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Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade has played a pivotal role in the early dispersal of anatomically modern humans.
It is strongly associated with the out-of-Africa migration of modern humans of about 70–50,000 years ago.
It is inherited by all modern non-African populations, as well as by some populations in Africa.
Origin
Haplogroup L3 arose close to 70,000 years ago, near the time of the recent out-of-Africa event. This dispersal originated in East Africa and expanded to West Asia, and further to South and Southeast Asia in the course of a few millennia, and some research suggests that L3 participated in this migration out of Africa. L3 is also common amongst African Americans and Afro-Brazilians.
A 2007 estimate for the age of L3 suggested a range of 104–84,000 years ago.
More recent analyses, including Soares et al. (2012) arrive at a more recent date, of roughly 70–60,000 years ago. Soares et al. also suggest that L3 most likely expanded from East Africa into Eurasia sometime around 65–55,000 years ago as part of the recent out-of-Africa event, as well as from East Africa into Central Africa from 60 to 35,000 years ago.
In 2016, Soares et al. again suggested that haplogroup L3 emerged in East Africa, leading to the Out-of-Africa migration, around 70–60,000 years ago.
Haplogroups L6 and L4 form sister clades of L3 which arose in East Africa at roughly the same time but which did not participate in the out-of-Africa migration.
The ancestral clade L3'4'6 has been estimated at 110 kya, and the L3'4 clade at 95 kya.
The possibility of an origin of L3 in Asia was proposed by Cabrera et al. (2018) based on the similar coalescence dates of L3 and its Eurasian-distributed M and N derivative clades (ca. 70 kya), the distant location in Southeast Asia of the oldest known subclades of M and N, and the comparable age of the paternal haplogroup DE. According to this hypothesis, after an initial out-of-Africa migration of bearers of pre-L3 (L3'4*) around 125 kya, there would have been a back-migration of females carrying L3 from Eurasia to East Africa sometime after 70 kya. The hypothesis suggests that this back-migration is aligned with bearers of paternal haplogroup E, which it also proposes to have originated in Eurasia. These new Eurasian lineages are then suggested to have largely replaced the old autochthonous male and female North-East African lineages.
According to other research, though earlier migrations out of Africa of anatomically modern humans occurred, current Eurasian populations descend instead from a later migration from Africa dated between about 65,000 and 50,000 years ago (associated with the migration out of L3).
Vai et al. (2019) suggest, from a newly discovered old and deeply-rooted branch of maternal haplogroup N found in early Neolithic North African remains, that haplogroup L3 originated in East Africa between 70,000 and 60,000 years ago, and both spread within Africa and left Africa as part of the Out-of-Africa migration, with haplogroup N diverging from it soon after (between 65,000 and 50,000 years ago) either in Arabia or possibly North Africa, and haplogroup M originating in the Middle East around the same time as N.
A study by Lipson et al. (2019) analyzing remains from the Cameroonian site of Shum Laka found them to be more similar to modern-day Pygmy peoples than to West Africans, and suggests that several other groups (including the ancestors of West Africans, East Africans and the ancestors of non-Africans) commonly derived from a human population originating in East Africa between about 80,000-60,000 years ago, which they suggest was also the source and origin zone of haplogroup L3 around 70,000 years ago.<ref>Ancient Human DNA from Shum Laka (Cameroon) in the Context of African Population History, by Lipson Mark et al., 2019 | page=5</ref>
Distribution
L3 is common in Northeast Africa and some other parts of East Africa, in contrast to others parts of Africa where the haplogroups L1 and L2 represent around two thirds of mtDNA lineages. L3 sublineages are also frequent in the Arabian peninsula.
L3 is subdivided into several clades, two of which spawned the macrohaplogroups M and N that are today carried by most people outside Africa. There is at least one relatively deep non-M, non-N clade of L3 outside Africa, L3f1b6, which is found at a frequency of 1% in Asturias, Spain. It diverged from African L3 lineages at least 10,000 years ago.
According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to Eurasian haplogroups than to the most divergent African clusters L1 and L2". L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside Africa derive. However, there is a greater diversity of major L3 branches within Africa than outside of it, the two major non-African branches being the L3 offshoots M and N.
Subclade distribution
L3 has seven equidistant descendants: L3a, L3b'f, L3c'd, L3e'i'k'x, L3h, M, N. Five are African, while two are associated with the Out of Africa event.
N – Eurasia possibly due to migration from Africa, and North Africa possibly due to back-migration from Eurasia.
M – Asia, the Mediterranean Basin, and parts of Africa due to back-migration.
L3a – East Africa. Moderate to high frequencies found among the Sanye, Samburu, Iraqw, Yaaku, El-Molo and other minor indigenous populations from the East African Rift Valley. It is infrequent to nonexistent in Sudan and the Sahel zone.
L3a1 – Found across Eastern Africa. Estimated age of 35.8–39.3 ka.
L3a2 – Found across Eastern Africa. Estimated age of 48.3–57.7 ka.
L3b'f
L3b – Spread from East Africa in the upper paleolithic to West-Central Africa. Some subclades spread from Central Africa to East Africa with the Bantu migration.
L3b1a – Common subclade. Estimated age of 11.7-14.8 ka.
L3b1a2 – Subclade found in Northeast Africa, the Maghreb, and Middle East. Emerged 12–14 ka.
L3f – Northeast Africa, Sahel, Arabian peninsula, Iberia. Gaalien, Beja
L3f1
L3f1a – Carried by migrants from Eastern Africa into the Sahel and Central Africa.
L3f1b – Carried by migrants from Eastern Africa into the Sahel and Central Africa.
L3f1b1 – Carried from Central Africa into Southern and Eastern Africa with the Bantu migration.
L3f1b1a – Settled from East-Central Africa to Central-West Africa and into North Africa and Berber regions.
L3f1b4 – Carried from Central Africa into Southern and Eastern Africa with the Bantu migration.
L3f1b6 – Rare, found in Iberia.
L3f2 – Primarily distributed in East Africa. Also found in North Africa and Central Africa.
L3f3 – Spread from Eastern Africa to Chad and the Sahel around 8–9 ka. Found in the Chad Basin.
L3c'd
L3c – Extremely rare lineage with only two samples found so far in Eastern Africa and the Near East.
L3d – Spread from East Africa in the upper paleolithic to Central Africa. Some subclades spread to East Africa with the Bantu migration. Found among the Fulani, Chadians, Ethiopians, Akan people, Mozambique, Yemenites, Egyptians, Berbers
L3d3a1 – Primarily found in Southern Africa. Supplementary data .
L3e'i'k'x
L3e – Suggested to have originated in the Central Africa/Sudan region about 45,000 years ago during the upper paleolithic period. It is the most common L3 sub-clade in Bantu-speaking populations. L3e is also the most common L3 subclade amongst African Americans and Afro-Brazilians.
L3e1 – Spread from West-Central Africa to Southwest Africa with the Bantu migration. Found in Angola (6.8%). Mozambique, Kikuyu of Kenya, as well as in Yemen, and the Tikar of Cameroon, and among the Akan people of Ghana.
L3e5 – Originated in the Chad Basin. Found in Algeria, as well as Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Tunisia, South Morocco and Egypt
L3i Almost exclusively found in East Africa.
L3i1
L3i1b – Subclade is found in Yemen, Ethiopia, and among Gujarati Indians.
L3i2 (former L3w) – Found in the Horn of Africa and Oman.
L3k – Rare haplogroup primarily found in North Africa and the Sahel.
L3x – Almost exclusively found in East Africa. Found among Ethiopian Oromos, Egyptians
L3h – Almost exclusively found in East Africa.
L3h1 – Primarily found in East Africa with branches of L3h1b1 sporadically found in the Sahel and North Africa.
L3h2 – Found in Northeast Africa and Socotra. Split from other L3h branches as early as 65–69 ka during the middle paleolithic.
Ancient and historic samples
Haplogroup L3 has been observed in an ancient fossil belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture. L3x2a was observed in a 4,500 year old hunter-gather excavated in Mota, Ethiopia, with the ancient fossil found to be most closely related to modern Southwest Ethiopian populations. Haplogroup L3 has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies (1/90; 1%) excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, with the rest deriving from Eurasian subclades, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom and Ptolemaic periods. The Ancient Egyptian mummies bore Near eastern genomic component most closely related to modern near easterners. Additionally, haplogroup L3 has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Gran Canaria site, with most of these specimens found to belong to the L3b1a subclade (3/4; 75%) with the rest from both islands (8/11; 72%) deriving from Eurasian subclades. The Guanche skeletons also bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern Berbers, which suggests that they originated from ancestral Berber populations inhabiting northwestern Affoundnat a high ncy
A variety of L3 have been uncovered in ancient remains associated with the Pastoral Neolithic and Pastoral Iron Age of East Africa.
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L3 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)
L1-6
L2-6
L2'3'4'6
L3'4'6
L3'4
L3
L3a
L3a1
L3a1a
L3a1b
L3a2
L3a2a
L3b'f
L3b
L3b1
L3b1a
L3b1a1
L3b1a2
L3b1a3
L3b1a4
L3b1a5
L3b1a5a
L3b1a6
L3b1a7
L3b1a7
L3b1a8
L3b1a9
L3b1a9a
L3b1a10
L3b1a11
L3b1b
L3b1b1
L3b2
L3b2a
L3b2a
L3b3
L3f
L3f1
L3f1a
L3f1a1
L3f1b
L3f1b1
L3f1b2
L3f1b2a
L3f1b3
L3f1b4
L3f1b4a
L3f1b4a1
L3f1b4b
L3f1b4c
L3f1b5
L3f2
L3f2a
L3f2b
L3f3
L3f3a
L3f3b
L3c'd
L3c
L3d
L3d1-5
L3d1
L3d1a
L3d1a1
L3d1a1a
L3d1b
L3d1b1
L3d1c
L3d1d
199
L3d2
L3d5
L3d3
L3d3a
L3d4
L3d5
L3e'i'k'x
L3e
L3e1
L3e1a
L3e1a1
L3e1a1a
152
L3e1a2
L3e1a3
L3e1b
L3e1c
L3e1d
L3e1e
L3e2
L3e2a
L3e2a1
L3e2a1a
L3e2a1b
L3e2a1b1
L3e2b
L3e2b1
L3e2b1a
L3e2b2
L3e2b3
L3e3'4'5
L3e3'4
L3e3
L3e3a
L3e3b
L3e3b1
L3e4
L3e5
L3i
L3i1
L3i1a
L3i1b
L3i2
L3k
L3k1
L3x
L3x1
L3x1a
L3x1a1
L3x1a2
L3x1b
L3x2
L3x2a
L3x2a1
L3x2a1a
L3x2b
L3h
L3h1
L3h1a
L3h1a1
L3h1a2
L3h1a2a
L3h1a2b
L3h1b
L3h1b1
L3h1b1a
L3h1b1a1
L3h1b2
L3h2
M
N
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Haplogroup
Population genetics
References
Notes
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Haplogroup L3
Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree L3
Spread of Haplogroup L3, from National Geographic''
L3
Recent African origin of modern humans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20L3 |
Philip Perceval Graves (25 February 1876 – 3 June 1953) was an Anglo-Irish journalist and writer. While working as a foreign correspondent of The Times in Constantinople, he exposed The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as an antisemitic plagiarism, fraud and hoax.
Life
Early life and education
Graves, eldest son of the writer Alfred Perceval Graves (1846–1931), was born in Ballylickey, County Cork, Ireland, into a prominent Anglo-Irish family. He studied at Haileybury and Oriel College receiving a bachelor's degree from Oxford University in March 1900. He was the elder half-brother of the authors Robert Graves and Charles Graves.
Career
As a correspondent of The Times in Constantinople from 1908 to 1914, he reported on the events preceding World War I. In 1914, as a British citizen, he had to leave the Ottoman Empire due to the war. In 1915–1919, he served in the British Army in the Middle East war theatre. As a captain in Army Intelligence in Cairo he worked with T. E. Lawrence on the Turkish Army Manual for the Arab Bureau. His uncle Sir Robert Windham Graves had been British Consul in Erzurum (1895) and financial adviser to the Turkish government (1912) and worked for Civil Intelligence in Cairo during the same period.
After 1919, Graves reported from his own homeland on the Anglo-Irish War. He knew Michael Collins, W. T. Cosgrave, and other leaders of the Irish independence movement, and was closely involved in reporting events during this critical period of Irish history. He later worked as a foreign correspondent in India, the Levant and in the Balkans, before returning to London to work as an editor of The Times.
In 1921, he exposed The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as an anti-Semitic forgery in a series of articles in The Times.
His most monumental work was 22 of the 24-volume quarterly review of the events of and participants in World War II written during the conflict, the first two volumes being compiled by Sir Ronald Storrs.
Awards
Graves received numerous international awards and titles, among which are French Légion d'honneur that he received for his work in British intelligence during the First World War and the Order of the Crown of Italy.
Other interests
In his journeys, Graves developed an interest in entomology and published articles in scientific journals. He was member of the Royal Irish Academy.
Retirement
He retired in 1946 to Ballylickey and dedicated himself mainly to zoological hobbies. Here he made a study of the Irish butterflies, being especially interested in the local sub-species. He restored Ballylickey House as a hotel, which was taken over by his son after his death.
Entomology
Graves specialised in butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Palestine, often working with Robert Eldon Ellison, a career diplomat and fellow Irishman (born in Wingstown, near Dublin).
His published work on insects reflects the strengths of his collection but not its extent. In 1938, for instance, he presented more than 2,500 specimens to the Natural History Museum, London. These are described in the catalogue of acquisitions Rhopalocera (Levant and Balkans). There are a few specimens, including an excellent series of Archon apollinus in the Ulster Museum, Belfast.
His published work on insects includes:
Collecting Lepidoptera in Syria, 1905 Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var 18:125-6 (1906).
Collecting in Syria: Ain Zhalta in May -June 1905. Entomologist's Rec. J. Var 18:149–152 (1906).
A contribution to the fauna of Syria Entomologist's Rec. J. Var 23: 31–36 (1910).
Two new Lycaenid subspecies from the Lebanon Entomologist 56: 154–157(1925).
The Rhopalocera and Grypocera of Palestine and Transjordania Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1925 17–125 (1925).
with Ellison, R.E. The butterflies of the Jabal Quinesia, Lebanon Entomologist's Rec. J. Var 40:177–180 ( 1938).
An account of Graves work in entomology is given in Hesselbarth, G.; Oorschot, H. van & Wagener, S., 1975 Die Schmetterlinge der Türkei, Band 2: 1179 – 1199 [B 2189:2].
He is commemorated in the subspecies of the Brimstone butterfly found in Ireland, Gonepteryx rhamni gravesi Huggins, 1956.
Personal life
Graves married Leila Millicent Knox Gilchrist, known as Millicent, and they had two children, including Elizabeth Millicent Graves, later Mrs Chilver, who in 1954 became Principal of Bedford College, London, and in 1971 of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
His wife died in 1935.
Graves died on 3 June 1953 in Cork, Ireland.
Political works
Briton and Turk, London, Hutchinson Publishers, 1941
Palestine, the land of three faiths, 1923
The question of the straits, Ernest Benn Publishers, 1931
Memoirs of King Abdallah of Transjordan (edited by P. Graves, translated from the Arabic by G. Khuri), London, Jonathan Cape, 1950
Poetry
The Pursuit, London, Faber and Faber, 1930 (in the same series of books as W.H. Auden's Poems and J.G. MacLeod's The Ecliptic advertised by Faber as "by the coming men".)
References
Graves, Richard Perceval. Robert Graves – The Assault Heroic 1895–1926 Weidenfeld and Nicolson London 1986
James, Lawrence. The Golden Warrior – The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia Paragon New York 1993 (index s.v. Graves, Philip)
External links
Ballylickey Manor House, County Cork, Ireland. Now a hotel run by a son of Philip Graves
Link to five of the World War II volumes authored by Graves that each covered three months of the war -
1876 births
1953 deaths
English male journalists
English non-fiction writers
20th-century Irish historians
Irish journalists
Irish entomologists
Irish lepidopterists
Writers from County Cork
Protocols of the Elders of Zion
The Times journalists
English male non-fiction writers
Arab Bureau officers
Graves family
British Army personnel of World War I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Graves |
Lucio Filomeno (born 8 May 1980) is a former Argentine footballer who played as a striker. His last club was Acassuso. After growing up in Haedo, Buenos Aires, Filomeno played for a variety of clubs around the world and also for the Argentina U-16 national team.
Club career
Filomeno made his professional debut in March 1996 playing for Nueva Chicago while still 15 years old. He was one of the youngest players to this day to start playing professionally in Argentina. He was then noticed by English club Newcastle United F.C. and made his first move to Europe. He did not play officially for Newcastle and moved to Italy where he signed first for Udinese and then for Inter Milan. A year later he returned to Argentina to join San Lorenzo de Almagro where he contributed to the club winning of the Argentine "Torneo Clausura" 2001 and the Southamerican "Copa Mercosur" 2001.
Subsequently, he moved to Mexico where he joined Jaguares de Chiapas in their inaugural 2002 season, scoring the team's first goal ever in a 3–1 loss to Tigres.
In 2005, he joined South Korean side Busan IPark in K League 1, but he appeared in only League Cup 8 matches. A brief spell at D.C. United followed where he struggled to play for the first team and only scored once.
In 2006, he returned to Argentina to join his original club, Nueva Chicago.
In the summer of 2007 he was signed by Greek first division club Asteras Tripolis and in June 2009 he was picked up on a two-year deal by Greek club PAOK FC.
He had signed a one-year deal with Atlético de Rafaela of the Argentinian first division on August 4, 2011. He played for one season and then he stopped. In summer 2013, he signed with Acassuso playing in Primera B Metropolitana, the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system.
Honors
D.C. United
Major League Soccer Supporter's Shield: 2006
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Argentine men's footballers
Udinese Calcio players
Inter Milan players
Club Atlético Nueva Chicago footballers
San Lorenzo de Almagro footballers
D.C. United players
Asteras Tripolis F.C. players
PAOK FC players
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in South Korea
Chiapas F.C. footballers
K League 1 players
Busan IPark players
Argentine Primera División players
Super League Greece players
Liga MX players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in South Korea
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Major League Soccer players
Atlético de Rafaela footballers
Men's association football forwards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio%20Filomeno |
Instrument panel may refer to:
Control panel (engineering)
Flight instruments
Dashboard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument%20panel |
In statistics, a unit of observation is the unit described by the data that one analyzes. A study may treat groups as a unit of observation with a country as the unit of analysis, drawing conclusions on group characteristics from data collected at the national level. For example, in a study of the demand for money, the unit of observation might be chosen as the individual, with different observations (data points) for a given point in time differing as to which individual they refer to; or the unit of observation might be the country, with different observations differing only in regard to the country they refer to.
Unit of observation vs unit of analysis
The unit of observation should not be confused with the unit of analysis. A study may have a differing unit of observation and unit of analysis: for example, in community research, the research design may collect data at the individual level of observation but the level of analysis might be at the neighborhood level, drawing conclusions on neighborhood characteristics from data collected from individuals. Together, the unit of observation and the level of analysis define the population of a research enterprise.
Data point
A data point or observation is a set of one or more measurements on a single member of the unit of observation. For example, in a study of the determinants of money demand with the unit of observation being the individual, a data point might be the values of income, wealth, age of individual, and number of dependents. Statistical inference about the population would be conducted using a statistical sample consisting of various such data points.
In addition, in statistical graphics, a "data point" may be an individual item with a statistical display; such points may relate to either a single member of a population or to a summary statistic calculated for a given subpopulation.
Types of data
The measurements contained in a unit of observation are formally typed, where here type is used in a way compatible with datatype in computing; so that the type of measurement can specify whether the measurement results in a Boolean value from {yes, no}, an integer or real number, the identity of some category, or some vector or array.
The implication of point is often that the data may be plotted in a graphic display, but in many cases the data are processed numerically before that is done. In the context of statistical graphics, measured values for individuals or summary statistics for different subpopulations are displayed as separate symbols within a display; since such symbols can differ by shape, size and colour, a single data point within a display can convey multiple aspects of the set of measurements for an individual or subpopulation.
See also
Observation error
Sample point
References
Statistical data types
Social research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20of%20observation |
Chesterfield Road may refer to the following roads in England:
Chesterfield Road (Ashford), Ashford, Kent
Chesterfield Road (Bolsover), Bolsover, Derbyshire
Chesterfield Road (Bristol), Bristol,
Chesterfield Road (Dronfield), Dronfield, Derbyshire
Chesterfield Road (Hounslow), Hounslow, London Borough of Hounslow in Greater London
Chesterfield Road (Liverpool), Liverpool, Merseyside
Chesterfield Road (Matlock), Matlock, Derbyshire
Chesterfield Road (Sheffield), Sheffield, South Yorkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield%20Road |
A lasso is a loop of rope that is designed to be thrown around a target and tighten when pulled.
Lasso may also refer to:
Software
Lasso (programming language), an internet programming language
Lasso (statistics), a technique for L1-norm regularization
Lasso (video sharing app), a short video sharing app by Facebook
Lasso tool, in image editing software
Fiction
Lasso of Truth, a fictional weapon wielded by comic book superheroine Wonder Woman
Luchist Lasso and Marco Lasso, characters from the manga series Shaman King
Ted Lasso, an American television series, with a character, with the same name
People
Orlando di Lasso (1532–1594), composer of late Renaissance music
Giulio Lasso (died 1617), Italian architect
Galo Plaza Lasso (1906–1987), president of Ecuador from 1948 to 1952
Guillermo Lasso (born 1955), president of Ecuador
Lasso (singer) (born 1988), Venezuelan singer
Places
Lasso, Burkina Faso
LASSO, Lasallian Schools Supervision Office
Music
"Lasso," a song from Phoenix's 2009 album Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix
Chemical
Lasso, tradename for the herbicide Alachlor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasso%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Shelkovskaya (; , lit. place where is wind or Шелковски; Moxne, Şelkovski) is a rural locality (a stanitsa) and the administrative center of Shelkovskoy District of the Chechen Republic, Russia. Population:
It was founded on the place where a small Chechen village previously stood. Half of the former residents of that village moved up north along the Terek River, where they started a new village (it is where now the town of Kizlyar in the Republic of Dagestan stands). Both villages were later destroyed by the Mongols.
References
Rural localities in Shelkovskoy District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelkovskaya |
Sacrament of Transition is a new religious movement based in Slovenia, based on and promoting the sacramental use of the psychoactive plant Tabernanthe iboga and its psychoactive chemical constituent ibogaine. The founder of Sacrament of Transition is Marko Resinovic. The organization routinely sponsors psychedelic-related conferences and meetings.
Sacrament of Transition has representatives from activist organizations such as the Students for Sensible Drug Policy and Million Marijuana March. Other affiliates include Patrick K. Kroupa, whom the group has made a high priest, and Dana Beal, founder of Cures Not Wars, the North American Apostolic Delegate. Discussing addiction and his ibogaine use at the Chapel of Sacred Mirrors in early 2006, Kroupa said that while psychedelics such as LSD might allow a user to become aware of the damage his addiction was doing, "The flesh doesn't let you forget... But with ibogaine, the Light comes back down with you." The Sacrament of Transition actively proselytizes to heroin addicts with the message that ibogaine can help them. Besides the use of ibogaine as a sacrament, the Sacrament of Transition remains a heterodox body, with no other disclosed dogmas. Beal has maintained that Jesus consumed a mixture of ibogaine, Syrian rue, and cannabis during the Last Supper and the Passion.
References
External links
Sacrament of Transition's Web site
MindVox: Ibogaine - Welcome to The Jungle
Sacrament of Transition Protocol for Ibogaine Initiations
New religious movements
Psychedelic drug advocates
Religious organizations using entheogens
MindVox
Iboga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament%20of%20Transition |
The unit of analysis is the entity that frames what is being looked at in a study, or is the entity being studied as a whole. In social science research, at the macro level, the most commonly referenced unit of analysis, considered to be a society is the state (polity) (i.e. country). At meso level, common units of observation include groups, organizations, and institutions, and at micro level, individual people.
Unit of analysis vs the level of analysis
Unit of analysis is closely related to the term level of analysis, and some scholars have used them interchangingly, while others argue for a need for distinction. Ahmet Nuri Yurdusev wrote that "the level of analysis is more of an issue related to the framework/context of analysis and the level at which one conducts one's analysis, whereas the question of the unit of analysis is a matter of the 'actor' or the 'entity' to be studied". Manasseh Wepundi noted the difference between "the unit of analysis, that is the phenomenon about which generalizations are to be made, that which each 'case' in the data file represents and the level of analysis, that is, the manner in which the units of analysis can be arrayed on a continuum from the very small (micro) to very large (macro) levels."
Unit of analysis vs unit of observation
The unit of analysis should also not be confused with the unit of observation. The unit of observation is a subset of the unit of analysis. A study may have a differing unit of observation and unit of analysis: for example, in community research, the research design may collect data at the individual level of observation but the level of analysis might be at the neighborhood level, drawing conclusions on neighborhood characteristics from data collected from individuals. Together, the unit of observation and the level of analysis define the population of a research enterprise.
Countries as units of analysis
Dependency theory and world-systems analysis challenged the treatment of countries as societies or units of analysis and the assumption that each country develops separately through stages from agrarian to industrial, from authoritarian to democratic, from backwards to advanced, by raising historical evidence. The development of an uneven division of labor (world-economy) shows factors of causality that account for changes within countries indicating that countries are part of a larger society or historical social system with systemic patterns that account for global inequality.
The literature of international relations provides a good example of units of analysis system.
See also
Statistical unit
References
External links
Unit of analysis
Choice of unit of analysis
Social research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20of%20analysis |
Frederick Rockwell Chamberlain III (November 21, 1935–March 22, 2012) and Linda Chamberlain founded the cryonics organization Alcor Life Extension Foundation. Their long and continued history of activism in cryonics make them among the most well-known cryonics pioneers. David Pascal wrote in the November/December 2005 issue of the Mensa Bulletin that, second to the man credited with the original idea for cryonics, Robert Ettinger, the Chamberlains have contributed more than anyone to the field of cryonics.
Cryonics
Fred and Linda Chamberlain met in 1970 as a result of their mutual interest in cryonics. They were both on a committee to organize the Third National Conference On Cryonics sponsored by the Cryonics Society of California (CSC). Fred worked at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory as one of its space program engineers and was married with two children. However, his and Linda's partners did not share their interest in cryonics.
Fred and Linda became a couple and devoted themselves to cryonics, formed a cryonics corporation (Manrise) and wrote the first detailed procedure manual for cryonics that had ever existed. By the spring of 1971, they were legally married and were preparing to give a presentation on their procedures manual, complete with a working prototype of a perfusion system, at the Fourth National Conference On Cryonics in San Francisco.
There was strong resistance to taking cryonics into high technology too quickly, within CSC, and there were other problems, including almost total secrecy as to how CSC's decisions were made and how it was organized and operated. By the summer of 1971, these stresses were beginning to weaken their confidence in CSC, and they felt that they were forced to withdraw from it and pursue some other route.
Fred's father
Fred's father was a very fragile stroke victim, so they formed a new cryonics organization they named Alcor early in 1972, and (through Manrise Corporation) assisted with the founding of Trans Time, Inc in the San Francisco Bay area (providing its first perfusion equipment by a contractual arrangement). Cryonics pioneer Mike Darwin moved to California and became the technological core of Alcor for over a year, during which he conducted the first organized research ever done in cryonics on a dedicated basis, supported by Manrise Corporation. Attempts to raise capital for continued research through a new corporation failed, and Mike Darwin returned to his home in Indianapolis, Indiana.
Fred's father was cryopreserved in the summer of 1976, the first neuropreservation ever. Fred's father was stored under contract at Trans Time, Inc. Alcor's Board of Directors was expanded, its methods of electing Directors were changed, Jerry Leaf became part of the cryonics team, and there was a merger of Manrise Corporation with Trans Time, Inc. All of these developments considerably improved the strength of Alcor and the cryonics movement.
After 1976, the Chamberlains preferred others to run day-to-day operations of Alcor.
Fred and Linda then moved to Lake Tahoe, Nevada and started a new property management business, Paradise Rentals. They became the hosts for an annual "Lake Tahoe Life Extension Festival", until 1986. It started because as part of the merger of Manrise Corporation with Trans Time, Inc., Linda became a director of Trans Time, Inc. as well as of Alcor. In the 1970s in association with the cryonics conferences they were holding at Lake Tahoe, the Chamberlains wrote a series of cryonics-related short stories, and published those stories along with stories by other cryonicists and transhumanists. Entitled LifeQuest: Dozens of Stories about Cryonics, Uploading, and other Transhuman Adventures, the book was republished in 2009.
Linda's mother
Linda's mother Arlene Fried attended one of the festivals, and with Linda's urging joined Alcor and maintained arrangements for several years. Then, she developed terminal cancer that had been unsuspected until the last moment. Alcor mobilized a highly supported remote standby for that. Both Jerry Leaf and Mike Darwin were on hand for nearly a week in Sonoma, California, as Linda's mother went through the final stages of a deliberate dehydration on her part, with hospice support. The outcome was a very high-quality cryopreservation for the time (1990), the best of its kind at that date.
Bankruptcy and subsequent events
In 1993, concerned that Alcor was in danger of political chaos, Alcor employee Hugh Hixon persuaded the Chamberlains to become involved with Alcor's activities and in the fall of that year, amidst much turmoil, Fred was elected as an Alcor Director, and the Chamberlains accompanied Alcor in its move to Scottsdale, Arizona. In February 1997, Steve Bridge resigned as President of Alcor, and the Chamberlains offered to devote themselves to Alcor full-time. Fred became Alcor President and Linda became the Suspension Manager (the person responsible for application of cryopreservation protocol).
Alcor was in a difficult position when the Chamberlains came on board, as to maintaining pace with technology advances and paying for its staff at the same time. A Life Membership program was initiated, and a supporting corporation was formed by Linda to take over the responsibilities for cryopreservation services (BioTransport, Inc.), following the patterns established earlier by Manrise Corporation, Trans Time, Inc., and Cryovita Corporation (Jerry Leaf's start-up cryonics provider organization). Many difficulties in raising capital and finding the right mix of people led to the subsidiary for cell storage (Cells4Life, Inc.), and failure to raise capital finally forced both corporations into a defunct state.
The Chamberlains had signed for all of the unsecured debt and leases of equipment in both of these corporations (BioTransport, Inc. and Cells4Life, Inc.). In the collapse of these and in the context of an unresolved dispute with Alcor over reimbursement of BioTransport, Inc. for expenses incurred in launching Alcor's vitrification program, the Chamberlains liquidated their life insurance policies for cryonics arrangements and finally had to file bankruptcy. The circumstances of Linda's forced resignation as President of Alcor only a few months after assuming this role, together with their failure to resolve financial matters with Alcor as mentioned above, finally led to the Chamberlains joining the Cryonics Institute (CI) in July 2002, but they went back to being Alcor Members in March, 2011.
Linda Chamberlain wrote the science fiction novel Star Pebble that explored the question of how to define life, which was published in 2010.
Death
Fred died and was cryopreserved on March 22, 2012, by Alcor Life Extension Foundation.
See also
Life extension
References
Notes
1. Manrise Corporation procedures manual
External links
LifeQuest (Short stories by the Chamberlains]
Trans Time, Inc.
Alcor Life Extension Foundation Announcement of Fred Chamberlain's Cryopreservation
American activists
Living people
Cryonicists
Married couples
Cryonically preserved people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20and%20Linda%20Chamberlain |
King's Highway 124, commonly known as Highway 124, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The highway connects Highway 400 in Parry Sound with Highway 11 in Sundridge, a distance of , including a concurrency with Highway 520. It is one of several highways in Central Ontario to provide this connection through the Muskoka and Parry Sound region, and the northernmost provincial highway to do so south of Highway 17.
Travelling north then eastwards from Parry Sound, Highway124 meets very few provincial routes between Highway400 and Highway11; only Highway520 and Highway 510 intersect the route between the two. After passing through McDougall, Waubamik, McKellar, Fairholme and Dunchurch, the highways travels east through Ahmic Harbour, north of Magnetawan, and through to Sundridge.
Highway124 was assumed by the Department of Highways (DHO), predecessor to the modern Ministry of Transportion (MTO) in 1955, around the same time that Highway69 (today largely subsumed into Highway 400) was extended to Sudbury. While several realignments of the initial route were carried out between then and the end of the 1960s, the highway generally remained unchanged until 2011, when it was extended through Sundridge and South River due to the four-laning of Highway11.
Route description
Highway124 is one of several highways connecting the Highway11 and Highway400 corridors between Barrie and Highway 17. The route is generally lightly travelled, primarily serving local communities along the corridor. Besides Highway520, only one other provincial highway, Highway510, is encountered along the route. There are no large communities along the route between Parry Sound and Sundridge, however there are several small communities including Waubamik, McKellar, Dunchurch and Ahmic Harbour. The village of Magnetawan is also located a short distance south of the highway.
The route begins immediately north of Parry Sound at Exit 231 on Highway 400. From that interchange, the highway progresses northwards through the Municipality of McDougall, passing through the communities of Badger's Corners and Waubamik, where it encounters the Bunny Trail, before curving east and weaving around dozens of lakes. Curving north, the highway enters McKellar, then the Municipality of Whitestone. Within Whitestone, the highway wanders northeast through communities including Fairholme, Sunny Slope and Dunchurch before turning east and meeting Highway 520 near Whitestone Lake, which travels concurrently with Highway 124 for . It also passes between two reserves: the Shawanaga Lake Provincial Conservation Reserve, which lies northwest of Sunny Slope, and the Ahmic Forest and Rock Barrens Provincial Conservation Reserve, which lies south of the highway as it passes from Whitestone into the Municipality of Magnetawan. The route wanders along the shore of Ahmic Lake, passing the community of Ahmic Harbour and later crossing the Magnetawan River immediately north of Knoepfli Falls.
The highway weaves through forests and exposed Canadian Shield as it travels eastward. North of the town of Magnetawan, Highway 520 departs to the south to pass through the community. Shortly thereafter, Highway 124 meets Highway 510 at the Nipissing Colonization Road. The route travels in a straight line due east for several kilometres, dipping south momentarily then entering the community of Pearcley. After this, the highway enters Strong Township. It passes through the community of Strong and continues generally eastward for several kilometres before encountering an interchange with Highway 11 (Exit 276). Continuing through Sundridge along the former route of Highway 11, Ontario Street, the route parallels a railway as it curves north before passing through South River. North of the town, it crosses and interchanges with Highway 11 (Exit 289), after which it parallels it to the west. Highway 124 ends at an interchange with Highway 11 (Exit 294) and Goreville Road.
History
Highway 124 was first assumed by the Department of Highways along existing roads on October 19, 1955, with a length of .
The 1956 Ontario Road Map indicates that it originally began at Highway 69 in downtown Parry Sound and followed present-day North Road to Badger's Corners where it joined the modern route.
The following year shows it realigned along Municipal Drive and Hoddy's Side Road, bypassing north of the town.
The highway was paved between Parry Sound and McKellar as well as between the Nipissing Road (Highway 510) and Sundridge when it was established; the remaining central section was gravel-surfaced.
Various improvements were undertaken on Highway 124 throughout the 1960s. In 1960, the route was paved between McKellar and Fairholme and a short bypass of Ahmic Harbour was opened.
The highway was realigned for east of the Magnetawan River and paved between there and the Nipissing Road in 1962.
The following year it was paved between the Magnetawan River and Dunchurch.
The final gravel segment between Fairholme and Dunchurch was paved in 1965.
In 1969, the western terminus of the highway was realigned onto the present route.
These revisions reduced the length of Highway 124 to and established a route that would remain unchanged until the early 1990s.
In August 2006, work began on the Sundridge–South River bypass of Highway 11, as part of the four-laning of that route between Huntsville and North Bay.
The work involved constructing interchanges and a new alignment of Highway 11 west of the existing highway, and was completed in September 2011. Consequently, the former alignment through Sundridge and South River was redesignated as part of Highway 124.
Major intersections
References
External links
Ontario Highway 124 Photos
124
Transport in Parry Sound, Ontario
Roads in Parry Sound District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Highway%20124 |
Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup with a widespread modern distribution, particularly in Subequatorial Africa. Its L2a subclade is a somewhat frequent and widely distributed mtDNA cluster on the continent, as well as among those in the Americas.
Origin
L2 is a common lineage in Africa. It is believed to have evolved between 87,000 and 107,000 years ago or approx. 90,000 YBP. Its age and widespread distribution and diversity across the continent makes its exact origin point within Africa difficult to trace with any confidence. Several L2 haplotypes observed in Guineans and other West Africa populations shared genetic matches with East Africa and North Africa. An origin for L2b, L2c, L2d and L2e in West or Central Africa seems likely. The early diversity of L2 can be observed all over the African Continent, but as we can see in Subclades section below, the highest diversity is found in West Africa. Most of subclades are largely confined to West and western-Central Africa.
According to a 2015 study, "results show that lineages in Southern Africa cluster with Western/Central African lineages at a recent time scale, whereas, eastern lineages seem to be substantially more ancient. Three moments of expansion from a Central African source are associated to L2: one migration at 70–50 ka into Eastern or Southern Africa, postglacial movements 15–10 ka into Eastern Africa; and the southward Bantu Expansion in the last 5 ka. The complementary population and L0a phylogeography analyses indicate no strong evidence of mtDNA gene flow between eastern and southern populations during the later movement, suggesting low admixture between Eastern African populations and the Bantu migrants. This implies that, at least in the early stages, the Bantu expansion was mainly a demic diffusion with little incorporation of local populations".
Distribution
L2 is the most common haplogroup in Africa, and it has been observed throughout the continent. It is found in approximately one third of Africans and their recent descendants.
The highest frequency occurs among the Mbuti Pygmies (64%). Also strong presence in Western Africa populations in Senegal (43-54%). Also important in Non-Bantu populations of East Africa (44%), in Sudan and Mozambique.
It is particularly abundant in Chad and the Kanembou (38% of the sample), but is also relatively frequent in Nomadic Arabs (33%) and Akan people (~33%)
Subclades
L2 has five main subhaplogroups: L2a, L2b, L2c, L2d and L2e. Of these lineages, the most common subclade is L2a, which is found in Africa the Levant and in the Americas.
Haplogroup L2 has been observed among specimens at the island cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800).
Haplogroup L2a
L2a is widespread in Africa and the most common and widely distributed sub-Saharan African Haplogroup and is also somewhat frequent at 19% in the Americas among descendants of the continent of AfroEurAsia using the Out of Africa Theory or Model. (Salas et al., 2002). L2a has a possible date of origin approx. 48,000 YBP.
It is particularly abundant in Chad (38% of the sample; 33% undifferentiated L2 among Chad Arabs,), and in Non-Bantu populations of East Africa (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania) at 38%. About 33% in Mozambique and 32% in Ghana.
This subclade is characterised by mutations at 2789, 7175, 7274, 7771, 11914, 13803, 14566 and 16294. It represents 52% of the total L2 and is the only subclade of L2 to be widespread all over Africa.
The wide distribution of L2a and diversity makes identifying a geographical origin difficult. The main puzzle is the almost ubiquitous Haplogroup L2a, which may have spread East and West along the South East Africa Corridor in after the Last Glacial Maximum, or the origins of these expansions may lie earlier, at the beginnings of the Later Stone Age ~ 40,000 years ago.
In East Africa L2a was found 15% in Nile Valley–Nubia, 5% of Egyptians, 14% of Cushite speakers, 15% of Semitic Amhara people, 10% of Gurage, 6% of Tigray-Tigrinya people, 13% of Ethiopians and 5% of Yemenis.
Haplogroup L2a also appears in North Africa, with the highest frequency 20% Tuareg, Fulani (14%). Found also among some Algeria Arabs, it is found at 10% among Moroccan Arabs, some Moroccan Berbers and Tunisian Berbers.
In patients who are given the drug stavudine to treat HIV, Haplogroup L2a is associated with a lower likelihood of peripheral neuropathy as a side effect.
Haplogroup L2a1
L2a can be further divided into L2a1, harboring the transition at 16309 (Salas et al. 2002).
This subclade is observed at varying frequencies in West Africa among the Malinke, Wolof, and others; among the North Africans; in the Sahel among the Hausa, Fulbe, and others; in Central Africa among the Bamileke, Tikar, Fali, and others; in South Africa among the Khoisan family including the Khwe and Bantu speakers; and in East Africa among the Kikuyu from Kenya.
