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This is a partial list of RFCs (request for comments memoranda). A Request for Comments (RFC) is a publication in a series from the principal technical development and standards-setting bodies for the Internet, most prominently the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
While there are over 9,150 RFCs as of February 2022, this list consists of RFCs that have related articles. A complete list is available from the IETF website.
Numerical list
This is a partial list of RFCs (request for comments memoranda). A Request for Comments (RFC) is a publication in a series from the principal technical development and standards-setting bodies for the Internet, most prominently the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
While there are over 9,150 RFCs as of February 2022, this list consists of RFCs that have related articles. A complete list is available from the IETF website.
Topical list
Obsolete RFCs are indicated with struck-through text.
References
External links
RFC-Editor - Document Retrieval - search engine
RFC Database - contains various lists of RFCs
RFC Bibliographic Listing - Listing of bibliographic entries for all RFCs. Also notes when an RFC has been made obsolete.
Internet Standards
Internet-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20RFCs |
Ayumi Hamasaki Concert Tour 2000 Vol. 1 is the first session DVD of the live tour of the Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki that was released on September 13, 2000.
The DVD has a multi-angle function to switch between backstage view and audience view.
Track listing
WHATEVER
Fly high
Trauma
And Then
monochrome
immature
Trust
Depend on you
Showtime
TO BE
too late
Boys & Girls
Encore
vogue
SEASONS
Far away
Who…
Ayumi Hamasaki video albums
2000 video albums
Live video albums
2000 live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi%20Hamasaki%20Concert%20Tour%202000%20Vol.%201 |
Trinity School at River Ridge is a private Christian school in Eagan, Minnesota, United States. It provides an education rooted in classical Christian education to students in grades 6-12. The school is located at 601 River Ridge Parkway, Suite 200, in Eagan, Minnesota 55121, this 1996, 2008, and 2019 Blue Ribbon school is accredited by North Central Association and Independent School Association of the Central States (NCA/ISACS).
The River Ridge campus was founded in 1987 by the People of Praise, a Christian community. It is owned and operated by Trinity Schools, Inc, based in South Bend, Indiana. The River Ridge campus has two sister schools, Greenlawn in South Bend and Meadow View in Falls Church, Virginia.
History
River Ridge, the second campus of Trinity Schools, Inc., opened in the Twin Cities in 1987 with 6 teachers and 31 students, using rented facilities at Gethsemane Episcopal Church, in downtown Minneapolis, MN. Dan Ferris served as head of school. In 1991 the school moved from its downtown Minneapolis site to Bloomington, Minnesota, after purchasing a building (itself a former school) from Control Data Corporation. In 1991, when William Wacker became headmaster, the school had grown to 112 students and 18 teachers. The school expanded to two sections of boys and two of girls in 1995, starting with grade 7. In December, 2007, the River Ridge campus relocated to a new campus in Eagan, Minnesota. Jon Balsbaugh became head of school in Fall, 2009. In 2017, Jon Balsbaugh succeeded Dr Kerry Koller as President of Trinity Schools, Inc. In Fall, 2016, the school added a 6th grade.
The 2007 move
In 2005, runway expansion at the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport resulted in noise levels greater than 65 decibels on the River Ridge campus in Bloomington. The Metropolitan Airports Commission offered a grant to Trinity School of approximately $7M either to install soundproofing or to help in a move to a new location. Trinity School accepted the grant and selected a new site in Eagan, a nearby suburb, near the intersection of Argenta Trail and Interstate 494. The board of governors of the People of Praise authorized a fund-raising campaign and approved a construction plan for the new campus, which included offices, classrooms, science labs, a commons area, a two-station gym and soccer field. Groundbreaking at the new site occurred at ceremonies on October 19, 2006. The move from the Bloomington campus to the Eagan campus took place in December, 2007, after construction was completed on schedule.
Administration
Ms. Beth Schmitz is the Head of the School. Mr. Patrick Murphy is the Associate Head of School. Mrs. Jessica Bowden is the Dean of Girls and Mr. Kit Adderley is the Dean of Boys.
References
External links
Trinity Schools web site
Christian schools in Minnesota
Classical Christian schools
Eagan, Minnesota
Educational institutions established in 1987
Private high schools in Minnesota
Private middle schools in Minnesota
Schools in Dakota County, Minnesota
Trinity Schools
People of Praise
1987 establishments in Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity%20School%20at%20River%20Ridge |
The Central Unified School District is a school district in Fresno County, California. Incorporates approximately of suburban population and ag land.
List of schools
Here is a list of all the schools in the Central Unified School District:
Elementary schools
Biola-Pershing Elementary School
Harvest Elementary School
Herndon-Barstow Elementary School
Houghton-Kearney Middle School
Liddell Elementary School
Polk Elementary School
Madison Elementary
McKinley Elementary School, Santa Barbara, California|McKinley Elementary School
River Bluff Elementary School
Roosevelt Elementary School (Fresno, California)|Roosevelt Elementary School
Saroyan Elementary School
Steinbeck Elementary School
Teague Elementary School
Tilley Elementary School
Middle
El Capitan Middle School
Glacier Point School
Rio Vista Middle School
High schools
Central High School (East Campus)
Central High School (West Campus)
Pershing Continuation High School
Pathway Community Day School
North west High school
Justin Garza High School
Adult education
Central Adult School (CLASS)
See also
List of school districts in Fresno County, California
References
External links
http://centralunified.org/
School districts in Fresno County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Unified%20School%20District |
Below is a list of governors of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) from the creation of the office of Commissioner of the North-West Frontier Province in 1901.
Chief Commissioners of the North-West Frontier Province
1901–1908: Sir Harold Arthur Deane
1908–1909: Sir George Olof Roos-Keppel
1909–1910: William Rudolph Henry Merck (acting)
1910–1913: Sir George Olof Roos-Keppel
1913–1915: Sir John Stuart Donald (acting)
1915–1919: Sir George Olof Roos-Keppel
1919–1921: Sir Hamilton Grant
1921–1923: Sir John Loader Maffey
1923–1925: Horatio Norman Bolton
1925–1926: William John Keen (acting)
1926–1930: Horatio Norman Bolton
1930–1931: Sir Steuart Edmund Pears
1931–1932: Sir Ralph Edwin Hotchkin Griffith (created governor in 1932)
Governors of the North-West Frontier Province
1932–1937: Sir Ralph Edwin Hotchkin Griffith
1937–1939: Sir George Cunningham
1939: Sir Arthur Edward Broadbent Parsons
1939–1946: Sir George Cunningham
1946–1947: Sir Olaf Kirkpatrick Caroe
1947: Sir Rob Lockhart (acting)
1947–1948: Sir George Cunningham
Post-independence
Following Pakistan's independence in 1947, the North-West Frontier became a province of Pakistan. In 2010, the NWFP was renamed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
North-West Frontier Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20governors%20of%20the%20North-West%20Frontier%20Province |
Zayn al-Dīn al-Juba'ī al'Amilī (; 1506-1559), also known as ash-Shahīd ath-Thanī (, , ) was a Twelver Shia Muslim scholar.
Early life
He was born Zayn al-Dīn bin Nur al-Dīn 'Alī bin Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin 'Alī bin Jamal al-Dīn bin Taqī bin Sāliḥ bin Mushrif al-'Amilī al-Shamī al-Ṭalluṣī al-Juba'ī, in the village of Jbaa, on the 13th of Shawwal, 911 AH (1506 CE). His father, Sheikh Nur al-Din 'Ali was also a scholar.
His ancestor, Sāliḥ, was a student of Allamah al-Hilli.
Career and Travels
Thani studied under both Sunni and Shi'a scholars in Jabal 'Amel, Damascus, Cairo, Jerusalem.
In 1536, he moved to Egypt, where he learned Usul al-Fiqh, geometry, prosody, medicine and logic.
In 1543, he traveled to Constantinople and met with Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī, with whom he shared multiple treatises relating to several subjects, including mathematics, astronomy and religion. The latter offered him the highest teaching position in a school of his choice, which was eventually the Nuriyya School of Baalbek.
Death
In Rajab of 965 A.H. (1558), he was beheaded on his way to see the sultan and a shrine was built by some Turkmens on the site.
Legacy
His Magnum opus is the first commentary of The Damascene Glitter by Shahid Awwal called The Beautiful Garden in Interpreting the Damscene Glitter (Arabic: ar-Rawda-l-Bahiyah fi Sharh allam'a-d-Dimashqiya الروضة البهيّة في شرح اللمعة الدمشقيّة ).
See also
The Five Martyrs
Shahid Awwal
Shahid Thani
Shahid Salis
Shahid Rabay
Shahid Khamis
References
External links
Lebanese Shia clerics
1506 births
1558 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayn%20al-Din%20al-Juba%27i%20al%27Amili |
RIOJA-3 was a submarine telecommunications cable system linking the Belgium and the Netherlands across the southern North Sea.
It had landing points in:
Oostduinkerke-Bad, Flanders, Belgium
Egmond aan Zee, Netherlands
It was withdrawn from service on 13 October 2006
References
Sources
Kingfisher information site
FreeLibrary article
Submarine communications cables in the North Sea
Belgium–Netherlands relations
Bergen, North Holland
Koksijde
2006 disestablishments in Belgium
2006 disestablishments in the Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIOJA-3 |
Kimberly Dozier (born July 6, 1966) is a contributing writer to The Daily Beast and a contributor to CNN. She was previously a correspondent for the Associated Press, covering intelligence and counterterrorism, and prior to that, a CBS News correspondent for 17 years based mostly overseas. She was stationed in Baghdad as the chief reporter in Iraq for CBS News for nearly three years prior to being critically wounded on May 29, 2006. She is General Omar N. Bradley Chair in Strategic Leadership, at the Army War College, Penn State Law and Dickinson College.
Biography
Dozier was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, one of six siblings, and raised by Benjamin (died 2016), a construction worker and retired Marine who served in World War II, and Dorothy Dozier (died 2008).
Dozier attended St. Timothy's School, an all-girls boarding school in Stevenson, Maryland. She holds a bachelor's degree from Wellesley College (1987) and a master's degree in foreign affairs from the University of Virginia (1993). From 1988 through 1991, Dozier served as a Washington, D.C.-based reporter for The Energy Daily, New Technology Week, and Environment Week, covering congressional policy and industry regulation. From 1992 through 1995, while living in Cairo, Dozier did freelance work for the CBS Radio Network, Christian Science Monitor Radio, and Voice of America, as well as writing for The Washington Post and the San Francisco Chronicle.
From 1996 through 1998, Dozier was an anchor for BBC World Service's program titled World Update, an hour-long, live foreign affairs broadcast, among other programs. From 1996 through 2002, Dozier served as the London bureau chief and chief European correspondent for CBS Radio News and as a reporter for CBS News television. Her assignments included the war in Iraq, the war in Afghanistan and the hunt for Osama bin Laden, the crisis and refugee exodus in the Balkans, Vladimir Putin's election, the death of Princess Diana, the Northern Ireland peace process, and the Khobar barracks bombing in Dhahran. She has interviewed dozens of newsmakers, including U.S. Gen. Joseph Dunford, Stan McChrystal (ret.) David Petraeus, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Gerry Adams and Yasser Arafat.
Dozier started as a stringer for CBS Radio News, later becoming a network TV correspondent for the CBS Evening News. As part of that progression, from February 2002 through August 2003, Dozier was the chief correspondent for WCBS-TV (New York)'s Middle East bureau in Jerusalem, where she covered the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the war in Iraq, before being hired by CBS anchor Dan Rather and reassigned to Baghdad.
After Dozier was injured in Iraq in 2006, CBS gave her temporary assignments covering the Pentagon, the White House and Capitol Hill, for CBS News' Washington, D.C., bureau, from 2007 to 2010, as they were reluctant to let her return to war zones. She left CBS and television reluctantly to become the Intelligence Writer for The Associated Press, to leave the stigma of being combat-injured behind.
In April 2008, Dozier received a Peabody award for "CBS News Sunday Morning: The Way Home", a piece in which she reported the story of two women veterans who lost limbs in Iraq.
Dozier received a 2008 RTNDA/Edward R. Murrow Award for Feature Reporting for the same story. She has also received three American Women in Radio and Television (AWRT) Gracie Awards—in 2000, 2001 and 2002—for her radio reports on Mideast violence, Kosovo and the Afghan war, as well as the organization's Grand Gracie Award in 2007 for her body of television work in Iraq.
Dozier and ABC News anchor Bob Woodruff were honored with the 2007 Radio and Television News Directors Association and Foundation's Leonard Zeidenberg First Amendment Award. She was honored by the Overseas Press Club in 2007 and spoke on behalf of journalists who have been killed and injured in Iraq. In 2008, Dozier became the first woman to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor Foundation's McCrary Award for Excellence in Journalism.
Injury in Iraq
Dozier was seriously injured in Iraq on May 29, 2006 in a car bomb attack that killed an American soldier, the 4th ID's Captain James "Alex" Funkhouser, an Iraqi translator, and CBS crewmembers Paul Douglas (Cameraman) and James Brolan (Sound Technician). She was transferred to Germany for further treatment.
Most of the patrol was outside their parked Humvees in a residential Baghdad neighborhood. Insurgents waited until the patrol approached the car bomb, packed with an estimated of explosives, before remotely detonating it. The captain, translator and CBS crew were closest to the explosion.
Dozier underwent more than two dozen major surgeries in the two months following the bombing. Doctors removed shrapnel from her head, rebuilt her shattered femurs, and applied skin grafts to extensive burns on both legs. Dozier was first treated at the Baghdad Combat Support Hospital, and the medical facility at Balad, Iraq, before being medevacked to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, the U.S. military's largest overseas hospital.
Although Dozier was unable to speak because she was on a respirator, she was able to write to communicate; the first question she asked regarded the crew.
On June 7, 2006, she returned to the United States for further treatment at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland.
Coincidentally, in April 2004, Dozier had been featured in a USA Today article on the safety of journalists covering the Iraq War.
Fully recovered from her injuries, Dozier ran the 10K of the 2008 U.S. Marine Corps Marathon to raise money for Fisher House, which provides a place to stay for loved ones of the combat-injured. Proceeds of her 2011 paperback and e-book and funds from speaking to military-related organizations went to a number of charities including NSWKids.org and WoundedWear.org, and/or to donate thousands of copies of her book to patients and families going through similar medical crises.
Dozier worked for the Associated Press from 2010 to 2014. Her work has appeared in The Washington Post, Newsweek, The Daily Beast, and Salon.
Book
Dozier wrote a book, Breathing the Fire: Fighting to Survive, and Get Back to the Fight, which chronicles both her physical and emotional recovery from the IED explosion on Memorial Day 2006 in Iraq. Breathing the Fire was published in May 2008. It was reissued in 2011. In the book, Dozier pieces together her own memories of the explosion and recovery with reports from her doctors, nurses, family members and even rescuers about her condition.
Bibliography
Breathing the Fire: Fighting to Report--and Survive--the War in Iraq, Meredith Books, 2008,
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
American television reporters and correspondents
American women television journalists
American women war correspondents
Associated Press reporters
CBS News people
CNN people
Iraq War casualties
Time (magazine) people
Wellesley College alumni
Women in the Iraq War
Writers from Honolulu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly%20Dozier |
Godfrey of Cambrai (also known as Godfrey of Winchester) was the prior of Winchester Abbey from 1082 until his death in 1107. When he joined the Benedictine community around 1070 he was probably around 15 years old. He also was a composer of poems, writing ecclesiastics and eulogies of English kings, and a book of moral epigrams in the style of Martial. Godfrey's genuine works were later often confused with those of Martial's.
His work enjoyed considerable popularity in the century after his death and beyond. One of his poems is included in Carmina Burana. Twenty-one manuscripts of his works survive.
He was popular, under his own name and erroneously under Martial's, during the Italian Renaissance.
References
Thomson, Rodney M., 'England and the Twelfth Century Renaissance', Past and Present 101 (1983)
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
11th-century births
1107 deaths
11th-century English clergy
12th-century English Roman Catholic priests
Priors
Year of birth unknown
English satirists
Epigrammatists
Medieval Latin poets
English male poets
12th-century English poets
12th-century English writers
11th-century English poets
11th-century English writers
11th-century writers in Latin
12th-century writers in Latin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey%20of%20Cambrai |
Mae-Wan Ho (; 12 November 1941 – 24 March 2016) was a geneticist known for her critical views on genetic engineering and evolution. She authored or co-authored a number of publications, including 10 books, such as The Rainbow and the Worm, the Physics of Organisms (1993, 1998), Genetic Engineering: Dream or Nightmare? (1998, 1999), Living with the Fluid Genome (2003) and Living Rainbow H2O (2012).
Biography
Ho received a PhD in biochemistry in 1967 from Hong Kong University, was postdoctoral fellow in biochemical genetics, University of California, San Diego, from 1968 to 1972, senior research fellow in Queen Elizabeth College, lecturer in genetics (from 1976) and reader in biology (from 1985) in the Open University, and since retiring in June 2000 visiting professor of biophysics in Catania University, Sicily.
Ho died of cancer in March 2016.
Institute of Science in Society
Ho was a co-founder and director of the Institute of Science in Society (ISIS), an interest group which published fringe articles about climate change, GMOs, homeopathy, traditional Chinese medicine, and water memory. In reviewing the organisation, David Colquhoun accused the ISIS of promoting pseudoscience and specifically criticised Ho's understanding of homeopathy.
The institute is on the Quackwatch list of questionable organizations.
Genetic engineering
Ho, together with Joe Cummins of the University of Western Ontario, has argued that a sterility gene engineered into a crop could be transferred to other crops or wild relatives and that "This could severely compromise the agronomic performance of conventional crops and cause wild relatives to go extinct". They argued that this process could also produce genetic instabilities, which might be "leading to catastrophic breakdown", and stated that there are no data to assure that this has not happened or cannot happen. This concern contrasts with the reason why these sterile plants were developed, which was to prevent the transfer of genes to the environment by preventing any plants that are bred with or that receive these genes from reproducing. Indeed, any gene that caused sterility when transferred to a new species would be eliminated by natural selection and could not spread.
Ho expressed concerns about the spread of altered genes through horizontal gene transfer and that the experimental alteration of genetic structures may be out of control. One of her concerns is that the antibiotic resistant gene that was isolated from bacteria and used in some GM crops might cross back from plants by horizontal gene transfer to different species of bacteria, because "If this happened it would leave us unable to treat major illnesses like meningitis and E coli." Her views were published in an opinion article based on a review of others' research. The arguments and conclusions of this article were heavily criticized by prominent plant scientists, and the claims of the article criticized in detail in a response that was published in the same journal, prompting a reply from Ho. A review on the topic published in 2008 in the Annual Review of Plant Biology stated that "These speculations have been extensively rebutted by the scientific community".
Ho has also argued that bacteria could acquire the bacterial gene barnase from transgenic plants. This gene kills any cell that expresses it and lacks barstar, the specific inhibitor of barnase activity. In an article entitled Chronicle of An Ecological Disaster Foretold, which was published in an ISIS newsletter, Ho speculated that if a bacterium acquired the barnase gene and survived, this could make the bacteria a more dangerous pathogen.
Evolution
Ho has claimed that evolution is pluralistic because there are many mechanisms that can produce variation in phenotypes independently of haphazard mutations. Ho has advocated a form of Lamarckian evolution. She has been criticized by the scientific community for setting up straw man arguments in her criticism of natural selection and supporting discredited evolutionary theories. But some of her Lamarckian ideas have since entered the mainstream of the evolutionary literature.
The paleontologist Philip Gingerich has noted that Ho's evolutionary ideas are based on vitalistic thinking.
Publications
Mae-Wan Ho. Living Rainbow H2O, Singapore; River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 2012. .
Mae-Wan Ho. Meaning of Life & the Universe, Singapore; River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 2017.
Mae-Wan Ho. The Rainbow and the Worm, the Physics of Organisms, Singapore; River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1998. .
Mae-Wan Ho. Genetic engineering: dream or nightmare? Turning the tide on the brave new world of bad science and big business, New York, NY: Continuum, 2000. .
Mae-Wan Ho. Living with the fluid genome, London, UK: Institute of Science in Society; Penang, Malaysia: Third World Network, 2003. .
Mae-Wan Ho, Sam Burcher, Rhea Gala and Vejko Velkovic. Unraveling AIDS: the independent science and promising alternative therapies, Ridgefield, CT: Vital Health Pub., 2005. .
Mae- Wan Ho, Peter Saunders. Beyond Neo-Darwinism: An Introduction to the New Evolutionary Paradigm, London: Academic Press, 1984.
References
External links
Personal website
1941 births
2016 deaths
Academics of the Open University
Academics of the University of London
Non-Darwinian evolution
Women geneticists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae-Wan%20Ho |
Carmen Twillie Ambar (born July 3, 1968) is an American attorney, academic, and the current president of Oberlin College in Ohio. She was appointed to the post in May 2017.
In 2002, she became the ninth woman to lead Douglass College and the youngest dean in its history. She was dean of Douglass College until August 2008 when she became president of Cedar Crest College. Ambar was appointed by Governor Corzine to the New Jersey Economic Development Authority Board of Directors. In 2017, she was named 15th president of Oberlin College.
She holds a bachelor's degree in foreign service from the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, a master's degree in public affairs from the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, and a J.D. degree from Columbia University School of Law. Ambar formerly served as board chair for the Public Leadership Education Network and is vice-chair of the New Jersey Commission on the Status of Women. She is a member of the New York State Bar Association and the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators. From 1994 until 2019, she was married to Saladin Ambar, who is also a graduate of Edmund A. Walsh School at Georgetown University and now teaches political science at the Eagleton Institute of Politics at Rutgers University. He earned his Ph.D. from Rutgers University in 2008. On April 19, 2007, Carmen Ambar gave birth to triplets.
On May 1, 2008, Carmen Ambar was named thirteenth president of Cedar Crest College and was officially inaugurated to the position on October 23, 2009. On May 30, 2017, she was named fifteenth president of Oberlin College, the first black person and the second woman to hold that position.
References
External links
Biography at Oberlin College
Biography at Douglass College
1968 births
Living people
Columbia Law School alumni
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni
Rutgers University alumni
Rutgers University faculty
Presidents of Oberlin College
Lawyers from Little Rock, Arkansas
Women heads of universities and colleges
21st-century African-American academics
21st-century American academics
20th-century African-American academics
20th-century American academics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen%20Twillie%20Ambar |
The Greater Middle East is a political term introduced in March 2004 in a paper published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace as part of the U.S. administration's preparatory work for the Group of Eight summit of June 2004. The area denotes a vaguely defined region called the "Arab world" together with Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Turkey, and several other neighboring countries that have cultural or religious ties. The paper presented a proposal for sweeping change in the way the West deals with the Middle East and North Africa.
Adam Garfinkle of the Foreign Policy Research Institute defined the Greater Middle East as the MENA region together with the Caucasus and Central Asia. Other sources have named this world region as the "Middle East Crescent" (which includes the Middle East, North Africa, and the Caucasian and Central Asian republics of the former Soviet Union), since this area resembles a crescent straddling in the middle of Europe, Africa, and Asia.
The future of the Greater Middle East has sometimes been referred to as the "new Middle East", first so by U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, who presented the second-term Bush administration's vision for the region's future in June 2006 in Dubai. Rice said would be achieved through "constructive chaos", a phrase she repeated a few weeks later during a joint press conference with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert when the 2006 Lebanon War had broken out; the meaning of this phrase and the Bush administration's vision have been much debated since. The efforts to achieve this new Middle East are sometimes called "The Great Middle East Project".
Former U.S. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski stated that a "political awakening" is taking place in this region which may be an indicator of the multipolar world that is now developing. He alluded to the Greater Middle East as the "Global Balkans", and as a control lever on an area he refers to as Eurasia. According to Andrew Bacevich's book America's War for the Greater Middle East (2016), this region is the theater for a series of conflicts dating back to 1980, which heralded the start of the Iran–Iraq War. Since then, the U.S. has been involved in balancing conflicts amongst these culturally interconnected nations in order to further its interests in the region.
See also
Arab world
Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa
Great Game
Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Muslim world
Project for the New American Century
Sykes–Picot Agreement
The Grand Chessboard
References
External links
"Greater Middle East: The US plan"
"The Greater Middle East Initiative: Sea Island and Beyond (U.S. Senate)"
"Blood Borders: How a better Middle East would look"
A legacy of U.S. military failure in the Middle East over the past three decades"
2004 neologisms
Political theories
Middle East
Geographical neologisms
Geography of the Middle East | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20Middle%20East |
Lisa Crittenden (born 1962) is an Australian actress, noted for her roles in various television series, such as The Restless Years (as Briony Thompson, 1981), The Sullivans (as Sally Meredith), Prisoner (as Maxine Daniels 1982–83), Sons and Daughters (as Leigh Palmer 1985–86), Rafferty's Rules (1988) and the New Zealand produced Shortland Street (as Carrie Burton 1992–93).
She had 3 roles in drama Blue Heelers and also played a lead role in mini-series Whose Baby? and made a guest appearance as Gabrielle's mother Hecuba in Xena: Warrior Princess.
Personal life
Crittenden has been married to Gary Moore, a freelance director of photography, since 1986. She currently resides in Melbourne, Australia with her husband, and two sons.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1962 births
Australian film actresses
Australian soap opera actresses
Living people
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
People from Williamstown, Victoria
Actresses from Melbourne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Crittenden |
The Ilha Grande National Park (Parque Nacional de Ilha Grande) is located on the border between Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul states in Brazil. The park was created in 1997 to protect the biological diversity of the upper Parana River area.
History
The Ilha Grande National Park was created by decree without number issued by the Presidency of the Republic on 30 September 1997. Currently the park administration rests with the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).
Characterization area
The park, with its in area, encompasses all islands and islets from the Itaipu reservoir and river mouth Piquiri to the mouth of rivers and Amambai Ivaí on the Parana River, among which are the major islands Grande, Peruzzi, Peacock and Bandeirantes. The park area also includes wetlands and flood plains, situated on the banks of the Parana river, lake and lagoon waters and its surroundings and the Seawall Macaws. The river water intended for navigation are not part of the National Park of Ilha Grande.
Ilha Grande National Park is adjacent to 9 municipalities: Guaíra, Altônia, São Jorge do Patrocínio, Alto Paraíso and Icaraíma in the state of Paraná; and Mundo Novo, Eldorado, Itaquirai, and Naviraí in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.
Ilha Grande protects archaeological sites of great importance. It is known that the site was once inhabited by Guarani Indians and Xetás.
Tourism and attractions
The park is open free to the public for tours every day of the week. The park, in many places, has little beaches, leisure place where you can swim to the banks of the Paraná River. Another option is the boat ride on the Parana River, passing through various localities of Ilha Grande.
Wildlife and vegetation
Ilha Grande is in a transition between cerrado (characteristic of the Pantanal) and seasonal Forest. Already fauna has several endemic species and/or endangered. Among the terrestrial fauna species were recorded as the marsh deer (Blastocelus dichotomus), the alligator-the-crop-yellow (Caiman Latorostris), the jaguar (Panthera onca), tapir (Tapirus terestris) and the giant anteater flag (Myrmecophata trydoctyla). Aquatic fauna include: painted (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) jaú (Paulicea luetkeni), armed (Pterodoras granular), gold (Salminus maxillosus), pacu (piractus mesopotamicus) and avifauna is cited: jabiru (Jabiru mycteria), jaó (Cryptrellus undulatus), curassow (Crax fasciolata), American spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) and Jacana (Jacana jacana).
Fishing regulations were published on 2 October 2008, covering conservation areas and their buffer zones in the Paraná River basin.
They were the Morro do Diabo State Park, Rio do Peixe State Park, Aguapeí State Park, Mico Leão Preto Ecological Station, Ivinhema State Park, Ilha Grande National Park, Caiuá Ecological Station and Iguaçu National Park.
The Santa Maria Ecological Corridor connects the Iguaçu National Park with the protected margins of Lake Itaipu, and via these margins with the Ilha Grande National Park.
The park would be part of the proposed Trinational Biodiversity Corridor, which aims to provide forest connections between conservation units in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina in the Upper Paraná ecoregion.
References
Sources
National parks of Brazil
Protected areas of Paraná (state)
Protected areas of Mato Grosso do Sul
Ramsar sites in Brazil
Pantanal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha%20Grande%20National%20Park |
The Markham Thunder was a professional women's ice hockey team in the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL). From 1998 through 2017, the franchise was known as the Brampton Thunder and Brampton Canadettes-Thunder before relocating from Brampton, Ontario, to Markham, Ontario, for the 2017–18 season. The CWHL ceased operations in 2019 and no further statements or actions were taken with the franchise.
Team history
The city of Brampton had a long history of women's ice hockey, starting with the creation of the Brampton Canadettes in 1963, whose management created the Dominion Ladies Hockey Tournament in 1967 (operating today as the Canadettes Easter Tournament).
In 1998, after local athlete Cassie Campbell returned home from her silver-medal victory with Team Canada in the successful introduction of women's ice hockey at the 1998 Nagano Olympics, she commiserated with Brampton acting mayor Sue Fennell about the lack of a top level women's team in Brampton. Fennell purchased a franchise, which she named the Brampton Thunder, in the Central Ontario Women's Hockey League (COWHL), a league which had operated since 1980. From its first 1998–99 COWHL season, the Thunder played its home games in the Brampton Centre for Sports & Entertainment (renamed the Powerade Centre in 2005), which also started operation in 1998.
On 15 February 1999, during the 1998–99 COWHL season, Fennell was instrumental in turning the COWHL into the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL), becoming its first President.
The Brampton Thunder won the first NWHL Championship Cup, in 1998–99. The Thunder would also win the final NWHL Championship Cup, in 2006–07. In between, the Thunder appeared in three other NWHL Championship Cup finals, but were defeated by the Beatrice Aeros in 2002, the Calgary Oval X-Treme in 2004, and the Montreal Axion in 2006. They also played in the Esso Women's Nationals and were victorious in 2006, defeating the Montreal Axion to claim the national title. The Thunder also had the distinction of having their home arena serve as the site of all NWHL Championship Cup games.
The Brampton Thunder was a significant contributor to the roster of the Canadian national women's hockey team at the 2006 Winter Olympics, with three players (Vicky Sunohara, Jayna Hefford, and Gillian Ferrari) contributing to Canada's gold medal win. Brampton Thunder player Kathleen Kauth also participated in the 2006 Winter Olympics, playing for the bronze medal-winning American national women's hockey team. A fifth Brampton Thunder player, goaltender Cindy Eadie, also participated in the Olympics, in 2004, with the Canadian softball team.
In 2007, the NWHL suspended operations. Players from the seven disbanded NWHL teams joined seven corresponding teams in the new Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL). Players from the NWHL Brampton Thunder joined the new CWHL franchise Brampton Canadettes-Thunder (generally called the Brampton Thunder), continuing the legacy of Brampton's women's ice hockey teams, starting with the 1963 Canadettes team and the 1998 Thunders team.
On January 18, 2011, the Thunder competed against the Montreal Stars at the Invista Centre in Kingston, Ontario - team captain Jayna Hefford’s hometown. Her number 15 was raised to the rafters of the Invista Centre on behalf of the Kingston Area Minor Hockey Association. As of 2012, no sweaters bearing Hefford’s number will be used in Kingston Minor Hockey. On November 2, 2011, Jesse Scanzano appeared in one game for the Brampton Thunder, on loan from the Toronto Aeros. The game was an exhibition contest versus her alma mater, the Mercyhurst Lakers. In the second period of said contest, Scanzano scored the game-winning goal as the Thunder defeated the Lakers 3–1.
In the CWHL championship game of the 2012 Clarkson Cup, Brampton fell to the Montreal Stars 4–2. Two Thunder players earned awards for their play in the 2012 Clarkson Cup, with the Outstanding Defender award going to Molly Engstrom, while netminder Liz Knox earned the Outstanding Goaltender award.
At the 3rd CWHL All-Star Game, Jess Jones of the Thunder, along with Jillian Saulnier both scored a hat trick, becoming the first competitors in CWHL All-Star Game history to achieve the feat.
Before the start of the 2017–18 CWHL season, the Brampton Thunder relocated east, to Markham, Ontario, with home games at the Thornhill Community Centre, in Markham's Thornhill neighbourhood. The renamed Markham Thunder won the 2018 Clarkson Cup as CWHL Playoffs Champions. Against the Kunlun Red Star for the Clarkson Cup championship game, Markham's Laura Stacey scored with 2:11 left in the 4-on-4 overtime for a 2–1 victory and its first Cup win.
Season-by-season
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime losses, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, Pts = Points.
NCAA exhibitions
CWHL draft picks
The following is a listing of their top draft picks. For full draft information, please see the respective draft pages.
Team captains
Scoring leaders
Year-by-year
All-time leaders
Awards and honours
Brampton Canadettes Thunder won the first CWHL championship on 22 March 2008, winning 4–3 over the Mississauga Chiefs in the final.
Markham Thunder won their first Clarkson Cup as CWHL Champions on 25 March 2018. The 2–1 win in overtime featured goals from Nicole Brown, and Laura Stacey.
Lori Dupuis, Top forward in the 2010 Clarkson Cup
Molly Engstrom, Top defender in the 2010 Clarkson Cup
Bobbi-Jo Slusar, Player of the Game, 2010 Clarkson Cup Final
Courtney Birchard, Outstanding Rookie of the Year, 2011
Liz Knox, Top Goaltender of the Clarkson Cup, 2012
Laura Fortino, Defensemen of the Year, 2015–16
Tyler Fines, Coach of the Year, 2015–16
Jess Jones, Co-winner, 2017 Angela James Bowl
Laura Stacey, Rookie of the Year, 2016–17
Jamie Lee Rattray, 2018 Jayna Hefford Trophy
Erica Howe, Most Valuable Player, 2018 Clarkson Cup
Victoria Bach, Rookie of the Year, 2018–19
Jim Jackson, Coach of the Year, 2018–19
Notable players
Gillian Apps
Victoria Bach
Megan Bozek
Delaney Collins
Lori Dupuis
Molly Engstrom
Laura Fortino
Jayna Hefford
Erica Howe
Jocelyne Larocque
Cherie Piper
Jamie Lee Rattray
Laura Stacey
Vicky Sunohara
References
External links
Brampton Thunder
Thunder
Sport in Markham, Ontario
Defunct women's ice hockey teams in Canada
Ice hockey teams in Ontario
Canadian Women's Hockey League teams
National Women's Hockey League (1999–2007) teams
1999 establishments in Ontario
Women in Ontario
2019 disestablishments in Ontario
Ice hockey clubs established in 1999
Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham%20Thunder |
Charles Elworthy may refer to:
Charles Elworthy, Baron Elworthy (1911–1993), Chief of the Defence Staff
Charles Elworthy (scientist) (1961–2023), New Zealand economist and social scientist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Elworthy |
Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) clade. A macrohaplogroup, its descendant lineages are distributed across many continents. Like its sibling macrohaplogroup M, macrohaplogroup N is a descendant of the haplogroup L3.
All mtDNA haplogroups found outside of Africa are descendants of either haplogroup N or its sibling haplogroup M. M and N are the signature maternal haplogroups that define the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans and subsequent early human migrations around the world. The global distribution of haplogroups N and M indicates that there was likely at least one major prehistoric migration of humans out of Africa, with both N and M later evolving outside the continent.
Origins
There is widespread agreement in the scientific community concerning the African ancestry of haplogroup L3 (haplogroup N's parent clade). However, whether or not the mutations which define haplogroup N itself first occurred within Asia or Africa has been a subject for ongoing discussion and study.
Torroni et al. 2006 state that Haplogroups M, N and R occurred somewhere between East Africa and the Persian Gulf.
Also related to the origins of haplogroup N is whether ancestral haplogroups M, N and R were part of the same migration out of Africa, or whether Haplogroup N left Africa via the Northern route through the Levant, and M left Africa via Horn of Africa. This theory was suggested because haplogroup N is by far the predominant haplogroup in Western Eurasia, and haplogroup M is absent in Western Eurasia, but is predominant in India and is common in regions East of India. However, the mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia and among Indigenous Australians supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa. Southeast Asian populations and Indigenous Australians all possess deep rooted clades of both haplogroups M and N. The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania therefore supports a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa. These findings also highlight the importance of Indian subcontinent in the early genetic history of human settlement and expansion.
Asian origin hypothesis
The hypothesis of Asia as the place of origin of haplogroup N is supported by the following:
Haplogroup N is found in all parts of the world but has low frequencies in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to a number of studies, the presence of Haplogroup N in Africa is most likely the result of back migration from Eurasia.
The oldest clades of macrohaplogroup N are found in Asia and Australia.
It would be paradoxical that haplogroup N had traveled all the distance to Australia or New World yet failed to affect other populations within Africa besides North Africans and Horn Africans.
The mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa. The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania provides additional evidence for a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa. These findings also highlight the importance of Indian subcontinent in the early genetic history of human settlement and expansion. Therefore, N's history is similar to M and R which have their most probable origin in South Asia.
A study (Vai et al. 2019), finds a basal branch of maternal haplogroup N in early Neolithic North African remains from the Libyan site of Takarkori. The authors propose that N most likely split from L3 in the Arabian peninsula and later migrated back to North Africa, with its sister haplogroup M also likely splitting from L3 in the Middle East, but also suggest that N may have possibly diverged in North Africa, and state that more information is necessary to be certain.
African origin hypothesis
According to Toomas Kivisild "the lack of L3 lineages other than M and N in India and among non-African mitochondria in general suggests that the earliest migration(s) of modern humans already carried these two mtDNA ancestors, via a departure route over the Horn of Africa.
In 2019, a study by Vai et al. presented evidence of a basal branch of haplogroup N from the Neolithic Sahara. They suggest that N either diverged from haplogroup L3 in the Near East (possibly in the Arabian peninsula, following the exit of L3 from Africa), then back-migrated to North Africa, or that it instead may have originated in North Africa (having diverged from L3 there).
Distribution
Haplogroup N is derived from the ancestral L3 macrohaplogroup, which represents the migration discussed in the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans. Haplogroup N is the ancestral haplogroup to almost all clades today distributed in Europe and Oceania, as well as many found in Asia and the Americas. It is believed to have arisen at a similar time to haplogroup M. Haplogroup N subclades like haplogroup U6 are also found at high to low frequencies in northwest and northeast Africa due to a back migration from Europe or Asia during the Paleolithic ybp, the estimated age of the basal U6* clade. Other haplogroups common in Western Eurasia, such as R0, J, and T, are also common in North Africa and parts of East Africa.
The haplogroup N descendant lineage U6 has been found among Iberomaurusian specimens at the Taforalt site, which date from the Epipaleolithic. In Sub-Saharan Africa, several ancient samples of N have been found, the oldest so far being K1a dating back to about 2000 BC in Kenya. Additionally, haplogroup N predominated among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.
Subgroups distribution
Haplogroup N's derived clades include the macro-haplogroup R and its descendants, and haplogroups A, I, S, W, X, and Y.
Rare unclassified haplogroup N* has been found among fossils belonging to the Cardial and Epicardial culture (Cardium pottery) and the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. A rare unclassified form of N has been also been reported in modern Algeria.
Haplogroup N1'5
Haplogroup N1 – found in Africa .
Haplogroup N1b – found in Middle East, Egypt (Gurna), Caucasus and Europe.
N1a'c'd'e'I
Haplogroup N1c – Northern Saudi Arabia, Turkey
N1a'd'e'I
Haplogroup N1d – India
N1a'e'I
Haplogroup N1a – Arabian Peninsula and Northeast Africa. Found also in Central Asia and Southern Siberia. This branch is well attested in ancient people from various cultures of Neolithic Europe, from Hungary to Spain, and among the earliest farmers of Anatolia.
N1e'I
Haplogroup N1e – found in Balochs, Burushos, and Buryats
Haplogroup I – West Eurasia and South Asia.
Haplogroup N5 – found in India.
Haplogroup N2
Haplogroup N2a – small clade found in West Europe.
Haplogroup W – found in Western Eurasia and South Asia
Haplogroup N3 – all subgroups have so far only been found in Belarus
Haplogroup N3a
Haplogroup N3a1
Haplogroup N3b
Haplogroup N7 – all subgroups have so far only been found in Cambodia
Haplogroup N7a
Haplogroup N7a1
Haplogroup N7a2
Haplogroup N7b
Haplogroup N8 – found in China.
Haplogroup N9 – found in Far East. [TMRCA 45,709.7 ± 7,931.5 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N9a [TMRCA 17,520.4 ± 4,389.8 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N9a12 – Khon Mueang (Pai District)
Haplogroup N9a-C16261T
Haplogroup N9a-C16261T* – Vietnam (Kinh)
Haplogroup N9a-A4129G-A4913G-T12354C-A12612G-C12636T-T16311C!!! – Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz)
Haplogroup N9a1'3 [TMRCA 15,007.4 ± 6,060.1 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N9a1 – Chinese (Hakka in Taiwan, etc.), She, Tu, Uyghur, Tuvan, Mongolia, Khamnigan, Korea, Japan [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 7,100 <-> 11,600) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a1a – Chinese (Sichuan, Zhanjiang, etc.) [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 12,800) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a1b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
Haplogroup N9a1c – Vietnam (Tay people), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province, Lao Isan from Loei Province)
Haplogroup N9a3 – China [TMRCA 11,500 (95% CI 7,500 <-> 16,800) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a3a – Japan, Korean (Seoul), Taiwan (incl. Paiwan), Thailand (Mon from Lopburi Province and Kanchanaburi Province), China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Kazakhstan, Buryat, Russia (Belgorod, Chechen Republic, etc.), Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Czech (West Bohemia), Hungary, Austria, Germany [TMRCA 8,280.9 ± 5,124.4 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N9a2'4'5'11 [TMRCA 15,305.4 ± 4,022.6 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N9a2 – Japan, Korea, China (Barghut in Hulunbuir, Uyghur, etc.) [TMRCA 10,700 (95% CI 8,200 <-> 13,800) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a2a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur [TMRCA 8,100 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 10,000) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a2a1 – Japan [TMRCA 4,200 (95% CI 1,850 <-> 8,400) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a2a2 – Japan, Korea, Volga-Ural region (Tatar) [TMRCA 5,700 (95% CI 3,500 <-> 8,900) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a2a3 – Japan, Hulun-Buir region (Barghut) [TMRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,400 <-> 8,400) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a2a4 – Japan [TMRCA 2,800 (95% CI 600 <-> 7,900) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a2b – China
Haplogroup N9a2c [TMRCA 7,200 (95% CI 3,600 <-> 12,700) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a2c* – Japan
Haplogroup N9a2c1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur [TMRCA 2,600 (95% CI 1,250 <-> 4,900) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a2d – Japan, Korea [TMRCA 5,200 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,000) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a2e – China
Haplogroup N9a4 – Malaysia [TMRCA 7,900 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 14,300) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a4a – Japan [TMRCA 4,400 (95% CI 1,500 <-> 10,200) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a4b [TMRCA 5,700 (95% CI 2,400 <-> 11,400) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a4b* – Japan
Haplogroup N9a4b1 – China (Minnan in Taiwan, etc.)
Haplogroup N9a4b2 – China
Haplogroup N9a5 [TMRCA 8,700 (95% CI 4,700 <-> 15,000) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a5* – Korea
Haplogroup N9a5a – Japan
Haplogroup N9a5b – Japan [TMRCA 5,300 (95% CI 1,150 <-> 15,300) ybp]
Haplogroup N9a11 – Taiwan (Hakka, Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang)
Haplogroup N9a6 – Thailand (Phuan from Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang from Lamphun Province, Phutai from Sakon Nakhon Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province), Vietnam, Sumatra [TMRCA 11,972.5 ± 5,491.7 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N9a6a – Cambodia (Khmer), Malaysia (Bidayuh, Jehai, Temuan, Kensiu), Sumatra, Sundanese
Haplogroup N9a6b – Malaysia (Seletar)
Haplogroup N9a7 – Japan
Haplogroup N9a8 – Japan, China, Buryat
Haplogroup N9a9 – Chelkans (Biyka, Turochak), Tubalar (North-East Altai), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), China, Ukraine (Vinnytsia Oblast), Romania (10th century AD Dobruja)
Haplogroup N9a10 – Thailand (Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province, Shan from Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan from Loei Province, Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Phichit Province, Mon from Kanchanaburi Province), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang, Hmong), Vietnam (Tay Nung), China (incl. Han in Chongqing)
Haplogroup N9a10a – China, Taiwan (Ami)
Haplogroup N9a10a1 – Chinese (Suzhou)
Haplogroup N9a10a2 – Philippines (Ivatan), Taiwan (Ami)
Haplogroup N9a10a2a – Taiwan (Atayal, Tsou)
Haplogroup N9a10b – China
Haplogroup N9b – Japan, Udegey, Nanai, Korea [TMRCA 14,885.6 ± 4,092.5 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N9b1 – Japan [TMRCA 11,859.3 ± 3,760.2 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N9b1a – Japan [TMRCA 10,645.2 ± 3,690.3 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N9b1b – Japan [TMRCA 2,746.5 ± 2,947.0 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N9b1c – Japan [TMRCA 6,987.8 ± 4,967.0 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N9b1c1 – Japan
Haplogroup N9b2 – Japan [TMRCA 13,369.7 ± 4,110.0 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N9b2a – Japan
Haplogroup N9b3 – Japan [TMRCA 7,629.8 ± 6,007.6 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N9b4 – Japan, Ulchi
Haplogroup Y – found especially among Nivkhs, Ulchs, Nanais, Negidals, Ainus, and the population of Nias Island, with a moderate frequency among other Tungusic peoples, Koreans, Mongols, Koryaks, Itelmens, Chinese, Japanese, Tajiks, Island Southeast Asians (including Taiwanese aborigines), and some Turkic peoples [TMRCA 24,576.4 ± 7,083.2 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup Y1 – Korea, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Iu Mien from Phayao Province), Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic [TMRCA 14,689.5 ± 5,264.3 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup Y1a – Nivkh, Ulchi, Hezhen, Udegey, Even, Zabaikal Buryat, Mongolian, Daur, Korea, Han, Tibet, Ukraine [TMRCA 7,467.5 ± 5,526.7 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup Y1a1 – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Yakut, Buryat, Hezhen, Udegey, Evenk (Taimyr), Ket, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Turkey
Haplogroup Y1a2 – Koryak, Even (Kamchatka)
Haplogroup Y1b – Volga Tatar [TMRCA 9,222.8 ± 4,967.0 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup Y1b1 – Chinese (Han from Lanzhou, etc.), Japanese, Korea, Russia
Haplogroup Y1c - Korea (especially Jeju Island), Khamnigan, Uyghur, Canada
Haplogroup Y2 – Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Khamnigan, South Africa (Cape Coloured) [TMRCA 7,279.3 ± 2,894.5 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup Y2a – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiyat, Tsou), Philippines (Maranao), Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Hawaii, USA (Hispanic), Spain, Ireland [TMRCA 4,929.5 ± 2,789.6 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup Y2a1 - Philippines (Bugkalot, Ivatan, Surigaonon, Manobo, Mamanwa, etc.), Malaysia (Sabah, Acheh Malay from Kedah, Banjar from Perak), Indonesia ( from Sumatra, Medan, Bangka, Mandar from Sulawesi, etc.)
Haplogroup Y2a1a - Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao), USA (Hispanic)
Haplogroup Y2b – Japan, South Korea, Buryat [TMRCA 1,741.8 ± 3,454.2 ybp; CI=95%]
Haplogroup N10 – found in China (Han from Shanghai, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, and Yunnan, Hani and Yi from Yunnan, She from Guizhou, Uzbek from Xinjiang) and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia).
Haplogroup N11 – Mainland China & Philippines: Han Chinese (Yunnan, Sichuan, and Hubei), Tibetan (Xizang), Dongxiang (Gansu), Oroqen (Inner Mongolia) and Mamanwa (Philippines).
N11a
N11a1
N11a1a – ethnicity unknown, Zhejiang (eastern China)
N11a1b – Uyghur, Xinjiang (western China)
N11a2 – ethnicity unknown, China
N11b – Mamanwa, Philippines
Haplogroup O or N12- found among Indigenous Australians and the Floresians of Indonesia.
Haplogroup N13 – Aboriginal Australians
Haplogroup N14 – Aboriginal Australians
Haplogroup N21 – Temuan, Semelai, Thailand, Khmer, ethnic Malays from Malaysia and Indonesia.
Haplogroup N22 – Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, India, Japan
Haplogroup A – found in Central and East Asia, as well as among Native Americans.
Haplogroup S – extended among Aboriginal Australians.
Haplogroup X – found most often in Western Eurasia, but also present in the Americas.
Haplogroup X1 – found primarily in North Africa as well as in some populations of the Levant, notably among the Druze
Haplogroup X2 – found in Western Eurasia, Siberia and among Native Americans
Haplogroup R – a very extended and diversified macro-haplogroup.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup N subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
N
N1'5
N1
N1a'c'd'e'I
N1a'd'e'I
N1a'e'I
N1a
N1a1
N1a1a
N1e'I
I
N1e
N1d
N1c
N1b
N1b1
N1b1a
N1b1b
N1b1c
N1b1d
N1b2
N5
N2
N2a
W
N3
N3a
N3a1
N3b
N7
N7a
N7a1
N7a2
N7b
N8
N9
N9a
N9a1'3
N9a1
N9a3
N9a2'4'5
N9a2
N9a2a'b
N9a2a
N9a2b
N9a2c
N9a2d
N9a4
N9a5
N9a6
N9a6a
N9b
N9b1
N9b1a
N9b1b
N9b1c
N9b1c1
N9b2
N9b3
Y
N10
N10a
N10b
N11
N11a
N11a1
N11a2
N11b
N13
N14
N21
N22
A
O
O1
S
X
R
See also
References
External links
Haplogroup N
Mannis van Oven's – mtDNA subtree N
Spread of Haplogroup N, from National Geographic
Katherine Borges' The Haplogroup N mtDNA Study at Family Tree DNA
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
N | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20N%20%28mtDNA%29 |
The 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season saw Florida State crowned national champions, in both the AP and Coaches poll.
Under the Bowl Coalition, undefeated Big 8 champ and No. 2 ranked Nebraska hosted ACC champ and No. 1 ranked Florida State in the Orange Bowl. This produced a clear champion in the Coaches Poll and the AP poll, despite Florida State's loss to Notre Dame 31–24 during the regular season, in a game known by many as the "Game of the Century". This much hyped clash between No. 1 and No. 2 was the site of the first ever "live" broadcast of the ESPN College GameDay show and did not fail to live up to expectations as Irish defensive back Shawn Wooden batted down a Charlie Ward pass in the end zone with three seconds left to play. Despite the win over Florida State, Notre Dame's title chances ended the very next week when the Fighting Irish lost to No. 17 Boston College. Further controversy surrounded the inclusion of one-loss Florida State in the national title game over undefeated West Virginia, who was ranked No. 2 (ahead of Florida State) by the final regular season coaches' poll but not the AP (Nebraska was No. 2 in the AP).
Despite beating Florida State in the regular season, Notre Dame finished No. 2 in the two major polls. Florida State, during the 1993 regular season played No. 2 Notre Dame, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 15 Miami, No. 5 Florida, No. 19 North Carolina, and No. 23 Clemson. FSU went 3–1 vs top 7 teams while playing only 1 home game in the 4 contests.
Florida State's Charlie Ward threw for 3,032 yards, completed 70 percent of his passes and became the first player to win the Heisman Trophy and the national championship in the same season since Pittsburgh's Tony Dorsett in 1976.
The Alamo Bowl played its inaugural game.
The Sunshine Classic was no longer sponsored by Blockbuster Entertainment, and was now known as the Carquest Bowl.
Rule changes
The distance between the hashmarks was narrowed from 53 feet, 4 inches (the same as high school football, with the exception of Texas, which is the same as College Football at 40 feet) to 40 feet (the standard used by the National Football League through the 1971 season). This cut down on severe angles for kickers who attempted short field goals, although angles would still be far greater than those encountered by kickers in the NFL, where the hashmarks are the same width as the goalposts, 18 feet, 6 inches.
The "fumblerooski" play is outlawed as intentional fumbles are now illegal.
Players who are bleeding or have open wounds are required to leave the game until the bleeding is stopped and the wound treated.
The loss of down penalty associated with offensive pass interference has been deleted. The yardage penalty remains at 15 yards.
Officials are instructed to flag players for unsportsmanlike conduct (15 yards) for actions on the field that are prolonged, excessive, or meant to bring attention to themselves (such as the "Heisman pose" and mimicking the firing of six-shooters).
On kickoffs, at least four players must be lined up on either side of the kicker.
All balls must be made of leather. Composite and rubber balls were outlawed.
Conference and program changes
Five teams changed conferences and one team dropped its football team prior to the season. As such, the total number of Division I-A schools decreased to 106.
Penn State also played its first year as a member of the Big Ten Conference.
Cal State Fullerton dropped its football program, which had been a member of the Big West.
The Big West responded by adding four new programs: Southwestern Louisiana (now Louisiana–Lafayette) and Arkansas State which had just made the jump to Division I-A in 1990, and former independents Northern Illinois and Louisiana Tech.
Regular Season
August–September
The preseason AP Poll featured Florida State at No. 1 and defending champion Alabama at No. 2, followed by No. 3 Michigan, No. 4 Texas A&M, and No. 5 Miami.
August 28: No. 1 Florida State shut out Kansas 42–0 in the Kickoff Classic. None of the other top teams had started their schedules, but Miami moved up to tie Michigan at No. 3 in the next poll, with Texas A&M falling to No. 5.
