistani television
External links
Search Pakistani film - IMDB.com
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20Pakistani%20films |
Francesca Gonshaw (born 25 November 1959) is an English former actress who appeared in television, theatre and cinema productions in the 1980s. From 1982 to 1987, she appeared as Maria Recamier in the BBC's 'Allo 'Allo! television situation comedy series set in occupied France during World War II.
After early roles in the BBC's Shades and Gesualdo the Prince, Gonshaw featured as Arsinoe in The Cleopatras in 1983. After leaving Allo 'Allo! for the role of Amanda Palmer in the drama Howard's Way, Gonshaw appeared in other productions including as Lisa Walters in the Central soap-opera Crossroads (1984–85), as Maria in the movie Biggles: Adventures in Time (1986) and in the Grammy-winning music video for Peter Gabriel's "Digging in the Dirt" (1992). On stage, she played Hermia in A Midsummer Night's Dream and Ophelia in Hamlet. After her acting career, she went on to work for Miramax Books, and then became curator of an art gallery.
Early life
Francesca Gonshaw's father came to England as a child with his parents as Russian White emigres fleeing from the Bolshevik Revolution. She attended St Paul's Girls' School. The family relocated from London to Marbella, Spain in 1976. At the age of 17, she returned to England to study for her A Levels in Cambridge, and then Modern Languages at the University of London. She also studied acting, but did not complete the course, and was a model in a photo story for My Guy magazine.
Television and film
In 1982, Gonshaw appeared in a BBC television play entitled Shades. The following year, she was in Gesualdo the Prince, based on the true story of Carlo Gesualdo who murdered his wife and her lover after discovering them in bed together.
She played Arsinoe in the 1983 BBC television classical Roman history drama series The Cleopatras. That same year, she had a role in a film version of The Hound of the Baskervilles. From 1984 to 1985, she was the character Lisa Walters in the Central soap opera Crossroads. In February 1984, Hilary Kingsley of the Daily Mirror criticised Gonshaw's performance in Crossroads, saying that she "[spoke] her lines as though reading them from an optician's chart."
From 1982 to 1987, she featured as waitress Maria Recamier in the BBC's 'Allo 'Allo! television situation comedy series set in occupied France during World War II. The producers had wanted to cast Mary Stävin, but the Department of Employment refused permission, saying that they believed a British actress could be found for the role. Gonshaw was a subscriber to Production Casting Report, which published details of planned television projects, and had sent a letter and photograph seeking a role in the series, and was invited to attend an audition for the pilot, for which she travelled to London from Spain. Gonshaw had met and become an acquaintance of series co-creator Jeremy Lloyd in Marbella, and has said that she was surprised to meet him again at the audition. She was given the part. The show satirised dramas such as Secret Army, and like other UK situation comedies of the time, contained double entendres, catchphrases, and running gags. It ran for 85 episodes from 1982 to 1992, attracting as many as 17 million viewers per episode in the UK, and was sold to overseas markets including France and Germany. Gonshaw was in 21 of the episodes, in the first three series. She complained in a 1986 interview that "I wanted to be a serious actress. Now I seem to be known only as a bawdy waitress wearing stockings and suspenders." Gonshaw declined the opportunity to appear in the popular stage version of Allo 'Allo!, and after three months out of work, embarked on a piano bar tour on the Costa del Sol, intending to perform three songs that she had written as part of the performances. She left the cast of Allo 'Allo after its third series to take up the role of Amanda Parker in the third series of the BBC television drama series Howards' Way in 1987. She also started attending the Byam Shaw School of Art, studying painting.
Gonshaw portrayed Maria, the girlfriend of Biggles in the historical/science fiction cinema film Biggles: Adventures in Time (1986), and played the character of Senorita Rodriguez in the television film dramatization of the Barbara Cartland novel A Ghost in Monte Carlo (1990). She made guest appearances on Blankety Blank, and in The Russ Abbot Show.
In 1992, she appeared in the pop music video for the Peter Gabriel single release "Digging in the Dirt", which won a Grammy for "Best Music Video – short form."