All L2 clades present in Ethiopia are mainly derived from the two subclades, L2a1 and L2b. L2a1 is defined by mutations at 12693, 15784 and 16309. Most Ethiopian L2a1 sequences share mutations at nps 16189 and 16309. However, whereas the majority (26 out of 33) Afro Americans share Haplogroup L2a complete sequences could be partitioned into four subclades by substitutions at nps L2a1e-3495, L2a1a-3918, L2a1f-5581, and L2a1i-15229. None of those sequences, were observed in Ethiopian 16309 L2a1 samples. (Salas 2002) et al.
Haplogroup L2a1 has also been observed among the Mahra (4.6%).
Haplogroup L2a1 has been found in ancient fossils associated with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture at Tell Halula, Syria. A specimen excavated at the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic site of Luxmanda in Tanzania also carried the L2a1 clade. Admixture clustering analysis further indicated that the individual bore significant ancestry from the ancient Levant, confirming ancestral ties between the makers of the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic and the Pre-Pottery Neolithic.
L2a1 has been known to have origins in the United States of America, Israel, Syria, and Morocco.
Haplogroup L2a1a
Subclade L2a1a is defined by substitutions at 3918, 5285, 15244, and 15629. There are two L2a clusters that are well represented in southeastern Africans, L2a1a and L2a1b, both defined by transitions at quite stable HVS-I positions. Both of these appear to have an origin in West Africa or North West Africa (as indicated by the distribution of matching or neighboring types), and to have undergone dramatic expansion either in South East Africa or in a population ancestral to present-day Southeastern Africans.
The very recent starbursts in subclades L2a1a and L2a2 suggest a signature for the Bantu expansions, as also proposed by Pereira et al. (2001).
L2a1a is defined by a mutation at 16286. The L2a1a founder candidate dates to 2,700 (SE 1,200) years ago. (Pereira et al. 2001). However, L2a1a, as defined by a substitution at (np 16286) (Salas et al. 2002), is now supported by a coding-region marker (np 3918) (fig. 2A) and was found in four of six Yemeni L2a1 lineages. L2a1a occurs at its highest frequency in Southeastern Africa (Pereira et al. 2001; Salas et al. 2002). Both the frequent founder haplotype and derived lineages (with 16092 mutation) found among Yemenis have exact matches within Mozambique sequences (Pereira et al. 2001; Salas et al. 2002). L2a1a also occurs at a smaller frequency in North West Africa, among the Maure and Bambara of Mali and Mauritania. (Rando et al. 1998; Maca-Meyer et al. 2003)
L2a1a has been known to have United States origins.
Haplogroup L2a1a1
L2a1a1 is defined by markers 6152C, 15391T, 16368C it has been shown to have United States origins in a present study.
Haplogroup L2a1b
L2a1b is defined by substitutions at 16189 and 10143. 16192 is also common in L2a1b and L2a1c; it appears in North Africa in Egypt, It also appears in Southeastern Africa and so it may also be a marker for the Bantu expansion. the South African variant is mostly attributed to L2a1b1 being a branch of the L2a1b, it is found in South Africa, Mozambique, Kenya, and Kuwait.
Haplogroup L2a1c
L2a1c often shares mutation 16189 with L2a1b, but has its own markers at 3010 and 6663. 16192 is also common in L2a1b and L2a1c; it appears in Southeastern Africa as well as East Africa. This suggests some diversification of this clade in situ.
Positions T16209C C16301T C16354T on top of L2a1 define a small sub-clade, dubbed L2a1c by Kivisild et al. (2004, Figure 3) (see also Figure 6 in Salas et al. 2002), which mainly appears in East Africa (e.g. Sudan, Nubia, Ethiopia), among the Turkana and West Africa (e.g. Kanuri).
In the Chad Basin, four different L2a1c types one or two mutational steps from the East and West African types were identified. (Kivisild et al.) 2004. (citation on page.9 or 443)
L2a1c in a present study has been shown to have origins in Chad, Gabon, Spain and the United States.
Haplogroup L2a1c1
L2a1c1 has a north African origin. It is defined by markers 198, 930, 3308, 8604, 16086. It is observed in Tunisians, Moroccans, Egyptians, Nubians, and Yemenis.
Haplogroup L2a1d
L2a1d is defined by the mutations T5196C, T9530C, T11386C, A12612G, and C13934T. It has been found in the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait Also L2a1d is found in Benin.
Haplogroup L2a1d1
L2a1d1 is an Eastern African branch that has been identified in populations in Somalia and Sudan. L2a1d1 has also been found in Ethiopia and Egypt.
Haplogroup L2a1d2
L2a1d2 is associated with Sub-Saharan Africa, including southern Africa (Mozambique, Mbunda people and Bemba people in Zambia, Khoisan peoples including Tshwa San).
Haplogroup L2a1e
L2a1e is defined by the mutations C3495A, G8790A, and G12630A. It has been found in Brazil, Grenada, and among African Americans throughout the Americas.
Haplogroup L2a1e1
L2a1e1 has been found around the Americas in Brazil. It is also found in Nigeria, Caribbean populations of West African descent (Jamaica, Dominica, and Barbados), and among African Americans.
Haplogroup L2a1f
L2a1f is observed in Bakongo descendants living in the United States and the Dominican Republic, Khosian people in South Africa, Oman, Zambia and Madagascar it has also been found in Burkina and Oman as well as through the Americas.
Haplogroup L2a1g
L2a1g is defined by the mutations A8014G, C14281T, T16131C, C16225T, and C16234T. It is observed in southern Africa among Bantu speakers, including in Zambia, Madagascar, and South Africa.
Haplogroup L2a1h
L2a1h is has been shown to have origins in Israel and Kenya.
Haplogroup L2a1k
L2a1k is defined by markers G6722A and T12903C. Described as European-specific, it was previously called subclade L2a1a and has been detected in Czechs, Slovaks, Croatians, Serbs, and Bulgarians.
Haplogroup L2a1l
L2a1l is defined by the mutation C534T. It appears in Algeria, Sierra Leone (among Mende people), and The Gambia (among Wolof people) and was present in ancient Spain.
Haplogroup L2a1l1
L2a1l1 is observed among the Nuna and Mossi peoples of Burkina Faso.
Haplogroup L2a1l2
L2a1l2 is present in people in various parts of West Africa, North Africa, and western Europe, including Mandinka people from Guinea-Bissau, Fula people from The Gambia, and Pana people from Burkina Faso.
Haplogroup L2a1l2a
L2a1l2a is recognized as an "Ashkenazi-specific" haplogroup, seen amongst Ashkenazi Jews with ancestry in Central and Eastern Europe. It has also been detected in small numbers in ostensibly non-Jewish Polish populations, where it is presumed to have come from Ashkenazi admixture. However, this haplotype constitutes only a very small proportion of Ashkenazi mitochondrial lineages; various studies (including Behar's) have put its incidence at between 1.4–1.6%.
Haplogroup L2a1l3
L2a1l3 is defined by the mutations G14905A and T16357C. It is found in Yoruba people in Nigeria and in Algeria.
Haplogroup L2a1m
L2a1m is defined by the mutation A13884G. It has been found in Haiti as well as Oman, Yemen, Saudi Arabia and Israel.
Haplogroup L2a1m1
L2a1m1 has been found among African Americans and Dominicans.
Haplogroup L2a1m1a
L2a1m1a has been found among African Americans and in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
Haplogroup L2a1n
L2a1n is observed among the Yoruba people of Nigeria and the Mossi people of Burkina Faso and has also been detected in Cameroon and Portugal on the Iberian Peninsula. L2a1n is known to have origins in United States of America, and Israel.
Haplogroup L2a1o
L2a1o is defined by the mutation T12438C. It has been detected in Syria as well as Israel and Libya.
Haplogroup L2a1p
L2a1p is defined by the mutations A9410G, T13818C, and C15626T. It is found in Nigeria, Kassena people in Burkina Faso, and Moroccan Jews it is also prevalent in the United States of America.
Haplogroup L2a2
L2a2 is characteristic of the Mbuti Pygmies.
Haplogroup L2b'c
L2b'c probably evolved around 62,000 years ago.
Haplogroup L2b
This subclade is predominantly found in West Africa, but it is spread all over Africa. branches of L2b also include L2b1a1 which is found in Liguria Italy and L2b3 which is found in Galicia (Spain).
Haplogroup L2c
L2c is most frequent in West Africa, and may have arisen there. Specially present in Senegal at 39%, Cape Verde 16% and Guinea-Bissau 16%. Branches of L2c has also been known to be found in Europe in areas such as on the Iberian Peninsula in Andalusia Spain, Catalonia Spain and also in continental North Western Europe in the Netherlands.
Haplogroup L2d
L2d is most frequent in West Africa, where it may have arisen. It is also found in Yemen, Mozambique and Sudan.
Haplogroup L2e
L2e (former L2d2) is typical in West Africa. It is also found in Tunisia, and among Mandinka people from Guinea-Bissau and African Americans.
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L2 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)
L1'2'3'4'5'6
L2'3'4'6
L2
L2a'b'c'd
L2a
L2a1
L2a1a
L2a1a1
L2a1a2
L2a1a2a
L2a1a2a1
L2a1a2b
L2a1a3
16189 (16192)
L2a1b
L2a1b1
L2a1f
L2a1f1
143
L2a1c
L2a1c1
L2a1c2
L2a1c3
L2a1c4
L2a1d
L2a1e
L2a1e1
L2a1h
16189
L2a1i
L2a1j
L2a1k
16192
L2a1l
L2a1l1
L2a1l1a
L2a1l2
L2a2
L2a2a
L2a2a1
L2a2b
L2a2b1
L2b'c
L2b
L2b1
L2b1a
L2b1a2
L2b1a3
L2c
L2c2
L2c2a
L2c3
L2d
L2d1
L2d1a
L2e
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
References
External links
Ian Logan's Haplogroup L2. Mitochondrial DNA Site
Ian Logan's L2bcd. Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree L
Spread of Haplogroup L2, from National Geographic
Billy Gambela Ancient MtDna Migration of L2a1 research Site
Cerezo M, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Perego UA, Gómez-Carballa A, BrisighelliF, Lancioni H, López-Soto M, Carracedo Á, Capelli C, Torroni A, Salas A Reconstructing Ancient MtDna Research Site
L2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20L2 |
Maple Leaves is an extended play by Swedish indie pop musician Jens Lekman. It was released on 1 October 2003 on Service and on 3 February 2004 on Secretly Canadian. The songs on the EP can also be found on Lekman's 2005 release, Oh You're So Silent Jens.
The title song "Maple Leaves" centers on a hallmark of Lekman's lyrics, puns and an advanced level of understanding of English idioms. It is a melancholic love song or reflection on lost love about the singer misunderstanding a woman's ennui or disillusionment primarily indicated by her saying "make believe" and the singer optimistically hearing it as "maple leaves".
Track listing
Charts
References
2003 EPs
Jens Lekman EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple%20Leaves%20%28EP%29 |
The Serra do Cipó National Park () is a national park in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Location
The park is in the Cerrado biome.
It covers .
It was created by decree 90.223 of 25 September 1984, modified by decree 94.984 of 30 September 1987.
It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.
It lies in the municipalities of Itabira, Itambé do Mato Dentro, Jaboticatubas, Nova União, Morro do Pilar and Santana do Riacho, Minas Gerais.
Conservation
The park is classified as IUCN protected area category II (national park).
It has the objectives of preserving natural ecosystems of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty, enabling scientific research, environmental education, outdoors recreation and eco-tourism.
Protected species include the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), cougar (Puma concolor), white-necked hawk (Buteogallus lacernulatus), the extremely local Cipo canastero (Asthenes luizae), the lizard Placosoma cipoense, the fish Characidium lagosantense and the butterfly Nirodia belphegor.
Notes
Sources
1984 establishments in Brazil
National parks of Brazil
Protected areas of Minas Gerais
Cerrado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra%20do%20Cip%C3%B3%20National%20Park |
Keith Alexander Nugent FAA (born 28 June 1959) is an Australian physicist. He is the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation) of the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra.
He was previously Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Vice-President (Research) at La Trobe University, Victoria, and a Laureate Professor of Physics at the University of Melbourne, specialising in X-ray optics and optical physics.
He received a first-class honours degree from the University of Adelaide and his PhD from the ANU. Nugent is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA), and is known for his research in X-ray optics, X-ray free electron laser science, novel approaches to microscopy and X-ray phase contrast imaging.
Early life and education
Nugent was born in Bath, England, where his father was a chocolate chemist for Fry & Sons. The family, including Nugent’s mother and his two brothers, moved to Australia when he was 11, when his father took up a role at Red Tulip (since taken over by Cadbury) in Melbourne. The family moved again to country NSW and Nugent completed his schooling at Batlow Central School.
When he was in year 11, Nugent knew he wanted to further pursue mathematics and physics, and, since it was not available at Batlow Central School, taught himself the highest level maths so he could go on to study physics at university.
He did a BSc in Physics and Theoretical Physics at ANU, Honours in Physics at University of Adelaide, then returned to the ANU to do a PhD in Laser Physics.
Research and career
Nugent was appointed Professor at the University of Melbourne when he was 34, was elected to the Australian Academy of Science at 41 and was twice honoured as an Australian Research Council (ARC) Federation Fellow (2001 and 2006).
In 1989, Nugent collaborated with physicist Stephen W. Wilkins to develop a form of X-ray optics known as lobster-eye optics. Initially unknown to Wilkins and Nugent, the lobster-eye X-ray optics principle was first proposed for X-rays in the 1970s by Roger Angel. Nugent and Wilkins' key contribution was to open up an approach to manufacturing these devices using microchannel plate technology. The lobster-eye approach opened the way for X-ray telescopes with a 360 degree view of the sky. "The reason it's got such a high profile is that other X-ray telescopes see a tiny, tiny part of the sky. Although normal telescopes see a small part of the sky, X-ray telescopes see an even smaller part. The beauty (of the new telescope) is that it actually expands that field of view hundreds of times," Nugent said.
A lobster-eye X-ray satellite was successfully launched on 25 July 2020 from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center. The lobster-eye X-ray satellite will be the world's first in-orbit space exploration satellite equipped with such imaging technology.
Nugent became interested in how to measure optical phase without using interferometry. This has led to new approaches to X-ray radiography, electron and optical microscopy. He was the founding researcher of microscopy company IATIA, created to commercialise the work of himself and his two former PhD students, David Paganin and Anton Barty, in quantitative phase imaging (QPI). IATIA’s QPI technology was able to extract phase and wavefront information from light and other wave-like radiations using conventional imaging technology, such as standard digital cameras, without the need for special optical components. From 2005, Nugent was a Member of the Board of Directors and Chair of IATIA’s Audit Committee. The company traded for 10 years but fell foul of the global financial crisis in 2010. IATIA was awarded the 2006 Australian Technology Showcase Patrons Award.
When Nugent's wife Dr Eroia Barone-Nugent developed and instigated the Growing Tall Poppies Program (2008) to increase and sustain girls in science beyond year 10 Nugent quickly included and this program in his scientific endeavors. With a focus on supporting young Australians in science his wife Dr Eroia Barone-Nugent was pivotal in showing how science centers of excellence could work with schools and curriculum to deliver on their outreach responsibilities Growing Tall Poppies Program (GTP) in 2008. The purpose of the student-scientist partnership program is to highlight the role of physics in solving real-world issues, and to help students become “tall poppies” in science. Dr Eroia Barone-Nugent, was the recipient of the 2009 Victorian State Impact Grant, Schools First Award at Santa Maria College, Northcote. Nugent together with six other universities and organisations partnered with Dr Eroia Barone-Nugent.
Nugent was appointed part-time director of the Australian Synchrotron from 2011-12. He had previously served as a member of its national scientific advisory board and its board of directors.
From 2005-2012, Nugent was director of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, based at the University of Melbourne, where he drove the development of coherent X-ray diffraction methods for imaging biological structures using X-ray free-electron lasers.
He was deputy vice-chancellor and vice-president (research) at La Trobe University from January 2013 to December 2018.
Nugent has been a member of the ARC Expert Advisory Committee for Physics, Chemistry and Geosciences, and the international scientific advisory board of Elettra Sincotrone Trieste, the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Centre in Taiwan, and the European X-ray Free Electron Laser based in Hamburg. He was a chief investigator for the ARC Centre for Advanced Molecular Imaging.
He is also a board member at National Computational Infrastructure, the Advisory Committee on Policy Matters, Australian Academy of Science and the National Centre for Indigenous Genomics.
ANU deputy vice-chancellor (research and innovation)
Nugent was appointed deputy vice-chancellor (research and innovation) of the Australian National University in 2019. ANU provost, Professor Mike Calford, said, "We sought to fill this critical role with a person who could continue to build the profile of ANU as a world-leading institution for research and development and one who understands the complex systems that support successful research.
"Professor Nugent has an excellent standing as an individual researcher who is capable of representing ANU at the highest level on the world stage.”
Commercial connections
Nugent is currently the non-executive director of Significant Early Venture Capital and WearOptimo. He is also the alternate director for VC at ANU Connect Ventures, and director at ANU Enterprise.
Personal life
Nugent met his wife Dr Eroia Barone-Nugent at the ANU in 1981. The couple have three grown-up children: two sons who live in the USA, and one daughter who lives in Australia.
Awards and honours
2016 Lloyd Rees Lecture, Australian Academy of Science.
2011 Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society.
2009 Victorian State Impact Grant, Schools First Award, with Dr Eroia Barone-Nugent, for the Growing Tall Poppies program.
2004 Victoria Prize for pioneering work with quantitative phase imaging.
2003 Centenary Medal by the Federal Government for outstanding contributions to science.
2002 R&D 100 Award for the development of quantitative phase microscopy.
2000 Elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 2000.
1997 The Walter Boas Medal (1997) of the Australian Institute of Physics, shared with Dr Stephen W. Wilkins.
1992 The Edgeworth David Medal of the Royal Society of New South Wales, shared with Peter James Goadsby.
1989 Pawsey Medal of the Australian Academy of Science.
1988 R&D 100 Award for the development of the penumbral neutron imaging camera.
References
External links
Australian National University Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation) Professor Keith Nugent
University of Melbourne page on Professor Keith Nugent
2004 Victoria Prize
2004 Victoria Prize media release
1959 births
Living people
Australian physicists
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
University of Adelaide alumni
Australian National University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
Fellows of the American Physical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Nugent |
The Kryvyi Rih Metrotram (or Colloquial: Metro), () or the Kryvyi Rih Rapid Tram (Криворі́зький швидкісни́й трамва́й) is a partially underground rapid transit light rail system that serves the city of Kryvyi Rih, the seventh-largest city in Ukraine.
Despite its designation as a "metro tram" and its use of tram cars as rolling stock, the Kryvyi Rih Metrotram is fully grade-separated both from roads and from the city's conventional tram lines, with enclosed stations and tracks.
History
The design of the Metrotram seen in Kryvyi Rih has its roots in the socialist urban planning guidelines that were formulated in the 1960s, based on models of the emergence of new urban centers and the transport arrangements that would suit them, in particular, how a small settlement would grow into a full-sized city, and at which point a rapid transit system would need to be built. Kryvyi Rih was chosen to test whether the construction of a full-scale metro system could be avoided by adopting a light rail design for a socialist city. The city had a developed tram network, but like most urban centers, overcrowding and widespread congestion proved too much for the light rail to serve as the main transport arteries. Moreover, the city was destroyed in World War II and rebuilt, with all the requirements of a modern city considered in planning.
The Metrotram was intended to serve only an interim, albeit necessary, role, with provision for conversion into a full rapid transit system.
Construction began in the mid-1970s. In Kryvyi Rih, the Metrotram route was built from scratch, with most of the section running along the surface, except in the very center of the city and wherever it was required. All of the underground dimensions were made with provision for eventual conversion into a full metro system.
Each metro station is an architectural monument for its neighborhood, in the style of late Soviet architecture.
On 26 December 1986, the first long segment was opened with four stations, becoming the third underground rapid transit system in Ukraine, after Kyiv and Kharkiv metros. Between 1988 and 1989, a second segment was opened in the southern direction with three additional stations, and after 1991, the line was extended northward, reaching in the year 2001 almost and 11 stations.
In 2012, the southern end of the line was connected with the city's conventional tram system and an additional route was created extending to the nearby metallurgical plant and closest tram stops.
In Winter 2017, a new route towards NKGZK was launched, and also, route was extended to PivdGZK.
On 1 May 2021 Kryvyi Rih became the first city in Ukraine to introduce free travel in public transport for its citizens. In order not to pay for municipal transport one must show a special electronic "Kryvyi Riher's Card".
In Spring 2022 travel by city public transport became free for all passengers.
Timeline
Facts and figures
The system is operated by the city municipal company and has a total length of 17.7 km, 7 km of which (40%) are fully underground. The entire system has 11 stations: 4 of them are located underground, 3 stations have only underground vestibules and also 2 stations are elevated — all built up to metro standard. In addition, there is one station, Vovnopriadilna, that was built but is currently not opened due to the absence of passenger traffic in the area. There are four routes: Kiltseva — Maidan Pratsi, Kiltseva — Zarichna, Zarichna — NKGZK tram stop and Zarichna — PGZK tram stop, with a branch at Sonyachna, separating two lines.
The rolling stock used on the system consists of the Tatra and the KTM. Two depots serve the system: one is located near Maidan Pratsi station; the other one is situated at Tram Park in the southeastern edge of the Central City District. For more convenient tram turnarounds, there are turning circles at both ends of the lines, and there also are some more along the pathway.
Prospects for growth
When the Soviet Union collapsed, the development of rapid transit systems in all of the former republics was deprived of funding and neglected. In many cases, cities that acquired a metro system in the late 1980s only gained an initial stretch with passenger flows barely making the systems significant. In both Metrotram cities, however, the reverse was the case.
The KRMT carries 40 million people annually, with a record of 56 million in 1997. In comparison, annual passenger numbers on the Dnipro Metro, which opened in 1995, amount to slightly less than 7.5 million (). The light rail's compatibility and low construction costs have shown it to be superior to the "hard rail" in every respect, and, unlike the metros in Dnipro and many other post-Soviet cities, KR Metro now functions as an important traffic artery.
Network Map
See also
Charleroi Metro
Málaga Metro
Metro (Minnesota)
Porto Metro
Seville Metro
Tyne and Wear Metro
West Midlands Metro
References
Transport in Kryvyi Rih
Light rail in Ukraine
Rapid transit in Ukraine
Underground rapid transit in Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryvyi%20Rih%20Metrotram |
Voxtrot is an American indie pop band formed in Austin, Texas, in 2003. Their first recordings were released in 2003, and their debut EP, Raised by Wolves, was released in 2005 to critical acclaim, garnering attention from music bloggers as well as major publications such as Pitchfork and Spin.
The band released two additional EPs in 2006, Mothers, Sisters, Daughters & Wives, and Your Biggest Fan, before releasing their debut self-titled album in 2007. After releasing their first album, the group continued to perform live and released several singles before announcing their impending disbandment in April 2010. The band performed a short tour of the United States leading up to their dissolution, ending in New York City on June 26, 2010.
On May 6, 2022, the group announced they were embarking on a reunion tour through the latter part of the year.
History
Early work; Voxtrot
Voxtrot was formed in Austin, Texas by singer-songwriter and Texas native Ramesh Srivastava in the early 2000s. Srivastava had previously studied at the University of Glasgow before dropping out of the Berklee College of Music and returning to Texas. Early incarnations of the group included Jennifer Moore and Brandon Eastes, but by 2005 when the band's self-released debut, a five-song EP entitled Raised by Wolves, was released the lineup had been solidified to include Srivastava, Jason Chronis, Matt Simon, Mitch Calvert, and Jared van Fleet.
After the release of Raised by Wolves in July 2005, the band began touring nationally and received accolades from various online and print publications such as Spin and Pitchfork. Spin noted that Raised by Wolves was "...a stunning mini-collection of John Hughes-heyday paeans, twitchy pop, and surging, Strokes-y dancefloor fillers." A second five-song EP, Mothers, Sisters, Daughters & Wives, arrived in stores on April 4, 2006. The three-song EP Your Biggest Fan followed on November 17 of the same year.
On October 26, 2006, the Los Angeles Times reported that the group was entering the studio to record their debut album. Initially, the group had sought Stephen Street, who had previously worked with The Smiths and Blur, to produce the album, but Street was unable to due to scheduling conflicts. The band's first full-length self-titled debut album was released on May 22, 2007, by Beggars Group. The album peaked at number 42 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. Eric Harvey of Pitchfork awarded the album a 5.9 out of 10 rating, writing: "Voxtrot shows a young band eagerly trying to have it all: attempting to establish a mature musical identity while aiming for a wide audience. Voxtrot may very well have a great pop record within them, yet their first effort stumbles from the band's enthusiastic, ambitious attempt to produce it immediately." The album's first single, "Blood Red Blood", was released as a 7" limited to 1,000 copies June 4, 2007, by Playlouder Recordings. In June 2007, the band performed a Take-Away Show acoustic session shot by Vincent Moon. To promote the album, the band toured with Au Revoir Simone and Favourite Sons in the summer of 2007.
Later singles and dissolution
In March 2009, Voxtrot released the single "Trepanation Party", which received significant airplay on the Sirius/XM's influential Sirius XMU channel. The track was recorded and mixed with Jim
Eno of the band Spoon. The sound of "Trepanation Party" is a significant departure from their indie sound, towards a more synth-pop feel.
Voxtrot released a limited edition 7" single "Berlin, Without Return..." on August 3, 2009. The single contained the song "The Dream Lives of Ordinary People" as a B-side and was initially released in a limited pressing of 400 copies. The single was self-released by the band's own Cult Hero Records.
On April 21, 2010, lead singer Srivastava announced on the band's website that they would be breaking up following a short tour, entitled the 'Goodbye, Cruel World..." tour, which consisted of a total of seven dates. In the letter addressed to fans, Srivastava noted that "The career path of Voxtrot was truly one of long, simmering build, explosion, and almost instantaneous decay. Slowly, I am learning to replace any feelings of regret with positive memories of how amazing the whole thing was, and how it has, in an unexpected way, fortified my character." The band performed their last show on June 26, 2010incidentally Srivastava's 27th birthday at the Bowery Ballroom in New York City.
Lead singer Srivastava released his first solo album, The King, in 2014 after releasing several tracks and an EP.
2022 Reunion
On May 6, 2022, the group announced they were embarking on a reunion tour through the latter part of the year, along with the release of archival recordings. Srivastava discussed the upcoming reunion with Stuart Murdoch of Belle and Sebastian on the Talkhouse podcast.
2023 Reformation
On April 17, 2023, it was announced on Voxtrot's Instagram account that the band had started writing and demoing new material.
On September 5, 2023, Voxtrot announced via their Instagram that "Another Fire", their first new single in fourteen years, would be released on September 22, 2023.
On October 25, 2023, Voxtrot announced via their Instagram that yet another single, "New World Romance," would be released on November 10, 2023.
Discography
Albums
Voxtrot (2007) Playlouderecordings / The Beggars Group
Early Music (2022), a remastered release of the band's first two EPs
Cut from the Stone: Rarities & B-Sides (2022)
EPs
Raised by Wolves (EP) (2005) Cult Hero Records
Mothers, Sisters, Daughters & Wives EP (2006) Cult Hero Records
Your Biggest Fan EP & 7" (2006) Beggars Group/Playlouderecordings
US singles
The Start of Something 7" b/w "Dirty Version" (2004) Cult Hero Records / The Bus Stop Label
Raised by Wolves 7" b/w "They Never Mean What They Say" (2005) Magic Marker Records
Trepanation Party digital single (2009) Cult Hero Records
Berlin, Without Return... 7" b/w "The Dream Lives Of Ordinary People" (2009) Cult Hero Records
Another Fire digital single (2023) Cult Hero Records
New World Romance digital single (2023) Cult Hero Records
UK/Europe singles
Mothers, Sisters, Daughters & Wives 7" b/w "Rise Up in the Dirt" (2006) Full Time Hobby Records
Mothers, Sisters, Daughters & Wives EP & 2x7" (2006) Re-Issue / Beggars Group/Playlouderecordings
Trouble 7" (limited to 1000 copies) and digital single, from the Your Biggest Fan EP (2007) Beggars Group/Playlouderecordings
Blood Red Blood 7" (limited to 1000 copies) and digital single, from Voxtrot (2007) Beggars Group/Playlouderecordings
Firecracker 7" (limited to 1000 copies), CD and digital single, from Voxtrot (2007) No. 19 UK Indie Beggars Group/Playlouderecordings
Compilations
"The Start of Something" featured on Bang Crash Boom, Little Teddy Recordings, 2005 (Germany)
"Warmest Part of the Winter" featured on Little Darla Has a Treat for You, vol. 24 · Darla Records, 2006 (US)
"The Start Of Something" featured on The Kids at the Club, How Does It Feel To Be Loved, 2006 (UK)
"The Start of Something" featured on the feature film The Ex 2007 (US)
"Whiskey & Water" featured on P.E.A.C.E., Buffet Libre/Amnesty International, 2010 (Spain)
Videos
Another Fire (2023) on YouTube.com
The Start of Something (2022) on YouTube.com
Firecracker (2007) on YouTube.com
Steven (2007) on YouTube.com
Chart positions
Members
Ramesh Srivastavavocals, rhythm guitar
Mitch Calvertlead guitar
Jason Chronisbass
Jared van Fleetkeyboards, guitar, strings
Matt Simondrums
References
External links
Official site
Official Facebook page
The Voxtrot Kid, Srivastava's personal blog dating from 2005
Voxtrot (2010) LP promotional site
Podcast interview with Soundcrank, June 11, 2006
Live footage , Minneapolis, February 27, 2006
Musical groups established in 2003
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
Indie rock musical groups from Texas
Musical groups from Austin, Texas
2003 establishments in Texas
Darla Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voxtrot |
Arnljot is an opera by the Swedish composer Wilhelm Peterson-Berger. Written in 1906, it premiered April 13, 1910, and was revised in 1956.
The origin to Arnljot is a melody that Wilhelm Peterson-Berger created when he first visited Jämtland in 1898. When he journeyed over Storsjön he was inspired by the nearby mountains, Oviksfjällen. The opera consists of three parts and the historical foundation of the opera is the character Arnljot Gelline that is mentioned in Snorri Sturluson saga about Olav Haraldsson (den Helige, Rex perpetuus Norvegiae) and the writings on Frösöstenen, the rune stone that is placed on Frösön. Out of these components, Wilhelm Peterson-Berger wrote his drama.
Performance history
The original performance of Arnljot as an opera was put on on April 13, 1910, at the Royal Theater in Stockholm. However, Wilhelm Peterson-Berger had already two years earlier allowed amateurs to perform parts of the texts and music on Frösön on a midsummer night eve. Nearly 3.000 persons witnessed this amateur performance of the Arnljot play.
Today, each summer the Arnljot play (the opera is performed as a play, but the texts and music remains the same) staged in an outdoor environment on the island of Frösön, close to where the actual premiere took place in 1908. The background of the stage is a panoramic view over Storsjön and Oviksfjällen; thus, when the audience hears the introduction tune of the opera, they see the same view as Wilhelm Peterson-Berger did when he created the opera. 2012 is the 73rd summer with Arnljot on Frösön since 1935.
Famous passage from the drama
The quote below serves as an inspiration for the present-day independence movement (an established cultural institution) that exists in the Swedish province of Jamtland.
"Listen Jamtar ('Jämts') to what I have to say for a while. Not even eighty winters have passed since Jamtland was still free and in charge of its own business. Back then, no taxes was given away to foreign kings. Why we settled being enslaved, at first under Norway and then under Svitiod [a reference to Sweden], are something that I have never understood. This country, being protected by forests, bogs and mountains, is difficult to raid and easy to defend. There are plenty of fighting men among us and more such men can be brought here if paid by goods. Therefore, I now advise you - end this dispute of which kingdom we belong. Let us refuse all foreign attempts to make us a county, no matter who demands this from us. Let us again seize our former freedom and elect a chief for all of our country, a king who will lead our struggle if the struggle is needed to defend our homes and our land."
/ Sigurd in Slandrom, one of the chieftains in Jämtland supporting Arnljot as king, at the "thing" on Frösön, act I, June 1025.
Recordings
Arnljot (excerpts) Erland Hagegard, Karin Langebo, Edith Thallaug, Bjorn Asker, Kage Jehrlander, Male Chorus from the Stockholm Philharmonic Choir, Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra conducted Okko Kamu. Sterling 1CD
References
Operas
1908 operas
1910 operas
Swedish-language operas
Operas by Wilhelm Peterson-Berger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnljot |
James Nathanson may refer to:
James Nathanson, a minor character in the American television drama 24
James E. Nathanson, politician in Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Nathanson |
The surname Traill (also Trail, Traille, Traillie, Traily, etc.) Is derived from Norse to at least Norman via France (is not of French 'origin', 'origin' is the wrong word to use here, the first written records of it come from France via Normandy, its origin is Norse via Normandy at least), it does also seem to have some relation to words from the northern UK, pointing again to where it is derived from. It became "Traill" in Scotland (show any 'modern' non Scottish spread) and thence spread around the world.
The family is recorded in France from the 10th century, as Barons in Britain from the 11th century, as Lairds in Scotland from the 14th century and later in Orkney.
In the 17th century they were prominent in Northern Ireland and also spread to various parts of the United States including the Cajun community.
Other branches of the family settled in Argentina in the 19th century, and in the British Colonies.
France
The name is French. Goidfrid de Traillie came to England and held land in Bedford and on the Scottish border, both under William the Conqueror.
The Traills held land at Trelly in France and later in Bordeaux. Before 1391, Sir John Trailly was appointed Mayor of Bordeaux. Some Traills still reside in France.
The similarity to the name Tyrell raises the question whether the families are related, but the Tyrell family are descended from the family of the Count de Poix, of which the senior branch remained in France in the area known as Picardy. There is no known relationship between the two families in England: the Tyrells held land in the South in Devon and Somerset, unlike Goidfrid de Trailli (see above).
Scotland
The family started to leave England for Scotland and France after the death of Sir John Treyl in 1360, although his son John did return for periods and served as a member of the House of Commons of England. A few years before this Sir John's death in 1401, his son Reginald returned from Bordeaux and had sold up the English estates by his own death in 1404. Earlier in approximately 1385, Sir John's brother, Walter Treyl, Bishop of St Andrews, bought Blebo from the Church and later willed it to his nephew, Thomas.
William Dunbar in his Lament for the Makaris writes "He hes Blind Harry and Sandy Traill / Slaine with his schour of mortall haill / Whilk Patrik Johnestoun myght nocht fle", citing him among a roll call of poets chiefly from the fifteenth century, but nothing else is known of Sandy Traill and no works have been traced.
Robert Traill of Greyfriars was born in 1603. He was son of Colonel James Traill, of Killcleary, Ireland, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to Henry, Prince of Wales, and grandson of the Laird of Blebo, and Matilda Melvill of Carnbee. He graduated with an M.A. from St Andrews on 21 July 1621. He later studied at the Protestant College of Saumur. He was an English tutor in France to the sister of the Duke of Rohan in 1628.
Blebo, a large rural property, was subdivided in 1609 by the Laird of the period, John Traill, in agreement with his eldest son in order to help his younger brother Thomas. The smaller portion became known as Blebo Hole. In the 16th century another brother of the same family, George Traill, migrated to Orkney, Scotland and thence to County Antrim, Ireland, now Northern Ireland.
In 1722, lead and silver were discovered on the Blebo property. The area around the estate (Blebo Hole) is currently known as the community of Blebo Craigs. In Central Fife, Blebo lies three miles (five km) east of Cupar and comprises the village of Blebo Craigs, located a quarter-mile (0.4 km) northeast of Blebo House, together with the farms of Milton of Blebo, Blebo Mains, and Newbigging of Blebo. Kemback lies a quarter-mile (0.4 km) to the northwest and Pitscottie a half-mile (0.8 km) to the southwest.
A group of Trails came from Birsay on Orkney including Samuel Trail and his son James W. H. Trail. Thomas Stewart Traill was from Kirkwall.
Ireland
In the 18th/19th century the Reverend Anthony Traill (1745–1852) was Rector of Skull and Archdeacon of the Diocese of Connor.
His son, the Reverend Robert Traill (1793–1847) was also Rector of Skull during the Great Famine and tried to alleviate the lot of the poor and to draw attention to their plight. He was also the first Irish translator of The Jewish War of Flavius Josephus. His story was featured on TV in Victoria Series 2 Episode 6, which dealt with the impact on the Queen of the Famine, her correspondence and meeting with the Reverend.
In 1904 Anthony Traill (1838–1914) was appointed provost (i.e. head) of Trinity College, Dublin.
William Atcheson Traill (1844–1933) was an Irish engineer and co-founder of the Giant's Causeway Railway and Tramway Company, opened in 1887.
United States
In the mid 17th century, Trails acquired and settled land in the North America, in Massachusetts and in Maryland. The Maryland area, New Scotland Hundred, eventually became the city of Washington DC. The Maryland Trails also held estates in what are now Montgomery County and Frederick County. The name also spread to Louisiana, Alabama, and other parts of the southern United States.
The name "Traille" is recorded in the Cajun community in the southern United States.
Later dispersion
In the 19th century the sons of Robert Traill settled in Argentina, where his grandson Johnny Traill became the first Irish-Argentine 10-goal polo player.
Other branches of the family settled in Australia, Canada and New Zealand.
In literature
The book Silver River by Daisy Goodwin gives a partly fictionalised account of the fortunes of her branch of the Traill family from her great-great-great-grandfather, Rector Robert Traill of Skull during the Great Famine of Ireland via their emigration to Argentina to herself in an attempt to understand her relationship with her mother, Jocasta Innes.
People with the surname Traill
Anthony Traill (college provost) (1838–1914), provost of Trinity College Dublin
Anthony Traill (linguist) (1939–2007), South African linguist
Anthony Traill (college provost) (1838–1914), provost of Trinity College Dublin
Anthony Traill (priest) (1755–1831), rector of Skull and Archdeacon of Connor
Barry Traill (fl. 2000s), Australian zoologist and conservationist
Catharine Parr Traill (1802–1899), English-Canadian author and naturalist
Elsie Traill (1876–1946), Australian philanthropist
Eric Sinclair Traill (1905–1981), British publisher and jazz critic
George Traill (1787–1871), Scottish politician
Henry Duff Traill (1842–1900), British author and journalist
James Traill (disambiguation), several people
James Traill (bishop), Anglican bishop
James Traill (cricketer), English cricketer and barrister
James Hamilton Traill, Australian flying ace
Jessie Traill (1881–1967), Australian print maker
John Traill (1835–1897), Scottish coffee house owner
Johnny Traill (1882–1958), Irish-Argentine polo player
John Christie (headmaster) (1899–1980), British teacher
Ken Traill (1926–2002), English Rugby League footballer
Peter Traill, pen name of Guy Mainwaring Morton (1896–1968)
Phil Traill (born 1973), British television and film director
Robert Traill (Irish clergyman) (1793-1847)
Robert Traill of Greyfriars (1603–1678), Scottish minister
Robert Traill (Scottish minister) (1642–1716), his son
Roy Traill (Robert Henry Traill, 1892–1989), New Zealand wildlife ranger
Sinclair Traill (1905–1981), British publisher and music critic
Stewart Traill (1936–2018), American religious leader
Thomas Traill (1899–1973), British World War I flying ace
Thomas Stewart Traill (1781–1862), Scottish physician and scholar
William Atcheson Traill (1844–1933), Irish engineer
William Henry Traill (1842–1902), Australian journalist and politician
William Traill (1838–1905), English cricketer
See also
Trail (disambiguation)
Traill (disambiguation)
References
Surnames
Fife | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traill%20%28surname%29 |
Clouds Hill is an isolated cottage near Wareham in the county of Dorset in South West England. It is the former home of T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") and is owned by the National Trust. The site is in the parish of Turners Puddle in Purbeck District.
History
The small building has colourwashed brick walls and a tiled roof. It was probably built as a forester's cottage in the early 19th century. The lintel over the door bears a Greek inscription ("Why Worry"). It is now a Grade II* listed building as "Clouds Hill (Lawrence of Arabia's Cottage)"; it was upgraded from Grade II in 2015.