September 4: No. 1 Florida State won 45–7 at Duke, No. 2 Alabama defeated Tulane 31–17, No. 3 Michigan beat Washington State 41–14, fellow No. 3 Miami visited No 20 Boston College for a 23–7 victory, and No. 5 Texas A&M shut out LSU 24–0. Miami dropped back to No. 4 in the next poll, with the other top teams remaining the same.
September 11: No. 1 Florida State dominated No. 21 Clemson 57-0 and No. 2 Alabama won 17–6 at Vanderbilt, but No. 3 Michigan fell 27–23 to No. 11 Notre Dame. No. 4 Miami was idle, while No. 5 Texas A&M lost 44–14 at No. 17 Oklahoma. No. 8 Tennessee beat No. 22 Georgia 38-6 and moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Alabama, No. 3 Miami, No. 4 Notre Dame, and No. 5 Tennessee.
September 18: No. 1 Florida State visited No. 13 North Carolina and won 33–7. No. 2 Alabama defeated Arkansas 43–3, No. 3 Miami beat Virginia Tech 21–2, and No. 4 Notre Dame won 36–14 over Michigan State. No. 5 Tennessee fell 41–34 to No. 9 Florida, who replaced them in the next poll: No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Alabama, No. 3 Miami, No. 4 Notre Dame, and No. 5 Florida.
September 25: No. 1 Florida State and No. 5 Florida were idle. No. 2 Alabama blasted Louisiana Tech 56–3. No. 3 Miami held off No. 13 Colorado 35–29 in a game which featured a benches-clearing brawl near the end of the first half. No. 4 Notre Dame shut out Purdue 17–0, and the top five remained the same in the next poll.
October
October 2: No. 1 Florida State continued their string of blowout victories with a 51-0 annihilation of Georgia Tech. No. 2 Alabama won 17–6 at South Carolina, No. 3 Miami beat Georgia Southern 30–7, No. 4 Notre Dame visited Stanford for a 48–20 victory, and No. 5 Florida defeated Mississippi State 38–24. The top five again remained the same in the next poll.
October 9: No. 1 Florida State had outscored their first five opponents by a total of 228–14, but their next foe would be No. 3 Miami, who had defeated them in heartbreaking fashion in both 1991 and 1992. This time, the Seminoles finally prevailed with a 28–10 victory. No. 2 Alabama was idle, No. 4 Notre Dame shut out Pittsburgh 44–0, No. 5 Florida won 58–3 at LSU, and No. 6 Ohio State was a 20-12 victor at Illinois. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Alabama, No. 3 Notre Dame, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Ohio State.
October 16: No. 1 Florida State defeated No. 15 Virginia 40–14. No. 2 Alabama trailed No. 10 Tennessee late in the fourth quarter, but put together a game-ending 83-yard drive to salvage a 17–17 tie. No. 3 Notre Dame won 45–20 at Brigham Young. In another SEC nailbiter, No. 4 Florida fell 38–35 to No. 19 Auburn on a late field goal. No. 5 Ohio State beat No. 25 Michigan State 28–21, and No. 6 Nebraska defeated Kansas State 45–28. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Notre Dame, No. 3 Ohio State, No. 4 Alabama, and No. 5 Nebraska.
October 23: No. 1 Florida State was idle, No. 2 Notre Dame defeated USC 31–13, and No. 3 Ohio State won 45–24 at Purdue. No. 4 Alabama overcame an injury to quarterback Jay Barker and beat Mississippi 19–14. No. 5 Nebraska overwhelmed Missouri 49–7, but No. 6 Miami was even more impressive in a 49–0 shutout of Syracuse. The Hurricanes moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Notre Dame, No. 3 Ohio State, No. 4 Miami, and No. 5 Alabama.
October 30: No. 1 Florida State shut out Wake Forest 55–0, No. 2 Notre Dame defeated Navy 58–27, No. 3 Ohio State beat No. 12 Penn State 24–6, No. 4 Miami won 42–7 over Temple, and No. 5 Alabama blanked Southern Mississippi 40–0. The top five remained the same in the next poll.
November–December
November 6: No. 1 Florida State won 49–20 at Maryland. No. 2 Notre Dame was idle. No. 3 Ohio State blocked a last-second field goal to come away with a 14–14 tie against No. 15 Wisconsin. No. 4 Miami won 35–7 at Pittsburgh. No. 5 Alabama carried a 31-game unbeaten streak into their game against LSU, but the Crimson Tide threw four second-half interceptions to enable a 17–13 victory for the Tigers. No. 6 Nebraska was taken down to the wire by Kansas, but the Cornhuskers stopped a Jayhawks two-point conversion to preserve a 21–20 win and move back into the top five: No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Notre Dame, No. 3 Miami, No. 4 Nebraska, and No. 5 Ohio State.
November 13: Up to this point, No. 1 Florida State had defeated all nine of their opponents by 18 points or more, but now they would face their toughest test in a “Game of the Century” against No. 2 Notre Dame. The Irish stunned the Seminoles by running off 24 consecutive points after an early Florida State touchdown, and they still led 31–17 with a few minutes left to play. But FSU quarterback Charlie Ward led the Seminoles on a rapid drive which resulted in a touchdown pass on 4th-and-20, and the Irish went three-and-out on the next possession. Getting the ball back with less than a minute left, Florida State made it all the way to Notre Dame's 14-yard line, but Ward's last-second desperation pass was knocked away, and the Irish prevailed 31–24. Meanwhile, No. 3 Miami defeated Rutgers 31–17, No. 4 Nebraska beat Iowa State 49–17 to clinch the Big 8 title and an Orange Bowl berth, and No. 5 Ohio State won 23–17 over Indiana. The next poll featured No. 1 Notre Dame, No. 2 Florida State, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 Miami, and No. 5 Ohio State.
November 20: As No. 1 Notre Dame went into their season-ending game against No. 17 Boston College (a team which they had beaten 54-7 the previous year), the only uncertainty seemed to be whether their national championship opponent should be Nebraska in the Orange Bowl or Florida State in a rematch. However, the Eagles shocked the Irish by dominating the first three quarters, and BC held a 38–17 lead early in the fourth. Notre Dame responded with a frantic comeback, scoring 22 points in 11 minutes to go back on top by a single point. But, just as Florida State had done the previous week, Boston College went on one last drive into Notre Dame territory. This time the Irish were not able to make the stop, as walk-on kicker David Gordon hit a last-second field goal to give the Eagles a 41–39 win. No. 2 Florida State bounced back with a 62-3 domination of North Carolina State, and No. 3 Nebraska was idle. No. 4 Miami suffered a 17–14 loss at No. 9 West Virginia; the Mountaineers, who had started the season unranked, improved their record to 10–0. No. 5 Ohio State needed a win over unranked Michigan to clinch the Big Ten title and their first Rose Bowl berth in nine years. Instead, the Buckeyes threw interceptions on four straight possessions and failed to reach the Wolverines’ 20-yard line at any point in the game. Michigan's 28–0 win put No. 12 Wisconsin, who held the tiebreaker advantage over Ohio State, in line for a trip to Pasadena. No. 6 Auburn defeated No. 11 Alabama 22–14 in the Iron Bowl; the Tigers finished the season with a perfect 11–0 record, but were ineligible for postseason play due to recruiting violations. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Auburn, No. 4 Notre Dame, and No. 5 West Virginia.
November 26–27: No. 1 Florida State won 33–21 at No. 7 Florida, and No. 2 Nebraska defeated No. 16 Oklahoma 21–7. No. 3 Auburn and No. 4 Notre Dame had finished their schedules. No. 11 Boston College almost pulled off another upset, but No. 5 West Virginia came back from an 11-point fourth quarter deficit to win 17-14 and complete their undefeated season. The Mountaineers moved up in the next AP Poll: No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 West Virginia, No. 4 Auburn, and No. 5 Notre Dame. The Coaches’ Poll disagreed with the AP's ordering of the top teams, choosing Nebraska for No. 1, West Virginia for No. 2, and Florida State for No. 3.
With No. 4 Auburn ineligible, No. 16 Alabama represented the SEC Western Division in the conference championship game on December 4. No. 9 Florida took revenge for the previous year's defeat with a 28–13 victory, earning the Gators a trip to the Sugar Bowl. Even though the top teams had already finished their schedule, the AP voters slightly shuffled their order in the final poll of the regular season: No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 West Virginia, No. 4 Notre Dame, and No. 5 Auburn. The Coaches’ Poll remained the same.
Undefeated Nebraska was assured of a spot in the national championship game. The organizers chose Florida State as the Cornhuskers' Orange Bowl opponent, feeling that the Seminoles’ pattern of dominant victories outweighed Notre Dame's head-to-head win and West Virginia's undefeated record. (Florida State had easily beaten Miami and Maryland, two teams which the Mountaineers struggled to beat.) Notre Dame would face No. 7 Texas A&M, the SWC champion, in the Cotton Bowl, while West Virginia squared off against No. 8 Florida in the Sugar Bowl. The major bowl matchups were rounded out by No. 9 Wisconsin against No. 14 UCLA in the Rose and No. 10 Miami against No. 16 Arizona in the Fiesta.
Conference standings
No. 1 and No. 2 progress
Florida State's Seminoles were the unanimous choice for No. 1 beginning with the October 19 poll and the three after that, receiving all 62 votes. After Notre Dame's 31–24 defeat of Florida State on November 13, Notre Dame got all 62 first place votes in the next poll.
Bowl games
Orange Bowl: No. 1 Florida State 18, No. 2 Nebraska 16
Rose Bowl: No. 9 Wisconsin 21, No. 14 UCLA 16
: No. 8 Florida 41, No. 3 West Virginia 7
: No. 4 Notre Dame 24, No. 7 Texas A&M 21
Fiesta Bowl: No. 16 Arizona 29, No. 10 Miami 0
: No. 13 Penn State 31, No. 6 Tennessee 13
Hall of Fame Bowl: No. 23 Michigan 42, NC State 7
: No. 15 Boston College 31, Virginia 13
: No. 18 Alabama 24, No. 12 North Carolina 10
Peach Bowl: No. 24 Clemson 14, Kentucky 13
Alamo Bowl: California 37, Iowa 3
Independence Bowl: No. 22 Virginia Tech 45, No. 21 Indiana 20
Holiday Bowl: No. 11 Ohio State 28, BYU 21
: USC 28, Utah 21
Copper Bowl: No. 20 Kansas State 52, Wyoming 17
Liberty Bowl: No. 25 Louisville 18, Michigan State 7
: No. 17 Colorado 41, No. 25 Fresno St 30
: No. 19 Oklahoma 41, Texas Tech 10
: Utah State 42, Ball State 33
Final rankings
Final AP Poll
Florida State
Notre Dame
Nebraska
Auburn
Florida
Wisconsin
West Virginia
Penn State
Texas A&M
Arizona
Ohio State
Tennessee
Boston College
Alabama
Miami (FL)
Colorado
Oklahoma
UCLA
North Carolina
Kansas State
Michigan
Virginia Tech
Clemson
Louisville
California
Final Coaches Poll
Florida St.
Notre Dame
Nebraska
Florida
Wisconsin
West Virginia
Penn St.
Texas A&M
Arizona
Ohio St.
Tennessee
Boston College
Alabama
Oklahoma
Miami (FL)
Colorado
UCLA
Kansas St.
Michigan
Virginia Tech
North Carolina
Clemson
Louisville
California
Southern California
Awards and honors
Heisman Trophy voting
The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player
Other major awards
Maxwell Award (College Player of the Year) - Charlie Ward, Florida State
Walter Camp Award (Back) - Charlie Ward, Florida State
Davey O'Brien Award (Quarterback) - Charlie Ward, Florida State
Doak Walker Award (Running back) - Byron Morris, Texas Tech
Dick Butkus Award (Linebacker) - Trev Alberts, Nebraska
Lombardi Award (Lineman or linebacker) - Aaron Taylor, Notre Dame
Outland Trophy (Interior lineman) - Rob Waldrop, NG, Arizona
Jim Thorpe Award (Defensive back) - Antonio Langham, Alabama
AFCA Coach of the Year - Terry Bowden, Auburn
FWAA Coach of the Year - Terry Bowden, Auburn
Coaching changes
Preseason and in-season
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20NCAA%20Division%20I-A%20football%20season |
Sound the Alarm is the fifth studio album by American rock band Saves the Day. After signing to major label DreamWorks Records, the band released In Reverie in late 2003. Shortly afterwards DreamWorks Records was absorbed by Interscope Records, resulting in the band being dropped from label. After completing some songs in early 2005, the band was aiming to record in May, hoping to release the album in the fall. Pre-production took place in early August with recording being done at the band's own studio, Electric Ladybug Studios with Steve Evetts as the producer. After recording wrapped up in October, the band immediately undertook a 47-date US tour. Sound the Alarm, along with the later records Under the Boards (2007) and Daybreak (2011) form a trilogy whose theme is self-discovery.
In January 2006, the band re-signed with independent label Vagrant Records. After touring with Circa Survive and Moneen in spring 2006, Sound the Alarm was released in April. The album's release was preceded by the two songs—"The End" and "Shattered" —being made available for streaming. Sound the Alarm has received generally favorable reviews with a number of reviewers commenting on Conley's vocals. The album peaked at number 67 on the Billboard 200 chart and number four on the Independent Albums chart. Saves the Day performed as part of Warped Tour 2006. The band embarked on a brief east coast tour with Pistolita in September, followed by a co-headlining tour with Say Anything in spring 2007.
Background
In 2003, Saves the Day signed to major label DreamWorks Records and released In Reverie in September of that year. Frontman Chris Conley received a call from the band's A&R person at the label: "[H]e said, 'None of the programmers at radio are biting at the single, and MTV doesn't want to play the video, so we're going to have to start thinking about the next record.' I had a total breakdown. I was like, 'How is this possible? The album just came out!'" A few weeks after the album's release, DreamWorks Records was absorbed by Interscope Records and not long after, the band was dropped from the label. Using all the money they had, the group decided to build their own studio. Conley explained, "if we have a place to make cheap records, we can keep the band going for years".
Before they began working on new material, Conley was having doubts about himself. "[I] completely lost faith in myself" after the lack of success with In Reverie, "when that happened, a chamber got opened up inside me, a vault of seething despair". Sometime after, Conley locked himself in a room, forcing himself to write new material. He explained that "all of a sudden, the shit storm came. And there was plenty of material -- just frustration and rage and desperation, just the fear of losing everything". Following the completion of new songs in February 2005, the group planned to start recording in May, with a projected fall release date for the new album. Prior to the recording sessions, bassist Eben D'Amico was replaced by Glassjaw bassist Manuel Carrero. Conley said he told D'Amico that he was being kicked out of the band, which was a collective decision, as D'Amico wasn't "on the same wavelength anymore" while in the writing stages for a new alum.
Recording
On August 4, 2005, the band began pre-production, and the following day were "in full swing, blazing through songs in rehearsal" in preparation for recording. By this point, the group had 18 songs, and aimed to record 14 of them. The band called this material "short and fast and angry," citing several songs they were working on: "Head for the Hills," "Sound the Alarm," "Diseased" and "Eulogy". The recording sessions for Sound the Alarm were self-funded by the band, which Conley described as having "stretched us, for sure". He said the band considered themselves "lucky enough to have enough capital" to start recording, which took place at their personal studio, Electric Ladybug Studios. Producer duties were handled by Steve Evetts, who produced the group's first two albums, Can't Slow Down (1998) and Through Being Cool (1999).
According to Conley, the band worked with Evetts again as he could "see what your qualities are and bring out the best in you". They attempted to get Rob Schnapf, who produced Stay What You Are (2001) and In Reverie, but were unable to due to scheduling issues. Evetts also engineered the recordings, with assistance from Jesse Cannon during drum tracking. On August 28, 2005, the band posted a recording update on their website. In the post, Conley mentioned the band had worked on a song titled "Sticky 500" the day before, and were proceeding to work on "Say You'll Never Leave". He revealed that he had done "some rough vocals" takes and noted that recording was "moving along pretty quickly now". The band announced they had finished recording on October 19. The album was mixed by Chad Blinman at The Eye Socket and mastered by Dave Collins at Dave Collins Mastering.
Composition
Sound the Alarm is the first album in a trilogy with the theme of self-discovery. It was followed by Under the Boards (2007) and Daybreak (2011). Conley said that Sound the Alarm was "an expression of discontent. Under the Boards is reflection and remorse. Daybreak is acceptance." All the album's songs were written by the band, with Conley providing lyrics. According to Conley, Sound the Alarm details the "furious truth of my aching heart, my tumultuous emotional landscape, and my fractured psyche. Knowing that I needed to turn myself around after nearly destroying myself and my relationships with my strained emotional existence". Describing the album's theme, Conley said it was "desolation, like you're the last person standing after the apocalypse and you're alone and you're cold. Your home has been obliterated, but you have to keep on trucking through those feelings of isolation and desolation and keep hope alive in the midst of insanity."
The album's sound has been described as emo, pop, pop punk and power pop, being referred to a mature iteration one of their earlier albums, Through Being Cool (1999). It drew overall comparisons to Hawthorne Heights, Hey Mercedes, Matchbook Romance, Dead Boys and 7 Seconds, with the guitar work recalling the Stooges and the Pixies. On the album's sound, Conley revealed that the group purposefully "kept it simple," relying solely on two guitars, bass and drums, attempting to create "a raw album" in the process. Conley's vocals were reminiscent of Our Lady Peace frontman Raine Maida with sneer in the vein of Sid Vicious. The lyrics make reference to cutting off limps, ripping out tongues and lungs, guns and hangings, among other things.
Conley described the opening track "Head for the Hills" as being "thoughts that creep up and swallow you, and you can't ignore the negative, the hell inside". It set the template for the remainder of the album in its mood, tempo and thick bass sound, coming across as a combination of Bad Brains and the Stooges. "The End", along with "Say You'll Never Leave", channeled the band's earlier punk rock roots with its short length and fast pace. "Shattered" and "Delusional" were initially intended to appear on In Reverie; both were rewritten for inclusion on Sound the Alarm. The Pennywise-indebted "Dying Day" and "Delusional" evoked the likes of "Nightingale" and "Cars and Calories", both tracks from Stay What You Are. "34" is an emo track where the guitars add emphasis to every word during the chorus sections. Conley said "Don't Know Why [is] my blues. It's one of those songs that keeps me off the ledge personally. I sing it to myself all the time when I'm at home alone." The closing track "Hell Is Here" opened with a 1970s-style hard rock guitar intro that recalled Wolfmother.
Release
Immediately after finishing recording, the band went on a 47-date tour with Senses Fail, The Early November, and Say Anything, lasting from October until December 2005. On January 8, 2006, the band formally announced that Carrero was a member of the group, and on January 30, they announced that they had re-signed with independent label Vagrant Records. The label had previously released the band's Stay What You Are (2001) and Ups & Downs: Early Recordings and B-Sides (2004) albums. Label boss Rich Egan stated that the band "helped put Vagrant on the map" and that the label was "ecstatic to have them back". Conley said that as the label was almost half-controlled by Interscope, it would've been seen as "a kick in the ass" to them as they "have to work with us again". On February 13, the track listing and artwork for Sound the Alarm, which was designed by Soloway, were revealed.
In March and April, the band toured the US with support from Circa Survive and Moneen. On March 23, "The End" and "Shattered" were made available for streaming. This was followed by a second leg of the tour with Circa Survive and Moneen, running into April and May. Sound the Alarm was initially planned for release on April 4, before being released on April 11 through Vagrant Records. A music video was released for "The End". The band appeared on Warped Tour 2006, performing two sets: one on the main stage and an acoustic set on the Vagrant stage. In September, the band went on a brief east coast tour with support from Pistolita. Though I Am the Avalanche was initially on the trek, they were unable to make the shows as they were in Japan at the time. In November, Conley performed a few solo shows across the east coast. In March 2007, Parada left the group and was replaced by Classic Case/Glassjaw drummer Durijah Lang. In April and May, the band went on a co-headlining tour with Say Anything.
Reception
Sound the Alarm reached number 67 on the Billboard 200 chart and number four on the Independent Albums chart. According to review aggregator Metacritic, the album received generally favourable reviews.
The music of Sound the Alarm divided reviewers, with some praising it, while others were unimpressed. AllMusic reviewer Corey Apar viewed the album as a return to the "aggressive pop-punk nature" of Through Being Cool, "but ya know, five years more mature". Entertainment Weekly reviewer Leah Greenblatt considered the album is "as turgidly epic as the tenets of the genre demand" with the band having seemingly "rediscovered their riff-heavy melodics" to sit alongside "impressively righteous indignation". Gigwise staff member David Renshaw regarded the instrumentation as being "nothing spectacular," while noting that there were "riffs piled on top of riffs ... and a few funky basslines".
IGN reviewer Chad Grischow maintained that the music "comes across [as] toothless", lacking "any originality," and was "too repetitive and predictable". Evan Davies of Now observed that the album sounded like the group were "going through an identity crisis". In a review for the Iowa State Daily, Tyler Barrett held a similar viewpoint, commenting that the band sounding as if they were "clearly caught in a web of aspirations, all at once attempting to evolve musically while sticking to its roots". PopMatters reviewer Dan Raper asserted that the songs, "for all their bluster, hardly make any impression at all. ... Saves the Day have given their fans nothing exciting, innovative, or new."
Reaction to Conley's voice was mixed with some reviewers commenting on its whininess; his lyrics received equally mixed responses. Apar noted Conley's vocals as walking "that fine line between endearing and annoying" and likened them to Raine Maida of Our Lady Peace crossed with Sid Vicious of the Sex Pistols. Davies said Conley "has toned down his once enraging nasal whine and sounds unusually aggressive". Grischow, however, stated that Conley "whines his way through the entire album, sounding as though he is on his knees begging for something". In a review for Alternative Press, Scott Heisel reckoned Conley "seem[ed] to take pride in wearing his heart not just on his lyrical sleeve, but on any organ you’d care to eviscerate". John J. Moser of The Morning Call considered the lyrics were "as dark and violent" as possible, and suggested they would "repuls[e] listeners instead of having them relate." Renshaw, on the other hand, said "the thing that keeps you coming back to this album is the lyrics".
Track listing
All songs written by Saves the Day. All lyrics written by Chris Conley.
"Head for the Hills" – 2:50
"The End" – 1:54
"Shattered" – 3:08
"Eulogy" – 3:22
"Dying Day" – 2:21
"34" – 2:22
"Say You'll Never Leave" – 2:20
"Diseased" – 2:12
"Don't Know Why" – 3:22
"Sound the Alarm" – 3:06
"Bones" – 2:23
"Delusional" – 2:07
"Hell Is Here" – 3:36
Personnel
Personnel per booklet.
Saves the Day
Christopher Conley – vocals, guitar
David Soloway – guitar
Pete Parada – drums
Manuel Ragoonanan Carrero – bass
Production
Steve Evetts – producer, engineer
Chad Blinman – mixing
Jesse Cannon – assistant engineer during drum tracking
Chris Fusco – guitar tech
Dave Collins – mastering
David Soloway – art design
Ben Goetting – layout
Louise Sturges – photography
Chart positions
References
Citations
Sources
Saves the Day albums
2006 albums
Vagrant Records albums
Albums produced by Steve Evetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20the%20Alarm%20%28Saves%20the%20Day%20album%29 |
Enzyme Records is a Netherlands-based hardcore record label. Founded in 2001 by Patrick van Kerckhoven as a continuation of Kerckhoven's previous labels, Gangsta Audiovisuals and Supreme Intelligence Records, to 'restart' his labels and continue in a new style of hardcore without being drowned in pointless criticism". All artists that were on the Gangsta Audiovisuals and Supreme Intelligence roster also moved to Enzyme. Releases on Enzyme have been described as gabber, darkcore and industrial hardcore among other genre names.
See also
List of record labels
External links
Enzyme Records homepage
Post relating to the creation of Enzyme Records
Enzyme Records at Discogs.com
Record labels established in 2001
Dutch record labels
Techno record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20Records |
Charlie Wi (; born 3 January 1972) is a South Korean professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour Champions. He previously played on the PGA, European, and Asian Tours. He was a one-time winner on the European Tour, and a seven-time winner on the Asian Tour.
Early life and amateur career
Wi was born in Seoul, and moved to Los Angeles, United States at the age of 10. He attended the University of California, Berkeley, after briefly attending the University of Nevada, Reno and had a successful amateur career.
Professional career
Wi turned professional in 1995. Early in his career, Wi played all over the world, competing on the European, Asian and Japanese tours. He had most success on the Asian Tour where he finished second on the money list in 2001, just behind Thongchai Jaidee, having won three times during the season.
Wi earned his place on the PGA Tour for 2005 when he successfully negotiated all three stages of the 2004 qualifying school. However, he did not do well enough in his rookie season to retain his card, and went back to play on the Asian Tour in 2006, finishing 4th on the money list. He also competed on the second tier Nationwide Tour, before returning to qualifying school where he regained his place on the PGA Tour for 2007.
In February 2006, Wi secured the biggest win of his career, when he won the Maybank Malaysian Open, an event co-sanctioned by the European and Asian tours.
In May 2011, Wi finished runner-up at a PGA Tour event for the fourth time in his career losing to David Toms at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial. Wi was seven strokes behind Toms at the halfway stage, but shot a 66 during the third round to take a one stroke lead into the final round. Wi held his lead until midway through the final round when Toms holed out from the fairway for an eagle and would eventually go on to lose by one stroke.
Wi finished as runner-up in February 2012 at the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am after taking a three stroke 54 hole lead into the final round. He shot a final round 72 to finish at 15 under, but lost out by two strokes as Phil Mickelson came from six back to claim the title with an 8 under par round of 64. This marked the fifth occasion on which Wi had recorded a second-place finish on the PGA Tour in his career.
In April 2023, Wi finished second to Mark Hensby in the Invited Celebrity Classic on PGA Tour Champions in Irving, Texas. Wi qualified as an alternate into the tournament but ended up losing on the fourth hole of a sudden death playoff after hitting his ball in the water.
Swing style
Wi's golf swing style fits the model known as stack and tilt, and he helped to choose this name. He is coached since 2005 by Mike Bennett and Andy Plummer, who consider him the best example of their swing model:
Wi does not transfer body weight to the trail leg on back swing but moves the weight forward during the whole swing, even with the driver. He performs a steep shoulder turn around a steady axis.
Amateur wins
1990 California State Amateur
1995 Southern California Amateur
Professional wins (9)
European Tour wins (1)
*Note: The 2006 Maybank Malaysian Open was shortened to 54 holes due to weather.
1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour
Asian Tour wins (7)
*Note: The 2006 Maybank Malaysian Open was shortened to 54 holes due to weather.
1Co-sanctioned by the Korean Tour
2Co-sanctioned by the European Tour
Asian Tour playoff record (1–0)
Korean Tour wins (5)
2001 SK Telecom Open (co-sanctioned with the Asian Tour), Shinhan Donghae Open (co-sanctioned with the Asian Tour)
2002 SK Telecom Open (co-sanctioned with the Asian Tour)
2004 Pocari Sweat Open
2005 GS Caltex Masters
Playoff record
PGA Tour Champions playoff record (0–1)
Results in major championships
CUT = missed the half way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place.
Note: Wi never played in the Masters Tournament.
Results in The Players Championship
CUT = missed the halfway cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Results in World Golf Championships
"T" = Tied
Team appearances
Professional
Dynasty Cup (representing Asia): 2003 (winners)
World Cup (representing South Korea): 2006, 2009
Royal Trophy (representing Asia): 2009 (winners), 2010
See also
2004 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2006 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
List of golfers with most Asian Tour wins
References
External links
South Korean male golfers
Asian Tour golfers
Japan Golf Tour golfers
European Tour golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Golfers from Seoul
Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California
People from North Hills, Los Angeles
Sportspeople from Ventura County, California
1972 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Wi |
Retrospectacle – The Supertramp Anthology is the first comprehensive compilation album by the English rock band Supertramp, released in October 2005.
Overview
As Supertramp's first career retrospective, Retrospectacle contains a compilation of the most popular songs, live tracks and favourite album tracks from all of their albums from Supertramp to Slow Motion, including the live albums Paris and It Was the Best of Times. It was released as either a single disc or a double album.
Also, Retrospectacle marks the first appearance on an album of the single "Land Ho" and its B-side "Summer Romance". The version of "Land Ho" used on the compilation is the 1975 remix which the band intended to use on Crisis? What Crisis? but left off at the last minute, while "Summer Romance" is the original mix from the single. "Land Ho" was later rerecorded by Roger Hodgson for his 1987 solo album Hai Hai (with new lyrics).
Classic Rock ranked Retrospectacle the 12th greatest compilation album of 2005.
Track listing
All songs are written by Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, except where noted.
Single Disc Edition
Two Disc Edition
Disc one
Disc two
Production
Compilation producers: Rick Davies, Bill Levenson
Producers: Supertramp, Ken Scott, Peter Henderson, Jay Messina, Jack Douglas, David Kershenbaum and Rick Davies.
Mastering: Greg Calbi, Jay Messina
Art Direction: Richard Frankel, Vartan.
Cover Art: Bruno Budrovic
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2005 compilation albums
A&M Records compilation albums
Albums produced by Ken Scott
Supertramp compilation albums
Albums recorded at Trident Studios
Albums recorded at A&M Studios
Albums recorded at United Western Recorders
Albums recorded at Morgan Sound Studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospectacle%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Supertramp%20Anthology |
Maryland Route 282 (MD 282) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The highway runs from Crystal Beach east to the Delaware state line in Warwick, where the highway continues east as Delaware Route 299 (DE 299). MD 282 is the primary east–west highway of the Sassafras Neck between the Sassafras River and Bohemia River, connecting Crystal Beach, Earleville, and Warwick with MD 213 in Cecilton in southern Cecil County. The state highway was paved in Warwick by 1910 and constructed from Warwick to Cecilton in the late 1910s. West of Cecilton, what is today MD 282 consists of part of former MD 283, which ran from Crystal Beach to Earleville. MD 282 was constructed to Earleville in the early 1920s and extended a short distance west of Earleville in the late 1920s. MD 283 was constructed in the late 1920s and early 1930s. MD 282 was extended west to Crystal Beach along MD 283 in 1959. The highway from Cecilton to Crystal Beach was reconstructed in the late 1960s.
Route description
MD 282 begins at the intersection of Crystal Beach Road and White Crystal Beach Road in Crystal Beach near the Elk River. The state highway starts heading north but curves southeast as two-lane undivided Crystal Beach Road along Pearce Neck. MD 282 curves south and passes southwest of St. Stephen's Episcopal Church while being paralleled by Old Crystal Beach Road. In Earleville, MD 282 makes a sweeping curve to the east, passing the intersection of Grove Neck Road, which leads to the historic estates Rose Hill and Mount Harmon. The state highway continues east to the town of Cecilton, within which the highway follows Main Street and intersects MD 213 (Bohemia Avenue). MD 282 leaves Cecilton along Cecilton Warwick Road. The Cecilton area is home to a small Amish settlement. After the intersection with Sassafras Road, MD 282 heads northeast through the village of Warwick and intersects Church Road, which leads to St. Francis Xavier Church. At the east end of Warwick, the highway reaches its eastern terminus at the Delaware state line. The highway continues east as DE 299 (Warwick Road) toward the town of Middletown.
History
The first section of MD 282 to be paved was Main Street in Warwick, which was paved as a macadam road by 1910. The remainder of the highway from Cecilton to Warwick was paved as a macadam road by 1919. The highway from Cecilton to the east end of Earleville was paved as a concrete road in 1922 and 1923. MD 282 was paved west from Earleville along Grove Neck Road west to Mount Harmon Road in 1929. The current course of MD 282 west of Earleville was originally part of MD 283. The first section of MD 283 was paved from the split from MD 282 near Earleville north to Glebe Road in 1928. MD 283 was extended west to Crystal Beach as a concrete road in two segments. The first segment was started in 1930 and completed by 1933, and the second segment was completed in 1934.
In 1934, the Maryland State Roads Commission proposed MD 282 between Cecilton and the Delaware state line be widened to . In 1945, Cecil County proposed MD 283 be extended west to the Elk River and MD 282 be extended west toward the Sassafras River in the third year of a three-year post–World War II road construction program. The first proposal became reality when MD 282 was reconstructed and resurfaced from Cecilton to the state line in 1949 and 1950. The second proposal was never enacted; in fact, the Grove Neck Road portion of MD 282 was transferred to county maintenance in a May 8, 1958, road transfer agreement. MD 282 instead was extended west over MD 283 to Crystal Beach.
MD 282 was reconstructed from Cecilton to Earleville in 1966 and 1967. The highway was relocated at its sweeping curve in Earleville, eliminating a right-angle intersection at Peddlers Lane and a four-way intersection with Sandy Bottom Road and Grove Neck Road. The L-shaped bypassed highway at Peddlers Lane became MD 912, and the bypassed segments at Sandy Bottom Road became MD 282 auxiliary routes. MD 282 was reconstructed from Earleville to Crystal Beach in 1967 and 1968. The highway was relocated on either side of Glebe Road; Old Crystal Beach Road became MD 912A. MD 282 was widened from MD 213 to the Delaware state line in 1993 and from MD 213 to the west town limit of Cecilton in 1998.
Junction list
Auxiliary routes
MD 282 had two auxiliary routes assigned to pieces of the highway bypassed by the relocation at the east end of the sweeping curve in Earleville in 1966 and 1967.
MD 282A was the portion of Grove Neck Road from Sandy Bottom Road and MD 282B east to MD 282.
MD 282B was the portion of the old Crystal Beach Road from Sandy Bottom Road and MD 282A north to MD 282.
Both highways were transferred to county maintenance through a December 27, 1979, road transfer agreement.
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 282
MD 282 at AARoads.com
Maryland Roads - MD 282
282
Maryland Route 282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20282 |
Jean Vivra Gray (20 July 1924 – 29 July 2016), known professionally as Vivean Gray, also credited as Vivian Gray and Viven Gray, was an English television and film actress. She starred in the films Picnic at Hanging Rock and The Last Wave, but her best-known roles were in TV soap operas, after having appeared in numerous roles for Crawford Productions, she had regular roles in serials, The Sullivans, as Ida Jessup for its entire run from 1976 to 1983; in Prisoner, as Edna Pearson 1984, and in Neighbours, as Nell Mangel from 1986 to 1988.
Gray left the acting profession in 1988, and returned to her native England to Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex, where she lived a quiet and private life.
Early life
Gray was born in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire, England on 20 July 1924. Gray was the daughter of Allan Gray and Doris (nee Simpson), who had been married the previous year in Grimsby, Lincolnshire. She was the eldest of four children. Her father was a fish and chip shop owner at Grimsby Docks, and, just before WW2, the family moved to New Malden in Surrey where he owned the newly built Fish and Chip shop at 12, The Triangle.
She initially worked as a local reporter, photographer's assistant and as a sales assistant in a department store, and later became a nurse, and served with the Women's Land Army. In 1952 she visited Australia on holiday. Her acting career stemmed from work with an amateur theatrical group.
Career
In the 1970s, Gray appeared in a number of television dramas produced by Crawford Productions including Solo One, Bluey, Homicide, Division 4, Matlock Police, and Carson's Law. She also appeared in film portraying mathematics teacher Miss Greta McCraw in Peter Weir's adaptation of Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975) and in the television mini-series Anzacs and All the Rivers Run.
She worked with Weir again in 1977 in his film The Last Wave, playing the role of Aboriginal history expert Doctor Whitburn.
The Sullivans
Gray played Ida Jessop in the soap opera The Sullivans for its 16-season run from 1976 to 1983, winning two Logie Awards for her portrayal of the gossipy neighbour.
Prisoner
She appeared in serial Prisoner (known internationally as Prisoner: Cell Block H), as genteel poisoner Edna Pearson in 1984, in a seven-episode arc. After the initial showing of her episodes in Australia, a woman from South Australia named Emily Gertrude Phyllis Perry claimed the story was based on her real life experience of being accused of poisoning her husband Kenneth Warwick Henry Perry, by putting small doses of arsenic in his food and threatened to sue the producers, Grundy Television stating defamation.
Perry became the central figure in allegations by the Crown that she attempted to poison her husband, during a trial lasting 72 days in 1981, her husband had also maintained that his wife was innocent during the trial, however Perry was initially sentenced to serve 15 years, but the following year the decision was overturned by the High Court, and the Government did not seek a retrial. Grundy's had stated in media reports the story line was actually based on a 1953 case and not the Perry case. She subsequently decided not to sue the company, despite the story bearing many similarities to her case, even down to the character's initials.
As a result, any material that coincided with the woman's story was removed for subsequent episode screenings, including the full Australian DVD release of Prisoner. In 2010 a special DVD release of the full uncut "Edna" story was released, but only in the United Kingdom.
Neighbours
In 1986, Gray was cast for three weeks in the role of "Nell" Mangel, better known as Mrs Mangel in the soap opera Neighbours. However, the character proved so popular that she remained on the show until 1988, appearing in 292 episodes. The character was known for her constant feuding with Madge Bishop, played by Anne Charleston, and vying for the affections of Harold Bishop, played by Ian Smith. Gray left the role after receiving abuse from fans who disliked the character, with producers relocating Mangel to St. Albans, with a retired dentist, to live a happy retirement. This was Gray's last acting role and she retired, returning to her native land and settling in Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex. In the soap’s later years, Gray still had an onscreen presence as the painting of Mrs Mangel was put back on display in the character’s home. For the show’s final weeks in 2022, old scenes and photos included Gray as Nell. In the UK, the last three episodes, which contained Gray in a flashback, aired on the 6th anniversary of her death (29 July 2022).
Later life and recognition
Gray won two Logie Awards for her role as Ida Jessup in The Sullivans: in 1978 for Best Sustained Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role, and in 1981 for Best Support Actress in a Series. In 1995, Gray was featured on an Australian postage stamp, depicting her role in Picnic at Hanging Rock.
Death
Gray died on 29 July 2016, nine days after her 92nd birthday. She never married or had any children.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1924 births
2016 deaths
Australian soap opera actresses
British emigrants to Australia
English television actresses
Logie Award winners
People from Cleethorpes
Actresses from Surrey
People from New Malden
Actresses from Lincolnshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivean%20Gray |
Wolf Rock is a set of four volcanic pinnacles two kilometres north-northeast of Double Island Point in Cooloola, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. The location is a popular scuba diving spot.
It is said the rock was named for one of Captain Cook's crew who first saw the rocks on rounding Double Island Point. There was certainly an Archibald Wolfe on Cook's voyage, but Cook doesn't record the rocks, nor anyone in particular seeing them (or the point) first.
Wolf Rock is considered by the Queensland Government to be Queensland's most important habitat area for the critically endangered grey nurse shark. It is a mating area and a high number of females and pregnant females have been seen there. From 19 December 2003 the rock and three other highly significant areas were declared protected, with no fishing of any kind permitted at Wolf Rock and only very limited fishing at the others. (Scuba diving is still permitted.)
References
Coastline of Queensland
Underwater diving sites in Australia
Cooloola, Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20Rock%20%28Queensland%29 |
Bua Fijian Provincial Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered Bua Province, on the northern island of Vanua Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bua%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
{{Infobox person
| name = Kate Hood
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 10 October
| birth_place = Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| occupation = Actress, writer, director
| years_active = 1981−present
| notable_works = Prisoner (1986)
}}
Kate Hood is an Australian actress, born in Sydney. She studied drama in New Zealand and joined The Mercury Theatre.
She is best known to international audiences for her role in the cult television drama Prisoner as the misunderstood Kath Maxwell during the final year of the series.
She also played Jill Fowley on three episodes of Blue Heelers during its sixth season, and is the voice behind many TAC commercials. She had a part in the Jodie Foster film Mesmerized''.
In 2003, Hood was diagnosed with HSP (hereditary spastic paraplegia). She is a wheelchair user.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1950s births
Australian film actresses
Australian soap opera actresses
Australian stage actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Hood |
Canoa Quebrada (meaning broken canoe in Portuguese), known as the pearl of the east coast of Ceará, Brazil, is an international tourist beach resort 164 km from Fortaleza, in the municipality of Aracati.
This small fishing village, among dunes and cliffs, has good views and is becoming popular with tourists. The main street of Canoa, where most accommodation, restaurants and shops are concentrated, is popularly known as 'Broadway, although its real name is "Rua Dragão do Mar" in honor of Francisco José do Nascimento, a hero of the abolitionist movement in Ceará, who in 1881 refused to transport slaves to be sold further south in the country.
The Tourism Authority of Ceará rates Canoa Quebrada as the most important tourist attraction of the state, after Fortaleza.
Tourist activities include outdoor activities such as excursions in dune buggies, horse riding, sailing in a 'jangada' boat, mountain biking, sandboarding, kitesurfing and windsurfing*.
The location is served by Dragão do Mar Airport, located near Aracati.
Weather
The region's climate is semi-arid. The average annual temperature is around 27 °C – with an average annual high of 38 °C, and a low of 21 °C. The sun is present almost all year long, with rain usually only between March and May.
City details
State: Ceará
Region: Northeast
Population: 65,292 inhabitants (District of Aracati)
AREA CODE: (88)
Distances
Fortaleza:
Russas:
Mossoró:
Rio de Janeiro:
São Paulo:
References
External links
Beaches of Brazil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoa%20Quebrada |
Kenneth Stanley Inglis, (7 October 1929 – 1 December 2017) was an Australian historian.
Early life and education
Inglis was born in the Melbourne suburb of Ivanhoe, on 7 October 1929, the son of Stan and Rene Inglis. He was educated at Tyler Street Public School, Northcote Boys' High School and Melbourne High School, before going to study at the University of Melbourne. Inglis participated in the Student Christian Movement and amateur dramatics during his studies, and worked as a tutor at Ormond College. After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts with first class honours in History and English, he read for a Master of Arts at Melbourne. Inglis's thesis, which was a history of the Royal Melbourne Hospital, was later revised and published as his first book, Hospital and Community (Melbourne University Press, 1958).
Career
Inglis completed his Master's degree at the University of Melbourne and his doctorate at the University of Oxford. In 1956 he was appointed as a lecturer to the University of Adelaide. He subsequently became Professor of History at the Australian National University, and the University of Papua New Guinea.
Inglis wrote extensively on the Anzac tradition, the Stuart Case, war memorials, and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. In 2008 he joined the Faculty of Arts at Monash University, Melbourne, as an Adjunct Professor.
Personal life
Inglis died, aged 88, on 1 December 2017 of pancreatic cancer.
His first wife, Judy Betharis, was an anthropologist who nurtured his interest in social, cultural and emotional communities. His younger sister was the medical anthropologist, Shirley Lindenbaum. After Judy's death in a car accident, Ken married Amirah Turner, a historian. The former Communist and one time Christian socialist, Amirah Inglis and Ken shared half a lifetime of scholarly collaboration and together had six children.
Awards
1999: The Age Book of the Year and Non-fiction Award for Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape.
The book also won the:
NSW Premier's Literary Awards History Prize 1999
FAW Literature Award 1998
Ernest Scott History Prize 1999
Centre for Australian Cultural Studies Award, Individual Prize 1999.
Bibliography
References
Further reading
1929 births
2017 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Australian historians
Academic staff of the Australian National University
Fellows of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia
Historians of Australia
Meanjin people
Officers of the Order of Australia
People educated at Melbourne High School
Academic staff of the University of Adelaide
University of Melbourne alumni
Academic staff of the University of Papua New Guinea
People from Ivanhoe, Victoria
Australian expatriates in Papua New Guinea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Inglis |
Kadavu Fijian Provincial Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the island of Kadavu and its outliers.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadavu%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Ketagalan Boulevard () is an arterial road in Zhongzheng District in Taipei, Taiwan, between the Presidential Office Building and the . It is long and has a total of ten lanes in each direction with no median.
History
The former name of this street is Chieh-shou Road (介壽路); Chieh-shou (介壽) means "Long live Chiang Kai-shek". On May 19, 1989 a pro-democracy activist named Chan I-hua performed self-immolation to protest the blocking of funeral procession of fellow activist Cheng Nan-jung. On 21 March 1996, when Chen Shui-bian was the mayor of Taipei, Chieh-shou Road was renamed Ketagalan Boulevard and the surrounding square was renamed Ketagalan Square in honor of the Ketagalan Taiwanese aborigines originally living in the Taipei area. However, Ketagalan Boulevard has been given other levels of political meaning and has even become the protesting holy land of opposing political parties.
Back when there was a stern atmosphere in front of the Presidential Office Building, pedestrians had to pass by with their heads lowered. Motorcycles and bicycles were banned from Chieh-shou Road and a section of Chungking South Road right in front of the Presidential Office Building. When Chieh-shou Road was renamed Ketagalan Boulevard, the traffic signs banning motorcycles and bicycles on Ketagalan Boulevard and Chongqing South Road were removed, reminiscent of "lifting martial law" (解嚴). When renaming the road, it was announced that there was no disrespect intended to former President Chiang Kai-shek.
Ketagalan Boulevard and the area surrounding the Presidential Office Building and East Gate is a popular location for mass political rallies. For example, after the 2004 presidential election, supporters of the Pan-Blue Coalition not satisfied with the result of the election occupied Ketagalan Boulevard, protesting and parading for an entire week.
In the wake of the renaming of the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall to National Taiwan Democracy Memorial Hall () by the DPP administration, Taipei Mayor Hau Lung-pin proposed to rename the section of Ketagalan Boulevard between the Presidential Office Building and Kungyuan Road
"Anticorruption Democracy Square" (反貪腐民主廣場) after the 2006 protests. However, subsequent debate regarding this name change has not occurred since the renaming of the memorial hall.
In February 2017, the Indigenous Ketagalan Boulevard protest, surrounding the delineation of traditional lands, started on the Boulevard.
Landmarks
Ketagalan Boulevard is 400 meters long. Along the road are three buildings, two parks and two parking lots. Among them are:
Taipei Guest House
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
228 Peace Memorial Park
Jieshou Park dedicated to Lin Sen, President of the Republic of China from 1931 to 1943.
See also
List of roads in Taiwan
References
Streets in Taipei | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketagalan%20Boulevard |
Campus SuperStar is a Singaporean reality television singing competition to find new singing talent, contested by aspiring singers drawn from public auditions. The show began on 2 January 2006 and is broadcast on MediaCorp Channel U. It is a spin-off of Project SuperStar, and contestants comprise students from secondary schools, junior colleges and institutes of technical education.
The concept of the series is to find aspiring singers studying in secondary schools, junior colleges and institutes of technical education and put them together to compete for the Campus SuperStar title where the winner is determined by the judges and viewers. Winners chosen by judges through judges' score and viewers through telephone, Internet (gift-to-vote), and SMS text voting were Ng Chee Yang, Shawn Tok, Jarod Lee and Bonnie Loo. Winners receive a two-year management contract with MediaCorp and a cash prize ($2,000 for season 1–3, and $5000 for season 4). Season 4 winner also receives an opportunity to perform with Mandopop singer Della Ding Dang in Glass Anatomy the Musical.
The series employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were radio personality Foong Wai See, music producer and composer Li Feihui, singer–actor Cavin Soh and vocal coach Peter Tan. The current season's judging panel consists of singer Jim Lim, lyricist Xiaohan and radio personality Dennis Chew. MediaCorp hosts Pornsak and Lee Teng are the emcee of the show.
History
Campus SuperStar is a spin-off that was created based on another Singaporean reality television singing competition Project SuperStar, which was in turn inspired by British show Pop Idol. Using the idea from Pop Idol and Project SuperStar, the competition aims to uncover singing talents from full-time students studying in local secondary schools, junior colleges and institutes of technical education. The show debuted in January 2006, about four months after the finale of Project SuperStar season one. It was a big success with the viewing public, especially among the youths and students in Singapore.
Following the success of season one, the show returned about one year later after live final of season one in May 2007 for the second season. The show also returned about one and a half years later after the live final of season two in January 2008 for the third season. Both seasons achieved moderate success and reception from the viewing public.
In 2009, after the live final was held for season three of Campus SuperStar, it was reported by Singapore-based Chinese language newspaper Lianhe Zaobao that MediaCorp Channel U will cease broadcasting of reality television singing competitions, including Campus SuperStar and Project SuperStar, which was slated for a third installment in 2010, but was axed last minute by MediaCorp.
Though the report was made, Campus SuperStar returned to MediaCorp Channel U exactly after four years of hiatus in January 2013 for the fourth season.
Judges and hosts
The original judging panel was Foong Wai See, Roy Li, Cavin Soh and Peter Tan. Foong Wai See, Cavin Soh and Peter Tan left the judging panel after judging one season. They were respectively replaced by two new judges, Jim Lim and Jimmy Ye, who joined Li in season two. Ye did not return in season 3, and replacing him were lyricist Xiaohan and singer Ken Tay. Li and Tay did not return as a judge in season four and Dennis Chew was replaced.
Guest judges may occasionally be introduced, especially in the live finals when the judging panel lineup was increased. Music producer and composer Lee Wei Song was employed as a guest judge for all seasons in the live final. Other guest judges that were instated during the live finals are Lee Shih Shiong in season one, Billy Koh in season two, Kelvin Tan, Maggie Theng and Wu Jia Ming in season three, Li and Eric Moo in season four. Guest judges were also used in the revival rounds for season three, Dawn Yip joined the judging panel in the first revival round, while Cavin Soh and Maggie Theng joined the second.
Dasmond Koh, Hong Junyang and Sugianto were originally hosts in the first season, but in season 2, Hong and Sugianto left the show and they were replaced by Pornsak. Koh and Fiona Xie did not return to host season 3 and were replaced by Felicia Chin and Lee Teng, as well as Yuan Shuai, who served as the online correspondent. Lee and Pornsak returned in season 4 to host the show while Chin and Yuan did not return.
Guest hosts may occasionally be introduced, especially in the live finals when the number of hosts was increased. Ng Hui and Ben Yeo were instated as the guest hosts during the live final in season one. Fiona Xie hosted the auditions episode in season two and later appear again in the live final, alongside Ben Yeo, Lee and Charlyn Lim. Yeo returned as a guest host for the live final in season four.
Timeline of judges and hosts
Format
For the first two seasons, competition begins with an audition in front of an audience and judges, and through a series of rounds, judges picked 20 contestants, 10 male and 10 female, to compete in the live shows grouped into three phases, Quarterfinals, Semifinals and Finals. Beginning season three, contestants also had to undergo an online audition (by uploading their audition video online) and through a panel of judges closed-doors, and a reduced 12 contestants (with no equal gender affiliation) selected to compete in the live shows.
In each week, contestants perform in weekly shows in front a panel of judges, who assessed their performances based on their singing technique, body language, and overall presentation, and each judge gave a score out of a maximum 10 (with intervals of 0.1 in season 4, and 0.5 prior to season 4). Contestants also faced the public vote which opened on the start of the performances and closes sometime before the results show. The scoring ratio for judges and public vote varies by season and phases, though additional twists or rule changes adapt to the new scoring system, such as exempting the singer from public vote (season 3) or though a media campaign (season 4). While each week's shows are usually themed, season 4 added a mandate on song requirement, where contestants can select only the songs that were either created, composed or sung by Singaporeans.
These contestants are batched by halves to compete in three out of six weeks of Quarterfinals in front of a panel of judges and faced the public vote, and these combined scores determined which singer from each gender would be eliminated that night on the result show (or at the show's conclusion, in season 4). The scores from the judges and public varies each season and phase,. The voting window opens on the show's start and ends after a certain time before the results are announced, cumulating to the elimination of a contestant who garnered the lowest combined score; though additional twists or rule changes adapt to the new scoring system are employed, such as exempting the singer from public vote (season 3) or though a media campaign (season 4).
For the first three seasons, previously eliminated contestants can also advance to the semifinals by competing in the Revival round and only the highest scoring contestant per gender will advance. In season 3, owing to the removal of gender-based categories, any two contestants regardless of gender will also advance to the semifinals as well. There are no Revival rounds in season 4.
In each week shows, combined scores narrows to a final group of four contestants and eventually declares a winner. For the first two seasons, one contestant per gender would advance to the final round decider, but beginning season three due to a change in format, any two contestants with the highest score would advance. These two contestants compete head-to-head with prior scores reset, and the winner is decided based on which contestant had a higher combined score.
Voting system
For the first two seasons, with the exception of season 2's Quarterfinals, the ratio for judges' scores and public votes were 30%-70%. Season 2's Quarterfinals and most other non-finale shows have its ratios reversed to 70%-30%. The finals since season 3 had an equal ratio, meaning both the judges and public votes were given an equal saying.
In season 4, another voting window opened after the results shows and until the day before the next live shows, where public can download streams of contestant's performances gift-to votes, much like The Voices iTunes Store purchases. For the first two live shows that season, contestants had to undergo a live radio show performance and photoshooting prior to the live shows; as such, the scoring ratio for the judges, public vote, radio show, and photoshoot, constituted 50%, 30%, 15% and 5% of the combined score, respectively.
Prizes
The winner of Campus SuperStar is awarded a two-year management contract with MediaCorp and a cash prize ($2,000 for season 1 to 3, and $5,000 for season 4). Season 4 winner also receives an opportunity to perform with Mandopop singer Della Ding Dang in Glass Anatomy the Musical. Other contestants may also be offered artiste contract with MediaCorp, but this is not guaranteed.
Series overview
To date, four seasons have been broadcast, as summarised below.
Contestant in (or school represented by a contestant in) male category or contestant is (or school represented by) a male
Contestant in (or school represented by a contestant in) female category or contestant is (or school represented by) a female
Notes
Yuan Shuai presented backstage for the performance shows on Mondays.
List of finalists
As of March 2013, there have been four completed seasons. During every season, the final round of competition features twenty singers for season one and two or twelve singers for season three and four. A total of 64 contestants have reached the finals of their season.
During the first two seasons, the finalists were split into two categories: male and female. For season three to four, the groupings were scrapped and the finalists were selected without taking into consideration of the gender. As of season four, three out of four winners were male contestants, while the other was a female contestant.