Theatre
In 1982, Gonshaw played Kate in You Should See Us Now, by Peter Tinniswood, at the Greenwich Theatre; the cast also included Simon Cadell, Christopher Cazenove and Pauline Yates. In the mid-1980s, she joined the New Shakespeare Company's tour of thirteen countries in the Middle East, portraying Hermia in A Midsummer Night's Dream, then in 1988 she starred in a regional tour of The Cat and the Canary. Two years later, Gonshaw played Ophelia in Hamlet at three venues – the Brixton Assembly Rooms, the Pentameters Theatre in Hampstead, and the Shaw Theatre. The proceeds of this production went towards AIDS charities. Her performances in both The Cat and the Canary and Hamlet received negative reviews in The Stage.
Post-acting career
After studying art for a year, Gonshaw joined Miramax Books & Films and took up the post of Senior Vice-President of Acquisitions. She was the editorial director for a book of Robert Altman's Prêt-à-Porter, and compiled Love: ten poems of Pablo Neruda. In 2001 she was a casting agent for the film The Goose Creek Story. According to Gonshaw's own LinkedIn profile, she has been an artist since 2009. She was also the curator of the 'She has a Space' gallery in London. She exhibited at the 7–8 October 2009 Art for Youth event at the Mall Galleries. Since 2011 she has occasionally appeared at memorabilia collectors conventions with the former cast of Allo Allo.
Credits
Television
Film
Theatre
Publications
Notes
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Actresses from London
Alumni of the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts
Alumni of the Byam Shaw School of Art
British comedy actresses
British television actresses
English people of Russian descent
People educated at St Paul's Girls' School
People from Marbella | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca%20Gonshaw |
Turkish Kurdistan or Northern Kurdistan () refers to the southeastern part of Turkey where Kurds form the predominant ethnic group. The Kurdish Institute of Paris estimates that there are 20 million Kurds living in Turkey, the majority of them in the southeast.
Southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan) is considered to be one of the four parts of Kurdistan, which also includes parts of northern Syria (Western Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan) and northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan).
The term Turkish Kurdistan is often used in the context of Kurdish nationalism, which makes it a controversial term among proponents of Turkish nationalism. The term has different meaning depending on context.
Geography
The Encyclopaedia of Islam delineates the geography of Turkish Kurdistan as following:
Nonetheless, it is emphasized that "the imprecise limits of the frontiers of Kurdistan hardly allow an exact appreciation of the area." The region forms the south-eastern edge of Anatolia, in Upper Mesopotamia. It is dominated by high peaks rising to over 3,700 m (12,000 ft) and arid mountain plateaux, forming part of the arc of the Taurus Mountains. It has an extreme continental climate—hot in the summer, bitterly cold in the winter.
Demographics
In the first census of Turkey in 1927, Kurdish was the largest first language in the provinces of Ağrı (), Bitlis (), Diyarbakır (), Elazığ (), Hakkâri (), Mardin (), Siirt (, includes present-day Batman) and Van (). Moreover, Kurdish was the largest first language with a plurality in Şanlıurfa with . of the population in Muş Province had Kurdish as their first language in the census of 1935, the first census conducted there after the province was split from Bitlis earlier. Bingöl Province was separated from Muş in 1935, while Tunceli Province was separated from Elazığ in 1936 and Kurdish was also the first language in these newly-established provinces in their first census in 1945 with and , respectively.
Moreover, other ethnic groups also exist in Turkish Kurdistan including Arabs, Assyrians, Circassians, Ossetians and Turks. Since the 1990s, forced immigration from the southeast has led millions of Kurds to settle in the cities Ankara, Izmir or Istanbul.
There used to be 11 Jewish communities in the Turkish Kurdistan.
Resources
Much of the region is fertile and has traditionally exported grain and livestock to the cities in the plains. The local economy is dominated by animal husbandry and small-scale agriculture, with cross-border smuggling to and from Iraqi Kurdistan (especially of petroleum) providing a major source of income in the Iraq-Turkey border area. Larger-scale agriculture and industrial activities dominate the economic life of the lower-lying region around Diyarbakır, the largest Kurdish-majority city in the region. Elsewhere, however, military activity and high unemployment has led to extensive migration from the region to other parts of Turkey and abroad.