Lawrence first rented the cottage in 1923 while stationed at nearby Bovington Camp with the Tank Corps. He made it habitable with the help of a friend, then bought it in 1925 and used it as a holiday home. He described it as an earthly paradise and wrote "Nothing in Clouds Hill is to be a care upon the world. While I have it there shall be nothing exquisite or unique in it. Nothing to anchor me." The cottage had no electric lights and three living rooms, described as an eating room, book room and music room. For heat insulation Lawrence had the eating room lined with asbestos that was covered in aluminium foil, and he kept his food under glass domes. In the book room he installed a large leather divan, and in the music room above it he had his gramophone "with a huge amplifier horn", a leather sofa and chair. In a 1934 letter to Francis Rodd, Lawrence (who had changed his surname to Shaw) described his home thus:
The cottage has two rooms, one, upstairs, for music (a gramophone and records) and one downstairs for books. There is a bath in a demi-cupboard. For food one goes a mile, to Bovington (near the Tank Corps Depot) and at sleep time I take a great sleeping bag... and spread it on what seems the nicest floor... The cottage looks simple outside, and does no hurt to its setting which is twenty miles of broken heath and a river valley filled with rhododendrons run wild. I think everything, inside and outside my place, approaches perfection... Yours ever, T. E. Shaw
In 1935 Lawrence left the Royal Air Force and lived at Clouds Hill. A few weeks later, at the age of 46, he suffered injuries in a motorcycle accident close to the cottage, and died in the Bovington Camp hospital on 19 May 1935. The following year, his heir, his brother A. W. Lawrence, gave Clouds Hill to the National Trust. It is now a museum, dedicated to Lawrence. It is open to visitors from March to the beginning of October, seven days a week, from 11am to 5pm.
The cottage remains largely as Lawrence left it at his death. It features an exhibition detailing Lawrence's life, and most of his original furniture and possessions. The cottage reflects his complex personality and links to the Middle East.
The circular Lawrence of Arabia Trail starts and finishes at Bovington's The Tank Museum, taking in Clouds Hill and the churchyard of St Nicholas' Church in Moreton, Lawrence's final resting place.
Sleeping bags
Lawrence reserved a sleeping bag for visitors who stayed overnight. His own sleeping bag was marked meum ('mine' in Latin) and the bag for a guest, tuum ('yours'). According to Jeremy Wilson, Lawrence's biographer, tuums occupants included George Bernard Shaw, E. M. Forster and Robert Graves. In 1965 the visitor's bag was stolen. Its disappearance coincided with the release of the film Lawrence of Arabia and it was thought the theft could have been inspired by the publicity generated by the film. In 2001, the sleeping bag was returned anonymously from Belgium.
See also
Old Came Rectory
References
External links
Clouds Hill information at the National Trust
Biographical museums in Dorset
Cottages in Dorset
Grade II* listed buildings in Dorset
Grade II* listed houses
Historic house museums in Dorset
Literary museums in England
National Trust properties in Dorset
T. E. Lawrence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouds%20Hill |
Orthodox calendar may refer to:
Eastern Orthodox Church liturgical calendar
Revised Julian calendar, used by some Eastern Orthodox for the calculation of fixed feasts
Julian calendar, used by some Eastern Orthodox for the calculation of fixed feasts
The OC wall calendar, an LGBT-themed photo wall calendar
See also
Orthodox Church (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox%20calendar |
An icebox is a compact non-mechanical refrigerator which was a common kitchen appliance before the development of safe powered refrigeration devices.
Ice Box may also refer to:
Structures
Ice Box (arena), an arena in Lincoln, Nebraska
Ice house (building), a building used to store ice throughout the year before refrigeration
Music
"Ice Box" (song), a song by Omarion
“Icebox”, a song by Kevin Gates from the 2019 album I'm Him
Other uses
Ice Box (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
Ice Box (magazine), a literary magazine produced by the University of Alaska Fairbanks
Ice Box (Washington), a mountain in Washington state
Icebox.com, an internet company
The Icebox, a character from the 1994 comedy Little Giants
See also
Refrigerator
Cooler, a mechanical refrigerator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20Box |
The Association for Solidarity Perspectives (, VsP) is a far-left political organization in Germany.
The VsP was formed in October 1986 in West Germany as the United Socialist Party ('Vereinigte Sozialistische Partei', VSP), a perhaps 600-strong merger of the Trotskyite International Marxist Group (GIM) and the anti-revisionist Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists.
The parties combined their newspapers, was tun (What to do) and Roter Morgen (Red Dawn) respectively, to launch the (Socialist Newspaper, SoZ).
The newly founded party negotiated for over 2 years with the League of West German Communists ('Bund Westdeutscher Kommunisten') about another amalgamation, but this efforts remained fruitless because of their differences over feminism.
The VSP attacked German reunification and was engaged in the fleeting left-wing resistance movement ('Never again, Germany!').
When the former ruling party of the German Democratic Republic, the Socialist Unity Party (SED), reconstituted itself as the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) after German reunification, individual members of the VSP entered the party and obtained official positions. However, the VSP remained independent of the PDS.
In 1994, the VSP changed its name and organisational form to Association for Solidarity Perspectives (Verein für solidarische Perspektiven, VsP). One faction of the Trotskyist current in the VsP departed in 1994 and formed the Revolutionary Socialist League (RSB). The Trotskyists who remained in the VsP formed a caucus called the International Socialist Left (ISL).
In the 2005 federal elections, the VsP supported Die Linke, the descendant of the PDS.
References
External links
VsP website
Sozialistische Zeitung website
ISL website
RSB website
Inprekorr - magazine co-published by the ISL and RSB
1986 establishments in West Germany
Communist organisations in Germany
Factions and associate parties of The Left (Germany)
Fourth International (post-reunification)
Organizations established in 1986
Trotskyist organisations in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20for%20Solidarity%20Perspectives |
Deep Heat may refer to:
Deep Heat (heat rub)
Deep Heat (compilation album), a 1989 album from Telstar Records
Deep Heat (Oh Mercy album), 2012
A form of dielectric heating | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20Heat |
Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is most common in Central Africa and West Africa.
It diverged from L1-6 at about 140,000 years ago ( 95% CI).
Its emergence is associated with the early peopling of Africa by anatomically modern humans during the Eemian, and it is now mostly found in African pygmies.
Distribution
Haplogroup L1 is found most commonly in Central Africa and West Africa. It reaches its highest frequency among the Mbenga Pygmies.
It is likely that it was formerly more widespread, and was constrained to its current area as a result of the Bantu migration (which is largely associated with haplogroup L2).
Haplogroup L1 has been observed in specimens from the island cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800).
An ancient Beaker culture individual at the Camino de las Yeseras in Spain (San Fernando de Henares, Madrid; [I4245 / RISE695] F) has also been found to carry the L1b1a mitochondrial haplogroup.
Phylogeny
L1 has two branches, L1c and L1b (the formerly named haplogroups L1d, L1k, L1a, L1f have been re-classified into haplogroup L0, as L0d, L0k, L0a, L0f; L1e as L5).
L1c
Haplogroup L1c emerged at about 85 kya. It reaches its highest frequencies in West and Central Africa, notably among the Mbenga Pygmy peoples. (see map). Among the Mbenga, it is carried by 100% of Ba-Kola, 97% of Ba-Benzélé, and 77% of Biaka. Other populations in which L1c is particularly prevalent include the Bedzan (Tikar) people (100%), Baka people from Gabon (97%) and Cameroon (90%), the Bakoya (97%), and the Ba-Bongo (82%). Common also in São Tomé (20%) and Angola (16–24%).
Phylogeny:
L1c
L1c1'2'4'6
L1c1
L1c1a
L1c1a1
L1c1a1a
L1c1a1a1
L1c1a1a1a
L1c1a1a1b
L1c1a1a1b1
L1c1a1a2
L1c1a1b
L1c1a2
L1c1a2a
L1c1a2a1
L1c1a2a2
L1c1a2b
L1c1a2c
L1c1b'c'd
L1c1b
L1c1c'd
L1c1c
L1c1d
L1c2'4
L1c2
L1c2a
L1c2a1
L1c2a1a
L1c2a1b
L1c2a2
L1c2b
L1c2b1
L1c2b2
L1c4
L1c4a
L1c4b
L1c6
L1c3
L1c3a
L1c3a1
L1c3a1a
L1c3b'c
L1c3b
L1c3b1
L1c3b1a
L1c3b1b
L1c3b2
L1c3c
L1b
Haplogroup L1b is much more recent, dated at about 10 kya. It is frequent in West Africa. It has also been found in Mozambique (1%), Ethiopia (2%), Egypt (1%), the Nile Valley (4%), Kung (1%), Cape Verde (8%), Senegal (17–20%), Niger/Nigeria (15%), Guinea Bissau (11%), Morocco (4–5%), and Algeria (1–2%).
Phylogeny:
L1b
L1b1
L1b1a
L1b1a1'4
L1b1a1
L1b1a4
L1b1a2
L1b1a2a
189
L1b1a3
L1b1a3a
L1b1a3a1
L1b1a5
L1b1a6
L1b1b7
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
References
Notes
External links
PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree L, van Oven & Kayser M. 2009.
Spread of Haplogroup L1, from National Geographic
African Haplogroup L mtDNA Sequences Show Violations of Clock-like Evolution
Ian Logan's Haplogroup L1b.
Ian Logan's Haplogroup L1c.
L1 YFull MTree 1.02.00 (under construction)
L1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20L1 |
The Very Best of Robert Palmer is a 1995 compilation album by British singer Robert Palmer. Re-issued in 1997 with the addition of "Addicted To Love '97".
1997 Re-issue Track listing
"Addicted To Love '97" – 5:18
"Bad Case of Loving You" – 3:10
"Simply Irresistible" – 4:12
"Get It On (Bang a Gong)" by Power Station – 5:29
"Some Guys Have All the Luck" – 3:08
"I Didn't Mean to Turn You On" – 3:36
"Looking for Clues" – 4:58
"You Are in My System" – 4:58
"Some Like It Hot" by Power Station – 5:05
"Respect Yourself" – 4:05
"I'll Be Your Baby Tonight" with UB40 – 3:23
"Johnny and Mary" – 3:59
"She Makes My Day" – 4:21
"Know by Now" – 4:09
"Every Kinda People" – 3:20
"Mercy Mercy Me/I Want You" – 5:53
"Addicted to Love" (Original Version) – 4:25
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1995 greatest hits albums
Robert Palmer (singer) compilation albums
Capitol Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Very%20Best%20of%20Robert%20Palmer |
Romero Canyon is located in the Santa Catalina Mountains and part of the Coronado National Forest.
References
Santa Catalina Mountains
Canyons and gorges of Arizona
Landforms of Pima County, Arizona | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romero%20Canyon |
Ricky Kanee Schachter, FRCP(C), CM (December 23, 1918 – July 1, 2007) was a dermatologist who practiced in the Toronto area, and was invested as a Member of the Order of Canada in 1998, as "a researcher, teacher, administrator and healer, whose work in the areas of skin cancer and psoriasis has improved the lives of her patients, and inspired fellow researchers across Canada."
Early life, education, and private life
Schachter grew up in Melville, Saskatchewan, at a time when women were not generally accepted as professionals in Canada. When she decided to go to university at the age of 16, to become a doctor, even her father, an educated Russian immigrant and community leader, said to her that she would "be taking up a space for a man."
In 1940, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Saskatchewan. Dr. Schachter then graduated from the University of Toronto’s Faculty of Medicine in 1943, and pursued post-graduate training in dermatology at Columbia University in New York from 1944 to 1945. She began working at the Women's College Hospital, in Toronto in 1946 and became a Fellow of the Royal College, in Canada, in 1950. She was appointed associate professor at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Medicine in 1961.
Her husband, Benjamin Schachter, was a Torontonian biochemist, working at the University of Toronto, who, from 1934 to 1939, conducted research on female sex hormones. He isolated and identified conjugated oestrone sulphate (Premarin). Her late brother, Sol Kanee, also received the Order of Canada for his work with the Bank of Canada and the Canadian Jewish Congress.
Career
She began working at Women's College Hospital, in Toronto in 1946 where she was appointed the head of the Division of Dermatology. Schachter became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, in Canada, in 1950. In 1976 she established the Psoriasis Education and Research Centre (PERC) at Women's College Hospital and became its first director. This centre was the first of its kind in Canada to specialize in treatment, education and research on psoriasis.
Retirement and legacy
Dr. Schachter retired from her position at Women's College Hospital on June 30, 1985.
A chair in dermatology was established to honour her, and in 1985, the Dr. Ricky Kanee Schachter Dermatology Fund was established in recognition of her commitment to patient care. In July 1991, the Dr. Ricky Kanee Schachter Dermatology Centre opened its doors at Women's College Hospital to treat a variety of skin conditions, through several out-patient clinics:
The Cosmetic Clinic and Cover FX
Cosmetic Procedures
The Dermatology Laser Centre
General Dermatology
Dermatology Minor Surgery
Mohs Clinic
The Pigmented Lesion Clinic
Awards and recognitions
In addition to being at the forefront of her field, and a pioneer in the treatment of psoriasis on an out-patient basis, Schachter worked for the promotion of women's rights, Jews' rights, and for gender equality in the medical profession. She was a devoted teacher and healer, and received numerous recognitions of her work. With her appointment in 1978 as the president of the Canadian Dermatological Association—the first female in Canada to lead specialists in her field. She was also the first woman to win the Canadian Dermatology Foundation's Practitioner of the Year award, in 2005, and received an honorary Doctor of Laws, by Queen's University, in 2006.
During her time at Women's College Hospital, Schachter was also the president of the medical staff and Medical Advisory Committee from 1958 to 1959.
References
History of Women's College Hospital
External links
Ricky Kanee Schachter oral history interview held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
1918 births
2007 deaths
Canadian dermatologists
Canadian Jews
Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent
Members of the Order of Canada
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Kanee Schachter, Ricky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky%20Kanee%20Schachter |
Dots, or Mason Dots (trademarked DOTS), is an American brand of gum drops marketed by Tootsie Roll Industries. According to advertisements, more than four billion dots are produced from the Tootsie Roll Industries Chicago plant each year. Dots are vegan, gluten-free, nut-free, peanut-free, and kosher. They come in various flavors and varieties.
History
Dots gum drops were introduced in 1945 by Mason and trademarked that year. In 1972, Tootsie Roll Industries acquired the Dots brand by purchasing the Mason Division of Candy Corporation of America. Prior to that acquisition they were manufactured by Mason, AU and Magenheimer Confectionery Manufacturing Company of Brooklyn and later Mineola, New York. According to advertisements, more than four billion dots are produced from the Tootsie Roll Industries Chicago plant each year. Tootsie Roll Industries claims that "since its 1945 launch," the candy has become "America's...#1 selling gumdrop brand."
Crows are the oldest candy in the Dots family, first created in the late 19th century. Original dots date back to 1945, Tropical Dots to 2003, and Yogurt Dots to 2007. Sour Dots were introduced in 2009–2010.
Flavors and varieties
Flavors
Current flavors for "Original Dots" include cherry (red), lemon (yellow), lime (green), orange (orange), and strawberry (pink). Sour Dots have five flavors, and are created with citric acid: cherry, lemon, orange, grape, and green apple. Flavors for Tropical Dots include Island Nectar, Wild Mango, Grapefruit Cooler, Carambola Melon, and Paradise Punch; and for Yogurt Dots, Banana, Orange, Blackberry, and Lemon-Lime.
Crows, black licorice flavored gum drops, are also considered to be part of the Dots family, created in the 1890s by confectioners Ernest Von Au and Joseph Maison. There is an urban legend that Crows were supposed to be called "Black Rose", but the printer misheard the name as "Black Crows" and printed wrappers with the wrong name on them. However, research—including the fact that the name was copyrighted before the candies ever came with wrappers—reveals that this story is not true.
Varieties
In addition to current varieties of Original Dots (also known as Mason Dots), Tropical Dots, Yogurt Dots, Sour Dots, and Crows, past varieties (including special short-term promotional offerings) have included:
Halloween specialties
Three special Halloween varieties of Dots have been marketed:
Ghost Dots are translucent light green, with the same flavors of Original Dots, but without the different colors to indicate which flavor any particular gum drop might have.
Bat Dots are black-colored Dots that are blood orange flavored.
Candy Corn Dots are candy corn flavored and resemble candy corn.
Other holiday specialties
Other holiday specialties have included:
Christmas Dots, which have a Vanilla (white) top with either a Cherry (red) or Lime (green) base
Valentine Dots, which have a Vanilla (white) base with either a Cherry (red) or Passion Fruit (pink) top
Easter Dots in Blueberry (blue), Lemon (yellow), Lime (green), Cherry (red), and Orange (orange) (introduced in 2010)
Other varieties and flavors
Other varieties and flavors have included:
During the 1980s, there was a variety of Dots called Spice Dots.
Wild Berry Dots were introduced in 2000. Wild Berry Dots are sweet, chewy gumdrops coated with a tart, crunchy coating. Wild Berry Dots were discontinued in 2007.
Dots Elements in pomegranate (earth, purple), cinnamon (fire, red), green tea (water, green), and wintergreen (air, teal) (introduced in 2008; no longer being produced)
Hot Dots (a.k.a. Cinnamon Dots) were released in 2004, but were discontinued in 2006.
Patriotic Dots, which have a vanilla (white) top with either a strawberry (red) or blueberry (blue) base
Assorted Reds Dots, in strawberry, cherry and fruit punch flavors
Special individual flavor packages such as Pink Grapefruit, Peach, and Watermelon. Marketed as "sour slices", they maintain the gumdrop shape of all other Dots.
In 2022, Watermelon Dots were introduced, featuring a red top and green base to mimic the look of a watermelon.
Assorted Lemonade Dots, in lemonade, blue raspberry lemonade, cherry lemonade, strawberry lemonade, and limeade flavors, were introduced in 2023.
Ingredients
Dots contain: Corn syrup, sugar, food starch-modified, malic acid, natural and artificial flavors, sodium citrate, and artificial colors.
According to PETA, Dots are vegan, and according to the Tootsie Roll Industries website, they are gluten-free, nut-free, peanut-free, and kosher (officially certified kosher by the Orthodox Union as of December 1, 2009).
See also
List of confectionery brands
References
External links
Brand name confectionery
Tootsie Roll Industries brands
Products introduced in 1945
Candy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots%20%28candy%29 |
Diversified Pharmaceutical Services entered the market in 1976 as the pharmacy benefit manager for United HealthCare, a leading managed care organization. It pioneered many cost containment strategies that are now core pharmacy benefit manager services and became a recognized leader in clinical programs.
History
Diversified Pharmaceutical Services (DPS) grew out of the pharmacy department within United Healthcare.
The company was sold to SmithKline Beecham for $2.3 billion in May 1994. In 1999, it was acquired by Express Scripts in 1999 for $700 million in cash to create what was then the third largest pharmacy benefit manager in the United States.
References
Health maintenance organizations
Life sciences industry
Medical and health organizations based in Missouri
1994 mergers and acquisitions
1999 mergers and acquisitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversified%20Pharmaceutical%20Services |
Cella's is a brand of cherry cordial confection marketed by Chicago-based Tootsie Roll Industries, who purchased the brand in 1985. They were originally introduced in 1864.
Description
Cella's is a brand of cherry cordial confection. The cordials are cherries and liquid enrobed in either milk chocolate or dark chocolate.
History
Cella's cherry cordial was introduced in 1864, with large-scale production starting in 1929. The brand was purchased by Chicago-based Tootsie Roll Industries in 1985.
See also
List of confectionery brands
References
Tootsie Roll Industries brands
Candy
1985 mergers and acquisitions
1864 introductions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cella%27s |
The 2002 AFL draft consisted of a pre-season draft, a national draft, a trade period and the elevation of rookies. The AFL draft is the annual draft of talented players by Australian rules football teams that participate in the main competition of that sport, the Australian Football League.
In 2002 there were 88 picks to be drafted between 16 teams in the national draft.
Carlton forfeited its priority and first round draft picks due to gross salary cap breaches (it would have also forfeited its second round pick, but they had already traded it to Port Adelaide for Barnaby French). Carlton's punishment came on the back of a dismal 2002 season in which it won its first ever wooden spoon after 105 years of competition. The first pick therefore went to St Kilda, who finished second last during the 2002 AFL season.
This was the first draft since their introduction in 1993 that no team received a priority pick, as St Kilda had a record of 5–16–1 (giving them 22 premiership points, above the 20.5 premiership points needed to qualify for a priority pick under the rules at the time).
Trades
2002 national draft
2003 pre-season draft
2003 rookie draft
Rookie elevation
This list details 2002-listed rookies who were elevated to the senior list; it does not list players taken as rookies in the rookie draft which occurred during the 2002/03 off-season.
See also
Official AFL draft page
AFL Draft
Australian Football League draft
VFL Draft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20AFL%20draft |
Fluffy Stuff is a brand of cotton candy sold in a variety of fruit flavors, marketed by Tootsie Roll Industries, which acquired it in 2000. It is the largest producer of cotton candy in the United States. The candy is packed in moisture-resistant, airtight bags, to prevent moisture and airborne containments from spoiling the product. It is available in popular seasonal varieties, including Snow Balls (December), Cotton Tails (Easter), and Spider Webs (Halloween).
See also
List of confectionery brands
References
External links
Official web site
Tootsie Roll Industries brands
Candy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluffy%20Stuff |
Blaxland railway station is located on the Main Western line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains suburb of Blaxland opening on 11 July 1867 as Wascoes, being renamed Blaxland on 21 April 1879.
Platforms and services
Blaxland has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates two bus routes via Blaxland station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
690P: Springwood station to Penrith station
691: Mount Riverview to Penrith station
References
External links
Blaxland station details Transport for New South Wales
Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1867
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxland%20railway%20station |
The 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season, play of college football in the United States at the NCAA Division I-A level, began in August 1994 and ended on January 2, 1995. Nebraska, who finished the season undefeated, ended the year ranked No. 1 in both the Associated Press and Coaches polls. This was the first national championship of coach Tom Osborne's career at Nebraska, having come close the year before, when Nebraska lost to eventual national champion Florida State on a missed field goal as time expired.
Although Osborne's team finished the season unbeaten, the national championship picture again was engulfed in controversy. For much of the second half of the season, Nebraska and Penn State were regarded as the top two teams in the country. This raised the possibility of a split national championship for the third time since 1990, due in large part to the system in place that had been concocted to avoid a split title.
Following the 1991 season, where Miami and Washington split the national championship in the AP and Coaches' polls, the Bowl Coalition was founded. The Coalition consisted of six bowls, with the Orange, Fiesta, Cotton, and Sugar bowls were all considered potential hosts for a national championship game. Since three of these bowls already had specific tie-ins with conferences, an agreement was struck where the conferences would agree to release those teams from their contractual obligations in order to achieve a No. 1 vs No. 2 matchup. For the first two years of the Coalition, this occurred without incident as the Sugar and Orange Bowls in 1993 and 1994 featured No. 1 vs. No. 2 matchups in their respective games.
The problem with this as far as 1994 was concerned was that the Rose Bowl, which featured the Pac-10 and Big Ten champions playing each other, was not included in the Coalition and thus a team that finished No. 1 or No. 2 in the polls from those two conferences could not be considered by the Coalition to be its national champion. Nebraska, as a member of the Big Eight Conference, was part of the coalition while Penn State was not. As Nebraska went on to win the conference title, it earned an automatic bid to the Orange Bowl to face off against No. 3 Miami, who won the Big East title and was No. 2 in the Coalition pool. Thus Miami, who as recently as two years earlier was in the Coalition championship game, had a chance to stake a claim as the national champion with a win (as they would have been awarded the Coaches' Trophy) and all but ensure a split title with Penn State provided they defeated No. 13 Oregon in the Rose Bowl.
On January 1, 1995, Nebraska defeated Miami in the Orange Bowl 24–17 and clinched the championship. The next day Penn State defeated Oregon in the Rose Bowl by a count of 38–20 and secured the No. 2 spot in the polls.
In the offseason that followed, the Bowl Coalition was disbanded and in its place came the Bowl Alliance, which attempted to serve the same purpose by rotating a national championship game between the Sugar, Fiesta, and Orange Bowls. Like the Bowl Coalition before it, the Bowl Alliance did not include the Rose Bowl and two of the three national championship games did not feature a No. 1 vs. No. 2 matchup, with the 1997 season seeing another split national championship.
Conference and program changes
The number of teams in Division I-A grew to 107 as Northeast Louisiana University left Division I-AA's Southland Conference and became an independent.
Southwest Conference announces dissolution
In February 1994, before the season began, an announcement was made regarding the future of the Southwest Conference. In 1991, the SWC became an all-Texas conference as Arkansas left the SWC to join the Southeastern Conference. As 1994 began Texas was rumored to be considering joining the Pac-10 with Big Eight member Colorado (rumors that would resurface over a decade later, which eventually resulted in Colorado joining the Pac-10 with Utah to form the Pac-12), while Texas A&M was reported to be looking at joining the SEC (which they would eventually do in 2012). On February 25, 1994, it was announced that Texas, Texas Tech, Texas A&M, and Baylor would be joining with all eight of the teams in the Big Eight to form the Big 12 Conference, in 1996. Following this decision, another decision was made regarding the future of remaining SWC members SMU, Houston, TCU, and Rice; SMU, TCU, and Rice would join the Western Athletic Conference while Houston joined Conference USA. (Of the schools that joined the Big 12, as noted, the only one that did not stay in the conference was Texas A&M. TCU, SMU, and Rice all eventually became part of Conference USA as well, with TCU being the first to join while the other three schools joined as part of the 2005 conference realignment. TCU left for the Mountain West Conference in 2005 and eventually joined their former SWC brethren in the Big 12, while SMU and Houston became part of the American Athletic Conference in 2013 with the former Big East football schools that were still in the conference. Rice still plays in C-USA.)
Heisman Trophy
The 1994 Heisman Trophy presentation ceremony was held on December 10, 1994, at the Downtown Athletic Club in New York City.
Voting
McNair's nomination as a finalist was a rare feat, as Alcorn State was a member of Division I-AA and I-AA awarded the Walter Payton Award to its most outstanding player (which McNair won).
Notable games
The Miracle at Michigan: in a September 24 matchup between No. 4 Michigan and No. 7 Colorado, the visiting Buffaloes trailed the host Wolverines 26–14 with 2:16 remaining in the game. Colorado scored two touchdowns in the final minutes, the last being a 64–yard pass from Kordell Stewart to Michael Westbrook on the last play of the game.
Choke at Doak: In the annual matchup between Florida and Florida State, the visiting Gators led the defending national champion Seminoles 31–3 entering the fourth quarter. Florida State rallied to score four touchdowns in the final period, but ran out of time to potentially score the winning points on their last possession and the game ended in a 31–31 tie.
Penn State-Indiana: Despite beating No. 21 Ohio State 63–14 in Happy Valley on October 29, Penn State surprisingly dropped to No. 2 in the subsequent AP poll after No. 3 Nebraska defeated No. 2 Colorado 24–7. The Nittany Lions remained No. 1 in the CNN/USA Today Coaches poll by a small margin. Penn State traveled to Indiana for their next game and took a comfortable 35–14 lead in the fourth quarter. Penn State coach Joe Paterno elected to pull his starters with the lead, which allowed Indiana to score two touchdowns late in the game including a deflected Hail Mary and two-point conversion with no time on the clock. Penn State won 35–29, but fell further behind Nebraska in the AP poll and dropped to No. 2 in the CNN/USA Today coaches poll as well. The Indiana game is often cited erroneously as the single point at which Nebraska passed Penn State, but the reality is that the Nittany Lions fell to No. 2 in the AP poll a week prior to that game.
Other notes
After being played for the first two years at Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama, the SEC Championship Game moved to its now-permanent home in Atlanta - first at the Georgia Dome, then at Mercedes-Benz Stadium. Meanwhile, in Jacksonville, the demolition and reconstruction of Gator Bowl Stadium that coincided with the Jacksonville Jaguars' entry into the NFL for 1995 forced the Gator Bowl to move to Ben Hill Griffin Stadium in Gainesville for its 1994 season edition. The game returned to Jacksonville in the newly built Jacksonville Municipal Stadium the following year. Also, John Hancock Insurance's deal for naming rights to the Sun Bowl expired and the game reverted to its former name.
Although Nebraska, Penn State and Alabama were still ranked in the Top 10, many of college football's legendary teams finished the regular season with their lowest rankings in years. Ohio State finished the season ranked 14th in the AP poll while Michigan was No. 20 and USC No. 21. Notre Dame, which started the season ranked fourth, finished the season unranked as did preseason No. 16 Oklahoma.
Rule changes
Due to several fighting incidents that occurred during the 1993 season (including one between the Miami Hurricanes and the Colorado Buffaloes that resulted in 12 ejections), the following changes were made:
Players involved in fighting on the field will draw a 15-yard penalty and an automatic ejection. If the ejection occurs in the first half, the player(s) will be disqualified for the remainder of the game. If the ejection occurs in the second half (or in overtime as of the 1996 season), the player(s) will be disqualified for the remainder of that game plus the first half of his team's next regularly scheduled game.
Players leaving the bench to participate in fights will be ejected for the remainder of the game plus his team's entire next regularly scheduled game.
Repeat offenders will be ejected and suspended for the remainder of the season.
The officials' jurisdiction over games will begin 60 minutes before kickoff. Any pre-game fights or taunting will be penalized the same as if the fight/taunting occurred during the game, with any yardage penalties enforced on the opening kickoff. The officials' jurisdiction was extended to 90 minutes before kickoff starting with the 2020 season.
The prohibition against the use of two-post goalposts is deleted, reversing a 1985 rule. LSU was allowed by the NCAA to place goals with two posts in Tiger Stadium late in the 1993 season in conjunction with its football centennial. Florida State and Washington State quickly followed suit.
The use of officials from different conferences ("split crews") was outlawed, except for game contracts signed before January 1, 1994. The NCAA extended the ban to all games before the 1998 season.
Regular Season
August–September
The top five of the preseason AP Poll were No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Notre Dame, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Nebraska, and No. 5 Michigan. There was something of a lack of consensus at the top as each of the top four teams received at least ten first-place votes, with fourth-place Nebraska getting the most such votes.
August 28: No. 4 Nebraska shut out No. 24 West Virginia 31-0 in the Kickoff Classic. The other top teams had not begun their schedules, and the Cornhuskers moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Notre Dame, No. 4 Florida State, and No. 5 Michigan.
September 3: No. 1 Florida overwhelmed New Mexico State 70-21. No. 2 Nebraska was idle. No. 3 Notre Dame won 42-15 at Northwestern, and No. 4 Florida State beat Virginia 41-17. No. 5 Michigan defeated Boston College 34-26, but No. 6 Miami shut out Georgia Southern 56-0 and moved ahead of the Wolverines in the next poll. The voters also made a change at the top: No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Florida, No. 3 Notre Dame, No. 4 Florida State, and No. 5 Miami.
September 8–10: No. 1 Nebraska won 42-16 at Texas Tech while No. 2 Florida blew out Kentucky 73-7, leading the two teams to switch places again. After coming back to take the lead with less than a minute to play, No. 3 Notre Dame lost 26-24 to No. 6 Michigan on a field goal with two seconds left. No. 4 Florida State won 52-20 at Maryland, and No. 5 Miami defeated Arizona State 47-10. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Michigan, and No. 5 Miami.
September 17: No. 1 Florida visited No. 15 Tennessee and shut the Volunteers out 31-0, No. 2 Nebraska defeated No. 13 UCLA 49-21, and No. 3 Florida State won 56-14 at Wake Forest. No. 4 Michigan and No. 5 Miami were idle. No. 6 Penn State beat Iowa 61-21 and moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Michigan, and No. 5 Penn State.
September 24: No. 1 Florida was idle. No. 2 Nebraska defeated Pacific 70-21, but the Cornhuskers’ star quarterback Tommie Frazier was sidelined for the rest of the regular season with blood clots in his calf. No. 3 Florida State beat No. 13 North Carolina 31-18. In the “Miracle at Michigan,” No. 7 Colorado won 27-26 over No. 4 Michigan thanks to Kordell Stewart’s 64-yard Hail Mary for a touchdown as time expired. No. 5 Penn State was a 55-27 winner over Rutgers. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Penn State, and No. 5 Colorado.
October
October 1: No. 1 Florida won 38-14 at Mississippi. With Brook Berringer taking over the quarterback duties from Frazier, No. 2 Nebraska got off to a slow start against Wyoming but came back for a 42-32 victory. No. 3 Florida State was idle. No. 4 Penn State visited Temple for a 48-21 win. No. 5 Colorado pulled off a buzzer-beating play for the second week in a row, this time beating No. 16 Texas 34-31 on a field goal as time expired. The top five remained the same in the next poll.
October 8: No. 1 Florida defeated LSU 42-18, and No. 2 Nebraska opened Big 8 play with a 32-3 win over Oklahoma State. No. 3 Florida State visited No. 13 Miami with an unlucky result, as the Seminoles committed five turnovers on the way to a 34-20 loss. No. 4 Penn State was idle. No. 5 Colorado beat Missouri 38-23, and No. 7 Michigan won 40-20 over Michigan State. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Penn State, No. 4 Colorado, and No. 5 Michigan.
October 15: No. 1 Florida was upset 36-33 by No. 6 Auburn, who capitalized on a late interception to score the game-winning touchdown with 30 seconds left; it was the Gators’ first home loss to a conference opponent in coach Steve Spurrier’s five years with the team. No. 2 Nebraska defeated No. 16 Kansas State 17-6, No. 3 Penn State won a back-and-forth 31-24 matchup with No. 5 Michigan, and No. 4 Colorado beat No. 22 Oklahoma 45-7. The AP voters reshuffled the top teams in the next poll: No. 1 Penn State, No. 2 Colorado, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 Auburn, and No. 5 Florida.
October 22: No. 1 Penn State, No. 4 Auburn, and No. 5 Florida were all idle. No. 2 Colorado defeated No. 19 Kansas State 35-21, and No. 3 Nebraska won 42-7 at Missouri. The top five remained the same in the next poll.
October 29: No. 1 Penn State blew out No. 21 Ohio State 63-14, but the AP voters were more impressed by the performance of No. 3 Nebraska, who took control of the Big 8 race with a 24-7 defeat of No. 2 Colorado. No. 4 Auburn beat Arkansas 31-14, No. 5 Florida defeated Georgia 52-14, and No. 6 Miami won 24-3 over No. 13 Virginia Tech. The top five in the next AP Poll were No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Auburn, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Miami. Penn State remained at No. 1 in the Coaches Poll.
November–December
November 5: No. 1 Nebraska defeated Kansas 45-17. No. 2 Penn State held a 35-14 lead over Indiana midway through the fourth quarter, but the Hoosiers mounted a comeback and cut the final margin to 35-29. No. 3 Auburn beat East Carolina 38-21, No. 4 Florida defeated Southern Mississippi 55-17, and No. 5 Miami won 27-6 at No. 10 Syracuse. The top five remained the same in the AP Poll, and Nebraska took over first place in the Coaches Poll as well.
November 12: No. 1 Nebraska won 28-12 at Iowa State to clinch the Big 8 title and an Orange Bowl berth. No. 2 Penn State had another close call in their game at Illinois. This time the Nittany Lions were the ones who faced a big deficit, trailing 21-0 at the end of the first quarter, but they mounted a comeback for a 35-31 victory which earned them the Big Ten championship and a spot in the Rose Bowl. No. 3 Auburn brought a 20-game winning streak into their game against Georgia, but the Tigers missed a last-second field goal and had to settle for a 23-23 tie. No. 4 Florida beat South Carolina 48-17 to clinch the SEC Western Division title. No. 5 Miami defeated Pittsburgh 17-12, while No. 6 Alabama won 29-25 at No. 20 Mississippi State. The top five in the next poll were No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Alabama, and No. 5 Miami.
November 19: No. 1 Nebraska was idle. No. 2 Penn State defeated Northwestern 45-17, and No. 3 Florida won 24-7 at Vanderbilt. No. 4 Alabama and No. 6 Auburn squared off in a battle for the SEC Eastern Division championship. Alabama was already assured of a spot in the SEC Championship Game because Auburn was barred from postseason play due to NCAA violations, and the Crimson Tide won the division title outright with a 21-14 triumph. No. 5 Miami beat Temple 38-14. The top five in the next poll were No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Alabama, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Miami.
November 25–26: No. 1 Nebraska won a defensive struggle against Oklahoma, 13-3, while No. 2 Penn State prevailed in a 59-31 shootout against Michigan State. No. 3 Alabama had finished their regular-season schedule. In the “Choke at Doak,” No. 4 Florida entered the fourth quarter with a 31-3 lead over No. 7 Florida State, but the Seminoles scored 28 unanswered points (tying an NCAA record for the biggest fourth-quarter comeback of all time) to salvage a 31-31 tie. No. 5 Miami beat No. 25 Boston College 23-7. No. 6 Colorado had finished their schedule, but the Buffaloes still moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Alabama, No. 4 Miami, and No. 5 Colorado.
December 3: The third annual SEC Championship Game featured the same teams as the first two, with undefeated No. 3 Alabama facing off against No. 6 Florida. The Crimson Tide had won in 1992 and the Gators prevailed in 1993, and the rubber match was a very close game. Alabama held a 23-17 lead in the fourth quarter, but Danny Wuerffel threw a touchdown pass to put Florida back up by a point, and the Gators closed out the game with an interception on Alabama’s final drive. The final AP poll of the regular season featured No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Miami, No. 4 Colorado, and No. 5 Florida.
Alabama’s loss in the SEC title game left Nebraska and Penn State as the only undefeated and untied teams in the nation. However, since they were the Big Ten champions, the Nittany Lions were required to play in the Rose Bowl against the Pac-10 winner, No. 12 Oregon. Therefore, Nebraska’s opponent in the Orange Bowl would be third-ranked Miami. The other major bowls included a rematch between Florida and No. 7 Florida State in the Sugar Bowl and Colorado against Notre Dame in the Fiesta Bowl. No. 8 Texas A&M finished with a 10-0-1 record and easily won the SWC title, but the Aggies were on probation and ineligible for postseason play. Texas Tech, who finished in a five-way tie for second place and sported a less-impressive 6-5 record, replaced A&M in the Cotton Bowl against No. 21 USC.
Conference standings
Bowl Coalition No. 1 and No. 2
The Bowl Coalition did not include the Big 10 and Pacific-10 conferences, whose champions played in the Rose Bowl. Penn State, which was ranked No. 1 in the Oct 18 and Oct 25 polls, and No. 2 for the remainder of the season, finished the regular season 11–0–0 and played in the Rose Bowl as the champion of the Big Ten.
Bowl games
Orange Bowl: No. 1 Nebraska 24, No. 3 Miami 17
Rose Bowl: No. 2 Penn State 38, No. 12 Oregon 20
: No. 7 Florida State 23, No. 5 Florida 17
: No. 21 USC 55, Texas Tech 14
Fiesta Bowl: No. 4 Colorado 41, Notre Dame 24
: No. 23 NC State 28, No. 16 Mississippi State 24
: No. 6 Alabama 24, No. 13 Ohio State 17
Hall of Fame Bowl: Wisconsin 34, No. 25 Duke 20
: South Carolina 24, West Virginia 21
Sun Bowl: Texas 35, No. 18 North Carolina 31
Gator Bowl: Tennessee 45, No. 17 Virginia Tech 23
Copper Bowl: No. 22 BYU 31, Oklahoma 6
Alamo Bowl: No. 24 Washington State 10, Baylor 3
Holiday Bowl: No. 20 Michigan 24, No. 10 Colorado State 14
: No. 14 Utah 16, No. 15 Arizona 13
: Illinois 30, East Carolina 0
Aloha Bowl: Boston College 12, No. 11 Kansas State 7
: No. 18 Virginia 20, TCU 10
: UNLV 52, Central Michigan 24
Final AP Poll
Nebraska
Penn State
Colorado
Florida State
Alabama
Miami (FL)
Florida
Texas A&M
Auburn
Utah
Oregon
Michigan
USC
Ohio State
Virginia
Colorado State
N.C. State
BYU
Kansas State
Arizona
Washington State
Tennessee
Boston College
Mississippi State
Texas
Final Coaches Poll
Nebraska
Penn State
Colorado
Alabama
Florida State
Miami (FL)
Florida
Utah
Ohio St.