References
External links
Campus SuperStar season 4 official website
Singaporean reality television series
Singaporean singing competitions
2006 Singaporean television series debuts
2007 Singaporean television series endings
Channel U (Singapore) original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus%20SuperStar |
Leslie Ernest Dayman (19 January 1933 – 20 October 2023), credited variously as Les Dayman, was an Australian actor best known for his performances on television (serials and telemovies) and film, major small screen roles including Homicide, Prisoner, Sons and Daughters and E Street.
Early lIfe
Dayman was born in Footscray, Victoria, Australia on 19 January 1933. He was the son of AFL/VFL footballer Les "Bro" Dayman who played for the Port Adelaide Football Club. He started a career in theatre in 1955 and thereafter worked as an actor, director and narrator.
Career
Television roles
Dayman started his career in theatre in 1955, but was best know as a staple of the small screen in numerous serial roles, his television career began in 1964 in a TV film, and he appeared in the police procedural crime series Homicide as senior detective Bill Hudson in 104 episodes from 1966 to 1968.
In the 1980s, he was a regular cast member in three major Australian soap operas, all of which had international success: in Grundy Television's Sons and Daughters, he played Roger Carlyle, a ruthless shady businessman in episodes broadcast in 1984 and 1985; also in 1985, he starred in Prisoner, another Grundy production, as Geoff MacRae, one of three male prisoners in a 6-month story arc, and in E Street, he played Senior Sergeant George Sullivan for the series entire run from 1989 to 1993. opposite co-star Cecily Polson who played his wife Martha O'Dare.
Other credits
Other television appearances included Division 4, Bellamy, Cop Shop, Holiday Island, A Country Practice, Water Rats, Stingers, All Saints, Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries and Sara Dane. Movie appearances include Weekend of Shadows, Gallipoli, Oscar and Lucinda, Footy Legends, Stepfather of the Bride, The Silence and Holy Smoke!. He acted in many South Australian Theatre Company productions and was its director from 1968 to 1969.
Personal life and death
Dayman had two sons with Diane Chamberlain Dayman (also an actor and member of the South Australian Theatre Company): Nicholas Andrew and Timothy Paul. He also had two granddaughters and a grandson. Dayman was married to his wife Rosie Dayman from 1989.
Leslie Dayman died on 20 October 2023, at the age of 90.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1933 births
2023 deaths
20th-century Australian male actors
21st-century Australian male actors
Australian male film actors
Australian male soap opera actors
Australian male stage actors
Male actors from Melbourne
People from Footscray, Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Dayman |
Ayumi Hamasaki Concert Tour 2000 Vol. 2 is the second session DVD of the live tour of the Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki that was released on September 27, 2000.
Similar to Ayumi Hamasaki Concert Tour 2000 Vol. 1, there is also a multi-angle function in the DVD. However, unlike the other concert, there is no backstage view in this concert. The second angle showcases the video effects on the giant video screen in the concert.
Track listing
A Song for ××
vogue
Trauma
SEASONS
Far away
End roll
LOVE 〜Destiny〜
appears
ever free
WHATEVER
Depend on you
Fly high
Encore
Boys & Girls
Trauma
Who…
Ayumi Hamasaki video albums
2000 video albums
Live video albums
2000 live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi%20Hamasaki%20Concert%20Tour%202000%20Vol.%202 |
In geometry, the great disnub dirhombidodecahedron, also called Skilling's figure, is a degenerate uniform star polyhedron.
It was proven in 1970 that there are only 75 uniform polyhedra other than the infinite families of prisms and antiprisms. John Skilling discovered another degenerate example, the great disnub dirhombidodecahedron, by relaxing the condition that edges must be single. More precisely, he allowed any even number of faces to meet at each edge, as long as the set of faces couldn't be separated into two connected sets (Skilling, 1975). Due to its geometric realization having some double edges where 4 faces meet, it is considered a degenerate uniform polyhedron but not strictly a uniform polyhedron.
The number of edges is ambiguous, because the underlying abstract polyhedron has 360 edges, but 120 pairs of these have the same image in the geometric realization, so that the geometric realization has 120 single edges and 120 double edges where 4 faces meet, for a total of 240 edges. The Euler characteristic of the abstract polyhedron is −96. If the pairs of coinciding edges in the geometric realization are considered to be single edges, then it has only 240 edges and Euler characteristic 24.
The vertex figure has 4 square faces passing through the center of the model.
It may be constructed as the exclusive or (blend) of the great dirhombicosidodecahedron and compound of twenty octahedra.
Related polyhedra
It shares the same edge arrangement as the great dirhombicosidodecahedron, but has a different set of triangular faces. The vertices and edges are also shared with the uniform compounds of twenty octahedra or twenty tetrahemihexahedra. 180 of the edges are shared with the great snub dodecicosidodecahedron.
Dual polyhedron
The dual of the great disnub dirhombidodecahedron is called the great disnub dirhombidodecacron. It is a nonconvex infinite isohedral polyhedron.
Like the visually identical great dirhombicosidodecacron in Magnus Wenninger's Dual Models, it is represented with intersecting infinite prisms passing through the model center, cut off at a certain point that is convenient for the maker. Wenninger suggested these figures are members of a new class of stellation polyhedra, called stellation to infinity. However, he also acknowledged that strictly speaking they are not polyhedra because their construction does not conform to the usual definitions.
Gallery
See also
List of uniform polyhedra
References
.
http://www.software3d.com/MillersMonster.php
External links
http://www.orchidpalms.com/polyhedra/uniform/skilling.htm
http://www.georgehart.com/virtual-polyhedra/great_disnub_dirhombidodecahedron.html
Uniform polyhedra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20disnub%20dirhombidodecahedron |
The city of Smyrna (modern-day İzmir) and surrounding areas were under Greek military occupation from 15 May 1919 until 9 September 1922. The Allied Powers authorized the occupation and creation of the Zone of Smyrna () during negotiations regarding the partition of the Ottoman Empire to protect the ethnic Greek population living in and around the city. The Greek landing on 15 May 1919 was celebrated by the substantial local Greek population but quickly resulted in ethnic violence in the area. This violence decreased international support for the occupation and led to a rise in Turkish nationalism. The high commissioner of Smyrna, Aristeidis Stergiadis, firmly opposed discrimination against the Turkish population by the administration; however, ethnic tensions and discrimination remained. Stergiadis also began work on projects involving resettlement of Greek refugees, the foundations for a university, and some public health projects. Smyrna was a major base of operations for Greek troops in Anatolia during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).
The Greek occupation of Smyrna ended on 9 September 1922 with the Turkish capture of Smyrna by troops commanded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. After the Turkish advance on Smyrna, a mob murdered the Orthodox bishop Chrysostomos and a few days later the Great Fire of Smyrna burnt large parts of the city (including most of the Greek and Armenian areas). Estimated Greek and Armenian deaths range from 10,000 to 100,000. With the end of the occupation of Smyrna, major combat in Anatolia between Greek and Turkish forces largely ended, and on 24 July 1923, the parties signed the Treaty of Lausanne ending the war.
Background
At the end of World War I (1914–1918), attention of the Allied Powers (Entente Powers) focused on the partition of the territory of the Ottoman Empire. As part of the Treaty of London (1915), by which Italy left the Triple Alliance (with Germany and Austria-Hungary) and joined France, Great Britain and Russia in the Triple Entente, Italy was promised the Dodecanese and, if the partition of the Ottoman Empire were to occur, land in Anatolia including Antalya and surrounding provinces presumably including Smyrna. But in later 1915, as an inducement to enter the war, British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey in private discussion with Eleftherios Venizelos, the Greek Prime Minister at the time, promised large parts of the Anatolian coast to Greece, including Smyrna. Venizelos resigned from his position shortly after this communication, but when he had formally returned to power in June 1917, Greece entered the war on the side of the Entente.
On 30 October 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was signed between the Entente powers and the Ottoman Empire ending the Ottoman front of World War I. Great Britain, Greece, Italy, France, and the United States began discussing what the treaty provisions regarding the partition of Ottoman territory would be, negotiations which resulted in the Treaty of Sèvres. These negotiations began in February 1919 and each country had distinct negotiating preferences about Smyrna. The French, who had large investments in the region, took a position for territorial integrity of a Turkish state that would include the zone of Smyrna. The British were at a loggerhead over the issue with the War Office and India Office promoting the territorial integrity idea and Prime Minister David Lloyd George and the Foreign Office, headed by Lord Curzon, opposed this suggestion and wanting Smyrna to be under separate administration. The Italian position was that Smyrna was rightfully their possession and so the diplomats would refuse to make any comments when Greek control over the area was discussed. The Greek government, pursuing Venizelos' support for the Megali Idea (to bring areas with a majority Greek population or with historical or religious ties to Greece under control of the Greek state) and supported by Lloyd George, began a large propaganda effort to promote their claim to Smyrna including establishing a mission under the foreign minister in the city. Moreover, the Greek claim over the Smyrna area (which appeared to have a clear Greek majority, although exact percentages varied depending on the source) were supported by Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points which emphasized the right to autonomous development for minorities in Anatolia. In negotiations, despite French and Italian objections, by the middle of February 1919 Lloyd George shifted the discussion to how Greek administration would work and not whether Greek administration would happen. To further this aim, he brought in a set of experts, including Arnold J. Toynbee, to discuss how the zone of Smyrna would operate and what its impacts would be on the population. Following this discussion, in late February 1919, Venezilos appointed Aristeidis Stergiadis, a close political ally, the High Commissioner of Smyrna (appointed over political riser Themistoklis Sofoulis).
In April 1919, the Italians landed and took over Antalya and began showing signs of moving troops towards Smyrna. During the negotiations at about the same time, the Italian delegation walked out when it became clear that Fiume (Rijeka) would not be given to them in the peace outcome. Lloyd George saw an opportunity to break the impasse over Smyrna with the absence of the Italian delegation and, according to Jensen, he "concocted a report that an armed uprising of Turkish guerrillas in the Smyrna area was seriously endangering the Greek and other Christian minorities." Both to protect local Christians and also to limit increasing Italian action in Anatolia, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau and U.S. President Woodrow Wilson supported a Greek military occupation of Smyrna. Although Smyrna would be occupied by Greek troops, authorized by the Allies, the Allies did not agree that Greece would take sovereignty over the territory until further negotiations settled this issue. The Italian delegation acquiesced to this outcome and the Greek occupation was authorized.
Greek landing at Smyrna
On 14 May 1919, the Greek mission in Smyrna read a statement announcing that Greek troops would be arriving the next day in the city. Smith reports that this news was "received with great emotion" by the Greek population of the city while thousands of Turkish residents gathered in the hill that night lighting fires and beating drums in protest. The same night, thousands of Turkish prisoners were released from a prison with the complicity of the Ottoman and Italian commanders in charge of the prison.
Greek occupation of Smyrna started on 15 May 1919 where a large crowd gathered waving the Greek kingdom flags on the docks where the Greek troops were expected to arrive. The Metropolitan of Smyrna, Chrysostomos, blessed the first troops as they arrived. An inexperienced colonel was in charge of the operation and neither the appointed high commissioner nor high-ranking military individuals were there for the landing, resulting in miscommunication and a breakdown of discipline. Most significantly, this resulted in the 1/38 Evzone Regiment landing north of where they were to take up their post. They had to march south, passing a large part of the Greek celebratory crowds, the Ottoman governor's konak and the barracks of Ottoman troops. Someone fired a shot (Smith indicates that no one knows who) and chaos resulted, with the Greek troops firing multiple shots into the konak and the barracks. The Ottoman troops surrendered and the Greek regiment began marching them up the coast to a ship to serve as a temporary prison. A British subject at the scene claimed he witnessed the shooting deaths of thirty unarmed prisoners during this march, by both Greeks in the crowd and Greek troops. British officers in the harbor reported seeing Greek troops bayoneting multiple Turkish prisoners during the march and then saw them thrown into the sea. In the chaos, looting of Turkish houses began, and by the end of the day three to four hundred Turks had been killed. One hundred Greeks were also killed, including two soldiers. Violence continued the next day and for the next months as Greek troops took over towns and villages in the region and atrocities were committed by both ethnic groups, notably the Battle of Aydın on 27 June 1919.
Reactions to the landing
The landing and reports of the violence had a large impact on many parties. The landing helped bring together the various groups of Turkish resistance into an organized movement (further assisted by the landing of Mustafa Kemal in Samsun on 19 May 1919). Several demonstrations were held by Turkish people in Constantinople condemning the occupation of Smyrna. Between 100,000 and 150,000 people gathered in a meeting at Sultanahmet square organized by the Karakol society and Türk Ocağı. In Great Britain and France, the reports of violence increased opposition in the governments to a permanent Greek control over the area.
As a response to the claims of violence, the French Prime Minister Clemenceau suggested an Interallied Commission of Inquiry to Smyrna: the commission was made up of Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol for the United States, General Bunoust for France, General Hare for England, General Dall'olio for Italy and, as a non-voting observer, Colonel Mazarakis for Greece. It began work in August 1919 and interviewed 175 witnesses and visited multiple sites of alleged atrocities. The decision reached was that when a Greek witness and Turkish witness disagreed, a European witness would be used to provide the conclusions for the report. This system was dismissed by Venizelos because he claimed that the Europeans living in Smyrna benefited from privileges given to them under the Ottoman rule and were thus opposed to Greek rule. The report was released to negotiators in October and generally found Greeks responsible for the bloodshed related to the landing and the violence throughout the Smyrna zone after the landing. In addition, the conclusions questioned the fundamental justification for the Greek occupation and suggested Greek troops be replaced by an allied force. Eyre Crowe, a main British diplomat, dismissed the larger conclusion by saying the commission had overstepped its mandate. In the negotiations after the report, Clemenceau reminded Venizelos that the occupation of Smyrna was not permanent and merely a political solution. Venizelos responded angrily and the negotiators moved on.
At about the same time, British Field Marshal George Milne was tasked by the allies with devising a solution to Italian and Greek tension in the Menderes River Valley. Milne warned in his report that Turkish guerrilla action would continue as long as the Greeks continued to occupy Smyrna and questioned the justification for Greek occupation. Most importantly, his report developed a border that would separate the Smyrna zone from the rest of Anatolia. The council of Great Britain, France, U.S. and Italy approved the Milne line beyond which Greek troops were not to cross, except to pursue attackers but not more than 3 km beyond the line.
Administration of the Smyrna Zone (1919–1922)
High commissioner
Aristeidis Stergiadis was appointed the high commissioner of Smyrna in February and arrived in the city four days after the 15 May landing. Stergiadis immediately went to work in setting up an administration, easing ethnic violence, and making way for permanent annexation of Smyrna. Stergiadis immediately punished the Greek soldiers responsible for violence on 15–16 May with court martial and created a commission to decide on payment for victims (made up of representatives from Great Britain, France, Italy and other allies). Stergiadis took a strict stance against discrimination of the Turkish population and opposed church leaders and the local Greek population on a number of occasions. Historians disagree about whether this was a genuine stance against discrimination or whether it was an attempt to present a positive vision of the occupation to the allies.
This stance against discrimination of the Turkish population often pitted Stergiadis against the local Greek population, the church and the army. He reportedly would carry a stick through the town with which he would beat Greeks that were being abusive of Turkish citizens. At one point, Stergiadis interrupted and ended a sermon by the bishop Chrysostomos that he believed to be incendiary. Troops would disobey his orders to not abuse the Turkish population often putting him in conflict with the military. On 14 July 1919, the acting foreign secretary sent a long critical telegraph to Venizelos suggesting that Stergiadis be removed and writing that "His sick neuroticism has reached a climax." Venizelos continued to support Stergiadis despite this opposition, while the latter oversaw a number of projects planning for a permanent Greek administration of Smyrna.
Structure of the administration
The Greek consulate building became the center of government. Since Ottoman sovereignty was not replaced with the occupation, their administrative structure continued to exist but Stergiadis simply replaced senior positions with Greeks (except for the post for Muslim Affairs) while Turkish functionaries remained in low positions. Urgent steps were required for the organization of a local administration as soon as the Greek army secured control of the region. A significant obstacle during the first period of the Greek administration was the absence of a clear definition of the Greek mandate. In this context the coexistence of interallied authorities whose functions often overlapped with that of the Greek authorities resulted in a series of misunderstandings and friction between the two sides. This situation resulted after a decision by the Supreme Allied Council that all movements of the Greek army had to be approved by Field Marshal George Milne.
The administration of the Smyrna zone was organized in units largely based on the former Ottoman system. Apart from the kaza of Smyrna and the adjacent area of Ayasoluk which were under the direct control of the Smyrna High Commission, the remaining zone was divided into one province ( Nomarchia): that of Manisa, as well as the following counties ( Ypodioikiseis): Ödemiş, Tire (Thira), Bayındır (Vaindirion), Nympheon, Krini, Karaburna, Sivrihisar, Vryula, Palea Phocaea, Menemen, Kasaba, Bergama and Ayvali.
Repatriation of refugees
The repatriation of the Asia Minor Greeks who had sought refuge in the Greek Kingdom as a result of the deportations and persecutions by the Ottoman authorities, assumed top priority, already from May 1919. The Greek authorities wanted to avoid a situation where refugees would return without the necessary supervision and planning. For this purpose, a special department was created within the High Commission.
A survey conducted by the refugees department indicated that more than 150 towns and villages along the coastal area (from Edremit to Söke) had been destroyed during World War I. Especially from the 45,000 households belonging to local Greeks, 18,000 were partially damaged, while 23,000 completely destroyed.
In general the period of the Greek administration experienced a continuous movement of refugee populations aided by charitable institutions such as the Red Cross and the Greek "Patriotic Institution" (). In total, 100,000 Greeks who had lost their land during World War I, many a result of Ottoman discrimination, were resettled under Stergiadis, given generous credit, and access to farm tools.
Muslim affairs
Following the Treaty of Sèvres, all sections of the Ottoman administration that dealt with issues pertaining to Muslim religion, education and family affairs were organized by the High Commission. Under this context a special polytechnic school was established in Smyrna which soon operated with 210 Muslim students and with costs covered by the Greek administration.
However, nationalist sentiments and suspicion continued to limit the impacts of Stergiadis' administration. The resettlement of Greeks and harsh treatment by the army and local Greek population led many Turkish residents to leave which created a refugee problem. Discrimination by junior Greek administrators and military members further contributed to Turkish hostility in the Smyrna zone.
Archaeological excavations
Archaeological missions in Asia Minor were of significant importance for the High Commission. Excavations were focused on ancient Greek settlements in the area, mainly found in the surroundings of the urban areas, as well as along the coastal zone. The most important excavation were conducted during 1921–1922, where important findings were unearthed in the Ionian sites of Klazomenai, Ephesus and Nysa. Apart from ancient Greek antiquities, Byzantine monuments were also unearthed, such as the 6th century Basilica of St. John the Theologian in Ephesus. In general, the excavations undertaken by the Greek administration provided interesting material concerning the history of Ancient Greek and Byzantine Art.
University
Another important project undertaken during the Greek administration was the institution and organization of the Ionian University of Smyrna. Originally conceived by the Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos and entrusted to Professor German-Greek mathematician Constantin Carathéodory of Göttingen University, as head of the new university. In the summer of 1922, its facilities were completed at a cost of 110,000 Turkish liras. The latter included 70 lecture rooms, a large amphitheatre, a number of laboratories and separate smaller structures for the university personnel. Its various schools and departments of the university were to start operating gradually. Moreover, a microbiology laboratory, the local Pasteur institute and the department of health became the first fields of instruction at the new university.
Developments in the Greco-Turkish War
In 1920, the Smyrna zone became a key base for the Greek summer offensive in the Greco-Turkish War. Early in July 1920, the allies approved operations by the Greeks to take over Eastern Thrace and territory around Smyrna as part of ongoing hostilities with the Turkish Nationalist movement. On 22 July 1920, Greek military divisions crossed the Milne line around the Smyrna zone and began military operations in the rest of Anatolia.
International negotiations between the allies and the Ottoman administration largely ignored the increasing conflict. In early 1920, Lloyd George was able to convince the new French Prime Minister, Alexandre Millerand to accept Greek control of Smyrna, but under Turkish suzerainty. Negotiations were further refined in April 1920 at a meeting of the parties in Sanremo which was designed to discuss mostly issues of Germany, but because of increasing power of the nationalist forces under Kemal, the discussion shifted to focus on Smyrna. French pressure and divisions within the British government resulted in Lloyd George accepting a time frame of 5 years for Greek control over Smyrna with the issue to be decided by the League of Nations at that point. These decisions, i.e. regarding a Greek administration but with limited Turkish sovereignty and a 5-year limit, were included in the text of the Treaty of Sèvres agreed to on 10 August 1920. Because the treaty largely ignored the rise of nationalist forces and the ethnic tension in the Smyrna zone, Montgomery has described the Treaty of Sèvres as "stillborn". However, with the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres, the Ottoman Vali Izzet Bey handed over authority over Smyrna to Stergiadis.
In October 1920, Venizelos lost his position as Prime Minister of Greece. French and Italians used this opportunity to remove their support and financial obligations to the Smyrna occupation and this left the British as the only force supporting the Greek occupation. Smyrna remained a key base of operations for the ongoing war through the rest of 1920 and 1921, particularly under General Georgios Hatzianestis.
A significant loss at the Battle of Sakarya in September 1921 resulted in a retreat of Greek forces to the 1920 lines. The ensuing retreat resulted in massive civilian casualties and atrocities committed by Greek and Turkish troops. Jensen summarizes the violence writing that "The Turkish population was subjected to horrible atrocities by the retreating troops and accompanying civilian Christian mobs. The pursuing Turkish cavalry did not hesitate in kind on the Christian populace; the road from Uşak to Smyrna lay littered with corpses."
Aftermath
Greek troops evacuated Smyrna on 9 September 1922 and a small allied force of British entered the city to prevent looting and violence. The next day, Mustafa Kemal, leading a number of troops, entered the city and was greeted by enthusiastic Turkish crowds. Atrocities by Turkish troops and irregulars against the Greek and Armenian population occurred immediately after the takeover. Most notably, Chrysostomos, the Orthodox Bishop, was lynched by a mob of Turkish citizens. A few days afterward, a fire destroyed the Greek and Armenian quarters of the city, while the Turkish and Jewish quarters remained undamaged. On the Turkish side, the events are known as the Liberation of İzmir, while on the Greek side, they are known as the Catastrophe of Smyrna.
The evacuation of Smyrna by Greek troops ended most of the large scale fighting in the Greco-Turkish war which was formally ended with an Armistice and a final treaty on 24 July 1923 with the Treaty of Lausanne. Much of the Greek population was included in the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey resulting in migration to Greece and elsewhere.
See also
Outline and timeline of the Greek genocide
References
Sources
Further reading
Documents of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry into the Greek Occupation of Smyrna and Adjoining Territories.
"Remembering Smyrna/Izmir: Shared History, Shared Trauma" by Leyla Neyzi
Former countries of the interwar period
Smyrna
Smyrna
Smyrna
1919 in the Ottoman Empire
1920 in the Ottoman Empire
1921 in the Ottoman Empire
1922 in the Ottoman Empire
Smyrna
Smyrna
Smyrna
Smyrna
Military occupation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation%20of%20Smyrna |
Thelma Leeds (December 18, 1910 – May 27, 2006), also known as Thelma Bernstein, was an American actress.
Life and career
Leeds was born Thelma Goodman in New York City, to Katie and Joseph Goodman, Russian-Jewish immigrants. She was the mother of actor/director Albert Brooks, Bob Einstein (TV's "Super Dave Osborne"), and Clifford Einstein, chairman of Dailey & Associates Advertising in West Hollywood, California and chairman of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. In the early 1930s, Leeds sang light opera on the radio. She also performed in New York City nightclubs as Thelma Goodman, her birth name. One night in the mid-1930s a RKO talent scout caught her nightclub act. The studio signed her to a contract and gave her the name Thelma Leeds. She had an uncredited role in the 1936 Fred Astaire/Ginger Rogers musical Follow the Fleet. She later had supporting roles in The Toast of New York (1937) and New Faces of 1937.
She met her husband Harry "Parkyakarkus" Einstein, a dialect comedian, while filming New Faces of 1937. Leeds retired from show business after marrying Einstein in 1937. Two years after Einstein's death in 1958, she married Irving "Bernie" Bernstein; he died in 1983. In 1981, Leeds played Brooks' mother in Modern Romance. She reportedly was the inspiration for Brooks' 1996 comedy Mother, which starred Debbie Reynolds. Clifford Einstein told the Los Angeles Times:
I think mom was bugged that she couldn't play (Brooks' mother in Mother) ... She loved to laugh at herself and loved the portrayal of Mother that, while not her story, was certainly loosely based on her: the kind of mother that loves to control everything.
Death
Leeds died at her home in Beverly Hills, California of natural causes, aged 95. She was entombed at Home of Peace Cemetery.
References
External links
1910 births
2006 deaths
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American radio actresses
American film actresses
20th-century American actresses
Jewish American actresses
Actresses from New York City
Burials at Home of Peace Cemetery
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma%20Leeds |
The Association of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools (AARTS) is a faith-based national accreditation association for Rabbinical and Talmudic schools. It is based in New York, NY and is recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation and United States Department of Education.
In the field of Rabbinical and Talmudic education the association sees itself as both a gatekeeper and a historical authority. They aim to hold traditional thought in a modern world through balance of the old and new.
Operations
AARTS is an independently run, non profit organization, made up of experts in the field of Rabbinical and Talmudic training, which set educational standards in the field throughout the country. Both undergraduate and graduate programs are evaluated by the association. All of these programs must meet set standards in education, finance and graduate requirements in order to be considered for accreditation.
Compared
Since AARTS meets Council for Higher Education Accreditation and United States Department of Education recognition criteria, AARTS standards correspond to those of regional accreditors. AARTS accreditation, however, does not guarantee regional accreditation and vice versa. Contrary to the principles laid out by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation in Transfer and the Public Interest: A Statement to the Community, many regionally accredited institutions continue to base transfer credit decisions solely or primarily upon regional accreditation.
See also
List of Jewish universities and colleges in the United States
List of recognized accreditation associations of higher learning
School accreditation
Bachelor of Talmudic Law
Master of Rabbinic Studies
References
Jewish universities and colleges in the United States
Orthodox Jewish universities and colleges
Orthodox yeshivas in New York City
School accreditors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Advanced%20Rabbinical%20and%20Talmudic%20Schools |
Etizolam (marketed under many brand names) is a thienodiazepine derivative which is a benzodiazepine analog. The etizolam molecule differs from a benzodiazepine in that the benzene ring has been replaced by a thiophene ring and triazole ring has been fused, making the drug a thienotriazolodiazepine.
Although a thienodiazepine, etizolam is clinically regarded as a benzodiazepine because of its mode of action via the benzodiazepine receptor and directly targeting GABAA allosteric modulator receptors.
It possesses anxiolytic, amnesic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.
It was patented in 1972 and approved for medical use in 1983.
As of April 2021, the export of Etizolam has been banned in India.
Medical uses
Short-term treatment of insomnia.
Anxiety disorders such as OCD and general anxiety disorder, mostly as a short-term medication to be used purely on an at-need basis
Side effects
Long term use may result in blepharospasms, especially in women. Doses of 4 mg or more may cause anterograde amnesia.
In rare cases, erythema annulare centrifugum skin lesions have resulted.
Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal
Abrupt or rapid discontinuation from etizolam, as with benzodiazepines, may result in the appearance of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, including rebound insomnia. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a rare event in benzodiazepine withdrawal, has been documented in a case of abrupt withdrawal from etizolam. This is particularly relevant given etizolam's short half life relative to benzodiazepines such as diazepam resulting in a more rapid drug level decrease in blood plasma levels.
In a study that compared the effectiveness of etizolam, alprazolam, and bromazepam for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, all three drugs retained their effectiveness over 2 weeks, but etizolam became more effective from 2 weeks to 4 weeks. Administering .5 mg etizolam twice daily did not induce cognitive deficits over 3 weeks when compared to placebo.
When multiple doses of etizolam, or lorazepam, were administered to rat neurons, lorazepam caused downregulation of alpha-1 benzodiazepine binding sites (tolerance/dependence), while etizolam caused an increase in alpha-2 benzodiazepine binding sites (reverse tolerance to anti-anxiety effects). Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of lorazepam was observed, but no significant tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of etizolam was observed. Etizolam therefore has a reduced liability to induce tolerance, and dependence, compared with classic benzodiazepines.
Etizolam may represent a possible anxiolytic of choice with reduced liability to produce tolerance and dependence after long-term treatment of anxiety and stress syndromes.
Pharmacology
Etizolam, a thienodiazepine derivative, is absorbed fairly rapidly, with peak plasma levels achieved between 30 minutes and 2 hours. It has a mean elimination half life of about 3.4 hours. Etizolam possesses potent hypnotic properties, and is comparable with other short-acting benzodiazepines. Etizolam acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor by agonizing the receptor's benzodiazepine site.
According to the Italian prescribing information sheet, etizolam belongs to a new class of diazepines, thienotriazolodiazepines. This new class is easily oxidized, rapidly metabolized, and has a lower risk of accumulation, even after prolonged treatment. Etizolam has an anxiolytic action about 6-8 times greater than that of diazepam. Etizolam produces, especially at higher dosages, a reduction in time taken to fall asleep, an increase in total sleep time, and a reduction in the number of awakenings. During tests, there were no substantial changes in deep sleep; however, it may reduce REM sleep. In EEG tests of healthy volunteers, etizolam showed some similar characteristics to tricyclic antidepressants.
Etizolam's main metabolites in humans are alpha-hydroxyetizolam and 8-hydroxyetizolam. alpha-Hydroxyetizolam is pharmacologically active and has a half-life of approximately 8.2 hours.
Interactions
Itraconazole and fluvoxamine slow down the rate of elimination of etizolam, leading to accumulation of etizolam, therefore increasing its pharmacological effects. Carbamazepine speeds up the metabolism of etizolam, resulting in reduced pharmacological effects.
Overdose
Cases of intentional suicide by overdose using etizolam in combination with GABA agonists have been reported. Although etizolam has a lower LD50 than certain benzodiazepines, the LD50 is still far beyond the prescribed or recommended dose. Flumazenil, a GABA antagonist agent used to reverse benzodiazepine overdoses, inhibits the effect of etizolam as well as classical benzodiazepines such as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide.
Etizolam overdose deaths are rising - for instance, the National Records of Scotland report on drug-related deaths, 'street' Etizolam was a factor in ("implicated in, or potentially contributed to") 752, or 59%, of drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2019. It is important to highlight that more than one drug contributed to the vast majority of the deaths (by way of comparison, opiates and opioids were a factor in 1092, or 86%, of drug-related deaths).
Society and culture
Brand names
Etilaam, Sedekopan, Etizest, Etizex, Pasaden or Depas
Legal status
International drug control conventions
In 1990, it was recommended that Etizolam not be placed under international control. However, this attitude has changed due to increased abuse. On December 13, 2019, the World Health Organization recommended Etizolam be placed in Schedule 4 of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. This recommendation was followed by the placement of Etizolam into Schedule IV in March 2020.
Australia
Etizolam is not used medically in Australia but has been found in counterfeit Xanax pills.
Denmark
Etizolam is controlled in Denmark under the Danish Misuse of Drugs Act.
Germany
Etizolam was controlled in Germany in July 2013 but is not used medically.
Italy
Etizolam is licensed for the treatment of anxiety, insomnia and neurosis as a prescription-only medication.
India
In India, it is a prescription-only medication used for anxiety disorders, sometimes in combination with other drugs like propranolol.
United Kingdom
In the UK, etizolam has been classified as a Class C drug by the May 2017 amendment to The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 along with several other designer benzodiazepine drugs.
United States
Etizolam is not authorized by the FDA for medical use in the U.S. As of March 2016, etizolam is a controlled substance in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia (as Schedule IV, whereas all other states listed here prohibit it as a Schedule I substance), Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, South Carolina, and Virginia. It is controlled in Indiana as of July 1, 2017. It is controlled in Ohio as of February 2018.
On December 23, 2022, the DEA announced it had begun consideration on the matter of placing Etizolam under temporary Schedule I status.
Later on July 25, 2023, the DEA published a pre-print notice that Etizolam would become temporarily scheduled as a Schedule I controlled substance from 07/26/2023 to 07/26/2025.
Misuse
Etizolam is a drug of potential misuse. Cases of etizolam dependence have been documented in the medical literature. Since 1991, cases of etizolam misuse and addiction have substantially increased, due to varying levels of accessibility and cultural popularity. Pills being sold as Xanax or other benzodiazepines that are illicitly manufactured may often contain etizolam rather than their listed ingredient
See also
Alprazolam
Brotizolam
Clotiazepam
Deschloroetizolam
Fluetizolam
Metizolam
Benzodiazepine dependence
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Long-term effects of benzodiazepines
References
External links
Inchem.org - Etizolam
Chloroarenes
Designer drugs
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Hypnotics
Thienotriazolodiazepines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etizolam |
Marc Singer is an English documentary filmmaker. He was born and raised in London, England, and moved to Florida, United States, when he was 16. After graduating from high school, he moved to New York City.
Singer's first film Dark Days, about a homeless community living in the tunnels underneath New York City, was awarded The Freedom of Expression Award, The Cinematography Award and The Audience Award at the Sundance Film Festival of 2000. Dark Days was also awarded Best Documentary/Non-Fiction film of 2000 by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary of 2000 from the Independent Filmmaker Project (IFP). Glowing reviews called the documentary "an extraordinarily powerful film" and "intimate, engrossing and at moments, even surprisingly funny", and it was placed on many reviewers' Best Films of 2000 lists. Singer was invited to be a delegate at the University of Colorado annual Conference on World Affairs.
In June 2001, Singer moved to North Central Florida. Working with the Department of Environmental Protection and the Florida Geological Survey, he participated with and documented the efforts of two organizations, Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) and the Woodville Karst Plain Project. Based in High Springs, the divers of G.U.E. and the W.K.P.P. are committed to exploring, understanding, and mapping the labyrinth of water-filled cave systems that make up the Floridan aquifer. Both organizations have, in their explorations, pushed the outer limit of diving technology, accumulating numerous world records in their respective fields of exploration in the process. The short films Singer made are now used as a tool in schools across Florida, teaching children about the importance of water protection and conservation.
Starting in April 2005, Singer was embedded with a United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance Platoon for 2 years, training and working on creating a new documentary film. He was deployed overseas along with the platoon, but, unfortunately, the platoon did not receive the missions they were expecting, and, thus, insufficient footage was filmed to create a documentary.
References
External links
American documentary film directors
British emigrants to the United States
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Singer%20%28documentarian%29 |
Maryland Route 281 (MD 281) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Red Hill Road, the state highway runs from MD 7 east to the Delaware state line in Elkton in northeastern Cecil County. MD 281 and its continuation in Delaware were originally blazed in the 18th century as part of the Old Post Road between Baltimore and Philadelphia. The route was part of the Elk and Christiana Turnpike in the early 19th century and later the Old Baltimore Pike, but it was replaced as the main highway east from Elkton by U.S. Route 40 (US 40) in the early 20th century. MD 281 was constructed in Elkton in the early 1930s. The highway designation was extended east to the state line in the late 1950s; that extension was reconstructed in the early 1960s.
Route description
MD 281 begins at an intersection with MD 7 in the town of Elkton. MD 7 continues west as Main Street and heads southeast as Delaware Avenue toward US 40. MD 281 heads east as two-lane undivided Main Street and leaves the town by crossing Big Elk Creek. The highway continues as Red Hill Road, which passes to the north of Grays Hill. The road comes to a roundabout with Muddy Lane/Kemp Lane. MD 281 meets the northern end of MD 781 (Delancy Road) before reaching its eastern terminus at the Delaware state line. The highway continues east as Old Baltimore Pike toward Christiana.
History
What is now MD 281 and its continuation in Delaware was the Old Post Road used to connect Christiana Bridge with the head of the Elk River, and by extension Philadelphia and Baltimore, in the 18th century. Alternatively known as Old Baltimore Pike, this road was part of the Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route used by the French army in September 1781 during their march from Newport, Rhode Island, to Yorktown, Virginia, during the Revolutionary War. In 1817, the Elk and Christiana Turnpike was completed along the path of the Old Post Road; the turnpike operated until 1838, when Old Baltimore Pike reverted to a public road. By the 1920s, the Old Baltimore Pike was supplanted by a parallel highway to the south from Elkton to Wilmington that was chosen as the route of US 40. The first segment of the modern MD 281 was constructed as a macadam road east from US 40 (now MD 7) on Main Street to Big Elk Creek between 1930 and 1933. In 1948, the Maryland State Roads Commission, which at the time maintained the major county highways in Cecil County, reconstructed much of Red Hill Road as a gravel road in 1948 before it was to be given a hard surface. The of highway from the west end of the Big Elk Creek bridge along Red Hill Road to the state line was transferred from county to state maintenance through a May 8, 1958, road transfer agreement. MD 281 was reconstructed from Big Elk Creek to the state line in 1960 and 1961; this work included a new four-span, steel beam bridge across Big Elk Creek. The highway was resurfaced with bituminous concrete from MD 7 to Big Elk Creek in 1968 and from the creek to Delaware in 1973. In 2017, construction took place on a $3.1 million project to build a roundabout at Muddy Lane/Kemp Lane; this roundabout opened to traffic in October of that year.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 281
MD 281 at AARoads.com
281
Maryland Route 281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20281 |
Lau Fijian Provincial Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the Lau Islands archipelago and was coextensive with Lau Province.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
William Roy "wiL" Francis (a.k.a. William Control) (born January 8, 1982) is an American rock musician, record producer, author, and artist. He came to prominence as the lead vocalist and principal songwriter of the horror punk band Aiden.
Biography
Francis joined the original lineup of Aiden in 2003 as their bassist and replaced Steve Clemens as lead vocalist later that year. He became the creative force behind Aiden and, for the 2015 final album and tours, was the only member of the original lineup still in the band. During Aiden's hiatus from 2012 to 2015, Francis' primary musical output was William Control, and he has returned to this project full-time.
He has also released four albums (Hate Culture, Noir, Silentium Amoris, and The Neuromancer) under the name William Control, featuring a synthesizer driven darkwave, synth-pop style, as well as two live albums (Live in London Town and Babylon, two acoustic albums (Skeleton Strings and Skeleton Strings 2), an EP (Novus Ordo Seclorum), and a remix album (Remix). The fifth album, Revelations, has been split into four EPs: The Pale EP (October 2016), The Black EP (February 2017), and The Red EP (July 2017) and The White EP (November 2017).
Francis also acts as producer to bands such as Fearless Vampire Killers, A Midnight Tragedy and Ashestoangels, as well as producing his own William Control and Aiden music, and formed his own record label, Control Records. In May 2009, Kerrang! called Francis "one of the most enigmatic and talismanic frontmen in rock music today."
He has released two books of poetry (Flowers & Filth (with Lisa Johnson) (2009) and Prose + Poems (2011)), and three novels (Revelator Book One: The Neuromancer (2013), Revelator Book Two: The Hate Culture (2014), and Revelator Book Three: The Hell of Heaven (2016)). The latter two make up part of a trilogy. In spring 2016, it was revealed that a trilogy of films was to be made from the Revelator books.
In 2018, Francis was accused of multiple rapes and the organization of a sex cult. According to accusations made by multiple women, Francis only purported to practice BDSM; in fact, they claim, he physically and emotionally abused women, ordered many of them to get matching tattoos of his initials, and even demanded contracts from his sexual partners or “slaves,” signed in their own blood. An excerpt from a pledge obtained by The Daily Beast reads, “My body is His to use in any way He should choose, and I will never object to any actions He chooses to perform, or have myself perform on Him. There is no limitation to what kind of pain I am willing to endure for my Master.”
Discography
Aiden
A Split of Nightmares - split EP with Stalins War (2004)
Our Gangs Dark Oath (2004)
Nightmare Anatomy (2005)
Rain in Hell (2006)
Conviction (2007)
Knives (2009)
From Hell... With Love (2010)
Disguises (2011)
Some Kind of Hate (2011)
Aiden (2015)
William Control
Studio albums
Hate Culture (2008)
Noir (2010)
Silentium Amoris (2012)
The Neuromancer (2014)
Revelations: (The Pale EP) (2016)
Revelations: (The Black EP) (2017)
Revelations: (The Red EP) (2017)
Revelations: (The White EP) (2017)
Sex Cult: Volume 1 (album) (2021)
EPs
Novus Ordo Seclorum (2011)
The Pale (2016)
The Black (2017)
The Red (2017)
The White (2017)
Acoustic albums
Skeleton Strings (2013)
Skeleton Strings 2 (2014)
Live albums
Live in London Town (2012)
Babylon (2014)
Remix albums
Remix (2014)
Other songs
Deathclub (2009) - Underworld: Rise of the Lycans soundtrack
The Posthumous Letter (2012) - Underworld: Awakening soundtrack
Collaborations
Guest appearances
To Feel the Rain by On the Last Day, on the EP Wars Like Whispers (2005)
Bleeds No More (live) by Silverstein, on their compilation 18 Candles: The Early Years (2006)
Box Full of Sharp Objects (live) by The Used, during Taste Of Chaos 2007 (2007)
Bleeding Rain by Vampires Everywhere!, on the album Kiss the Sun Goodbye (2011)
Now That You're Dead by The Used, on the album Vulnerable (2012)
We Join Forces by Mister Underground (2012)
Voice of F.E.A.R. on the album Wretched and Divine: The Story of the Wild Ones, by Black Veil Brides (2013)
Bury a Legend by One Last Shot, on the album Bastards of the Plague (2013)
Pure Fucking Evil by Blood on the Dance Floor, on the album Bitchcraft (2014)
Neon in the Dance Halls and City Falls to Dust by Fearless Vampire Killers, on the album Unbreakable Hearts
Living Hell by Ashestoangels, on the album Horror Cult
Production
The album I Tried to Make You Immortal, You Tried to Make Me a KILLER by the New Jersey rock band A Midnight Tragedy
The EP Revenge by Seattle band Girl On Fire
EPs The Ghost and Through the Rain by Seattle-based rock band To Paint the Sky
The albums With Tape and Needles, Horror Cult and How to Bleed for English electro-goth punks Ashestoangels.
The album Mile End by the Austrian punk band Stupe-iT
The album Unbreakable Hearts for English rock band Fearless Vampire Killers
Bibliography
Flowers & Filth (with Lisa Johnson) (2009)
Prose + Poems (2011)
Revelator Book One: The Neuromancer (2013)
Revelator Book Two: The Hate Culture (2014)
Revelator Book Three: The Hell of Heaven (2016)
References
External links
Control Records Official Website
1982 births
Living people
American rock singers
Gothic rock musicians
Horror punk musicians
Singers from Seattle
Writers from Seattle
21st-century American singers
21st-century American poets
21st-century American bass guitarists
Songwriters from Washington (state)
Record producers from Washington (state)
Guitarists from Washington (state)
American male bass guitarists
21st-century American male singers
American male songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil%20Francis |
Clotiazepam (marketed under brand name Clozan, Distensan, Trecalmo, Rize, Rizen and Veratran) is a thienodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. The clotiazepam molecule differs from benzodiazepines in that the benzene ring has been replaced by a thiophene ring. It possesses anxiolytic, skeletal muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, sedative properties. Stage 2 NREM sleep is significantly increased by clotiazepam.
Indications
Clotiazepam has been trialed and found to be effective in the short-term management of anxiety. Clotiazepam is also used as a premedicant in minor surgery in France and Japan, where the drug is commercially available under the brand names Veratran and Rize, respectively.
Pharmacokinetics
A cross-over study in six healthy volunteers (median age 28 years) was conducted using single-dose pharmacokinetics of 5 mg clotiazepam drops, oral tablets, and sublingual tablets. The formulations had similar systemic availability. Compared with oral tablets, the sublingual route gave a lower peak concentration and a delayed peak time, while drops gave a greater maximum concentration with a similar peak time. The use of drops is suggested for a more marked initial effect and the sublingual route for easier administration, especially in the elderly.
Pharmacology
Similar to other benzodiazepines clotiazepam has anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, amnesic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant pharmacological properties. Clotiazepam binds to the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor where it acts as a full agonist; this action results in an enhanced GABA inhibitory effect at the GABAA receptor which results in the pharmacological effects of clotiazepam.
Clotiazepam has a short elimination half-life and is less prone to accumulation after repeated dosing compared to longer-acting benzodiazepine agents. It is metabolised via oxidation. Clotiazepam is metabolised to hydroxy-clotiazepam and desmethyl-clotiazepam. After oral ingestion of a single 5 mg dose of clotiazepam by three healthy volunteers the drug was rapidly absorbed. The elimination half-life of the drug and its metabolites range from 6.5 hours to 18 hours. Clotiazepam is 99 percent bound to plasma protein. In elderly men the elimination half-life is longer and in elderly women the volume of distribution is increased. Individuals with liver impairment have a reduced volume of distribution as well as a reduced total clearance of clotiazepam; renal impairment does not affect the kinetics of clotiazepam.
The dose equivalent to 10 mg diazepam is thought to be between 5 and 10 mg clotiazepam.
Side effects
Side effects experienced with this product will resemble those of other benzodiazepines.
Drowsiness and asthenia are common side effects. There has been a report of reversible hepatitis caused by clotiazepam.
Abuse
Clotiazepam is a recognised drug of abuse.
See also
List of benzodiazepines
Etizolam
Ro09-9212
References
External links
Inchem.org - Clotiazepam
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Lactams
Thienodiazepines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotiazepam |
Candelario Orlando López Vergara (February 2, 1933 – February 9, 2009), better known as Cachaíto, was a Cuban bassist and composer, who gained international fame after his involvement in the Buena Vista Social Club recordings. He was nicknamed Cachaíto ("little Cachao") after his uncle, the famous bassist and innovator of mambo music Israel "Cachao" López. His father and Cachao's older brother was Orestes López, also a famous bassist/multi-instrumentalist and composer.
Life and career
Born in Havana on February 2, 1933, Orlando "Cachaíto" López first got actively involved in music when he was only nine years old. His early desire was to play the violin, but his grandfather Pedro insisted he take up the double bass, as there had been a long tradition of bassists in the López family, a trend that they did not want stopped. He started learning the double bass on a cello, quickly moving onto a double bass when he was large enough. His musical career is said to have started when he was twelve, and at the age of 13, Cachaíto composed his first piece, a danzón called "Isora Infantil", a reference to his aunt Coralia's famous piece "Isora Club". In fact, it was Coralia's orchestra where Cachaíto made his debut in the 1940s. By the time he was 17, he replaced his uncle as the bassist with Antonio Arcaño y sus Maravillas. He made such an impression on the group that he was asked to stay.
In the 1950s, he helped popularize the descarga style of music that is a mix between jazz-styled improvisation with Afro-Cuban rhythms, and by 1957 he was playing with the hugely popular Havana dance band, Orquesta Riverside. In the 1960s, he became a bassist with the National Symphony Orchestra, and he took classes with the Czech bassist Karel Kopriva. Cachaíto also collaborated with renowned pianists Peruchín, Frank Emilio Flynn and Chucho Valdés, as well as percussionists Tata Güines and Angá Díaz.
In 1996 López was hired by Juan de Marcos González for his Afro-Cuban All Stars, signing to World Circuit, and at the same time becoming a member of the resulting Buena Vista Social Club project and appearing in Wim Wenders' documentary Buena Vista Social Club. After a career spanning some 60 years, Cachaíto made his debut solo album in 2001 and continued to tour with the Buena Vista Social Club musicians (Manuel "Guajiro" Mirabal, Jesús "Aguaje" Ramos, Manuel Galbán, etc.).
Cachaíto died in a hospital in Havana on February 9, 2009, after complications from pancreatic cancer surgery. He was 76.
Discography
Cachaíto (2001, World Circuit)
References
External links
MySpace Orlando 'Cachaíto' Lopez's MySpace page
Biography from PBS
Film ("Buena Vista Social Club") details from PBS
1933 births
2009 deaths
Musicians from Havana
Buena Vista Social Club
Cuban bassists
Jazz double-bassists
World Circuit (record label) artists
Danzón musicians
Danzón composers
Cuban charanga musicians
20th-century double-bassists
Orquesta Riverside members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando%20%22Cacha%C3%ADto%22%20L%C3%B3pez |
Erling Kagge (born January 15, 1963) is a Norwegian explorer, publisher, author, lawyer, art collector, entrepreneur and politician.
Three Poles Challenge
Erling Kagge is the first person to reach the North Pole, South Pole and the summit of Mount Everest on foot.
In 1990, Erling Kagge and Børge Ousland became the first people ever to reach the North Pole unsupported. The expedition started from Ellesmere Island on March 8, 1990, and reached the North Pole 58 days later on May 4, 1990. They traveled approximately 800 kilometers on skis, pulling their supplies on sledges.
In 1992 and 1993, Kagge completed the first unsupported and solo expedition to the South Pole, covering the 814-mile (1,310 km) route in 50 days. Kagge had no radio contact to the outside world for the duration of this expedition, which was featured on the cover of the international edition of Time magazine on March 1, 1993.
In 1994, Kagge summited Mount Everest, thus becoming the first person to complete the "Three Poles Challenge" on foot.
Career
For two years, Kagge worked as a lawyer for industrial giant Norsk Hydro. Kagge has also sailed across the Atlantic twice, around Cape Horn and to the Antarctic Peninsula.
After his record-breaking feat of reaching the "three poles", Kagge attended Cambridge University to study philosophy for three terms. In 1996, he founded the eponymous Oslo-based publishing house, Kagge Forlag. In 2000 Kagge Forlag acquired one of Norway's oldest publishing companies, J.M. Stenersens Forlag. Kagge and Stenersens publish approximately 100 new titles annually. It is Norway's biggest publisher of nonfiction.
Kagge has written eight books on exploration, philosophy and art collecting, which have been translated into 39 languages. He has written for the Financial Times, The New York Times and The Guardian.
Walking
Kagge is a keen walker and continues to do expeditions, although with a lower profile than in the 1990s. In 2010 he and urban historian and photographer Steve Duncan descended into the sewers, subways and water tunnels of New York – walking for five days from the Bronx, via Manhattan, to the shore of the Atlantic Ocean. Kagge also does shorter walks: In 2012 he walked the entire length of Los Angeles' Sunset Boulevard over three days with Petter Skavlan and Peder Lund. In December 2019 Kagge, Skavlan and Lund walked the entire length of New York's Broadway – from Sleepy Hollow to the tip of Manhattan - in 24 hours.
Published works
Kagge's five most recent books are Manhattan Underground, A Poor Collectors Guide to Buying Great Art, Silence in the Age of Noise, Walking – One Step at a Time and Philosophy for Polar Explorers. Kagge's book Silence: In the Age of Noise was broadcast as BBC Radio 4's Book of the Week in January 2019. The Guardian named it one of the top ten books on silence. On Point, NPR, put Silence on their list for Best Books of 2017 and American Booksellers Association nominated it as Book of the Year, 2018. The New York Times has described Erling Kagge as "a fascinating man. He's a philosophical adventurer or perhaps an adventurous philosopher", and Financial Times identified Kagge as "something of a Renaissance man".
Kagge has been on the cover of L'Uomo Vogue.
Personal life
Kagge has three daughters: Nor, Ingrid and Solveig.
Kagge is a leading collector of international contemporary art. Four European museums have dedicated shows to his collection in recent years: Astrup Fearnley Museum for Modern Art in Oslo, Fondacion van Gogh Arles, Sala Santander in Madrid and Museion in Bolzano.
The pioneering explorer supports the Premier League club Arsenal, stating 'Over the years I've sailed the oceans, skied to the Poles, climbed the mountains and written books, but Arsenal have never been out of my thoughts'.
Bibliography
Kagge, Erling (1990). Nordpolen: Det siste kappløpet. J.W. Cappelens forlag. .
Kagge, Erling (1993). Alene til Sydpolen. Cappelen. .
Kagge, Erling (1994). Pole to Pole & Beyond. N. W. Damm & Son. .
Kagge, Erling (2007). Philosophy for Polar Explorers: What They Don't Teach You in School. Pushkin Press. .
Kagge, Erling (2015). A Poor Collector's Guide to Buying Great Art. Kagge Forlag
Kagge, Erling (2015). Manhattan Underground. World Editions.
Kagge, Erling (2017). Silence: In the Age of Noise. Pantheon. .
Kagge, Erling (2019). Walking: One Step At a Time. Knopf Doubleday .
Kagge, Erling (2019). Philosophy for Polar Explorers: An Adventurer´s Guide to Surviving Winter. Viking. .
See also
Explorers Grand Slam
References
1963 births
Living people
Explorers from Oslo
Explorers of Antarctica
Summiters of Mount Everest
Norwegian mountain climbers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling%20Kagge |
Vandalism is an Australian electro house music group. It comprises DJ Andy Van (formerly of Madison Avenue), vocalist Cassie Van Dorsselaer, and formerly Kam Denny.
Musical career
Vandalism began in 2004 as a partnership between producers Andy Van Dorsselaer & Kam Denny. The duo initially remixed other producers' works before releasing their own original productions. In 2005, Cassie Van joined the group as the lead vocalist.
In April 2009, Kam Denny left Vandalism.
Discography
Singles
Awards and nominations
APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters". They commenced in 1982.