History
Part of the Fertile Crescent of the Ancient Near East, Northern Kurdistan was quickly affected by the Neolithic Revolution that saw the spread of agriculture. In the Bronze Age, it was ruled by the Arameans, followed by the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the Iron Age. Classical antiquity saw the arrival of first Greater Armenia, then the Roman Empire. The early Muslim conquests swept over the region with the spread of Islam.
During the Middle Ages, the region came under the rule of local chieftains. In the 10th and 11th centuries, it was ruled by the Kurdish Marwanid dynasty. From the 14th century onwards, the region was mostly incorporated into the Ottoman Empire.
Kurdish principalities
A tax register (or defter) dating back to 1527 mentions an area called Vilayet-i Kurdistan, which included seven major and 11 minor emirates (or principalities). The document refers to the Kurdish emirates as eyalet (state), an indication of the autonomy they enjoyed. In a Ferman (imperial decree) issued by Suleiman I, around 1533, he outlines the rules of inheritance and succession among Kurdistan beys i.e. the Kurdish aristocracy. Hereditary succession was granted to Kurdish emirates loyal to the Ottoman Empire, and Kurdish princes were granted autonomy within the Empire. The degree of autonomy of these emirates varied greatly and depended on their geopolitical significance. The weak Kurdish tribes were forced to join stronger ones or become a part of Ottoman sanjaks. However, powerful and less accessible tribes, particularly those close to the frontier with Persia, enjoyed a high degree of autonomy.
According to a kanunname (book of law) mentioned by Evliya Çelebi, there were two administrative units different from regular sanjaks: 1) Kurdish sanjaks (Ekrad Beyliği), characterized by the hereditary rule of the Kurdish aristocracy and 2) Kurdish governments (hükümet). The Kurdish sanjaks, like ordinary sanjaks, had military obligations and had to pay taxes. On the other hand, the Kurdish hükümet neither paid taxes nor provided troops for the Ottoman Army, and the Ottomans preferred not to interfere in their succession and internal affairs. According to Çelebi, by the mid-17th century the autonomy of the Kurdish emirates had diminished. At this time, out of 19 sanjaks of the Diyarbekir Eyalet, 12 were regular Ottoman sanjaks, and the remaining were referred to as Kurdish sanjaks. The Kurdish sanjaks were Sagman, Kulp, Mihraniye, Tercil, Atak, Pertek, Çapakçur and Çermik. Çelebi lists the Kurdish states or hükümets as Cezire, Egil, Genç, Palu and Hazo. In the late 18th and early 19th century, with the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the Kurdish principalities became practically independent.
Modern history
The Ottoman government began to assert its authority in the region in the early 19th century. Concerned with independent-mindedness of Kurdish principalities, Ottomans sought to curb their influence and bring them under the control of the central government in Constantinople. However, removal from power of these hereditary principalities led to more instability in the region from the 1840s onwards. In their place, sufi sheiks and religious orders rose to prominence and spread their influence throughout the region. One of the prominent Sufi leaders was Sheikh Ubeydalla Nahri, who began a revolt in the region between Lakes Van and Urmia. The area under his control covered both Ottoman and Qajar territories. Shaikh Ubaidalla is regarded as one of the earliest leaders who pursued modern nationalist ideas among Kurds. In a letter to a British Vice-Consul, he declared: the Kurdish nation is a people apart. . . we want our affairs to be in our hands'.'
The breakup of the Ottoman Empire after its defeat in the First World War led to its dismemberment and establishment of the present-day political boundaries, dividing the Kurdish-inhabited regions between several newly created states. The establishment and enforcement of the new borders had profound effects for the Kurds, who had to abandon their traditional nomadism for village life and settled farming.