Brigham Young
Oregon
Michigan
Virginia
Colorado State
Southern California
Kansas State
North Carolina State
Tennessee
Washington State
Arizona
North Carolina
Boston College
Texas
Virginia Tech
Mississippi State
Heisman Trophy voting
The Heisman Memorial Trophy Award is given to the Most Outstanding Player of the year
Winner:
Rashaan Salaam, Colorado, JR. RB (1400 votes)
2. Ki-Jana Carter, Penn St., Jr. RB (1080 votes)
3. Steve McNair, Alcorn St., Sr. QB (982 votes)
4. Kerry Collins, Penn St., Sr. QB (392 votes)
5. Jay Barker, Alabama, Sr. QB (294 votes)
Other major awards
Maxwell Award (College Player of the Year) – Kerry Collins, Penn State
Walter Camp Award (Back) – Rashaan Salaam, Colorado
Davey O'Brien Award (Quarterback) – Kerry Collins, Penn State
Doak Walker Award (Running Back) – Rashaan Salaam, Colorado
Dick Butkus Award (Linebacker) – Dana Howard, Illinois
Lombardi Award (Lineman or Linebacker) – Warren Sapp, Miami
Outland Trophy (Interior Lineman) – Zach Wiegert, OT, Nebraska
Jim Thorpe Award (Defensive Back) – Chris Hudson, Colorado
AFCA Coach of the Year – Tom Osborne, Nebraska
FWAA Coach of the Year – Joe Paterno, Penn State
Paul "Bear" Bryant Award – Rich Brooks, Oregon
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20NCAA%20Division%20I-A%20football%20season |
Nik-L-Nip is a brand of confectionery created by Vinny Cavallo in the early 20th century that comes in a variety of fruit flavors, marketed by Tootsie Roll Industries.
The Nik-L-Nip brand name is a combination of the original cost (a nickel, $0.05) and the preferred method of opening wax bottles, which is to nip (bite) the top off. It has a fruity-tasting liquid flavoring inside of it. Once the top of the small, bottle-shaped wax containers has been bitten off, one can drink the fruit-flavored syrup inside. Afterward the wax can be chewed like gum. The wax in Nik-L-Nip wax bottles is food-grade and non-toxic, although it is meant to be chewed but not swallowed.
See also
List of confectionery brands
References
Tootsie Roll Industries brands
Candy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik-L-Nip |
Warrimoo railway station is located on the Main Western line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains suburb of Warrimoo opening on 9 March 1918.
History
While the Great Western Railway was built through the Blue Mountains in 1867, it was originally established in the area as Karabar platform. After a name change a new platform was built in 1918. This platform was later destroyed as a result of bush fire in 1951 and was later rebuilt.
A pedestrian bridge was built in 1917 to provide access to the station and in 1990 alterations were made.
The station celebrated its 100th Anniversary on 9 March 2018.
Platforms and services
Warrimoo has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates one bus route via Warrimoo station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
690P: Springwood station to Penrith station
References
External links
Warrimoo station details Transport for New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1918
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrimoo%20railway%20station |
Corpuscularianism (from the Latin corpusculum meaning "little body") is a set of theories that explain natural transformations as a result of the interaction of particles (minima naturalia, partes exiles, partes parvae, particulae, and semina). It differs from atomism in that corpuscles are usually endowed with a property of their own and are further divisible, while atoms are neither. Although often associated with the emergence of early modern mechanical philosophy, and especially with the names of Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, Pierre Gassendi, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, and John Locke, corpuscularian theories can be found throughout the history of Western philosophy.
Overview
Corpuscles vs. atoms
Corpuscularianism is similar to the theory of atomism, except that where atoms were supposed to be indivisible, corpuscles could in principle be divided. In this manner, for example, it was theorized that mercury could penetrate into metals and modify their inner structure, a step on the way towards the production of gold by transmutation.
Perceived vs. real properties
Corpuscularianism was associated by its leading proponents with the idea that some of the apparent properties of objects are artifacts of the perceiving mind, that is, "secondary" qualities as distinguished from "primary" qualities. Corpuscles were thought to be unobservable and having a very limited number of basic properties, such as size, shape, and motion.
Thomas Hobbes
The philosopher Thomas Hobbes used corpuscularianism to justify his political theories in Leviathan. It was used by Newton in his development of the corpuscular theory of light, while Boyle used it to develop his mechanical corpuscular philosophy, which laid the foundations for the Chemical Revolution.
Robert Boyle
Corpuscularianism remained a dominant theory for centuries and was blended with alchemy by early scientists such as Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton in the 17th century. In his work The Sceptical Chymist (1661), Boyle abandoned the Aristotelian ideas of the classical elements—earth, water, air, and fire—in favor of corpuscularianism. In his later work, The Origin of Forms and Qualities (1666), Boyle used corpuscularianism to explain all of the major Aristotelian concepts, marking a departure from traditional Aristotelianism.
Alchemical corpuscularianism
William R. Newman traces the origins from the fourth book of Aristotle, Meteorology. The "dry" and "moist" exhalations of Aristotle became the alchemical 'sulfur' and 'mercury' of the eighth-century Islamic alchemist, Jābir ibn Hayyān (died c. 806–816). Pseudo-Geber's Summa perfectionis contains an alchemical theory in which unified sulfur and mercury corpuscles, differing in purity, size, and relative proportions, form the basis of a much more complicated process.
Importance to the development of modern scientific theory
Several of the principles which corpuscularianism proposed became tenets of modern chemistry.
The idea that compounds can have secondary properties that differ from the properties of the elements which are combined to make them became the basis of molecular chemistry.
The idea that the same elements can be predictably combined in different ratios using different methods to create compounds with radically different properties became the basis of stoichiometry, crystallography, and established studies of chemical synthesis.
The ability of chemical processes to alter the composition of an object without significantly altering its form is the basis of fossil theory via mineralization and the understanding of numerous metallurgical, biological, and geological processes.
See also
Atomic theory
Atomism
Classical element
History of chemistry
References
Atomism
History of chemistry
13th century in science
Metaphysical theories
Particles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpuscularianism |
Valley Heights railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Western line in Valley Heights, in the City of Blue Mountains local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed and built by NSW Government Railways. It is also known as Valley Heights Railway Station and Locomotive Depot and The Valley. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
History
The Great Western Railway went through Valley Heights in 1867. The platform opened in 1875 to service the private residence, The Valley Inn, of the Colonial Treasurer, the Hon. Geoffrey Eager M.L.A. / M.L.C. The station opened in May 1875 as Eagers Platform. Public facilities and a waiting shed were erected in 1877 and the name was changed from Eagar's Platform to The Valley in 1877; and again to Valley Heights on 19 August 1880.
The line was duplicated in 1902, when the present brick platform building opened. Virtually every station between Emu Plains and Lithgow received the same style of Federation structure when the Western line was duplicated between 1898 and 1912.
Valley Heights formerly had a yard and locomotive servicing facilities. Until January 1989 it provided locomotives to assist trains up the heavily graded section of the line to Katoomba. The western line was electrified to Valley Heights on 23 October 1956. From 2 February 1957 steam operations from Valley Heights were replaced by the 46 class electric locomotives which assisted trains from Valley Heights to Katoomba. From that train all steam hauled trains, both freight and passenger were electrically assisted to Katoomba, until complete electrification saw steam removed from the scene. The former depot still exists and is now maintained as the Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum.
The pedestrian bridge dates from 1901. The deck is supported by steel beams but the stringers are supported by a truss. The bridge underwent upgrading work in 1992 with a concrete deck and stairs. The station originally had a gatekeeper's cottage which was demolished after 1902.
The brick and timber signal box was opened in 1913 but badly destroyed by bush fire in 1951. The interlocking frame was moved to a lower level and the box continued operating until 1995. The signal box has continued to be occupied by a branch of the NSW Rail Transport Museum.
Valley Heights Locomotive Depot (VHLD) was also completed in 1913, and officially opened on 31 January 1914. The establishment of a new locomotive depot allowed for assistant engines to be attached there (instead of Penrith) for the climb to Katoomba. The engines at Valley Heights not only piloted over the longest distance in NSW, but also had the distinction of having to operate over the longest continual and most steeply graded mainline in Australia. During the peak of the steam era an average of 30 trains during any 24 hour period required a pilot engine from the depot.
From 1913, Valley Heights became an important railway centre and most of the buildings that exist in the depot date from the opening and early period; the ten stall sector roundhouse, a 60' turntable and new offices and sidings were built in 1913, followed by a Station Master's residence and a night-officer's house in 1914. The depot also includes a water tank and archaeological remains of various structures.
The depot continued in operation as a steam locomotive depot until February 1957 when electric locomotive running commenced. The change to electric traction (46 class locomotives) was associated with the electrification of the Main Western line to Lithgow which was completed in late 1957. While the role of the depot in providing pilot engines remained unchanged, the now redundant steam servicing facilities were removed. The pilot engine role of the depot continued into the early 1980s until the placing in service of more powerful electric locomotives (the 85 and 86 classes). Over the intervening years the role of the depot had expanded to include servicing, repair and overhaul of electric locomotives and also goods wagons. In 1989 the depot was closed and was used to store and service track maintenance material until 1993 when the State Rail Authority (SRA) vacated the site.
In 1994 the Blue Mountains Division of the New South Wales Rail Transport Museum established the Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Railway Museum with the aim of preserving the depot to provide historical, educational and recreational facilities and opportunities for the benefit of the Blue Mountains community and visitor to the region. The Valley Heights Steam Tramway was established in 1997 by the Stream Tram and Railway Preservation (Co-Op) Society Limited.
The locomotive depot continues to be occupied by Transport Heritage NSW doing business as the Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum.
Platforms and services
Valley Heights has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Description
The station precinct comprises a type 11, initial island/side platform brick station building, erected in 1902; a brick lamp room/store, erected in 1902; a signal box, erected in 1910. Other station precinct structures include a concrete over brick face platform, erected in 1902; and a standard steel beam on trestles footbridge, over the main up line track and platform, erected in 1901 and modified in 1992.
The locomotive depot precinct comprises a 10 road roundhouse, erected in 1913 and extended 1973; a machine workshop; a members' room/meal room; a members' locker room/toilet; a passageway; a former chargeman's office/district locomotive engineer's (DLE) office, erected in 1913; a former amenities building, erected in 1930; a toilet block, erected in 1965; an air compressor shed; a red brick fuel store, erected in 1970; and a shed, erected in 2008. Other locomotive depot structures include a steel turntable, erected in 1914 and modified in 1967; an ash disposal tunnel and pits, erected in 1913; locomotive watering facilities, erected in 1924; trackwork, completed in 1914; trestling foundations, erected in ; and overhead catenary masts, erected in 1957.
Station precinct
Station building (1902)
External: Constructed of face brick with corrugated metal gabled roof extending as an awning in the form of broken back to both platforms, the Valley Heights station building is an early phase type 11 initial island/side platform building in standard Federation free classical style design. It has a 6 bay linear arrangement along the platform with tuckpointed brickwork and engaged piers between the bays. Distinctive features are red face brickwork with rendered and moulded two rows of string courses to both rail elevations, timber framed windows and doors with contrasting decorative rendered trims and sills, standard iron brackets over decorative corbels supporting ample platform awnings, fretted timber work to both ends of awnings and gable ends, two tall corbelled chimneys one of which with terracotta pots, timber framed double-hung windows with multi-paned and coloured upper sashes and toughened glass bottom sashes, and timber door openings with multi-paned fanlights with coloured glazing. A face brick privacy wall screens the Men's toilet entry at the eastern end of the building. Two roof vents also exist above the toilet bays. All windows and doors are secured by metal gates and grills. An air-conditioning unit has been installed on the fanlight of the Station Master's office door.
Internal: The station building appears to have maintained most of its original detailing and finishes despite the changes over the time. The original floor layout remains including parcels office and Station Master's office with ticket window looking over the general waiting room, and toilets including an accessible toilet at eastern end. The interiors generally feature custom orb ceilings with ceiling roses, enclosed or adapted fireplaces, moulded picture rails and cornices to the general waiting room, decorative cast iron wall vents, later floor tiling or carpet finish, and timber bead style moulded cornices. All toilet and light fittings are relatively new. The Platform 1 door of the general waiting room and the ladies toilet door have also been fitted with a solid panel at the back.
Lamp room / store (1902)
External: A small square shaped brick shed featuring moulded and rendered string course detailing similar to the main station building. It is located on the west side of the station building towards the end of the platform and is separated visually from the main station building by the stairs leading to the footbridge. The shed features a gabled corrugated metal roof with timber bargeboard and narrow eaves with exposed rafters, contrasting rendered moulded trim above two single doors on east and west side elevations and a band of string course throughout all elevations. There are no other openings on the building and the existing doors have been secured by metal gates.
Internal: The former lamp room is currently used as a storage area and features face brick walls with exposed roof truss structure within the corrugated metal roof. The timber boarded door is in the form of a sliding loading door with a fanlight above.
Signal box (1910)
The signal box was originally built in 1910, constructed with three storeys, two in brick with the upper level constructed in timber cladding. The building was accessed via an external timber stair, on the western side of the building. It was severely damaged by fire in 1951 and the top floor collapsed. A roof was placed on top of the remaining brickwork and a new frame was placed into service on the ground floor.
The first floor level of brickwork was removed in 1987 and steel / urethane sandwich addition was added at the same time for staff amenities. Use of the signal box was discontinued in 1994 and given to the museum. Corrugated metal roofing fabric is relatively new. The signal equipment including CTC panel and 37 lever interlocking frame inside are extant.
The building currently presents a single-storey box with shallow hipped roof. The face brickwork with engaged piers has been painted over in places and the three arched windows along the railway side are intact, although the panes have been painted over and many are broken. The 1987 steel / urethane sandwich extension addition is extensively damaged by white ants.
Platform (1902)
Valley Heights station has an island platform in elliptical curved form, which is wide at the centre and narrow at both ends of the platform. This form is typical of Blue Mountains stations dictated by the topography and the deviation of the railway line. The platform is concrete faced (possible rendered over brick retaining wall) with concrete projecting edge at the top and asphalt finish to the deck. Modern platform furniture including light fittings, signage, timber bench seating and aluminium palisade fencing at both ends of the platform are other features along the platform.
Footbridge (1901, 1992)
Valley Heights Station footbridge is a modified standard steel beam bridge supported on steel trestles extending from the street ramp over the highway and over the Up main tracks with stairs to the island platform between the main station building and the lamp room. The sections beyond the Up main tracks over the highway are a later addition constructed in c.1992 of concrete beam with concrete columns. With the exception of original steel structure and trussed stair stringers (balustrade), it appears that all components of the bridge have been replaced during the 1992 upgrading works.
Locomotive depot
Roundhouse (1913, extended 1973)
External: The roundhouse building comprises a 1913 main roundhouse and a workshop annex. The roundhouse consisted of 10 bays for the stabling and servicing of steam locomotives, which remains intact to date. The design style of the building incorporates a symmetrically shaped, peaked roof profile with a relatively small ventilating ridge or clerestory gable roof at the centre of the roof peak, approximately 2 feet (600mm) above the main roof. The roundhouse is approximately 65 feet 4 inches in depth (front columns to rear wall). It is constructed with an Oregon timber structural frame with hardwood timber supporting posts (ironbark). The roof is covered by corrugated iron which was originally covered with asbestos tiles or slates, and later with super 6 corrugated fibro.
Internal: Flooring is bedded dry pressed common brick, topped in cement slurry, and there is a section of the flooring where the original brickwork is exposed in bay 10 adjacent to the easternmost wall. The brickwork of the pit walling was originally bagged with lime slurry and featured drainage outlets to all pits. Some of the pits have since been infilled in association with the change to electric over steam locomotives. Smoke chutes were provided at the front and rear but the front were removed prior to 1950 leaving only chutes on the southern or western side of the building enabling ventilation as all locomotives were first taken into the shed. Further ventilation is aided by the clerestory roof.
The end walls are fully sheeted with corrugated iron, as is the rear wall below the 7 foot level. Above the iron on the rear walls are Oregon timber window frames, in a multi light awning style (hopper) operated on Austral stays. These sashes alternate with multi light fixed sashes. The bulk of the window frames had been removed for repair and reinstatement. Some windows have also been removed at the western portion of the roundhouse, in association with the construction of the lean to additions.
Machine workshop (1973)
The workshop is constructed in timber and clad in corrugated iron wall and roof sheeting. Sited to the rear of bay 1 of the Roundhouse as an annex, the rail line and track has been extended into the workshop allowing access to rolling stock for repair. The workshop also features a single storey concrete element at the rear and southern side, currently used as a tool store. This is to become a welding bay. The workshop houses machinery used for the restoration of exhibits, e.g. lathes, drills, gantry crane, mills and grinders etc.
Members' room / meal room
The members' room is located to the rear of Bay 5. Like most of the 1960s lean to additions, the room is clad externally in corrugated sheeting and also features timber framed vertically proportioned and double hung hopper windows. Internally the room is clad in hard board sheeting with plasterboard ceiling. Examination of the fabric of the room suggests a further extension to the rear though the dating of this further addition is unknown. The room is used largely as a meeting and meal room for members, with full kitchen facilities installed.
Members' locker room / toilet
The walls and roofing of the shower and toilet are clad in fibro sheeting, with a timber structure supporting the roof cladding. The walls and roofing of the locker room are clad in hard board sheeting, some of which is hanging down exposing insulation. The area is currently used for storage of ladders and other materials.
Passageway
The walls and roofing of the corridor are clad in corrugated iron, with timber structure supporting the roof cladding. The area is currently used as a store; however the space was originally constructed as an external access from the rear of the roundhouse on the south side of the site. The timber door is extant however unused.
Former charwoman's office / District locomotive engineer's (DLE) office (1913)
External: The former office building has recently been restored and now accommodates the museum displays. It is constructed of an Oregon timber frame, supported by brick piers and with A gable roof clad in corrugated steel sheeting. It is rectangular in shape and features simple bargeboards and timber framed louvered ventilation window to the gable ends. A skillion roofed corrugated steel verandah supported on steel round posts covers the front of the building over a concrete slab. The front elevation is fenestrated by three identical timber doors with fanlight. The windows on the rear elevation are also timber framed with a box frame hardwood sill.
Internal: The office maintains its original layout of three rooms that originally were separate but now are connected to each other by door openings. The internal features include tongue and grooved hardwood floor with carpet finish, timber weatherboard wall cladding to full wall height with a splayed and chamfered profile, simple timber skirting and timber board ceiling linings. Security bars are fixed to the interiors of the windows in order to ensure the safety of the collections. Metal picture rails are fixed to the walls for the exhibition of the picture collections. The light fittings are modern pendant style.
Former amenities building (, extended 1960)
The building is constructed of rusticated weatherboard with a hipped, corrugated steel roof. Originally rectangular, the building now forms a U-shape with wings and a courtyard. Double-hung windows with multi-pane fenestration are generally vertically proportioned (some in groups) and the frames are timber box frame type with hardwood sills. The main entry is via a projecting skillion roofed partially enclosed porch with original timber framed and glass panelled doors. A brick chimney is the only feature of the roofscape. A metal picket fence separates the courtyard from the track, which is used for the visitors' locomotive experience within the yard.
Internal: Internally the walls and ceilings are lined with plasterboard panels with Oregon timber architraves and skirtings. The floors are concrete with linoleum and carpet finish. The internal doors are later fabric and are made of lightweight hollow core panels with timber frame. The amenities building consists of five rooms, used in the current facility as a library, museum shop for the sale of books, souvenirs and ephemera, a general storage room, a refreshments room, model railway room and one room is used for local Historical Society displays. The building has been adapted and extended from the former amenities facility which was a much smaller building incorporating a locker room, meal room and office facilities.
Toilet block (, extended 2006)
A rectangular part face brick part timber framed utility building with corrugated steel gabled roof. It comprises male, female and disabled toilets with privacy walls/partitions to the front. Floors are concrete with tile finish and the fittings are generally new. The majority of the partition walls were replaced as part of the 2006 restoration works and the building was repainted.
Air compressor shed (2005-6)
The air compressor shed is located at the top of the bank adjacent to the Main Western Line and overlooking the Roundhouse. The simple building, which features concrete block flooring, steel structural framing and galvanised iron wall and roof cladding, with pitched roof form, is of recent construction. The building features two roller doors to the western elevation, with aluminium louvered ventilation at the eastern elevation. The shed building replaced an earlier termite damaged building of the same purpose on the site.
Fuel store (1970)
The building is of 1970s red brick construction, with flat roof form, sited to the rear of the open storage yard behind the machine workshop and roundhouse. The building houses dangerous and flammable liquids and accordingly is set well back from the main building zone at the site. Internal access was not available (2009).
Workshop shed (2008)
New large steel framed corrugated steel shed with corrugated steel gabled roof featuring a lantern along the ridgeline for additional ventilation and light. Sections of the roof are of clear corrugated sheeting for improved light. The shed is essentially a large single space in portal style framing with large multi-paned steel windows on both long side elevations while the narrow elevations featuring roller doors to allow easy entry for the locomotives via two sets of siding.
Turntable (1914, 1967)
The 60-foot turntable enables the locating of locomotives onto the respective roads in the roundhouse or for the turning of the locomotives. The turntable is constructed in steel and features timber sleepers at the perimeter of the turning circle. The element is manually operated and is still in use. It is the third such turntable to be used at the site, having been relocated from Katoomba in the 1960s.
Examination of the fabric of the infrastructure suggests some repair to the steel plating of the turntable. The turntable pit originally featured tracks on the northern side of the circle, enabling the locomotive to overshoot the turning circle with no damage to the locomotive. The tracks and associated timbers, however, were removed after the circle was damaged as a result of vandalism.
Ask disposal tunnel and pits (1913)
The ash disposal tunnel is a below-ground-level structure constructed between the running rails of the access and departure roads with two covered ground-level pits. The tunnel was constructed to facilitate the removal of ash from the smoke boxes of the steam locomotives. This required the ash to be raked and shovelled out by hand. The ash would then drop into the tunnel, and a narrow gauge line with hand-operated trolleys was provided in the tunnel for removing the ash as it dropped from the pits. The pits were in use until 1957, when steam operations ceased in the mountains. The tunnel is extant, along with the internal track work for the trolley, and recent landscaping works have uncovered two sets of stone stairs either side of the tunnel entry. The external entry was painted, and it is also likely that the internal brickwork was originally painted or lime-washed.
Locomotive watering facilities (1924)
The complete assemblage of the watering facilities still awaits re-instatement. The water tank has been relocated from ELCAR Workshops and is a 5,000 gallon example. Of standard local design, the tank is of high technical significance and is representative of the many tanks formally seen at depots around the former NSWGR system. The tank would likely have been constructed by the railways in Newcastle. The water column is of a standard pattern though of later design and is representative of the post WWII railway. The restoration of the column on its restored piers and adjacent to the 1914 drainage pit is proposed in near future.
Trackwork (1914)
The current track diagram is a remnant of the former depot layout from the steam era. They are proposed to be restored by reconnecting the arrival and departure roads to a more closely resemble the trackwork of the steam era.
Trestling foundation ()
These are remnant foundations of the former coaling plant and demonstrate the scale, design and context of the former coaling plant.
Overhead catenary masts (1957)
The remnant overhead masts are a type of overhead system used in the form of the 46-class electric locomotives demonstrating the arrival of modern motive power in the depot. The masts in the yard are of the first generation design; fabricated, riveted, mild steel preserved with a micaceous paint system.
Moveable items
The following moveable items have been observed at Valley Heights Station:
A safe (ID #749) with no brand name dating possibly from the 1960s is located in the booking office.
Two early timber bench style seats in the General Waiting Room.
An early ticket window desk in the ticket office.
There are a large number of moveable items that belong to the Valley Heights Museum. A Seth Thomas clock has been observed in the model rail room of the Former Amenities Building.
Landscape features
Apart from a couple of garden beds with shrubs and small plantings along the north and south ends of the platform there is no landscaping at the station. The existing station landscaping is not considered significant.
The locomotive depot site has built up gradually with deposits from the ash spoil dump and the site features large concrete retaining walls reinforced with railway sleepers along the southern portion of the site adjacent to the access road. The site incorporates a number of established mature tree and shrub plantings as well as many new plantings dating to the period of occupation of the current tenants. There are also a high proportion of established trees concentrated on the southern side of the Roundhouse. Plantings include a wide variety of native species, including wattle, eucalypts, angophora floribunda (rough barked apple), grevillea and callistemon (bottlebrush) as well as some and non indigenous species including pine and cedar species.
Potential archaeological features
There is high archaeological potential within the locomotive depot site due to the existence of remnant sidings, ash tunnels and trestles foundations.
Condition
The station building is generally in good condition with minor repair work requirements for repointing and repainting; the lamp room/store is generally in good condition. Some cracks are evident on the eastern wall at the lock height have been observed – possibly result of incompatible cement mortar repairs. The signal box is in moderate to poor condition; the platform and footbridge are both in good condition. The locomotive depot is generally in good condition. Despite being vacant for a number of years prior to the current tenants, the RTM has subsequently undertaken a systematic program of restoration works over time. The roundhouse has undergone some roof replacement, and replacement of the glass in some of the windows.
The Chargeman's Office has recently undergone significant restoration works and is in very good condition. The former amenities building, toilet block, and air compressor shed are all in very good condition. The fuel store is in good condition. The workshop shed is in very good condition. The turntable, ash disposal tunnel and pits, locomotive watering facilities, trackwork, trestling foundations, and overhead catenary masts are all in moderate condition.
The station buildings are intact externally with minor changes to the internal finishes. The station has a high degree of integrity.
The locomotive depot site maintains a reasonable level of integrity in terms of the composition and layout of its buildings and structures, though some changes have taken place.
Roundhouse: Externally, the building retains its typical and original appearance. Even though its original purpose (the servicing of steam locomotives) has been altered to suit newer motive power, with a subsequent change to work methods and equipment, the integrity of the roundhouse has been retained. Internally, the building retains a high degree of integrity due to the retention of original construction features and details. The Chargeman's Office is of moderate integrity; the former amenities building is of high integrity; the toilet block is of moderate integrity; the air compressor shed, fuel store, workshop shed, turntable, and the ash disposal tunnel and pits are all of high integrity; the locomotive watering facilities are of moderate integrity; the trackwork is of moderate integrity; the trestling foundations are of moderate integrity; and the overhead catenary masts are of moderate integrity.
Modifications and dates
27 November 1911 – station destroyed by bushfire,
1912 – repairs to station buildings destroyed by bushfire,
1914 – new roundhouse and depot brought into use,
1924 – additional water supplies at depot,
1925 – improvements to facilities, including ash tunnel for locomotive ash handling,
1949 – upgrading facilities for crew amenities,
1957 – electric locomotives take over from steam locomotives as bank engines,
1960s – improvements to allow for servicing and repairs to electric locomotives, members room/meal room lean to addition to Roundhouse, northern wings added to former amenities building (visitor centre and refreshment rooms)
1973 – machine workshop annex added
1987 – the first floor level of brickwork at signal box was removed in 1987 and a steel / urethane sandwich extension added,
1988 – reduced use of bank engines as larger electric locomotives are used on main line work,
1992 – footbridge, upgrading work, concrete deck and stairs,
1993 – depot closed.
1990s – extensive repairs to roundhouse
2007-2008 – new work shed constructed near ash disposal tunnel, former amenities building (refreshment room and visitor centre) repaired and refurbished, ongoing work in roundhouse, chargeman's office (museum) repaired and refurbished, ash disposal tunnel cleaned and restored, amenities (toilets) repaired and refurbished
2009 – Original water column is in the process of being reinstated
N.d – Station building, some internal alterations, brick screen to lavatories at southeast end. Barge boards replaced.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates one bus route via Valley Heights station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
690P: Springwood station to Penrith station
Heritage listing
As at 18 November 2010, the Valley Heights railway station is of state significance as part of the early construction phase of railway line duplication and deviation between Glenbrook and Springwood demonstrating the technological and engineering achievements in railway construction at the beginning of the 1900s. The station has strong associations with the adjacent Locomotive Depot and is also evidence of development in Valley Heights maintaining its landmark quality within the non-urban townscape. The station building together with the matching lamp room is a good example of a standard island platform building and demonstrates typical architectural elements of the Federation free classical style station buildings that were built across the Blue Mountains with the duplication of the railway line in 1902.
The Valley Heights Locomotive Depot is of state significance as an important locomotive depot, and the principal service and maintenance facility for bank engines working over the Main Western line between Sydney and Lithgow for almost 80 years. The collection of buildings and structures including the roundhouse, former chargeman's office, amenities building, turntable, ash disposal tunnel and pits, locomotive watering facilities, trackwork, trestling foundations and overhead catenary masts provide insight into the workings of an important transport and freight hub at the height of its operation. The place also has a strong industrial aesthetic quality and is of technical and research significance providing valuable information about the age of steam.
The roundhouse building is rare in NSW, being the third roundhouse constructed by the NSW Government Railways, and now the oldest of only seven other remaining roundhouses in the state. This style of building is unique to the railways and there are some building elements of the roundhouse that are unique, principally the roof form, which was not used at any of the other roundhouse sites.
The site has a high level of social significance given its contribution to the development of the town historically, and more importantly, as demonstrated by the strong and continued community interest and involvement with the site. The depot is affiliated with three community and volunteer groups, indicating a strong sense of community involvement and ownership of the site.
Valley Heights railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
The Depot was the first modern depot in NSW. It is the only complete depot built at one time in NSW. The Depot is the only depot built on a curve and in such a restricted area. It was the first depot to have an elevated coal stage on the Western line in NSW. The Depot was the only Depot to utilise parachute style water tanks for watering locomotives on the Western line. The ash disposal method utilised was the most modern in use at the time of being built and is unique to Valley Heights.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
The Valley Heights railway station is aesthetically significant as a good example of the Federation free classical style as used for public and institutional buildings. The station includes both the main building and the lamp building which have been built in matching style and details.
Valley Heights Locomotive Depot is aesthetically significant because of the original fabric and intact architectural features of the 1914 built roundhouse. This style of building is unique to railway buildings and there are some building elements of the site and roundhouse that are unique even to the Valley Heights site, principally the roof form, which was not used at any of the other roundhouse sites. The building also has an aesthetic quality characteristic of roundhouse sites and strongly reflects the industrial character of the site and the occupation by the Railways. The associated buildings and structures including former Chargeman's office, former amenities building, turntable, trackwork, overhead catenary masts, and trestling foundations contribute to the overall aesthetic quality and setting of the depot. The landscaping enhances the setting with its highly established leafy surroundings.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
Valley Heights Locomotive Depot has social significance because when the site was vacated by the NSW government, there was significant community interest in retention and conservation of the site as a museum and restorative facility. The site is now tenanted by the Blue Mountains Division of Transport Heritage NSW (formerly known as the Rail Transport Museum) and is staffed entirely by volunteers, indicating a strong local community attachment and interest.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The locomotive site is of technical and research significance because the roundhouse and its equipment are the remnants of a past era, located in an area of the state where railways played so much a part in development and essential transport of goods and passengers. As one of the very few surviving railway roundhouses, the complex gives valuable information about the age of steam. The depot at Valley Heights provides an insight into the workings of an important transport and freight hub at the height of its operation.
The signal box is also of research significance due to its ability in providing evidence of its associated signalling equipment and very limited ability on the construction techniques and architectural character of an originally three-storey brick signal box via its remnant ground floor structure.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
This item is assessed as historically rare. This item is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as arch. rare. This item is assessed as socially rare.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
Valley Heights Station Group is a representative example of an island platform with footbridge created in response to the duplication of the line in 1902 incorporating a good example of a group of Federation free classical style standard station buildings. This type of island platform station building with lamp room were commonly used later during 1910s and 1920s. The footbridge, although refurbished, is representative of steel footbridges with trussed stair stringers that survive today. The signal box is no longer representative of its type as its original form has been lost.
Valley Heights Locomotive Depot is a representative example of such a facility reflecting typical composition of a locomotive depot and principal characteristics of associated buildings, including form, construction methods, materials and operating components. The site reflects a typical locomotive depot layout and composition, and while the site has been compromised to some extent through the removal of certain elements and the addition of new facilities, it is still possible to ascertain the original workings of the depot. Valley Heights roundhouse represents a class of industrial building which has almost disappeared from the state. The associated buildings and structures including former Chargeman's office, former amenities building, turntable, trackwork, overhead catenary masts, trestling foundations are all individually representative of their type.
See also
List of railway stations in New South Wales
Valley Heights railway gatehouse
Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Valley Heights station details Transport for New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1875
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Valley Heights, New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley%20Heights%20railway%20station |
The Settlers II (), originally released as The Settlers II: Veni, Vidi, Vici, is a city-building game with real-time strategy elements, developed and published by Blue Byte Software. Released in Germany for DOS in April 1996, and in the United Kingdom and North America in August, it is the second game in The Settlers series, following The Settlers (1993). In December, Blue Byte released an expansion, The Settlers II Mission CD, featuring new single-player campaign missions, new maps for both single-player and multiplayer modes, and a map editor. In October 1997, they released The Settlers II: Gold Edition, containing the original game, plus the Mission CD expansion, along with minor graphical enhancements and gameplay tweaks. The Gold Edition was also ported to Mac OS in 1997. In 2006, an enhanced remake, The Settlers II (10th Anniversary), was released for Microsoft Windows. In 2007, the Gold Edition was ported to the Nintendo DS, under the title The Settlers, released in Germany in July, and in the United Kingdom and North America in August. Although adapted for the dual-screen display of the DS, and with controls specifically programmed for use with the DS stylus, the gameplay, game mechanics, graphics and storyline are unaltered. In 2009, the original Gold Edition was released on GOG.com, and in 2018, it was re-released for Microsoft Windows as The Settlers II: Veni, Vidi, Vici - History Edition.
The game can be played in either single-player campaign mode or in "Free game" mode; individual scenarios with predetermined rules set by the player, which can be played with or against either another player, the computer, or both another player and the computer. In the single-player campaign, the player controls a group of Romans who are shipwrecked on an uncharted island. Led by their captain, Octavius, they must use a series of magical portals to try to find their way back to the Empire. During their travels, they come into conflict with Nubians, Vikings and Japanese. In the single-player campaign included with the Mission CD, the player controls Octavius's great-grandson as he attempts to conquer the entire world.
In making The Settlers II, Blue Byte wanted to improve upon the first Settlers title to as much of an extent and in as many ways as they could. To this end, they sought fan feedback from the first game, and hired Thomas Häuser, who had worked on quality assurance for The Settlers, as the lead designer. Although the core supply and demand-based gameplay is broadly the same as in the first game, many other aspects of the gameplay and game mechanics have been altered. For example, the sound effects and graphics have been enhanced, with more on-screen movements and more animations for the settlers themselves, and with four aesthetically distinct races; the economic system is more complex; the battle system is more strategic, with the player able to use scouts and stationary offensive weaponry; and a story-driven single-player campaign has been included.
The original game received positive reviews, with critics especially praising the supply and demand gameplay, the complex economic system and the graphics. The most common criticisms were the lack of direct control during combat, and the absence of an online multiplayer mode. The game was a commercial success, selling over 600,000 units worldwide, considerably more than the original Settlers. The DS remake received negative reviews, with many critics arguing it tarnished the legacy of the original, citing unresponsive controls, a poorly implemented HUD, and, especially, game breaking bugs.
Gameplay
The Settlers II is a city-building game with real-time strategy elements, in which the primary goal on each map is to build a settlement with a functioning economy, producing sufficient military units so as to conquer rival territories, ultimately gaining control of either the entire map, or a certain predetermined section of it.<ref name="Manual12">{{cite book | title=The Settlers II Instruction Manual (NA)''' | last=Dreher | first=Michael | url=http://files.replacementdocs.com/The_Settlers_II_-_Manual_-_PC.pdf | publisher=Blue Byte Software | year=1996 | chapter=Military | page=12 | access-date=April 4, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404172459/http://files.replacementdocs.com/The_Settlers_II_-_Manual_-_PC.pdf | archive-date=April 4, 2018 | url-status=live}}</ref> To achieve this end, the player must engage in economic micromanagement, construct buildings, and generate resources. The game is controlled via a point and click interface, and features a HUD navigated primarily through "windows" modeled on Windows 95.
Game modes
The game can be played in one of two modes; "Campaign" or "Free Game". In the single-player Campaign mode, the player must complete a series of missions, the goal of each of which is to defeat the computer controlled opponent or opponents by gaining possession of the territory in which the mission objective is located. In the original release of the game, there were ten missions, with the player limited to controlling the Romans. The Mission CD expansion added a new campaign of nine missions, with the player once again confined to controlling the Romans.
In Free Game mode, the player chooses a map on which to play, and then refines the game in various ways, such as selecting the number of races (from two to four), choosing which race to control (Romans, Nubians, Vikings or Japanese), selecting the victory conditions (how much of the map must be controlled), refining the amount of raw materials available to each player at the start of the game, and determining if each race begins in a predetermined spot, or is instead placed randomly on the map. The player can also select the type of game to be played, choosing from "Every man for himself", "Human vs. Computer" and "People vs. People". This allows for a variety of different game types, such as two human controlled races against one computer controlled race (and vice versa), two human controlled races against two computer controlled races, two human and two computer controlled races all fighting one another, and two human controlled races competing against one another. Games involving two human players are played in split screen, with the second player using a mouse on the same PC.
Settlers and transportation
Whether playing in Campaign or Free Game mode, each game begins the same way; the player has one building, a warehouse/headquarters, in which are a set amount of raw materials and tools. The basic gameplay revolves around serfs (the titular "settlers") who transport materials, tools and produce, and who populate and perform the requisite task of each building. As the player constructs buildings and thus requires settlers to occupy them, the settlers automatically emerge from the warehouse as needed. As the settlement continues to grow in size, the warehouse's quota of settlers will eventually be reached, and the player will need to build an additional warehouse to generate more settlers. At no point does the player directly control any individual settler - instead, general orders are issued (such as ordering the construction of a building), with the AI handling the delegation of orders to specific settlers.
An important game mechanic is the construction of a road network so as to allow for an efficient transportation system, as any settlers transporting goods must use roads. To build a road, the player must place a flag, select the "build road" option, and then place another flag. The computer will then automatically find the best route between the two and build the road, although the player is also free to build the road manually. To maximize distribution, the player must set as many flags as possible on each road. Flags can only be set a certain distance apart, and serve as transport hubs; a settler will carry an item to a flag and set it down, at which point the next settler along will pick up the item and continue, freeing the first settler to return and pick up another item at the previous flag. The more flags the player has, the more settlers will operate on a given road, cutting down the distance each settler must travel, and reducing the time to transport one item and return for the next, thus avoiding item congestion at each flag. When more than one item is placed at a flag, the game has an adjustable goods priority system, which determines the order in which items are transported. Players can also build shipyards, which allow for the manufacture of boats (can transport goods over small stretches of water), and ships (can transport goods across oceans).
Economy
The economy is under the player's control throughout the game, and is adjustable in multiple ways. For example, the player can control the distribution of goods by selecting how much of a given resource is transported to a given building, under six separate headings; foodstuff, grain, iron, coal, boards and water. In a similar manner, the player can select what tools are made when; by increasing the significance of a particular tool, that tool will be produced before others. Tool production is important insofar as all buildings require raw materials and a worker with the right tool. For example, if the player has built a bakery, and the building is still empty despite idle settlers in the headquarters, a rolling pin will need to be manufactured in the toolsmith.
Military
The player's territory can only be expanded by building a military complex near the territory border. Each complex must have at least one soldier garrisoned for the territory to expand. Soldiers are automatically created from the pool of existing settlers in the headquarters, with each individual soldier requiring a sword, shield, and one unit of beer. Once soldiers are garrisoned, gold coins can be transported to the building to increase their rank. The player can also build lookout towers, which can see for great distances, but don't grant new territory.
The player also has control over the structure of their military, and is free to change the number of settlers who become soldiers, the rank of first-line defence soldiers, how many soldiers from each building can be used offensively, how many soldiers counter the enemy if nearby buildings are attacked, and how many soldiers take up positions in buildings in the settlement's centre, further out, and on the borders.
In order for the player to attack an enemy building, they must click on that building, and select both the number of units and what rank they wish to use to carry out the attack. If the player's units defeat all soldiers stationed in the building, they will occupy it, with the player's territory increasing according to the building's radius. The player can also use catapults to attack enemy military buildings. Catapults are immobile, and fire stones at enemy buildings within their range, with each successful hit killing one occupying soldier. If all soldiers are killed, the building burns down, and the enemy loses the territory controlled by that building. Defense of the player's military buildings is automatic; as enemies attack, any soldiers stationed in the building defend.
Plot
The game begins in the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Travianus Augustus Caesar, as Octavius, a captain in the Roman navy, is sailing his ship, the Tortius, through the dangerous "Sea of Storms" to the "Latonic Provinces". However, the ship is hit by a sudden storm, thrown off-course, and, after several days, driven onto the coastline of an island, marooning the crew. Octavius quickly deduces the island is unknown to the Empire, and thus, rescue is unlikely. Seeing a plentiful supply of food, the crew decide to settle.
Setting out to explore, they discover a gateway-like structure with a Latin inscription, "Consiste ut procederas" ("Settle down in order to make progress"). Perplexed at the contradictory nature of this message, they continue to build up their settlement. Thirteen months later, a portal opens in the gateway, and Octavius concludes the inscription means that for the gateway to function, they must first construct a vibrant settlement.