!
|-
| 2013
| "Coming Alive" – Vandalism & Ikid (Ilan Kidron, Andrew Van Dorsselaer, Cassandra Van Dorsselaer)
| Dance Work of the Year
|
|
|-
References
External links
Official website
Vandalism at Discogs
Musical groups established in 2004
Australian house music groups
Musical groups from Melbourne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism%20%28duo%29 |
Calappa is a genus of crabs known commonly as box crabs or shame-faced crabs. The name box crab comes from their distinctly bulky carapace, and the name shame-faced is from anthropomorphising the way the crab's chelae (claws) fold up and cover its face, as if it were hiding its face in shame.
Species
There are 43 extant species in the genus:
Extinct species
A further 18 species are known only from fossils.
Fossils of within this genus can be found in sediment of Europe, United States, Mexico, Central America, Australia and Japan from Paleogene to recent (age range: 33.9 to 0.0 Ma).
References
External links
Calappoidea
Paleogene first appearances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calappa%20%28crab%29 |
Welcome Chapman (July 24, 1805 – December 9, 1893) was an early leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints born in Readsboro, Vermont. Chapman was the leader of the Latter-day Saint settlers in Manti, Utah, from 1854 to 1862, and helped broker peace between the settlers and Chief Wakara's tribe.
Childhood
Chapman was born in 1805 in Readsboro, Vermont, four miles down the river from fellow leader of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints leader Brigham Young. He apprenticed as a stonemason in his early teens, but because his parents deemed him "sickly," they leveraged a relative's connections to secure him a position as cook on a fishing boat. He worked both in the North Atlantic and on Lake Champlain. The time at sea reportedly improved his health.
Marriage and Conversion
In between fishing expeditions he met Susan Amelia Risley (1807–1888), daughter of a prominent Madison County, New York couple. They disapproved of the relationship because they believed his occupation was too unstable to support a family. In response, Chapman abandoned fishing and took steps toward returning to stone cutting. The Risleys relented, and Chapman married Amelia in about 1831.
The Chapmans made their home in a hamlet known as Hubbardsville in Madison County, where they had four children, all daughters. The first two were twins who died in infancy.
While in Hubbardsville, they joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. First Welcome joined, to which Amelia reacted harshly, declaring "You have went and joined those awful Mormons." However, she joined the church about six months later.
Because they joined an unpopular religion, their friends and neighbors shunned them and appeared to look down on them, the prominence of Amelia's parents notwithstanding.
The Risleys were broken-hearted over their daughter joining the Latter-day Saints, but they did not turn bitter. However, Welcome's parents disowned him. The Chapmans soon moved to a Latter Day Saint community, possibly Kirtland, Ohio, but more likely Jackson County and then Far West, Missouri.
Armed mobs drove the Chapmans from their homes in Missouri and Illinois. They built a home in Far West, Missouri, in 1838, only to be forced from the state by order of the governor that Fall. Amelia was six months' pregnant when a mob gave the Chapmans and their Latter-day Saint neighbors a few hours to clear out before their homes would be burned. They remained in the area long enough for Amelia to carry the baby, a son, to full term. He was born two weeks after the Haun's Mill Massacre. They soon fled to Illinois, where they built a home in Nauvoo along the banks of the Mississippi River and Chapman cut stone for the Nauvoo Temple. While in Nauvoo, Amelia had three more children, all sons, one of whom died at three months.
Chapman was part of the Maid of Iowa expedition sent in support of Joseph Smith when an armed company of men from Missouri were sent to kidnap him.
Mobs drove them from Nauvoo in 1846, when they fled with most other Nauvoo residents across the river to Iowa, and then on to what later became known as Winter Quarters, an unsettled area along the Missouri River in present-day eastern Nebraska. There, Amelia gave birth to another daughter in October 1846. Two months earlier, Brigham Young divided the Winter Quarters settlement into two "grand divisions" presided over by himself and Heber C. Kimball, respectively. Each division had two subdivisions presided over by a foreman. Chapman was foreman of the fourth subdivision, with Hosea Stout serving as its clerk. In the summer of 1848, the Chapmans crossed the plains with their six surviving children to what later became Utah Territory.
Settling Utah
The Chapmans had their final child, a son named Welcome Chapman, Jr., in the Salt Lake Valley in Fall 1849. About the same time, Brigham Young asked Chapman to help colonize the Sanpitch (now Sanpete) Valley with Isaac Morley. They arrived in November 1849 and endured a harsh winter with little shelter. Chapman was part of the first militia of Manti and used his stone cutting skills to help construct the first fort. He was also among the first group of selectmen. The young colony experienced great difficulties, but gradually began to prosper.
On April 30, 1851, Brigham Young called Chapman to be part of the first High Council of the Manti Area Branch in Manti, Utah. On July 8, 1854, the High Council installed Chapman as the colony leader, replacing Isaac Morley, who had been "called to Salt Lake." The next day, the settlers unanimously approved him as their leader. Later that month, on July 27, a stake was organized and Chapman was chosen as its president. That same day Walkara joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by baptism (or rebaptized) in Manti's City Creek, along with 120 other members of his tribe (103 males, 17 females).
Amelia was born into a family of seven girls and five boys on a flax farm in upstate New York. Her mother taught the girls reading and mathematics, as well as how to cord, spin and weave wool and linen. When the Chapmans first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, Amelia turned most of the housework over to her 12- and 14-year-old daughters while she focused on weaving linsey-woolsey cloth, which the young community badly needed. Contemporary accounts consider Amelia an excellent cook and housekeeper and an authority on herbal medicine. She served as a practical doctor and nurse to "neighbors for many miles around" and as a midwife. She assisted in the births of some of her grandchildren and great-grandchildren. She was more educated than her husband, which helped him during his active public life. After the Chapmans relocated to Manti, Brigham Young and other authorities from Salt Lake made the Chapman home, which was better furnished than most neighbors, their headquarters when visiting Sanpete.
After Wakara died in 1855, his brother, Arapeen, succeeded him as war chief. Although the brief Wakara War was over, tensions between the Latter-day Saints and the Ute Indians in Sanpete still existed. In early 1857 Arapeen reported having a vision in which Wakara came to him with a message of peace. In the vision Wakara specifically instructed him to pass this message on to Chapman and two others. B.H. Roberts believed it was the peace that ensued that enabled Arapeen to accompany Brigham Young on an expedition to present-day Idaho, where Young made peace with the Bannocks.
In Manti, Chapman practiced plural marriage. He married Ann Mackey on October 5, 1855, and Catherine Stainer on March 5, 1856. He had a large family with each of these women, in addition to the family he had with Amelia. (He also possibly married two women who left him shortly thereafter.) Chapman was a founding owner of the San Pete Coal Company, incorporated by act of the Territorial Legislature on January 8, 1856.
After serving as the leader in Manti for eight years, Brigham Young called him to Salt Lake City to cut stone for the Salt Lake Temple, where Chapman often worked with a son at his side. At one point he worked alongside seven of them. He helped build the temple, "from the bottom to the top," through at least 1880, including during times the church could not pay. He earned supplemental income in Salt Lake City by cutting and hauling wood to Fort Douglas, where he sold it to the soldiers.
In either late November or early December 1893, at the age of 88, Chapman reportedly rode a horse bareback for three miles to build a chimney on the house of his third wife, Catherine. Chilled through after building the chimney and riding home again through the cold, he developed pneumonia. He died soon after in Fountain Green, Utah on December 9, 1893, and was buried in Manti.
References
Other sources
Stubbs, Glen R. History of construction of the Manti Temple, 8
Early Latter-day Saints project at http://earlylds.com/getperson.php?personID=I5644&tree=Earlylds
1805 births
1893 deaths
Converts to Mormonism
Deaths from pneumonia in Utah
Mormon pioneers
People from Manti, Utah
People from Readsboro, Vermont
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Latter Day Saints from New York (state)
Latter Day Saints from Missouri
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Latter Day Saints from Utah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome%20Chapman |
Lençóis Maranhenses National Park (Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses) is a national park in Maranhão state in northeastern Brazil, just east of the Baía de São José. Protected on June 2, 1981, the park includes of coastline, and an interior composed of rolling sand dunes. During the rainy season, the valleys among the dunes fill with freshwater lagoons, prevented from draining due to the impermeable rock beneath. The park is home to a range of species, including four listed as endangered, and has become a popular destination for ecotourists.
Physical geography
The park is located on the northeastern coast of Brazil in the state of Maranhão along the eastern coast, bordered by of beaches along the Atlantic Ocean. Inland, it is bordered by the Parnaíba River, the São José Basin, and the rivers of Itapecuru, Munim, and Periá. The park encompasses an area of , composed mainly of expansive coastal dune fields (composed of barchanoid dunes), which formed during the late Quaternary period.
While much of the park has the appearance of a desert, the area receives about of rain per year, while deserts, by definition, receive less than annually. About 70% of this rainfall occurs between the months of January and May.
The sand is carried to the park from the interior of the continent by the Parnaíba and Preguiças rivers, where it is then driven back inland up to by winds, creating a series of sand dunes rising as much as tall. During the rainy season, between the months of January and June, the rainstorms fill the spaces among the dunes with fresh water lagoons of up to in length and in depth, and together comprising as much as 41% of the area of the park. The water in the lagoons is prevented from draining by a layer of impermeable rock located beneath the sandy surface. The lagoons typically have a temperature between and , pH of between 4.9 and 6.2, and low levels of dissolved nutrients. When the dry season returns, the pools quickly evaporate, losing as much as of depth per month.
In the interior of the park are located two oases or restingas, Queimada do Britos, covering an area of , and Baixa Grande, covering an area of .
The area of the park has an average annual temperature of between and and an annual temperature variation of about 1.1 °C (2 °F).
Ecology
The lagoons in the park are often interconnected with one another, as well as with the rivers that run through the area. They are home to a number of fish and insect species, including the wolf fish, which burrows down into wet layers of mud and remains dormant during the dry season. Besides the dunes that form the centerpiece of the park, the ecosystem also includes area of restinga and mangrove ecosystems.
The park is home to four species listed on the Brazilian List of Endangered Species, the scarlet ibis (Eudocimus ruber), the neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis), the oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) and the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). The park also includes 133 species of plants, 112 species of birds, and at least 42 species of reptiles.
Tourism
Lençóis Maranhenses National Park receives as many as 60,000 visitors a year. Common activities within the park include surfing, canoeing and horseback riding.
In popular culture
The park was featured in the Brazilian film The House of Sand. Kadhal Anukkal, a song from an Indian Tamil language film Enthiran starring Rajnikanth and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan was also shot here. The films Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019) used the park's landscape as the planet of Vormir. A concert performed by the music group RY X was filmed by the YouTube channel Cercle in 2022
See also
Genipabu
Conservation in Brazil
List of national parks of Brazil
Notes
References
External links
Lençóis Maranhenses National Park's Official site
National parks of Brazil
Protected areas of Maranhão
Protected areas established in 1981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len%C3%A7%C3%B3is%20Maranhenses%20National%20Park |
Cloxazolam is a benzodiazepine derivative that has anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant properties. It is not widely used; as of August 2018 it was marketed in Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Brazil, and Japan. In 2019, it has been retired from the Belgian market.
See also
Cinazepam
Gidazepam
References
External links
Inchem.org - Cloxazolam
Anxiolytics
Chloroarenes
Lactams
Oxazolobenzodiazepines
Prodrugs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloxazolam |
Daniel Smith Donelson (June 23, 1801 – April 17, 1863) was a Tennessee planter, politician, and soldier. The historic Fort Donelson was named for him when he was serving as a Brigadier in the Tennessee militia, early in the American Civil War. He was commissioned as a regular Confederate general, serving notably at the battles of Perryville and Stones River.
After their father died when Donelson and his two brothers were young, the three boys were taken in and adopted by their paternal aunt Rachel Donelson Jackson and her husband Andrew Jackson, a future United States president.
Early life and education
Daniel Smith Donelson was born in Sumner County, Tennessee, the youngest of three sons of Samuel and Mary "Polly" (Smith) Donelson. Donelson's father died when Daniel was about five. After their mother remarried, Donelson and his two brothers were taken in by their paternal aunt, Rachel Donelson Jackson, and her husband Andrew Jackson, a future president. Rachel and Andrew Jackson adopted Donelson and his two brothers and they grew up at The Hermitage.
His older brother, Andrew Jackson Donelson, served as private secretary to Jackson during his presidency. Later he was a vice presidential candidate in his own right.
Donelson's paternal grandfather was Colonel John Donelson, a frontiersman and founder of Nashville, Tennessee, and his maternal grandfather, Colonel Daniel Smith, was a Revolutionary War officer, an early leader in middle Tennessee and one of Tennessee's first U.S. Senators.
In 1821, Donelson entered West Point, and graduated in 1825, becoming a United States Army officer. He resigned his commission half a year later, on January 22, 1826, to become a planter in Sumner County, Tennessee.
Planter, militia and politics
He became a member of the militia in that state. Starting as a brigade major in 1827, he was promoted to brigadier general in 1829.
In 1834, Donelson resigned his commission in the Tennessee militia and moved to Florida, where he worked as a planter until 1836. His stay there was brief, and he returned to Tennessee two years later, still a planter.
In 1841, Donelson was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives. He left after one two-year term in 1841–1843. More than a decade later, he was elected again, serving from 1855–1861. He was chosen as Speaker for the term 1859-1861.
Personal life
Donelson and his wife Margaret had 10 children born between 1834 and 1854: Mary, Sarah, Emily, Rebecca, Samuel, Martha, James, Susan, John B., and Daniel.
They resided first at the Daniel Smith Donelson House and later at Hazel Path, both located in Hendersonville, Tennessee.
Civil War
With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Donelson volunteered for the Tennessee militia. He left behind his plantation and service as Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives.
He was returned to his previous rank of brigadier general in the militia. That May he approved the sites for construction of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, the latter named in his honor. (Fort Henry was a poor site, as it nearly flooded and was easily captured by Union General Grant.)
After Tennessee joined the Confederacy, Donelson became a brigadier general in the Confederate Army on July 9, 1861. In the following two years, he was active in several campaigns, including Robert E. Lee's Western Virginia Campaign of 1861. He led the initial assault at the Battle of Perryville, and fought at the Battle of Stones River. He was transferred briefly to help defend Charleston, South Carolina and the inner coastal region. Afterward he eventually rose to command of the Department of East Tennessee.
Donelson was promoted to major general on 5 March 1863 (to rank from 17 January); the Confederate Senate approved his appointment on April 22, prior to learning of his death a week earlier. He died of chronic diarrhea at the mineral water resort Montvale Springs, near Knoxville, Tennessee. He was buried in the Presbyterian Cemetery in Hendersonville, Tennessee.
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
References
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
Notes
1801 births
1863 deaths
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Confederate States Army major generals
People of Tennessee in the American Civil War
American planters
Andrew Jackson
People from Sumner County, Tennessee
Children of presidents of the United States
American adoptees
American militia generals
19th-century American politicians
Andrew Jackson family
United States Military Academy alumni
Infectious disease deaths in Tennessee
Deaths from diarrhea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Smith%20Donelson |
Hans Friedrich Karl Günther (16 February 1891 – 25 September 1968) was a German writer, an advocate of scientific racism and a eugenicist in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. He was also known as "Rassengünther" ("Race Günther") or "Rassenpapst" ("Race Pope"). He is considered to have been a major influence on Nazi racialist thought.
Günther taught at the universities of Jena, Berlin, and Freiburg, writing numerous books and essays on racial theory. Günther's Kleine Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes ("Short Ethnology of the German People"), published in 1929, was a popular exposition of Nordicism. In May 1930, he was appointed to a new chair of racial theory at Jena. He joined the Nazi Party in 1932 as the only leading racial theorist to join the party before it assumed power in 1933.
Life and career
Günther was the son of a musician. He studied comparative linguistics at Albert Ludwigs University in Freiburg, but also attended lectures on zoology and geography. In 1911, he spent a semester at the Sorbonne, Paris. He attained his doctorate in 1914, and in the same year enlisted in the infantry at the outbreak of World War I, but became sick and was hospitalized. He was declared unfit for combat, so to compensate for his inability to fight, he served with the Red Cross.
In 1919, after the end of the war, he started his writing career. He wrote a polemical work entitled Ritter, Tod und Teufel: Der heldische Gedanke ("The Knight, Death and the Devil: The Heroic Idea"), a reworking of the tradition of German völkisch-nationalist Romanticism into a form of "biological nationalism". Heinrich Himmler was very impressed by this book. In 1922 Günther studied at the University of Vienna while working in a museum in Dresden. In 1923 he moved to Scandinavia to live with his second wife, who was Norwegian. He received scientific awards from the University of Uppsala and the Swedish Institute for Race Biology, headed by Herman Lundborg. In Norway he met Vidkun Quisling. In May 1930 he was appointed to the University of Jena by Wilhelm Frick who had become the first NSDAP minister in a state government when he was appointed minister of education in the right-wing coalition government formed in Thuringen following an election in December 1929. In 1935 he became a professor at the University of Berlin, teaching race science, human biology and rural ethnography. From 1940 to 1945 he was professor at Albert Ludwigs University.
Career in Third Reich
He received several honors during the Third Reich, notably in 1935 he was declared "pride of the NSDAP" for his scientific work. In the same year he received the Rudolph Virchow plaque, and in 1940 the Goethe Medal for arts and science from Hitler. In March 1941, he was received as an honored guest for the opening conference of Alfred Rosenberg's Institute for Research on the Jewish Question "Institute for the Study of the Jewish Question". At the conference the obliteration of Jewish identity, or "people death" (Volkstod) of the Jews was discussed. Various proposals were made, including the "pauperization of European Jews and hard labor in massive camps in Poland". Günther's only recorded comment was that the meeting was boring.
After World War II, Günther was placed in internment camps for three years until it was concluded that, though he was a part of the Nazi system, he was not an instigator of its criminal acts, making him less accountable for the consequences of his actions. The University of Freiburg came to his defense at his post-war trial. Nevertheless, even after Nazi Germany's fall, he did not revise his thinking, denying the Holocaust until his death. In 1951 he published the book How to choose a husband in which he listed good biological qualities to look for in marriage partners. He continued to argue that sterilization should remain a legal option, and played down the mandatory sterilization used in Nazi Germany. Another eugenics book was published in 1959 in which he argued that unintelligent people reproduce too numerously in Europe, and the only solution was state-sponsored family planning.
Racial theories
Günther's theories arose from the Nordicist ideology prevalent at the time. Eugen Fischer, the professor of anthropology in Freiburg, was an influential proponent of these ideas and had lectured at Albert Ludwigs University when Günther studied there.
Günther wrote that a race could be identified in the following manner.
This definition of "race" was used in Nazi propaganda.
Günther in his writings was quick to mark out the distinction between "race" and "Volk". He acknowledged that both the Germans and Jews were not "races" in the strictest sense of the word but thought that it would cause no harm to refer to the latter as such in non-scientific popular racial works. Similarly, he rejected the usage of "Aryan" and "Semitic" as racial terms (he argued they were only linguistic terms) and stated that regarding them as such would cause more problems in distinguishing between Germans and Jews.
Günther described in his works, for instance in Rassenkunde des jüdischen Volkes ("Ethnology of the Jewish people"), that Jews belonged predominantly to the "Near Eastern race" (Vorderasiatische Rasse, more commonly known as the "Armenoid race"). He thought that Jews had become so racially mixed that they could possibly be regarded as a "race of the second order". He described Ashkenazi Jews as being mixed of Near Eastern, Oriental, East Baltic, Inner-Asian, Nordic, Hamite and Negro, and Sephardi Jews as being mixed of Oriental, Near Eastern, Mediterranean, Hamite, Nordic, and Negro. He believed that Jews had physical characteristics different to Europeans.
In his 1927 book The Racial Elements of European History, Günther outlined the differences between racial and linguistic definitions:
Günther divided the European populations into six races, the "Nordic" ("Nordische"), "Phalic" or "Phalian" ("Fälische"), "Eastern" ("Ostische"), "Western" ("Westische"), "Dinaric" ("Dinarische") and "East Baltic" ("Ostbaltische") race. "Western" and "Eastern" were, in practice, alternatives for the more widely used terms "Mediterranean" and "Alpine". The "Phalic" race was a minor category regarded as a sub-type of the Nordic race, and was dropped in many of his writings.
Günther in his book Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes ("Racial Science of the German People") categorized Germans as belonging to the Nordic, Mediterranean, Dinaric, Alpine and East Baltic races. In the book, he argued for Germans to avoid race mixing.
Opposed to the Nordics were the Jews, who were "a thing of ferment and disturbance, a wedge driven by Asia into the European structure." Günther argued that the Nordic peoples should unite to secure their dominance.
Although Günther seemed to admire Mediterraneans and Dinarics, as well as the highly praised Nordics, the East Baltic race was considered inferior in nearly every instance Günther mentioned it in his book, The Racial Elements of European History.
Günther believed Slavic people to be of an "Eastern race" separate from Germany and Nordics and warned about mixing "German blood" with Slavic one.
Among Günther's disciples was Bruno Beger who, after the 1938–39 German expedition to Tibet, concluded that the Tibetan peoples had characteristics that placed them between the Nordic and Mongol races, and were thus superior to other East Asians.
Influence on Adolf Hitler
Timothy Ryback, who examined the books retrieved from Adolf Hitler's private collection, notes that Hitler owned six books by Günther, four of which were different editions of Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes ("Racial Science of the German People"). These were given to him by Günther's publisher Julius Lehmann, who inscribed three of them. The earliest, a third edition from 1923, is for "the successful champion of German racial thinking," while the 1928 edition bears a "Christmas greeting." The 1933 sixteenth edition, with a detailed appendix on European Jews, shows signs of extended, sustained use. Lehmann dedicated it to "the trailblazer of racial thinking." Ryback notes that Hitler included Günther's book on a list of books recommended for all Nazis to read. When newly appointed Thuringian Education Minister Wilhelm Frick, the first NSDAP minister in government, appointed Günther to a chair in "Social Anthropology" at the University of Jena in 1930 (for which Jena professors considered him unqualified), Adolf Hitler and Hermann Göring demonstratively attended his inaugural lecture.
References
Bibliography
Christopher Hale, Himmler's Crusade: the True Story of the 1938 Nazi Expedition into Tibet. Bantam, 2004 .
Further reading
External links
1891 births
1968 deaths
20th-century German anthropologists
German eugenicists
German Holocaust deniers
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Physicians in the Nazi Party
Nazi propagandists
Writers from Freiburg im Breisgau
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Race and intelligence controversy
Proponents of scientific racism
University of Freiburg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Freiburg
Academic staff of the University of Jena
University of Vienna alumni
Physicians from Freiburg im Breisgau | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20F.%20K.%20G%C3%BCnther |
The Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations is a U.S. Department of Defense document publicly discovered in 2005 on the circumstances under which commanders of U.S. forces could request the use of nuclear weapons. The document was a draft being revised to be consistent with the Bush doctrine of preemptive attack. The label "Joint" refers to the fact that it was endorsed by the five service branches of the American military as well as the US Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Doctrine
The doctrine cites eight reasons under which field commanders can ask for permission to use thermonuclear weapons:
An enemy using or threatening to use WMD against the U.S., multinational, or alliance forces or civilian populations.
To prevent an imminent biological attack.
To attack enemy WMD launch facilities or its underground hardened CIC & storage bunkers containing deployable WMD, launch and delivery vehicles which could be used to target the U.S. or its allies.
To stop potentially overwhelming conventional enemy forces.
To rapidly end a war on terms favorable to the U.S.
To ensure that U.S. and international operations are successful.
To show the U.S. intent, capability and willingness to rapidly escalate from conventional weapons to Nuclear Defense Posture; using thermonuclear weapons to deter the enemy from using WMDs.
To react to enemy-supplied WMD and indirect use by proxy states against the U.S., allied nations and international coalition forces, or alliance and coalition civilian populations.
Overview
Below are some quotes from the executive summary of the document.
Note: After public exposure, the Pentagon has hidden the Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations and three related documents, referring to this as "cancelling" the documents.
The decision to "cancel" the documents simply removes controversial documents from the public domain and from the Pentagon's internal reading list. The White House and Pentagon guidance that directs the use of nuclear weapons remains unchanged by the cancellation.
"The use of nuclear weapons represents a significant escalation from conventional warfare and may be provoked by some action, event, or threat. However, like any military action, the decision to use nuclear weapons is driven by the political objective sought."...
"Integrating conventional and nuclear attacks will ensure the most efficient use of force and provide U.S. leaders with a broader range of strike options to address immediate contingencies… This integration will ensure optimal targeting, minimal collateral damage, and reduce the probability of escalation." ...
"Although the United States may not know with confidence what threats a state, combinations of states, or nonstate actors pose to U.S. interests, it is possible to anticipate the capabilities an adversary might use…
These capabilities require maintaining a diverse mix of conventional forces capable of high-intensity, sustained, and coordinated actions across the range of military operations; employed in concert with survivable and secure nuclear forces" ...
"The immediate and prolonged effects of nuclear weapons including blast (overpressure, dynamic pressure, ground shock, and cratering), thermal radiation (fire and other material effects), and nuclear radiation (initial, residual, fallout, blackout, and electromagnetic pulse), impose physical and psychological challenges for combat forces and noncombatant populations alike. These effects also pose significant survivability requirements on military equipment, supporting civilian infrastructure resources, and host-nation/coalition assets. U.S. forces must prepare to survive and perhaps operate in a nuclear/radiological environment."
In 2010 U.S. President Barack Obama, in a Nuclear Posture Review, announced a new policy that is much stricter about when the U.S. would order a nuclear strike.
See also
Nuclear strategy
Nuclear Posture Review
Nuclear weapons and the United States
Jorge E. Hirsch
Seymour Hersh
Michel Chossudovsky
References
External links
a copy of the document
Nuclear weapons of the United States
Nuclear strategy
Nuclear weapons policy
Reports of the United States government
United States Department of Defense doctrine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine%20for%20Joint%20Nuclear%20Operations |
Écurie Francorchamps was a Belgian motor racing team. They are principally known for running privateer cars in Formula One and sports car racing during the 1950s and 1970s. The team was founded by racing driver Jacques Swaters. Between 1952 and 1954 Ecurie Francorchamps raced in Formula One, and raced in sports cars into the 1970s.
Formula One
Écurie Francorchamps raced in Formula One between 1952 and 1954, and campaigned Ferrari cars. They won one race. Écurie Francorchamps made their début at the 1952 Belgian Grand Prix with Charles de Tornaco as their driver. De Tornaco finished seventh at that event, retired from the 1952 Dutch Grand Prix, and failed to qualify for the 1952 Italian Grand Prix. Roger Laurent drove the team's Ferrari in the 1952 German Grand Prix, where he finished sixth. In 1953 Swaters and de Tornaco both entered the 1953 Belgian Grand Prix but neither started the race. Swaters finished seventh in the 1953 German Grand Prix, and retired from the 1953 Swiss Grand Prix because he spun off during the first lap. In 1954 Swaters retired in Belgium because his engine failed. He finished eighth in Switzerland and failed to finish in Spain, when his engine failed again. The team's single victory came when owner Jacques Swaters won the non-Championship Avusrennen in 1953.
Sports car racing
Écurie Francorchamps raced in sports car racing from the 1950s until the 1970s. Écurie Francorchamps first started in Le Mans in 1953 with a Jaguar C-Type finishing ninth; Charles de Tornaco and Roger Laurent were the drivers. In 1954 they finished fourth with Laurent and team owner Jacques Swaters as the drivers. Écurie Francorchamps had their best Le Mans finish in 1955 coming home in third place in a Jaguar D-Type. In 1956 Écurie Francorchamps prepared the Ferrari 250 GT Europa of Olivier Gendebien and Pierre Stasse who finished in third place of the Liège–Rome–Liège Rally. In 1957 they returned at Le Mans with Lucien Bianchi and Georges Harris finishing seventh in a Ferrari 500 TRC and winning the S2000 class. Écurie Francorchamps would keep returning in Ferraris every single time. Jean Blaton and Alain de Changy finished sixth in 1958. In 1960 Léon Dernier and Pierre Noblet finished sixth overall and third in their GT category. Lucien Bianchi and Georges Berger didn't finish in 1961. Pierre Dumay and Léon Dernier finished in a fine fourth place in 1963 also finishing second in their class. In the 1965 24 Hours of Le Mans Écurie Francorchamps finished in third place with Willy Mairesse and Jean Blaton at the wheel of a Ferrari 275 GTB, equalling their best result of 1955 and also winning their GT class. Pierre Noblet and Claude Dubois finished tenth in 1966. Écurie Francorchamps would not return to Le Mans until 1970 where Hughes de Fierlandt and Alistair Walker finished in fifth place in a Ferrari 512S. Hughes de Fierlandt and Alain de Cadenet retired in 1971.
In 1972 Derek Bell, Teddy Pilette and Richard Bond brought the Ferrari home in eighth position. The following year Richard Bond and Jean-Claude Andruet only could finish 20th. In 1974 Hughes de Fierlandt and Richard Bond retired from the race driving a Porsche 911 Carrera RSR. Jean-Claude Andruet, Teddy Pilette and Hughes de Fierlandt finished 12th in 1975. In the 1978 24 Hours of Le Mans, Écurie Francorchamps' last Le Mans, Teddy Pilette, Jean Blaton and Raymond Touroul failed to finish at the wheel of a Ferrari 512BB.
Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
http://www.autosport.nl/news/4203/racing_shows_ecurie_francorchamps_hoogtepunt_tijdens_25e_brussels_retro_festival.html
http://www.autosportvision.nl/?page=news&cat=17&item=3032
Formula One entrants
Auto racing teams in Belgium
Sport in Stavelot
Auto racing teams established in 1952
Auto racing teams disestablished in 1978
24 Hours of Le Mans teams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89curie%20Francorchamps |
Louise Arnold Tanger Arboretum (5 acres) is an arboretum located on the grounds of the Lancaster County Historical Society at 230 North President Avenue, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The arboretum is open to the public daily.
The arboretum was established in 1959 after botanist Louise Arnold Tanger offered to plant trees on the grounds. The arboretum was designed by Gustav Malmborg and was named in honor of its instigator Mrs Tanger. It now contains 104 varieties of trees including American chestnuts, beeches, firs, and three Franklinia trees.
See also
List of botanical gardens in the United States
References
External links
Tanger Arboretum
Tanger Arboretum
Parks in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Tourist attractions in Lancaster, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Arnold%20Tanger%20Arboretum |
Tofisopam (Emandaxin, Grandaxin, Sériel) is an anxiolytic that is marketed in several European countries. Chemically, it is a 2,3-benzodiazepine. Unlike other anxiolytic benzodiazepines (which are generally 1,4- or 1,5-substituted) however, tofisopam does not have anticonvulsant, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, motor skill-impairing or amnestic properties. While it may not be an anticonvulsant in and of itself, it has been shown to enhance the anticonvulsant action of classical 1,4-benzodiazepines (such as diazepam) and muscimol, but not sodium valproate, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin. Tofisopam is indicated for the treatment of anxiety and alcohol withdrawal, and is prescribed in a dosage of 50–300 mg per day divided into three doses. Peak plasma levels are attained two hours after an oral dose. Tofisopam is not reported as causing dependence to the same extent as other benzodiazepines, but is still recommended to be prescribed for a maximum of 12 weeks.
Tofisopam is not approved for sale in the United States or Canada. However, Vela Pharmaceuticals of New Jersey is developing the D-enantiomer (dextofisopam) as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome, with moderate efficacy demonstrated in clinical trials so far.
Tofisopam is also claimed to be a PDE10A inhibitor, which may provide an alternative mechanism of action for its various therapeutic effects, and this action has been proposed to make tofisopam potentially useful as a treatment for schizophrenia.
Tofisopam has been shown to act as an inhibitor of the liver enzyme CYP3A4, and some researches suspect that this could cause dangerous drug interactions with other medications metabolised by this enzyme, although the clinical significance of these findings remains unclear.
References
External links
Inchem.org - Tofisopam
Anxiolytics
Benzodiazepines
CYP3A4 inhibitors
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Phenol ethers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofisopam |
People of Praise is a network of lay Christian intentional communities. As a parachurch apostolate, membership is open to any baptized Christian who affirms the Nicene Creed and agrees to the community's covenant. The majority of its members are Catholics, but Protestants can also join, reflecting the ecumenical nature of People of Praise. It has 22 branches in the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean, with approximately 1,700 members. It founded Trinity Schools, which are aligned with the philosophy of classical Christian education.
People of Praise was formed in 1971 by Kevin Ranaghan and Paul DeCelles. Both men were involved in the Catholic Charismatic Renewal, in which Pentecostal religious experiences such as baptism in the Holy Spirit, speaking in tongues and prophecy are practiced by Catholics. In its early history, it influenced the institutional development of the Catholic Charismatic movement in the United States and played important roles in national charismatic conferences.
People of Praise practices a form of spiritual direction that involves the supervision of a member by a more "spiritually mature" person called a "head". People of Praise maintains that members retain their freedom of conscience under such direction. The community, like the Catholic Church, has few women in leadership positions. It nevertheless encourages women to pursue higher education and employment.
History
The founding of People of Praise by Kevin Ranaghan and Paul DeCelles in 1971 in
South Bend, Indiana, while the two were graduate students, was an early and important event within the history of the overall covenant community movement. Various individuals who participated in its founding had attended Cursillo movement retreats, including another graduate student, Stephen B. Clark (who came to author Building Christian Communities in 1972). In 1963, after having attended the Archdiocesan Cursillo Center in Chicago, Clark organized a Cursillo retreat in South Bend. Influenced both by Cursillo, local prayer meetings were formed. After Bill Storey visited from Duquesne University in 1967, elements from out of as well the burgeoning Catholic charismatic renewal of the times, were incorporated into these meetings.
Eventually several Catholic covenant communities were formed. After Word of God community formed in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1967, and the True House (1971–1974) and People of Praise communities (1971–present) were formed in South Bend. (Others formed since then include Sword of the Spirit, the Mother of God Community as well as constituent members of the North American Network of Charismatic Covenant Communities.) Such communities were influenced by the 1960s Jesus movement, the Shepherding movement, as well as perhaps some of the communitarianism of that era's counterculture.
Historical theologian Paul Thigpen writes that in general these communities "typically involved a commitment to at least some degree of sharing financial resources, regular participation in community gatherings, and submission to the direction of the group's designated authorities." Larger communities were often divided into "households", which did not always mean members were living in the same house. However, members of the same household needed to live close enough to each other to share meals, prayer times and other forms of fellowship. Most households were made up of one or two families, but others might be for single men or women.
People of Praise experienced early growth recruiting from major universities and was especially closely connected to the University of Notre Dame. The group helped develop important institutions for the larger Catholic Charismatic movement. Until 1990, the South Bend community was the headquarters for the National Service Committee (a coordinating body for the various Catholic charismatic groups). It was also the headquarters of the Charismatic Renewal Services (a national distribution center for religious books and tapes) and published a magazine called New Heaven, New Earth. It also played a major role in the renewal's annual national conferences. By 1987, People of Praise had around 3,000 members, including children. By the end of the 1980s, Catholics were 92 percent of the membership.
The overall Catholic charismatic renewal had begun in the United States in 1967 and saw Pentecostal religious experience and practices such as baptism in the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues embraced by members of the Catholic Church. People of Praise became involved with the international body of the Renewal movement is the International Catholic Charismatic Renewal Services, located first in Brussels and later in Rome. They have also worked ecumenically through participation in the International Charismatic Consultation, the Charismatic Concerns Committee, the Charismatic Leaders Fellowship and, more recently, in the Rome-based Gathering in the Holy Spirit. Members also served with Cardinal Josef Suenens in drafting of Malines Documents I and II, and with Father Kilian McDonnell, in the writing of Fanning the Flame. These documents have contributed to the articulation and understanding of charismatic renewal and its place in the Catholic Church. They have also contributed to an understanding of how this movement can be understood by members of Protestant denominations of Christianity.
The group has drawn media interest due to Judge Amy Coney Barrett's association with the group. Numerous media outlets have reported that Barrett is a member. In the wake of heightened interest in the group and its members following her nomination, People of Praise removed some materials from its website: "Recent changes to our website were made in consultation with members and nonmembers from around the country who raised concerns about their and their families' privacy due to heightened media attention."
Description
People of Praise defines itself as an ecumenical, charismatic covenant community "of families and single people who seek to participate in the mission of the church in our time and to live our lives communally". Members live in their own homes, and sometimes single people will live with an unrelated family. There are some households in which only single men or single women live together.
People of Praise is not a church. All members of the community simultaneously remain members of their local parishes. The majority of its members are Catholics, with Lutherans, Anglicans, Methodists, Pentecostals and nondenominational Christians also represented. The Spirit and Purpose of the People of Praise state that "we will live our lives together as fully as our churches permit, with the hope that we may soon attain a unity of faith in the fullness of Christ our Lord."
Members of the People of Praise engage in weekly meetings that include religious teaching, Scripture readings, witnessing, and prayer for those with needs. Local groups may also hold charismatic prayer meetings and meet for dinner, fellowship and praise and worship. Members also meet in small groups.
Anthropologist Thomas Csordas has written that People of Praise is theologically conservative with a hierarchical leadership structure, but it is also influenced by the communitarianism of the 1960s counterculture.
Covenant
The People of Praise considers itself to be a "covenant community." The community considers the covenant, when entered into among members, to be one of mutual care and service in spiritual, material, and financial matters. The covenant is not an oath or vow; a member is released from it if they believe God is calling them to another way of life. The covenant states:
Membership is open to all baptized Christians who believe in the Nicene Creed. There are two stages of membership in the community: underway and covenanted. People who are new to the community join as underway members. This stage of membership is meant as a time for people new to the community to freely explore (in consultation with the leadership) whether they belong in the community. While a member is underway, he or she actively participates in all aspects of community life. Full membership occurs when one makes a public commitment to the covenant. Members make this pledge freely after a formation and instruction period that normally lasts three to six years.
Organizational leadership
People of Praise is led by an eleven-member all-male board of governors, the chairman of which is the overall coordinator. The board's responsibilities include electing the overall coordinator, establishing new branches, determining official teachings, approving the budget, and approving appointments made by the overall coordinator. Board members serve for six-year terms and cannot serve more than two consecutive terms.
Each location of the community is called a branch. The larger branches are led by a group of branch coordinators. These branches are divided into areas, which are each led by an area coordinator. The principal branch coordinator serves as the main leader of the branch. Smaller or newer branches are led by a team of branch leaders. All these coordinators or branch leaders are selected from among the covenanted men in a branch. On matters of great importance, consultations involving all full or "covenanted" members of the community guide the direction of the community, including (within a branch) the selection of coordinators. Branch members nominate three people, and one is selected to be a coordinator by the overall coordinator.
Headships and laypastor–penitent relationships
Spiritual direction is an important part of People of Praise intentional community, which takes the form of headships or lay-pastoral counselling; according to anthropologist Thomas Csordas, "individual members are supervised in their daily lives by a person regarded as more 'spiritually mature. Pastoral care is considered an important service within the community; it is believed to foster relationships of love, service and charismatic ministry. Each member has someone called a "head", who acts as a personal adviser. Influenced by Ignatian spirituality (the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola), heads, in general, give encouragement, correction, and help in decision-making. Men have other men as their heads. Married women are headed by their husbands. Single women and widows usually have other women as their heads. Men and women with the appropriate skills are assigned as heads by the coordinators. People of Praise uses the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola as a basis for counsel and discernment.
According to Sean Connolly, communications director for People of Praise, functions of lay-pastoral counsellors and prayer meeting leaders within the community are not authoritarian in nature: "Freedom of conscience is a key to our diversity. People of Praise members are always free to follow their consciences, as formed by the light of reason, experience, and the teachings of their churches."
As a charismatic community, People of Praise recognizes prophecy as one of the spiritual gifts or charisms. Leaders of the community will consider the meaning of messages deemed prophetic when making decisions concerning group life, and sometimes will publish prophecy in community newsletters. There is no formal office of prophet, but the community does have a "word gifts" group made up of members that are considered to be gifted in prophecy on a regular basis.
Gender roles
The highest office a woman can hold in the community is "woman leader" (until 2017, "handmaid"). Women leaders "teach women on womanly affairs, give advice, help in troubled situations" and lead specialized women's activities. The term handmaid had been chosen in 1971 as a reference to Mary, the mother of Jesus, who, in most English translations of the Bible, described herself as "the handmaid of the Lord" or a woman who is close to God. The community teaches that husbands are the head of the household as well as the spiritual head of their wives. While it emphasizes traditional gender roles, the organization encourages women to pursue higher education and employment.
In much of community life, men and women work together without distinction. Both men and women prophesy and exhort at community meetings, teach together in the community sponsored schools, serve together as counselors at community camps, or as members or heads of music ministries, and evangelize together in inner cities. Still, there are some significant distinctions in the roles of men and women. As noted above, women are not able to be coordinators. The community, which refers to itself as a "family of families," sees this patriarchal tradition as following the biblical model of the family.
Men and women meet separately each week in small groups called 'men's groups' or 'women's groups.' The purpose is to build deeper relationships as brothers and sisters in Christ by discussing their lives and other issues with the goal of gaining wisdom, deepening friendships, and encouraging one another to be faithful to God. Traditional roles are reinforced by encouraging men to do most of the heavier physical work involved when a family is moving to a new home or re-roofing a house, and when setting up for meetings and similar tasks. Women are encouraged to provide food and childcare and run an effective household. However, these distinctions are not absolute. For example, women have also labored side by side with men in the construction work involved in the community's Allendale outreach.
LGBT people
The organization holds that homosexual activity is a sin and opposes gay marriage. Members who disclose such activity are expelled from the organization, and children of same-gender parents are not allowed into the group's schools.
Divisions and affiliated organizations
Campus Division
The Campus Division of the People of Praise is made up of mostly college students. Members live together in student households. Most households hold regular prayer together and often eat together. While some are not in school, most members of the Campus Division attend a variety of colleges and universities, including the University of Minnesota, IUPUI, Saint Mary's College, Holy Cross College and the University of Notre Dame. Members of the Campus Division consider their common life together to be part of what the People of Praise has labeled as to its city-building work.
Action Division
According to the organisation's website, the Action Division consists of high school students and adults working together "to bring Christ's love to impoverished communities in real and tangible ways." At this point, their work primarily involves outreach in a poor neighborhood called Allendale in the city of Shreveport, Louisiana. A second location has begun in inner-city Indianapolis, Indiana. However, members say that they could work in other areas in the future. The Action Division aims to "provide those in need with an experience of God's love for them." This consists of providing jobs, affordable housing, strong families, and prayer for physical healing. Action Division members work together to "share all aspects of life" with those who are in need; these needs may be material, financial, spiritual, intellectual or social.
WorkLight
WorkLight (Formerly known as Christians in Commerce International) is a movement of business and professional men and women that is dedicated to helping members grow in the Christian life and to influence the world of commerce with the gospel. Although WorkLight operates independently from the People of Praise, the People of Praise movement helped form WorkLight in its initial stages and is actively engaged in its work. WorkLight is organized into 30 local Men's Chapters, Women's Chapters. These chapters have held retreats (Challenge Weekends) that have been attended by over 14,000 men and women.
Trinity Schools
Trinity Schools is a group of schools founded by People of Praise which teaches middle school and high school age children. While the schools operate as an independent nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization, the goals and procedures are influenced by the approach of the People of Praise. Trinity Schools provide a Classical Christian education heavily influenced by elements of Christian humanism for grades six through twelve. The schools follow an academic core curriculum which includes six years of mathematics, five years of science, 11 semesters of writing, six years of literature, around eight semesters of an ancient language such as Latin, and two semesters of a foreign language. Students also take one full year and two years of partial courses in music, drawing, and painting and two semesters of drama. The schools are ecumenical Christian. On its website Trinity School (in each of its three instances) is self-described as "an ecumenical Christian school witnessing to the fundamental unity of all who are baptized into Christ." Students take 5 semesters of scriptural studies (through an ecumenical Christian approach) and either a Catholic or Protestant doctrine course. Trinity Schools maintain small classes with single-sex instruction except in a few key courses such as drama, art, and foreign languages. The schools teach the theory of evolution, that marriage is only between opposite sexes, and to observe chastity until and throughout marriage.
There are three locations:
Greenlawn, in South Bend, Indiana
Meadow View, in Falls Church, Virginia
River Ridge, in Eagan, Minnesota
Brotherhood of the People of Praise
The Brotherhood of the People of Praise is a private association of the Christian faithful with official status in the Catholic Church.
While the People of Praise religious community has no official ties with any Christian church or denomination, a number of Catholic men who are members of this community have sought to regularize their status with the Catholic Church in order to be ordained Catholic priests. This group of men now has official status in the Catholic Church as a private association of the Christian faithful. "It has a membership of about 12 men, four of them now priests." Peter Leslie Smith, a member of the group, was named an auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon by Pope Francis and was ordained a bishop on April 29, 2014.
Reception
Ralph Martin, the president of Renewal Ministries, who previously managed the 'association of covenant communities' alongside People of Praise leadership, stated in the National Catholic Register that People of Praise is "part of the papally-approved mainstream of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal, which has been encouraged by every pope since Vatican II, none more strongly than Pope Francis."
Adrian Reimers, a Catholic theological critic and pioneering member of People of Praise from 1971 until his dismissal from the group in 1985, has criticized teachings of People of Praise that he views as authoritarian and male-gender centric and criticized its overall ecclesiastic structure, regretting its sense of primacy vis-à-vis the Church owing to the group's ecumenical nature and in turn its lack of direct oversight by professional Catholic clergy.
Dr Reimers founded the organisation Free Again in Christ to help people leave the People of Praise and similar covenant community groups which Dr Reimers characterises as "particularly powerful means of psychological and social control".
Some former members of People of Praise have described the group's culture as insular to the point that it felt intrusive and controlling, claims that the group's current members dispute.
After the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court, many articles from mainstream press referred to the People of Praise as a cult.
Allegations of child abuse and cover-up
1970s–80s
In October 2020, former member of the community, Sarah Kuehl, said she and others had been sexually abused when children during the 1970s by a community member who lived in her household. (Kuehl's family at the time belonged to Servants of the Lord, a covenant community that later merged with People of Praise.) Kuehl alleged that leaders in the People of Praise later attempted to "hide and cover up" what they knew about the abuse, as they kept her abuser in the People of Praise community.
2000s
In June 2021, the Washington Post interviewed nine members of a Facebook group who claimed to have been sexually abused at People of Praise community, and one person who claimed physical abuse.
Internal investigation
In 2020, the coordinator of People of Praise, Craig Lent, said in an e-mail that an expert investigation was being conducted into the allegations. Lent said, "We consider allegations of sexual misconduct very seriously and invite anyone with information about any acts of child sexual abuse to act consistent with our policies, which include immediately reporting to the appropriate authorities."
Notable members
Amy Coney Barrett, associate justice of the United States Supreme Court.
Peter Leslie Smith, a Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon, has been a member since 1983.
Christopher Dietzen, a former associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court.
Joe Zakas, a former Indiana state legislator.
See also
Complementarianism
Shepherding movement
References
Sources
External links
Charismatic denominations
Trinity Schools
Religious organizations established in 1971
1971 establishments in Indiana
South Bend, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%20of%20Praise |
Reichenbach Abbey is a monastery of the Brothers Hospitallers, formerly a Benedictine monastery, in Reichenbach in Bavaria, Germany.
History
The monastery, dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, was founded in 1118 by Markgraf Diepold III of Vohburg and his mother Luitgard. During the Reformation it was looted, and secularised from 1553 to 1669, when it was re-established. It was dissolved again in 1803 during the secularisation of Bavaria. The abbey's property was confiscated by the state and eventually auctioned off in 1820.
After a couple of unsuccessful attempts to restore it as a religious house, the site was acquired in 1890 by the Brothers Hospitallers, who established a nursing home for the mentally and physically handicapped. Today there is in addition a special school teaching therapeutic care.
Burials
Richeza of Berg
References
External links
Brothers Hospitallers Reichenbach website
Reichenbach Community website: history of the monastery
Klöster in Bayern
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Bavaria
1110s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1118 establishments in Europe
Religious organizations established in the 1110s
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichenbach%20Abbey%20%28Bavaria%29 |
"Silicon Avatar" is the 104th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. It is the fourth episode of the fifth season.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D.
The life form featured in this episode was previously introduced in "Datalore".
Plot
Commander Riker, Lieutenant Commander Data, and Doctor Crusher are visiting the Melona IV colony, when the Crystalline Entity appears and begins tearing up the planetary surface. Although the rapid evacuation into the caves is mostly successful, two of the colonists, one of whom in which Riker has expressed a possible romantic interest, die in the onslaught. The Enterprise comes to the survivors' aid and free them after the Entity leaves. The Enterprise sets out in pursuit of the Entity, with the help of Kila Marr, who is a xenobiologist and expert on the creature. Marr does not trust Data, as she is aware that Data's brother Lore has assisted the Entity in the past. Captain Picard hopes to challenge this perception by having Data work closely with Doctor Marr, in spite of Counselor Deanna Troi's worry that his suggestion will not reduce Doctor Marr's feelings of animosity.
While working around the caves of Melona IV, Marr continues to show animosity towards Data. Slightly confused, Data tries to convince her that he is nothing like Lore and has no affiliation with the Entity. When he asks her what makes her think he had anything to do with the Entity, Marr reveals the source of her prejudice: her 16-year-old son was killed by the Entity at Omicron Theta, which was also Data's homeworld. She shows Data her sense of revenge and justice by threatening that if she finds out that he is involved with the Entity as she suspects him to be, she will have him "disassembled piece by piece". Picard tells Marr that he does not intend to kill the Entity without first attempting to communicate with it. Marr is skeptical but she and Data work out a method for talking to the Entity. As Dr. Marr works with Data, she comes to understand that Data and Lore are different, recognizing Data's stoic yet virtuous personality and high intellect. During their research, Marr discovers Data is programmed with the memories and experiences of the Omicron Theta colony, including those of her dead son, Raymond "Renny". Data tells her about how much her son admired her work as a scientist. At Marr's request, Data reads extracts from her son's journals, in the teenager's voice, causing the emotionally moved woman to cry over hearing the sound of her dead son's voice.
The Enterprise locates the Entity and begins sending a series of graviton pulses toward it. The creature responds and emits a response pattern which is a clear sign of comprehension. Picard is elated at a potential first contact but Marr, in a sudden lapse of sanity, due to the long-held desire to avenge the death of her son, alters the pulse to emit gravitons in a continuous beam and locks the program so it cannot be stopped. The beam reaches a level of resonance where the Entity is shattered. Marr addresses Data as though he is her son, telling him that she destroyed the entity for him. Having taken her long-awaited revenge but sacrificing her career in the process, Marr is near collapse. A disgusted Picard has Data escort Marr back to her quarters. In her quarters, Marr asks Data how long he will function and he replies that he was programmed to function for an eternity. Relieved, Marr tells Data that as long as he functions, her son is alive. Speaking to him as if he were her son, Dr. Marr pleads to Data to let "Renny" know that she destroyed the Entity for him, in the hopes that her deed will give her son's spirit a sense of peace. Data informs her that her son would not have approved of her destroying the Entity, stating that he loved her work as a scientist but that in her grief over his death, she destroyed the very reason her work is so important and that he cannot help her. Reality sets in for a horrified Dr. Marr, as she silently reflects on what she has done.
Reception
The Crystalline Entity was noted by Space.com as being one of the more exotic aliens in the Star Trek franchise; they note its snowflake-like appearancebeautiful but deadly. The episode is noted for including a non-carbon based life form, which has been explored a number of other times in the Star Trek franchise.
In Star Trek FAQ 2.0 (Unofficial and Unauthorized): Everything Left to Know About the Next Generation, the Movies, and Beyond by Mark Clark, he states that this is one of the Star Trek episodes that is inspired by the classic novel Moby Dick. He compares the Crystalline Entity to a whale and the character Marr to Captain Ahab. They elaborate that this can be compared to the 1960s Star Trek episode "The Doomsday Machine" which also had elements from that novel. They remark the episode creates an "emotionally charged scenario" and praise actress Ellen Geer's performance as Doctor Marr.
In The Music of Star Trek, they felt that Chattaway's score offered "memorable dramatic support" to "Silicon Avatar".
In Star Trek Visions of Law and Justice they questioned the Crystalline Entity's right to life after it had killed so many.
Releases
On October 22, 1996 this episode and "Ensign Ro" were released on LaserDisc in the United States.
The episode was later released in the United States on November 5, 2002, as part of the season five DVD box set. The first Blu-ray release was in the United States on November 18, 2013, followed by the United Kingdom the next day, November 19, 2013.
See also
"Datalore", the first season episode where the Crystalline Entity first appears.
Galactus, a Marvel Comics character who survives by consuming the life force of entire planets.
References
External links
Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5) episodes
1991 American television episodes
Television episodes about revenge
Television episodes directed by Cliff Bole | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20Avatar |
"After the Love Has Gone" is a single by Earth, Wind & Fire released in 1979 on ARC/Columbia Records. The song reached No. 2 on both the US Billboard Hot 100 (behind The Knack's "My Sharona") and the US Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart, No. 4 on the UK Pop Singles chart, and No. 3 on the US Billboard Adult Contemporary Songs chart. "After the Love Has Gone" was certified gold in the US by the RIAA and silver in the UK by the BPI.
Background
"After the Love Has Gone" was produced by Maurice White and written by David Foster, Jay Graydon, and Bill Champlin. The single's B-side was "Rock That." Both songs appeared on Earth, Wind & Fire's 1979 album I Am.