Education
There has been significant conflict in Turkey over the Kurdish populations' linguistic rights. At various points in its history Turkey has enacted laws prohibiting the use of Kurdish in schools. To counter the Dersim rebellion, a turkification process was started by the Turkish government and the Elazığ Girls' Institute () was opened in 1937. The institute was a boarding school for Kurdish girls and young women who had to learn to speak Turkish with their children which before they were not able to as most of them didn't know Turkish. The girls' school was open until 1959.
In 2014, several Kurdish NGOs and two Kurdish political parties supported a boycott of schools in Northern Kurdistan to promote the right to education in the Kurdish language in all subjects. While Kurdish identity has become more acceptable in Turkish society, the Turkish government has only allowed the Kurdish language to be offered as an elective in schools. The government has refused to honor other demands. In several southeastern cities, Kurds have established private schools to teach classes in Kurdish but the police have been closing down these private schools.
Conflict and controversy
There has been a long-running separatist conflict in Turkey which has cost 30,000 lives, on both sides. The region saw several major Kurdish rebellions during the 1920s and 1930s. These were forcefully put down by the Turkish authorities and the region was declared a closed military area from which foreigners were banned between 1925 and 1965. Kurdish place names were changed and turkified, the use of Kurdish language was outlawed, the words Kurds and Kurdistan were erased from dictionaries and history books, and the Kurds were only referred to as Mountain Turks''. Politicians were often prosecuted and sentenced to prison terms for speaking Kurdish.
In 1983, a number of provinces were placed under martial law in response to the activities of the militant separatist Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). A guerrilla war took place through the rest of the 1980s and into the 1990s. By 1993, the total number of security forces involved in the struggle in southeastern Turkey was about 200,000, and the conflict had become the largest counter-insurgency in the Middle East, in which much of the countryside was evacuated, thousands of Kurdish-populated villages were destroyed, and numerous extra judicial summary executions were carried out by both sides. More than 37,000 people were killed in the violence and hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homes. The situation in the region has since eased following the capture of the PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan in 1999 and the introduction of a greater degree of official tolerance for Kurdish cultural activities, encouraged by the European Union. However, some political violence is still ongoing and the Turkish–Iraqi border region remains tense.
Kurdification
When refugees from Caucasus reached the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople decided not to settle these in Kurdistan due to the extreme poverty and lack of material resources for the refugees. Yet after some time, the Ottomans started seeing the refugees as a chance to diminish the Kurdish claim to the region and allowed the refugees to settle in the region.
From early stage on, some Caucasians went through a voluntary process of Kurdification and thereby had Kurdish as their mother tongue.
20th–21st century and PKK
When the Kurdish question arose in Turkey, it also had an effect on their Caucasian neighbors. Even today, there is an aversion from joining the Kurds in their conflict against the Turkish state, but some individuals of Caucasian origin joined the Kurdistan Workers' Party. As part of their campaign, Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) won elections in most Caucasian villages in Turkish Kurdistan.
See also
Armenian highlands
Denial of Kurds by Turkey
Western Armenia
Zagros Mountains
Mount Judi
References
External links
Maps of Kurdish Regions by GlobalSecurity.org
Map of Kurdish Population Distribution by GlobalSecurity.org
Kurds in Turkey
Kurdistan
Kurdish separatism in Turkey
Geography of Kurdistan
Regions of Turkey
Politics of Turkey
Eastern Anatolia Region
Southeastern Anatolia Region
Upper Mesopotamia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20Kurdistan |
The Beatles Box Set is a sixteen-disc box set compiling the entire recorded works of the Beatles as issued by the band between 1962 and 1970. It was released on 15 November 1988 in Britain and America, with the same catalogue number (Apple BBX2-91302) in each of those countries. While available also in vinyl LP and cassette formats, the box set was the first complete collection of original Beatles material to be released by EMI and Capitol Records on compact disc.
The Beatles Box Set included all of the original UK album releases by the band, together with the 1967 US album Magical Mystery Tour. The latter had been issued in the UK in November 1976, at which point the LP version superseded the original British EP of the same name. The box also contained the 1988 compilations Past Masters: Volume One and Past Masters: Volume Two, which grouped together singles, B-sides, EP tracks, and foreign releases not found on the band's UK studio albums. Although all these albums had been previously available in stereo on both LP and cassette, the versions of the first four albums included in The Beatles Box Set were the digitally remastered mono mixes issued on CD over 1987–88, which caused a considerable furor among Beatles fans and audiophiles.