Entering the portal, they are transported to another island, and after several months, find evidence of Nubian inhabitants. The Nubians greet the Romans peacefully, telling them about their "holy relic", which Octavius realises is another portal. He asks for access to it, but the Nubians refuse, and Octavius determines to take it by force. After five months of fighting, the Romans defeat the Nubians, and enter the portal. Over the next few years, as they use a series of portals to jump from island to island, they come into conflict with more Nubians, as well as Vikings and Japanese, before eventually emerging on what they believe to be the final island on their journey home.
Ten years after being shipwrecked, they locate the final portal, but are shocked to learn it is guarded by hostile Romans. However, they are able to fight their way through, finally returning to the Empire.
Development
Blue Byte had always intended to make a sequel to The Settlers if it proved successful. A commercial success, by June 1996, the original game had sold over 215,000 units, considerably more than expected, and so Blue Byte immediately began development on a second game, with a total of twelve people working on the project. As well as enhancing the graphics and sound effects, and increasing the complexity of the supply and demand-based gameplay, there were also certain aspects of the original with which Blue Byte had been unhappy, and which they hoped to address in the sequel. They also sought feedback from fans of the first game, and worked to deal with anything the fanbase disliked or felt could be improved upon. However, Volker Wertich, who had designed and programmed the original, was not involved with the second game, because, as he describes it, "after two years programming The Settlers, I didn't really want to see those little men for a while".
It was Blue Byte's desire to improve upon any aspects of the first game which they felt didn't work which led to Thomas Häuser becoming project manager. When the first game was in development, Häuser was newly employed by Blue Byte, and had done quality assurance work on it. In this capacity, he had made a list of possible gameplay improvements for the developers, who told him there was no time to implement his changes, as the game was almost ready for release. However, they had been impressed with his ideas, and, when the second game was greenlit, they suggested he apply his ideas to this game. This ultimately led to Häuser, a programmer by trade, working as the lead designer on the sequel.
Amongst the graphical enhancements in The Settlers II are more on-screen movements and more animations for the settlers themselves, with four aesthetically distinct races. Gameplay improvements include a more strategic battle system, which allows players to send out scouts, and utilise a stationary offensive weapon in the catapult. Additionally, there is a story-driven single-player campaign, replacing the narratively-unconnected missions from the first game, which simply got harder as the player progressed, without any kind of connective plot. Initially, the team took the concept of a single-player storyline too far, designing maps which placed tight limits on what the player could and couldn't do, and featured time-sensitive scripted incidents. They quickly realised that this went too much against the principles of the game mechanics established in the first game, and so changed the level design accordingly. According to Häuser:
Despite the team's efforts to make The Settlers II as good as they possibly could, speaking in 2006, Häuser comments that, as with the original game, there were elements with which he was unhappy: "Things like the help system. There was none, to be honest. The player had to work really hard to get into the game, and there's lots of details in the game you have to learn the hard way. It would have been a great help to a new gamer if we had some put in". He also agreed with many fans of the game that the shipping system didn't work very well, even after it was patched in the Gold Edition: "It didn't work as we wanted it to work. I remember the ships did not transport the things you wanted to other islands, we couldn't solve this problem at the time. Because at this time, the development systems were much more difficult to use and we didn't have the ability to debug code as we do today. It was just not working as we wanted it to work". When The Settlers III went into development in 1997, Blue Byte again sought feedback from fans, and one of the most requested aspects for the new game was that the shipping system from The Settlers II be reprogrammed.
Mac OS version
In August 1997, Blue Byte announced that they would be releasing the game for Mac OS later that year. Häuser explained: "We could not and would not ignore any longer the constant requests from Mac users. However, converting such a complex game as The Settlers II over to the Macintosh meant breaking new ground, not only for ourselves, but also for the industry. It was not easy to find programmers capable of not only replicating The Settlers high quality, but also meeting the reputed demands of Mac users". Alexander B. Christof of Austrian conversion specialists, Similis, stated, "because the Mac has a completely different processor structure, the complex Settlers animation - with its thousands of animation phases - have had to be totally redesigned. The landscape routines which have been optimised for Intel processors have also had to be reconstructed". However, in April 1998, Blue Byte CEO and producer of The Settlers II, Thomas Hertzler, announced that the company would not be releasing any further titles on Mac, citing poor sales and lack of support from Apple Inc.: "We have recently reviewed the situation and feel that due to the small number of sales for The Settlers II on Macintosh, it would not be beneficial for Blue Byte to continue developing and publishing titles for the Macintosh. As a huge Mac fan, I was disappointed that we didn't receive support from Apple when working on this title".
Nintendo DS version
In July 2006, Ubisoft, who had acquired Blue Byte in February 2001, announced they would be releasing The Settlers II for Nintendo DS, the first time any game in the series had been released for a system other than a home computer. Whilst the press release referred to the game as The Settlers, the description of the port clarified that it was The Settlers II: Gold Edition, with references to "Roman or World Campaigns". Although Ubisoft and Blue Byte were simultaneously working on a remake of The Settlers II for Microsoft Windows, The Settlers II (10th Anniversary), The Settlers for Nintendo DS would rather be a 1:1 re-release of the original Settlers II, with updated controls and a slightly modified interface. For example, the game uses one of the DS's screens for the various menu functions and Activity Windows, and the other displays the main action. Players are able to swap which screen displayed what, whilst the game is completely touch controlled, with the DS stylus substituting for the mouse on both views.
Although the idea of doing a straight re-release of the game initially seemed like a straightforward task, the implementation proved somewhat more complicated, due to the different architectures of a PC and a DS. For example, to get the graphics to look identical to their 1996 incarnation, they had to be completely rewritten for the new device; behind the replication of the original's 2D isometric graphics, a 3D game engine is running, which must convert the graphics in real time.
In March 2007, German gaming website Gameswelt published an interview with Blue Byte in which they discussed adapting the game to a handheld device. Speaking of the logistics of the port, they stated:
Explaining why they had chosen the DS as the platform to which to port the game, they explained:
They also pointed out that aside from the use of the stylus and the two screens, the gameplay and graphics were unaltered from the original.
ReceptionThe Settlers II received positive reviews, with an aggregate score of 84% on GameRankings, based on four reviews. The Nintendo DS re-release received "generally unfavorable" reviews, with a score of 39 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on six reviews, and 38% on GameRankings, based on seven reviews.PC Games Petra Maueröder scored the game 91%, giving it a "PC Games Award", naming it Game of the Month, and calling it "world class". Her main criticisms concerned the notification system, which she felt wasn't entirely reliable when reporting on attacks, the "imposed arbitrariness" of where woodcutters work, and the absence of online multiplayer mode. However, she praised the graphics and gameplay, concluding that "this game will inspire you - regardless of whether you are among The Settlers veterans, or are usually rather sceptical about playing this particular genre".PC Gamers James Flynn scored it 89%, and was especially impressed with the balance between city-building and combat. He particularly praised the economic system on which the game is built, calling it "so sound that everything you do makes perfect sense". He also lauded the graphics and variety of animations. His main criticism was that he felt it was not overly different from the first title, writing "Blue Byte have not fundamentally altered the game in the same way that MicroProse did with Civilization II".PC Players Jörg Langer scored it 4 out of 5, giving it a "Gold Player" award. Although he was critical of the "indirect control" over combat, and felt that "diplomacy has not been implemented in the slightest", he praised the graphical improvements over the first game, the complexity of the economic system, and the story-driven single-player campaign, concluding "Settlers 2 is just as suitable for the patient casual player as for strategy experts - there is no more constructive, more relaxing strategy game".Computer Gaming Worlds Tim Carter scored it 4 out of 5, praising the game's character and the complexity of the economic system, especially lauding the focus on economics over combat; "winning or losing is rooted in economics, and it will be hard to compensate for economic weakness with superior military tactics". He concluded by calling the game "a fun and engrossing experience that challenges your brain without getting on your nerves".Arcanes Andy Butcher rated it 8 out of 10, writing that "as well as adding new buildings and resources, Settlers 2 also has improved graphics and supports multi-player games. Big fans of the original will find more than enough new stuff to keep them occupied, while the simplicity of the game's controls enable newcomers to easily get to grips with it. Settlers 2 is a great strategy game that's deceptively addictive and absorbing".GameSpots Trent Ward scored it 7.3 out of 10, writing that "there really isn't enough to do to make long-term world-building very satisfying". Whilst he praised the graphics and the economic system, especially the complex relationship between the different buildings, he was critical of combat, concluding: "Those who are looking for a more open-ended game may find that Settlers IIs low number of construction options and snore-inducing combat keep the game well within the bounds of strategy game mediocrity". Stephen Poole scored the Gold Edition 6.6 out of 10. He too praised the economic system, but, like Ward, he was critical of combat. He also lamented the absence of online multiplayer, concluding that "the game is definitely not for everyone, but for those who think they're up to the challenge of lording over a sprawling empire, the Gold Edition is an excellent deal".
Sales and awards
The game was a commercial success, considerably outselling the first Settlers title. In the German market alone, by November 1996, it had sold 150,000 units. By August 1997, it had sold over 500,000 units worldwide, and roughly 600,000 by May 1998. In August 1998, it was awarded the "Platinum Award" by the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland e.V. (VUD); an award given to titles costing DM55 or more, which sell over 200,000 units nationally within the first twelve months of their release.
The game was nominated for Computer Games Strategy Pluss 1996 "Real-Time Strategy Game of the Year" award, losing to Command & Conquer: Red Alert. In 1997, PC Gamer (UK) ranked it at #27 on their "PC Gamer Top 100" list, calling it "an outstanding cerebral challenge".
Nintendo DSIGNs Jack Devries scored the DS version 4 out of 10, calling it "tedious, and [...] not even a functional game". He was critical of the saving and loading times, which he argued were so bad as to discourage players from saving. He also criticised the touchscreen as unresponsive, the "frequent" crashes, and the pace of the gameplay. He concluded, "games like these usually get classified as "only for the hardcore fan", but that's an insult to fans of The Settlers. The biggest fans of the game will be the ones that are most disappointed".GameSpots Kevin VanOrd scored it 3.5 out of 10, calling it "a buggy mess." He criticised the touchscreen as unresponsive, and the map and menu scrolling as "sluggish". He was also highly critical of the bugs, citing a mission which couldn't be completed until the sound effects were turned off, and another which crashes when the player zooms in or out: "When it functions, The Settlers can be laid-back fun. But given that you never know how far you're going to get before the next crash, why bother?"Pocket Gamers Mark Walbank scored it 1.5 out of 5, citing "unforgivable technical issues". He found the touchscreen unresponsive, the map scrolling "jerky", and the menu icons too small. He also found the number of bugs "staggering", citing the disappearance of icons, intermittent inability to attack enemies, stored resources disappearing, and zooming directly after saving causing the game to crash. Although he praised the core gameplay, he wrote "The Settlers emerges as a real botched job, and one that desecrates the good name of the series".Eurogamers Dan Whitehead scored it 1 out of 10, calling it "one of the most clumsy and broken games to [ever] receive a commercial release". He criticised the touchscreen as unresponsive, the overly small icons, and the jerky map and menu scrolling. His biggest criticism concerned the bugs: "Settlers II is a great game. A classic. This version isn't. It's a travesty, and one that should never have been released. Without the fatal bugs it'd be a disappointing but passable conversion, but you can't play a game not knowing when, or if, the game will actually work the way it's supposed to".
ExpansionThe Settlers II Mission CD was released in Germany in December 1996. The expansion features nine new single-player campaign missions in which the player again controls the Romans, this time under the command of Octavius's great-grandchild, as he attempts to conquer the entire world. It also features twelve new maps for Free Game mode, now renamed "Limitless Play", and a map editor.
Released in October 1997, The Settlers II: Gold Edition contains the original game plus the Mission CD. It also features minor graphical enhancements and gameplay tweaks. Additionally, the single-player campaign from the original release has been renamed "Roman Campaign", and the Mission CD single-player campaign has been renamed "World Campaign". In 2009, the Gold Edition was released on GOG.com.
LegacyThe Settlers II has given rise to Widelands. A game written in C++ and built on the SDL libraries, it is an ongoing project begun in 2001. Inspired by and based upon The Settlers and, to a larger extent, The Settlers II, Widelands is itself a new game with its own storyline, races, buildings, graphics and gameplay. In a 2009 review of Build13 for Linux Journal, John Knight wrote: "Widelands is a breath of fresh air in an extremely stale genre, whose roots ironically stem from way back in the past in RTS history. Whether you're chasing a fix of that original Settlers feel or just want a different direction in RTS, this game is well worth a look".
Remake and re-release
In 2006, an enhanced remake with a new storyline was released for Microsoft Windows under the title The Settlers II (10th Anniversary) (). Thomas Häuser, lead designer of the original Settlers II, chose to remake that particular game as it seemed to be the favourite of fans of the Settlers series. The biggest decision regarding the remake was to renovate the game rather than reinvent it:
In November 2018, Ubisoft re-released the Gold Edition as both a standalone History Edition and as part of The Settlers: History Collection. Optimised for Windows 10, the re-release contains both the original game and Mission CD expansion, and features autosave, 4K monitor support, dual monitor support, options for mouse and keyboard inputs, key mapping for keyboard input, and different device support for split-screen. Available only on Uplay, the History Collection also includes re-releases of The Settlers, The Settlers III, The Settlers IV, The Settlers: Heritage of Kings, The Settlers: Rise of an Empire, and The Settlers 7: Paths to a Kingdom''.
References
External links
(site dead; )
()
1996 video games
Blue Byte games
City-building games
DOS games
Games commercially released with DOSBox
Classic Mac OS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo DS games
Real-time strategy video games
The Settlers
Ubisoft games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Germany
Video games set in antiquity
Video games set in the Roman Empire
Video games set on fictional islands
Video games with expansion packs
Video games with historical settings
Video games with isometric graphics
Windows games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Settlers%20II |
Hotel X is a world music/jazz group founded in 1992 in Richmond, Virginia, by Tim Harding and Ron T. Curry as a setting to explore electric bass duets. Hotel X was quickly joined by a host of Richmond underground music scene veterans and released six albums on the Los Angeles-based SST Records. SST Records was founded by members of the seminal punk rock group Black Flag and included in their catalog some of the great American underground groups such as Minutemen, Meat Puppets, Hüsker Dü, Sonic Youth, Sound Garden, Universal Congress Of and Saccharine Trust.
Hotel X toured regionally and nationally between 1992 and 1997, received reviews in Jazz Times, The Washington Post, Option, The Wire and Alternative Press among others; was nominated for Best Jazz Group by the National Association of Independent Record Distributors (NAIRD) in 1996; and participated in the JVC Jazz Festival in New York City in 1997. National Public Radio selected soundbites of several songs from the Hotel X album Engendered Species for use between news stories in 1994. Richmond Magazine awarded Hotel X with the Pollack Prize for Excellence in Arts in September 2005.
Music history
In the biography Fela - the Life and Times of an African Musical Icon by Yale professor Michael E. Veal, Hotel X is briefly mentioned (alongside the Art Ensemble of Chicago, Branford Marsalis and Steve Turre) on page 259 where the author talks about the broad influence of Fela Kuti's Afrobeat style.
From 1998 to the present Hotel X has been mining the musical wealth of Africa and Latin America by using rhythms and melodies inspired by traditional music and contemporary composers from those regions. The 2003 self-produced/released seventh album by Hotel X titled Hymns for Children marks the departure from the group's earlier more electric, harmolodic adventures into the organic, world music-inspired band of today.
In 1994 Hotel X contributed an original composition, "One Way Street" (released on the CD Ladders in 1995), to the trailer of the film Hands of Fate by Chris Quinn which was shown at the Sundance Film Festival. Quinn's documentary film God Grew Tired of Us is the winner of both the Grand Jury Prize and Audience Award at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival.
Hotel X has shared the stage with Bern Nix (Ornette Coleman and Primetime), Greg Ginn (Black Flag), Balla Kouyate (Super Rail Band), Papa Susso (Gambian kora master), The Roots, Yellowman, Medeski Martin & Wood, Ran Blake, Hasidic New Wave, Marc Ribot, Plunky Branch, Wayne Horvitz, Pigpen, Amy Denio, John Bradshaw and Bazooka, among others.
Band members
Current
Tim Harding - alto sax ( Always August, Yeni Nostalji, Office Ladies, New Ting Ting Loft, Joyful Noise Big Band, Thomas Mapfumo)
Chris Vasi - guitar (Monk's Playground, Afro-Zen All stars, Illbillys, Crumbs of Insanity)
Charles Nill - guitar (Burst Into Flames, Richmond Afrobeat, Unity Sound)
Carter Blough - bass (Lawrence Olds Band, etc)
O.J. Hunter - Keyboards (Awareness Art Ensemble, Hamiet Bluiett, Nina Simone, Unity Sound Reggae Band, One)
Hunter Duke - drums (Amphetamine Library, Apocowlypso, Retinal Circus, Flannel, Mystery Machine, The Knievels, Schwa, Tree Fort Angst, The Nixon Years)
James McDonald - percussion (Spirit Drummers)
Adrien Bayo - percussion (Spirit Drummers)
Michael Reitz - percussion (One, Richmond Afrobeat, Spirit Drummers)
Former
David Wayne O’Bryan Jr.
Roberto Curtis
Jeff X Morris
Tony Costa
Lance Koehler
Danny Finney
Molly Berg
Jennifer Thomas
George Lowe
Jimmy Ghaphery
Jim Thomson
Woody Jackson
John Keifer
Chris Farmer
Chris Davis
Tom Wall
Billy Fox
Steve Mathews
Darryl Davenport
Jon Mela
Patrick W Best (PELT, Tanakh, The Din, Spiral Joy Band)
Eric Unger
Javier Ramos
Samson Trihn
Kelli Strawbridge
Jorge Negron
Rei Gonzalez Alvarez
Gabo Tomassini
Justin Riccio
Bern Nix
Greg Ginn
Joe Baiza
Ogynga
Scott Frock
Jason Stith
Phil Murphy
Larry Bodie
Al Clark
Toby Whittaker
Gordon Jones
Fred McGann
Akili Obika
Charlie Kilpatrick
Johnny Hott
Tony Atherton
Vince Megrouni
Pooh Johnston
Marty McCavitt
Pippin Barnett
Barry Bless
Bruce Waters
Plunky Branch
Bala Kouyate
Josh Boden
Lundin Lamb
Ron "Rollo" Fix
Paul Watson
David Brogan
References
Veal, Michael E. (1997). Fela: The Life of an African Musical Icon, Temple University Press. USA.
External links
Official band homepage
American world music groups
Musical groups established in 1992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20X |
State Road 14 (SR 14) is a northeast-southwest route in Madison County, Florida. The western terminus is near an interchange with Interstate 10 (unsigned SR 8) and County Road 14 (CR 14) near Madison; the eastern terminus is an intersection with Duval Street (SR 53) in the city of Madison itself.
Route description
The southwestern continuation of SR 14 (which ends at an interchange with Interstate 10 at exit 251) is County Road 14, intersecting with U.S. Route 221 (US 221, unsigned SR 55) in Shady Grove before taking a more westerly route (with the former State Road 14A, now County Road 14A, straddling the Econfina River for four miles (6 km) just west of Shady Grove) and reaching its terminus, an intersection with US 19/27 (unsigned SR 20) in Eridu.
An additional segment of former SR 14 is located in Taylor County, running from the bridge over the Aucilla River at the Jefferson County line (the road continuing north as CR 257) south across US 98 to a terminus at the Econfina River State Park.
Major intersections
State Road 14 Truck
From the eastern terminus of SR 14 southeastward, part of SR 53 carries the additional designation of State Road 14 Truck, a rare bannered state road in Florida. The truck route then turns west on Harvey Greene Drive to rejoin SR 14. It bypasses a portion of SR 14 in Madison from which trucks are banned, adding about to the distance.
References
External links
014
014
014
014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%20State%20Road%2014 |
Springwood railway station is a heritage-listed former railway bridge and now railway station located on the Main Western line in Springwood, City of Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by NSW Government Railways and built from 1883 to 1884 by John White, Chas. & Wm. Coghill & Thos. Proull. It is also known as Springwood Railway Station Group. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. The station opened on 11 July 1867. It previously had a passing loop to the east of Platform 1.
History
When the first railway line over the Blue Mountains was constructed in 1867 under the direction of John Whitton, a station at Springwood was opened. This location has been an important railway station for over 140 years, with several trains to and from Sydney starting and terminating here. The present brick main station building was constructed in 1884, at the same time as stations were built at Wentworth Falls and Lawson.
In the 1880s, the Blue Mountains started to become a popular holiday destination and this was reflected in the provision of new, brick platform structures to replace the initial timber buildings. Springwood received in 1886 the finest building on the Blue Mountains, apart from Mount Victoria. It was also a rare example of local, official involvement in the building design, with the District Engineer, Fred Avery, approving the architectural details.
A gate keepers cottage was located west of the station building (now privately owned) and is not part of this listing. Bathurst Road crossed the railway line on the western side of the station and the resident gatekeeper was responsible for manning the gates at the level crossing. A footbridge provided pedestrian access across the line. With only one line across the mountains at this stage, the station building faced north to the line and to the crossing loops that were then in place on the north side of the main line.
The railway line over the Blue Mountains was duplicated in 1902 necessitating alterations to most of the platforms on that line. In most cases a new station was built, but in the case of Springwood Railway Station, a new platform wall was built on the south side of the main station building and alterations to the main station building were undertaken to provide a shelter on that side of the station. This was probably when the building was also extended one bay to the east. The level crossing was replaced by a subway and the residence to the west of the railway station was removed to make way for the footbridge which provided access from the north and south sides of the station to the platform. A men's toilet block was built to the east of the main station building. It is not clear whether the footbridge was a modification of the earlier footbridge or a new construction.
A signal box was opened in 1935 within the building envelope. In 1995 the room in which the interlocking frame is situated was changed.
From the 1940s onward, Springwood was an important watering station for steam locomotives proceeding to Sydney. Whilst taking on water there, however, it was extremely difficult for locomotives to be positioned in the necessarily precise location because of the falling gradient.
Few changes were made to the station between 1902 and 1997. In 1998, station upgrading works were undertaken including the construction of a subway to provide pedestrian access from the north and south to the platform, replacing the 1902 footbridge, a lift between the subway and the main station building, and a new canopy over the west end of the platform to provide shelter to the subway and platform.
Pedestrian access to the station is via a staircase, or elevator for the disabled, that connects to an underpass tunnel that connects to Macquarie Road to the south-east, and the station's multi-story parking structure to the north-west. The underpass is a relatively recent modification to the station, added in the late 1990s. Previously, station access was via an overpass bridge that likewise doubled as both access to the station and as a rail crossing.
Platforms and services
Springwood has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow with 2 evening services to Bathurst. Some services from Sydney terminate at Springwood. One late night westbound service each day departs from platform 1, in order to perform a points cleaning move, which ensures both sets of points near the station are in working order.
Description
The complex includes a type 3 second-class station building, built in 1884; with a signal box, completed in 1935; and a brick lavatory building (male toilet), completed in 1944. Other structures include a face brick island platform, completed in 1884 and 1902; and a pedestrian subway, completed in 1997–8.
Station building
External: Constructed (1884) of face brick with corrugated steel roof which extends on both sides to form an awning over both platforms. The Springwood station building is an early second class single storey island building in the Victorian Carpenter Gothic style. The extension at the east end of the building, breaking the symmetry, has a hipped roof behind the parapet. Two chimneys on the ridgeline of the main roof are rendered with wide rendered and moulded corbels. The existing chimney pots are not original. The walls of the original building are Flemish bond tuckpointed brickwork with sandstone capping to the parapets and sandstone quoins to the external corners and reveals to openings. An arch on the centre of the original parapets has a stone infill carved with "ERECTED 1884". Sandstone finials top the gables and bull's-eye vents in the gables are edged with sandstone. The east extension of the building is in stretcher bond brickwork but is finished with sandstone detailing matching the original construction. The brickwork has been painted. The building has three panelled doors with fanlights and dentilated transoms. Doors to the centre of the building are similar but have two panels. Windows are double hung and finished with sandstone label moulds. The original wide awning on the north side of the building is supported on timber stop chamfered columns with capitals and pattern carved on the centre of the columns. Cast iron brackets provide further embellishment to the columns. Awnings on the south side of the building are typical of the 1902 railway stations in the Blue Mountains with a wide low pitched roof supported on steel brackets supported on stone corbels. The ends of both awnings are finished with a timber boarded valance. A train mural by artist Vernon Treweeke is located on the eastern side of the main station building covering the privacy wall to the male toilet. Other murals by the same artist are located at Katoomba and Woodford Railway Stations.
Internal: The building appears to have maintained few of its original detailing and finishes due to the upgrade works of 1997–98. However, the original floor layout including a waiting room, ticket office, parcels office and signal box and ladies room are still present in addition to early double panelled timber framed windows and timber doors. Light fittings and carpet finish are relatively new. The 1902 extension to the southern side of the building is clearly apparent forming a corridor along the building. The 1935 signal box within the station building's envelope survives with its signage and no longer operates (lever frame and CTC panel removed). It is currently a storage room with exposed roof structure and painted brick walls.
Lavatory building
External: A simple gabled building (1944, 1998) on axis with the platform with a clearstory ventilated roof. The roof is of corrugated steel with exposed purlins to the gable ends and exposed rafters. The walls are Flemish bond tuckpointed brick work. Entry is at east end through an arched door behind a brick screen with the Mural on the outer side. Windows in the north wall have stone sills.
Internal: All toilet and light fittings date to 1998 upgrade works with painted brick walls and fibrocement ceiling panels.
Island platform
Springwood Railway Station has an island platform (1902) in a curved shape towards the east. The platform is brick faced with concrete deck and asphalt finish. A small square portion of grass has been inlayed into the platform surrounded by concrete west of the lavatories. A few potted plants are located on the north side of the platform under the station building awning, near the booking office and either side of the station level lift entrance. No garden beds are present. Entrance to the subway is located at the east end of the platform between the lift and station building. Period and modern light fittings and timber bench seating in addition to modern and early signage, aluminium palisade fencing between the station building and the lavatories and at both ends of the platform.
Pedestrian subway
The pedestrian subway (1997–1998) is marked by a long gabled corrugated roof on the Macquarie Road footpath and a low pitched gabled roof over the west end of the platform with cantilevered awnings connected to the awnings of the main station building. The walkway is most prominent from the western Macquarie Road approaches to the station than from the more eastern approaches. Access to the platform is via a ramped access way from both sides of the subway towards a central stairway on the west side of the subway and a lift at the east wall. The internal walls of the subway are tiled from floor to ceiling. The station is a prominent element in the Macquarie Road streetscape, overlooking a bend in the road making it a local landmark.
Moveable items
A Milners' Patent safe (no number) has been observed at the station office.
Several original station signage depicting " Station Master", "Waiting Room", "Booking Office", "Parcels Office", "Signal Box" etc.
2 x commemorative plaques (1984 & 1998) on Platform 1 elevation of the station building.
Early light fittings on platform
Landscape features
A brick 1902 retaining wall runs along the edge of the Macquarie Road footpath, elevating the railway line and platform from the street.
Condition
As at 10 September 2008, the station building was generally in good condition. Also in good condition were the lavatory building, the island platform and the pedestrian Subway. The station group has a high degree of integrity with minimal changes to the exterior of the buildings. The overall integrity of the station has been reduced due to the 1990s upgrade works, which obscure views to the roofscape of the building and impact on the setting.
Modifications and dates
1902 – Extension to the southern side of the building and the platform during duplication of the line
1944 – Extension to the main station building at Sydney end
1997–98 – Pedestrian Subway with lift and modern canopies constructed
Further information
Small fibro shed adjacent to yard is excluded from listing.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates 10 bus routes via Springwood station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
685H: to Hazelbrook
690C: to Champman Parade
690P: Faulconbridge to Penrith station
690K: to Katoomba
692W: to Winmalee
692B: to Springwood Hospital
692H: to Hawkesbury Heights
692Y: to Yellow Rock
693: to Burns Road
694: to Bee Farm Road
Heritage listing
Springwood Railway Station Group is of state significance as an important railway station for over 140 years with several trains to and from Sydney starting and terminating here. The main station building is the second oldest surviving station building in the Blue Mountains and is an unusual example of a Victorian Gothic railway station building. It is one of three stations in the Blue Mountains upgraded in 1880s demonstrating increase of tourism activity (the others being Lawson and Wentworth Falls) and is the only station building surviving from this period. Modifications to the building resulting from the duplication of the railway line in 1902 retained the elegant Victorian Gothic character of the station. With the intact lavatory building it is an important element in the chain of railway stations across the Blue Mountains. The size of the main station building and its solid well detailed construction suggests the growing importance of the village of Springwood in the 1880s. Springwood Railway Station Group is important to the local townscape forming a landmark at the curve in Macquarie Road towards the western end of the shopping centre.
Springwood railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
Springwood Railway Station is of historical significance as an important railway station for over 140 years with several trains to and from Sydney starting and terminating here. The main station building is the second oldest surviving station building in the Blue Mountains. It is one of three stations in the Blue Mountains upgraded in 1880s (the others being Lawson and Wentworth Falls) and is the only station building surviving from this period. The size of the main station building and its solid well detailed construction suggests the growing importance of the village of Springwood in the 1880s.
The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.
Springwood Railway Station has historical associations with the District Engineer, Fred Avery, who was involved in the station's design and approved the architectural details. However, this association is considered to be of secondary significance.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
Springwood Railway Station is of aesthetic significance as an extant example of a railway station building in the Victorian Gothic style. The use of brickwork with sandstone detailing gives the building an elegant character, which was retained and further enhanced with the duplication of the railway line across the Blue Mountains in 1902. This character is continued in the men's lavatory block at the east end of the platform. The station group in particular the main building remains a landmark within the townscape of Springwood.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Springwood station building is a rare extant example of a railway station building in the Victorian Gothic style with upgrade works in the 1880s. Springwood station building is the only surviving building from this style as the other two station buildings from this era at Lawson and Wentworth Falls have been demolished.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
The main 1880s station building is classified as a "type 3" second-class station building and is one of approximately 40 other similar station buildings across NSW and has representative significance for demonstrating widespread 19th Century railway customs, activities and design in NSW.
Photo gallery
See also
List of railways stations in New South Wales
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Springwood station details Transport for New South Wales
Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1867
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Springwood, New South Wales
Railway bridges in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
John Whitton railway stations
Victorian Carpenter Gothic architecture in New South Wales
Transport in the Blue Mountains (New South Wales)
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springwood%20railway%20station |
The Revolutionary Socialist League (, RSB) was a small Trotskyist group in Germany. It was formed in 1994 as a split from the Association for Solidarity Perspectives (VsP). The RSB generally considered itself to be more radical than the VsP, and unlike the VsP it is very critical of the Left Party. Along with the International Socialist Left, the RSB was one of the two factions which form the German section of the Fourth International.
It published the monthly magazine Avanti.
In December 2016, the RSB and the ISL announced that they had merged to form the new International Socialist Organisation.
References
External links
RSB website
ISO website
Fourth International (post-reunification)
Trotskyist organisations in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary%20Socialist%20League%20%28Germany%29 |
Faulconbridge railway station is located on the Main Western line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains suburb of Faulconbridge opening on 15 March 1877.
In April 2021 the station was upgraded and received two new lifts and platform tactiles.
Platforms and services
Faulconbridge has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates two bus routes via Faulconbridge station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
685H: Springwood to Hazelbrook
690K: Springwood to Katoomba
References
External links
Faulconbridge station details Transport for New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1877
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulconbridge%20railway%20station |
Zhuge in Chinese, Jegal in Korean, Gia Cát in Vietnamese or Morokuzu in Japanese is a compound surname in East Asia. It is ranked 314th in Hundred Family Surnames in China. The surname has often been synonymous with wisdom in Chinese culture, due to the fame of Zhuge Liang. It originated from a branch of the Ge family, who added a character to their name.
According to the statistics, in 2018 there are around 16,000 Chinese people who have the last name Zhuge.
List of notable people
Zhuge
Zhuge Feng (諸葛豐; fl. 1st century BC), Western Han dynasty official
Zhuge Gui (諸葛珪; fl. 2nd century AD), Eastern Han dynasty official
Zhuge Xuan (諸葛玄; died 197), Zhuge Gui's cousin, Eastern Han dynasty official
Zhuge Jin (諸葛瑾; 174–241), Zhuge Gui's first son, Eastern Wu general of the Three Kingdoms period
Zhuge Ke (諸葛恪; 203–253), Zhuge Jin's first son, Eastern Wu general and regent
Zhuge Rong (諸葛融; died 253), Zhuge Jin's third son, Eastern Wu general
Zhuge Liang (諸葛亮; 181-234), Zhuge Gui's second son, Shu Han statesman and military strategist of the Three Kingdoms period
Zhuge Zhan (諸葛瞻; 227–263), Zhuge Liang's son, Shu Han general
Zhuge Shang (諸葛尚; died 263), Zhuge Zhan's son, Shu Han military officer
Zhuge Qiao (諸葛喬; 204-228), Zhuge Jin's second son and Zhuge Liang's adopted son, Shu Han official
Zhuge Pan (諸葛攀), Zhuge Qiao's son
Zhuge Jun (諸葛均; fl. 2nd and 3rd centuries AD), Zhuge Gui's third son, Shu Han official
Zhuge Dan (諸葛誕; died 258), Zhuge Jin and Zhuge Liang's cousin, Cao Wei general of the Three Kingdoms period
Zhuge Jing (諸葛靚), Zhuge Dan's son, Western Jin dynasty official
Zhuge Hui (諸葛恢; 284–345), Zhuge Jing's son, Western Jin dynasty official
Zhuge Xu (諸葛緒; fl. 255–260s), Cao Wei official
Zhuge Chong (諸葛沖), Zhuge Xu's son, Western Jin dynasty official.
Zhuge Changmin (諸葛長民; died 413), Eastern Jin dynasty general
Zhuge Shuang (諸葛爽; died 886), Tang dynasty general
Zhuge Yujie, (诸葛宇杰; born 1971), Chinese politician
Jaegal
Jaegal Sung-yeol (諸葛成烈; born 1970), former speed skater
Jegal Sam (諸葛森; born 1925), pianist
Gia Cát
Gia Cát Thi (諸葛施; died 1796), one of the editors of the book Việt Điện U Linh Tập.
Morokuzu
Morokuzu Nobuzumi (諸葛信澄; 1849–1880), educator of the Meiji period
Morokuzu Muneo (諸葛宗男; born 1946), public policy professor at the University of Tokyo
See also
Zhuge Village
References
External links
Chinese surname history: Zhuge
Chinese-language surnames
Japanese-language surnames of Chinese origin
Korean-language surnames of Chinese origin
Individual Chinese surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuge |
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Z is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup Z is believed to have arisen in Central Asia, and is a descendant of haplogroup CZ.
Distribution
The greatest clade diversity of haplogroup Z is found in East Asia and Central Asia. However, its greatest frequency appears in some peoples of Russia, such as Evens from Kamchatka (8/39 Z1a2a, 3/39 Z1a3, 11/39 = 28.2% Z total) and from Berezovka, Srednekolymsky District, Sakha Republic (3/15 Z1a3, 1/15 Z1a2a, 4/15 = 26.7% Z total), and among the Saami people of northern Scandinavia. With the exception of three Khakasses who belong to Z4, two Yakut who belong to Z3a1, two Yakut, a Yakutian Evenk, a Buryat, and an Altai Kizhi who belong to Z3(xZ3a, Z3c), and the presence of the Z3c clade among populations of Altai Republic, nearly all members of haplogroup Z in North Asia and Europe belong to subclades of Z1. The TMRCA of Z1 is 20,400 [95% CI 7,400 <-> 34,000] ybp according to Sukernik et al. 2012, 20,400 [95% CI 7,800 <-> 33,800] ybp according to Fedorova et al. 2013, or 19,600 [95% CI 12,500 <-> 29,300] ybp according to YFull. Among the members (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, and Z7) of haplogroup Z, Nepalese populations were characterized by rare clades Z3a1a and Z7, of which Z3a1a was the most frequent sub-clade in Newar, with a frequency of 16.5%. Z3, found in East Asia, North Asia, and MSEA, is the oldest member of haplogroup Z with an estimated age of ~ 25.4 Kya. Haplogroup Z3a1a is also detected in other Nepalese populations, such as Magar (5.4%), Tharu, Kathmandu (mixed population) and Nepali-other (mixed population from Kathmandu and Eastern Nepal). S6). Z3a1a1 detected in Tibet, Myanmar, Nepal, India, Thai-Laos and Vietnam trace their ancestral roots to China with a coalescent age of ~ 8.4 Kya
Fedorova et al. 2013 have reported finding Z*(xZ1a, Z3, Z4) in 1/388 Turks and 1/491 Kazakhs. These individuals should belong to Z1* (elsewhere observed in a Tofalar), Z2 (observed in Japanese), Z7 (observed in the Himalaya), Z5 (observed in Japanese), or basal Z* (observed in a Blang individual in Northern Thailand).
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Z subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
CZ
Z
Z* – Thailand (Blang in Chiang Rai Province)
Z5 – Japan (Aichi)
Z-T152C! (TMRCA 24,300 [95% CI 19,300 <-> 30,300] ybp)
Z-T152C!* – Hong Kong
Z1 (TMRCA 18,600 [95% CI 10,900 <-> 29,500] ybp)
Z1a – Koryak, Buryat, Kalmyk, Mongol (Hinggan, Hulunbuir, Xilingol), Khakas, Shor, Altai Kizhi, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Turk, Arab (Uzbekistan) (TMRCA 7,600 [95% CI 5,100 <-> 10,900] ybp)
Z1a1 – Italy, Hungary (ancient Avar), Germany, Sweden, Kazakh, Uyghur, Buryat (TMRCA 5,600 [95% CI 2,500 <-> 10,900] ybp)
Z1a1a – Khakas, Nogai, Udmurt, Russia (Krasnodar Krai, etc.), Abazin, Cherkessian, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Estonia, Ukrainian
Z1a1a* – Norway (Vest-Agder, Aust-Agder), Finland, Sami (Västerbotten, Norrbotten), Komi, Russia (Chelyabinsk Oblast), Ket (lower Yenisey River basin)
Z1a1a1 – Russia (Chelyabinsk Oblast)
Z1a1a2 – Udmurt
Z1a1a3 – Russia (Chelyabinsk Oblast, Novgorod Oblast), Poland
Z1a1a4 – Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Estonia (Rapla County)
Z1a1b – Evenk (Sakha Republic), Dolgan
Z1a1b* – Nganasan (Taimyr Peninsula), Yukaghir (lower Indigirka River basin), Even (Sakkyryyr, Eveno-Bytantaysky National district or Momsky district of Sakha Republic), Evenk (Iengra River basin, Nyukzha river basin)
Z1a1b1
Z1a1b1* – Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)
Z1a1b1a – Uyghur
Z1a2 (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 2,400 <-> 10,400] ybp)
Z1a2* – Ulchi (lower Amur River basin)
Z1a2a – Itelmen, Koryak
Z1a2a* – Even (Kamchatka), Yukaghir (upper Anadyr River basin)
Z1a2a1
Z1a2a1* – Even (Kamchatka, Berezovka)
Z1a2a1a – Even (Kamchatka), Evenk (village of Nelkan by the Maya River in the Okhotsk Region)
Z1a3 (TMRCA 3,600 [95% CI 1,850 <-> 6,500] ybp)
Z1a3* – Yukaghir (upper Anadyr River basin), Even (Tompo District, Eveno-Bytantaysky National district or Momsky district of Sakha Republic), Evenk (Nyukzha River basin), Yakut (central Yakutia)
Z1a3a
Z1a3a* – Even (Kamchatka)
Z1a3a1 – Yukaghir (lower Kolyma River basin), Even (Berezovka)
Z1a3b – Even (Berezovka), Yakut
Z1a4 (TMRCA 5,500 [95% CI 3,200 <-> 9,000] ybp)
Z1a4* – Uyghur, Tubalar, Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)
Z1a4a – Uyghur
Z1b – Tofalar
Z2 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.) (TMRCA 3,900 [95% CI 1,450 <-> 8,400] ybp)
Z3 – Japan (Tokyo), South Korea, China, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand (Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province), Vietnam, Uyghur, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Mongol (Hohhot, Tongliao, Chaoyang, Chifeng, Jiangsu), Buryat, Altai Kizhi, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Tajik, Azerbaijan, North Ossetian, Romania, USA (TMRCA 21,000 [95% CI 17,200 <-> 25,300] ybp)
Z3a – China (Mongol, Xibo, Deng, etc.), Kazakh (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 18,000] ybp)
Z3a1
Z3a1a
Z3a1a - Nepal (Newar, Magar, Tharu, Eastern Nepal, Kathmandu)
Z3a1a* – Lachungpa, Lepcha
Z3a1a1 – China
Z3a1a2 – Gallong, Dirang Monpa, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province), Vietnam (Hà Nhì)
Z3a1b – Yakut
Z3a2 – Lachungpa
Z3a2a – Lachungpa
Z3a3 – Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Lawa in Mae Hong Son Province)
Z3b – Deng, Gallong (TMRCA 8,400 [95% CI 2,300 <-> 21,500] ybp)
Z-G709A – Yakut, China (Han from Beijing)
Z3c – Altaian, Altai Kizhi, Iran, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Mongol (Tongliao), Japan (Tokyo), Vietnam
Z3d – China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Korea
Z3e – China, Korea
Z3e1 - China
Z3f – China, She people (China), Korea, Hazara
Z3g - Uyghur (China), Hazara (Pakistan)
Z4 – China (Suzhou, Mongol in Shandong, etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province), Philippines, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Khakas, Karanogai (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 9,200 <-> 22,800] ybp)
Z4a – China (Han from Hunan and Denver, Mongol from Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, etc.), Uyghur, Daur, Japan (Tokyo)
Z4a1 – China (Han from Wuhan, Mongol from Baotou and Xilingol)
Z4a1a – China (Han from Hunan and Yunnan), Vietnam
Z4a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), South Korea
Z7 – Dirang Monpa, Tibet (Tingri, Shannan) (TMRCA 1,750 [95% CI 275 <-> 6,200] ybp), Nepal (Newar)
Z8* – Nepal (Newar)
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup Z
Spread of Haplogroup Z, from National Geographic
Z
mtDNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20Z |
Linden railway station is located on the Main Western line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains village of Linden opening in August 1874 as Linden Tank, being renamed Hendersons Platform on 26 October 1874 and Linden in 1879.