The song dates back to when David Foster was working on an album for Motown Records singer Jaye P. Morgan. The album was released in Japan and never took off in the United States. Foster later went to Motown to let the executives hear some of the material. Foster was in the middle of a song and ad-libbed the chorus to "After The Love Has Gone", as he had forgotten the words. Foster and Jay Graydon then asked Bill Champlin to write lyrics to the music after Graydon had come up with an idea for the verse. At the time, Foster was producing Champlin's 1978 solo debut Single for Full Moon/Epic Records and was working with Earth, Wind & Fire around the time they were recording their album I Am. Foster then showed Maurice White the song, which White loved and wanted to record. Foster and Graydon later told Champlin that the song would be removed from his album for inclusion on Earth, Wind & Fire's album, which Champlin allowed. According to former manager turned Sony Music Entertainment CEO Tommy Mottola, Foster previously offered the song to Hall and Oates, but they rejected it as they were only interested in performing their own material.
Graydon commented about the song's background:
Earth, Wind & Fire bassist Verdine White called "After the Love Has Gone" one of the group's most difficult songs to record:
"The track was based on a vibe. We cut it about six, seven times, and Maurice just said, 'No, it's not right yet. We'll come back and get it tomorrow. It's not right yet.'" And then one day we nailed it, and it was right. The way it felt. It sounded like Earth, Wind & Fire".
Critical reception
Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian described "After the Love Has Gone" as "an exercise in classic songcraft – the horn section's precise jabs and the exquisite harmonies dazzle" Rose Riggins of Gannett wrote Maurice White's "talents are vividly expressed through 'Wait' and 'After The Love is Gone.' But he has yet to recapture the enchantment of the previous recording of 'Love's Holiday' off the All-n-All album." Matthew Greenwald of Allmusic proclaimed that a "simple soul-based melody and groove underlines the bittersweet goodbye message of the lyrics. But it's the arrangement that captured audience's attention, as it combined the group's vocal counterpoint harmony genius in full glory. A swinging saxophone in the song's middle-eight bridge also added an element of jazz". Allen Weiner of Morning Call found that "After The Love Is Gone is perhaps the best ballad EW&F has ever recorded. It's sensitive and warm, and interesting enough to justify its four-minute length." Ace Adams of the New York Daily News called After the Love Has Gone one of the album's "best songs".
Phyl Garland of Stereo Review noted that the song is "laced with unexpected Wonder-ful progressions". Cash Box said it is an "easy, smooth ballad, with...lush horn and vocal arrangements," "superb harmonies and jazzy sax work." Record World called it a "lovely ballad."
"After the Love Has Gone" was nominated for the Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Song of the Year, and won Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group for the band and Best R&B Song for Champlin, Foster, and Graydon. It also placed on Bruce Pollock's list of "The 7,500 Most Important Songs of 1944-2000".
Appearances in other media
The song was heard on an episode of WKRP in Cincinnati in a scene where staffer Bailey Quarters was brooding over being stood up on a planned date with morning drive DJ Johnny Fever.
The Houston Rockets played this song for losses, as would many other professional sports teams, including the Chicago White Sox, Philadelphia Phillies and Charlotte Hornets.
Covers and samples
The original recording of "After the Love Has Gone" by Airplay, a band formed by Foster and Graydon, was released on their 1980 eponymous album following Earth, Wind & Fire's hit version, featuring Champlin on backing vocals. Stanley Turrentine also covered the song on his 1981 album Tender Togetherness.
In 1993, Graydon released a version of the song on his solo album Airplay for the Planet. Phil Perry's rendition of the tune featuring Vesta appeared on his 1994 studio album Pure Pleasure. David Benoit and Russ Freeman also covered the song on their 1994 collaboration album, The Benoit/Freeman Project. Jazz Guitarist Norman Brown's rendition of the tune appeared on his 1996 album Better Days Ahead. 112 covered the tune on the 1998 album New York Undercover: A Night at Natalie's. Tommy Emmanuel and CDB released a version as the lead single from Emmanuel's 1998 album, Collaboration. The song peaked at number 74 in Australia.
British boy band Damage covered the song on their 2001 album Since You've Been Gone, as did Donny Osmond on his 2002 album Somewhere in Time. Martes 8:30, a Latin jazz group, covered the song on their 2002 album Sinceramente; this version is noted for having a female lead vocal and an extended sax solo by Ed Calle. Mint Condition's version appeared on their 2007 album Interpretations: Celebrating the Music of Earth, Wind & Fire. Kurt Elling covered this song on his 2011 LP The Gate. Eric Benet's rendition featured on his 2014 album From E to U: Volume 1.
Personnel
Music - David Foster, Jay Graydon
Lyrics - Bill Champlin
Producer - Maurice White
Lead vocals - Maurice White and Philip Bailey
Backing vocals - Maurice White and Philip Bailey
Guitar - Johnny Graham
Bass - Verdine White
Drums - Fred White
Oberheim and Moog synthesizers, piano - Larry Dunn
Horn arrangement - Jerry Hey
String arrangement - David Foster
Alto saxophone solo - Don Myrick
Engineers
Engineer - George Massenburg, Tom Perry
Mixing Engineer - George Massenburg
Assistant Engineer - Craig Widby, Ross Pallone
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1979 songs
1979 singles
1985 singles
1998 singles
Earth, Wind & Fire songs
CDB (band) songs
Damage (British band) songs
Songs written by David Foster
Songs written by Jay Graydon
Songs written by Bill Champlin
1970s ballads
Funk ballads
Rhythm and blues ballads
Columbia Records singles
American Record Corporation singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After%20the%20Love%20Has%20Gone |
Lormetazepam, sold under the brand name Noctamid among others, is a drug which is a short to intermediate acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine derivative and temazepam analogue. It possesses hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.
It was patented in 1961 and came into medical use in 1980. Lormetazepam is not approved for sale in the United States or Canada. It is licensed in the UK as 0.5 and 1mg tablets for short-term treatment (2–4 weeks) of moderately severe insomnia. It is licensed in the Netherlands as 1 and 2mg tablets, under the brand names Loramet and Noctamid and as generic, available from several manufacturers. It is sold in Poland as Noctofer. A Dutch analysis stated that lormetazepam could be suitable to be included in drug prescribing formularies, although zolpidem, zopiclone, and temazepam appear better.
Medical uses
Lormetazepam is considered a hypnotic benzodiazepine and is officially indicated for moderate-to-severe insomnia. Lormetazepam is a short-acting benzodiazepine and is sometimes used in patients who have difficulty in maintaining sleep or falling asleep. Hypnotics should only be used on a short-term basis or, in those with chronic insomnia, on an occasional basis.
Side effects
Side effects of lormetazepam are similar to those of other hypnotic benzodiazepines and can for the most part be regarded as a class effect. In a sleep study, 1mg lormetazepam increased total sleep time, reduced wakefulness, but did not alter REM sleep. However, at 2mg doses, there were significant increases in stage 3 sleep and reductions in REM sleep. Rebound effects have been reported after chronic use including rebound REM. In one clinical trial with patients who had prior experience with older hypnotics temazepam and nitrazepam, most preferred lormetazepam due to less heavy sedation, amnesia, and residual effects. Some side effects, including drowsiness, amnesia, and respiratory depression, are increased when lormetazepam is combined with other drugs with similar effects, e.g. alcohol and nonbenzodiazepine drugs.
Although lormetazepam has been associated with adversely affecting immediate and delayed recall memory functions, studies have shown that lormetazepam's amnesic properties may be lesser compared to other hypnotic benzodiazepines. For example, in a 1984 study comparing the amnesic effects of lormetazepam to temazepam and flurazepam showed that amnesia was smallest after lormetazepam and greatest after temazepam, which had produced greater amnesia than both lormetazepam and flurazepam by a significant margin.
Side effects of lormetazepam include:
Somnolence
Paradoxical increase in aggression
Lightheadedness
Confusion
Muscle weakness
Ataxia (particularly in the elderly)
Anterograde amnesia
Headache
Vertigo
Hypotension
Salivation changes
Gastrointestinal disturbances
Visual disturbances
Dysarthria
Tremor
Changes in libido
Urinary incontinence
Urinary retention
Blood disorders and jaundice
Skin reactions
Dependence and withdrawal reactions
Residual "hangover" effects after nighttime administration of lormetazepam such as sleepiness, impaired psychomotor and cognitive functions may persist into the next day which may impair the ability of users to drive safely and increase risks of falls and hip fractures.
Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used during pregnancy, in children, in alcohol- or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders. Lormetazepam may be unsuitable for the elderly due to residual effects on memory and body sway which may result in falls.
Lormetazepam causes impaired driving skills, thus caution is required in individuals who drive or operate machinery.
Tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal
The risks of tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal are very low when the drug is used for 2–4 weeks only, and lormetazepam is generally a safe and effective drug when used for no longer than 2–4 weeks. Some sleep disturbance in the form of rebound insomnia can, however, occur even after short-term usage of 7 days. Those with a history of addiction may be at increased risk of problems of tolerance and dependence especially those with a past history of dependency on sedative hypnotic drugs.
Lormetazepam as with other benzodiazepines is generally only recommended for short-term use (2–4 weeks) due to tolerance and loss of efficacy. Tolerance to and loss of the sedative effects of benzodiazepine hypnotics can occur within 14 days of regular use. Some studies however suggest such treatments retain their effectiveness in the long term - such a lack of consistency in the findings of many studies could be due to the variation of responses to benzodiazepine treatment.
Dependence is the medical term for addiction. Dependence can either be psychological and/or physical.
Psychological dependence can manifest itself as a reliance on a drug to cope with everyday life or in the form of craving.
Physical dependence occurs due to physiological adaptations occurring as the body attempts to overcome the drugs effects which is known as tolerance and the continuing need to take the drug to avoid or suppress withdrawal symptoms which can sometimes resemble the original condition being treated. When the dose or the drug is discontinued withdrawal symptoms typically occur. Lormetazepam as with all other benzodiazepines produces both physical and psychological dependence but the main problem of concern is physical dependence which appears in the form of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome after the dosage is reduced or the drug is stopped completely. The dependence induced by lormetazepam is related to changes in the sensitivity of the GABA-BZD receptor complex.
Withdrawal symptoms which can occur from stopping benzodiazepines such as lormetazepam can include:
Rebound insomnia and nightmares
Anxiety, panic attacks, and agoraphobia
depression
Malaise
Lack of concentration
Abdominal discomfort
Depersonalisation and feelings of unreality
Emotional lability
Cognitive impairment
Tinnitus
Paraesthesiae, tingling, numbness, and pain
Muscle pain, weakness, tension, painful tremor, shaking attacks, jerks, blepharospasm
Excitability, jumpiness, and restlessness
Stiffness
Sweats
Abrupt or over rapid withdrawal from high doses can provoke:
Epileptic seizures
Hallucinations (visual, auditory)
Misperceptions
Withdrawal symptoms typically subside after 4–8 weeks but in approximately 10-15% of individuals symptoms can persist for many months and in rare cases years. Some "Withdrawal Symptoms" can emerge despite a constant dosage with the body needing extra dosage in order to feel normal. This is sometimes associated with dosage escalation.
Lormetazepam has a short to intermediate half-life of approximately 10–12 hours. Shorter acting benzodiazepine compounds are generally associated with a more intense and immediate withdrawal reaction compared to longer acting benzodiazepines. For this reason it is generally recommended to cross from lormetazepam to an equivalent dose of diazepam to gradually taper the dosage.
Pharmacology
The bioavailability of lormetazepam was found to be 80%.
Lormetazepam and other benzodiazepine drugs act as positive modulators at the GABAA benzodiazepine receptor complex. Lormetazepam binds to the benzodiazepine receptor which in turn enhances the effect of the GABAA receptor producing its therapeutic effects as well as adverse effects. When lormetazepam binds to the benzodiazepine receptor sites in sufficient quantities it produces sedation which is used clinically as a therapeutic treatment for insomnia. Lormetazepam alters the brain electrical activity which has been studied via EEG readings. Lormetazepam appears to be more selective in the type of benzodiazepine receptor it binds to showing a higher affinity for the omega 1 receptor which is responsible for sedation. Changes in EEG can therefore be used to measure the sedative sleep promoting properties of lormetazepam.
Chemistry
Stereochemistry
Lormetazepam has a stereocenter and two enantiomers. Medications are racemates.
Society and culture
Brand names
Trade names include Aldosomnil, Dilamet, Ergocalm, Loramet, Loretam, Metatop, Minias, Noctamid, Noctamide, Noctofer, Nocton, Pronoctan, Sedaben, and Stilaze.
References
External links
Benzodiazepines
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Lactams
Lactims | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lormetazepam |
Dexter's Laboratory is an American animated television series created by Genndy Tartakovsky for Cartoon Network. Initially debuting on February 26, 1995 as a seven-minute World Premiere Toons pilot, it was expanded into a full series after gaining network approval. The first season, which consists of 13 episodes divided into three segments each, premiered on TNT on April 27, 1996, and on TBS and Cartoon Network the following day. A second season that consists of 39 episodes premiered in 1997. In this season, Allison Moore, the voice actor for Dee Dee during the first season, was replaced by Kat Cressida, save for a few episodes. "Last But Not Beast", the second-season finale, was originally supposed to conclude the series in 1998. However, Tartakovsky directed a television movie titled Dexter's Laboratory: Ego Trip which aired on Cartoon Network on December 10, 1999. He left the series after the movie, focusing on his other projects, Samurai Jack and Star Wars: Clone Wars.
Production on a third season began in 2000 with Chris Savino taking over as creative director and later producer. The third season, consisting of 13 episodes, premiered worldwide on November 18, 2001, during Cartoon Network's "Dexter Goes Global" marathon. The third-season episode "Poppa Wheely/A Mom Cartoon/The Mock Side of the Moon" is the first to feature Christine Cavanaugh's replacement Candi Milo as the voice of Dexter. Milo would voice the character from the next episode onward, with the exception of "Tele Trauma". A fourth and final season consisting of 13 episodes aired from November 22, 2002, to November 20, 2003. In total, there are 78 episodes and a television movie across 4 seasons.
A previously unaired episode called "Rude Removal" was originally shown only at certain comic conventions that Tartakovsky attended beginning in 1998. The segment, originally produced for season two, was released online by Adult Swim on January 22, 2013.
Series overview
Episodes
Pilots (1995–96)
Season 1 (1996–97)
Production of the first season lasted from 1995 to August 1996.
In total, there were 34 segments over 13 half-hour episodes.
Season 2 (1997–98)
Production of season 2 lasted from late 1996 to April 1998. In total, there were 108 segments produced over 39 half-hours. The season finale "Last But Not Beast" aired on June 15, 1998, which was the final episode to use traditional cel animation.
One short, Dexter's Rude Removal, was produced in 1997 but banned from airing on Cartoon Network. It was screened at a film festival in February of 1998, and eventually aired on Adult Swim in 2013.
"Rude Removal"
An episode segment from the second season was produced yet never aired on television, but was ultimately released to the public in January 2013 on the official YouTube page of Adult Swim.
TV movie (1999)
A television movie titled Dexter's Laboratory: Ego Trip premiered on Cartoon Network in 1999. It was the final televised Dexter's Laboratory media in which creator Genndy Tartakovsky was directly involved. Ego Trip was also the last project made by Cartoon Network Studios as division of Hanna-Barbera before the studio branched off as a separate facility when Hanna-Barbera was folded into Warner Bros. Animation.
Season 3 (2001–02)
Candi Milo replaced Christine Cavanaugh as the voice of Dexter after the first 6 episodes due to Cavanaugh's retirement from voice acting.
This is the first season to feature the new character designs and the UPA-influenced backgrounds, the latter of which was exclusive to this season.
It is also the first season to use digital ink and paint, and the first season that Chris Savino takes over as the director.
The third season adopted a different episode format from the other seasons, with most of its episodes being two 9-minute shorts with a 3-minute short sandwiched in between, rather than the original format of three 7-minute shorts.
36 segments were produced over a span of 13 half-hours.
Production of the third season lasted from September 2000 to October 2001.
Season 4 (2002–03)
The fourth and final season of the series reverted back to the original episode format of three 7-minute shorts. Additionally, while the new modern character designs are the same, the background art style is now fully decorated, although just as modernized, compared to how hardly finished it looked in Season 3 and the original art style in the first two seasons of the show.
The short "Chicken Scratch" was produced as a standalone short in between seasons 3 and 4, being completed in December 2001 and shown as a theatrical short before The Powerpuff Girls Movie on July 3, 2002. The short later aired as a part of the fourth season in-between "The Lab of Tomorrow" and "Garage Sale".
37 segments were produced over 13 half-hours. Production lasted from January 2002 to March 2003.
Notes
References
External links
Dexter's Laboratory
Dexter's Laboratory
Lists of Cartoon Network television series episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Dexter%27s%20Laboratory%20episodes |
Maryland Route 279 (MD 279) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Elkton Road, the highway runs from U.S. Route 40 (US 40) and MD 7 west of Elkton northeast to the Delaware state line north of Elkton in northeastern Cecil County. At the state line, the highway continues as Delaware Route 279 (DE 279). MD 279 functions as a northern bypass of Elkton and is the primary highway to Newark, Delaware, from Maryland. The road has an interchange with Interstate 95 (I-95) northeast of Elkton. The state highway was originally constructed in the early 1910s. MD 279 was reconstructed and placed on a new course north of Elkton in the early 1960s. MD 279 bypassed the center of Elkton with an extension to US 40 in the late 1960s; the old alignment to downtown Elkton was designated MD 268.
Route description
MD 279 begins at an intersection with US 40 (Pulaski Highway) west of the town of Elkton. MD 7 (Philadelphia Road) heads south and west from the opposite side of the intersection. MD 279 heads northeast as two-lane divided Elkton Road, which becomes undivided before it crosses Little Elk Creek and enters the town limits of Elkton. The highway intersects MD 545 (Blue Ball Road) and curves to the east ahead of the junction with MD 213 (Bridge Street). MD 279 continues east as Newark Avenue, which has a center left-turn lane and passes between Elkton High School to the north and the adjacent Gilpin Manor Elementary School and Elkton Middle School to the south. The highway becomes a four-lane divided Elkton Road at its intersection with the northern terminus of MD 268 (North Street), after which the route crosses Big Elk Creek, leaves the town limits of Elkton, and immediately meets the southern terminus of MD 316 (Appleton Road). MD 279 turns into an undivided road before it continues northeast as a four-lane divided highway. The state highway heads into a business area and intersects Belle Hill Road, which provides access to a park and ride lot to the east of the road, before meeting I-95 (John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway) at a cloverleaf interchange and crossing Persimmon Run. MD 279 intersects the eastern terminus of MD 277 (Fletchwood Road) immediately before reaching its northern terminus at the Delaware state line. The highway continues northeast as DE 279 toward the city of Newark.
MD 279 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial for its entire length.
History
MD 279's original route included North Street in Elkton, what is now MD 316 from Big Elk Creek to Belle Hill Road, and Belle Hill Road to connect with the present course of the state highway. The Newark Road was planned to be built by the state but was instead constructed by Cecil County with state aid. Work on the macadam road from the Elkton town limits at Big Elk Creek to the Delaware state line was underway by 1911 and completed in 1915. This work included reconstructing the concrete arch bridge across Big Elk Creek in 1913. North Street in Elkton was paved as a concrete road by 1921. By this point, the road was part of the Capitol Trail, connecting Atlanta and Philadelphia via Washington, D.C. The North Street bridge across the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak's Northeast Corridor) was constructed between 1930 and 1934. The split segments of North Street leading to the former grade crossing of the railroad were later designated sections of MD 727. North Street was resurfaced with bituminous concrete as part of a 1950 project to resurface Elkton streets that were part of state highways.
MD 279 was entirely reconstructed starting in the late 1950s. The highway's concrete arch bridge across Big Elk Creek was replaced with a prestressed concrete box girder bridge in 1958 and 1959. MD 279's present course between Big Elk Creek and Belle Hill Road was constructed and in 1959 and 1960 and surfaced with bituminous concrete in 1962. The old portion of MD 279 was replaced with a southern extension of MD 316 on Appleton Road and by MD 823 on Belle Hill Road. The highway from Belle Hill Road to the Delaware state line was reconstructed concurrent with the construction of I-95 in 1962 and 1963. Newark Avenue between MD 280 (now MD 213) and North Street was brought into the state highway system through a June 29, 1964, road transfer agreement with the county. Finally, Newark Avenue was reconstructed and the portion of MD 279 between US 40 and MD 280 was constructed between 1966 and 1968. The bypassed portion of MD 279 along North Street became MD 268. MD 279 was expanded to a four-lane divided highway from MD 316 to the Delaware state line between 1981 and 1983. The highway's junction with I-95 was originally constructed as a diamond interchange. The junction was expanded to a cloverleaf interchange between 1984 and 1993.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 279
MD 279 at AARoads.com
279
Maryland Route 279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20279 |
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000–50,000 years BC. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N. However, the extant diversity of mitochondrial genomes that belong to Haplogroup A is low relative to the degree of divergence from its nearest outgroups in haplogroup N, which suggests that extant members of Haplogroup A might be descended from a population that has emerged from a bottleneck approximately 20,000 years ago.
Its highest frequencies are among Native Americans, its largest overall population is in East Asia, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in East Asia. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the Far East.
Distribution
Its subclade A2 shares a T16362C mutation with subclades A1 (found in Japan, Tashkurgan, Veliky Novgorod, Mongols, and Altaians), A6 (found in Tibet and in the Yangtze River basin), A12'23 (found in Siberia and among Uralic and Turkic peoples), A13'14 (found in southern Siberia, Xinjiang, Ladakh, China, Yunnan, Thailand, and Vietnam), A15 (found in China, Naxi, Uyghur, Japan, and among the Sherpa of Tibet and Nepal), A16 (found in Uyghur, Buryat, Turkey), A17 (found in China, Miao, Yi, Tibet, Ladakh, Kyrgyz, Thailand, and Vietnam), A18 (found in China), A19 (found in China), A20 (found among Han Chinese and in Japan), A21 (found in Tibet and in Jammu and Kashmir), A22 (found in China), A24 (found in Beijing and West Bohemia), A25 (found in Japan and Yakutia), and A26 (found in Denmark). A2 is found in Chukotko–Kamchatka and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X.
Haplogroup A2 is the most common haplogroup among the Inuit, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Lineages belonging to haplogroup A2 also comprise the majority of the mtDNA pool of the Inuit and their neighbors, the Chukchis, in northeasternmost Siberia.
Other branches of haplogroup A are less frequent but widespread among other populations of Asia. Haplogroup A5 is rather limited to populations from Korea and Japan southward, though it has been detected as singletons in a pair of large samples of Khamnigans (1/99 = 1.0%) and Buryats (1/295 = 0.3%) from the Buryat Republic.
In Asia, A(xA2) is especially frequent in Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, such as Tibetans (6/65 = 9.2%, 25/216 = 11.6%, 11/73 = 15.1%). Approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans belong to haplogroup A. Approximately 5% to 12% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (including A4, A5, and A(xA4, A5)). Approximately 4% to 13% of Mongols belong to haplogroup A, almost all of whom are contained within the A4 subclade (2/47 = 4.3% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4, 4/48 = 8.3% Mongols from New Barag Left Banner in haplogroup A(xA5), 6/47 = 12.8% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4). Approximately 3% to 9% of Chinese people belong to haplogroup A. Haplogroup A also has been found in Vietnamese (2/42 = 4.8%, including one A4 and one A5(xA5a)). Approximately 4% (3/71) of Tatars from Aznakayevo, 3% (4/126) of Tatars from Buinsk, and 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A. Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2.4% (2/82) of a sample of Persians from eastern Iran and in 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan. Haplogroup A is not found among Austronesians. In Nepalese population except Sherpa, haplogroup A was mirrored by its clades, A27, A14 and A17, of which A27 was the most abundant clade in Newar (3.99%). Newly defined clade A27 only discerned so far in Newar and Nepali-mix coalesce at ~ 8.4 Kya suggesting their ancient origin and potentially insitu differentiation in Nepal.
Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
A
A(xA5, A8, A10) – China (Han from Wuhan), Buryat (Inner Mongolia)
A+T152C!+T16362C – Uyghur, Korea, Japan, Vietnam (Hmong from Lao Cai Province, Kinh from Hanoi, Cờ Lao)
A1 [TMRCA 12,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 22,700) ybp]
A1* – Japan, Korea
A1a [TMRCA 7,500 (95% CI 4,500 <-> 11,800) ybp]
A1a* – Japan (Aichi), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), USA, England
A1a1 [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,200 <-> 9,800) ybp]
A1a1* – Buryat, Altai Kizhi
A1a1a – Buryat, Mongol (Inner Mongolia) [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,500) ybp]
A1a2 – Russia (Bashkortostan, Velikij Novgorod), Iran (Turkmen) [TMRCA 1,950 (95% CI 100 <-> 10,500) ybp]
A1a3 – Greece (Ioannina), United States (West Virginia) [TMRCA 1,150 (95% CI 75 <-> 6,000) ybp]
A2 – Ache, Waiwai, Zoro, Surui, Waiapi, Poturujara, Kayapo, Katuena, Guarani, Arsario, Cayapa, Dogrib, ancient Canada, USA (Pennsylvania, California), Mexico (Zapotec), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina [TMRCA 10,600 (95% CI 9,600 <-> 11,700) ybp]
A2a – Eskimo (Greenland, Chukotka), Chukchi
A2a1 – Inuit (Canada), Selkup
A2a2 – Eskimo (Chukotka), Chukchi
A2a3 – Eskimo (Greenland, Canada, Chukotka), Chukchi
A2a4 – USA (New Mexico, Arizona), Mexico (Chihuahua)
A2a5 – Apache, USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), Canada (Cree, Shuswap)
A2b – Chukchi
A2b1 – Chukchi, Koryak, Eskimo (Chukotka, Canada, Greenland)
A2c
A2d – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
A2d1 – USA (Mexican)
A2d1a – USA (Hispanic)
A2d2 – USA (Hispanic)
A2e'ao
A2e
A2ao
A2ao1
A2f
A2f1 – Newfoundland
A2f1a – Canada, USA (Native American)
A2f2 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico
A2f3 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
A2g – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Iberian Peninsula
A2g1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Latin America
A2h – Colombia (Cocama of Amazonas, Arhuaco), Yanomama, Kogui
A2h1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Latin America
A2i – USA (Hispanic, etc.), Canada (Ojibwa, Prince Edward Island, Pabos in Quebec)
A2j – USA (Hispanic)
A2j1 – USA (Hispanic)
A2k – USA (Puerto Rico)
A2k1 – Ecuador, Wayuu, Mexico
A2k1a – Venezuela, Colombia (Pasto of Putumayo), USA (Hispanic)
A2l'm'n'o'ai'aj
A2l
A2m
A2n – Canada
A2o
A2ai
A2aj
A2p'am
A2p
A2p1
A2p2
A2am – USA (Puerto Rico, Hispanic), Venezuela. One ancient DNA found in Curaçao, in a Dabajuroid (Caquetio) site dating 1160-1500 CE.
A2q
A2q1
A2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican), Cuba
A2r1 – Mexico, USA (Mexican)
A2s
A2t – USA (Mexican)
A2u
A2u1
A2u2
A2v
A2v1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico (La Mixteca)
A2v1a – Guatemala, USA (Mexican)
A2v1b – Mexico
A2w – Colombia (Kogi, Guambiano of Putumayo), Arsario, USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
A2w1 – Mexico, Cayman Islands, Guatemala (La Tinta), Panama (Guaymi), Colombia
A2x
A2y
A2z – USA (Hispanic, Puerto Rico)
A2aa
A2ab
A2ac
A2ac1
A2ad
A2ad1
A2ad2
A2ae
A2af
A2af1
A2af1a
A2af1a1
A2af1a2
A2af1b
A2af1b1
A2af1b1a
A2af1b1b
A2af1b2
A2af2
A2ag
A2ah
A2ak
A2al
A2an
A2ap
A2aq
A6 [TMRCA 12,000 (95% CI 8,600 <-> 16,100) ybp]
A6* – Deng, Korea
A6a – China [TMRCA 9,600 (95% CI 5,500 <-> 15,500) ybp]
A6a* – Han Chinese (Wuhan, etc.)
A6a1 – Tujia
A6b – Tibet [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 8,300) ybp]
A6b* – Tibet (Chamdo, Ladakh)
A6b1 – Tibet (Sherpa)
A6c – Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa)
A12'23 – Austria, Romania, Poland, Russia, possibly found among Udmurts and Komis
A12 – Czech Republic, Germany [TMRCA 11,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 19,700) ybp]
A12a – Ireland, UK, New Zealand, USA, Nenets, Selkup [TMRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 7,600) ybp]
A12a* – Mansi, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)
A12a1 – Kyordyughen Site (Ymyiakhtakh Culture, Yakutia), Hungary (Debrecen) [TMRCA 2,800 (95% CI 1,450 <-> 4,900) ybp]
A12a2 – Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Stony Tunguska River basin) [TMRCA 1,250 (95% CI 100 <-> 6,600) ybp]
A12b – Buryat, Karos-Eperjesszög (Hungarian conqueror period) [TMRCA 3,000 (95% CI 425 <-> 10,700) ybp]
A23 – Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Buryat, Ket, Qashqai (Iran), ancient Scythian (Chylenski) [TMRCA 6,200 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 10,600) ybp]
A13'14 – Russia (Buryat, Khamnigan), China (Shiyan, Tu, Uyghur, etc.), Ladakh, Thailand, Vietnam (Mang), Korea, Japan, Paraguay (Alto Parana), Ireland
A13
A13a - Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province and Lampang Province), China
A13b
A13b1 - Uyghur, Taiwan
A13b2 - China (Lahu, etc.), Thailand (Red Lahu from Mae Hong Son Province), Vietnam (Phù Lá)
A13b2a - China (Naxi), Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province)
A14 – Russia (Altai Kizhi, etc.), Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province, Mon from Lopburi Province), Vietnam (Pa Then)
A15 – Uyghur
A15a – China (Han in Beijing, Lanzhou, etc.), Tibet (Tingri), Uyghur, Japan
A15b – China, Japan (Ehime)
A15c – China
A15c1 – Naxi, Tibet (Sherpa), Nepal (Sherpa)
A16 – Buryat, Uyghur, Turk
A17 – China (Han from Beijing, Lanzhou, etc.), Miao, Yi, Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa, Tingri), Ladakh, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province and Mae Hong Son Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province), Vietnam (Phù Lá, Hà Nhì)
A18 – Japan, China (Han from Fujian, Han from Beijing, Han from Lanzhou</ref>), Romania
A19 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
A20 – Japan, Han Chinese (Denver)
A21 – Tibet (Sherpa, Deng, etc.), Jammu and Kashmir
A22 – China, Han Chinese (Denver)
A24 – China (Han in Beijing), Turkey, Czech Republic (West Bohemia)
A25 – Japan (Chiba), China, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
A26 – Denmark
A3 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea [TMRCA 6,800 (95% CI 3,200 <-> 12,600) ybp]
A3a – Japan (Aichi, etc.) [TMRCA 4,300 (95% CI 1,400 <-> 9,800) ybp]
A7 [TMRCA 8,800 (95% CI 5,400 <-> 13,500) ybp]
A7* – China
A7a – Tibet [TMRCA 7,000 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 11,700) ybp]
A7a* – Lhoba
A7a1 – Lhoba
A7a2 – Lhoba, Monpa
A7b – Japan (Tokyo, etc.) [TMRCA 6,300 (95% CI 2,100 <-> 14,700) ybp]
A9
A11 – Nepal, Korea, Russia [TMRCA 14,500 (95% CI 9,700 <-> 20,800) ybp]
A11a – Tibet (Lhasa, Nyingchi, Tingri, Sherpa, Lhoba, etc.), Ladakh
A11b – Tibet (Tingri, Chamdo, etc.), Naxi, Han (Yunnan)
A5 – China (incl. Hong Kong), Japan [TMRCA 16,200 (95% CI 11,100 <-> 22,800) ybp]
A5a – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.), Korea, China [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 7,600) ybp]
A5a1 - Korea
A5a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
A5a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.), Korea
A5a1a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
A5a1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, etc.), Korea
A5a1a2 – Japan, Korea
A5a1a2a – Japan (Aichi)
A5a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
A5a2 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
A5a3
A5a3* – Korea, USA (African American)
A5a3a
A5a3a* – Japan (Tokyo)
A5a3a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
A5a4 – Japan
A5a5 – Japan, South Korea (Seoul), Uyghur
A5b – China (Tujia, Hui, etc.) [TMRCA 12,800 ybp (95% CI 8,400 <-> 18,800) ybp]
A5b1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Vietnam (Tay), Singapore [TMRCA 8,600 (95% CI 6,600 <-> 11,100) ybp]
A5b1* – Uyghur
A5b1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea [TMRCA 6,700 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 11,300) ybp]
A5b1b – China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Uyghur, Korea [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 5,600 <-> 9,400) ybp]
A5b1b* – Han Chinese
A5b1b1
A5b1b1* – Miao
A5b1b1a – China
A5b1b1b – China
A5b1b2 – Uyghur
A5b1c – Han Chinese (Denver) [TMRCA 7,600 (95% CI 3,100 <-> 15,500) ybp]
A5b1c1 – Taiwan (Hakka, Bunun, Paiwan) [TMRCA 5,400 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,600) ybp]
A5b1d [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 13,000) ybp]
A5b1d* – China
A5b1d1 – Siamese (Central Thailand), Tay (Vietnam)
A5b2 – China (Tujia, etc.)
A5c – Japan (Aichi, etc.), Korea, Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut [TMRCA 8,200 (95% CI 4,800 <-> 13,000) ybp]
A5c1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.)
A8 – Uyghur [TMRCA 14,000 (95% CI 9,500 <-> 19,800) ybp]
A8a – Okunev culture, Ket, Selkup, Pakistan, Poland, Italy [TMRCA 11,000 (95% CI 8,000 <-> 14,800) ybp]
A8a* – Han Chinese (Guizhou), Korean
A8a1 – Hungary, Albania [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,000 <-> 9,200) ybp]
A8a1* - Uyghur, Poland (Podhale), USA (Louisiana)
A8a1a - Yakut, Uyghur, Buryat
A8a2
A8a2a – Kets (Kellog, etc.), Tofalar (Alygdzher) [TMRCA 2,200 (95% CI 125 <-> 12,000) ybp]
A8a2b - Tuvan (Bay-Tal), Poland
A8b – Koryak [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,600) ybp]
A10 – China (Uyghur), Afghanistan (Hazara, Uzbek), Russia (Mansi, Volga Tatars, etc.), France, Canada, New York [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 4,900 <-> 15,600) ybp]
Popular culture
The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.
In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.
Eva Longoria, an American actress of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup A2.
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Indigenous Amerindian genetics
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup A
Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders (PLoS)
Spread of Haplogroup A, from National Geographic
Aiyana
A10 Ancient DNA – Ancient Chumash Paleoasiatic remains. A10 haplogroup assignment. www.pcas.org/assets/docu Results of Mitochondrial DNA Analyses from Monterey County, California
A10 (( A10 ancient America sample.......Chumash documented origin, Cayegues (Kayiwish) Coastal Paleoasiatic California Indian populations, John R. Johnson, Anthropology 131CA http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/classes/anth131ca/California%20Genetic%20Prehistory.pdf
A10 In the Johnson & Lorenz (2006) study, case JJ168 (haploTYPE A10), does not qualify the PhyloTree.org criteria to be classified as belonging to haploGROUP A10. In HVR1 (the only region their research tested), JJ168 does not present criterion mutations 16227c nor 16311.
A | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20A%20%28mtDNA%29 |
Brotizolam (marketed under brand name Lendormin) is a sedative-hypnotic thienotriazolodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties, and is considered to be similar in effect to other short-acting hypnotic benzodiazepines such as triazolam or midazolam. It is used in the short-term treatment of severe insomnia. Brotizolam is a highly potent and short-acting hypnotic, with a typical dose ranging from 0.125 to 0.25 milligrams, which is rapidly eliminated with an average half-life of 4.4 hours (range 3.6–7.9 hours).
It was patented in 1974 and came into medical use in 1984. Brotizolam is not approved for sale in the UK, United States or Canada. It is approved for sale in the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, Portugal, Israel, Italy, Taiwan and Japan.
Medical uses
Brotizolam is prescribed for the short-term treatment, 2–4 weeks only of severe or debilitating insomnia. Insomnia can be described as a difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakening, early awakenings or a combination of each. Brotizolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine and is sometimes used in patients who have difficulty in maintaining sleep or getting to sleep. Hypnotics should only be used on a short-term basis or in those with chronic insomnia on an occasional basis.
Brotizolam, in a dose of 0.25 mg can be used as a premedication prior to surgery, this dose was found to be comparable in efficacy to 2 mg flunitrazepam as a premedicant prior to surgery.
Side effects
Common side effects of brotizolam are typical of hypnotic benzodiazepines and are related to CNS depression, and include somnolence, ataxia, headache, anterograde amnesia, dizziness, fatigue, impairment of motor functions, slurred speech, confusion, and clumsiness.
Less common side effects include hypotension, respiratory depression, hallucinations, nausea and vomiting, palpitations, and paradoxical reactions (i.e. aggression, anxiety, violent behavior, etc.).
Brotizolam can cause residual side effects the next day such as impaired cognitive and motor functions as well as drowsiness. Disruption of sleep patterns may also occur such as suppression of REM sleep. These side effects are more likely at higher doses (above 0.5–1 mg).
In clinical trials brotizolam 0.125 to 0.5 mg improved sleep in insomniacs similarly to nitrazepam 2.5 and 5 mg, flunitrazepam 2 mg and triazolam 0.25 mg, whilst brotizolam 0.5 mg was shown to be superior to flurazepam 30 mg, but inferior to temazepam 30 mg in some studies. Brotizolam at dosages below 0.5 mg at night usually produced minimal morning drowsiness; no residual impairment of psychomotor performance occurs following dosages within the recommended range of 0.125 to 0.25 mg. No serious side effects have been reported to date and the most frequently observed adverse experiences are drowsiness, headache and dizziness. Mild rebound insomnia may occur in some patients when treatment is stopped.
Contraindications and special caution
Thienodiazepines and benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcohol or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders.
Pharmacology
Brotizolam has been shown in animal studies to be a very high potency thienodiazepine. The elimination half-life of brotizolam is 3–6 hours. It is absorbed rapidly after administration; after administration, it is metabolized into active metabolites, one of which is far less potent than brotizolam and the other is only present in very small amounts in the blood and thus the metabolites of brotizolam do not have significant pharmacological effect in humans. Brotizolam induces impairment of motor function and has hypnotic properties.
Brotizolam increases the slow wave light sleep (SWLS) in a dose-dependent manner whilst suppressing deep sleep stages. Less time is spent in stages 3 and 4, which are the deep sleep stages, when GABAergics such as brotizolam are used. Benzodiazepines and thienodiazepines are therefore not ideal hypnotics in the treatment of insomnia. The suppression of deep sleep stages by either may be especially problematic to the elderly as they naturally spend less time in the deep sleep stage.
Abuse
Brotizolam is a drug with a potential for abuse. Drug misuse is defined as taking the drug to achieve a 'high', or continuing to take the drug in the long term against medical advice.
Abuse of brotizolam, although not widespread, was a problem in Hong Kong back in the late 1980s and 1990s. To control benzodiazepine abuse in Hong Kong, the Government's Pharmacy and Poisons Board reclassified benzodiazepines as Dangerous Drugs in October 1990. Apart from formal prescriptions, detailed records were then required for the supply and dispensing of these drugs. These regulations were applied initially only to brotizolam, triazolam and flunitrazepam as they were the major benzodiazepines of abuse. The impact of these regulatory changes on benzodiazepine use has been studied by analyzing the sales patterns of seven benzodiazepines between 1990–1993. In 1991, the sales of flunitrazepam and triazolam fell, but the sales of five unrestricted benzodiazepines increased. Particular problems arose with the trafficking and abuse of nimetazepam and the abuse of temazepam within that same year in 1991. The regulations that were originally only applied to brotizolam, triazolam and flunitrazepam were now being extended to include all benzodiazepines by January 1992. A regulation requiring the use of proper prescriptions and detailed records for the supply and dispensing of benzodiazepines, appears to have curbed, at least partially, their abuse in Hong Kong. There are still some problems with temazepam, nimetazepam, triazolam, and brotizolam, but they are not major.
Commercial names
See also
Benzodiazepines
Thienodiazepines
Benzodiazepine dependence
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Long-term effects of benzodiazepines
Midazolam
Triazolam
Loprazolam
Flubrotizolam
Fluclotizolam
Flurazepam
Responsible drug use, recreational drug use
GABA
References
Further reading
External links
Inchem.org - Brotizolam
Chlorobenzenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Bromoarenes
Thienotriazolodiazepines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotizolam |
Boswell may refer to:
Places
Canada
Boswell, British Columbia, a rural community
Boswell, British Columbia (Central Coast), a former cannery town
Mount Boswell, Alberta
England
Boswell, a hamlet in Elkington, Lincolnshire
United States
Boswell, Indiana, a town
Boswell, Oklahoma, a town
Boswell, Pennsylvania, a borough
Boswell Bay, Alaska, a place in Alaska
People
Boswell (surname)
James Boswell (1740–1795), Scottish lawyer, diarist, author, and biographer of Samuel Johnson
Clan Boswell, a Lowland Scottish clan
Boisil or Boswell (died 661), Christian saint and abbot
Boswell Williams (1926–2014), Saint Lucian politician
Chris Boswell, placekicker for the Pittsburgh Steelers
Education
The Boswells School, a secondary school in Chelmsford, Essex, England
Boswell High School, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
Boswell School, Izard County, Arkansas, United States, a school building on the National Register of Historic Places
Other uses
Boswell Observatory, at Doane College in Nebraska, US
Boswells of Oxford, or simply Boswells, a department store in Oxford, England
Boswell baronets, an extinct title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Boswell (horse), a Thoroughbred racehorse
Boswell: A Modern Comedy, a novel by Stanley Elkin
See also
Boswell's Tavern, an 18th-century tavern near Gordonsville, Virginia, United States, on the National Register of Historic Places
Boswellia, a genus of trees
Boswil, a municipality in Switzerland
St Boswells, Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswell |
Self-Made Man: My Year Disguised as a Man is a 2006 book by journalist Norah Vincent, recounting an 18-month experiment in which she disguised herself as a man and then integrated into traditionally male-only venues, such as a bowling league and a monastery. She described this as "a human project" about learning. She states at the beginning that she is a lesbian but not transgender.
Content
In order to effectively pose as a man, Vincent acquired a buzz cut and flattened her chest using a small sports bra. She also hired a makeup artist to fake a five o'clock shadow and trained for months to imitate a deeper male voice. She changed her diet and exercise regime to "bulk up" with more upper-body muscle.
She describes her experiences as a man in strip clubs, on dates, and as part of a man's support group.
She joined a men's bowling team, where she says, "[the men] just took me in ... no questions asked." She eventually became friends with them, even coming along to strip clubs and dating women who had no idea of her true sex. She later revealed that she was actually female to the men, who "took it well".
She wrote about how the only time she had ever been considered excessively feminine was during her stint as a man: her alter ego, Ned, was assumed to be gay on several occasions. Features of herself that had before been seen as butch were seen as oddly effeminate. Vincent stated that, after the experiment, she gained more sympathy for the male condition: "Men are suffering. They have different problems than women have, but they don't have it better. They need our sympathy, they need our love, and they need each other more than anything else. They need to be together."
Audiobook
Vincent also recorded Self-Made Man as an audiobook for Penguin Highbridge.
See also
Cross-dressing
Passing (gender)
Undercover journalism
References
LGBT autobiographies
2006 non-fiction books
Cross-dressing in literature
Masculinity
LGBT literature in the United States
Qualitative research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Made%20Man%20%28book%29 |
A year zero does not exist in the Anno Domini (AD) calendar year system commonly used to number years in the Gregorian calendar (nor in its predecessor, the Julian calendar); in this system, the year is followed directly by year . However, there is a year zero in both the astronomical year numbering system (where it coincides with the Julian year ), and the ISO 8601:2004 system, the interchange standard for all calendar numbering systems (where year zero coincides with the Gregorian year ; see conversion table). There is also a year zero in most Buddhist and Hindu calendars.
History
The Anno Domini era was introduced in 525 by Scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus (c. 470 – c. 544), who used it to identify the years on his Easter table. He introduced the new era to avoid using the Diocletian era, based on the accession of Roman Emperor Diocletian, as he did not wish to continue the memory of a persecutor of Christians. In the preface to his Easter table, Dionysius stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of Probus Junior" which was also 525 years "since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ". How he arrived at that number is unknown.
Dionysius Exiguus did not use 'AD' years to date any historical event. This practice began with the English cleric Bede (c. 672–735), who used AD years in his (731), popularizing the era. Bede also used - only once - a term similar to the modern English term 'before Christ', though the practice did not catch on for nearly a thousand years, when books by Dionysius Petavius treating calendar science gained popularity. Bede did not sequentially number days of the month, weeks of the year, or months of the year. However, he did number many of the days of the week using the counting origin one in Ecclesiastical Latin.
Previous Christian histories used several titles for dating events: ("in the year of the world") beginning on the purported first day of creation; or ("in the year of Adam") beginning at the creation of Adam five days later (or the sixth day of creation according to the Genesis creation narrative) as used by Africanus; or ("in the year of Abraham") beginning 3,412 years after Creation according to the Septuagint, used by Eusebius of Caesarea; all of which assigned "one" to the year beginning at Creation, or the creation of Adam, or the birth of Abraham, respectively. Bede continued this earlier tradition relative to the AD era.
In chapter II of book I of Ecclesiastical History, Bede stated that Julius Caesar invaded Britain "in the year 693 after the building of Rome, but the sixtieth year before the incarnation of our Lord", while stating in chapter III, "in the year of Rome 798, Claudius" also invaded Britain and "within a very few days ... concluded the war in ... the forty-sixth [year] from the incarnation of our Lord". Although both dates are wrong, they are sufficient to conclude that Bede did not include a year zero between BC and AD: 798 − 693 + 1 (because the years are inclusive) = 106, but 60 + 46 = 106, which leaves no room for a year zero. The modern English term "before Christ" (BC) is only a rough equivalent, not a direct translation, of Bede's Latin phrase ("before the time of the lord's incarnation"), which was itself never abbreviated. Bede's singular use of 'BC' continued to be used sporadically throughout the Middle Ages.
Neither the concept of nor a symbol for zero existed in the system of Roman numerals. The Babylonian system of the BC era had used the idea of "nothingness" without considering it a number, and the Romans enumerated in much the same way. Wherever a modern zero would have been used, Bede and Dionysius Exiguus did use Latin number words, or the word (meaning "nothing") alongside Roman numerals. Zero was invented in India in the sixth century, and was either transferred or reinvented by the Arabs by about the eighth century. The Arabic numeral for zero (0) did not enter Europe until the thirteenth century. Even then, it was known only to very few, and only entered widespread use in Europe by the seventeenth century.
The nomenclature was not widely used in Western Europe until the 9th century, and the to historical year was not uniform throughout Western Europe until 1752. The first extensive use (hundreds of times) of 'BC' occurred in by Werner Rolevinck in 1474, alongside years of the world (). The terms anno Domini, Dionysian era, Christian era, vulgar era, and common era were used interchangeably between the Renaissance and the 19th century, at least in Latin. But vulgar era fell out of use in English at the beginning of the 20th century after vulgar acquired the meaning of "offensively coarse", replacing its original meaning of "common" or "ordinary". Consequently, historians regard all these eras as equal.
Historians have never included a year zero. This means that between, for example, and , there are 999 years: 500 years BC, and 499 years AD preceding 500. In common usage anno Domini 1 is preceded by the year 1 BC, without an intervening year zero. Neither the choice of calendar system (whether Julian or Gregorian) nor the name of the era (Anno Domini or Common Era) determines whether a year zero will be used. If writers do not use the convention of their group (historians or astronomers), they must explicitly state whether they include a year 0 in their count of years, otherwise their historical dates will be misunderstood.
Astronomy
In astronomy, for the year AD 1 and later it is common to assign the same numbers as the Anno Domini notation, which in turn is numerically equivalent to the Common Era notation. But the discontinuity between 1 AD and 1 BC makes it cumbersome to compare ancient and modern dates. So the year before 1 AD is designated 0, the year before 0 is −1, and so on.
The letters "AD", "BC", "CE", or "BCE" are omitted. So 1 BC in historical notation is equivalent to 0 in astronomical notation, 2 BC is equivalent to −1, etc. Sometimes positive years are preceded by the + sign. This year numbering notation was introduced by the astronomer Jacques Cassini in 1740.
History of astronomical usage
In 1627, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler, in his Rudolphine Tables, first used an astronomical year essentially as a year zero. He labeled it Christi and inserted it between years labeled and BC and AD today, on the "mean motion" pages of the Sun, Moon, and planets. In 1702, the French astronomer Philippe de la Hire labeled a year as and placed it at the end of the years labeled (BC), and immediately before the years labeled (AD), on the mean motion pages in his , thus adding the number designation 0 to Kepler's .
Finally, in 1740, the transition was completed by French astronomer Jacques Cassini , who is traditionally credited with inventing year zero. In his , Cassini labeled the year simply as 0, and placed it at the end of years labeled (BC), and immediately before years labeled (AD).
ISO 8601
ISO 8601:2004 (and previously ISO 8601:2000, but not ISO 8601:1988) explicitly uses astronomical year numbering in its date reference systems. (Because it also specifies the use of the proleptic Gregorian calendar for all years before 1582, some readers incorrectly assume that a year zero is also included in that proleptic calendar, but it is not used with the BC/AD era.) The "basic" format for year 0 is the four-digit form 0000, which equals the historical year 1 BC. Several "expanded" formats are possible: −0000 and +0000, as well as five- and six-digit versions. Earlier years are also negative four-, five- or six-digit years, which have an absolute value one less than the equivalent BC year, hence -0001 = 2 BC. Because only ISO 646 (7-bit ASCII) characters are allowed by ISO 8601, the minus sign is represented by a hyphen-minus.
Computing
Programming libraries may implement a year zero, an example being the Perl CPAN module DateTime.
Indian calendars
Most eras used with Hindu and Buddhist calendars, such as the Saka era or the Kali Yuga, begin with the year 0. These calendars mostly use elapsed, expired, or complete years, in contrast with most calendars from other parts of the world which use current years. A complete year had not yet elapsed for any date in the initial year of the epoch, thus the number 1 cannot be used. Instead, during the first year the indication of 0 years (elapsed) is given in order to show that the epoch is less than 1 year old. This is similar to the Western method of stating a person's age – people do not reach age one until one year has elapsed since birth (but their age during the year beginning at birth is specified in months or fractional years, not as age zero). However, if ages were specified in years and months, such a person would be said to be, for example, 0 years and 6 months or 0.5 years old. This is analogous to the way time is shown on a 24-hour clock: during the first hour of a day, the time elapsed is 0 hours, n minutes.
See also
January 0
References
Chronology
Astronomical coordinate systems
zero
0 (number)
0s
0s BC
Nonexistent things | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year%20zero |
The A platform is a term most commonly associated with automobile body type and has several meanings:
Chrysler A platform, a Chrysler automobile platform used in the 1960s
General Motors A platform (1925), a midsize automobile platform of General Motors in use from 1961 to 1981 for rear wheel drive vehicles
GM A platform (1982), a midsize automobile platform of General Motors in use from 1982 to 1996 for front wheel drive vehicles
Volkswagen Group A platform, an automobile platform shared by the compact cars of the Volkswagen Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20platform |
David J. Edmondson (born June 10, 1959) is an American businessman, known for his career at RadioShack and his termination as CEO for falsifying his educational background.
Early life and education
David J. Edmondson was born June 10, 1959, in Methuen, Massachusetts. His mother Jeannette was a homemaker, and his adoptive father was a US soldier. Like most children of military families, Edmondson moved a great deal throughout his early life, including periods in Germany and Fort Jackson, South Carolina, before settling at Fort Carson, Colorado, in 1968, where Edmondson remained until his graduation from Alpha Omega Christian School in 1977.
Edmondson moved to San Dimas, California, in 1977 where he attended Pacific Coast Baptist Bible College (PCBBC). While at Pacific Coast Baptist Bible College, Edmondson began his study to become a Baptist minister. Edmondson left California after one year on campus and returned to Colorado where he became the associate pastor of Security Baptist Temple, in Security, Colorado. He continued his studies through correspondence with PCBBC and claimed he earned his ThG (Graduate of Theology) in May 1980.
Although he has attended several colleges, he does not currently hold any academic degrees.
Career
After his ordination, Edmondson relocated to Omaha, Nebraska, where he founded the Twin Cities Baptist Church. He started the church in a borrowed space donated by an Omaha businessman.
In 1982, Edmondson returned to Colorado Springs and attempted to start another church. The second church was not successful and Edmondson left the full-time ministry.
In 1983, Edmondson again relocated, this time to Cleveland, Ohio, and went to work for direct mail advertising company ADVO System, Inc. While serving as national account marketing executive, Edmondson worked on developing and implementing marketing programs with various divisions of Tandy Corporation, including its RadioShack Division.
RadioShack
Edmondson held positions as vice president of marketing (1994–1995), senior vice president of marketing and advertising (1995–1997), executive vice president and chief operating officer (1997–2000), president and chief operating officer (2000–2005) and chief executive officer (2005-2006).
Arrests, newspaper investigation, resignation
In January 2005, shortly after RadioShack announced that Edmondson would be taking over as CEO, he was arrested in Southlake, Texas, for driving while intoxicated, his third such charge. Edmondson pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 30 days in jail. The incident prompted the Fort Worth Star-Telegram to begin looking more closely at his past.
Edmondson resigned in February 2006, after the Star-Telegram disclosed that he had falsified his résumé and biography, claiming two non-existent college degrees.