The collection was encased in a black oak roll-top box and included a soft-cover book with commentary on the songs by Beatles recording historian Mark Lewisohn. The set was also issued in a black vinyl covered cardboard box in Japan. Although The Beatles Box Set failed to chart in either the UK or the US, it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.
A new Stereo Box, containing remastered versions of the Beatles' core albums and Past Masters, was released on 9 September 2009 along with The Beatles in Mono and new stereo reissues of the individual albums, including the first four albums given their stereo debuts on CD.
Album listing
See also
The Beatles Collection
The Beatles Box
The Beatles: The Collection
The Beatles Mono Collection
The Beatles (The Original Studio Recordings)
The Beatles in Mono
Notes
1988 compilation albums
The Beatles compilation albums
Apple Records compilation albums
Parlophone compilation albums
Capitol Records compilation albums
Albums produced by George Martin
Albums produced by Chris Thomas (record producer)
Albums produced by Phil Spector
Albums recorded at Apple Studios
Albums recorded at Olympic Sound Studios
Albums recorded at Trident Studios
Albums arranged by George Martin
Albums arranged by George Harrison
Albums arranged by Mike Leander
Albums arranged by John Lennon
Albums arranged by Paul McCartney
Albums conducted by George Martin
Albums conducted by George Harrison
Albums conducted by John Lennon
Albums conducted by Paul McCartney
Compilation albums published posthumously
Reissue albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beatles%20Box%20Set |
The Independent Workers' Party of Germany (, UAPD) was a short-lived communist party in West Germany. The UAPD was formed in 1950 as a split from the Communist Party of Germany by Titoists after he broke with the Soviet Union. Hoping to steer the party toward Trotskyism, the German section of the Fourth International, the International Communists of Germany (IKD) entered the UAPD. After fighting claims that it was secretly financed by Tito, the party disbanded in 1952. The Trotskyists then entered the Social Democratic Party (SPD).
References
Defunct communist parties in Germany
Political parties established in 1950
Political parties disestablished in 1952
1950 establishments in West Germany
1952 disestablishments in West Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent%20Workers%27%20Party%20of%20Germany |
For other places with the same name, see Rattlesnake Island (disambiguation).
Rattlesnake Island is an island located on Clear Lake in Lake County, northern California. Its land area is nominally , but may vary significantly as lake levels rise and fall. It is offshore from the north shore of the eastern arm of Clear Lake, the site of the Elem Indian Colony.
There is evidence of Native American activity on the island, possibly dating back as much as 8,000 years, although little archaeological work has been conducted. This site is connected with the prehistoric Post Pattern, and has probably been used by the Southeastern Pomo throughout prehistoric times. The Elem Pomo Colony have claimed the island to be their place of origin, and a political and religious center.
A history of ownership disputes dates as far back as the late nineteenth century. Due to a controversial 1949 U.S. court decision, the Elem Pomo tribe lost legal control of of its ancestral land, including the island. At present, legal title to the island is held by a Bay Area businessman, John Nady (founder of Nady Systems, Inc.) His 2003 attempt to obtain permits to construct a log cabin on the island was challenged by Elem Indian Colony members but eventually granted. John Parker, a local archaeologist, petitioned the federal government to add the island to the National Register of Historical Places. John Nady is currently developing a sustainable vacation home there with solar power and resident livestock.
References
Nady Systems - About Us
External links
Lake County News article on Board of Supervisors vote to allow construction to proceed
Article in Anderson Valley Advertiser on the history of the island and dispute
Website describing issue from Elem point of view with links to other articles
"The Struggle for Rattlesnake Island", Free Speech Radio News, radio documentary, air-date November 24, 2011. Audio download.
Elem Nation of Pomo official website (under construction)
Lake islands of California
Islands of Lake County, California
Native American history of California
Islands of California
Islands of Northern California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattlesnake%20Island%20%28Clear%20Lake%29 |
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