Platforms and services
Linden has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates two bus routes via Linden station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
685H: Springwood to Hazelbrook
690K: Springwood to Katoomba
References
External links
Linden station details Transport for New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1874
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 4 cars
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden%20railway%20station%2C%20New%20South%20Wales |
NCAT is an acronym for:
National Center for Appropriate Technology, an American organisation dedicated to technology and sustainability
National Center for Aviation Training, Wichita Area Technical College
New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal, an agency of the Government of New South Wales
North Carolina A&T State University, a historically black university in Greensboro, North Carolina
National Center for Asphalt Technology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL 86830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAT |
The 48th Annual TV Week Logie Awards was held on Sunday 7 May 2006 at the Crown Palladium in Melbourne, and broadcast on the Nine Network. The ceremony was hosted by Bert Newton, Ray Martin, Daryl Somers, Lisa McCune and Georgie Parker. The nominations were announced at the 50 Years of Television Exhibition at the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney on 3 April 2006. In an historic first, the public then voted for their choice of the eight nominees (instead of five) for the Gold Logie via SMS or a 1900 number, right up until the awards night. Special guests included Chris Noth, George Eads and Joan Rivers.
Winners and nominees
In the tables below, winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.
Gold Logie
Acting/Presenting
Most Popular Programs
Most Outstanding Programs
Performers
Pink
David Campbell
Chris Lilley (as Ricky Wong) with Cathy Freeman
Sherbet
Cirque du Soleil
Bert Newton (Tribute to Graham Kennedy)
Hall of Fame
Play School became the 23rd induction into the TV Week Logies Hall of Fame (the third television programme to do so).
References
External links
2006
2006 television awards
2006 in Australian television
2006 awards in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logie%20Awards%20of%202006 |
Woodford railway station is located on the Main Western line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains village of Woodford opening on 11 July 1868 as Buss' Platform, being renamed Woodford on 1 June 1871.
Platforms and services
Woodford has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates two bus routes via Woodford station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
685H: Springwood to Hazelbrook
690K: Springwood to Katoomba
References
External links
Woodford station details Transport for New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1868
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodford%20railway%20station |
Trinity School at Greenlawn is a private Christian school located in South Bend, Indiana that has grades 6-12. It was founded by the People of Praise in 1981 with fewer than 30 students, making it one of the first classical Christian schools.
Trinity School attracts students from northwest Indiana and southwest Michigan, as well as international students. Located at 107 South Greenlawn Avenue in South Bend, Indiana, it is accredited by the Independent School Association of the Central States (ISACS).
The Greenlawn campus has two sister schools, Meadow View and River Ridge. The schools are independent and are owned and operated by Trinity Schools, Inc.
Faculty
John Lee is the head of school at the Greenlawn campus. Dr. Brian Peterson is the director of college guidance. Dr. Brian Peterson is dean of boys and Chelsea Mertz is the dean of girls. Kathy Klimek is the director of athletics.
Classes
Students at Trinity School at Greenlawn take a multitude of classes, including a 6-year writing course and a 4-year Latin course.
Athletics
Trinity School at Greenlawn hosts athletic teams for its students. Their mascot is the Titans. The sports for girls are soccer and basketball. The sports for boys are soccer and basketball. Co-ed Track and Field is also available. Greenlawn has posted its best records in boys' basketball and girls' soccer. The school's home games are normally located at the Trinity School Athletic Center. Greenlawn has also hosted golf, fencing and boxing.
Extracurricular activities
Students of Trinity School at Greenlawn participate in a wide variety of sponsored extracurricular activities.
Facilities
Trinity School at Greenlawn occupies part of a complex of buildings initially named Elm Court, site of the home of Clement Studebaker, Jr., and his family. Studebaker sold the property to Vincent Bendix. Bendix never resided in the mansion, preferring to live in Chicago, but he renovated parts of the building. In the late 1940s the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Third Order of St. Francis purchased the site for use as their motherhouse. The sisters preserved the original mansion, with renovations, and added a new three-story building adjacent to the mansion with a chapel, classrooms and residence space for the order's members. When their ministries shifted geographically away from Indiana, the sisters relocated their motherhouse. The People of Praise community acquired the property in August, 1982, for dual use by Trinity School and by the community's international headquarters. At that point the school became known as Trinity School at Greenlawn, with reference to the address on Greenlawn Avenue. Though there is some overlap, People of Praise offices are situated in the original mansion, and Trinity School leases space in the parts of the building constructed by the sisters.
References
External links
Blue Ribbon Schools Program
Trinity Schools Website
People of Praise's website
Christian schools in Indiana
Classical Christian schools
Private high schools in Indiana
Private middle schools in Indiana
Trinity Schools
Schools in St. Joseph County, Indiana
Education in South Bend, Indiana
People of Praise
1980 establishments in Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity%20School%20at%20Greenlawn |
Hazelbrook railway station is located on the Main Western line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains town of Hazelbrook.
Hazelbrook Railway Station is an express stop station, there are three morning express trains heading east, and three afternoon express trains heading west. Neighbouring express stations are Springwood (east) and Wentworth Falls (west).
History
The station opened in 1884.
In December 2019 an upgrade to the station was complete which included a new lift.
Platforms and services
Hazelbrook has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates two bus routes via Hazelbrook station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
685H: to Springwood
690K: Springwood to Katoomba
References
External links
Hazelbrook station details Transport for New South Wales
Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1884
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazelbrook%20railway%20station |
Robert, Rob, or Bob Roberts may refer to:
People
Politicians
Robert H. Roberts (1837–1888), New York politician
Robert W. Roberts (1784–1865), U.S. Representative from Mississippi
Robert Roberts (Queensland politician) (1869–1934), Australian politician for East Toowoomba between 1912 and 1934
Bob Roberts (Australian politician) (born 1952), Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Robert Roberts (American politician) (1848–1939), mayor of Burlington, Vermont
Rob Roberts (politician) (born 1979), Welsh Member of Parliament
Sportsmen
Bob Roberts (footballer, born 1859) (1859–1929), West Bromwich Albion F.C. and England international football goalkeeper
Robert Mills-Roberts (1862–1935), Preston North End F.C. and Wales international football goalkeeper
Bob Roberts (footballer, born 1863) (1863–1950), Wrexham A.F.C. and Wales international footballer
Robert Roberts (footballer, born 1864) (1864–1932), Bolton Wanderers F.C., Preston North End F.C. and Wales international footballer
Robert Roberts (footballer, born 1865) (1865–1945), Rhosllanerchrugog, Crewe Alexandra F.C. and Wales international footballer
Robert Lee Roberts (1868–1943), Chester F.C. and Wales international footballer
Robert Roberts (footballer, born 1892) (1892–?), Manchester United F.C. footballer
Robert Roberts (rugby league) (1912–1979), rugby league footballer of the 1930s and 1940s
Rob Roberts (rugby league) (born 1978), Welsh rugby league player of the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s
Bob Roberts (Australian footballer) (born 1930), former Australian rules footballer
Other
Robert Roberts (cardiologist), Canadian cardiologist
Robert Roberts (priest) (1680–1741), Welsh cleric and writer
Robert Richford Roberts (1778–1843), American Methodist bishop
Robert Roberts (butler) (1780–1860), author of The House Servant's Directory: A Monitor for Private Families
Robert Roberts (Christadelphian) (1839–1898), Scottish journalist, writer and preacher
Robert Roberts (writer) (1905–1974), British author of The Classic Slum
Bob Roberts (singer) (1871–1930), American vaudeville singer and recording artist
Bob Roberts (folksinger) (1907–1982), British musician, sailor, journalist and author
R. Silyn Roberts (1871–1930), Welsh-language author
Bob Roberts (cinematographer), American cinematographer of Argentine cinema
Robert Campbell Roberts (born 1942), American philosopher
Robert Davies Roberts (1851–1911), Welsh academic and educational administrator
Other
Bob Roberts, a 1992 film written and directed by and starring Tim Robbins
See also
Bobby Roberts (disambiguation)
List of people with reduplicated names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Roberts |
Trinity School at Meadow View is a private, Blue Ribbon Award-winning Christian school in Falls Church, Virginia. It was founded in 1998 by the People of Praise and provides classical Christian education to students in grades 7-12. Since then it has developed a strong educational presence in Northern Virginia and attracts international students. It is accredited by the Virginia Association of Independent Schools (VAIS).
The Meadow View campus has two sister schools, Greenlawn and River Ridge. The schools are independent and are owned and operated by Trinity Schools, Inc.
Faculty
Mr. Jon Balsbaugh serves the president of Trinity Schools, Inc. Kay Yohe is Head of School at the Meadow View campus. Timothy Maloney is the Associate Head of School. Scott Niklason is Dean of Boys and Elizabeth Tehrani is the Dean of Girls. Trinity School at Meadow View employs faculty with degrees from the University of Oxford, Princeton University, University of Chicago, Georgetown University, Hillsdale College and other leading institutions.
Classes
Students at Trinity School at Meadow View take a variety classes lauded by the United States Department of Education, including a 6-year writing course and a 4-year Latin course. The curriculum focuses on primary source material and small class sizes with dedicated, personal instruction from highly educated teachers. Students who complete the full six-year program also graduate with four years of music, art and theater.
Athletics
In 2002 the Men’s Varsity Basketball team won the First Annual Wakefield Holiday Tournament, led by Junior Forward Josiah Brand, who won the MVP of the Tournament, and Nicky Bell.
Facilities
External links and references
Map:
Trinity Schools at Meadow View web site
Trinity Schools web site
People of Praise web site
Christian schools in Virginia
Classical Christian schools
Private high schools in Virginia
Private middle schools in Virginia
Trinity Schools
Schools in Falls Church, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity%20School%20at%20Meadow%20View |
Lawson railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Western line in Lawson in the City of Blue Mountains local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It is also known as Lawson Railway Station Group and Christmas Swamp; Blue Mountain. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. The station opened on 11 July 1867 as Blue Mountain, being renamed Lawson on 21 April 1879. A passing loop exists north of Platform 1. As part of widening work to the Great Western Highway, a siding south of Platform 2 was removed and a new submerged siding constructed west of the station.
History
There was a halt at Lawson from the beginning of the railway through the mountains in 1867, bearing the name Blue Mountain initially after Wilson's "Blue Mountain Inn" 400 metres away. In 1879 when the station changed its name to Lawson, a brick platform and station building were added and this remained unchanged until 1902. Like most stations between Emu Plains and Lithgow, duplication of the line in 1902 brought a new island platform and station buildings in Federation style. The 1879 platform opposite remained for Down trains.
Various modifications to the refuge siding and loop were made in 1907 and 1915. At the Lithgow end of the main structure, the roof was extended to provide a shelter for a signal interlocking frame, which was installed in 1915, though the signal levers were not enclosed with a signal box until 1921.
In 1944 the island platform was extended to the west end and it was at this time that subway access was provided to the platform from the Sydney-bound side. This accorded with the traditional NSW practice between 1900 and 1920 of providing only single-side subway access.
Lawson became an important station as locomotives took on water at that location. Lawson had a large water-tank and an unusual number of water columns since it was the principal watering-halt for Down trains. Recent widening of the Great Western Highway has revealed the remains of what appears to be an underground tank of unknown use.
The station was accompanied by a Station Masters residence which was built in , and replaced by the existing Station Master's residence in . When Chief Commissioner E.M.G. Eddy, was appointed in 1888, he undertook to increase substantially the number of official residences for staff of the Traffic Branch. Over 100 residences were built in his term and that at Lawson is one of them. Residences very roughly reflected the status of the proposed occupant. The example at Lawson (10 Loftus Street) is an example of the largest type that was used in the period 1890–1914. It contained three bedrooms. The asymmetrical plan of the structure predates Eddy's arrival and was first used in 1885.
Adjacent to the Sydney-bound side of the rail corridor is an electrical traction sub-station and electrical depot containing a mixture of buildings originally clad in corrugated Fibro. The substation was built in 1956 in preparation for the complete electrification of the Main Western line from Penrith to Lithgow in 1957. This was the major extension of the metropolitan electrified system after World War II and the first designed to handle the electric haulage of rail freight trains, predominantly coal trains, as well as long-distance electric passenger train services.
The substation was the last of the large brick substations built for the rail electrified system and the largest on the Main Western line past Penrith. Modern solid state rectifier technology has now largely superseded the need for this type of substation building. It is associated and adjacent to the large Lawson electric line works maintenance depot that still operates with administration offices. The substation was designed by New South Wales Government Railways and built in 1956. It suffered some fire damage in 2003.
Platforms and services
Lawson has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Description
The complex comprises a type 11 brick station building, initial island side building, erected in 1902, incorporating a fibrocement clad signal box, completed in 1921; and a brick out shed, completed in 1902. Other structures included a brick-faced island platform, completed in 1902; a remnant timber paling facing side platform, completed in , and a pedestrian subway, completed in 1944. Other structures include the Station Master's Residence at 10 Loftus Street, type 11, brick, tile roof, erected in 1896; and electrical depot site with the former District Engineer's Office – brick (1956) and the workshops – brick base, corrugated iron walls (1957); as well as the signals and earthworks depot (1956-7); and a face brick substation (1956).
Station building (1902) and Signal Box (1921)
External: Constructed of face brick with corrugated metal gabled roof extending as an awning to both platforms, Lawson station building is a single storey early phase "type 11" island platform building in standard Federation style design. It is an 8-bay long building featuring 7 bays to the original face brick section and 1 long bay to the signal box extension and has a linear arrangement along the platform with tuckpointed red brickwork and engaged piers between the bays. The extended bay at the southwest end has painted fibrocement wall panels on rendered brick base with 6-pane horizontal sliding windows and a timber door with decorative fanlight. Other features include rendered splay course to plinth, moulded cornice, two horizontal moulded rendered string courses at corbel height, timber framed double-hung windows with multi-paned coloured glass upper sashes, timber framed and panelled doors with multi-paned coloured glass fanlights, contrasting decorative trims and sills around windows and doors, standard iron brackets over decorative corbels supporting ample platform awnings, fretted timber work at the end of awnings and gable ends, timber cross finial to gable end, two tall face brick corbelled chimneys with rendered tops. A modern corrugated metal gable roof with flat awning has been extended off the southwest end of the station building to provide shelter over the subway entrance and extended platform shelter area for commuters. It is supported by steel beams and posts. Another gabled roof with corrugated clear sheeting and corrugated metal awnings on both sides extends above the men's toilets entry. All windows and doors are fitted with metal security grills and gates.
Internal: In 1994 the building underwent internal fabric alterations, however it maintains its original linear floor layout, which from Up end to Down end incorporates a former signal room, combined Station Master's office and booking office, general waiting room, ladies' waiting room and toilets, and men's toilets. Original features include timber panelled doors with multi-paned coloured glass fanlights in the ladies room and work station areas, moulded architraves to all external and internal doors and the ticket window. Light fittings, fans and floor covering including carpet finish in the offices and tiles in the toilets and the waiting room. Plasterboard ceilings are from the upgrade works. Doors have been clad with fire rated panels from inside. The former signal box within the station building is now used for storage purposes, however its interlocking 16 lever frame and the CTC panel are still extant.
Out-of shed (1902)
External: A small square shaped detached face brick shed featuring moulding and rendered string course detailing similar to the main station building. It is located on the northeast (Up) side of the station building. The shed features a gabled corrugated metal roof with timber bargeboard and narrow eaves with exposed rafters, contrasting rendered moulded trim above the fanlight over a single door on northeast side elevation and two double – hung windows with multi-paned upper sash featuring multi-coloured glass panes similar to the station building on both of the side elevations. There are two rows of string course throughout all elevations. There is no opening on the south-western (Down) elevation of the building.
Internal: Currently used as a storeroom with a timber cupboard and shelving, the out-of shed consists of a concrete floor with painted brick walls, exposed timber roof structure with ceiling joists, rafters and relatively new corrugated metal roofing, and one single modern light fitting.
Island platform (1902)
Lawson Railway Station has an island platform in a curved shape with slightly pointed ends. The platform is brick faced with concrete deck and asphalt finish. Garden beds are located along the length of the platform planted with low to medium height shrubs and plantings. One mature tree is present on the platform at the northeast end. The platform also features period and modern light fittings, timber bench seating, an early bubbler, modern signage and aluminium palisade fencing located around three sides of subway cavity for safety and at both ends of the platform.
Side platform ()
The original side platform is no longer clearly visible as a former platform rather it presents a garden bed like appearance, with a raised flat surface with timber paling edgings and earth infill. The end of the down siding, which was only used occasionally until recently to store track machines when waiting to start or be collected after trackwork, has been partially removed and completely covered with aggregate as part of upgrading works along the road boundaries of the rail corridor. Only two posts of the end timber stopper remain.
Pedestrian subway (1944)
Access to the island platform is via an asphalt ramped access way from the Great Western Highway and Loftus Street (and commuters' car park) which leads to the face brick vaulted subway and a central stairway to the station platform on the southwest side of the main station building. The entry to the pedestrian subway on the island platform has brick walls with stone capping and metal palisade fence between the iron posts supporting the new corrugated metal gabled roof with awnings on both sides. The underpass tunnel extension towards the Great Western Highway exit features a flat ceiling with curved edges unlike the Loftus Street tunnel and painted with graffiti all-around. Light fittings and security cameras are other features of the subway.
Station Master's residence (1896)
External: The site of the residence is located between the Electric Depot and the Signals and Earthworks Depot. It is a single-storey cottage of painted brick construction with a stone base, a tiled-hipped roof with square flat apex, three tall chimney stacks with corbelled tops, timber front and rear off set concrete verandahs supported on timber posts with pitched corrugated iron awning and a rear brick skillion wing extended with timber weatherboard addition. The residence does not conform to any standard design although has similarities to a standard J3 design. Segmental arched vertically proportioned windows feature rendered sills, some with skillion timber awnings. All openings have been boarded up.
Internal: The original floor layout remains containing three bedrooms, two open into a corridor and the other into the living room, and a separate sitting room off the corridor. A wing accessed via an enclosed verandah (and from one of the bedrooms by later opening) includes a kitchen with a later timber extension for a laundry and internal bathroom. Most of the original elements have either been replaced or removed including all fireplaces. Early features include timber framed double-hung windows with moulded timber architraves and skirting, ventilation panels in some rooms, timber panelled front door with fanlight and an early kitchen shelf above the boarded fireplace. The kitchen has been fitted with modern cupboards and the bathroom fittings are modern. Exposed rendered brick walls are present in the kitchen and timber floor ceiling boards are exposed in some of the rooms where the later fibro ceiling panels are damaged. The residence is currently unoccupied.
Electrical depot site
Located to the northwest of Lawson Station adjacent to the laneway and subway entrance, the Electrical Depot site is a combination of the former District Engineer's Office and a series of brick and corrugated iron workshops and stores that were built in the 1950s as part of the electrification of the railway to Lithgow. The buildings appear to be original and demonstrate an important component of the electrification project. The workshops and the stores are placed at the railway and street boundaries of the site while the L-shaped office block is located on the northern corner next to the entrance to the depot. The areas between the buildings are used for the storage of dangerous goods containers, ladder storage, truck waiting, steam cleaning and water treatment areas. The surface of the site is bitumen.
Former district engineer's office (1956)
External: A large one to two-storey brick office building with hipped terracotta tiled roof, in an L-shaped form and accommodates administration and amenities and facilities for the engineers and field/admin staff. The building's fenestration includes a series of regularly placed tall timber sash windows and doors generally facing the courtyard.
Internal: Interiors were not inspected (2009). However, the original drawings indicate a linear floor layout with offices around the perimeters opening into a central corridor. The main entrance to the building separates the building into two distinct layout with offices and staff amenities on one side and the general exchange and depot/services rooms on the other.
Workshops (1957)
External: There are seven workshops and stores on the depot site all of which are generally of similar construction with utilitarian appearance in various sizes and one or two storeys in height. They are constructed of brick bases with corrugated metal walls to about 1200mm high above with corrugated metal gabled roofs. All have timber framed multi-paned vertically proportioned windows and doors. They accommodate an electrical workshop, blacksmith and carpenter workshop, and stores for various goods.
Internal: Interiors were not inspected (2009).
Signals and earthworks depots
Two adjoining sites at the western side of the Station Master's residence and contain only demountable corrugated metal sheds and containers with carport and garages in between. They appear to be replaced over the years with relatively new fabric.
Sub-station (1956)
External: Located at the most western portion of the depot site, the substation is a two-storey face brick building in rectangular form with gabled roof covered with corrugated metal tray roof sheets. The substation combines a large relatively square shaped control house and a rectangular rectifier house at the back. The building elevations are strongly modelled with large vertical engaged piers. The gable end to the control house is parapeted with piers projecting horizontally. The rectifier house has a ventilation tower at the centre of the gable apex below which is a large roller shutter. All windows are steel framed with horizontal panes. The building is screened from the road by banks of outside transformers.
Internal: Interiors were not accessed (2009). However, it is noted to have a steel truss exposed roof structure and concrete slab floors with painted wall finishes to the essentially large warehouse type spaces.
Moveable items
Lawson Railway Station houses a number of movable items including:
A Milners' 2'2 Patent floor safe in the ticket office below the ticket window desk
A bubbler on platform next to the subway entrance
Three bench seats (2 in the waiting room, 1 in the ladies room)
16 lever frame and CTC panel in the disused signal box
A work bench for booking window
Landscape features
The setting of the station within the rock escarpment is the typical natural setting of the Blue Mountains stations. The island platform and stations buildings are a prominent aspect of the landscape and a local landmark. Most garden beds are built up with treated pine edges containing low to medium-sized shrubs. One mature tree exists at the northeast end of the platform. Brick dwarf walls to the subway tunnel entries on both sides of the trucks together with the low height plantings add to the overall setting of the site.
Potential archaeological features
There are no known potential archaeological elements on the station site with the exception of a remnant side platform and siding on the Down side. The recent findings during the widening of the Great Western Highway indicate the potential existence of surviving remnants of the former Goods Yard along the Highway. The Electrical Depot Site containing the substation and other associated structures may also have archaeological potential.
Condition
Station Buildings and platform structures – Good
Island Platform- Good
Side Platform – No longer presents as a platform but in its garden bedlike form is in good condition
Subway – generally Good condition
Station Master's residence – Moderate externally, Very Poor internally
Electrical Depot Site – Generally Good externally
Signals and Earthworks Depot – Good externally
Substation – Good
The station building and associated shed are intact externally and maintain their overall integrity. The Station Master's residence has lost most of its internal and some of its external fabric. Its integrity is therefore moderate. The buildings within the Electrical depot have a high level of integrity and intactness externally. While most equipment originally installed has been removed from the Substation the building is relatively intact despite the fire damage in 2003.
Modifications and dates
1970s: Mercury arc rectifiers in the substation replaced with solid state equipment
1994: Internal fabric of station building was altered.
2000: The collection of old electric metres were relocated to Strathfield Depot September.
2003: Substation damaged by fire.
N.d: Modern platform canopy has been added. Modern platform fence and station seats. Roof extended over the platform entry to the pedestrian underpass. Brick screen to lavatory at east end of main building. Fence to underpass entry from platform. Side platform has been significantly modified and Down siding removed (in part) and covered with aggregate recently.
N.d: The original roof of the Station Master's residence, with an ornate ridge, has been replaced at an unknown date; internally, virtually all original fabric has been removed.
Further information
Modern demountable buildings within the depot sites are excluded from the listing.
A (1907) Monier Arch overbridge lies outside the curtilage and is located northeast of the island platform. It consists of a concrete arch with abutments set in rock cutting. The bridge was widened in 2009. Excluded from listing.
Another 1907 Monier Arch bridge (used for pedestrian access) – 1 km east of station near Somers Street and GWH overbridge has separate S170 listing.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates one bus route via Lawson station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
690K: Springwood to Katoomba
Heritage listing
As at 9 November 2010, Lawson Railway Station Group is of state significance as an important railway location along the Main Western Line and is significant for its important historical role associated with locomotive servicing facilities and the change to electric traction power supply at this steepest part of the Blue Mountains. The place is unique and has research potential for its combination of buildings and structures that demonstrate a large railway complex of railway station, accommodation, service, depot and administration facilities.
The station building demonstrates the period of line duplication across the Blue Mountains and is a good example of a standard 1902 Federation style design station building with matching detached shed. The Lawson Station Master's residence is significant for its ability in demonstrating the custom of providing accommodation for railway staff, and is a representative example of the simple architectural forms employed in other railway residences in NSW.
The buildings of the Electrical Depot including the former District Engineer's office and the associated stores and sheds have historical and research significance to demonstrate the former administration and railway electrical supply facilities along this section of the Blue Mountains. The Lawson substation is the last major rail electric substation built for the Sydney metropolitan network and the largest such building on the Main Western line between Penrith and Lithgow. While the original function of the building has been superseded by modern technology, the substation represents one of the final phases in the development of the electrified railway system for the Sydney Metropolitan area.
Lawson railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
Lawson Station Group is historically significant as part of the early station buildings built during the duplication of the Western rail line across the Blue Mountains combining a standard 1902 Federation style design station building and matching detached shed. It demonstrates the technological and engineering achievements in the early 1900s and is an important part of the townscape of the Lawson historic village and is highly visible from the main road.
The site has further historical significance due to its continued rail use since 1880, with the Station Master's cottage demonstrating the custom of providing accommodation for railway staff and the importance of the station as a key terminus for locomotive facilities with its large number of water columns and tanks. The Electrical Depot site demonstrates another major phase in the historical development of Lawson Station precinct featuring buildings built in the 1950s as part of the electrification of the railway to Lithgow. The substation is the last major rail electric substation built for the Sydney metropolitan network and the largest such building on the Main Western line between Penrith and Lithgow.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
Lawson Station Group is of aesthetic significance as a representative example of an intact Federation free classical style railway station, which has retained its former lamp building (Out of Shed) which is designed in the same style as the main station building. It is one of a group of stations built to the same pattern across the Blue Mountains following the duplication of the railway line.
The Station Master's residence has an unusual architectural style as it does not conform to any standard design although has similarities to a standard "J3" design. The buildings of the Electrical Depot including the former District Engineer's office and the associated stores and sheds collectively form a cohesive character within the landscape of the station precinct. The substation is a landmark in the precinct and rail corridor as well as the Great Western Highway.
The depot buildings have limited aesthetic or architectural value due to there utilitarian design.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place and can provide a connection to the local community's history.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Lawson Station Group has research potential for its combination of buildings and structures that would provide information on the elements of the equipment contemporary with the electrification of the Main Western line over the Blue Mountains. The Electrical Depot contains a number of technically important electrical engineering equipment such as the large rectifier. The area along the Great Western Highway has potential for surviving remnants of the former goods yard and the former Down side platform and siding.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The Electrical Depot site is rare in the railway network, which includes the substation, one of a small number of such building and one of the largest remaining on the system.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
Lawson Station Group is a representative example of a standard design larger station building group demonstrating the construction techniques and characteristics of commonly used railway designs.
The Station Master's residence is a representative example of simple architectural forms of other similar railway residences.
The substation is a good example of rail substations built in Sydney after 1926 including Hurstville, Lewisham, Sutherland, Hornsby and Belmore.
See also
List of railway stations in New South Wales
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Lawson station details Transport for New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1867
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
New South Wales State Heritage Register
City of Blue Mountains
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawson%20railway%20station |
Route 69 is a primary north–south state highway in the U.S. state of Connecticut connecting the city of New Haven to the city of Bristol in the western part of Greater Hartford, passing through Greater Waterbury along the way. The route extends north of Bristol as a secondary route into the town of Burlington. Route 69 is in total length.
Route description
Route 69 begins in the Amity neighborhood of New Haven as the continuation of Whalley Avenue, splitting off from Route 63, which continues along Amity Road. It soon crosses under the Wilbur Cross Parkway with an interchange at the Woodbridge town line. Past the Parkway, the road becomes known as Litchfield Turnpike and heads northward along the western side of West Rock. Route 69 then enters the town of Bethany, where the route leaves the Litchfield Turnpike to head along Carrington Road. Several miles later, Route 69 enters the town of Prospect with the road becoming known as New Haven Road. North of Prospect center, the road becomes Prospect Road as it heads towards the city of Waterbury. In Waterbury, the road continues along Hamilton Avenue, meeting with I-84, then turning right onto Silver Street, later becoming Meriden Road. Route 69 leaves Meriden Road following Woodtick Road and Stillson Road, then turns right onto Wolcott Street.
Wolcott Street becomes Wolcott Road as Route 69 crosses from Waterbury into the town of Wolcott. Route 69 intersects with Route 322 in the town center then continues north towards the city of Bristol. In central Bristol, the route turns onto West Street, intersecting with Route 72 and U.S. Route 6. After a brief overlap with Route 6, Route 69 continues its northward journey along Burlington Avenue. After the junction with Route 6, the road becomes a secondary, minor arterial road as it heads into the town of Burlington. In Burlington, the road name changes to Milford Street and eventually ends at a junction with Route 4 near the town center of Burlington.
History
Parts of modern Route 69 belonged to two separate state highways in the 1920s. The road from Prospect to Waterbury was designated as State Highway 348, while the road from Waterbury to Bristol was known as State Highway 172. Route 69 was created in the 1932 state highway renumbering as a direct route from New Haven to Waterbury. It used the southernmost portion of the old Litchfield Turnpike (local name for the Straits Turnpike) from the Amity section of New Haven to Bethany, then former town roads from Bethany to Prospect (Carrington Road and New Haven Road), and then former State Highway 348 from Prospect to East Main Street (then Route 14) in Waterbury. The section from Waterbury to Bristol (former State Highway 172) was renumbered to Route 119 in 1932. In 1934, Route 69 was extended to Bristol (at Route 6), taking over former Route 119. In 1962, a further extension north to Burlington (at Route 4) using former unsigned SR 787 was made. At the same time, the route in Waterbury was shifted slightly east (from Wolcott Street to Woodtick Road) for better through traffic flow.
Junction list
References
External links
069
Transportation in New Haven County, Connecticut
Transportation in Hartford County, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%2069 |
Fairhill is a neighborhood on the east side of the North Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Fairhill is bordered by Front Street to the east, Germantown Avenue (10th Street) to the west, Allegheny Avenue to the north, and Cumberland Street to the south. The neighborhood serves as the center of the Hispanic community of Philadelphia, and is known for its "El Centro de Oro" commercial strip along North 5th Street. Fairhill is adjacent to Harrowgate and West Kensington to the east, Hartranft to the south, Glenwood to the west, and Hunting Park to the north.
History
The area that is now the Fairhill neighborhood was at one time home to the Isaac Norris family's Fair Hill estate. Norris was an early merchant and later mayor of Philadelphia. It is also home to the Fair Hill Burial Ground, a cemetery that Quakers established in 1703. George Fox obtained the land for the cemetery from William Penn. The cemetery is on the National Register for Historic Places.
Fairhill began to develop its urban character in the 1880s. Many of the new residents at this time were German immigrants, particularly German Catholics. With the approval of the Archdiocese and the help of Fr. Henry Stommel of Doylestown, the German Catholic families in the area established Saint Bonaventure Parish (also known as Saint Bonaventura) in 1890. The original parish building was at Ninth and Auburn Streets. After establishing the parish, Fr. Stommel turned over its leadership to Fr. Hubert Hammeke, a German immigrant priest. In 1894, the parish began building a Gothic style church. Fr. Hammeke served as the project manager for the church's construction and construction on the new church finished in 1906. The finished church at Ninth and Cambria Streets included an impressive clock tower and spire. Fr. Hammeke would lead the parish until his death in 1937.
In the 1950s, the demographics of the Fairhill area began to change. The German-American families began leaving the neighborhood with African-Americans and Latinos – mainly Puerto Ricans – taking their place. By 1975, the parish had initiated a Spanish mass and a Carino Center for Spanish-speaking children. The parish, including the school, closed in 1993; St. Bonaventure Parish church was demolished in 2013–14.
Geography
El Centro de Oro
El Centro de Oro ("The Golden Downtown"), also known as "El Bloque de Oro," ("Golden Block"), is a commercial district located at 5th Street and Lehigh Avenue. It includes notable Puerto Rican businesses and organizations such as Taller Puertorriqueño (Puerto Rican Workshop), Asociación Puertorriqueños en Marcha (Association of Puerto Ricans on the March), and Artístas y Músicos Latino Americanos (Latin American Artists and Musicians).
El Centro de Oro was established in the 1970s by community leaders from an older Latino community that was in the process of being displaced from the Spring Garden area as a result of gentrification. Organizations such as El Concilio de Organizaciones Hispanas de Filadelfia (Council of Spanish-speaking Organizations of Philadelphia) and the Spanish Merchants Association of Philadelphia encouraged Latino businesses and organizations to move to the Fairhill and Kensington neighborhoods and worked to develop Latino and Puerto Rican-oriented housing, cooperatives, and social service organizations.
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, the racial makeup of Fairhill is 80.2% Hispanic of any race, 15.1% non Hispanic Black, 2.3% non Hispanic White, 1.4% Asian, and 1% all other. It has the highest concentration of Hispanics of any neighborhood in Philadelphia, which is over 10 times larger than the overall percentage of Hispanics living in Philadelphia. The neighborhood is mainly made up of Puerto Ricans, But also has significant populations of Dominicans, Cubans, Colombians, and Brazilians, as well as other Hispanics. Its poverty rate is 61%, which is about five times the national average, as of Census 2010. The neighborhood is sometimes nicknamed "El Centro de Oro" (Spanish for "the center of gold"), and is considered to be the center of the city's Hispanic community.
Fairhill, among other areas of eastern North Philadelphia, is known for having some of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the United States outside Puerto Rico (which is a US territory). Furthermore, the area west of 5th street is over two-thirds Hispanic, with the remaining nearly one-third being black, while areas of the neighborhood east of 5th street are nearly 100 percent Hispanic.
In 2002 23.5% of the houses in Fairhill were occupied by the owners. 85% of the housing in Fairhill consists of row houses. 2.6% of the buildings in the area are zoned for commercial use; Steve Volk of Philadelphia Weekly stated that efforts to replace drug dealing with legitimate commercial activity have been stymied in recent years. As of Census 2010, Zip Code 19133 which encompasses most of Fairhill and portions of neighboring Glenwood and Hartranft, is the poorest zip code in Philadelphia, having a poverty rate of 61% and a median household income of $14,185.
Crime
Steve Lopez's novel Third and Indiana made the intersection well known. The intersection of 3rd Street and Indiana Avenue was listed number two in a 2007 list of the city's top ten recreational drug corners according to an article by Philadelphia Weekly reporter Steve Volk. Other intersections in Fairhill included in the list of the top drug corners included Fifth Street and Westmoreland Street in third place, and A Street and Westmoreland Street in seventh place.
Philadelphia Badlands
The Philadelphia Badlands is a section of North Philadelphia and Lower Northeast Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that is known for an abundance of open-air recreational drug markets and drug-related violence. It has amorphous and somewhat disputed boundaries, but is generally agreed to include the 25th police district.
Usually, it is widely understood to be an area between Kensington Avenue to the east and Broad Street to the west, and between Hunting Park Avenue to the north and York Street to the south, mostly coinciding with the neighborhoods of Fairhill, Glenwood, Hunting Park, Harrowgate, Stanton, North Central, West Kensington, Hartranft, and Kensington.
The term "The Badlands" was popularized in part by the novel Third and Indiana by then Philadelphia Inquirer columnist Steve Lopez. The neighborhood also was featured in several episodes of ABC's Nightline. The intersection of 3rd Street and Indiana Avenue was listed number two in a 2007 list of the city's top ten drug corners according to an article by Philadelphia Weekly reporter Steve Volk.
The term Badlands was first used by Lt. John Gallo, who headed the East Division Narcotics Task Force. Its use spread, with many people attempting to take credit for the moniker. It was Gallo's work along with ASAC Billy Retton that worked about a dozen long-term investigations in the 25th and 26th Police Districts that preceded "Operation Sunrise". Ted Koppel, Geraldo Rivera, 20/20 and 48 Hours all rode with Gallo at one time or another, and it was during this time that Gallo was able to make the name stick.
At one time a center of heavy industry, much of the Badlands' urban landscape is now characterized by vacant warehouses and tightly-packed strips of brick row houses constructed for the working class of the neighborhood. Like most industrial cities in the eastern United States, Philadelphia suffered economic decline following the movement of industry to either the suburbs or developing countries and has suffered as a result.
The Philadelphia Badlands contain a diverse mix of ethnicities. Puerto Ricans are the largest group, but the area also contains large populations of Black Americans, Irish Americans, and Dominican Americans. The area encompasses El Centro de Oro, the heart of Philadelphia's Puerto Rican community. Although much of the area's crime stems from local neighborhood-based street gangs and the drug trade, larger, more organized gangs also operate in the area, including the Black Mafia, Latin Kings, and various motorcycle gangs.
Aside from less-organized gang activity, the Badlands is also known as the founding location and current turf of the Irish-American organized crime group known as the K&A Gang (also known as the Northeast Philly Irish Mob). Circa 2012, Irish Americans constitute more than 12% of the population of the Badlands.
The area's reputation has been countered by community activists and nonprofit organizations such as Centro Nueva Creación, which in 2010 conducted a summer children's program, "The Goodlands Photographers", aimed at helping young people photograph and display positive images of their neighborhood.
Government and infrastructure
The United States Post Office operates the Fairhill Post Office in Suite 2 at 217 West Lehigh Avenue.
Education
School District of Philadelphia operates public schools. Fairhill School, a K-8 school, serves Fairhill. Residents zoned to Fairhill School are also zoned to Thomas Alva Edison High School / John C. Fareira Skills Center. Fairhill Community High School (FCHS), an alternative charter high school for dropouts and students at risk for dropping out, is located in Fairhill.
The Free Library of Philadelphia Lillian Marrero Library serves Fairhill. It was previously the Lehigh Avenue Branch, and Lillian E. Marrero had served as the library's supervisor.
See also
List of Philadelphia neighborhoods
History of Philadelphia
History of the Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia
Philadelphia Badlands
References
External links
Fairhill and St. Hugh Redevelopment Area Plan, City Planning Commission, 2003
Neighborhoods in Philadelphia
Lower North Philadelphia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairhill%2C%20Philadelphia |
The National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT) is an American organization headquartered in Butte, Montana, that is dedicated to appropriate technology and sustainability. Projects specifically deal with sustainable energy, sustainable agriculture and food, sustainable living, farm energy, and climate change. The center was created in 1976 by the merger of several energy conservation programs started after the 1973 oil crisis.