Post-RadioShack
In 2007, Edmondson founded EasySale, an Internet-based consignment and liquidation company based in Arlington, Texas. In 2009, he co-founded and became CEO of E-Recycling Corps (now HYLA Mobile), an enterprise engaged in the collection, refurbishment and global redistribution of used wireless devices. According to Pitchbook-October 1, 2018, HYLA Mobile is the most valuable venture capital backed company in the State of Texas, valued at $650 million. According to the SEC (Security and Exchange Commission) filing on March 3, 2021, Edmondson became a member of the board of directors for the blank check SPAC (Special Purpose Acquisition Company) Aeon Acquisition Corp. managing $125 million dollars.
References
1959 births
Living people
Baptists from Massachusetts
American chief operating officers
Academic scandals
People who fabricated academic degrees
Baptists from California
20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
Baptists from Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Edmondson |
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen somewhere between the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal some 24,000 years before present. It is a descendant of the haplogroup M. Haplogroup C shares six mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with haplogroup Z and five mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with other members of haplogroup M8. This macro-haplogroup is known as haplogroup M8'CZ or simply as haplogroup M8.
Distribution
Haplogroup C is found in Northeast Asia (including Siberia) and the Americas. In Eurasia, Haplogroup C is especially frequent among populations of arctic Siberia, such as Nganasans, Dolgans, Yakuts, Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs, and Koryaks. Haplogroup C is one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, D, and X. The subclades C1b, C1c, C1d, and C4c are found in the first people of the Americas. C1a is found only in Asia.
In 2010, Icelandic researchers discovered C1e lineage in their home country, estimating an introduction date of year 1700 AD or earlier, indicating a possible introduction during the Viking expeditions to the Americas. A Native American origin for this C1e lineage is likely, but the researchers note that a European or Asian one cannot be ruled out.
In 2014, a study discovered a new mtDNA subclade C1f from the remains of 3 people found in north-western Russia and dated to 7,500 years ago. It has not been detected in modern populations. The study proposed the hypothesis that the sister C1e and C1f subclades had split early from the most recent common ancestor of the C1 clade and had evolved independently. Subclade C1e had a northern European origin. Iceland was settled by the Vikings 1,130 years ago and they had raided heavily into western Russia, where the sister subclade C1f is now known to have resided. They proposed that both subclades were brought to Iceland through the Vikings, however C1e went extinct on mainland northern Europe due to population turnover and its small representation, and subclade C1f went extinct completely.
In 2015, a study conducted in the Aconcagua mummy identified its mtDNA lineage belongs to the subclade C1bi, which contains 10 distinct mutations from C1b.
Table of Frequencies by ethnic group
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
CZ
C - China (Mongol from Chifeng), Korea, Russia (Bashkortostan), India
C1 - Paraguay (Alto Parana), ancient DNA from specimen I0061 (from Yuzhniy Oleni Ostrov, Lake Onega, Russia, 7450 - 6950 ybp)
C1a
C1a* – Ulchi, Nanai, Daur, Mongol (Hulunbuir)
C1a1 – Buryat, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)
C1a2 – Japan
C1b
C1b*
C1b1
C1b1*
C1b1a
C1b1a* – Mexican American
C1b1a1 – Mexican American
C1b1b – Native American, Mexican American
C1b2
C1b2* – Peru, Paraguay
C1b2a – Peru
C1b2b – Colombia
C1b2c
C1b2c* – USA, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Spain
C1b2c1 – Paraguay
C1b3
C1b3* – Peru
C1b3a - Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatera, Papua Nugini dan Sulawesi)
C1b3a* – Peru
C1b3a1 – Argentina
C1b4 – Ecuador, Peru, USA
C1b5
C1c
C1c1
C1c2
C1d – Argentina (Buenos Aires), Colombia (Boyacá), Mexico (Tamaulipas, Guanajuato, Chihuahua, etc.), United States (Mexican Americans), Canada (Shuswap)
C1d1
C1d2 – Colombia (Mestizo)
C1d2a – Colombia (Mestizos)
C1e – Iceland
C1f – Pamiri Tajik (Gorno-Badakhshan), India (Marathi), Scotland, Italy, Mesolithic NW Russia
C1g – Mesolithic NW Russia (Karelia)
C4 – Upper Palaeolithic (14050 - 13770 ybp) Ust-Kyakhta (Buryatia), Late Neolithic-Bronze Age Irkutsk Oblast, Late Neolithic-Iron Age Yakutia, Tubalar (Ederbes), Todzhin (Toora-Hem, Iiy, Adir-Kezhig), Yukaghir (Andrushkino), Yukaghir/Chuvan (Markovo), Russian, Myanmar
C4a'b'c - Irkutsk Oblast (6815 ybp), India (Jenu Kuruba)
C4a – China (Guangdong, Han from Beijing)
C4a1 – Mongol from Chifeng and Hulunbuir, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz, Sarikoli, Wakhi), Czech Republic, Denmark
C4a1a – Korea, China, Uyghur, Buryat (South Siberia), Denmark, Sweden, France, Scotland, Canada
C4a1a1
C4a1a1a
C4a1a1a1 - Lepcha, Sherpa (Nepal)
C4a1a1a2 - Lachungpa
C4a1a1a3 - Wancho
C4a1a1b - Poland, Finland (Hamina)
C-T195C! – Ireland, Scotland, England, USA, Hungary (Szeged region), Poland, Belarus, Russia (Russian, Buryat), Turkey, Pakistan (Hazara), India (Jammu and Kashmir), China (Bargut and Mongol in Inner Mongolia, etc.), Korea
C4a1a2 – China
C4a1a2a – China (Han from Ili, Han from Henan, etc.)
C4a1a2b
C4a1a2b1 - China
C4a1a2b2 - Uyghur
C4a1a3 – Bronze Age Irkutsk Oblast (Ust'-Belaya, Khaptsagai, Silinskij, Chastaja Padi), Russian (Kemerovo Oblast), Koryak, Yukaghir, Yakut, Evenk (Nyukzha, Chumikan, Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (Sakkyryyr, Sebjan, Tompo, Markovo, Kamchatka), Udinsk Buryat (Kushun), Todzhin (Toora-Hem, Adir-Kezhig), Altai Kizhi, Iran (Qashqai), Sweden
C4a1a3a – Yakut, Buryat (Buryat Republic, Irkutsk Oblast), Bargut, Nentsi
C4a1a3a1 – Yakut, Nganasan (Vadei of Taimyr Peninsula)
C4a1a3a1a - Evenk (Taimyr, Stony Tunguska)
C4a1a3a1b - Tofalar
C4a1a3b – Bargut, Uyghur
C4a1a3b1 - Chelkan, Tubalar
C4a1a3c – Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula, Stony Tunguska)
C4a1a3d – Yakut
C4a1a4 – Buryat, Kazakhstan
C4a1a4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region), Shor
C4a1a5 – Teleut, Ladakh
C4a1a6
C4a1a6a - Russia (Bashkortostan, Khamnigan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat)
C4a1a6b - Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia), Uyghur
C4a1a7 - Denmark
C4a1b – China, Thailand (Palaung)
C4a1c - Russia (Bashkortostan, Adygei), Iran (Azerbaijanian), China (Xibo, Mongol from Tianjin)
C4a2
C4a2a – Yakut, Evenk (Chumikan)
C4a2a1 – Bronze Age (2275 - 2040 cal BC) Irkutsk Oblast (specimen irk076 from burial 3 at the Shamanka 2 site, South Baikal), Shor, Chelkan, Teleut, Altai Kizhi, Yakut, Kazakh, Ket, Evenk (Stony Tunguska, Taimyr), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast, Inner Mongolia), China, Korea
C4a2a1a – Yukaghir, Yakut, Evenk (Nyukzha, Iyengra, Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (Tompo)
C4a2a1b – Evenk (Nyukzha), Yakut
C4a2a1b1 - Evenk (Nyukzha)
C4a2a1c - China (Zhejiang, Uyghurs), Buryat, Todzhin (Iiy), Karanogay (Dagestan)
C4a2a1c1 - Tofalar (Alygdzher, Nerkha, V. Gutara), Khamnigan
C4a2a1c2 - Uyghurs
C4a2a1d - Uyghurs
C4a2a1d1 - Udinsk Buryat (Kushun), Tofalar (V. Gutara), Evenk (Central Siberia)
C4a2a1d2 - Evenk (Nelkan/Dzhigda), Evenk/Nivkh (Val)
C4a2a1e - Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)
C4a2a1f - Buryat (South Siberia, Irkutsk Oblast)
C4a2a1g - Ket
C4a2b – Tibet, Korea
C4a2b1 – Wancho
C4a2b2 – China (Han from Beijing)
C4a2b2a – Tibet (Sherpa)
C4a2c – Bargut (Inner Mongolia)
C4a2c1 – India (Jenu Kuruba)
C4a2c2 – Lepcha
C4a2c2a – Ladakh
C4b – Mongol from Jilin and Hulunbuir, Yukaghir, Altai Kizhi, Ukraine, Slovakia
C4b1 – Yukaghir, Buryat, Mongol from Jilin
C4b1a – Bargut (Inner Mongolia)
C4b1b – Evenk (Stony Tunguska), Buryat
C4b2 – Koryak
C4b2a – Koryak, Chukchi
C4b3 – Yakut, Altai Kizhi
C4b3a – Yukaghir, Even (Berezovka), Mongol from Xilingol
C4b3a1 – Yukaghir
C4b3b – Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska)
C4b5 – Khamnigan, Buryat
C4b6 – Altai Kizhi, Tubalar
C4b7 – Yukaghir
C4b8 – Yakut
C4b8a – Nganasan
C4c – Ijka
C4c1 – Sioux (Carson County of South Dakota), Shuswap, Canada, USA, France, Spain
C4c1a – Cherokee (Flint District of Oklahoma)
C4c1b – Chippewa (Trempealeau in Wisconsin), Ottawa or Chippewa (Sault Saint Marie, Chippewa County, Michigan), Canada
C4c2 – Métis (Red River, Manitoba), USA
C4-T152C! – Russia (Bashkortostan), England
C4-T152C!-A12780G - Uyghur
C4d – Turkey, Tibet (Chamdo, Nyingchi, Shannan, Lhoba), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province), Han from Beijing, Mongol from Tongliao
C4-T152C!-T4742C - Altai Republic (ancient DNA), Uyghur
C4-T152C!-T4742C-T16093C - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), Tibet (Nyingchi)
C4-T152C!-T4742C-T8602C - Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), Burusho (Pakistan)
C4-T152C!-T4742C-T8602C-G11176A - Pamiri (Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan)
C4e – Teleut, Shor
C5 – India
C5a – Azeri
C5a1 – Mongol (Bayannur, Hohhot, Chifeng), Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Xibo (HGDP), Kazakhstan
C5a1a - Khanty, Altai Kizhi
C5a1b - Even (Severo-Evensk district), Ulchi
C5a1c - Yakut, Khamnigan (South Siberia)
C5a1d - Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia)
C5a1e - Uyghur
C5a1f - Uyghur
C5a2
C5a2a – Buryat (South Siberia, Buryat Republic), Turkey
C5a2a1 - Evenk (Nyukzha, Iyengra)
C5a2b – Yukaghir (Nelemnoye), Koryak, Chukchi, Evenk (Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (Kamchatka)
C5a2b1 – Koryak
C5b – Poland
C5b1 – Mongol (Bayannur, Shanxi), Buryat (South Siberia), Tofalar, Todjin, Tuvan, Sojot, Ladakh, Japan
C5b1a – Evenk (Central Siberia)
C5b1a1 – Nganasan, Yakut, Buryat (South Siberia), Khamnigan (South Siberia), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
C5b1a1a - Tofalar (Nerkha, Alygdzher, V. Gutara), Todzhi-Tuva (Alygdzher), Buryat (South Siberia)
C5b1a2 - Altai Kizhi (South Siberia), Irtysh-Barabinsk Tatar (Novosibirsk Oblast)
C5b1b – Khakas
C5b1b* – Buryat (South Siberia), Russia (Chechen Republic), Bulgaria (Turk in Dobrich)
C5b1b1 – Yakut
C5b1b1a - Yakut, Even (Sebjan), Evenk (Stony Tunguska), Russian
C5b1b2 - Uyghur
C5-T16093C – Japan (Aichi), Korea, Han (Beijing)
C5c – Tubalar, Teleut, Afghanistan, Persian (Iran), Czech Republic
C5c-C16234T – Kurd (Iran), Armenia, Turkey, Kuwait
C5c1 – Poland, Sweden, Greece
C5c1a – Russian (Uzbekistan), Ukraine, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Austria, Germany, England, Scotland, Ireland, Italy, USA, Canada
C5d – China, Vietnam (Hmong)
C5d1 – Altai Kizhi, Tuvan, Evenk (Stony Tunguska), Yukaghir
C5d2 – Khamnigan, China
C7 – South Korea, China, Taiwan (Hakka), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Chiang Mai Province, and Lamphun Province), Vietnam (Kinh, Tay, Jarai)
C7a – Han (Beijing, Yunnan, Denver, etc.), Uyghur, Taiwan (Paiwan, Minnan), Lahu, Thailand (incl. Urak Lawoi, Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province, Black Tai in Loei Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province), Vietnam (Hani, Yao, Gelao)
C7a1 – China, Mongol (Alxa), Taiwan (Makatao), USA (Han Chinese in Denver), Korea
C7a1a – Thailand (Mon in Lopburi Province)
C7a1a1 – Wancho
C7a1a2 – Dirang Monpa
C7a1b – Northern Thailand (Tai Lue), Vietnam (Nung)
C7a1c – Uyghurs, Mongol (Hebei, Tongliao, Hinggan, Hulunbuir), Chinese (Fengcheng, Shandong, Fujian, Taixing, etc.), Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam
C7a1c1 – Evenk (Central Siberia, Nyukzha River basin, Okhotsk region), Uyghur
C7a1d – Wancho
C7a1f – Thailand (Karen)
C7a1f1 – Thailand (Karen, Shan, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from Kanchanaburi Province)
C7a1f1a – Thailand (S'gaw Karen, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province)
C7a2 – China, Dai, Laos (Lao in Luang Prabang), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Mon in Nakhon Ratchasima Province), Myanmar (Yangon)
C7a2a – China (Shantou, etc.), Taiwan (Hakka, Makatao, etc.)
C7a3
C7a4
C7a5
C7a6
C7-A16051G – Bargut (Inner Mongolia)
C7b – Gallong, Naxi, Ukraine, Moldova, Austria
C7c – Korea
C7d – Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (Vietnamese), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province), Cambodia (Kampong Cham)
C7e – Cambodia (Takéo), Thailand (Khmer in Surin Province)
Popular culture
In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Chochmingwu.
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
Indigenous American genetic studies
References
Bibliography
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup C
Spread of Haplogroup C, from National Geographic
C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20C%20%28mtDNA%29 |
Cinolazepam (marketed under the brand name Gerodorm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.
Due to its strong sedative properties, it is primarily used as a hypnotic.
It was patented in 1978 and came into medical use in 1992. Cinolazepam is not approved for sale in the United States or Canada.
References
External links
Inchem.org - Cinolazepam
Secondary alcohols
Benzodiazepines
Chloroarenes
Fluoroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Hypnotics
Lactams
Nitriles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinolazepam |
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in the Late Pleistocene, before the Last Glacial Maximum and the settlement of the Americas).
In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central and Northeast Asia.
Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X. Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26.1%) and Magar (24.3%).
Subclades
There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6.
D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.
D4
D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas.
Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the settlement of the Americas.
D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especially Aleuts), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c, so it properly should be termed D4e1b.
D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in Inuit of Canada and Greenland, is a branch of D4b1c.
D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as Japanese, Okinawans, Koreans, northern Han Chinese (e.g. from Lanzhou), and some Mongolic- or Tungusic-speaking populations of the Hulunbuir region, such as Barghuts in Hulun Buir Aimak, Mongols and Evenks in New Barag Left Banner, and Oroqens in Oroqen Autonomous Banner. D4 is also the most common haplogroup among the Oroks of Sakhalin, the Buryats and Khamnigans of the Buryat Republic, the Kalmyks of the Kalmyk Republic, the Telenghits and Kazakhs of the Altai Republic, and the Kyrgyz of Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture. It also predominates among published samples of Paleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered from Chertovy Vorota Cave. Spread also all over China, the Himalayas, Central Asia, Siberia, and indigenous peoples of the Americas, with some cases observed in Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, and Europe. Khattak and Kheshgi in Peshawar Valley, Pakistan
D4* - China, Mongol from Heilongjiang and Hebei, Korea, Japan, Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province), USA, Russia, Georgia, Iraq, Turkey, Greece
D1 – America
D1a – Colombia
D1a1 – Brazil (Surui, Gavião)
D1a2 – Guaraní
D1b – United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
D1c – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
D1d
D1d1 – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
D1d2 – Mexican
D1e – Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró)
D1f – Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador (Amerindian Kichwas from the Amazonian provinces of Pastaza, Orellana, and Napo), Peru, Mexican, USA
D1f1 – Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena
D1f2 – Colombia
D1f3 – Mexico, USA (Native American)
D1g – Southern Cone of South America
D1g1
D1g1a
D1g1b
D1g2
D1g2a
D1g3
D1g4
D1g5
D1g6
D1h
D1h1 – Mexican
D1h2 – Mexican
D1i – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
D1i1 – Mexican
D1i2 – Mexican
D1j – Southern Cone of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina)
D1j1
D1j1a
D1j1a1 – Argentina
D1j1a2
D1k – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
D1m – Mexican
D1n – United States (Hispanic), Mexico
D1r – Peru
D1u
D1u1 – Peru
D4a – China, Mongol from Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang), Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Tajik from Ferghana), Pakistan (Saraiki), Mongolia
D4a1 – Japan, Korea, Negidal, Ulchi
D4a1a – Japan
D4a1a1 – Japan, Korea
D4a1a1a – Japan
D4a1b – Japan, Korea
D4a1b1 – Japan
D4a1c – Japan, Korea
D4a1d – Japan
D4a1e – China, Taiwan, Dirang Monpa, Mongol from Shandong, Yakut
D4a1e1 – Japan, Uyghurs
D4a1f – Japan
D4a1f1 – Japan
D4a1g – China, Bargut
D4a1h – Japan
D4a2 – Japan, Korea
D4a2a – Japan, Korea
D4a2b – Japan
D4a3 Mongol from Tongliao
D4a3a
D4a3a* – China (Henan), Korea
D4a3a1 – China (Taihang area in Henan province, Hunan Han, Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture)
D4a3a2 – Japan
D4a3b
D4a3b* – China, Mongol from Shenyang
D4a3b1 – Japan, Korea, China（Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China）, Pakistan (Kalash)
D4a3b2 – China, Taiwan
D4a4 – Japan
D4a5 - Myanmar (Shan from Kachin State), China (Zhejiang, Chamdo, Korean from Antu County, Mongol from Tongliao)
D4a6 - China (Eastern China, Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture), Mauritius
D4a-b
D4a-b* – China (Han Chinese from Taizhou, Zhejiang)
D4a7
D4a7* – China
D4a7a
D4a7a* – Taiwan
D4a7a1 – Taiwan (Hakka Han from Neipu, Pingtung)
D4a7b
D4a7b* – Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)
D4a7b1 – China (Souther Han Chinese from Hunan), Taiwan (Minnan Han from Kaohsiung and Tsou from Alishan, Chiayi), Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi) Singapore (Malaysian)
D4a8 – China
D4b – Thailand (Thai from Central Thailand)
D4b1
D4b1* – Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic, Tatarstan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur, Mongol from Beijing, etc.)
D4b1a
D4b1a* – China (Bargut from Inner Mongolia, Mongol from Heilongjiang), South Korea, Thailand (Iu Mien from Nan Province)
D4b1a1 – South Korea, Japan
D4b1a1a – South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyzstan
D4b1a2 – Yukaghir, Neolithic Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug
D4b1a2a
D4b1a2a* – Hungary, Khamnigan, Han (Beijing)
D4b1a2a1 – China (Bargut, Uyghur), Mongol, Kazakhstan, Karakalpak, Azeri, Turkey, Poland, Russia (Buryats in Buryat Republic and Irkutsk Oblast, Tubalars, Ayon, Yanranay, Karaginsky District), Inuit (Canada, Greenland), Canada, Native American (USA)
D4b1a2a2 – Buryat, Todzhins, Tuvan
D4b1b'd
D4b1b - China, Taiwan
D4b1b1 – Japan
D4b1b1a – Japan
D4b1b1a1 – Japan
D4b1b2 – Japan, China (Han from Zhanjiang)
D4b1d – China (Gelao from Daozhen)
D4b1c
D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit
D3* – Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka, etc.), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi
D3a – Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska)
D3b – Oroqen
D3c
D3c* – Buryat
D3c1
D3c1* – Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula)
D3c1a
D3c1a1
D3c1a1a – Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia)
D3c1a1b – Italy (Roman Empire)
D3c1a2 – Ust'-Dolgoe site of Glazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia)
D3d – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River)
D3e – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia)
D4b2 – Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP (Middle Jōmon period) Yokohama, China (Mongol from Hebei), Thailand (Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), India (Gallong)
D4b2a – Japan
D4b2a1 – Japan, China (Korean from Antu County)
D4b2a2 – Japan, Korea
D4b2a2a – Japan, Kyrgyzstan
D4b2a2a1 – Japan
D4b2a2a2 – Japan
D4b2a2b – Japan
D4b2b – China (Mongols from Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, Uyghurs, Tu, Tibet, etc.), South Korea, Japan, Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province), Saudi Arabia
D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Mongol from Tongliao, Uyghur, Persian
D4b2b1a – Japan
D4b2b1b – Japan
D4b2b1c – Japan
D4b2b1d – Japan
D4b2b2 – China (Mongol from Chifeng and Heilongjiang, Tujia, Han from Lanzhou, etc.), Taiwan (Hakka)
D4b2b2a – China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Lachi)
D4b2b2a1 – Japan, Russia
D4b2b2b – Russia, China, South Korea
D4b2b2c – China, Buryat
D4b2b3 – Japan
D4b2b4 – Northeast India (Sherdukpen), China, Russia (Tuvan)
D4b2b5 – Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan
D4b2b6 – Chinese (Beijing, Lanzhou, Denver), Korea, Armenian
D4b2b7 – China, Taiwan (Hakka)
D4b2b8 – Uyghur
D4b2b9
D4b2b9* – China, Xibo
D4b2b9a
D4b2b9a* – Buryat
D4b2b9a1 – China
D4b2c
D4b2d – Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat)
D4c
D4c1 – Uyghur
D4c1a – Japan, Korea
D4c1a1 – Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz)
D4c1b – Japan, Inner Mongolia
D4c1b1 – Japan, Tibet
D4c1b2 – Japan
D4c2 – Turkmenistan, Mongol from Chifeng
D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation
D4c2a1 – Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi
D4c2b – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turk, Russian, Ukraine
D4c2c – Japan
D4d – Japan, Korea
D4e
D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA
D4e1a – Thailand (Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province), Moken, Urak Lawoi, China (Han from Lanzhou, Mongol from Inner Mongolia, etc.), Tibet, Uyghur, Korea, Japan
D4e1a1 – Japan, Chinese
D4e1a2 – Thailand, Sonowal Kachari
D4e1a2a – Japan, Korea
D4e1a3 – China (Yao from Bama, Mongol from Alxa, etc.), Thailand (Hmong, Iu Mien), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Phù Lá)
D2 – Uyghur, Mongol from Jilin and Chaoyang
D2a'b
D2a – Aleut, Tlingit
D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada
D2a1a – Aleut
D2a1b – Siberian Eskimo
D2a2 – Chukchi, Eskimo
D2b – Yukaghir, Even (Maya River, Okhotsk Region), Mongol from Hulunbuir
D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar)
D2b1a – Buryat, Yakut, Khamnigan, Evenk
D2b2 – Evenk, Bargut
D2c – Buryat
D4e1c – Mexican
D4e2 – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)
D4e2a – Japan, Korea
D4e2b – Japan
D4e2c – Japan
D4e2d – Japan
D4e3 – Northeast Thailand (Black Tai, Saek), China, Mongol from Shenyang and Tongliao, Lachungpa
D4e4 – Yakut, Ulchi, Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation
D4e4a – Evenk, Even, Uyghur
D4e4a1 – Yukaghir, Evenk, Even, Mongol from Shenyang
D4e4b – Russian, Volga Tatar
D4e5
D4e5a - Xinjiang (Uyghur, Kyrgyz), Russia (Altai Kizhi, Buryat), Inner Mongolia (Bargut), Iran (Qashqai), Japan (Aichi)
D4e5b - Orok (Sakhalin), Even (Nelkan on the Maya River in the Okhotsk Region), Kyrgyz (Artux), Bashkortostan, Han Chinese (Lanzhou, Denver), Mongol from Fuxin and Heilongjiang
D4f – Shor
D4f1 – Japan, Korea, Mongol (Bargut, Chifeng, Chaoyang, Hebei)
D4g
D4g* – Japan, Korea
D4g1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Uzbekistan
D4g1a – Japan
D4g1b – Japan, Taiwan, Mongol from Xinjiang, Belarus
D4g1c – Japan
D4g2 – China, Mongols in China (Fuxin, Hinggan, Tongliao, Xilingol)
D4g2a – Japan
D4g2a1 – China, Thailand (Mon from Lopburi Province), Mongols in China (Bargut, Beijing, Fuxin), Buryat, Khamnigan
D4g2a1a – Japan
D4g2a1b – China, Thailand (Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province)
D4g2a1c – Thailand (Mon from Kanchanaburi Province and Ratchaburi Province), China, Wancho, Jammu and Kashmir
D4g2b – China, Buryat
D4g2b1 – Han Chinese, Ulchi
D4g2b1a – Japan
D4h
D4h* – Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province, Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province), Philippines
D4h1
D4h1* – China
D4h1a - Korea
D4h1a1 – Korea, Japan
D4h1a2 – Japan
D4h1b – Hunan (Han), Japan
D4h1c – China (incl. Tu), Tibet
D4h1c1 – Japan, Korea, Mongol from Shenyang
D4h1d – Bargut
D4h2 – Ulchi
D4h3 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province)
D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA, and Colombia.
D4h3a1 – Chile
D4h3a1a – Chile
D4h3a1a1 – Chile
D4h3a1a2 – Chile
D4h3a2 – Chile, Argentina
D4h3a3 – Chile
D4h3a3a – Mexico, USA
D4h3a4 – Peru
D4h3a5 – Chile, Peru, Argentina
D4h3a6 – Peru, Ecuador
D4h3a7 – ancient Canada
D4h3a8 – Mexico
D4h3a9 – Peru
D4h3b – China
D4h4 – Uyghur, Tibet, Japan, Mongol (Bayannur, Hinggan)
D4h4a – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Buryat, Bargut
D4i
D4i* – Japan, Uyghur, Israel (Palestinian)
D4i1 – Japan
D4i2 – Uyghur, Yakut, Dolgan, Kazakh, Volga Tatar, Buryat, Bargut, Evenk (Iengra), Even, Nanai, Yukaghir, Russia, Germany, England
D4i3
D4i3* – Nepal (Kathmandu)
D4i3a – China, Taiwan (Atayal)
D4i4 – Uyghur, Tibet (Sherpa), China (Miao), Vietnam (H'Mông)
D4i5 – Japan
D4j – Tibet, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Tashkurgan, Artux), Altai, Teleut, Tuvan, Buryat, Mongols in China (Bargut, Chifeng, Hohhot, Tianjin, Tongliao), China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Italy, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus
D4j1 – Thailand (Palaung from Chiang Mai Province), Uyghur
D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan
D4j1a1 – Lepcha, Gallong, Lachungpa, Sherpa, Tibet, Lahu, Thailand (Lahu from Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan
D4j1a1a – Gallong, Tibet
D4j1a1b – Toto
D4j1a2 – Tibet, Ladakh
D4j1b – Tibet, Wancho, Nepal, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
D4j1b2 – Gallong
D4j2 – Lithuania, ancient Scythian (Chylenski), Yakut, Dolgan
D4j2a – Mansi, Ket, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
D4j-T16311C! – Italy, Ukraine, Lithuania
D4j3 – Russian Federation, Uyghur, Tibet, Mongol (Hulunbuir), Japan, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province)
D4j3a – China, Inner Mongolia (Mongol from Tongliao), Ulchi
D4j3a1 – Japan
D4j3b - Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province), Tibet (Lhoba), Uyghur
D4j11 – Japan, Inner Mongolia (Mongol from Chifeng), Buryat, Hungary, Italy
D4j4 – Nganasan, Even (Maya River basin, NE Sakha Republic), Evenk (Nyukzha river basin, Iengra River basin)
D4j4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic, Iengra River basin), Even (Okhotsk region), Ulchi, Buryat, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
D4j5 – Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran (Khorasan), Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir, Even (Sakha Republic), Evenk (Sakha Republic)
D4j-T146C!
D4j6 – China, Buryat, Dirang Monpa
D4j13 – Volga Tatar, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Sherpa (Shigatse)
D4j7 – Tubalar, Mongol (Hinggan League)
D4j7a – Buryat, Bargut
D4j8 – China, Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Yakut, Kazakh, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Poland, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Scotland, Argentina
D4j9 – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Tuvan
D4j10 – Tubalar, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Kazakhstan, Turk
D4j12 – Bargut, Buryat, Uyghur, Tatarstan, Belarus, Poland, Italy
D4j14 – Japan
D4j15 – China, Tibet, Mongols in China (Chifeng), Kazakhstan
D4j16 – China
D4k'o'p
D4k – Japan, Korea, China (Qinghai, Kinh, etc.), Uyghur, Kyrgyzstan
D4o – Teleut, Uyghur, Buryat
D4o1
D4o1* – Uyghur, Tubalar (Northeast Altai)
D4o1a – Japan, Buryat
D4o1b – Kyrgyz (Artux), Chelkan, Teleut, Khamnigan, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Han Chinese (N. China)
D4o2 – Bargut, Yakut, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Even (Kamchatka, Sakha Republic), Koryak, Ulchi, China (Han from Lanzhou)
D4o2* – Mongols in China (Bargut from Inner Mongolia, Mongol from Hinggan League, Mongol from Hohhot)
D4o2a – Manchu
D4o2a* – Uyghur, Yakut, Nganasan, Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Even (Kamchatka), Koryak
D4o2a1 – Negidal, Hezhen, Uyghur, China
D4o2a2 – Yakut, Uyghur, ancient Yana River basin
D4o2a3 – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Zabaykalsky Krai)
D4p
D4p* – Altaian, Buryat
D4p1 – Japan
D4p2 – Buryat
D4l
D4l1
D4l1a – Japan
D4l1a1 – Japan
D4l1b – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Uyghur
D4l2 – Evenk (Nyukzha, Iengra, Taimyr), Yakut (Central, Vilyuy), Uyghur, Kazakh
D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir, Mongol (Xilingol League)
D4l2a1 – Even (Sebjan, Sakkyryyr), Evenk (Taimyr), Yakut, Yukaghir
D4l2a2 – Evenk, Negidal, Yukaghir
D4l2b – China, Tibet (Lhasa)
D4m
D4m* – Tubalar (Northeast Altai)
D4m1 – Japan
D4m2 – Mongolia, Mongols in China (Hohhot, Tongliao), South Korea
D4m2a – Nivkh, Ulchi, Yakut, Buryat, Evenk, Even, Yukaghir, South Korea
D4m2a* – Nivkh, Buryat
D4m2a1
D4m2a1* – Evenk (Central Siberia)
D4m2a1a – Evens (two from Sakkyryyr and one from Tompo), Yukaghir
D4m2a2 – Nivkh
D4m2a3 – Yakut
D4m2a4 – Nivkh
D4m2b – Tuvinian, Daur Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Mongolia, Uyghur
D4m3 – Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan,Artux), Uyghur
D4n
D4n* – Japan, Korea
D4n1
D4n1* – Japan
D4n1a – Japan
D4n2
D4n2a – China
D4n2b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Tibet, Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)
D4q – Taiwan, China, Mongols in China (Fuxin), Kyrgyz, Tajiks, India (Jammu and Kashmir), Germany, Poland, Netherlands, United States
D4q1 – Toto
D4q1a – Toto
D4q2 - Kyrgyz, India (Uttar Pradesh Upper Caste Brahmin)
D4q2a - Sherdukpen
D4q3 - Uyghur
D4q4 - Lhoba
D4r – Thailand, Myanmar
D4s
D4s1
D4s1* – Vietnam (Si La, Hà Nhì)
D4s1a – Vietnam (Hà Nhì)
D4s2 – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli, Kyrgyz)
D4s3 – Tibet (Lhasa), Uyghur, Tuvinian
D4t – China, Korea, Japan
D4u
D4u*
D4u1
D4u1* – Iran (Qashqai)
D4u1a – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli)
D4v – Thailand
D4w – Japan (Tokyo), Tu
D4x – Peru (pre-Columbian Lima)
D4y – Vietnam (La Chí)
D4z – China
D5'6
D5'6 (16189) is mainly found in East Asia and Southeast Asia, especially in China, Korea, and Japan.
It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, North, and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent (57/423 = 13.48%) among the Yakuts, a Turkic-speaking group that migrated to Siberia in historical times under the pressure of the Mongol expansion.
D5 - Taiwan (Paiwan)
D5a'b (D5-A9180G) - Korean, Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand
D5a - China, Korea, Japan, Buryat, Poland
D5a1 - Japan (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 3,300 <-> 14,200] ybp)
D5a1a - Japan
D5a1a1 - Japan
D5a1a2 - Japan
D5a2 - Gallong, Mongols in China (Baotou), Korea (TMRCA 12,500 [95% CI 8,900 <-> 17,100] ybp)
D5a2a - Russia (Tula Oblast, Buryat), Mongols in China (Heilongjiang, Hohhot), China, Japan (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,400 <-> 14,200] ybp)
D5a2a-T16092C - China, Korea
D5a2a1 - Mongols in China (Tongliao, Beijing, Chifeng, Fuxin, Hohhot, Shandong), China (Han from Lanzhou, etc.), Tibet (Monpa, Deng), Vietnam (Hà Nhì), Korea, Japan (Gifu), Buryat, Tuvan, Kazakh
D5-C16172T! - Burusho, Tubalar, Kumandin (Turochak), Todzhi (Adir-Kezhig), Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia), Wancho, Gallong, Monpa, Myanmar (Burmese from Pakokku), Thailand (Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province), China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Taiwan
D5a2a1a - Japan (Aichi, Chiba, etc.), China
D5a2a1a1 - Japan (Aichi, etc.)
D5a2a1a1a - Japan (Chiba, etc.)
D5a2a1a1b - China (Uyghurs), Poland
D5a2a1a2 - Japan (Gifu, Tokyo, etc.)
D5a2a1b - Sonowal Kachari, Gallong, China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet (Lhoba, Tingri, Deng), Kyrgyz (Artux), Mongols in China (Hohhot, Tongliao)
D5a2a1b1 - China, Taiwan (Minnan)
D5a2a2 - Japan (Aichi), Bargut, Buryat, Kyrgyz (Artux), Tibet (Shannan), Yakut, Dolgan, Yukaghir, Evenk (Iengra, Nyukzha, Taimyr, Sakha Republic), Even (Sakha Republic) (TMRCA 3,500 [95% CI 2,300 <-> 5,000] ybp)
D5a2b - Thailand (Iu Mien from Nan Province), Vietnam (Si La, Hà Nhì), Tibet (Deng, Sherpa), China (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,200 <-> 14,500] ybp)
D5a3 - Tibet, Mongol (Dalian), Korea, Japan (TMRCA 11,100 [95% CI 6,300 <-> 18,100] ybp)
D5a3a - Mongol (Hinggan League), China, Tibet, Finland
D5a3a1 - China, Uyghur, Ukraine
D5a3a1a - Finland, Norway (Saami), Russia (Veliky Novgorod, etc.), Mansi
D5a3b - China, Korea (Seoul)
D5b - Uyghur, China, Mongol (Chifeng)
D5b1
D5b1* - China, Uyghur, Mongol (Hulunbuir, Jilin, Tongliao)
D5b1a
D5b1a1 - Japan, Korea, China (Hubei, etc.)
D5b1a2 - Japan
D5b1b
D5b1b* - Japan, Korea, Mongol (Baotou, Chaoyang, Heilongjiang, Nanyang, Shanxi, Tongliao)
D5b1b1 - Japan, Korea, Uzbekistan
D5b1b2
D5b1b2* - Japan, Korea, Taiwan (Minnan), Uyghur
D5b1b2a - Uyghur
D5b1b2b - Uyghur
D5b1b2c - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)
D5b1b3 - Japan
D5b1b4 - China
D5b1c
D5b1c* - China (Han from Kunming)
D5b1c1 - China, Mongol (Chifeng), Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam (Kinh)
D5b1c1* - Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
D5b1c1a
D5b1c1a* - Taiwan (Amis, Puyuma, etc.), Indonesia (Manado), Chinese (Singapore)
D5b1c1a1 - Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, etc.)
D5b1c1a2 - Philippines (Ibaloi)
D5b1c1b - China
D5b1c2 - Uyghur
D5b1d - Han Chinese (Beijing), Mongol (Ordos), Yakut
D5b1e - China
D5b1f - China
D5b2 - Japan
D5b3
D5b3* - Vietnam (Kinh, Tay), Thailand (Phuan), Laos (Lao), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
D5b3a - Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai, Puyuma)
D5b3a1 - Taiwan (Rukai, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
D5b3b - Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province, Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province), Vietnam (Kinh)
D5b4 - Thailand (Siamese, Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), Vietnam (Tay Nung, Cờ Lao, Tay, Kinh), Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao, etc.), China (Han)
D5b5 - Uyghur
D5c
D5c1 - Japan, Han Chinese (Beijing)
D5c1a - Japan, Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), China, Mongol (Tongliao), Uyghur, Tubalar, Kumandin (Turochak, Soltonsky District), Shor (Biyka, etc.), Kyrgyzstan (TMRCA 4,500 [95% CI 3,300 <-> 6,100] ybp)
D5c-T16311C! - Vietnam (Kinh), Mongolian, China
D5c2 - China, Japan
D6
D6a - Philippines, East Timor
D6a1
D6a1* - Tibet, China, Korea, Japan
D6a1a - China, Japan
D6a2 - Taiwan (Atayal), Philippines
D6c - China (She people, Han from Zhanjiang), Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Phutai from Kalasin Province)
D6c1 - Philippines
D6c1a - Philippines (Maranao)
Table of frequencies by ethnic group
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Haplogroup D
Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree D
Spread of Haplogroup D, from National Geographic
D | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20D%20%28mtDNA%29 |
Calico Captive is Elizabeth George Speare's first historical fiction children's novel. It was inspired by the true story of Susanna Willard Johnson (1730–1810) who, along with her family and younger sister, were kidnapped in an Abenaki Indian raid on Charlestown, New Hampshire in August 1754.
The main events in Calico Captive, which occurred on the brink of the French and Indian War, were taken from Johnson's narrative diary A Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Johnson, which was first published in 1796. Calico Captive is told through the eyes of Miriam, Johnson's younger sister, and her imagined adventures.
Plot summary
In August 1754 Miriam Willard, along with her older sister Susanna, her husband James Johnson, and their three children; two-year-old Polly, four-year-old Susanna, and six-year-old Sylvus, are kidnapped from Number Four, a fort in Charlestown. Miriam and her family are forced to march north by their Indian captors, never knowing whether they will be killed or taken into slavery.
Throughout the journey Miriam finds she cannot keep her mind off Phineas Whitney, her sweetheart planning to attend Harvard College. On the way north Susanna gives birth to a girl and names the infant Captive. The rugged trail is made far more difficult for Miriam by the miserable crying of Captive, the damp cold and hunger, and the sight of her exhausted sister. Fortunately, a horse named Scoggins is captured for Susanna so that she does not have to walk and carry the infant. Eventually the group reaches the Indian village where, upon surviving a half-hearted gauntlet while being forced to dance and sing, they are adopted into the tribe.
After many years the Indian tribe's Sachem decides to sell his English captives to the French in Montréal, Quebec. However, Susanna's master forces her to stay behind and Sylvanus, who has taken a liking to the Indian culture, willingly chooses to go on a hunting trip with the Indians and then stays at a different Indian village. Upon arriving in Montréal Miriam finds to her horror that they are all to be privately purchased off to separate owners and held on ransom. James is thrown in jail for a short time but is finally forced to retrieve money from the English governor to pay for his family's release. Polly captures the interest of the mayor's wife, who is unable to have a child of her own, while little Susanna is sold to another French household and Miriam meets the prominent Du Quesne family.
Although working as a servant, Miriam quickly finds herself living a life she has never imagined. She meets an amiable French girl named Hortense and the two quickly become friends. One day Miriam is asked by Madame Du Quesne to teach her daughter, Felicité, to read and write proper English. Miriam finds she is intrigued by Felicité's friendliness and wealthy lifestyle. Meanwhile, James makes a petition to the French governor and is allowed to return to English territory and ask for money and a passport.
Susanna is eventually released by her Indian captors and joins Miriam. Meanwhile, James goes to Boston to get money in order to buy the liberty of the rest of his family. The two sisters are invited by Felicité to join her at a ball wherein Miriam unintentionally draws the attention of Pierre Laroche, a grandson of a wealthy nobleman. Miriam dances with the young man, which angers and embarrasses Felicité, who had her heart set on marrying Pierre. The Du Quesne family, feeling disgraced and insulted and because they believe James broke his bond and escaped from captivity, throws out Miriam and Susanna.
After several hours in the snowy streets Hortense finds the two and informs them they can stay with her family. Miriam realizes that the Hortense family cannot support three more occupants and conjures a plan to make some money. She decides to use her talent for dressmaking to craft a fashionable dress for Madame Du Quesne and Felicité. The plan works, although she is told to keep her services a secret. However, the governor's wife, Marquise De Vaundreuil, finds out Miriam had designed the Du Quesne dresses and hires her.
When James finally returns the French governor has been replaced. The new authority refuses to recognize the agreement. Worse yet, Polly, who was unable to adjust to her new family, runs away and is eventually allowed to stay with her mother. Instead of earning their freedom Susanna, James, Polly and Captive are thrown in jail. Miriam, as a dressmaker for a notable family, is spared jail time.
Miriam eventually succeeds in gathering her courage and asks Marquise De Vaundreuil about her relatives. Marquise De Vaundreuil promises she will talk with her husband. Meanwhile, Pierre asks Miriam to marry him although, after much consideration, she realizes she truly does not love him.
Marquise De Vaundreuil keeps her promise to speak with her husband and eventually Miriam, Susanna, James, Polly and Captive are released from prison. They board a small sailing vessel to cross the Atlantic to Plymouth, England and from there they sail back to America, finally as free people. Two years later Sylvanus is brought home by a redeemed Indian captive. Another redeemed prisoner from Montréal brings home little Susanna. Phineas Whitney, after graduating from Harvard, marries Miriam.
Reviews
References
1957 American novels
1957 children's books
American historical novels
American children's novels
Children's historical novels
French and Indian War
Fiction set in 1754
Novels about child abduction
Houghton Mifflin books
Children's books set in New Hampshire
Children's books set in Quebec
Children's books set in the 1750s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico%20Captive |
This Land Is Mine is a 1943 American war drama film directed by Jean Renoir and written and produced by Dudley Nichols. Starring Charles Laughton, Maureen O'Hara and George Sanders, the film is set in the midst of World War II in an unspecified place in German-occupied Europe that appears similar to France. Laughton plays Albert Lory, a cowardly school teacher in a town "somewhere in Europe" who is drawn into advocating resistance through his love of his country and of his fellow teacher Louise Martin, portrayed by O'Hara.
The film is one of the more acclaimed of the war films of the era. It won the 1944 Academy Award for Best Sound Recording (Stephen Dunn). Having opened simultaneously in 72 theaters, the film set a record for gross receipts on an opening day upon its release on May 7, 1943.
Plot
Albert is an unmarried schoolmaster living with his dominating mother and secretly in love with his neighbour and fellow teacher Louise. Widely regarded as ineffectual, he embarrasses everybody by his panic during an Allied air raid. However, Louise is engaged to George, the head of the railway yard, who, like many in the town, believes that collaboration with the German occupation is the only logical course.
Her brother Paul, who works in the yard, is an active resister and, trying to kill the German commandant Major von Keller with a grenade, instead kills two German soldiers. After turning a blind eye to previous acts of resistance (such as a wrecked train) in the hope of preserving good relations with the town, von Keller must now act and takes 10 local hostages, saying they will be shot in a week if the guilty person who threw the grenade is not found. Albert's mother, jealous of Louise, tells George that it was Paul. George tells von Keller and then, in a crisis of conscience, shoots himself. Albert bursts in a minute later, furious at discovering his mother's treachery, and is found with George's corpse and gun.
Regarding it as a matter for the civilian courts, the Germans expect Albert to be condemned. When in his defense he starts an impassioned plea for resistance, the prosecutor requests an adjournment. That night, von Keller comes to his cell and offers a deal: If he will keep quiet next day, new forged evidence will acquit him. To emphasize the point, in the morning the 10 hostages (including his friend Professor Sorel) are shot beneath his window. Back in court, Albert is all the more eloquent in the cause of liberty and the jurors proclaim him innocent. Freed and back in his schoolroom, with a proud Louise by his side, he is reading to the boys the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen when German soldiers come to take him away.
Cast
Themes
Though the prime purpose of the film is propaganda to strengthen Allied resolve in the fight against Nazism, critics at the time and since have noted that Nichols and Renoir adopt a distinctively nuanced approach. The Germans, with von Keller an eloquent advocate of the advantages for Europe of Nazi rule, are not shown as mere brutes. Nor are the French, apart from the few mental or physical resisters, shown as heroes battling tyranny. Instead, some readings suggest that, as in Renoir's previous films La Grande Illusion and La Règle du Jeu, class may be more significant than race or nationality. For example, James Morrison cites how the film blames the bourgeoisie, a few left-wing intellectuals excepted, for letting Hitler into power in 1933, for surrendering France in 1940 and for collaborating actively or passively.
This stance was confirmed by Renoir shortly after the film came out when, in a speech, he asserted that his recent films "breathed this breath of anti-Fascism" and were rooted in the experience of the Popular Front of 1936, which was "a magnificent exposition of human brotherhood".
Reception
In 1998, Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader included the film in his unranked list of the best American films not included on the AFI Top 100.
References
External links
1943 films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Jean Renoir
Films about the French Resistance
Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award
Films set in France
Films with screenplays by Dudley Nichols
American World War II propaganda films
1943 drama films
1940s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Land%20Is%20Mine%20%28film%29 |
Doxefazepam (marketed under brand name Doxans) is a benzodiazepine medication It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is used therapeutically as a hypnotic. According to Babbini and colleagues in 1975, this derivative of flurazepam was between 2 and 4 times more potent than the latter while at the same time being half as toxic in laboratory animals.
It was patented in 1972 and came into medical use in 1984.
Side effects
Section 5.5 of the article Doxefazepam in volume 66 of the World Health Organization's (WHO) and International Agency for Research on Cancer's (IARC) IARC Monographs On The Evaluation Of Carcinogenic Risks To Humans, an article describing the carcinogenic/toxic effects of doxefazepam on humans and experimental animals, states that there is "inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of doxefazepam" and limited evidence in experimental for the carcinogenicity of doxefazepam," and concluded that the overall evaluation of the substance's carcinogenicity to humans is "not classifiable."
See also
Benzodiazepine
References
External links
Inchem.org - Doxefazepam
IARC Monographs - Doxefazepam
Primary alcohols
Lactims
Benzodiazepines
Chloroarenes
Fluoroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Hypnotics
Lactams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxefazepam |
Kendra Renee Wecker (born December 16, 1982 in Marysville, Kansas) is a former American professional basketball player in the WNBA. She formerly played forward for the San Antonio Silver Stars and Washington Mystics. In the off season, she played in the Spanish league with UB F.C Barcelona.
Early and high school years
When Wecker was 10 years old, she competed in the NFL's Punt, Pass, and Kick competition, and made the finals, playing with males on an equal basis. Wecker attended Marysville High School in Marysville, Kansas. Her team was undefeated state champions in her senior season of 2000–01. Wecker was named a WBCA All-American. She participated in the 2001 WBCA High School All-America Game, where she scored twelve points. She also participated in track and field, representing the United States internationally, winning the gold medal at the 2000 NACAC Under-25 Championships in Athletics in the javelin throw.
College years
Wecker graduated from Kansas State University in 2005, where she was named Big 12 Conference Player of the Year in 2005. In 2003, 2004 and 2005 she was named to the All-Big 12 First Team. She was also named to the All-District Second Team in 2004. As a senior, Wecker was named the Lowe's Senior CLASS Award winner, recognizing her as the nation's top senior women's basketball player.
Kansas State statistics
Source
WNBA career
Wecker was drafted 4th overall by the San Antonio Silver Stars in the 1st round of the 2005 WNBA draft. In her first game of her rookie year, she tore her ACL and was out the rest of the season.
On February 19, 2006 during the WNBA offseason, Wecker joined Tony Parker and Steve Kerr in the NBA RadioShack Shooting Stars contest. She helped achieve the NBA Shooting Stars record time of 25.1 seconds.
On May 13, 2008 she was waived by the San Antonio Silver Stars. On June 23, 2008 Wecker was signed by the Washington Mystics. On August 12, 2008 Wecker was waived by the Mystics.
Vital statistics
Position: Forward
Height: 5 ft 11 in (1.8 m)
Weight: 172 lbs
College: Kansas State University
Team(s): San Antonio Stars, Washington Mystics (WNBA)
Notes
External links
WNBA Player Profile
WNBA 2005 Draft Prospect Profile
Wecker signed by the Mystics
Mystics waived Wecker
1982 births
Living people
All-American college women's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American women's basketball players
Basketball players from Kansas
Kansas State Wildcats women's basketball players
People from Marysville, Kansas
San Antonio Stars players
Small forwards
Washington Mystics players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendra%20Wecker |
"Say You'll Be Mine" is a song by British dance-pop group Steps, released as a double A-side with a cover version of Kylie Minogue's "Better the Devil You Know". Steps' cover of "Better the Devil You Know" was later included as the opening track on their third studio album, Buzz (2000), but did not serve as a lead single. A limited-edition single was released as a digipack that was included with a doubled-sided poster in the sleeve. The song is the first to feature all five members on lead vocals.
"Say You'll Be Mine" / "Better the Devil You Know" was released on 13 December 1999 and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart in January 2000. The double A-side also reached the top 40 in Australia and Ireland. A new Matt Pop's Old Skool Mix was included on the remix album Stomp All Night: The Remix Anthology as the first track on the second disc.
Critical reception
Scottish newspaper Aberdeen Evening Express noted that "this is the first track where the Stepsters all take turns on lead." They added, "The instantly catchy singalong fest has a mature feel and is a dead cert to get you bopping this winter." Lucas Villa from AXS stated that Steps was at "its most adorable" on the "sweet" pop tune "Say You'll Be Mine". Can't Stop the Pop described it as "fascinating" and "one of their most brilliantly uplifting songs", adding that the track is "bursting at the seams with subtly catchy hooks." Also they noted that it is their first song to feature all five members of the group on lead vocals.
Chart performance
In the United Kingdom, "Say You'll Be Mine" / "Better the Devil You Know" entered the UK Singles Chart at number seven on 19 December 1999 and peaked at number four for two weeks in January 2000, becoming Steps' sixth consecutive top-five hit and spending 18 weeks on the chart. The double A-side also reached the top 20 in Ireland, peaking at number 13. Elsewhere in Europe, the single reached number seven in Hungary, entered the top 50 in Flanders and the Netherlands, and appeared within the top 100 in Germany and Switzerland. On the Eurochart Hot 100, the single peaked at number 19 on the issue dated 22 January 2000. In Australia, the double A-side charted for eight weeks, peaking at number 21 on the week of its debut, 30 January 2000.
Music video
A music video was made for "Say You'll Be Mine", directed by David Amphlett. He also directed the videos for "Tragedy" and "Heartbeat". It features the band acting out different films. H and Claire act out Romeo + Juliet, H and Faye act out Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, H and Lisa act out Titanic, Lee and Claire act out There's Something About Mary, Lee and Faye act out Batman Returns and Lee and Lisa act out Armageddon. The group members also wear gold-coloured outfits while performing a dance routine.
Track listings
UK and Australian CD single
"Say You'll Be Mine" – 3:32
"Better the Devil You Know" – 3:49
"Better the Devil You Know" (2T's 2 Go mix) – 5:43
UK cassette single and European CD single
"Say You'll Be Mine" – 3:32
"Better the Devil You Know" – 3:49
Credits and personnel
A-side: "Say You'll Be Mine"
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Steptacular.
Recording
Recorded at PWL Studios, Manchester, in 1999
Mixed at PWL Studios, Manchester
Mastered at Transfermation Studios, London
Vocals
Lead vocals – Claire Richards, Faye Tozer, Lisa Scott-Lee, Lee Latchford-Evans, Ian "H" Watkins
Personnel
Songwriting – Mark Topham, Karl Twigg, Lance Ellington
Production – Dan Frampton, Pete Waterman
Mixing – Dan Frampton
Engineer – Dan Frampton
Drums – Pete Waterman
Keyboards – Andrew Frampton
Guitar – Greg Bone
Bass – Dan Frampton
A-side: "Better the Devil You Know"
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Buzz.