It carries out projects within the United States, especially in poor rural areas. It has regional offices in Davis, California; Fayetteville, Arkansas; San Antonio, Texas; Jackson, Mississippi; and Keene, New Hampshire.
Its headquarters is located in the former Silver Bow County Poor Farm Hospital, which is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
ATTRA
Since the farm crisis in the 1980s, NCAT has operated ATTRA (attra.ncat.org), the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. The program goal is to provide technical assistance to farmers throughout the nation in succeeding with sustainable, organic and regenerative agriculture. The roughly two dozen specialists can assist farmers in everything from pest management and crop selection to farm business planning and marketing. Around 500 publications are available for download on the ATTRA website and the vast majority of them are free. They are based in the latest scientific research and are constantly updated. The website is also home to numerous tutorials, webinars and short videos.
ATTRA was originally an acronym for "Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas" which has since fallen out of use and is just "ATTRA".
See also
Small Business Technology Transfer programs, which are usually connected with Small Business Innovation Research programs (for example, the USDA agricultural SBIR)
References
External links
Official site
Appropriate technology organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Center%20for%20Appropriate%20Technology |
WEBR (1440 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Niagara Falls, New York. It serves the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area from studios on Kenmore Avenue in Buffalo. The station is currently owned by William Yuhnke, with the license held by Kenmore Broadcasting Communications, Inc. It broadcasts a full-service soft oldies radio format, mostly from the 1970s. On weekends, it airs programs featuring Polish and Italian music, oldies and adult standards shows.
By day, WEBR transmits with 1,000 watts of power, using a non-directional antenna pattern. At night, to avoid interfering with other stations on 1440 AM, power is reduced to 55 watts. The transmitter is on Buffalo Avenue (NY State Route 384) in Niagara Falls, near South Hyde Park Boulevard.
History
As WJJL
On , the station signed on as WJJL. The call sign represented the initials of its founding owner, John J. Laux. The station was originally a daytimer, required to go off the air at sunset.
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Canadian native Thomas Talbot worked for Laux as a salesperson at the station. Eventually, Talbot became sales manager and then owner of WJJL, which was incorporated as the Niagara Frontier Broadcasting Corp. He also owned FM radio station 96.1 WBNY (now WTSS) in Buffalo.
Talbot began one of the first radio “two-way” telephone talk shows in the United States in the early 1950s, which was called Party Line. There was an eight-second delay in order to avoid potential problem calls.
The mid-morning show was named Viewpoint in the 1960s and continues to be hosted by longtime Niagara Falls fixture and former news director Tom Darro.
Talbot died in 1976, and the station was taken over by his widow, Norma Talbot.
An 18-year-old aspiring country musician named Ramblin' Lou Schriver was one of the station's early on-air personalities. In 1970, he bought his own station, WXRL 1300 AM, in Lancaster, New York.
In WJJL's heyday, the station was locally programmed for Niagara Falls with a full line-up of live, local personalities. An active news department covered Niagara Falls and the surrounding Niagara County.
The station aired a number of live ethnic and specialty programs on weekends. They included the Spanish language Ecos Borincanos program aimed at the Puerto Rican community, which enjoyed a 40-year run, along with the Italian Mattinata D’Oro and Pit Stop for auto-racing fans. Later, Casa Rico, the nation's longest running Italian language program, moved to WJJL, and it continues today on WEBR, renamed "Italian Gold" with Tony Occhiuto as host.
Former personalities
WJJL was a launching pad for many future top talents. These include former News Director and Viewpoint host Dave McKinley, later an Emmy Award-winning reporter for WGRZ-TV 2 in Buffalo. John Murphy, the radio voice of Buffalo Bills football, worked there early in his career, as did long-time WJYE/WMSX Morning Host Joe Chille, and national voice-over artist (and WTWW shortwave personality) Jeff Laurence. Former WGN Radio-Chicago VP/General Manager Tom Langmyer worked there as a summer fill-in personality, news reporter and anchor while in college.
Other noted WJJL alumni include George “Hound Dog” Lorenz, Barry Lillis, Dorothy Shank, WBEN Buffalo talk show host Tom Bauerle, WBFO Buffalo Reporter Dave Debo, Tony Magoo, John Jarrett, Jon Park, David J. Miller, Bob O'Neil, WKBW-TV Buffalo Anchor Melanie Pritchard, WGR Buffalo's Howard Simon, former WIVB-TV Buffalo personality Craig Nigrelli and Cumulus Media Networks, Red Eye Radio, Nationally Syndicated Talk Host and former WBEN Talk Host Gary McNamara. Local, national and satellite radio star Zig Fracassi interned there.
Changing ownership
The Talbot family sold WJJL to M.J. Phillips, who owned the station from the 1990s until 2020 and operated it as an oldies music station. Unlike other oldies stations, WJJL maintained its focus on 1950s and early 1960s music throughout Phillips's ownership, resisting the format drift to classic hits that most other oldies stations experienced. In the 21st century, Phillips encountered financial problems (for a time he was listed as a debtor in possession of the WJJL license) and frequently tangled with a vexatious litigant named Joann who made repeated false filings with the FCC in a failed attempt to wrest control of the station from Phillips.
After WJJL's Niagara Falls offices and studios were destroyed in a fire in 1999, Phillips moved the station to West Seneca, a Buffalo suburb, which is 30 miles from Niagara Falls.
In 2009, WJJL's morning show began broadcasting from a satellite studio in the Niagara Arts and Cultural Center in Niagara Falls. WJJL also carried a daily talk show by former mayor Vince Anello, following Anello's 2011 release from prison for corruption, which continued after the format flip to WEBR until Anello's 2021 death.
From 2000 to 2009, WJJL broadcast weekly games of the City of Buffalo Public School's Harvard Cup football league. The Harvard Cup championship was traditionally played on Thanksgiving. WJJL continued its weekly coverage of Western New York High School Football with a “Game of the Week,” focusing on the teams of the former Harvard Cup League. The games featured Rich Kozak as play by play man with Hall of Fame Coach Art Serotte as color analyst. Roger Weiss served as guest analyst and half-time host and “Dr.” John Pluta was the sideline reporter. The broadcasts also featured Sean Bruso and Chuck Dockery. The broadcasts helped to foster the Harvard Cup Hall of Fame and HarvardCup.com as the first dedicated website devoted exclusively to high school coverage on the Western New York area.
As WEBR
Adult standards and MOR period
In 2020, Phillips sold the station to William Yuhnke, who re-launched the station's online presence and began streaming the station on the Internet. Yuhnke owns Liberty Yellow Cab, a taxicab service in the Buffalo area. One of Phillips's minority partners, Jeffrey Lazroe, sued the station shortly after the sale. The station also faces issues with its transmitter, which sits on the property of Superior Lubricants in Niagara Falls, a property that is set to be repurposed; Yuhnke is hoping to find a new site in Niagara Falls but is also talking with interests in North Tonawanda.
On July 3, 2020, WJJL changed its format to adult standards ending the station's decades-long oldies format. It changed its call sign on July 4, 2020, to WEBR, the former call-letters at AM 970 and FM 94.5 in Buffalo. The WEBR call letters were previously used in Buffalo from 1924 until 1993. Don Angelo, a longtime radio programmer and former part-owner of WBBZ-TV, began as general manager. The format change marked the return of adult standards to the Niagara Frontier for the first time since WECK dropped the format in 2017. Oldies occupy a six-hour block on Sunday afternoons, four of those hours hosted locally by John Farley, and the other two filled by Wink Martindale's syndicated revival of The History of Rock and Roll.
The station added a morning show hosted by Gail Ann Huber (a Buffalo radio veteran with experience at WECK, WHTT, and WYRK) and Bob Stilson (formerly at WBEN and WKBW-TV). Other WEBR hosts at the time of launch included Tom Darro (carrying over his talk show from WJJL), original 1970s-era WEBR jockey Jack Horohoe with the "Midday Coffee," and Barry Lillis with the "Make Believe Dance Floor." (Lillis, a WJJL alumnus most famous for his work as WGRZ's weather anchor, returned to broadcasting after over 20 years out of the field). Horohoe unexpectedly died a few months into his second tenure on the station, while Lillis left the station after one year. (He stated that the format tweak that year, while he was "OK" with the music change, had also led to him losing creative control over his show; he was unwilling to voice-track a show in which he had incorporated audience interaction and theater of the mind.) Lillis would return in a weekend position in late 2022. WHTT jock Tony Venturoli joined the station shortly after Lillis's departure, hosting a classic hits themed block. Al Wallack, who hosted Jazz in the Nighttime on the original WEBR, reprised the show on Sunday afternoons on the current incarnation during its first few months of operation. Huber left the station near the end of 2022, with Kelly Wahl taking over afternoon drive. Dave Gillen, whose credits include time at 102.5 (now WBKV) and co-founding the World's Largest Disco, served as program director and fill-in host. Gillen departed the station amid controversy and a lawsuit by former operations manager Nancy Freeman, who accused Gillen of sexual harassment and WEBR of retaliating against her. Additional programming included a weekly 80s music show hosted by former WTSS evening jock John Anthony (essentially a transplant of Anthony's WTSS show "The 80s at 8" in a different time slot), former WECK program director J.R. Russ's syndicated "Movie Ticket Radio", the Polish American Program with Andy Golebiowski (a show featuring Polish music that deliberately avoids the polka heard on other Buffalo stations' Polish shows), and some scattered brokered talk and public affairs programming.
WEBR's music playlist initially focused on traditional pop music, classic jazz, occasional beautiful music instrumentals, vocal harmony groups, and selections from the Great American Songbook. The station broadened the playlist in 2021, adding more soft rock, doo-wop and adult contemporary selections. Another revamp of the playlist, dubbed the "Summer Sound of the City," came with the station's first anniversary in 2021, reviving a different set of jingles from the original WEBR and placing an even greater emphasis on soft oldies, with California sound and yacht rock titles. In January 2022, WEBR brought back the Great American Songbook and traditional pop playlist on Sunday evenings, an arrangement that lasted one year.
Addition of FM translator
In February 2023, WEBR acquired the FM translator that had previously belonged to WLVL (which Yuhnke had acquired at the same time) and flipped to a more explicit classic hits presentation, while maintaining some of its MOR leanings. Venturoli was named program director later that spring; Venturoli then added Mike Jacobs as the new afternoon host, replacing Wahl.
References
External links
WEBR Radio 1440 AM Facebook
EBR
Radio stations established in 1948
1948 establishments in New York (state)
Adult standards radio stations in the United States
Full service radio stations in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEBR |
Bullaburra railway station is located on the Main Western line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains town of Bullaburra opening on 16 February 1925.
Platforms and services
Bullaburra has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates one bus route via Bullaburra station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
690K: Springwood to Katoomba
References
External links
Bullaburra station details Transport for New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1925
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullaburra%20railway%20station |
Wentworth Falls railway station is located on the Main Western line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains town of Wentworth Falls opening on 22 July 1867 as Weatherboard, being renamed Wentworth Falls on 21 April 1879.
In 1902, it was converted to an island platform when the line was duplicated. A passing loop previously existed north of Platform 1 but has been disconnected from the main line.
Transport Heritage NSW celebrated 150 years of the railway with a weekend of events in July 2017.
Upgrade
In May 2013, a major upgrade for Wentworth Falls was announced as part of the Transport Access Program. In 2014, the station building was restored, with the ochre paint removed to return it to bare brick.
In December 2014, designs for the major transformation were released, including three lifts, a covered walkway and bike parking facilities. Subject to community feedback, planning approval and contract award, work will start in the first half of 2015. In May 2015, it was announced that the plans had been approved and that tenders were being assessed.
Completion of the upgrade saw the lifts opened on Monday 19 June 2017.
Platforms and services
Wentworth Falls has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates two bus routes via Wentworth Falls station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
685: North Wentworth Falls to Katoomba
690K: Springwood to Katoomba
References
External links
Wentworth Falls station details Transport for New South Wales
Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1867
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth%20Falls%20railway%20station |
Colm Ó Cíosóig (; born 31 October 1964) is an Irish musician, best known as the drummer for the alternative rock band My Bloody Valentine, of which he was a founding member.
Biography
My Bloody Valentine
Originally formed in 1983, My Bloody Valentine had gone through a few lineup changes before they forged a signature sound that was to become known by the music press as "shoegazing" in the late 80s and early 90s.
Along with Kevin Shields' guitar work and Bilinda Butcher's ethereal vocals, Ó Cíosóig's energetic and snare-heavy drumming had become a key element of the band's sound. He has co-written songs for My Bloody Valentine and has contributed production work to many of their releases.
During the recording of Loveless (1991), Ó Cíosóig suffered from physical ailments that limited his drumming ability. As a result, he played what drum patterns he was able to perform, and the results were sampled and re-arranged for the album. He played live drums for a single song, "Only Shallow". "Touched" was performed solely by Ó Cíosóig without any contribution from the other members of the band.
During My Bloody Valentine's hiatus from the early 1990s onward, he had been prolific with various musical collaborations and guest appearances.
As of November 2007, he has reassumed his role in My Bloody Valentine along with members Kevin Shields, Debbie Googe, and Bilinda Butcher.
Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions
Ó Cíosóig's best known work outside My Bloody Valentine is with Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions. He had co-written, produced and played several instruments on their 2001 album Bavarian Fruit Bread. The band's second album Through the Devil Softly was released on 29 September 2009. He also toured with Sandoval's band Mazzy Star in 2012.
Other projects
In 1994, Ó Cíosóig produced and contributed "sampled keyboards" to Wreckage, the fifth album by Dublin-based artist/musician Stano. In 1997, he was a guest musician on Fire in a Dream Cage by L. Both albums were released on Hue Records. Ó Cíosóig was credited with "Digital Editing" on Laika's 1995 debut "Silver Apples of the Moon"
He formed the short-lived band Clear Spot with Stereolab bassist Simon Johns. They had released a 7" vinyl single Moonman Bop on Duophonic Records in 1998.
In 2004, Ó Cíosóig was a guest drummer on Vetiver's self-titled album. In 2005, he, along with Shields and Sandoval, contributed to Le Volume Courbe's debut album, and he was a guest musician on Film School's 2007 release Hideout.
In 2013, he joined Mr. Shineywater & evolved Rock-N-Roll with Library Of Sands title "Wavy Heat" Top 6 2013 U.K.'s UnCut Magazine, making the U.S. loudest Export Recording Art, after My Bloody Valentine was named the globe's "loudest live music" in 2009.
Ó Cíosóig also recorded songs for The Tigerbeat, a San Francisco-based band that features his sister Fionnuala.
References
1964 births
Living people
Irish rock drummers
Musicians from County Dublin
My Bloody Valentine (band) members
Irish shoegaze musicians
Irish record producers
20th-century drummers
21st-century drummers
20th-century Irish people
21st-century Irish people
Mazzy Star members
People from Glenageary
The Complex (band) members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm%20%C3%93%20C%C3%ADos%C3%B3ig |
Enhanced TV was a blanket branding for interactive second screen experiences offered by selected ABC and ESPN television programs. Programs under the banner offered live interactivity through the ABC or ESPN website—including such as trivia questions, live statistics and play prediction games during sports broadcasts, and other features. The service was first introduced on college football in 1998 with PrimeTime Player, and was also used as part of other programs, such as Monday Night Football and ESPN Sunday Night Football, the Academy Awards, and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire.
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced%20TV |
Leura railway station is located on the Main Western line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains town of Leura opening on 6 December 1890.
Platforms and services
Leura has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates three bus routes via Leura station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
685H: Springwood to Hazelbrook
690K: Springwood to Katoomba
695: South Leura to Katoomba
References
External links
Leura station details Transport for New South Wales
Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1890
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leura%20railway%20station |
Katoomba railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Western line in Katoomba, New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains town of Katoomba opening on 2 February 1874 as Crushers, being renamed Katoomba on 9 July 1877.
A passing loop exists to the north of the station. West of the station is a disused yard. A level crossing immediately east of the station was replaced by a bridge west of the station on 31 January 1986.
The station was upgraded in 2001 with the provision of a lift.
It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
Platforms and services
Katoomba has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow. Some services from Sydney terminate at Katoomba. The Bathurst Bullet operates 2 evening services to Bathurst.
It is also serviced by NSW TrainLink's Central West XPT and Outback Xplorer long-distance services from Sydney to Dubbo and Broken Hill.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates ten bus routes via Katoomba station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
685: to Wentworth Falls & North Wentworth Falls
685H: to Hazelbrook & North Hazelbrook
686: to Katoomba Golf Glub and Echo Point & Scenic World
690K: to Springwood
690H: to Katoomba Hospital
695: to South Leura
696: to South Katoomba
697: to North Katoomba
698: to Blackheath
698V: to Blackheath & Mount Victoria
History
The railway from Wentworth Falls to Mount Victoria was opened in 1868, passing through what was to become Katoomba. The Great Western Railway was intended to initially reach Bathurst but, beyond that town, its terminus was not stated.
The Katoomba station opened in 1874 as "The Crushers". A sandstone quarry suitable for producing ballast for the construction and maintenance of the line was developed just to the north of the line, and from 1874 The Crushers was a stopping-place for trains with quarrymen, equipment and wagons for transporting ballast. A platform was provided in 1877 close to the level-crossing keeper's cottage (demolished in 1902).
In 1881, a new timber platform and station were built, to the west of the level-crossing. The goods yard between the stations and Bathurst Road (then the Great Western Highway) was developed in 1883–4. This expansion was necessary because of Katoomba's growth in the 1880s and 1890s as a tourist and local commercial centre. The goods yard contains a valuable collection of traditional railway structures, including the 5 ton jib crane (no. T171), the goods shed 54' x 12' dating in part from 1881 and an unusual curved timber loading platform. There is also an office for the yard gatekeeper and for a signalman, all dating from the early 1900s.
In 1891, the 1881 station building was moved to the improved goods yard to the south. The Katoomba Times reported on 10 October 1891 that "the old Katoomba station building is to be the goods shed, and was put into position last Wednesday (7 October 1891)", with the 1884 crane adjacent to the east. Around 1921 the goods yard was altered, the siding was realigned and the goods shed (the former station of 1881) was moved 18 metres to the east, where it still resides. The 1884 five-tonne crane was moved along with the shed to its present position.
The present island platform and building at Katoomba date from 1891 and was constructed for £6,922 (including the subway) by builders Quiggan and Kermode. They are unusual for two reasons. Firstly, the timber building is curved and, secondly, the building design was only used in the Sydney metropolitan rail system. It is the only such building constructed outside the Central-to -Parramatta line. It is one of four such structures remaining extant from a number of stations containing Type 10 buildings including Newtown, MacDonaldtown, Ashfield, Lewisham (all demolished – possibly other examples) and Summer Hill, Homebush and Croydon (extant). Extensions to the building in the same style were carried out in 1913 for £216. Its dominant feature is the extension of the roof bearers to form awnings on both sides and the position of small ornate brackets under the awning beams, marking a transition from the use of posted verandas to cantilevered awnings. The platform was reached by the use of a pedestrian subway constructed in 1891, which were rare outside Sydney.
The other main platform building is the elevated, timber signal box, which was commissioned in 1903. The signal box contains a cam and tappet 40 lever interlocking machine that was installed in 1945. It is typical of the construction time and is similar to boxes at Mount Victoria, Newnes Junction, Lithgow Yard and Exeter.
The line was duplicated in 1902. A two-room timber building was built on the western end of the platform in 1909 for an inspector and an electrician and this building was extended in 1945 for use as a staff meal room. An "out-of" shed completed the platform structures.
At the entrance to the Station are the "Progress Buildings" which are shown on a plan as part of a new "Booking and Parcels Office Building" dated 20 December 1938. The buildings are a single storey group of three shops facing south to Bathurst Road with an additional shopfront facing east to the exit from the railway station subway. The easternmost shop, 283-285 Bathurst Road, retains its original brass shopfront, albeit with some modification, and tiled piers between, the shop entries are recessed from the street with splayed shopfront reveals. The tiled and marble threshold records the name "MARX" an early Katoomba businessman who used the premises. The Progress Buildings are still owned by Transport Asset Holding Entity and leased for private business.
The railway residence at 8 Abbotsford Road was sold in 1964.
Description
Station building (1891)
External: The station building is a unique type 10 "Standard Eddy" design, with its curved form along the platform. The building is a single storey building of rusticated weatherboards with a hipped corrugated steel roof largely hidden behind the encircling cantilevered awning with a deep valance of fretwork timber boards. This building type is one of the first major buildings to have a cantilevered awning. The building and awning are constructed on a curve following the platform shape. Cast iron decorative brackets on timber moulded posts support the awning along both of the platforms. Fenestration includes timber double-hung windows with multi-paned upper sashes (coloured glazing), frosted glazing to bottom sashes, and timber panelled doors with multi-paned fanlights (coloured glazing). The building retains its original/early external configuration and fenestration.
Internal: The interiors of the station building generally retain the original layout combining (from west to east) a waiting room, booking office, staff room, clock room, station managers office, ladies toilet and gentlemen's toilets. The overall finishes include timber board wall and ceiling linings, moulded timber cornices and dado line, ceiling roses, fluorescent lighting, a fireplace in the SM's office with cast iron grate timber surrounds and tile hearth, and tile, linoleum or carpet floor finishes. Toilet fittings are modern.
Signal box (1902)
External: The signal box is a small timber structure on brick base with corrugated iron gabled roof and curved corrugated iron awning to all sides. It is long x wide located on the country end of the platform. The operating floor is above the platform level with L-shape stair access from the eastern side. Tall multi-paned ribbon windows all around the building provide a visual connection with the other platform structures. A small gabled timber panelled relay room with brick base and concrete steps is located just off the west elevation of the signal box.
Internal: The internal finishes of the signal box are similar to the main station building with timber board ceiling and wall linings and timber skirtings. A 40 lever type A PL interlocking machine with associated signalling equipment is the major element in the space and is still in operation. Access to the relay room is prohibited.
"Out of" shed ()
External: A small rusticated weatherboard out-of-shed with gabled corrugated metal roof is located to the west of the signal box. It is used for flammable liquid storage and has only a timber board door with fanlight and a band window on the opposite elevation. Simple timber bargeboards and finials complete the gable ends.
Internal: Timber-framed structure with no internal wall and ceiling lining exposing the underside of the corrugated metal roofing and rusticated weatherboard. The floor is concrete.
Former inspector/electrician's office (1909 & 1945)
From 2009, this was used as a CCTV and meals room.
External: Combining the 1909 two-room former inspector/electrician's office structure and the 1945 staff meal room extension, the shed is the most western structure on the platform. It is of a rectangular rusticated weatherboard building with corrugated metal gabled roof. Skillion corrugated metal awnings with timber brackets above a window and main door. Vertically proportioned sash windows are placed equally on the long sides while the shorter sides have a window and a door opening with awning. Security grilles installed to the windows.
Internal: Internal features and finishes of the Shed are contemporary consisting of plaster board walls and ceilings with simple cornices. The kitchen of the staff meal room has a wall with rusticated weatherboard.
Island platform (1891)
Katoomba Railway Station has a curved island platform running approximately east–west. It is brick faced with concrete deck and asphalt finish. A number of garden beds and hanging pot plants together with remnant railway equipment/tools scattered between the buildings further enhance this unique curved station's setting. Modern lighting, timber bench seating, and signage are the other typical features of the platform. A new glass canopy is attached to the subway canopy at the eastern end.
Subway and awning (1891 & 1920)
The subway was constructed in 1891 with the awning added in 1920. The subway is constructed of face brick and displays unusual and well detailed construction with a curved flight of stairs leading from Bathurst Road. The scale of the subway is consistent with the importance accorded to Katoomba in the early 1890s. An exposed gabled roof in clearstory form with original/early iron truss roof structure and new corrugated metal roofing covers the ramp to the platform. Notable murals are located on both walls of the subway tunnel.
Signals branch office (1910) and yard office (1881/1891)
These two structures located adjacent to each other at the entrance to the yard form part of a relatively intact yard group. They are still used for railway purposes. They also have a close relationship to the railway station buildings. The structures are of a small scale with detailing consistent with the platform buildings.
Signals Branch Office: The signals branch office is a single storey weatherboard building to the northwest of the Progress Building. It is a simple rusticated weatherboard shed with a gabled roof and a vaulted roof vent running along the ridge of the roof. The original windows are small multi- pane double-hung sashes. A large double hung window and a door opening with a skillion roof on timber brackets has been added on the west wall. Internally it appears to have been recently reclad with plasterboard panels and painted. It is not in regular use at this time (2009).
Yard office: The yard office is also a weatherboard building with a simple gabled roof immediately south of the signals branch building. It is elevated on brick piers with no mortar and steel posts where the brick pier is missing. Two small four-pane casement windows are located on the side elevations while an unused door is located on the Station side of the shed. The shed appears to have been accessed from the Signals Branch Office (access was locked). An elevated ventilation roof at the ridge level with louvered sides and a skillion roofed timber lean-to the rear are other features of the Yard office.
Progress Building (1938)
The Progress Building is a single storey group of three shops facing south to Bathurst Road with an additional shopfront facing east to the exit from the railway station subway. The building has a rendered parapet wall to the street with curved elements and a simple cornice. Panels in the parapet wall indicate the names of the shops. The easternmost shop, 283-285 Bathurst Road, retains its original brass shopfront, albeit with some modification, and tiled piers between, the shop entries are recessed from the street with splayed shopfront reveals. The tiled and marble threshold records the name "MARX" an early Katoomba businessman who used the premises. The building has a skillion roof behind the parapet. The rear walls are of fibro with a weatherboard spandrel and have paired 2 pane casements windows with fanlights.
Goods shed (1881, altered 1884, moved 1891)
External: The goods shed is a standard building with significant alterations. The original structure was built around 1881 as the original station building with extension in 1891. The additions illustrate the increased freight handling of the yard. The goods shed is a simple gabled timber building on an east–west axis sited close to the south side of the yard. It is clad in weatherboard and elevated on brick piers and dwarf walls with timber floor. There is evidence of window openings being changed. A number of timber framed four-pane sash windows in various sizes are placed to the end of the front elevation and the side elevations. Two timber boarded double loading doors with timber docks and a timber panelled office door in the centre with timber ladder are also located on the front elevation.
Internal: Access to the interiors was not available (2009).
Timber platforms (1881)
A timber loading platform supported on brick piers and timber beams with a rail siding is attached to the western side of the Goods Shed. A timber corrugated metal awning widened by steel truss awning covers the entire platform. Another timber loading platform on timber posts is also attached to the eastern side of the Goods Shed just to the west of the Crane.
Crane (1884, moved 1891)
The crane is a Class 1, standard 5 tonne jib hand crane, No. T171, fixed on a stone base adjacent to the western timber platform. The stone base was not widely used. It is still in use irregularly and in fair condition.
Yard and gates (1883-4)
The material and form of the original 1891 gates appear to have been removed and replaced with wire mesh and pipe gates at an unknown date. The yard is no longer used for regular loading and goods yard purposes. A sandstone retaining wall raises the railway boundary of the site, behind the goods shed, extending the Yeaman Bridge at the west. Another sandstone retaining wall raises along the railway site above Goldsmith Place on the northern side.
Eastern store shed (modern)
Located to east of platform is a large shed building, painted with a mural and corrugated iron roof. It does not form part of the heritage listing.
Moveable items
The following moveable items have been observed:
2 x Seth Thomas clocks: in the Booking office and the Signal Box
A number of railway equipment, machinery and tools are scattered within the site including Simmos Siding display.
40 lever interlocking machine and signalling tools in the Signal Box
First generation railway steel container at the station site
Road tanker TBX from Hamilton Depot at the station site
An early timber station naming sign attached to timber posts is located on the north side of the store.
Landscape features
A number of platform garden beds with shrubs and small trees and hanging pot plants exist along the platform. The Signal Box is adorned with hanging plants, memorabilia and stone edged planter beds, which form part of the significance of the station precinct.
The most significant landscape elements of the station are the brick walls around the station with sandstone retaining walls between the Progress Building and the Goods Yard. A mural by Vernon Treweeke below the Great Western Highway overbridge and the murals in the subway tunnel enhance the setting of the station group.
Potential for Archaeology
The goods yard has archaeological potential in providing evidence of the first station buildings and structures as well as the operational elements of the yard.
Modifications and dates
The following modifications were undertaken over the years:
10 Sep 1898 Platform extended.
21 Aug 1901 Platform extended at the eastern end.
1 Nov 1907 Platform extended at the western end.
7 Jul 1917 Up Refuge siding extended.
10 May 1920 Awning erected between station building and steps.
4 Aug 1923 Additions made to station building and booking office and electric light fitted to the station.
15 Sep 1925 Up Refuge siding extended.
1964 Residence at 8 Abbotsford Rd sold
9 Jul 1977 Transfer of "F" level crossing lights to signal box which was in the gate cabin WN27, and installation of closed-circuit television to view the level crossing.
1981 Gate house at 109.817 km demolished
Unknwown date: Level crossing closed, replaced by an overbridge further west.
Unknown date: Entrance to station considerably altered. Numerous changes to other buildings on the platform and in the goods yard.
Heritage listing
As at 23 September 2010, Katoomba Railway Station and Yard is of state significance as a unique railway site in NSW developed around a former ballast quarry and is significant for demonstrating Katoomba's growth in the 1880s and 1890s as the first tourist and local commercial centre in the Blue Mountains, before the duplication of the Western line in 1902.
The 1891 station building is significant as one of few surviving timber railway station buildings known as " Standard Eddy", designed under Commissioner Eddy, and demonstrating the introduction of island platform buildings in NSW. Katoomba station building is the only known example of this station type outside the inner city area and is unique to the other examples for its curved form along the platform. The adjacent signal box with its garden beds and planting is also an important and integral element within the station group and is a rare example of a timber on-platform signal box.
The site of the goods yard is of particular significance as it was part of the original Katoomba station precinct dating from 1878, which was used for locomotive turning and minor servicing and stabling of trains. While fulfilling a minor railway use at present for per way maintenance, it contains two relatively rare items, which are the former 1881 timber station building as its goods shed and the 1891 crane.
The station group comprises a homogenous collection of timber structures adding significance to the townscape and streetscape with direct relationships to both. Situated at the focal point of Katoomba, the station is connected visually and physically to the town's commercial heart by the pedestrian subway and landscaped surrounds. The adjacent Progress Buildings from part of the station group and contribute to the early 20th Century character of the commercial precinct of Katoomba with their largely intact shopfronts.
Katoomba railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
Katoomba Station and Yard Group is of historical significance as a unique early station and yard developed around a ballast quarry demonstrating Katoomba's growth in the 1880s and 1890s as a tourist and local commercial centre before the duplication of the Western line in 1902.
The site of the goods yard was part of the original Katoomba station precinct dating from 1878, which was used for locomotive turning and minor servicing and stabling of trains. While fulfilling a minor railway use at present for per way maintenance using temporary buildings it contains two relatively rare items of mid-20th Century railway heritage significance, which are 1881 timber station building as its goods shed and the 1891 crane.
The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.
The station has historical association with Commissioner Eddy due to his involvement in the design of the 1891 station building known as "The Standard Eddy" design.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
Katoomba Railway Station is of aesthetic significance as one of few surviving timber railway station buildings known as "The Standard Eddy" (as it was designed under Commissioner Eddy) outside of the Sydney metropolitan area including Newtown, MacDonaldtown, Ashfield, Lewisham (all demolished) and Summer Hill, Homebush and Croydon (extant). Katoomba station building features an unusual deep timber valance to the awnings and it is unique to the other examples for its curved form along the platform. The tunnel connection with its gabled roof and associated glazing makes a pleasant sheltered walkway connecting the station to the town's commercial heart. The sandstone retaining walls to the north and south of the site are well built solutions to the perpetual problems of dealing with the Katoomba's topography and contribute to the character of the townscape. The Progress Building contributes to the character of the commercial precinct of Katoomba with their intact shopfronts and simple weatherboards and fibro character to the rear. The signal box is also an important and integral element within the station-scape of Katoomba.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Katoomba Station and Yard Group is of research significance for its demonstrative ability in providing evidence of construction techniques and form of a station and yard in the 1880s and 1890s before the Western railway line duplication. The goods yard has archaeological potential in providing evidence of the first station buildings and structures as well as the operational elements of the yard.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
This item is assessed as historically rare. This item is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as arch. rare. This item is assessed as socially rare.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
Katoomba Station and Yard Group is representative of Victorian era station development combining unique station buildings and yard demonstrating the close relationship between the yard and station as well as reflecting the direct relationship between the station layout and the growth of the local area.
See also
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Katoomba station details Transport for New South Wales
Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1874
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Katoomba, New South Wales
Transport in the Blue Mountains (New South Wales)
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoomba%20railway%20station |
Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi (; August 1888 27 August 1963), also known by the honorary title Allama Mashriqi (), was a British Indian, and later, Pakistani mathematician, logician, political theorist, Islamic scholar and the founder of the Khaksar movement.
Around 1930, he founded the Khaksar Movement. aiming both to revive Islam among Muslims as well as to advance the condition of the masses irrespective of any faith, sect, or religion.
Early years
Background
Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi was born on 25 August 1888 to a Muslim family in Amritsar. Mashriqi's father Khan Ata Muhammad Khan was an educated man of wealth who owned a bi-weekly publication, Vakil, in Amritsar. His forefathers had held high government positions during the Mughal Empire and Sikh Empires. Because of his father's position he came into contact with a range of well-known luminaries including Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, and Shibli Nomani as a young man.
Education
Mashriqi was educated initially at home before attending schools in Amritsar. From an early age, he showed a passion for mathematics. After completing his Bachelor of Arts degree with First Class honours at Forman Christian College in Lahore, he completed his master's degree in mathematics from the University of the Punjab, taking a First Class for the first time in the history of the university.
In 1907 he moved to England, where he matriculated at Christ's College, Cambridge, to read for the mathematics tripos. He was awarded a college foundation scholarship in May 1908. In June 1909 he was awarded first class honours in Mathematics Part I, being placed joint 27th out of 31 on the list of wranglers. For the next two years, he read for the oriental languages tripos in parallel to the natural sciences tripos, gaining first class honours in the former, and third class in the latter.
After three years' residence at Cambridge he had qualified for a Bachelor of Arts degree, which he took in 1910. In 1912 he completed a fourth tripos in mechanical sciences, and was placed in the second class. At the time he was believed to be the first man of any nationality to achieve honours in four different Triposes, and was lauded in national newspapers across the UK. The next year, Mashriqi was conferred with a DPhil in mathematics receiving a gold medal at his doctoral graduation ceremony.
He left Cambridge and returned to India in December 1912. During his stay in Cambridge his religious and scientific conviction was inspired by the works and concepts of Professor Sir James Jeans.
Early career
On his return to India, Mashriqi was offered the premiership of Alwar, a princely state, by the Maharaja. He declined owing to his interest in education. At the age of 25, and only a few months after arriving in India, he was appointed vice principal of Islamia College, Peshawar, by Chief Commissioner Sir George Roos-Keppel and was made principal of the same college two years later. In October 1917 he was appointed under secretary to the Government of India in the Education Department in succession to Sir George Anderson. He became headmaster of the High School, Peshawar on 21 October 1919.
In 1920, the British government offered Mashriqi the ambassadorship of Afghanistan, and a year later he was offered a knighthood. However, he refused both awards.
In 1930, he was passed over for a promotion in the government service, following which he went on medical leave. In 1932 he resigned, taking his pension, and settled down in Ichhra, Lahore.
Nobel nomination
In 1924, at the age of 36, Mashriqi completed the first volume of his book, Tazkirah. It is a commentary on the Qur'an in the light of science. It was nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1925, subject to the condition it was translated into one of the European languages. However, Mashriqi declined the suggestion of translation.
Political life
Mashriqi's philosophy
A theistic evolutionist who accepted some of Darwin's ideas while criticizing others, he declared that the science of religions was essentially the science of collective evolution of mankind; all prophets came to unite mankind, not to disrupt it; the basic law of all faiths is the law of unification and consolidation of the entire humanity. According to Markus Daeschel, the philosophical ruminations of Mashriqi offer an opportunity to re-evaluate the meaning of colonial modernity and notion of post-colonial nation-building in modern times.
Mashriqi is often portrayed as a controversial figure, a religious activist, a revolutionary, and an anarchist; while at the same time he is described as a visionary, a reformer, a leader, and a scientist-philosopher who was born ahead of his time.
After Mashriqi resigned from government service, he laid the foundation of the Khaksar Tehrik (also known as Khaksar Movement) around 1930.
Mashriqi and his Khaskar Tehrik opposed the partition of India. He stated that the "last remedy under the present circumstances is that one and all rise against this conspiracy as one man. Let there be a common Hindu-Muslim Revolution. ... it is time that we should sacrifice…in order to uphold Truth, Honour and Justice." Mashriqi opposed the partition of India because he felt that if Muslims and Hindus had largely lived peacefully together in India for centuries, they could also do so in a free and united India. Mashriqi saw the two-nation theory as a plot of the British to maintain control of the region more easily, if India was divided into two countries that were pitted against one another. He reasoned that a division of India along religious lines would breed fundamentalism and extremism on both sides of the border. Mashriqi thought that "Muslim majority areas were already under Muslim rule, so if any Muslims wanted to move to these areas, they were free to do so without having to divide the country." To him, separatist leaders "were power hungry and misleading Muslims in order to bolster their own power by serving the British agenda."
Imprisonments and allegations
On 20 July 1943, an assassination attempt was made on Muhammad Ali Jinnah by Rafiq Sabir who was assumed to be a Khaksar worker. The attack was deplored by Mashriqi, who denied any involvement. Later, Justice Blagden of the Bombay High Court in his ruling on 4 November 1943 dismissed any association between the attack and the Khaksars.
In Pakistan, Mashriqi was imprisoned at least four times: in 1958 for alleged complicity in the murder of republican leader Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (popularly known as Dr. Khan Sahib); and, in 1962 for suspicion of attempting to overthrow President Ayub's government. However, none of the charges were proven, and he was acquitted in each case.
In 1957, Mashriqi allegedly led 300,000 of his followers to the borders of Kashmir, intending, it is said, to launch a fight for its liberation. However, the Pakistan government persuaded the group to withdraw and the organisation was later disbanded.
Death
Mashriqi died at the Mayo Hospital in Lahore on 27 August 1963 following a short battle with cancer. His funeral prayers were held at the Badshahi Mosque and he was buried in Ichhra. He was survived by his wife and seven children.
Mashriqi's works
Mashriqi's prominent works include:
Armughan-i-Hakeem, a poetical work
Dahulbab, a poetical work
Isha’arat, the Manifesto of the Khaksar movement
Khitab-e-Misr (The Egypt Address), based on his 1925 speech in Cairo as a delegate to the Motmar-e-Khilafat
Maulvi Ka Ghalat Mazhab
Tazkirah Volume I, 1924, discussions on conflicts between religions, between religion and science, and the need to resolve these conflicts
Tazkirah Volume II. Posthumously published in 1964
Tazkirah Volume III.
Fellowships
Mashriqi's fellowships included:
Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, 1923
Fellow of the Geographical Society (F.G.S), Paris
Fellow of Society of Arts (F.S.A), Paris
Member of the Board at Delhi University
President of the Mathematical Society, Islamia College, Peshawar
Member of the International Congress of Orientalists (Leiden), 1930
President of the All World's Faiths Conference, 1937
Edited works
God, Man, and Universe: As Conceived by a Mathematician (works of Inayatullah Khan el-Mashriqi), Akhuwat Publications, Rawalpindi, 1980 (edited by Syed Shabbir Hussain).
See also
All India Azad Muslim Conference
Teilhard de Chardin
Karl Marx
References
1888 births
1963 deaths
20th-century Indian philosophers
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Indian anti-poverty advocates
Forman Christian College alumni
Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Indian humanitarians
Indian independence activists from Punjab (British India)
Indian logicians
Indian people of World War II
Indian prisoners and detainees
Indian revolutionaries
Academic staff of Islamia College University
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Muslim reformers
Pakistani humanitarians
Pakistani logicians
Pakistani mathematicians
Pakistani philosophers
Pakistani politicians
Pakistani Sunni Muslims
Scholars from Amritsar
People from Lahore
Punjabi people
University of the Punjab alumni
World War II political leaders
Theistic evolutionists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inayatullah%20Khan%20Mashriqi |
Blues Etude is a 1966 album by Oscar Peterson. It was the trio's last recording to feature bassist Ray Brown.