Recording
Recorded at PWL Studios, Manchester, in 1999
Mixed at PWL Studios, Manchester
Mastered at Transfermation Studios, London
Vocals
Lead vocals – Claire Richards, Faye Tozer, Lisa Scott-Lee
Background vocals – Lee Latchford-Evans, Ian "H" Watkins
Personnel
Songwriting – Mike Stock, Matt Aitken, Pete Waterman
Production – Mark Topham, Karl Twigg, Pete Waterman
Mixing – Dan Frampton
Engineer – Tim Speight
Drums – Dan Frampton
Keyboards – Karl Twigg
Bass – Mark Topham
Charts
References
1999 songs
1999 singles
Steps (group) songs
Double A-side singles
Songs written by Pete Waterman
Jive Records singles
Pete Waterman Entertainment singles
Songs written by Andrew Frampton (songwriter)
UK Independent Singles Chart number-one singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say%20You%27ll%20Be%20Mine%20%28Steps%20song%29 |
William James Dodd (1862–1930) was an American architect and designer who worked mainly in Louisville, Kentucky from 1886 through the end of 1912 and in Los Angeles, California from early 1913 until his death. Dodd rose from the so-called First Chicago School of architecture, though of greater influence for his mature designs was the classical aesthetic of the Beaux-Arts style ascendant after the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. His design work also included functional and decorative architectural glass and ceramics, furniture, home appliances, and literary illustration.
In a prodigious career lasting more than 40 years, Dodd left many extant structures on both east and west coasts and in the midwest and upper south, among the best known of these being the original Presbyterian Seminary campus (now Jefferson Community & Technical College), the Weissinger-Gaulbert Apartments, and the old YMCA building, all three in downtown Louisville. Also notable
are his numerous residential and ecclesiastical designs still in use in Kentucky and Tennessee. In California, examples of his extant work include the Pacific Center and Hearst's Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Building in downtown Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Mission Playhouse south of Pasadena. Some of his earliest attributed designs may be found in Hyde Park, Illinois.
Early years
William J. Dodd was born in Quebec City, Canada, in 1862. Prior to emigrating from Canada to the United States and Chicago Illinois, William's English/Scots father, Edward, was an inn keeper and before that a wharfinger, and his Irish mother, Mary Dinning, was a school teacher and dressmaker. In 1869, the family of six, then including daughters Jane (Jenny) and Elizabeth, and sons Edward Jr. and William James, moved to Chicago. The 1870 Chicago Directory gives the first known address for the Dodds on south Des Plaines near the original site of the Old St. Patrick's Church. In 1871, the ill-timed move of the Dodd household to West Harrison Street in Ward 9 placed them in the path of the great Chicago fire in October of the same year.
Dodd received his training in the office studio of Chicago architect William Le Baron Jenney, c. 1878–1879, and his first employment from 1880 into mid 1883 appears to be for the Pullman Car Company as a draftsman of architect Solon Spencer Beman's designs for the planned city of Pullman, Illinois now the Pullman National Monument. Dodd's social life in Pullman was marked with athletic participation on the first Pullman competitive rowing crew. As a member of the Pullman Rowing Club and the Pullman Pleasure Club he was often mentioned in the press accounts of fetes and dance parties that he coordinated for the young elites of Pullman and Hyde Park. This sporting sociability is not merely incidental to Dodd but returns as an important feature of his later life in Louisville, with his membership in the Pendennis Club and Louisville Country Club, and in Los Angeles with his co-founding of The Uplifters Club, an offshoot of the Los Angeles Athletic Club.
In November 1889 William J. Dodd married Ione Estes of Memphis, TN. The marriage produced no children. Ione was from a large family of some political and historical importance in post-Reconstruction era Tennessee and in the Upland South region. It is not yet determined what was the religious practice, if any, of William and Ione after marriage. Ione was Presbyterian, and their marriage was officiated by a Presbyterian minister. William was christened in the Methodist Church.
There are other uncertainties in Dodd's biography. Although naturalized in 1869 upon entering the United States, from the 1890s onward Dodd identifies as Chicago-born, doing so, Jay Gatsby-like, in all kinds of public documents. In an 1897 interview with a reporter for the Louisville Courier-Journal W. J. Dodd left the reporter, and thus posterity, with the impression that he was a native Chicagoan, that he graduated from "the Chicago schools" and had been in the first graduating class of the Chicago Art Institute. The archives of the Institute do not yet support this claim. Similarly unclear is precisely when Dodd began his professional practice in Louisville. The year usually offered in the histories of Kentucky architects (from Withey to Hedgepeth, to Kleber, to Luhan, Domer and Mohney) for Dodd's arrival in Louisville is 1884, based on the forementioned 1897 Courier-Journal article. In contrast, the Chicago Tribune still identifies him with the Pullman Rowing Club
in early 1884, around this time taking employment as an architect with the Northern Pacific Railway upon recommendation by S. S. Beman and moving to the rail company's office in Portland Oregon only to return to Chicago (Hyde Park) and employment with the Beman brothers (S. S. and W. I.) by the end of 1885 after the Northern Pacific's collapse and reorganization. The journal Inland Architect of February 1886 announces Dodd's imminent departure from Chicago to begin a partnership with O. C. Wehle of Louisville, saying: "Mr Dodd will [soon] be a valuable addition to the architects of Louisville". By September 1886 Dodd is cited as partner with Oscar Wehle for the design of "a magnificent three story brown stone residence" in Louisville. In November 1886, Dodd was elected to membership in the Western Association of Architects, his home city being given as Louisville. Dodd first appears as a resident, a boarder, in Louisville in the 1887 Caron's Louisville Directory, and in February of same year, a trade journal cites "Wehle & Dodd, architects, of Louisville." In December 1887, the Courier-Journal newspaper gives the partnership office in Louisville as "s.e. cor. Fifth and Main"
The American Institute of Architects (A.I.A.) Historical Directory of American Architects has held that Dodd did not join the A.I.A. national organization until 1916 despite Dodd's listing in membership with the Louisville Chapter
of the A.I.A. in 1912 and in Southern California A.I.A. chapter in 1915.
Career
Dodd spent nearly 27 years in Louisville. During this time his professional partners were Oscar C. Wehle, Mason Maury(1889-1896), Arthur Cobb, and Kenneth McDonald. Also, Dodd's output from these years contained many free-lance projects and, in at least one case, Dodd teamed with fellow architect Frank Mills Andrews. He worked throughout Kentucky and across the midwest, specifically Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Tennessee, creating structures of exceptional craftsmanship and high style, designs which traced the transitional tastes and technologies of the period before Modernism. On the east coast, extant Dodd structures from the early 1890s can be found in Virginia, in the historic Ghent (Norfolk) neighborhood.
On Christmas Day 1912 Dodd departed the midwest to continue his profession in the greater Los Angeles area, a period lasting until his death there in June 1930. In Los Angeles, Dodd partnered briefly with J. Martyn Haenke (1877–1963) and later with William Richards (1871–1945), his longest professional partnership.
In southern California, "the Southland", Dodd's buildings are to be found in the old downtown financial district around Pacific Center, above Hollywood in Laughlin Park and Hancock Park, to the west in Rustic Canyon, Playa Del Rey and Long Beach, southeast to San Gabriel, and possibly northeast in Altadena. Related to Dodd's Los Angeles work are residences in Oak Glen and Palm Springs, California.
From as early as 1893, and to the end of his life, Dodd was a mentor to talented younger designers who were new to the profession, designers with now well-known names like Lloyd Wright, Thomas Chalmers Vint, and Adrian Wilson, often outsiders without a developed practice and contending with a new client base and fast evolving licensing standards in cities enjoying rapid expansion as was Louisville after the American Civil War and Los Angeles after World War I. The architect Julia Morgan, a mostly free-lance upstate California designer from San Francisco, rare as a female in a male-dominated profession, formed a team with W. J. Dodd and J. M. Haenke as her LA facilitators and design partners for William Randolph Hearst's Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Building, a landmark downtown Los Angeles project completed in 1915.
William Dodd's design work extended to glass and ceramics. His designs of Teco pottery are among the most sought-after and rare of the Arts and Crafts movement products introduced by the famed Gates Potteries near Chicago Illinois. He also designed furniture and art glass windows for many of his best residential and commercial buildings; examples of such work by Dodd are to be seen in the Ferguson Mansion, currently the Filson Historical Society, and the Hoyt Gamble house, both of Louisville.
Civic and cultural involvement
Dodd was an amateur musical and theatrical performer. It is known that he was a singer. He served on the founding boards of the Louisville Symphony Orchestra (1908) and the Louisville Art Association (1909), now Louisville Visual Art, and he was a member of dramatic societies in both Louisville and Los Angeles. From 1916 to 1919 he served on the board of directors of the Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra, this latter organization being the predecessor of the LA Philharmonic, and he was a mover and shaker in the Los Angeles Gamut Club, an exclusively male music fraternity. In 1918, the journal Pacific Coast Musical Review said "It seems Mr. Dodd has the knack of making artists and others do what he wants them to" and nicknamed Dodd "the Mayor of Seventh Street", presumably a reference to the theater and vaudeville district of old Los Angeles. From 1917 until his death he served on the California State Board of Examiners. In early 1930 he joined the newly founded International Desert Conservation League as an advisory board member.
Death
William became acutely ill while traveling abroad with his wife in the spring of 1930, returning home without Ione in early May and dying at Los Angeles on June 14, 1930, in Hollywood Hospital. Cause of death: lymphocytic leukemia with hypostatic pneumonia. The funeral was postponed until June 28, 1930, upon the return of Ione from Europe, his last rites and burial conducted at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Glendale, Little Church of the Flowers. Obituary notices of June 15, 23, 27 and 28 make no mention of any religious facilitation of Dodd's memorial. For enlarged context on Dodd's religious affiliation, see the "Early Years" section above.
Extant designs
Illinois, Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee
Street numbers reflect the year 1909 citywide renumbering of street addresses in advance of the 1910 U.S. Census.
Washington Irving Beman residence (1885), 5425 S. Blackstone, Hyde Park, Chicago Illinois
Max Selliger residence (mid 1886), 1022 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville-Limerick Historic District.
Lewis Witherspoon & Eliza Irwin McKee residence (Autumn 1886), 1224 Harrodsburg Rd. Lawrenceburg, KY
Louis Seelbach residence (1888). 926 S. 6th St. Old Louisville-Limerick Historic District.
Charles Bonnycastle Robinson residence (1889), a.k.a. "Bonnycot". 1111 Bellewood Rd. Anchorage, Kentucky
Louisville Trust Building (1891) Maury & Dodd, 5th and Market, Louisville, Kentucky. Links to images given below.
George A. Newman residence (1891), 1123 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
Charles L. Robinson residence (1890–1891), 1334 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
Covenant Presbyterian Church (1891), now Fifth Street Baptist, 1901 W. Jefferson St., Louisville KY
W. J. Dodd residence (1891–1892: first residence 33 St James Ct) 1467a St. James Court, Old Louisville Historic District
Paul Cain residence (1891–1892: first residence 35 St James Ct) 1467b St. James Court, Old Louisville Historic District
Helen Reid/William Whaley residence (1892), 317 Colonial Ave. Ghent (Norfolk) Virginia
Nelson County Courthouse (1892) Maury & Dodd, Bardstown Historic District
Sam Stone Bush residence (1893), 230 Kenwood Hill, Louisville KY
Bernard Flexner residence (1892–1893), 525 W. Ormsby Ave. Old Louisville Historic District
Jacob A. Flexner residence (1892–1893), 531 W. Omsby Ave. Old Louisville Historic District
Harry McGoodwin residence (1893), 1504 S. 3rd St.Old Louisville Historic District
Cornelia Bush residence (1894), 316 Kenwood Hill, Louisville KY
St. Paul's Episcopal Church (1895) Maury & Dodd, now West End Baptist, 4th & Magnolia, Old Louisville. Links to images given below.
Dr. G. W. Lewman residence (1896), 1365 S. 3rd. Maury & Dodd. Old Louisville Historic District
J. W. Brown residence (1896), 1455 S. 4th. Maury & Dodd. Old Louisville Historic District
William T. Johnston residence (1896), 1457 S. 4th. Old Louisville Historic District
Arthur Cobb residence (c. 1896–7), 4561 S. 2nd St. Beechmont, Louisville KY
Shakleford Miller residence (1897), 1454 S. 4th St. Old Louisville Historic District
Edmund Trabue residence (1897), 1419 St. James Court. Old Louisville Historic District
Benjamin Straus residence (1897), 1464 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
William Thalheimer residence (1897), 1433 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
Eugene Leander residence (1897), 1384 S. 2nd St. Old Louisville Historic District
Samuel Grabfelder residence (1897–1899), 1442 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
Joseph G McCulloch residence (1897), 1435 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
John P. Starks residence (1898), 1412 St. James Court Old Louisville Historic District
Flemish style library addition to Sam Stone Bush residence (1900), 230 Kenwood Hill Rd. Louisville
George Franklin Berry Mansion (c. 1900, addition 1912) 700 Louisville Rd., Frankfort KY. Links to images given below.
Atherton Building (1901), 4th and Muhammad Ali, Louisville, KY
Four-stall stable and carriage house for S. Grabfelder residence (c. 1901), 1442 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
Eight-stall stable and carriage house for Peter Lee Atherton residence (c. 1902), Glenview Kentucky
Five-stall stable and carriage house for EH Ferguson residence (c. 1902), Old Louisville Historic District
Edwin H. Ferguson mansion (1902–1905), now The Filson Historical Society, 3rd & Ormsby, Old Louisville
Fourth Avenue Methodist-Episcopal Church (1901–1902), 4th & St. Catherine Sts., Old Louisville Historic District. Links to images given below.
Jacob L. Smyser residence (1902), 1035 Cherokee Rd. Louisville
Presbyterian Theological Seminary (c. 1902–1906) now Jefferson Community & Technical College, Broadway, downtown Louisville
C. Hunter Raine mansion, a.k.a. "Beverly Hall" (c. 1905–1906), Central and Willett, Memphis, TN
Bishop Thomas Gailor residence, Episcopal Cathedral of St. Mary. 700 Poplar Ave. Memphis, TN
Western Branch of the Louisville Free Public Library (c. 1905), a Carnegie library: America's first public library dedicated to serve African Americans, 10th & Chestnut. External links to images given below.
Muhlenberg County Courthouse in Greenville KY (1907). Links to images given below.
Atherton Building and Mary Anderson Theatre (1907), 610 S. 4th St., Louisville
Stewarts Building (1907), also known as Stewarts Dry Goods Company, Fourth and Muhammad Ali streets, Louisville
Seelbach Hotel (1902 Andrews & Dodd; 1907 McDonald & Dodd) at 4th & Muhammad Ali, Louisville.
1244 & 1246 Ormsby Court (1907, McDonald & Dodd.) Dodd bought the lots. Attributed by style.
143 Bayly Ave (1910, McDonald & Dodd) Louisville
William J. Dodd residence (Spring/Summer 1910), 1448 St James Court, Old Louisville Historic District
Louisville Country Club (1910)
Walnut Street Theatre (1910), 414 W. Muhammad Ali (formerly Walnut St.), Louisville Links to images given below.
George Gaulbert Memorial Shelter House, near Big Rock in Cherokee Park (1910)
Addison R. Smith residence 1425 S. 3rd and Wyble Mapother residence 1429 S. 3rd (both 1910–11), Louisville, KY - McDonald & Dodd
Citizens National Life Insurance Building (1910–1911), 100 Park Road, Anchorage, Kentucky
First Christian Church (1911), now Immanuel Baptist Church, 4th & Breckinridge streets. Links to images given below.
Charles L. Nelson residence (1911–1912), 2327 Cherokee Pkwy, Louisville, KY
William R. Belknap residence (1905–1912), a.k.a. "Lincliff", 6100 Longview Lane, Glenview, Kentucky
Alfred Brandeis residence (1911–1912), a.k.a. "Ladless Hill", 6501 Longview Lane, Glenview, Kentucky
Weissinger-Gaulbert Apartments Annex, Broadway, Louisville (c. 1912) External links to images given below.
the old YMCA building, Broadway, Louisville (1911–1912). External links to images given below.
Louis Seelbach mansion (1911–1912) or "Barnard Hall". 715 Alta Vista Rd. Louisville
Standard Oil of Kentucky Offices, Fifth & Bloom Sts, Louisville (1912 May-Oct). McDonald & Dodd
T. Hoyt Gamble residence, 119 Ormsby Avenue, Old Louisville Historic District (late 1912)
California
W. J. Dodd (first) residence (c. 1914–1915) 2010 DeMille Dr. Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Coulter's department store (1916–1917), 500 W. 7th St. Los Angeles
Annex to Brockman Bldg. (1916–17) 7th St. & Grand Ave., originally J.J Haggarty's
Huntsberger-Mennell Bldg. (1917), 412 W. 7th St. Los Angeles
Henning Bldg. (1917), 518 W. 7th St. Los Angeles
Ville de Paris department store Bldg. (1917), 420 W. 7th St. Los Angeles
H. L. Rivers house (1918), a.k.a. "Los Rios Rancho" Oak Glen, California
Ponet Company Bldg. (1918–1919) 12th & Hope. Los Angeles
W. J. Dodd (second) residence (c. 1922) 5226 Linwood, later the Deanna Durbin residence, Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Hearst's Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Building, downtown Los Angeles, California (c. 1915). Design team of Morgan, Dodd & Haenke
Heron Building (1919–1920), originally the State Building, 6th and Olive Sts. Los Angeles
Brock & Co. Building (1921), 515 W. 7th St. Los Angeles
Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Building, now PacMutual, 523 W. Sixth St. at Olive Street, Financial District, Los Angeles (with William Richards, 1921)
Kenneth Preuss residence (1921–1922), 5235 Linwood, Laughlin Park, Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Uplifters Club House, now the Rustic Canyon Recreation Center, Haldeman Road, Pacific Palisades (1923)
Good Samaritan Physicians Bldg. (1923), 6th and Lucas. Los Angeles
Apartment Bldg. (1923) at 3105 W. 6th, now Borden Retail and Apts. Koreatown, Los Angeles
Pasadena Medical Bldg. (1924) a.k.a. Professional Bldg., 65 N. Madison Ave. Pasadena
William and Nelia Mead residence (1924), now "The Willows Inn", Tahquitz Canyon Way, Palm Springs, CA
Roland Bishop residence (1925), now "The Willows Inn", Tahquitz Canyon Way, Palm Springs, CA
San Gabriel Mission Auditorium, greater Los Angeles. (1926)
Jacob Riis Vocational School for Boys (1927), renamed as Mary McLeod Bethune Junior High School, on 69th between Broadway and Main
Residence (1930) 8252 Rees Ave., Playa del Rey Los Angeles
Ivan Miller residence (1930) 8207 Delgany Ave, Playa del Rey Los Angeles. Intended as his retirement house, this is one of Dodd's final residential designs. Anecdotal accounts by neighbors on Delgany Ave. suggest that the Dodds may have begun to occupy this property at the time of William's death.
W. J. Dodd (final) residence of record at time of his death (1928–1930) 1975 DeMille Dr. Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Demolished or destroyed Dodd structures [Under construction and review]
Kentucky
Thompson A. Lyon residence (c. 1893, demolished c. 1970) 4646 Bellevue, Beechmont neighborhood, Louisville
J. E. Whitney Cottage (1899, demolished in May 1951) 210 E. Gray St., downtown Louisville.
Masonic Theater (1903, later Strand Theater: demolished 1947) on Chestnut St. between 3rd & 4th Avenues.
Atherton Building (the first so-named, 1901: demolished 1979) at Fourth and Muhammad Ali Blvd. Louisville
Frankel Memorial Chapel (collapsed July 2012) The Temple Cemetery, 2716 Preston St. Louisville
Lincoln Building (later Washington Building, 1906–1907: demolished 1972) at Fourth and Market, Louisville
Lansdowne, a.k.a. Country estate of S. Thruston Ballard in Glenview, 1907-8: demolished 1976.
Rio Vista, a.k.a. Country estate of Mr. & Mrs. John H. Caperton, 1909-1910 River Road, Mockingbird Valley, Louisville. Demolished around 1955.
Tennessee
Albert Sloo Caldwell residence, a.k.a. "Baldaur", 1897. Formerly 216 N. Waldran Ave/Blvd. Memphis. [Demolished: 1966] (A design based upon Dodd's 1893 Kentucky State Building for the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition.)
Residence of William B. Rogers, M.D., c. 1902. Formerly 1257 Poplar Blvd/St/Ave. Memphis. [Demolished: year unknown]
California
Jacob "Jake" M. Danziger-Daisy Canfield residence (1914: demolished 1951). Mediterranean Eclectic/Mission Revival style, first residence in Bel Air development. Link to image: "Capo di Monte"
Kinema [Deluxe Movie] Theater (1916, later Criterion: demolished 1941)642 S. Grand Ave. Los, Angeles
Architects' Building (1927: demolished 1968–1969) at Fifth and Figueroa, Los Angeles
Bank of America/Los Angeles Trust and Savings Bank (1928: demolished 1970s) at Broadway and Brand, Glendale
See also
Arts and Crafts movement
Beaux-Arts architecture
Mediterranean Revival architecture
Old Louisville
References
External links
Page where may be found an article on J. Martyn Haenke
Database: Adrian Wilson - California Architect
ArchitectsBuilding, Los Angeles: Blog posting by Nathan Marsak. Mar. 14, 2009
Architech Gallery: Artist - Lloyd Wright Jr.(1890–1972)
Images of the Louisville Trust Co. building in Louisville KY
Images of historic churches in Louisville KY including St. Paul's Episcopal, Fourth Avenue Methodist, and First Christian
Images of Muhlenberg County Courthouse, Greenville KY
Image of old YMCA building, now St. Francis High School in Louisville, KY
Image of Weissinger-Gaulbert Apts. in Louisville KY
Image of the Western Branch of the Louisville Free Public Library
Images of Heron Bldg. and Pacific (Mutual Life Insurance Bldg.) Center in downtown Los Angeles
Dodd structures destroyed: Frankel Chapel in Louisville Jewish Cemetery
The C. Hunter Raine mansion
Image of 1975 DeMille Dr. Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Dodd designed arts and crafts lodge. Oak Glen, CA "Los Rios Rancho.
Roland Bishop Residence, Palm Springs, CA; Tahquitz Canyon Way, . HSPB application documentation.
Dodd Playa Del Rey Residence. Delgany Ave. Historic-Cultural Monument Designation documentation.
1862 births
1930 deaths
Architects from Louisville, Kentucky
People from Quebec City
Architects from Chicago
Architects from Los Angeles
Western Association of Architects
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Chicago school architects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20J.%20Dodd |
WNOP is a radio station located in Newport, Kentucky, that can be heard in and around the Cincinnati area. It now broadcasts for Cincinnati's Catholic community and archdiocesan base and is an affiliate of EWTN radio for most (if not all) of its programming.
WNOP was a jazz station for 38 years, except for a brief run as a CNN Headline News affiliate from 1992 to 1994. WNOP's current religious talk format started on December 31, 2000,
History
Startup
The station was first on the air with a combined country music and pre-recorded radio shows, receiving its Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license on May 29, 1947. The first broadcasts were on August 21, 1948. Jimmie Skinner hosted a radio program, which featured singer Connie Hall.
Jazz era (1962–2000)
Despite its relatively weak signal (not to mention almost bumping right into AM powerhouse WLW), WNOP had a core audience of loyal listeners during the years when its musical programming was mostly jazz. Its studios were on Monmouth St., in Newport, Kentucky where Ty Williams bravely played music during a studio fire. From there they moved to the "Jazz Ark' - floating studios on the Ohio river. It wasn't all jazz, however —sometimes, breaks between songs were filled with recordings of stand-up comedians. For the favorite comedy cuts the punch lines would be saved to a Gates ST-101 Spot Tape machine. They could be played as the DJ felt appropriate anytime between music tracks, or commercial voice-over.
From Monmouth St. the station moved to studios that were a tiny floating facility on the Ohio River, called "the jazz ark." Also known as "Free and Floating WNOP", the studios consisted of three 20,000-gallon fuel drums welded together with crosswalks and outfitted with all the necessary gear.
Unique for its time and place, the station maintained an on-air irreverence that could jolt you without warning. For instance, it sometimes identified itself as being "just a little to the right of WLW," while at other times, it claimed to be "Radio Free Newport," and Shelly Berman would often announce the call sign "WNOP - We're North Of Paraguay". On winter days when Cincinnati was hit with large amounts of snow and most stations announced school and workplace closings, morning on-air personality Leo Underhill instead would inform listeners which bars were closed due to bad weather.
Sacred Heart Radio (2000–present)
Sacred Heart Radio assumed ownership of the station on January 1, 2001. The program format was changed from Jazz to religious talk radio....much of it coming from EWTN Global Catholic Radio. The last song played before the switch was "The Vatican Rag" by Tom Lehrer.
The Son Rise Morning Show which airs weekday mornings on EWTN Radio originates from WNOP's studios which are now located at Our Lady of the Holy Spirit Center (the former St. Gregory's Seminary) at 5440 Moeller Avenue in Norwood.
On August 24, 2010 WHSS, 89.5 MHz in Hamilton, was sold by the Hamilton City Schools to Sacred Heart Radio. It is now an FM repeater of WNOP reaching the northern Cincinnati region of Hamilton, Middletown, Mason and the surrounding area.
In April 2016 Sacred Heart Radio Inc. purchased WPFB, 910 AM in Middletown from Northern Kentucky University to serve Middletown and the Dayton area. On June 3, 2016, WPFB commenced Sacred Heart Radio's programming.
On-air talent
Talent prior to 1962 (country music era)
Bob Anderson, sportscaster
Roy Moss
Jimmie Skinner
On-air staff (1962–2000)
Marc T. Bolin
"Downtown" Scott Brown
The Darksoldier (Phil Tucker)
Jim Edwards
Robyn Carey (Allgeyer)
Angelo Catanzaro
Jack Clements
Val Coleman
Dee Felice
Kristi Heitzman
Gary Keegan
Wilbert Longmire
Dennis "The Ironman" Michaels
Bob NaveDa
Geoff Nimmo
Dick Pike
Jim Planky
Mike Roberts
John Royer
Brian Schwab
Ray Scott
Jean Shepherd
Mark Stevens (Mark Schlachter)
Bunky Tadwell (Walt Harrell)
Oscar Treadwell
Leo (Old Undies) Underhill
Chris Wagner
Max Warner
Christopher Geisen
Stew Williams
Ty Williams
Dave Worford
Carmen "Catman" Catanzaro
Candy McGinnis
• Scott McKay (Scott Marinoff)
On-air talent (after 2001)
Brian Patrick
Bill Levitt
Anna Mitchell
Matt Swaim
Paul Lachmann
Rev. Rob Jack
References
External links
NOP
Catholic radio stations
Radio stations established in 1948
1948 establishments in Ohio
Newport, Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNOP%20%28AM%29 |
G.G.F.H. (Global Genocide Forget Heaven) is an American industrial music band from Oakland, California, United States. The band's musical inspiration derives from lyrical concepts such as death, murder, religion, drug abuse, rape, sex, and mental illness. They have received critical acclaim from Kerrang! and Terrorizer magazines.
History
Michael Geist, also known as Ghost or DJ Ghost, formed G.G.F.H. in 1986, although he had been creating music since 1984. Their moniker originally stood for Goat Guys from Hell or Gore Gods From Hell, but Ghost finally settled on Global Genocide Forget Heaven. After releasing seven demo tapes and playing the occasional live show, Brian J. Walls joined the band and the duo were eventually signed to Peaceville Records' then new subsidiary label for experimental bands, Dreamtime, in 1991. Their first official release was Eclipse, which was used to help launch the new subsidiary label. This was followed a year later by the EP, "Reality".
1993 saw the release of the Disease album, which took a more techno direction than their previous releases. G.G.F.H. toured Europe briefly supporting metal bands such as Fear Factory and My Dying Bride. Their shows were memorable for the TVs on the stage flickering images of war, porn and autopsy footage. Ghost would have a bucket of fake blood which he would dip a Little Missy doll into and then flick around the front of the stage onto the audience. When the band was supposed to tour with My Dying Bride, Ghost was arrested at the airport for carrying illegal goods in his luggage, namely various stage props. Loz, who was a roadie for G.G.F.H., had to take over vocal duties, and at one point he was on his own as Brian J. Walls had been hospitalized.
Ghost also made a guest appearance on My Dying Bride's I Am the Bloody Earth EP in 1994, a year which also saw the release of Halloween, a compilation of early demo tracks, and the limited edition, green vinyl single, "Welcome to the Process/Too Much Punch". A year later, Brian J. Walls left the band to pursue other interests including web design and the contract with Peaceville Records had expired.
Over the next 10 years, Ghost started a graphic design company and gained notoriety as a DJ in various parts of America, and G.G.F.H. was put on hold. However, after the release of The Very Beast of G.G.F.H. Vol. 1 in 2001, Ghost decided to write new G.G.F.H. material. With the absence of Brian J. Walls, the band's main songwriter, Ghost looked to a handful of contributors to help write it. Their latest album, titled Serrated Smile, was released in 2005.
Discography
Albums
Eclipse (LP/CD) (1991)
Disease (LP/CD) (1993)
Serrated Smile (CD/DL) (2005)
Singles and EPs
Reality EP (12"/CD single) (1992)
"Welcome to the Process/Too Much Punch" (7") (1994)
Demos
Hoe or Die (cassette)
Gates of Hell (cassette)
Matter of Principal (cassette)
Necrophilia Banned (cassette)
Sick Revenge (cassette)
Love Is Freed (cassette)
Eclipse (cassette)
Compilations
Halloween (cassette/CD) (1994)
The Very Beast of G.G.F.H. Vol. 1 (CD) (2001)
The Cruelest Animal (CD) (2003), self-released
Compilation appearances
Peaceville Volume 4 - "Room 213 (Mix)" (CD) (1992)
Broaden Your Horizons - "Disease" (cassette) (1993)
Head Your Mind - "Flesh (Mix)", "Spirits" (cassette/CD) (1993)
No Peace at All - "Hands" (CD) (1993)
Peaceville Classic Cuts - "Dead Men Don't Rape" (CD) (2001)
References
External links
G.G.F.H. Official Website (currently offline)
Interview 1990 from Never Believe fanzine
Musical groups established in 1986
American industrial music groups
1986 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.G.F.H. |
Bangladesh Rice Research Institute () is an agricultural research institute in Bangladesh, located in Gazipur. Mr. Md. Shahjahan Kabir is the current head of this institution. It is an autonomous institution run under The ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh. It specializes in the research of rice production.
History
Bangladesh Rice Research Institute was established on October 1, 1970. As of June 2019, the institute had developed 41 varieties of Aman rice.
References
External links
Official webpage
Rice research institutes
Agricultural organisations based in Bangladesh
Recipients of the Independence Day Award
Organisations based in Gazipur
1970 establishments in East Pakistan
Agriculture research institutes in Bangladesh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh%20Rice%20Research%20Institute |
"Stay Awake" is a song from Walt Disney's 1964 film Mary Poppins composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman.
It is a lullaby sung by Mary Poppins (Julie Andrews) to the children Jane and Michael. The children protest when Mary tells them it's time for bed, but when "Stay Awake" is sung, the children yawn and doze off to sleep.
The song has been recorded by several artists, including:
Duke Ellington
Collin Raye
Harry Connick Jr
Louis Prima
Suzanne Vega
The Innocence Mission
Celtic Woman
Brian Wilson covered it on his album In the Key of Disney, which was released on October 25, 2011.
Hayley Westenra
It is not featured in the 2004 stage musical adaptation.
See also
From the next night: Feed the Birds
References
External links
Audio clip, Julie Andrews singing "Stay Awake" at reelclassics.com
Songs about sleep
1964 songs
Songs from Mary Poppins
Songs written by the Sherman Brothers
Julie Andrews songs
Lullabies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay%20Awake%20%28Mary%20Poppins%20song%29 |
Iron fertilization is the intentional introduction of iron-containing compounds (like iron sulfate) to iron-poor areas of the ocean surface to stimulate phytoplankton production. This is intended to enhance biological productivity and/or accelerate carbon dioxide () sequestration from the atmosphere. Iron is a trace element necessary for photosynthesis in plants. It is highly insoluble in sea water and in a variety of locations is the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. Large algal blooms can be created by supplying iron to iron-deficient ocean waters. These blooms can nourish other organisms.
Ocean iron fertilization is an example of a geoengineering technique. Iron fertilization attempts to encourage phytoplankton growth, which removes carbon from the atmosphere for at least a period of time. This technique is controversial because there is limited understanding of its complete effects on the marine ecosystem, including side effects and possibly large deviations from expected behavior. Such effects potentially include release of nitrogen oxides, and disruption of the ocean's nutrient balance. Controversy remains over the effectiveness of atmospheric sequestration and ecological effects. Since 1990, 13 major large scale experiments have been carried out to evaluate efficiency and possible consequences of iron fertilization in ocean waters. A study in 2017 determined that the method is unproven; sequestering efficiency is low and sometimes no effect was seen and the amount of iron deposits that is needed to make a small cut in the carbon emissions is in the million tons per year.
Approximately 25 per cent of the ocean surface has ample macronutrients, with little plant biomass (as defined by chlorophyll). The production in these high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) waters is primarily limited by micronutrients, especially iron. The cost of distributing iron over large ocean areas is large compared with the expected value of carbon credits. Research in the early 2020s suggested that it could only permanently sequester a small amount of carbon.
Process
Role of iron in carbon sequestration
Ocean iron fertilization is an example of a geoengineering technique that involves intentional introduction of iron-rich deposits into oceans, and is aimed to enhance biological productivity of organisms in ocean waters in order to increase carbon dioxide () uptake from the atmosphere, possibly resulting in mitigating its global warming effects. Iron is a trace element in the ocean and its presence is vital for photosynthesis in plants, and in particular phytoplanktons, as it has been shown that iron deficiency can limit ocean productivity and phytoplankton growth. For this reason, the "iron hypothesis" was put forward by Martin in late 1980s where he suggested that changes in iron supply in iron-deficient seawater can bloom plankton growth and have a significant effect on the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide by altering rates of carbon sequestration. In fact, fertilization is an important process that occurs naturally in the ocean waters. For instance, upwellings of ocean currents can bring nutrient-rich sediments to the surface. Another example is through transfer of iron-rich minerals, dust, and volcanic ash over long distances by rivers, glaciers, or wind. Moreover, it has been suggested that whales can transfer iron-rich ocean dust to the surface, where planktons can take it up to grow. It has been shown that reduction in the number of sperm whales in the Southern Ocean has resulted in a 200,000 tonnes/yr decrease in the atmospheric carbon uptake, possibly due to limited phytoplankton growth.
Carbon sequestration by phytoplankton
Phytoplankton is photosynthetic: it needs sunlight and nutrients to grow, and takes up carbon dioxide in the process. Plankton can take up and sequester atmospheric carbon through generating calcium or silicon-carbonate skeletons. When these organisms die they sink to the ocean floor where their carbonate skeletons can form a major component of the carbon-rich deep sea precipitation, thousands of meters below plankton blooms, known as marine snow. Nonetheless, based on the definition, carbon is only considered "sequestered" when it is deposited in the ocean floor where it can be retained for millions of years. However, most of the carbon-rich biomass generated from plankton is generally consumed by other organisms (small fish, zooplankton, etc.) and substantial part of rest of the deposits that sink beneath plankton blooms may be re-dissolved in the water and gets transferred to the surface where it eventually returns to the atmosphere, thus, nullifying any possible intended effects regarding carbon sequestration. Nevertheless, supporters of the idea of iron fertilization believe that carbon sequestration should be re-defined over much shorter time frames and claim that since the carbon is suspended in the deep ocean it is effectively isolated from the atmosphere for hundreds of years, and thus, carbon can be effectively sequestered.
Efficiency and concerns
Assuming the ideal conditions, the upper estimates for possible effects of iron fertilization in slowing down global warming is about 0.3W/m2 of averaged negative forcing which can offset roughly 15–20% of the current anthropogenic emissions. However, although this approach could be looked upon as an easy option to lower the concentration of in the atmosphere, ocean iron fertilization is still quite controversial and highly debated due to possible negative consequences on marine ecosystems. Research on this area has suggested that fertilization through deposition of large quantities of iron-rich dust into the ocean floor can significantly disrupt the ocean's nutrient balance and cause major complications in the food chain for other marine organisms.
Methods
There are two ways of performing artificial iron fertilization: ship based direct into the ocean and atmospheric deployment.
Ship based deployment
Trials of ocean fertilization using iron sulphate added directly to the surface water from ships are described in detail in the experiment section below.
Atmospheric sourcing
Iron-rich dust rising into the atmosphere is a primary source of ocean iron fertilization. For example, wind blown dust from the Sahara desert fertilizes the Atlantic Ocean and the Amazon rainforest. The naturally occurring iron oxide in atmospheric dust reacts with hydrogen chloride from sea spray to produce iron chloride, which degrades methane and other greenhouse gases, brightens clouds and eventually falls with the rain in low concentration across a wide area of the globe. Unlike ship based deployment, no trials have been performed of increasing the natural level of atmospheric iron. Expanding this atmospheric source of iron could complement ship-based deployment.
One proposal is to boost the atmospheric iron level with iron salt aerosol. Iron(III) chloride added to the troposphere could increase natural cooling effects including methane removal, cloud brightening and ocean fertilization, helping to prevent or reverse global warming.
Experiments
Martin hypothesized that increasing phytoplankton photosynthesis could slow or even reverse global warming by sequestering in the sea. He died shortly thereafter during preparations for Ironex I, a proof of concept research voyage, which was successfully carried out near the Galapagos Islands in 1993 by his colleagues at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. Thereafter 12 international ocean studies examined the phenomenon:
Ironex II, 1995
SOIREE (Southern Ocean Iron Release Experiment), 1999
EisenEx (Iron Experiment), 2000
SEEDS (Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study), 2001
SOFeX (Southern Ocean Iron Experiments - North & South), 2002
SERIES (Subarctic Ecosystem Response to Iron Enrichment Study), 2002
SEEDS-II, 2004
EIFEX (European Iron Fertilization Experiment), A successful experiment conducted in 2004 in a mesoscale ocean eddy in the South Atlantic resulted in a bloom of diatoms, a large portion of which died and sank to the ocean floor when fertilization ended. In contrast to the LOHAFEX experiment, also conducted in a mesoscale eddy, the ocean in the selected area contained enough dissolved silicon for the diatoms to flourish.
CROZEX (CROZet natural iron bloom and Export experiment), 2005
A pilot project planned by Planktos, a U.S. company, was cancelled in 2008 for lack of funding. The company blamed environmental organizations for the failure.
LOHAFEX (Indian and German Iron Fertilization Experiment), 2009 Despite widespread opposition to LOHAFEX, on 26 January 2009 the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) gave clearance. The experiment was carried out in waters low in silicic acid, an essential nutrient for diatom growth. This affected sequestration efficacy. A portion of the southwest Atlantic was fertilized with iron sulfate. A large phytoplankton bloom was triggered. In the absence of diatoms, a relatively small amount of carbon was sequestered, because other phytoplankton are vulnerable to predation by zooplankton and do not sink rapidly upon death. These poor sequestration results led to suggestions that fertilization is not an effective carbon mitigation strategy in general. However, prior ocean fertilization experiments in high silica locations revealed much higher carbon sequestration rates because of diatom growth. LOHAFEX confirmed sequestration potential depends strongly upon appropriate siting.
Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation (HSRC), 2012 - funded by the Old Massett Haida band and managed by Russ George - dumped 100 tonnes of iron sulphate into the Pacific into an eddy west of the islands of Haida Gwaii. This resulted in increased algae growth over . Critics alleged George's actions violated the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the London convention on the dumping of wastes at sea which prohibited such geoengineering experiments. On 15 July 2014, the resulting scientific data was made available to the public.
John Martin, director of the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, hypothesized that the low levels of phytoplankton in these regions are due to a lack of iron. In 1989 he tested this hypothesis (known as the Iron Hypothesis) by an experiment using samples of clean water from Antarctica. Iron was added to some of these samples. After several days the phytoplankton in the samples with iron fertilization grew much more than in the untreated samples. This led Martin to speculate that increased iron concentrations in the oceans could partly explain past ice ages.
IRONEX I
This experiment was followed by a larger field experiment (IRONEX I) where 445 kg of iron was added to a patch of ocean near the Galápagos Islands. The levels of phytoplankton increased three times in the experimental area. The success of this experiment and others led to proposals to use this technique to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
EisenEx
In 2000 and 2004, iron sulfate was discharged from the EisenEx. 10 to 20 percent of the resulting algal bloom died and sank to the sea floor.
Commercial projects
Planktos was a US company that abandoned its plans to conduct 6 iron fertilization cruises from 2007 to 2009, each of which would have dissolved up to 100 tons of iron over a 10,000 km2 area of ocean. Their ship Weatherbird II was refused entry to the port of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands where it was to take on provisions and scientific equipment.
In 2007 commercial companies such as Climos and GreenSea Ventures and the Australian-based Ocean Nourishment Corporation, planned to engage in fertilization projects. These companies invited green co-sponsors to finance their activities in return for provision of carbon credits to offset investors' CO2 emissions.
LOHAFEX
LOHAFEX was an experiment initiated by the German Federal Ministry of Research and carried out by the German Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) in 2009 to study fertilization in the South Atlantic. India was also involved.
As part of the experiment, the German research vessel Polarstern deposited 6 tons of ferrous sulfate in an area of 300 square kilometers. It was expected that the material would distribute through the upper of water and trigger an algal bloom. A significant part of the carbon dioxide dissolved in sea water would then be bound by the emerging bloom and sink to the ocean floor.
The Federal Environment Ministry called for the experiment to halt, partly because environmentalists predicted damage to marine plants. Others predicted long-term effects that would not be detectable during short-term observation or that this would encourage large-scale ecosystem manipulation.
2012
A 2012 study deposited iron fertilizer in an eddy near Antarctica. The resulting algal bloom sent a significant amount of carbon into the deep ocean, where it was expected to remain for centuries to millennia. The eddy was chosen because it offered a largely self-contained test system.
As of day 24, nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus and silicic acid that diatoms use to construct their shells, declined. Dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations were reduced below equilibrium with atmospheric . In surface water, particulate organic matter (algal remains) including silica and chlorophyll increased.
After day 24, however, the particulate matter fell to between to the ocean floor. Each iron atom converted at least 13,000 carbon atoms into algae. At least half of the organic matter sank below, .
Haida Gwaii project
In July 2012, the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation dispersed of iron sulphate dust into the Pacific Ocean several hundred miles west of the islands of Haida Gwaii. The Old Massett Village Council financed the action as a salmon enhancement project with $2.5 million in village funds. The concept was that the formerly iron-deficient waters would produce more phytoplankton that would in turn serve as a "pasture" to feed salmon. Then-CEO Russ George hoped to sell carbon offsets to recover the costs. The project was accompanied by charges of unscientific procedures and recklessness. George contended that 100 tons was negligible compared to what naturally enters the ocean.
Some environmentalists called the dumping a "blatant violation" of two international moratoria. George said that the Old Massett Village Council and its lawyers approved the effort and at least seven Canadian agencies were aware of it.
According to George, the 2013 salmon runs increased from 50 million to 226 million fish. However, many experts contend that changes in fishery stocks since 2012 cannot necessarily be attributed to the 2012 iron fertilization; many factors contribute to predictive models, and most data from the experiment are considered to be of questionable scientific value.
On 15 July 2014, the data gathered during the project were made publicly available under the ODbL license.
Experiments with iron-coated rice husks in Arabian Sea
In 2022, a UK/India research team plans to place iron-coated rice husks in the Arabian Sea, to test whether increasing time at the surface can stimulate a bloom using less iron. The iron will be confined within a plastic bag reaching from the surface several kilometers down to the sea bottom. The Centre for Climate Repair at the University of Cambridge, along with India's Institute of Maritime Studies assessed the impact of iron seeding in another experiment. They spread iron-coated rice husks across an area of the Arabian Sea. Iron is a limiting nutrient in many ocean waters. They hoped that the iron would fertilize algae, which would bolster the bottom of the marine food chain and sequester carbon as uneaten algae died. The experiment was demolished by a storm, leaving inconclusive results.
Science
The maximum possible result from iron fertilization, assuming the most favourable conditions and disregarding practical considerations, is 0.29 W/m2 of globally averaged negative forcing, offsetting 1/6 of current levels of anthropogenic emissions. These benefits have been called into question by research suggesting that fertilization with iron may deplete other essential nutrients in the seawater causing reduced phytoplankton growth elsewhere — in other words, that iron concentrations limit growth more locally than they do on a global scale.
Ocean fertilization occurs naturally when upwellings bring nutrient-rich water to the surface, as occurs when ocean currents meet an ocean bank or a sea mount. This form of fertilization produces the world's largest marine habitats. Fertilization can also occur when weather carries wind blown dust long distances over the ocean, or iron-rich minerals are carried into the ocean by glaciers, rivers and icebergs.
Role of iron
About 70% of the world's surface is covered in oceans. The part of these where light can penetrate is inhabited by algae (and other marine life). In some oceans, algae growth and reproduction is limited by the amount of iron. Iron is a vital micronutrient for phytoplankton growth and photosynthesis that has historically been delivered to the pelagic sea by dust storms from arid lands. This Aeolian dust contains 3–5% iron and its deposition has fallen nearly 25% in recent decades.
The Redfield ratio describes the relative atomic concentrations of critical nutrients in plankton biomass and is conventionally written "106 C: 16 N: 1 P." This expresses the fact that one atom of phosphorus and 16 of nitrogen are required to "fix" 106 carbon atoms (or 106 molecules of ). Research expanded this constant to "106 C: 16 N: 1 P: .001 Fe" signifying that in iron deficient conditions each atom of iron can fix 106,000 atoms of carbon, or on a mass basis, each kilogram of iron can fix 83,000 kg of carbon dioxide. The 2004 EIFEX experiment reported a carbon dioxide to iron export ratio of nearly 3000 to 1. The atomic ratio would be approximately: "3000 C: 58,000 N: 3,600 P: 1 Fe".
Therefore, small amounts of iron (measured by mass parts per trillion) in HNLC zones can trigger large phytoplankton blooms on the order of 100,000 kilograms of plankton per kilogram of iron. The size of the iron particles is critical. Particles of 0.5–1 micrometer or less seem to be ideal both in terms of sink rate and bioavailability. Particles this small are easier for cyanobacteria and other phytoplankton to incorporate and the churning of surface waters keeps them in the euphotic or sunlit biologically active depths without sinking for long periods. One way to add small amounts of iron to HNLC zones would be Atmospheric Methane Removal.
Atmospheric deposition is an important iron source. Satellite images and data (such as PODLER, MODIS, MSIR) combined with back-trajectory analyses identified natural sources of iron–containing dust. Iron-bearing dusts erode from soil and are transported by wind. Although most dust sources are situated in the Northern Hemisphere, the largest dust sources are located in northern and southern Africa, North America, central Asia and Australia.
Heterogeneous chemical reactions in the atmosphere modify the speciation of iron in dust and may affect the bioavailability of deposited iron. The soluble form of iron is much higher in aerosols than in soil (~0.5%). Several photo-chemical interactions with dissolved organic acids increase iron solubility in aerosols. Among these, photochemical reduction of oxalate-bound Fe(III) from iron-containing minerals is important. The organic ligand forms a surface complex with the Fe (III) metal center of an iron-containing mineral (such as hematite or goethite). On exposure to solar radiation the complex is converted to an excited energy state in which the ligand, acting as bridge and an electron donor, supplies an electron to Fe(III) producing soluble Fe(II). Consistent with this, studies documented a distinct diel variation in the concentrations of Fe (II) and Fe(III) in which daytime Fe(II) concentrations exceed those of Fe(III).
Volcanic ash as an iron source
Volcanic ash has a significant role in supplying the world's oceans with iron. Volcanic ash is composed of glass shards, pyrogenic minerals, lithic particles and other forms of ash that release nutrients at different rates depending on structure and the type of reaction caused by contact with water.
Increases of biogenic opal in the sediment record are associated with increased iron accumulation over the last million years. In August 2008, an eruption in the Aleutian Islands deposited ash in the nutrient-limited Northeast Pacific. This ash and iron deposition resulted in one of the largest phytoplankton blooms observed in the subarctic.
Carbon sequestration
Previous instances of biological carbon sequestration triggered major climatic changes, lowering the temperature of the planet, such as the Azolla event. Plankton that generate calcium or silicon carbonate skeletons, such as diatoms, coccolithophores and foraminifera, account for most direct sequestration. When these organisms die their carbonate skeletons sink relatively quickly and form a major component of the carbon-rich deep sea precipitation known as marine snow. Marine snow also includes fish fecal pellets and other organic detritus, and steadily falls thousands of meters below active plankton blooms.
Of the carbon-rich biomass generated by plankton blooms, half (or more) is generally consumed by grazing organisms (zooplankton, krill, small fish, etc.) but 20 to 30% sinks below into the colder water strata below the thermocline. Much of this fixed carbon continues into the abyss, but a substantial percentage is redissolved and remineralized. At this depth, however, this carbon is now suspended in deep currents and effectively isolated from the atmosphere for centuries.
Analysis and quantification
Evaluation of the biological effects and verification of the amount of carbon actually sequestered by any particular bloom involves a variety of measurements, combining ship-borne and remote sampling, submarine filtration traps, tracking buoy spectroscopy and satellite telemetry. Unpredictable ocean currents can remove experimental iron patches from the pelagic zone, invalidating the experiment.
The potential of fertilization to tackle global warming is illustrated by the following figures. If phytoplankton converted all the nitrate and phosphate present in the surface mixed layer across the entire Antarctic circumpolar current into organic carbon, the resulting carbon dioxide deficit could be compensated by uptake from the atmosphere amounting to about 0.8 to 1.4 gigatonnes of carbon per year. This quantity is comparable in magnitude to annual anthropogenic fossil fuels combustion of approximately 6 gigatonnes. The Antarctic circumpolar current region is one of several in which iron fertilization could be conducted—the Galapagos islands area another potentially suitable location.
Dimethyl sulfide and clouds
Some species of plankton produce dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a portion of which enters the atmosphere where it is oxidized by hydroxyl radicals (OH), atomic chlorine (Cl) and bromine monoxide (BrO) to form sulfate particles, and potentially increase cloud cover. This may increase the albedo of the planet and so cause cooling—this proposed mechanism is central to the CLAW hypothesis. This is one of the examples used by James Lovelock to illustrate his Gaia hypothesis.
During SOFeX, DMS concentrations increased by a factor of four inside the fertilized patch. Widescale iron fertilization of the Southern Ocean could lead to significant sulfur-triggered cooling in addition to that due to the uptake and that due to the ocean's albedo increase, however the amount of cooling by this particular effect is very uncertain.
Financial opportunities
Beginning with the Kyoto Protocol, several countries and the European Union established carbon offset markets which trade certified emission reduction credits (CERs) and other types of carbon credit instruments. In 2007 CERs sold for approximately €15–20/ton . Iron fertilization is relatively inexpensive compared to scrubbing, direct injection and other industrial approaches, and can theoretically sequester for less than €5/ton , creating a substantial return. In August, 2010, Russia established a minimum price of €10/ton for offsets to reduce uncertainty for offset providers. Scientists have reported a 6–12% decline in global plankton production since 1980. A full-scale plankton restoration program could regenerate approximately 3–5 billion tons of sequestration capacity worth €50-100 billion in carbon offset value. However, a 2013 study indicates the cost versus benefits of iron fertilization puts it behind carbon capture and storage and carbon taxes.
Debate
While ocean iron fertilization could represent a potent means to slow global warming, there is a current debate surrounding the efficacy of this strategy and the potential adverse effects of this.
Precautionary principle
The precautionary principle is a proposed guideline regarding environmental conservation. According to an article published in 2021, the precautionary principle (PP) is a concept that states, "The PP means that when it is scientifically plausible that human activities may lead to morally unacceptable harm, actions shall be taken to avoid or diminish that harm: uncertainty should not be an excuse to delay action." Based on this principle, and because there is little data quantifying the effects of iron fertilization, it is the responsibility of leaders in this field to avoid the harmful effects of this procedure. This school of thought is one argument against using iron fertilization on a wide scale, at least until more data is available to analyze the repercussions of this.
Ecological issues
Critics are concerned that fertilization will create harmful algal blooms (HAB) as many toxic algae are often favored when iron is deposited into the marine ecosystem. A 2010 study of iron fertilization in an oceanic high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll environment, however, found that fertilized Pseudo-nitzschia diatom spp., which are generally nontoxic in the open ocean, began producing toxic levels of domoic acid. Even short-lived blooms containing such toxins could have detrimental effects on marine food webs. Most species of phytoplankton are harmless or beneficial, given that they constitute the base of the marine food chain. Fertilization increases phytoplankton only in the open oceans (far from shore) where iron deficiency is substantial. Most coastal waters are replete with iron and adding more has no useful effect. Further, it has been shown that there are often higher mineralization rates with iron fertilization, leading to a turn over in the plankton masses that are produced. This results in no beneficial effects and actually causes an increase in CO2.
Finally, a 2010 study showed that iron enrichment stimulates toxic diatom production in high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll areas which, the authors argue, raises "serious concerns over the net benefit and sustainability of large-scale iron fertilizations". Nitrogen released by cetaceans and iron chelate are a significant benefit to the marine food chain in addition to sequestering carbon for long periods of time.
Ocean acidification
A 2009 study tested the potential of iron fertilization to reduce both atmospheric CO2 and ocean acidity using a global ocean carbon model. The study found that, "Our simulations show that ocean iron fertilization, even in the extreme scenario by depleting global surface macronutrient concentration to zero at all time, has a minor effect on mitigating CO2-induced acidification at the surface ocean." Unfortunately, the impact on ocean acidification would likely not change due to the low effects that iron fertilization has on CO2 levels.
History
Consideration of iron's importance to phytoplankton growth and photosynthesis dates to the 1930s when Dr Thomas John Hart, a British marine biologist based on the in the Southern Ocean speculated - in "On the phytoplankton of the South-West Atlantic and Bellingshausen Sea, 1929-31" - that great "desolate zones" (areas apparently rich in nutrients, but lacking in phytoplankton activity or other sea life) might be iron-deficient. Hart returned to this issue in a 1942 paper entitled "Phytoplankton periodicity in Antarctic surface waters", but little other scientific discussion was recorded until the 1980s, when oceanographer John Martin of the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories renewed controversy on the topic with his marine water nutrient analyses. His studies supported Hart's hypothesis. These "desolate" regions came to be called "high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions" (HNLC).
John Gribbin was the first scientist to publicly suggest that climate change could be reduced by adding large amounts of soluble iron to the oceans. Martin's 1988 quip four months later at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, "Give me a half a tanker of iron and I will give you an ice age," drove a decade of research.
The findings suggested that iron deficiency was limiting ocean productivity and offered an approach to mitigating climate change as well. Perhaps the most dramatic support for Martin's hypothesis came with the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. Environmental scientist Andrew Watson analyzed global data from that eruption and calculated that it deposited approximately 40,000 tons of iron dust into oceans worldwide. This single fertilization event preceded an easily observed global decline in atmospheric and a parallel pulsed increase in oxygen levels.
The parties to the London Dumping Convention adopted a non-binding resolution in 2008 on fertilization (labeled LC-LP.1(2008)). The resolution states that ocean fertilization activities, other than legitimate scientific research, "should be considered as contrary to the aims of the Convention and Protocol and do not currently qualify for any exemption from the definition of dumping". An Assessment Framework for Scientific Research Involving Ocean Fertilization, regulating the dumping of wastes at sea (labeled LC-LP.2(2010)) was adopted by the Contracting Parties to the Convention in October 2010 (LC 32/LP 5).
Multiple ocean labs, scientists and businesses have explored fertilization. Beginning in 1993, thirteen research teams completed ocean trials demonstrating that phytoplankton blooms can be stimulated by iron augmentation. Controversy remains over the effectiveness of atmospheric sequestration and ecological effects. Ocean trials of ocean iron fertilization took place in 2009 in the South Atlantic by project LOHAFEX, and in July 2012 in the North Pacific off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, by the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation (HSRC).
See also
Carbon dioxide sink
Iron chelate
Ocean pipes
Liebig's law of the minimum
Iron cycle
References
Aquatic ecology
Planetary engineering
Climate engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20fertilization |
The Baileys Harbor Range Lights are a pair of lighthouses arranged in a range light configuration, located near Baileys Harbor in Door County, Wisconsin, United States.
History
The range lights replaced the Baileys Harbor Lighthouse in 1870 at a cost of $6,000. They are approximately apart and aligned on a 340° bearing line to guide boats safely into the harbor. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, as reference number 89001466 as the Baileys Harbor Range Light. Currently part of the Ridges wildlife sanctuary, which is listed on the List of National Natural Landmarks in Wisconsin. The grounds may be visited and guided tours are given during peak tourist seasons.
The Bailey's Harbor Range Light is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Reference #89001466, as BAILEYS HARBOR RANGE LIGHT. It is also on the State List/Inventory as of 1988.
After 1969, the Coast Guard removed lighting equipment from the original buildings and replaced them with a single directional light on the beach. In 1990, the Ridges Sanctuary took possession of the buildings and began restoring them; this was completed during the 1990s, when both buildings were rewired to supply electricity to the lamps. A skeleton tower, which was listed in Volume VII of the United States Coast Guard light list, provided shipping guidance until 2015, when the original range lights were updated with modern LED lamps and brought back online.
Gallery
Notes
Further reading
Door County Maritime Museum, Baileys Harbor Range Lights.
Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
Oleszewski, Wes, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) .
Pepper, Terry, Seeing the Light, Baileys Harbor Range Lights.
Sapulski, Wayne S., (2001) Lighthouses of Lake Michigan: Past and Present (Paperback) (Fowlerville: Wilderness Adventure Books) ; .
Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia, Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) .
External links
Door County Lighthouses, Door County Marine Museum.
Satellite View, Baileys Harbor Range Lights at Google Maps.
Lighthouses completed in 1870
Lighthouses in Door County, Wisconsin
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Door County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baileys%20Harbor%20Range%20Lights |
Usha C. V. Haley is an American author and academic, currently W. Frank Barton Distinguished Chair of International Business and Professor of Management at the W. Frank Barton School of Business at Wichita State University in the U.S. state of Kansas. She is also Director of the Center for International Business Advancement at Wichita State University and elected Chair of the independent World Trade Council of Wichita. Prior to this, she was at other universities including West Virginia University, Massey University in New Zealand and at Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University. Haley is credited with providing the intellectual foundations on understanding subsidies to Chinese industry with her book of the same name and testimonies, used as a basis for the current trade wars. See http://ushahaley.academia.edu. Born in Mumbai, India, she received a bachelor's degree in Politics at Elphinstone College, Mumbai and then went on to get graduate degrees from various American universities including a Master's from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in Political Science, and New York University, where she received Master's and PhD degrees in International Business and Strategy from the Stern School of Business. Besides the US, Dr. Haley has lived and worked in Mexico, Singapore, Australia, China, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Italy, Finland, Russia, New Zealand and several other countries.
Research
An expert on Asian and Emerging Markets, Dr. Haley's extensive research includes over 350 articles and presentations and 8 books that explore companies and business environments in India, China, Southeast Asia and Mexico as well as the societal impacts of business schools and their research. Her research on Subsidies to Chinese Industry has supported trade regulation in the United States and the European Union. She has also studied the effects of sanctions and trade barriers such as subsidies on the behaviors of companies and nations. Her research on boycotts, divestitures and regulations published in Multinational Corporations in Political Environments concluded that most sanctions had no effect on US corporate behaviors in South Africa. Her book, The Chinese Tao of Business highlighted the Chinese business environment and how companies operate there to enhance their profits. Her book New Asian Emperors analyzed business information for strategic decisions in Southeast Asia and the influence of networks. Her latest book is Impact and the Management Researcher which looks at how scholarly research is valued in academia and by society.
She is a frequent public speaker and expert on the talk and press circuit. Her research has been regularly profiled in the major media including the Wall Street Journal, ("U.S. Researcher Usha C.V. Haley's Study on Chinese Subsidies to its Glass Industry", Aug 30, 2010) The Economist ("Survey of Asian Business", April 7–13, 2001), CNN ("Special Report: Eye on China," May 18–19, 2005), Bloomberg News ("China Steel Makers get $27 Billion Subsidy," January 8, 2008), Barron's Magazine ("Foreign Carmakers keep up the Pressure on Detroit," October 22, 2001), USA Today ("Tech Start-Ups Don't Grow on Trees Outside USA", June 28, 2006) the Wall Street Journal ("Could the Asian Crises Repeat?", July 3, 2007), The New York Times, ("With New Urgency US and South Korea Seek Free Trade Deal", January 16, 2007) and BusinessWeek ("The Art of Chinese Relationships", January 6, 2006).
Activities
In August 2012, Usha Haley received the Academy of Management's Practice Impact Award for influential research with impact. The Academy of Management is the largest and oldest scholarly association in Management in the world. In September 2011, Usha Haley delivered a Thought Leader presentation on business and government relations in China at the Economist's flagship High Growth Market Summit in London. Dr. Haley has received a life-time award from academic publisher Emerald for her contributions to the understanding of Business in the Asia-Pacific and serves on several corporate and governmental boards as well as academic journal editorial boards.
Haley has also testified numerous times before US Congress on her research on China, subsidies, emerging and transitional economies. Included in these testimonies, in July 2013 Haley served as witness in the United States Senate hearing on Smithfield and beyond: Examining foreign purchases of American food companies. Citing food-safety violations, senior managers' connections to the Chinese Communist Party, Chinese government competitive stances, Chinese subsidies and research on Chinese strategy, Haley advocated against the takeover of Virginia-based Smithfield Foods by Chinese company Shuanghui on national-security grounds. In April 2006 she testified before the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission on the effects of Chinese government subsidies on US business operations in China. In March 2007, she testified before the United States House Committee on Ways and Means in support of the ground-breaking, US federal trade legislation, The Nonmarket Economy Trade Remedy Act of 2007. She has also presented her research on China before the U.S. International Trade Commission, the United States Trade Representative and the United States Department of Commerce.
Dr. Haley's research on Chinese subsidies to its domestic industry and China's business environment has provided support for US federal investigations and legislation on emerging markets as well as in anti-dumping litigation in the European Union and the USA. Her work on Chinese steel subsidies has been used in trade regulation in the European Union and Germany.
Responding to her research findings and to other testimony from business, on June 20, 2008, U.S. steel pipe manufacturers, who have been battling a surge in imports from China, won a major victory when the International Trade Commission cleared the way for the imposition of stiff penalty tariffs for the next five years. The commission voted 5-0 that the U.S. industry was being harmed by the import of circular steel pipe from China. The decision marked the first time a U.S. industry has won a decision to impose tariffs on a Chinese product based on the argument that the Chinese government was unfairly subsidizing a Chinese industry. The ruling means penalty tariffs ranging from 99 percent to 701 percent will be imposed on Chinese imports of circular welded pipe. For more than two decades, the U.S. government had refused to consider subsidy cases against the Chinese government because China was classified as a non-market economy. However, the Bush administration, facing increasing anger over soaring trade deficits with China, reversed course in late 2007 and announced it would treat China in the same way as other countries in disputes involving government subsidies ("US Steel Industry Wins Trade Case against China", Associated Press, June 20, 2008).
In October 2009, at the request of 8 U.S. senators from Pennsylvania, New York, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Louisiana, her research on subsidies to China's industry was used by the US government to question Chinese trade and production practices in the US-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT), th major venue for business and trade negotiations between the two countries. In addition to Senator Casey, the letter requesting the inclusion of her research in the US-China negotiations was also signed by Senator Charles Schumer (NY), Senator Kirsten Gillibrand (NY), Senator Arlen Specter (PA), Senator Sherrod Brown (OH), Senator Debbie Stabenow (MI), Senator Evan Bayh (IN) and Senator Mary Landrieu (LA).
In July 2010, drawing on her research on China's paper industry, 104 U.S. senators and Representatives wrote a bi-partisan letter to President Obama recommending action on China trade.
In January 2012, her research on subsidies to Chinese auto parts became part of a congressional effort to demand an inquiry into Chinese auto-parts production and effects on US jobs. The bi-partisan effort is led by Senator Sherrod Brown (Ohio), Senator Debbie Stabenow (Michigan), industry groups and think tanks.
In 2012, her research on the evolution of the global energy industry has supported the Obama administration's and industry groups' successful levying of tariffs on Chinese solar panel imports into the USA.
In the last decade, her research has been incorporated in over 40 pieces of trade regulation in the USA, Europe and Asia
Books
New Asian Emperors: The Overseas Chinese, their Strategies and Competitive Advantages (Butterworth-Heineman, 1998)
Strategic Management in the Asia Pacific: Harnessing Regional and Organizational Change for Competitive Advantage (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000)
Multinational Corporations in Political Environments: Ethics, Values and Strategies (World Scientific, 2001, 2004)
Asian Post-crisis Management: Corporate and Governmental Strategies for Sustainable Competitive Advantage (Palgrave, 2002)
The Chinese Tao of Business: The Logic of Successful Business Strategy (John Wiley & Sons, 2004, 2006)
New Asian Emperors: The Business Strategies of the Overseas Chinese (John Wiley & Sons, 2009)
Subsidies to Chinese Industry: State Capitalism, Business Strategy and Trade Policy (Oxford University Press, 2012)
Impact and the Management Researcher (Routledge, 2021)
Articles
Subsidies and the China Price, Harvard Business Review, June 2008
Government Strategy and Firm Policy in the Solar Photovoltaic Industry, California Management Review, November 2011
Storytelling the Internationalization of the Multinational Enterprise, Journal of International Business Studies, December 2014
Interviews
An Interview with Usha Haley, Thought Leadership Interview in Management, Emerald Management First and Emerald Management Thinking
Thought Leader Interview, Bloomberg BNA, June 2013
An Interview with Usha Haley, “Broadening the Impact of Management Research”, AACSB Insights, September 6, 2021
References
External links
Usha Haley CV and publications
CIBA-WTCouncil
Usha Haley recent media coverage
ChinaSubsidies.com
ChineseTao.com
NewAsianEmperors.com
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women writers of Indian descent
American Hindus
New York University Stern School of Business alumni
Harvard Kennedy School faculty
Indian emigrants to the United States
Elphinstone College alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usha%20Haley |
Doloi () is a community of the municipality West Mani, in Messenia, southern Greece. The community consists of the villages Kato Doloi, Ano Doloi, Kitries, Kalianaiika and Geranou. Doloi is located in the northwestern part of the Mani peninsula, on the east coast of the Messenian Gulf. It is 3 km west of Kampos, 4 km southeast of Avia and 12 km southeast of Kalamata. Kitries is on the coast, the other villages are in the hills.
References
External links
Kitries Lighthouse
http://www.qsl.net/sv2ael/sv2ael.files/faroi/details/kitries.htm
Populated places in Messenia
West Mani | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doloi |
Maryland v. Garrison, 480 U.S. 79 (1987), is a United States Supreme Court case dealing with the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and the extent of discretion given to police officers acting in good faith. The Court held that where police reasonably believe their warrant was valid during a search, execution of the warrant does not violate respondent's Fourth Amendment rights.
Facts
The Baltimore Police Department were executing a warrant that said the ‘3rd floor apartment’ intending to search McWebbs apartment, when the police went upstairs they searched the 3rd floor and found drugs and cash. The police, then discovered that the 3rd floor was actually divided into 2 apartments. Up to that point none of the police had realized there were 2 distinct apartments. Garrison brought a 4th Amendment claim because they did not have a warrant to search his apartment, but rather they had a warrant to search McWebbs apartment, and Garrison wanted to use the 4th Amendment to suppress the drug evidence.
Opinion
The Court finds that because the warrant allowed for investigation of the 3rd floor, the officers reasonably relied on the warrant to carry out the search. Therefore the evidence is allowed, and Garrison is not allowed to invoke the 4th Amendment protection.
See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases
Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 480
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
Further reading
External links
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
United States Fourth Amendment case law
1987 in United States case law
Baltimore Police Department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20v.%20Garrison |
Dallas Hendry Smith (born December 4, 1977) is a Canadian singer and songwriter, who performs both as a solo country music artist and as lead singer for the hard rock band Default. He is currently signed to Big Loud Records. Smith is the current record holder of most number one hits among all male Canadian artists on Billboards Canada Country chart, at eleven. With Side Effects, Smith also became the first Canadian country artist in the Nielsen BDS era to chart four consecutive number one singles from one album (Shania Twain charted three consecutive number one hits from her 1997 release Come On Over), a feat he would then top with his next album, Timeless.
At the end of 2012, Mediabase named Smith the most played Canadian country act and number eight overall at the format.
Music career
Early career
Dallas Smith always had a passion for music growing up. Some of his main influences were The Beatles and female country singers Reba McEntire and The Judds. Due to his shyness, Smith was reluctant to express his musical talent until he made the decision to face his fear and play cover songs with a band consisting of some of his friends. He signed his first record deal when he was 21.
1999–2009: Default
Before his solo career, Smith was the lead singer of multi-platinum band Default, a Canadian hard rock/post-grunge band from Vancouver, British Columbia. Formed in 1999, it continued until 2013. Default's debut 2001 album, The Fallout, achieved instant success due to strong radio play of "Wasting My Time" and "Deny". In 2002 Default won the Juno Award for "Best New Group". On April 30, 2003, the record achieved a platinum album RIAA certification, signifying a million records sold. The band also released the album Elocation (2003) which was certified gold, One Thing Remains (2005) and Comes and Goes (2009).
2011–2012: Jumped Right In and Boys of Fall Tour
Jumped Right In was released on May 22, 2012, via 604 Records under the production of Joey Moi. The album features tracks written by Smith along with Moi, Rodney Clawson, Craig Wiseman, Dustin Lynch, Chris Tompkins, Zac Maloy, Chad Kroeger and more. It peaked at number 19 on the Canadian Albums Chart and has generated five charted singles on the Canadian Hot 100. The album was nominated for Country Album of the Year at the 2013 Juno Awards and was also nominated as Album of the Year for the 2013 Canadian Country Music Association Awards. The album has sold over 100,000 digital singles to date.
In November 2012, Smith performed on his first solo tour, co-headlining with Chad Brownlee. The tour was billed as the Boys of Fall Tour and traveled across Canada, hitting 22 cities. The tour sold out on 20 of its dates, including the Commodore Theatre in Vancouver. Smith performed at many Canadian country festivals through 2012 and 2013. In March 2013, Smith went on a sold-out Canadian tour with Bob Seger.
Stemming from the success of the Boys of Fall Tour, Smith and Brownlee teamed up to create the annual Boys of Fall Charity Golf Tournament and Concert. The tournament took place at the Redwoods Golf Course in Langley, British Columbia on August 27, 2013, and was sponsored by the radio station JRfm. Proceeds from the event were donated to Basics for Babies, an organization that assists families coping with the challenges of raising a young infant by providing them with needed food, formula, and diapers. The tourney's fifth year took place on Tuesday, August 22, 2017.
2013: Tippin' Point EP
In October 2013, Smith signed with Republic Nashville and released his first American single, "Tippin' Point". It was written by Brian Kelley and Tyler Hubbard of Florida Georgia Line with Jaren Johnston. In 2013, Smith was nominated for Male Artist of the Year, Single of the Year and Album of the Year by the Canadian Country Music Association. Smith performed on the CCMA broadcast award ceremony, which took place on September 8, 2013.
Smith released an extended play, Tippin' Point, on March 4, 2014, in the US and Canada. Three singles have been released from the EP so far. The title track was a top 5 single on the Canadian country radio chart and was pronounced the fastest country single to be Gold certified by Music Canada. Since then, the single has been certified Platinum in Canada and the "Tippin' Point" video was ranked number 1 on CMT Canada. In the US, the song "Tippin' Point" was ranked number 1 on Sirius XM's The Highway Hot 45 Countdown and has sold over 120,000 singles. Smith followed up the success of the first single by releasing "Slow Rollin'" in March 2014. The track was a top 5 single at Canadian country radio. A third single, "A Girl Like You", was released in June 2014.
Smith's single "Slow Rollin'" is performed by Lady Antebellum on the deluxe edition of their album 747.
2014–2017: Lifted and Side Effects
In 2014, Smith entered a recording studio in Nashville to record his second full-length studio album with producer Joey Moi. The album, Lifted, was released on November 25, 2014. Smith released the first single off the album, "Wastin' Gas", on October 28, 2014, followed by album's lead track "Lifted" and finally "Cheap Seats". "Wastin' Gas" became Smith's first #1 Canada Country hit, as well as his first charting entry on the Billboard Country Digital Songs and Country Indicator airplay charts in the United States.
In 2016, Smith released his third solo album Side Effects. The singles released from the album included "Kids with Cars", "One Little Kiss", "Autograph", lead title track "Side Effects" and "Sky Stays This Blue". In September 2016, Smith also joined Keith Urban for the Canadian leg of his Ripcord World Tour.
2018–2020: The Fall EP and Timeless
In March 2019, Smith released his EP The Fall. The EP featured four straight #1 singles, "Make 'Em Like You", "Rhinestone World", "Drop", and "Timeless". Smith co-headlined the Friends Don't Let Friends Tour Alone Tour with Dean Brody across Canada in the Fall of 2020.
In July 2020, a Nielsen Music study found Smith to be the sixth-highest played Canadian artist on domestic radio in the first half of 2020, ahead of Drake and Chad Brownlee, and slightly behind Virginia to Vegas and Justin Bieber.
Smith's fourth studio album, Timeless was released on August 28, 2020, and contains all previously released material from The Fall, as well as the singles, "Like a Man" and "Some Things Never Change". In November 2020, Smith released his first Christmas single "Classic".
2021–present: Self-titled album and Some Things Never Change Tour
In August 2021, Smith signed a global recording deal with Big Loud Records. Along with Big Loud, and producer Scott Cooke, Smith launched the joint venture Local Hay Records which signed Shawn Austin as their flagship artist. In September 2021, Smith hosted and headlined the "Lifted Hotel Festival" in Vancouver, British Columbia, with all proceeds from the event going towards his organization, the Lifted Dallas Smith Charitable Foundation which supports mental health. Other featured performers included Austin, Jojo Mason, Andrew Hyatt, and Kelly Prescott. In November 2021, Smith announced his headlining Some Things Never Change Tour, which ran in early 2022 and included James Barker Band, Meghan Patrick, Jojo Mason, and Shawn Austin among the opening acts.
Smith released "Hide from a Broken Heart" as his first global single on Big Loud on November 29, 2021. Smith debuted the song at the 2021 Canadian Country Music Awards that day, where he won Entertainer of the Year, Male Artist of the Year, Single of the Year for "Like a Man", and best selling Canadian album for Timeless. He then featured on the Josh Ramsay single "Best of Me" in February 2022. In June 2022, Smith released the single "One Too" with fellow Canadian country singer MacKenzie Porter. He was subsequently named Male Artist of the Year and won the Fans' Choice at the 2022 Canadian Country Music Awards. In January 2023, Smith released the single "Singing in a Beer". The song was included on his self-titled fifth studio album Dallas Smith, which was released on October 27, 2023. Smith released two instant gratification tracks "Fixer Upper" and "CRZY" alongside the opening of pre-orders for his self-titled album.
In October 2023, it was announced that Smith will take his first acting role, appearing alongside Allan Hawco and Charlie Gillespie in Soul's Road, the forthcoming debut film of music video director Joel Stewart.
Personal life
Smith married his longtime girlfriend Kristen in 2012 and the couple has two daughters together. He also has a son from a previous marriage.
Discography
Jumped Right In (2012)
Lifted (2014)
Side Effects (2016)
Timeless (2020)
Dallas Smith (2023)
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Alternative rock singers
Big Loud artists
Big Machine Records artists
Canadian alternative rock musicians
Canadian country guitarists
Canadian male guitarists
Canadian country singer-songwriters
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Juno Award for Country Album of the Year winners
Musicians from British Columbia
People from Langley, British Columbia (city)
Republic Records artists
Canadian rock singers
21st-century Canadian guitarists
21st-century Canadian male singers
Canadian Country Music Association Male Artist of the Year winners
Canadian Country Music Association Entertainer(s) of the Year winners
Canadian Country Music Association Album of the Year winners
Canadian Country Music Association Top Selling Canadian Album winners
Canadian Country Music Association Single of the Year winners
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas%20Smith |
Michael Di Biase (born 1947) is a Canadian politician who formerly part of the regional council of the city of Vaughan, Ontario as the deputy mayor and mayor. He was first elected to the city's council in 1986. Following the death of Mayor Lorna Jackson in 2002, Di Biase was appointed acting mayor by virtue of his position as senior regional councillor (a position he had held since 1988). In the 2003 municipal election, Di Biase won his first official term as mayor.
He became the first chairman of the Vaughan Health Care Foundation, an independent non-profit organization established by the city of Vaughan on 16 January 2004 to "bring a hospital and ancillary services" to the city.
The Globe and Mail newspaper reports that Di Biase received an annual salary of $164,074, making him one of the highest-paid municipal politicians in the country. The next highest paid mayor was Hazel McCallion of Mississauga at $158,704. The mayor of the largest city in Canada, David Miller of Toronto, received $143,635 per year. The average salary of Vaughan councillors was $102,657 which is second to that of Mississauga at $113,296, while Toronto councillors earn $85,497.
In the 2006 municipal election, Di Biase faced Lorna Jackson's daughter Linda Jackson and lost by 90 votes in one of the closest races of the night. After a court-ordered recount completed on April 26, 2007, which had been initiated by Di Biase, it was confirmed that Jackson had indeed won the election.
In 2006, Di Biase was made a Knight Officer of the Order of Merit by the Government of Italy.
In September 2009, after an audit of Di Biase's campaign in Vaughan's 2006 municipal election, he had faced 27 charges in contravention of the Municipal Elections Act, including alleged election finance irregularities.
He was elected Local and Regional Councillor for the City of Vaughan in October 2010. His term began December 1, 2010.
In July 2011, an auditing committee voted to examine expenses relating to Di Biase's 2010 campaign. It is alleged that due to improper reporting and accounting procedures on DiBiase's part, he improperly kept $32,000 in campaign funds that should have been returned to the city.
In April 2015, Di Biase was docked three month's pay for breaching the city's code of conduct by aiding a local construction firm acquire municipal contracts.
On May 18, 2017 Di Biase resigned as regional councillor and deputy mayor stemming from sexual assault and sexual harassment allegations made by a city staffer.
In October 2019, Di Biase was charged with one charge each of breach of trust and municipal corruption under the criminal code. In February 2020, the two criminal code charges were dropped, but Di Biase pleaded guilty and was convicted of an offence under the Municipal Act. He was charged $5,000 and donated $20,000 to two Vaughan charities as part of the agreement. At that time, Di Biase had recently suffered a heart attack, had Type 2 diabetes, as well as kidney issues.
References
Mayors of Vaughan
Living people
1947 births
Canadian people of Italian descent
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Di%20Biase |
Aparajeyo Bangla () is one of the most well known sculptures dedicated to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. It is located in the campus of Dhaka University, just in front of the Faculty of Arts Building. In Bengali, the phrase means "Unvanquished Bengal".
History
The sculpture work was started at the end of 1973 based on sculptor Syed Abdullah Khalid's design and superintendence of the DUCSU Authority. The Dainik Bangla news reporter Saleh Chowdhury came to visit the sculpture and wrote an article about it. The article illuminated the people of Bangladesh, so the sculptor is known all over the world. In that Article Saleh Choudhury named it as Aparajeyo Bangla and that has been established as permanent name later on by the university authority and the artist (source Prothom Alo news on Saleh Choudhury'/ sad demise on 5 September 2017 and journalist Hasan Shaharear's article on Saleh Choudhury published in Shamokal Bangla newspaper). Before Aparajeyo Bangla there was another 3 feet long sculpture, then Dackshu Authority broke down the sculpture and started to work on Aparajeyo Bangla project. Hasina Ahmed, Syed Hamid Maksood and Badrul Alam Benu, who are very close to Khalid, modelled for 'Aparajeyo Bangla'. The artist closely observed the models' personalities and his close association with them enabled him to do justice with his portrayal. In August 1975 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was murdered so the Dackshu Authority stopped the Aparajeyo Bangla project. Political instability and the arrest of the then vice-chancellor of Dhaka University, Abdul Matin Chowdhury, also disrupted the work. The project remained incomplete till the end of 1978. In January 1979, some fundamentalist groups tried to demolish the Dackshu sculpture Authority. However, the project members and the students of Dhaka University fiercely guarded the work. After a long hiatus, the work began once more in December the beginning of 1979—with a new vision. At last the project work was finished on 16 December 1979. The sculpture was inaugurated by wounded freedom fighters.
Historical significance
After the war, the DUCSU committee proposed the sculpture to commemorate the glory of liberation. In Sayed Abdullah Khalid's sculpture there are 3 statues. The composition of Aparajeyo Bangla is quite mature, the figures are dynamic. In the centre is a statue of a farmer on whose shoulder is a rifle and in whose hand is a grenade, the statue represents the general people of Bangladesh. On the left side there is a lady in whose hand is a first-aid box to indicate that she is a nurse, and in the right side there is a student wearing only a pair of pants and holding a rifle in his hand, to represent youth. All things considered Aparajeyo Bangla is a pioneer in the field of sculptures from the liberation war. For the design of sculpture the lady model was Hasina Ahamed who was a housewife and the farmer model was Badrul Alam Banu who was a student of the art department and the student model was Sayed Hamid Maksud, who was another student of University of Dhaka
Sculpture
The sculpture is built of reinforced concrete with a 4-inch coating, to a height of up to 18 feet. The sculpture was refabricated after inscribing on the base. The sculpture coating was worked under Sahiddullah Associates and the sculpture base was designed by architect Rabioul Hossain. It is a sculpture of the three figures, the central character, a village youth stands in the middle clutching the strap of a rifle in his hand and a grenade in the left . To the left of him is an urban youth with a rifle . At the right is a young lady devoted to nursing with a first aid box at her shoulder. These three represent the concerted strength of the whole Bengali nation.
Documentary about the sculpture
In 2011 a documentary film about the sculpture was released to mark the 40th anniversary of Bangladesh independence, directed by Saiful Wadud Helal, and produced by Shafiul Wadud. The film presents the background of the 1971 war, and sheds light on attempts by religious fanatics to destroy the structure.
References
Aftermath of the Bangladesh Liberation War
University of Dhaka
Outdoor sculptures in Bangladesh
Statues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparajeyo%20Bangla |
Cultural environmentalism is the movement that seeks to protect the public domain. The term was coined by James Boyle, professor at Duke University and contributor to the Financial Times.
The term stems from Boyle's argument that those who seek to protect the public domain are working towards a similar ends as environmentalists. Boyle's contention is that whereas the environmentalist movement illuminated the effects that social decisions can have upon ecology, cultural environmentalists seek to illuminate the effects that intellectual property laws can have upon culture.
References
External links
Cultural Environmentalism at 10.
James Boyle: Cultural environmentalism?
A Politics of Intellectual Property: Environmentalism for the Net?
An IP Environmentalism for Culture and Knowledge?
Environmentalism
Intellectual property law
Public domain
Science and culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20environmentalism |
Clarksburg (formerly, Clarksburgh) is a census-designated place in Yolo County, California. It is located on the Sacramento River, in the extreme southeastern corner of the county. It lies at an elevation of 10 feet (3 m) in ZIP code 95612 and area codes 916 and 279.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 2.0 square miles (5.3 km2), all of it land.
Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Clarksburg has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.
Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Clarksburg had a population of 418. The population density was . The racial makeup of Clarksburg was 339 (81.1%) White, 2 (0.5%) African American, 2 (0.5%) Native American, 16 (3.8%) Asian, 1 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 37 (8.9%) from other races, and 21 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 109 persons (26.1%).
The Census reported that 418 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 168 households, out of which 51 (30.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 102 (60.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 11 (6.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 10 (6.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 4 (2.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 40 households (23.8%) were made up of individuals, and 14 (8.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49. There were 123 families (73.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.96.
The population was spread out, with 96 people (23.0%) under the age of 18, 27 people (6.5%) aged 18 to 24, 63 people (15.1%) aged 25 to 44, 140 people (33.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 92 people (22.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males.
There were 182 housing units at an average density of , of which 115 (68.5%) were owner-occupied, and 53 (31.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%; the rental vacancy rate was 10.0%. 270 people (64.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 148 people (35.4%) lived in rental housing units.
History
Clarksburg has been settled in stages dating back as early as the 1850s when Merritt Island was first cleared and developed for agricultural uses. Postal authorities first established a post office in 1876, under the name "Clarksburgh" and changed the name to "Clarksburg" in 1893. The town was named after Robert C. Clark who settled at the place in 1849. In the 1920s the New Holland Land Company began subdividing the tracts in the area and formally established Clarksburg as an unincorporated community. Clarksburg is unique among small California towns in that many of the families who initially settled the area are still present, thus lending a small-town charm to the community.
Present day
The community is mostly centered on the two churches in town, the Holland Market, the volunteer fire department, the three schools, and the public library. The 1930s era Old Sugar Mill (which closed in 1988) is now the center of development with 125 new homes proposed for construction on the property. This will be the first significant development since the Old Sugar Mill was built in the 1930s. The project is currently stayed by the Delta Protection Commission until it is made compliant with their Resource and Management Plan. Appeals were made to this State of California commission by the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Concerned Citizens of Clarksburg. As of February 2008 the Old Sugar Mill development was involved in significant litigation. A portion of the original Old Sugar Mill is now home to a modern wine tasting and production facility.
The Bogle Winery on Merritt Island has become the most famous of the Clarksburg appellation vintners with their wines being sold worldwide and being served at the White House as of 2007.
The population in 2008 is approximately 300. This is an approximation as the community borders are undefined and opinions on what outlying areas are actually part of Clarksburg vary from one source to the next. The portion of Sacramento County directly across the Sacramento River was once considered part of the community due to the ferry crossing that existed at Clarksburg from 1920 until the Freeport Bridge opened on New Year's Day in 1930. The ferry itself sank in November, 1928. Some of the older members of the community still refer to that adjoining area of Sacramento County as Clarksburg for that reason.
There are three schools in Clarksburg: Delta Elementary Charter School, Clarksburg Middle School, and Delta High School. All three schools are a part of the River Delta Unified School District.
Architectural heritage
Architect William Raymond Yelland would spend summers in Clarksburg with family. W.R. Yelland designed several buildings in the town of Clarksburg including several homes, the Clarksburg Community Church, and the Sugar Mill. W.R. Yelland is most noted for his Arts and Crafts and Storybook Houses of the 1920s and 1930s.
Industry and agriculture
What few industries that exist in the area are mostly involved in supporting the agricultural concerns of the area. Agriculture in the area principally includes wine grapes, dichondra grass seed, and tomatoes. Alfalfa is also found to occur but it is not the principal crop as it was prior to the 1920s.
Events and culture
The Paul Reese Memorial Clarksburg Country Run occurs every November as it has since 1965 and includes a race, a half-marathon, a 5k fun run, and children's events.
The Friends of the Clarksburg Library sponsor The Wines of Clarksburg fundraiser every year to support the local library. The event is typically hosted at the New Holland Land Company's former site and the event is a good excuse to view this example of historic, California Delta architecture.
Notable people
Charles Carroll "Tony" Eason, IV (born October 8, 1959, in Blythe, California, raised in Walnut Grove, California) is a former American football quarterback who attended Delta High School in Clarksburg before playing in the National Football League for the New England Patriots and New York Jets. Eason retired after the 1990 NFL season and currently resides in California.
References
External links
Census-designated places in Yolo County, California
Census-designated places in California
Populated places on the Sacramento River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksburg%2C%20California |
This is a list of Liberal Democrat MPs, past and present, elected to the British House of Commons. Members of the European Parliament, the Scottish Parliament or the Senedd are not listed.
Sir Danny Alexander, Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey, 2005–2015
Richard Allan, Sheffield Hallam, 1997–2005
Heidi Allen, South Cambridgeshire, 2019 4
David Alton, Liverpool Mossley Hill, 1988–1997 1
Paddy Ashdown, Yeovil, 1988–2001 1
Norman Baker, Lewes, 1997–2015
Jackie Ballard, Taunton, 1997–2001
John Barrett, Edinburgh West, 2001–2010
Sir Alan Beith, Berwick-upon-Tweed, 1988–2015 1
David Bellotti, Eastbourne, 1990–1992
Luciana Berger, Liverpool Wavertree, 2019 5
Gordon Birtwistle, Burnley, 2010–2015
Tom Brake, Carshalton and Wallington, 1997–2019
Peter Brand, Isle of Wight, 1997–2001
Colin Breed, South East Cornwall, 1997–2010
Annette Brooke, Mid Dorset and North Poole, 2001–2015
Jeremy Browne, Taunton Deane, 2005–2015
Sir Malcolm Bruce, Gordon, 1988–2015 1
John Burnett, Torridge and West Devon, 1997–2005
Paul Burstow, Sutton and Cheam, 1997–2015
Lorely Burt, Solihull, 2005–2015
Sir Vince Cable, Twickenham, 1997–2015; 2017–2019
Patsy Calton, Cheadle, 2001–2005
Sir Menzies Campbell, North East Fife, 1988–20151
Alex Carlile, Montgomeryshire, 1988–1997 1
Alistair Carmichael, Orkney and Shetland, 2001–present
Michael Carr, Ribble Valley, 1991–1992
Wendy Chamberlain, North East Fife, 2019–present
David Chidgey, Eastleigh, 1994–2005
Sir Nick Clegg, Sheffield Hallam, 2005–2017
Daisy Cooper, St Albans, 2019–present
Brian Cotter, Weston-super-Mare, 1997–2005
Mike Crockart, Edinburgh West, 2010–2015
Sir Ed Davey, Kingston and Surbiton, 1997–2015; 2017–present
Chris Davies, Littleborough and Saddleworth, 1995–1997
Jane Dodds, Brecon and Radnorshire, 2019
Sue Doughty, Guildford, 2001–2005
Sarah Dyke, Somerton and Frome, 2023–present
Tim Farron, Westmorland and Lonsdale, 2005–present
Ronnie Fearn, Southport, 1988–1992; 1997–2001
Lynne Featherstone, Hornsey and Wood Green, 2005–2015
Richard Foord, Tiverton and Honiton, 2022–present
Don Foster, Bath, 1992–2015
Andrew George, St Ives, 1997–2015
Sandra Gidley, Romsey, 2000–2010
Steve Gilbert, St Austell and Newquay, 2010–2015
Parmjit Singh Gill, Leicester South, 2004–2005
Julia Goldsworthy, Falmouth and Camborne, 2005–2010
Donald Gorrie, Edinburgh West, 1997–2001
Matthew Green, Ludlow, 2001–2005
Sarah Green, Chesham and Amersham, 2021–present
Sam Gyimah, East Surrey, 2019 4
Duncan Hames, Chippenham, 2010–2015
Mike Hancock, Portsmouth South, 1997–2015
Evan Harris, Oxford West and Abingdon, 1997–2010
Sir Nick Harvey, North Devon, 1992–2015
David Heath, Somerton and Frome, 1997–2015
John Hemming, Birmingham Yardley, 2005–2015
Wera Hobhouse, Bath, 2017–present
Paul Holmes, Chesterfield, 2001–2010
Martin Horwood, Cheltenham, 2005–2015
David Howarth, Cambridge, 2005–2010
Geraint Howells, Ceredigion and Pembroke North, 1988–1992 1
Sir Simon Hughes, Southwark and Bermondsey, 1983–1997; North Southwark and Bermondsey, 1997–2010; Bermondsey and Old Southwark, 2010–2015 1
Chris Huhne, Eastleigh, 2005–2013
Mark Hunter, Cheadle, 2005–2015
Julian Huppert, Cambridge, 2010–2015
Christine Jardine, Edinburgh West, 2017–present
Sir Russell Johnston, Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber, 1988–1997 1
Nigel Jones, Cheltenham, 1992–2005
Paul Keetch, Hereford, 1997–2010
Charles Kennedy, Ross, Cromarty and Skye, 1988–1997; Ross, Skye and Inverness West, 1997–2005; Ross, Skye and Lochaber, 2005–2015 2
Archy Kirkwood, Roxburgh and Berwickshire, 1988–2005 1
Susan Kramer, Richmond Park, 2005–2010
Sir Norman Lamb, North Norfolk, 2001–2019
David Laws, Yeovil, 2001–2015
Phillip Lee, Bracknell, 2019 4
John Leech, Manchester Withington, 2005–2015
Richard Livsey, Brecon and Radnorshire, 1988–1992; 1997–2001 1
Stephen Lloyd, Eastbourne, 2010–2015; 2017–2018; 2019
Liz Lynne, Rochdale, 1992–1997
Robert Maclennan, Caithness and Sutherland, 1988–1997; Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross, 1997–2001 2
Diana Maddock, Christchurch, 1993–1997
Paul Marsden, Shrewsbury and Atcham, 2001–2005 3
Ray Michie, Argyll and Bute, 1988–2001 1
Michael Moore, Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale, 1997–2005; Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk, 2005–2015
Layla Moran, Oxford West and Abingdon, 2017–present
Helen Morgan, North Shropshire, 2021–present
Greg Mulholland, Leeds North West, 2005–2017
Tessa Munt, Wells, 2010–2015
Emma Nicholson, Torridge and West Devon, 1995–1997 4
Mark Oaten, Winchester, 1997–2010
Sarah Olney, Richmond Park, 2016–2017; 2019–present
Lembit Öpik, Montgomeryshire, 1997–2010
John Pugh, Southport, 2001–2017
Alan Reid, Argyll and Bute, 2001–2015
David Rendel, Newbury, 1993–2005
Willie Rennie, Dunfermline and West Fife, 2006–2010
Dan Rogerson, North Cornwall, 2005–2015
Paul Rowen, Rochdale, 2005–2010
Bob Russell, Colchester, 1997–2015
Antoinette Sandbach, Eddisbury, 2019 4
Adrian Sanders, Torbay, 1997–2015
Angela Smith, Penistone and Stocksbridge, 2019 5
Sir Cyril Smith, Rochdale, 1988–1992 1
Robert Smith, West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine, 1997–2015
Sir David Steel, Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale, 1988–1997 1
Nicol Stephen, Kincardine and Deeside 1991–1992
Jamie Stone, Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross, 2017–present
Andrew Stunell, Hazel Grove, 1997–2015
Ian Swales, Redcar, 2010–2015
Jo Swinson, East Dunbartonshire, 2005–2015; 2017–2019
Matthew Taylor, Truro, 1988–1997; Truro and St Austell, 1997–2010 1
Sarah Teather, Brent East, 2003–2010; Brent Central, 2010–2015
Mike Thornton, Eastleigh, 2013–2015
Peter Thurnham, Bolton North East, 1996–1997 4
John Thurso, Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross, 2001–2015
Jenny Tonge, Richmond Park, 1997–2005
Paul Tyler, North Cornwall, 1992–2005 6
Chuka Umunna, Streatham, 2019 5
David Ward, Bradford East, 2010–2015
Jim Wallace, Orkney and Shetland, 1988–2001 1
Steve Webb, Northavon, 1997–2010; Thornbury and Yate, 2010–2015
Mark Williams, Ceredigion, 2005–2017
Roger Williams, Brecon and Radnorshire, 2001–2015
Stephen Williams, Bristol West, 2005–2015
Phil Willis, Harrogate and Knaresborough, 1997–2010
Jenny Willott, Cardiff Central, 2005–2015
Munira Wilson, Twickenham, 2019–present
Sarah Wollaston, Totnes, 2019 4
Simon Wright, Norwich South, 2010–2015
Richard Younger-Ross, Teignbridge, 2001–2010
1 Formerly a Liberal Party MP.
2 Formerly a Social Democratic Party MP.
3 Elected for the Labour Party, and returned to Labour at the end of his term.
4 Elected for the Conservative Party.
5 Elected for the Labour Party.
6 Previously Liberal Party MP for Bodmin, Feb-Oct 1974.
Graphical representation
List
List
Liberal Democrat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Liberal%20Democrat%20MPs |
The Primitive Baptist Conference of New Brunswick, Maine and Nova Scotia, not to be confused with Calvinistic Primitive Baptists, are a group of Free Baptists in Canada and New England.
History
The roots of the Primitive Baptist Conference are found in the work of Benjamin Randall, whose convert Asa McCray was instrumental in forming churches in Nova Scotia. These churches were generally known as Free Christian Baptists.
George Wightfield Orser (1813–1885) was ordained among the Free Christian Baptists in 1843. As the idea of salaried ministers developed and grew, Orser stood against the practice, proposing belief in "a free gospel and free access to it." Other items of disagreement included Sunday Schools, church discipline, missionary organizations, music, and church offerings. Because of this opposition, Orser was expelled from the Free Christian Baptists in 1874. In July 1875, representatives from seven churches met and formed the Free Baptist Conference of New Brunswick. Due to disagreements over the use of the name "Free Baptist", Orser's group incorporated under the name Primitive Baptist Conference of New Brunswick in 1898. As churches were added from Nova Scotia, Maine and Massachusetts, the conference became the Primitive Baptist Conference of New Brunswick, Maine and Nova Scotia. The Nova Scotia churches incorporated a regional conference -- Primitive Baptist Conference of Nova Scotia—in 1926.
In July 1981, 16 churches joined the Free Will Baptists and became the regional Atlantic Canada Association of Free Will Baptists in alignment with the National Association of Free Will Baptists. A small group of Christians from these churches have maintained themselves separately as Primitive Baptists.
References
Biographical Directoryof Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Free Baptist Ministers and Preachers, Frederick C. Burnett, 1996
George Whitfield Orser: Another View, Frederick C. Burnett, 1989
The Atlantic Canada Association of Free Will Baptists, by Fred D. Hanson, Contact magazine, January 1982, pp. 2–4
Baptist denominations in North America
Religious organizations established in 1898
Baptist Christianity in Canada
Primitive Baptists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20Baptist%20Conference%20of%20New%20Brunswick%2C%20Maine%20and%20Nova%20Scotia |
Georg Friedrich Kauffmann (14 February 1679 – 24 March 1735) was a Baroque composer and organist from northern-central Germany who composed primarily sacred works for the organ and voice.
Biography
Early life and career
Georg Friedrich Kauffmann was born in Ostramondra, Thuringia. Little is known of his early life; however, he did have early keyboard training with J.H. Buttstett in Erfurt. His latter years of education were under J.F. Alberti in Merseburg with whom he studied organ and composition.
In 1698, Alberti suffered an injury to his right hand, inhibiting his ability to play the organ at the cathedral. Kauffmann replaced Alberti permanently as teacher in Merseburg as well as court and cathedral organist upon Alberti’s death in 1710.
Kauffmann is also attributed to have ascertained during this period the occupation of Director of Church Music for the Duke of Saxe-Merseburg, and might have also served as Kapellmeister. However, these positions are only speculative at best due to an absence of archival investigations. (Note: Kauffmann signed many of his published works as Court Organist and Director of Church Music for the Duke of Saxe-Merseburg, so it is quite likely that he did serve in such a capacity, even if just ceremonial.)
Mid-life and the Leipzig Affair
Kauffmann had several connections with Leipzig, as most predominant musicians of the time in Germany would have. At one point, he was originally asked by the university there to inspect the newly finished organ at St. Paul’s Cathedral (a very large honor at the time) – however, the offer ultimately went to Johann Sebastian Bach.
In 1725, Kauffmann announced his intentions of the publication of a treatise to be entitled: Intro duzzione alla musica antica et moderna, das ist: Eine auführliche Einleitung zur alten und neuen Wissenschaft der edlen Music. (In English: Rules for Composition in the Old and New Styles.) It was never formally published, though it did circulate around the musical community of the day and most likely was used by many educators as a teaching tool.
Ultimately Kauffmann went to Leipzig in 1722 to compete for the position of Kapellmeister along with seven other predominant musicians of Germany at the time. The position of Kapellmeister of Leipzig was extremely coveted by most in the musical community; the position was formally held by Johann Kuhnau until his death that same year. Kauffmann’s audition went well, even though he asked for a second hearing by the town council who were responsible for hiring. He was the prime contender for the position until April 1723 when J.S. Bach was hired.
Late life and the Harmonische Seelenlust
A decade after the Leipzig Affair, Kauffmann started to publish in sequential volumes his Harmonische Seelenlust which were a complete edition of his organ chorales. However, he died of consumption in Merseburg on 24 March 1735 before they had been completely published. His widow saw the endeavor though and completed the publication of the Harmonische Seelenlust. While they did not make a great first impression, over the next century they became one of the most significant achievements in German organ music, and remained in high demand well into the 19th century. They consisted of ninety-eight preludes on sixty-three chorales. Many of his organ works can be found in organ text books and instructional materials today.
Proliferation of works
Copied and transcribed works
An important aspect of Baroque composition was who copied the compositions down to perform in their churches or courts as printing music was very novel at the time and very expensive. J.G. Walther (a friend of Bach) copied many of his early works, as well as Johann Tobias Krebs, a pupil of Walther. Johann Kuhnau and two scribes copied parts from Kauffmann’s Solo Cantaten, and performed them on 16 August 1722, and after Kauffmann’s death in their respected churches. Gottfried Kirchhoff (the Halle organist) owned several other cantatas by Kauffmann, all of which were performed in Halle, however none of the manuscripts survived. In 1727, Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, who was studying in Merseburg with J.G. Graun, copied three choral works which were ultimately performed by J.S. Bach’s choir. (see The Bach Connection)
Well-known works
Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ
Harmonische Seelenlust musikalischer Gonner und Freunde: Wer nur den lieben Gott lässt walten
Nun danket alle Gott
Nun lob, mein Seel, den Herren on Johann Gramann's hymn
O Herre Gott, dein göttlich Wort
O Jesulein süss
Unverzagt, beklemmtes Herz
Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern
The Bach connection
One of the most important questions that surround Kauffmann’s life was how much of an influence was he upon Johann Sebastian Bach. While it can be hard to know who was imitating who, both of the works can be seen similar in certain motives and harmonic progressions, though it is obvious that Bach was the better master of these things. J.G. Walther’s friendship with Bach while transcribing some of Kauffmann’s early works can lead to influential questions, as well as Bach’s education of members of the Krebs family, Kuhnau’s employment by Bach in latter years (in which he brought at least three choral pieces to Bach's choir which they performed). Also Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, J.S. Bach’s eldest son, studied with Graun in Merseburg as well as transcribing some of Kauffmann works with Kuhnau. While there is little question of Bach’s awareness of Kauffmann, there are deeper questions of imitation and musical evolution.
Today
Kauffmann was recently used as part of Itamar Moses’ play, Bach at Leipzig, in which he is seeking employment at the Thomaskirche in Leipzig upon the death of Johann Kuhnau, the Kapellmeister. The play uses Kauffmann as well as many other composers of the time all bidding for the job, which ultimately goes to J.S. Bach. See A Curtain Up Review; Bach at Leipzig for additional information.
Selected recordings
Complete Sacred Works Collegium Vocale Leipzig, Merseburger Hofmusik, Michael Schönheit 2CD CPO 2023
References
Further reading
Kauffmann, Georg Friedrich, biographical entry in online version of Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (requires subscription)
External links
Short Biography
Sample of his work "Nun lob, mein Seel, den Herren"
1679 births
1735 deaths
German Baroque composers
Cathedral organists
German classical organists
18th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Organists and composers in the North German tradition
German male organists
People from Sömmerda (district)
18th-century keyboardists
18th-century classical composers
German classical composers
German male classical composers
18th-century German composers
18th-century German male musicians
Tuberculosis deaths in Germany
Male classical organists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Friedrich%20Kauffmann |
"Sunglasses at Night" is a song by Canadian singer Corey Hart. It was released on January 21, 1984 as the first single from his debut album, 1983's First Offense, and became a hit single in the United States, officially rising to number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 during the week that ended on September 1, 1984. The song combines an unflagging synthesizer hook, characteristic arpeggio, rock guitar and cryptic lyrics. AllMusic has since described it as "an instant classic with its distinctive melody and catchy chorus".
According to co-producer Phil Chapman, the recording sessions for the album took place in a studio whose air conditioning/heating vents were directly above the mixing console. Air from the vents blew directly into the faces of the control room personnel, so they often wore sunglasses to protect their eyes. Hart, working on a new song, began to improvise lyrics that included the line "I wear my sunglasses at night."
Composition
The song is performed in the key of B minor in common time with a tempo of 127 beats per minute. Hart's vocals span from F3 to A4. The song’s synthesizer riff uses a descending upper-leading tone sequence through the chords Bbm, Gdim, Gb, and Bbm (the Gb resolving to the F in this chord).
Music video
The music video, directed by Rob Quartly, shot at the Don Jail in Toronto, reflects the vision of a "fashion" police state, with scenes of Hart in a prison cell, without sunglasses, being strong-armed by police officers and paraded past various citizens wearing their regulation shades. Near the end of the video, Hart is taken to the office of a female police officer (who releases Hart in the song's end), played by Laurie Brown, who later became the host of The NewMusic as well as a VJ on MuchMusic. This video uses the shorter single version instead of the longer album version.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
1984 singles
Corey Hart (singer) songs
1983 songs
EMI America Records singles
Aquarius Records (Canada) singles
Juno Award for Video of the Year videos
Songs written by Corey Hart (singer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunglasses%20at%20Night |
Μenoume Ellada (, translation: "We stay in Greece") is a Greek television series, aired by the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation. It is aired Monday to Friday at 2pm (EET) on ET1 and 01:00 UTC (00:00 UTC during daylight hours) on ERT World (until November 2006 ERT Sat). This program showcases beautiful Greece and all it has to offer. 4 teams of reporters scour the country to bring the viewer to various points of interest, from small villages, to historical sites and local culture. The show also features live pictures from 40 different locations via webcams and also provides constantly updated weather conditions for various cities and traffic updates from national and regional road- all on the TV screen. Hosted by Giorgos Amyras & Renia Tsitsibikou.
Episodes
These live locations has filmed famous landmarks and places including (in chronological order), its videos are shown in Greek:
External links
Menoume Ellada - ERT website
Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation original programming
2006 Greek television series debuts
2000s Greek television series
2010s Greek television series
Greek-language television shows
Television series about Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menoume%20Ellada |
is a Japanese role-playing video game series initially developed and published by Data East and owned by the Paon Corporation and Nintendo. The series began in 1987 with Tōjin Makyō Den: Heracles no Eikō, and three sequels were released until 1994 in addition to a portable spin-off game released in 1992.
After Data East's bankruptcy in 2003, Paon Corporation and Nintendo acquired the rights to the series, with Paon (now Paon DP) and Nintendo co-owning the copyright and Nintendo solely owning the trademark, and Nintendo released the latest installment in the series, Heracles no Eikō: Tamashii no Shōmei for the Nintendo DS in 2008. None of the games had been released outside Japan until E3 2009, at which the latest game was announced by Nintendo as Glory of Heracles.
The series is based in the world of Greek mythology, with the Greek hero Heracles as the title character of each game. However, Heracles only serves as the main character in the original game and the Game Boy spin-off, and plays a support role in all subsequent games.
The 2018 game Super Smash Bros. Ultimate represented the series in the game's spirit mode, with Heracles from the original game and the player character for the DS game, named as the Glory of Heracles Hero, possible to unlock.
Games
References
External links
Nintendo E3 2009: Glory of Heracles
Glory of Heracles (Nintendo DS) official website
Heracles no Eikō: Tamashii no Shōmei official website
Video game franchises
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Role-playing video games
Video games set in antiquity
Video games based on Greek mythology
Video game franchises introduced in 1987
Video games developed in Japan
Video games about Heracles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory%20of%20Heracles |
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