Track listing
"Blues Etude" (Oscar Peterson) – 3:53
"Shelley's World" (Bill Traut) – 5:20
"Let's Fall in Love" (Harold Arlen, Ted Koehler) – 3:49
"The Shadow of Your Smile" (Johnny Mandel, Paul Francis Webster) – 4:39
"If I Were a Bell" (Frank Loesser) – 5:19
"Stella by Starlight" (Ned Washington, Victor Young) – 5:17
"Bossa Beguine" (Peterson) – 3:49
"L' Impossible" (Peterson) – 5:00
"I Know You Oh So Well" (Peterson) – 5:05
Personnel
Oscar Peterson – piano
Ray Brown – double bass (tracks 5–9)
Sam Jones – double bass (tracks 1–4)
Louis Hayes – drums
References
1966 albums
Oscar Peterson albums
Limelight Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues%20Etude |
Medlow Bath railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Western line in Medlow Bath in the City of Blue Mountains local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by NSW Government Railways and built from 1902 to 1922. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. The station opened on 21 January 1880 as Browns Siding Pulpit Hill, and was renamed Medlow on 1 March 1883 and Medlow Bath on 1 October 1903.
History
The single track main line from Katoomba to Blackheath was opened in 1868. A halt stop was established at Medlow Bath in 1881. Its initial name was Brown Siding, because of Brown's pioneering sawmill close by in Railway Parade. The station became Medlow in 1883 and Medlow Bath in 1903 with the opening of Mark Foy's Hydro.
The 1881 platform was 30 metres (100 feet) long and was situated on the down side of the single line where the present station is located. Additions to the station buildings were made in 1899, but duplication of the line in 1902 prompted the replacement of the original platform by the present island platform. The existing buildings date from that time and like most stations between Emu Plains and Lithgow, Medlow Bath received a standard Federation style brick building.
Also on the platform is a small timber signal box. An open interlocking frame was erected on the platform in 1909 but evidence suggests that the frame was not covered by the existing structure until . It was taken out of service in 1957 but continued to be used as a store. It is now a rare example of a separate platform level signal box.
An additional siding was built in 1926 and in 1942 the platform was extended at the Sydney end.
The gatekeepers cottage is now privately owned.
Platforms and services
Medlow Bath has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Description
The complex comprises a type 11, island station building "A8" design, brick, completed in 1902; and a gabled roof, timber signal room, completed in . Other structures include a brick faced island platform, completed in 1902; and a footbridge, completed in 1901 and 1994.
Station building (1902)
Constructed of face brick with corrugated metal gabled roof extending as an awning to both platforms, the Medlow Bath station building is an early phase island building in standard "A8" Federation style design. It features 6 bays with linear arrangement along the platform with tuckpointed red brickwork with engaged piers between the bays. Other features include rendered and moulded two rows of string courses, moulded cornice, timber framed windows and doors with contrasting decorative trims and sills, standard iron brackets over decorative corbels supporting ample platform awnings, fretted timber work to both ends of awnings and gable ends, timber finials to gable apex, tall corbelled chimneys, timber framed double-hung windows with multi-paned and coloured upper sashes, and timber door openings with multi-paned fanlights with coloured glazing.
Medlow Bath Station is an unattended station and its interiors are in an abandoned state. The floor layout of the building comprises a booking office, waiting room, ladies waiting and toilets and male toilets with access from the south end of the building. The interiors generally feature custom orb ceilings with ceiling roses, fireplaces with no grates, timber floor boards to main rooms and tiling to toilets, beaded dado line and timber bead style moulded cornices. Toilet fittings are modern.
Signal room ()
A small timber building at the booking office end of the station on axis with the platform. Historical evidence suggest that this weatherboard building covered an interlocking frame, which was originally erected as an open frame. It appears to be used as a store room after being taken out of service in 1957. It has a steep gabled corrugated metal roof, rusticated timber boarding with small four-paned windows on three elevations, and a four-panelled timber door with timber awning on the south elevation.
Island platform (1902)
A typical island platform running north–south, with the buildings located approximately at the centre. The platform is brick faced with a concrete deck and asphalt finish. Two raised round shaped slabs are located to the south of the station building probably for access to the services below the platform. A number of garden beds along the axis of the platform enhance the setting of the station. Modern platform furniture including light fittings, signage, timber bench seating and aluminium palisade fencing at both ends of the platform are other features along the platform.
Footbridge (1901, 1994)
A standard concrete slab structure supported on original brick abutments and two steel trestles with new stairs to the platform and bridge with new concrete deck over the tracks spanning between the Great Western Highway and Railway Parade. The footbridge marks the northern end of the station. A concrete level crossing with relatively new fabric is also located on the southern end of the station. 1994 metal balustrades provides safety along the edges of the stairs and the bridge.
Moveable items
Two timber bench style seats in the waiting room.
Condition
As at 3 December 2008, the condition was assessed as follows:
Station Building – Good externally, however; internally it is in poor condition.
Signal Room – Good externally, internal condition unknown
Island Platform – Very Good
Footbridge – Very Good
The station building has a high degree of integrity externally, however; the interiors have lost their intactness due to the poor condition. The timber signal room is intact. The footbridge is relatively intact as it retains its original steel superstructure.
Modifications and dates
– 1909 interlocking frame covered by timber Signal box
1926 – additional siding built
1942 – platform extended at the Sydney end
1957 – line electrified
1994 – footbridge upgraded with new deck, stepway, and the superstructure cleaned and repainted.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates two bus routes via Medlow Bath station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
698: Katoomba to
698V: Katoomba to Mount Victoria
Heritage listing
As at 15 April 2013, Medlow Bath Railway Station is significant as part of the early construction phase of railway line duplication on the upper Blue Mountains demonstrating the technological and engineering achievements in railway construction at the beginning of the 1900s. Constructed in anticipation of a boom period in the mountains particularly in connection with large holiday resorts such as the Hydro-Majestic Hotel, Medlow Bath station building is a good example of a Federation free classical railway station. The station building demonstrates typical architectural elements of the standard Federation style island platform buildings that were built between Penrith and Lithgow when the line was duplicated.
Medlow Bath railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
Medlow Bath Station Group is of historical significance as part of the early construction phase of railway line duplication on the upper Blue Mountains demonstrating the technological and engineering achievements in railway construction at the beginning of the 1900s. It was built in anticipation of a boom period in the mountains, particularly in connection with large holiday resorts such as the nearby Hydro-Majestic Hotel.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
Medlow Bath station building is a good example of a standard design island platform building and demonstrates typical architectural elements of Federation period standard buildings that were built between Penrith and Lithgow following the duplication of the railway line. It maintains its overall architectural quality and setting.
The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The timber signal room is a rare example of a separate platform level signal box as the majority of the signal rooms along Blue Mountains Line are incorporated into the main station building.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
The station building is one of the early examples of a large number of standard railway designs that were commonly used in the 1910s-20s after a decade from the construction of Medlow Bath station building. The 1901 superstructure of the footbridge is a typical example of standard steel beam structure supported on trestles and brick abutments with later concrete deck and steps.
See also
List of railway stations in New South Wales
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Medlow Bath station details Transport for New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
City of Blue Mountains
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1880
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medlow%20Bath%20railway%20station |
Shrimp toast or prawn toast is a Cantonese dim sum dish from Hong Kong. It is made from small triangles of bread, coated with a paste made from minced shrimp and cooked by baking or deep frying. It is a common appetizer in Western Chinese cuisine. A common variant in the United Kingdom, Australia and Ireland is sesame prawn toast. This involves sprinkling sesame seeds before the baking or deep frying process.
Gallery
History
The dish originates from Hong Kong, as an early form of fusion cuisine, combining prawn paste, which is very common in Hong Kong cuisine, and toast, originating from the West. The dish is called haa dō si 蝦多士 in Cantonese, haa, meaning prawn, and dō si, a loan word from English meaning toast. The dish's range expanded along with trading routes, making its way to Japan and Southeast Asia countries like Vietnam and Thailand.
Japan
The dish was introduced to Japan during the Meiji period through the port of Nagasaki, whose local Shippoku cuisine blended the cookery of China, Japan, and the West. In Japanese, shrimp toast is known as hatoshi (), a loan word from Cantonese. Many Chinese restaurants and shops in Nagasaki's Chinatown still serve this dish. Some also serve a variant made with pork.
See also
Krupuk
List of toast dishes
References
Cantonese cuisine
American Chinese cuisine
Dim sum
shrimp dishes
Toast dishes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp%20toast |
Blackheath railway station is a heritage-listed former railway bridge and now railway station located on the Main Western line in Blackheath in the City of Blue Mountains local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed and built by NSW Government Railways and built from 1897 to 1985. It is also known as the Blackheath Railway Station Group. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. The station opened on 28 December 1869.
History
The contract for extending the railway from Lawson to Blackheath was awarded in 1863 to W. Watkins, who completed the track a year ahead of schedule in 1866, although the ballasting of the line by a separate contractor took longer. Blackheath was to be the temporary terminus because of its level site and good water supply, but before the station was finished the destruction of the road bridge over the Nepean River at Emu Plains in the flood of 1867 prompted John Whitton, in charge of railways, to open the line as far as Wentworth Falls to assist stranded travellers to the west. Wentworth Falls, therefore, was for a short time the terminus. In the meantime, Watkins had won the contract to extend the line from Blackheath to Mount Victoria and the completion of this stretch in May 1868 led to Wentworth Falls being replaced by Mount Victoria, not by Blackheath, as the temporary terminus of the Western line. Plans to build a two-storied station at Blackheath were abandoned and this grander building was erected instead at Mount Victoria.
Blackheath station opened in 1868 as a "halt" and as a platform in 1869. The Great Western Railway was intended to initially reach Bathurst but, beyond that town, its terminus was not stated. The line was duplicated between Blackheath and Mount Victoria in 1898 and the present platform building was erected on an island platform to serve both lines at that time. A signal frame was provided at the Sydney end of the building and would appear to have been open-air, later enclosed. When duplication extended from Medlow Bath to Blackheath in 1902, a new platform building was not provided.
The Footbridge at Blackheath Station that provides access to the platforms was built in 1911. Its twin beam construction is typical of NSWGR practice. Since 1990, every component of the bridge, except the steel structure, has been replaced.
Then Chief Executive, David Hill, authorised in 1985 the reconstruction of the 1897 building when fire virtually destroyed much of the platform building. The Blackheath reconstruction, together with the restoration of Mortuary station, marked the start of heritage management in the NSW railway organisation.
Platforms and services
Blackheath has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Description
The complex comprises a type 11 station building, completed in 1898 and partially reconstructed 1985. Other structures in the complex include the brick-faced island platform, completed in 1898; and the steel-framed footbridge, completed in 1911 and partially replaced in 1990.
Station building
External: This station building is a rare example of a large (type 11) timber island platform building. It has eight bays with cantilevered bracketed awnings to each platform elevation. Verandah brackets are plain with standard circular bracing sitting on decorative timber supports. Detailing is generally restrained with rusticated weatherboard siding and V-jointed timber panelled gable ends. Doors and windows are panelled with decorative architraves and sills, similar in design to rendered details on brick buildings from the period. A corrugated iron roof with timber fretwork gables with decorative finials to flying gable ends is a distinctive feature of the building. Two brick chimneys with corbelled tops are extant.
Internal: The internal original layout of the building as well as a number of original finishes remain, however the Station Master's office together with the parcels office (at the Sydney end) have been reconstructed after the 1985 fire. The planning is linear with booking office, Station Master's office, parcels office (formerly enclosed signal box with no surviving equipment), ladies waiting and toilet and at the far end with access from the gable wall, the men's toilet. Original features include decorative moulded pressed metal ceiling to the general waiting room, double-hung sash windows with multi-paned upper sashes and coloured glazing, timber panelled doors with multi-paned fanlights, and chimney breasts. Later modifications included changes to all other room finishes including plasterboard ceilings with simple cornices, tile and carpet flooring and new toilet fittings.
Island platform
Blackheath Station has an island platform, completed in 1898, in slightly curved form, which is wide at the centre and narrow at both ends of the platforms. This form is typical of Blue Mountains stations dictated by the topography and the deviation of the railway line. The platform is brick faced with brick projecting edge at the top and asphalt finish to the concrete deck. Platform furniture including period light fittings, and modern signage, timber bench seating and aluminium palisade fencing at both ends of the platform are other features along the platform. A number of small garden beds with small plantings and shrubs are scattered along the northern end of the platform.
Footbridge
A modified standard steel beam bridge, erected in 1911, supported on steel trestles with bracing extending from the street ramp over the highway and over the Up main tracks with stairs to the island platform and to both streets. With the exception of original steel structure all components of the bridge have been replaced since the 1990s. The footbridge has contemporary canopies and metal balustrades. In 2022 the construction of 3 lifts or elevators began with construction finishing in early June 2023 and opening ceremony held by The Hon. Jo Haylen (the transport minister at the time) on the 30th of June 2023.
Landscape
Station gardens, mature trees and landscaped surrounds within property boundaries adjoining the Council landscaped gardens. The plantings on the platform are not considered significant.
Shops
266 Great Western Highway consists of a pair of similarly scaled and configured retail buildings. Both have gabled roofs that assume a broken backed form above verandahs that span the footpath on the eastern sides of the buildings. The external surface walls are of textured cement render and symmetrical facades are designed with central doors flanked by large display windows. The varandah roofs are supported off similarly detailed chamfered timber posts.
The roof of the northern building is covered with fibro slates and features terracotta cresting and rams horn finials along the ridge. The display windows on the eastern side of the building have architraves and sills of cement render, the sills being formed into decorative scrolls and the heads being wide and splayed at each end. The door is partially glazed and divided into a number of glazed and solid panels; both door and windows have highlights over. The window at the southern end of the building is set into an arched opening and has a multi paned highlight over the main sash. The word "Auctioneer" has been formed in the cement render lining the northern wall.
The roof of the southern building is covered with terracotta tiles. The architrave around the windows and door in the eastern facade are more simple in design than those of the northern building, while the building has windows in each end consisting of casement type sashes with highlights over.
Condition
As at 8 September 2008, the station building was in a good condition. Also in good condition were the platform and the footbridge.
Potential archaeological features
There are no known archaeological features. Although intact, the building has partially been reconstructed after the 1980s fire. Thus its integrity is moderate. Similarly, other than its steel beam structural elements the fabric of the footbridge has also been replaced in 1990 and has moderate integrity. The overall integrity of the station as a group is moderate.
Modifications and dates
: original timber platform building was severely burnt and approximately 40% of the structure that is extant today (at the Sydney end of the building) is new fabric.
post 1990: footbridge upgraded with covered deck etc.
Further information
Also see separate listing for Blackheath Railway Station – Shops (266 Great Western Highway). The Relay Hut is not considered to be of significance and has been excluded from the listing. The nearby railway residence is in private ownership and is not part of this listing. Constructed in s the Station Master's residence is a type 5 standard railway residence (officially known as the "J1" or 'K1'). It is of brick construction with two corrugated metal hipped roofs over the main structure and the projecting bay presenting an asymmetrical facade with a side verandah featuring hipped awning supported on turned timber posts. Fenestration includes narrow tall sash windows with segmental arch lintels.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates two bus routes via Blackheath station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
698: to Katoomba
698V: Katoomba to Mount Victoria
Heritage listing
As at 22 February 2012, Blackheath Railway Station is of state significance as part of the early construction phase of railway line duplication on the upper Blue Mountains, demonstrating the technological and engineering achievements in railway construction at the end of the 19th century. The building is significant for its contribution to the scenic qualities of the Blue Mountains railway landscape, forming part of a cohesive group of intact stations along the line. The platform building at Blackheath station is an excellent representative example of a standard Federation era railway building and is one of only two timber railway buildings along the Blue Mountains line. Partial reconstruction of the building following a fire in 1985, together with the restoration of Mortuary station, marked the beginning of heritage management in the NSW railways. The place is also significant for its local setting within well landscaped gardens and adjacent to the historic town centre.
The Blackheath Railway Station Shops have historical significance as an important and distinctive component of the precinct around Blackheath Railway Station. The buildings have some aesthetic significance as small Federation-era buildings with similarities in scale, detail, and form and are important elements in the local townscape. The buildings are also of significance for their associations with the prominent and influential identity Tomas Rodriguez, former Station Master at Blackheath Railway Station.
Blackheath railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
Blackheath Railway Station is of historical significance as part of the early construction phase of railway line duplication on the upper Blue Mountains demonstrating the technological and engineering achievements in the railway construction at the end of the 19th century.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
Blackheath Railway Station is a good representative example of a Federation Free Classical style railway station. The building predates the issue of standard plans, but is similar to a standard design known as Type 11 (standard A8-A10) island platform buildings. It is one of only two timber railway stations in the Blue Mountains and adapts the standard elements found in other Blue Mountains island platforms such as the wide cantilevered awning supported on steel brackets to a timber construction.
The place is also significant for its local setting within well landscaped gardens and adjacent to the historic town centre.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Blackheath Railway Station has limited research potential due to its partial reconstruction and being an example of well documented type of railway structures from this period.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Blackheath Station building is a rare timber "type 11" station building, and is one of two timber railway stations in the Blue Mountains, the other is Katoomba.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
The Station is a representative example of a group of stations associated with the construction and duplication of the railway across the Blue Mountains. The footbridge is also a representative example of a standard steel beam structure with trestle supports dating from the early 1900s.
See also
List of railway stations in New South Wales
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Blackheath station details Transport for New South Wales
Blackheath, New South Wales
Main Western railway line, New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1869
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Transport in the Blue Mountains (New South Wales) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath%20railway%20station%2C%20New%20South%20Wales |
The Treaty of Moscow, or Treaty of Brotherhood (, ) was an agreement between the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM), under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, and Russia, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, signed on 16 March 1921. Neither the Republic of Turkey nor the Soviet Union had then been established. The internationally recognised Turkish government at the time was that of Sultan Mehmed VI, but it was not party to the Treaty of Moscow. The Sultan's government had signed the Treaty of Sèvres, which had been repudiated by the Turkish National Movement.
Key points
Under the Treaty of Moscow, both governments undertook to establish friendly relations between the countries. The treaty stipulated that the term "Turkey" in it meant the territories included in the National Oath, which had been adopted by the Ottoman Parliament on 28 January 1920. Article VI declared all treaties that had been concluded between Russia and Turkey to be null and void. Under Article II, Turkey ceded Batum and the adjacent area north of the village of Sarp to Soviet Georgia (the Kars Oblast went to Turkey).
Article III instituted an autonomous Nakhichevan district under Soviet Azerbaijan's protectorate. Under Article V, the parties agreed to delegate the final elaboration of the status of the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits to a future conference of delegates of the littoral states if the "full sovereignty" and security of Turkey and "her capital city of Constantinople" were not injured.
Kars treaty
Turkey's borders, as well as those of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, as defined by the treaty as well as the nearly-identical Treaty of Kars (signed on October 13, 1921), are still in existence.
2015 Russian–Turkish tensions
After the shootdown of the Russian Sukhoi Su-24 over the Syria–Turkey border in November 2015 and the rise of Russian–Turkish tensions, members of the Communist Party of Russia proposed annulling the Treaty of Moscow. Initially, the Russian Foreign Ministry considered that action to send a political message to the government of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. However, Moscow ultimately decided against the idea in its effort to de-escalate tensions with Ankara.
References
External links
"Treaty of Moscow." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2017. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 March 2017
1921 in Armenia
1921 in Azerbaijan
1921 in Georgia (country)
1921 in Russia
1921 in the Ottoman Empire
History of Adjara
History of Kars
Modern history of Turkey
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
Russian Civil War
Russia–Turkey relations
Soviet Union–Turkey relations
Moscow
Moscow
Moscow
Moscow
Moscow
Moscow
Moscow
March 1921 events
Boundary treaties
Treaties involving territorial changes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20of%20Moscow%20%281921%29 |
The International Socialist Left (, isl) was a Trotskyist group in Germany. The isl was an organizational descendant of the International Marxist Group (GIM). It was one of two factions that form the German section of the Fourth International was affiliated with the Association for Solidarity Perspectives (VsP).
Along with co-producing the VsP's newspaper Sozialistische Zeitung, the isl worked with the Revolutionary Socialist League (the other part of the German section) and groups in Austria and Switzerland to produce Inprekorr, the German-language magazine of the Fourth International.
In December 2016, the ISL and the RSB announced that they had merged to form the new International Socialist Organisation.
References
External links
isl website
Sozialistische Zeitung website
Inprekorr website
ISO website
Defunct organisations based in Germany
Fourth International (post-reunification)
Trotskyist organisations in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Socialist%20Left |
Sir Charles Augustus Tegart (5 October 1881 – 6 April 1946) was an Irish police officer who served extensively in British India and Palestine.
Early life
Born in Derry on 5 October 1881, Tegart was the son of a Church of Ireland clergyman, Rev. Joseph Poulter Tegart of Dunboyne, County Meath, and his wife Georgina Johnston. He was educated at Portora Royal School, Enniskillen and briefly at Trinity College, Dublin. He retained contacts there and was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1933. Prior to his roles in India, he served as chief assistant to Ormonde Winter, the head of British Intelligence operations in Ireland during the Irish War of Independence.
Career in India
He joined the Calcutta Police in 1901, eventually becoming head of its Detective Department.
He was the first officer of the Indian Imperial Police (IMP) in the Council and on his report its Special Branch was created.
He was awarded the King's Police Medal in 1911. He became Superintendent of Police in 1908, Deputy Commissioner in 1913, Deputy-Inspector General (Intelligence) in 1918, and Commissioner of Calcutta Police from 1923 to 1931.
Charles Tegart tried to suppress the nationalists of India such as Jatindranath Mukherjee at Balasore in Orissa on 9 September 1915.
He was appointed a member of the Secretary of State's Indian Council in December 1931.
Career in Palestine
In view of his expertise, the British authorities sent him to the British Mandate of Palestine, then in the throes of the Arab Revolt, to advise the Inspector General on matters of security. He arrived there in December 1937.
In due course, he advised the construction of 77 reinforced concrete police stations and posts which could be defended against the attack, and of a frontier fence along the northern border of Palestine to control the movement of insurgents, goods, and weapons. His recommendations were accepted and 62 new "Tegart forts", as they came to be known, were built throughout Palestine, however all but a few located along the Lebanese border were built after the Arab Revolt, in 1940–41. Many of them are still in use, some by Israeli forces and others by Palestinian ones, while others were destroyed in various rounds of fighting.
Tegart also was the mastermind behind the establishment of the Arab Investigation Centres in Palestine during the Great Arab revolt. The centres were for the interrogation of suspected Arab insurgents, and torture was frequently used during interrogations. Tactics used include the Turkish practice of falaka (beating prisoners on the soles of their feet), though some historians have claimed that there is no conclusive proof to be found in Tegart's personal papers in support of the accusations that he personally oversaw interrogation centres or that he developed new torture techniques.
World War II
In 1942, Tegart headed up operations at the Ministry of Food in wartime Britain to combat the black market.
See also
Arab Investigation Centres, built under the direction of Charles Tegart
Cellular Jail
Bagha Jatin, comments by Tegart on his death
Herbert Dowbiggin, British colonial policeman
References
Further reading
Tutun Mukherjee, "Colonialism, Surveillance and Memoirs of travel: Tegart's Diaries and the Andaman Cellular Jail", in Sachidananda Mohanty (ed.) Travel writing and the Empire, Katha, 2004. . See also in The Hindu.
Sir Charles Tegart Collection , held at St Antony's College, Oxford University.
'Charles Tegart of the Indian Police': an unpublished biography by Lady Tegart, Mss Eur C235 in British Library, Asia, Pacific, and Africa Collections.
British colonial police officers
Irish knights
Indian Police Service officers in British India
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Indian police chiefs
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Members of the Royal Victorian Order
Police officers from Kolkata
Northern Irish recipients of the Queen's Police Medal
Administrators of Palestine
1881 births
1946 deaths
People of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
People educated at Portora Royal School
People from Derry (city)
Indian justices of the peace
Irish expatriates in British India
British Combined Intelligence Unit personnel
Police misconduct in India
Police brutality in Israel
British people in Mandatory Palestine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Tegart |
Zhuge Shang (240s - November 263) was a Chinese military general of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the eldest son of the Shu general Zhuge Zhan and a grandson of Zhuge Liang, the first Chancellor of Shu.
In 263, Deng Ai, a general from Shu's rival state Cao Wei, led an army to attack Shu and showed up in Fu (涪; in present-day Mianyang, Sichuan) after taking a shortcut from Yinping (陰平; present-day Wen County, Longnan, Gansu). Zhuge Zhan led the Shu forces to Fu to resist the enemy but retreated to Mianzhu (緜竹) when he heard that the Shu vanguard had been defeated. Deng Ai sent a messenger to ask Zhuge Zhan to surrender, but Zhuge refused and executed the messenger. In the ensuing battle at Mianzhu, the Shu forces were defeated and both Zhuge Zhan and Zhuge Shang were killed in action. Before joining his father in battle, Zhuge Shang sighed, "My father and I received grace from the State. Our failure to eliminate Huang Hao earlier on resulted in our State being stuck in this disastrous situation now. What can we do with our lives?"
See also
Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
References
Chang, Qu ( 4th century). Chronicles of Huayang (Huayang Guo Zhi).
Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
Year of birth unknown
263 deaths
Shu Han generals
Three Kingdoms people killed in battle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuge%20Shang |
Mount Victoria railway station is a heritage-listed former barracks and now staff accommodation, guest accommodation, railway signal box and railway station located on the Main Western line in Mount Victoria in the City of Blue Mountains local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by NSW Government Railways and built from 1868 to 1913 by Allan McClean and James Barrie . It is also known as Mount Victoria Railway Station group. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. The station opened on 1 May 1868.
The Platform 2 building dates from 1868 with a railway refreshment room added in 1884. The Platform 1 building dates from 1911 when the line was duplicated. An extensive yard including a locomotive depot existed west of the station.
History
Mount Victoria has always been an important railway centre since its opening in 1868. It was the first platform structure made of material other than timber built after Penrith station. The original station building still remains and was to a design consistent with the time of John Whitton, Engineer-in-Chief of the NSW Railways. Further additions were carried out in 1899 to the ladies' toilet and other areas. The parcels office was added in 1911 to the Sydney end of the building.
In 1884, the two level stone addition containing the Railway Refreshment Room was built under the supervision of George Cowdery, Engineer-in-Chief for Existing Lines and was built by George Dengate. The Refreshment Room contained on the upper level eight bedrooms for travellers and quarters for the Manager and family, again typical of NSW practice. Alterations to the Refreshment Room occurred in 1919 and additional bedrooms were built at the rear in 1943. The Refreshment Room closed in 1957.
A locomotive depot existed at Mount Victoria in 1897 and was greatly expanded in 1911-13 when duplication of the line through Mount Victoria was completed. The depot was home to the locomotives and crews who worked the famous "The Fish" commuter train to Sydney. Mount Victoria also was the destination of the Caves Express from Sydney, which conveyed holidaymakers to the Blue Mountains.
The construction of accommodation for enginemen, train guards and other on-board staff has been provided by the NSW Government Railways from the 1880s. In the late 1890s, a standard design of barracks was approved. Those at Mount Victoria reflected a standard arrangement with rows of four bedrooms on each side of the building. There was also a central kitchen and meal room, reflected in the roofscape by a large transverse gable. A toilet and Attendant's Room completed the plan. It continues also to be used for non-overnight purposes, for meals and locker accommodation.
Also on the Lithgow-bound platform is an elevated signal box. It was constructed in 1911 and continues in service (2009). It is built to the typical elevated signal box design dominant between 1910 and 1920.
A free-standing male toilet was built towards the western end of the Lithgow-bound platform in 1900. The verandah posts which supported the original platform awnings on the Lithgow-bound platform were removed in 1927. This was part of a programme to modernise the appearance of platform buildings by the use of large brackets which had begun in the 1890s under Chief Commissioner, E.M.G. Eddy.
The present Sydney-bound platform was built to serve the duplication west to Hartley in 1911, and the present buildings provided. It featured a second Railway Refreshment Room with the traditional lantern roof, which closed in 1957. The 1911 Up platform building is roofed with slates. This is possibly the last station to utilise slates as a roofing material.
The station's history is closely linked to Jenolan Caves. The station was the destination for the famous "Caves Express" which operated between the 1920s and 1942 conveying holidaymakers to the Blue Mountains. It was also the nightly destination of the famous "The Fish" train from Sydney. It was the only destination on the NSW railway system to have two named trains terminate one for commuters and the other for tourists.
The pedestrian footbridge linking both platforms was of truss form and built in 1911, replacing an earlier c.1896 bridge. It is largely in original condition and is typical of the design used throughout the NSW railway system.
A Station Master's Cottage was also constructed in 1868 and was similar to another 11 residences on the Blue Mountains built in stone. The structure was demolished over 30 years ago but the keystone showing the date of construction is still extant. It is now located in the Baden Powell Park, Mount Victoria. The history of the cottage is important as it illustrates that residences not always reflected the status of the occupant. In this case, the Station Master received the same type and size structure as did Gatekeepers on the line.
The train involved in the 1977 Granville Rail Disaster, consisting of eight passenger carriages hauled by 46 class electric locomotive 4620, commenced its journey towards Sydney's Central Railway Station at 6:09 am. At approximately 8:10 am, whilst approaching Granville railway station, the locomotive derailed and struck one of the steel-and-concrete pillars supporting the bridge carrying Bold Street over the railway cutting, causing the bridge to fall on the derailed train, killing 84 passengers. "The Day of the Roses" and its associated death toll has been regarded as Australia's worst peacetime railway accident, eclipsing the death toll of the Camp Mountain Rail Accident that occurred in Queensland on 5 May 1947.
Platforms and services
Mount Victoria has two side platforms. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow. Some services terminate at Mount Victoria and stable in the sidings west of the station. The Bathurst Bullet operates two evening services to Bathurst.
Journey Beyond's weekly Indian Pacific also passes through Mount Victoria, but stops when traveling towards Sydney only.
Description
The complex includes a type 3, second class, sub-type 1, stone station building for platform 2, erected in 1869 with a refreshment room, erected in 1884; and a type 11, brick station building for platform 1, erected in 1913; platform 1 Lavatory Block 1 (); platform 2 Lavatory Block (); a signal box – type E, 48 lever, brick on platform 2 (1911); barracks/Rest house, brick (1911-1913); and the site of the former Station Master's Cottage (1868).
Other structures include a part stone and part brick faced platform 1, erected in the 1870s; a brick faced platform 2, erected in 1911; a footbridge (1911); and various other structures.
Station building platform 2 (1869, 1884)
External: Constructed of stone with a slate roof the station building on Platform 2 is a "type 3", second class station building altered to include refreshment rooms on the upper level with later brick extensions to both Up and Down ends. Its key features include a large two-storey central stone building flanked by attached stone and brick single-storey wing structures, a hipped slate roof to main building, gambrel roof to the Up end wing and flat roof to Down end wing, timber framed double-hung windows and timber panelled doors with standard iron brackets over decorative corbels supporting wide platform awnings, fretted timber work to both ends of awnings. The main two-storey central building features four tall brick chimneys with stone base and tops (one with chimney pot), bracketed eaves and segmental arched tall windows to the upper level. The single-storey sandstone south wing is part of the original station building with pitched slate roof and brick extension with corrugated metal gambrel roof and a brick chimney. The stone eaves of the original south wing are visible over the later platform awning. The south wing (ladies room) is a painted brick on the platform side and face brick on the car park side featuring tall face brick chimneys with corbelled tops and double-hung timber framed windows. An enclosed cantilevered balcony is located on the west side of the central wing, supported on cast iron brackets with iron lace (mostly removed). A ground floor brick and weatherboard skillion addition with a tall brick chimney is also located on the west side of the central wing.
Internal: The original layout of the station building in its extended form remains. The room arrangement on the ground floor includes combined station master's office, ticket office and booking office, general waiting room, and ladies room. The upper level accommodates the local museum with entry via the rear staircase. The station refreshment rooms no longer function. The original internal finishes include decorative plaster ceiling and moulded plaster cornices to the waiting room and ladies waiting room, moulded timber architraves to original building joinery, plasterboard ceilings to amenities, and tile and carpet floorings. All fireplaces have been enclosed.
Station building platform 1 (1913)
External: A single-storey building with slate gabled roof, gabled lantern roof to the centre and terracotta ridge capping. The walls are of face brick with black tuckpointed red brick jack arches to the openings. The walls have a brick plinth with red splay bricks. The south 5 bays are recessed with red bricks to the head of the recesses. The platform side of the building has timber framed double-hung windows with multi-paned upper sashes and double doors with coloured multi-pane fanlights. A double-hung ticket window is also located at the south end of the building. The building has various gabled wings at the rear. A cantilevered awning over the platform is supported on steel brackets on stanchions. It returns around the south side of the building and extends north to link with the lavatory building. A fretwork valance finishes the bay between the platform building and the lavatory. The half timber panelled gable end is visible behind the awnings.
Internal: The Platform 1 building is generally used by station staff and consists of two locked rooms and a general waiting room in the centre. The waiting room features decorative plaster ceiling, moulded timber architraves to window and door surrounds, a timber moulded dado above rendered dado line, timber skirting board and bricked in fireplace. Staff rooms were not accessible.
Platform 1 Lavatory Block ()
External: A single-storey face brick men's lavatory building with a parapeted gable on the platform side featuring roughcast frieze between moulded string courses. The roof is of corrugated metal with exposed rafters. The other features include a four-panelled door with arched fanlight, a louvered/fixed window on the north side with segmental brick arch and decorative stone sill, and a double window on the platform elevation with louvered upper sashes, segmental arch and decorative stone sill.
Platform 2 Lavatory Block ()
External: A single storey face brick gabled building with a brick screen wall on the south side providing privacy to the men's toilet entry. The building has a corrugated metal roof and plain bargeboards. The door and window openings have segmental arch lintels with louvers to the windows on east side and slots for ventilation in the gable ends.
Signal box (1911)
External: A large two-storey face-brick and timber signal box with a corrugated iron gabled roof featuring simple bargeboards, turned timber finial and boxed eaves. The gable end is clad with rusticated weatherboards and has a timber vent. The signal box is located on the Platform 2 (Down side) with the floor level raised above platform level. It has 6-pane horizontal sliding band windows on the upper floor some with internal steel security mesh. There are 9-pane arched windows on the ground floor with rendered sills. Access is via steel stairs to a landing on the south elevation.
Internal: The signal box retains many of its original/early equipment within a refurbished and interiors including plasterboard panelled ceilings, modern light fittings, vinyl floor coverings, modern kitchen facility and cupboards. Early timber panelled walls in the store room still exist. The signal box and its 48 lever mechanical frame were decommissioned in 2022.
Barracks/Rest House (1911 – 1913)
External: Located to the northeast of the station near No.26 Patrick Street, the barracks building is a single-storey gabled building on north–south axis with enclosed verandahs on the east and west elevations. The building is constructed of face brickwork, stretcher bond to the end walls, and Flemish bond under the verandahs. The gables have plain bargeboards with fretted timber boards to enclosed verandah ends. The large roof has been sheeted with corrugated metal. A large brick gable on the east side facing Patrick Street marks the original entry and is emphasized by a breakfront in the verandah. The verandah feature fibrocement panels to the bottom with brick base and band single-pane louvered windows to the upper portion. A brick chimney is located on the kitchen side of the building.
Internal: The floor layout of the barracks has been altered. An outer passageway exists, which was formally the verandah and external facades. Double-hung windows with simple concrete window sills, timber doors and simple face-brick walls are evident with ventilation grilles along the concrete base. The interior consists of six bedrooms, and a communal kitchen and lounge room area. Floors are tiled and modern fluorescent lights have been installed. Rooms were refurbished with modern skirting boards, architraves, bathroom amenities, and kitchen facilities.
Site of former Station Master's Cottage (1868)
The site of former Station Master's Cottage was built in 1868 and was constructed of stone similar to the pointsman's cottage at Glenbrook. The cottage was located a short distance to the south of the station and continued to be occupied by successive station masters until the twentieth century. It was demolished in 1934 when it became redundant and in poor condition due to vacancy for a long period. The site of the former cottage is now in a park named after Errol Barden, a Blue Mountains Shire Council employee who took a special interest in the environment of Mount Victoria.
Platform 1 (1870)
Platform 1 is a curved side platform and constructed of part stone and part brick faced with concrete deck and asphalt finish. The platform is highly vegetated along the eastern side rocky escarpments with various mature trees, shrubs and potted plants along the length of the platform. The platform also features period and modern light fittings, timber bench seating, a number of early and modern signage and aluminium palisade fencing to both ends of the platform.
Platform 2 (1911)
Platform 2 is a roadside platform and constructed of brick faced with concrete deck and asphalt finish. It was widened at the time of duplication and the addition of the new awning. This platform is also highly vegetated with various mature trees, shrubs and potted plants along the length of the platform. It also features period and modern light fittings, timber bench seating, early and modern signage, an early bubbler and aluminium palisade fencing to both ends and along the street side of the platform.
Footbridge (1911)
The footbridge is a standard Warren truss trestle and stairway with Hardie board long plank timber deck and channel iron stair stringers. The railing is supported on curved mild steel brackets. The footbridge connects both platforms and as the station is situated in a cutting, it extends on one side to the top of the embankment to connect to Patrick Street in the east and Station Street to the west. The balustrades to the stairs are timber post and handrail with wire mesh infill while the sides of the bridge enclosed with corrugated metal sheeting.
Moveable items
Early Platform signs
Platform Lighting – pendant style period pole lighting in group of two or one pendants with decorative brackets and pole base
Bubbler on platform 2 near the waiting room
Seth Thomas brand clock ID # 2418 in the signal box
48 lever interlocking frame, CTC panel, signal tools, emergency board and equipment, boarded fireplace & chimney breast, glass fronted framed notice board, framed signal information board, 1956 book shelf and supports in the signal box
2 x L-shaped early timber seats in the Platform 1 waiting room
Early iron scale outside of SM's office on Platform 2
Period timber bench seats on both platforms
Landscape features
The setting of the station within the rock escarpment is the typical natural setting of the Blue Mountains stations. The station features a numerous collection of flora ranging from mature trees, shrubs and potted plants along both platforms, adding to the historic character of the station group.
Potential archaeological features
There are no known potential archaeological elements on the station. However, a number of remnant sidings, levers and giants from the earlier electrification system exist along the rock escarpment of Platform 1 and may have archaeological potential. The site of the former Station Master's cottage also has archaeological potential.
Condition
Platform 1 Station Building – Good
Platform 2 Station Building – Generally Good Condition (cement render at the bottom of the stone walls detrimental to the stone walls)
Lavatory Blocks – Very Good externally
Signal Box – Very good
Barracks/Rest House – Generally in Good condition
Site of former SM's cottage – not inspected
Platforms – Good
Footbridge – Generally Good with evidence of natural wear & rusting
The overall integrity of the station and its buildings is high. The majority of the buildings at the station are intact with minor changes to their exteriors. Although modified, the barracks maintains their overall integrity at a moderate level. The footbridge has high integrity and intactness.
Modifications and dates
1868 – 1884: Platform 2 station building extended to provide refreshment rooms with extended awning, rear awning removed
1891: Minor renovations and extension to awning of Platform 2 station building.
1898: Additions and repairs to Platform 2 station building.
1902: Improvements to Platform 2 station building.
1993: Internal upgrade works to Platform 1 and Platform 2 station buildings
N.d: Ticket window at south end of Platform 1 station building bricked up and the cantilevered balcony has most cast iron removed and is infilled with fibro and louvred windows.
N.d: Flush doors added to barracks building, internal layout altered, and the verandah enclosed with fibro and louvres.
Further information
Other structures
Located within the curtilage are various other 20th Century subsidiary structures, that have not been assessed as part of this listing. These include:
Carport/Gangshed – clad in sheet metal (Down side)
Section Hut – concrete drop-slab x 2 (Down side)
Decant Pump Shelter (Down side)
Possible Traction-section Hut (south of barracks)
Cleaners Amenities Building (north of barracks).
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates one bus route via Mount Victoria station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
698V: to Katoomba
Heritage listing
Mount Victoria Railway Station Group is of state significance as a large complex of buildings illustrating clearly the pattern of development of railway facilities in the Blue Mountains area. It is the most substantial railway station complex in the Blue Mountains and indicates the former importance of the location with the former locomotive depot (now demolished) to service terminating trains for railway tourism associated with Jenolan Caves and handling goods trains over the steep grades of the Blue Mountains, particularly the section to Lithgow. The structures indicate the importance of Mount Victoria as a health and holiday resort, the RRR accommodation provided in the station building reinforcing this.
The Mount Victoria Railway Station Group has a high degree of research potential for its ability to demonstrate construction techniques and architectural character of various types of buildings in one station. The station is a fine example of railway architecture including Victorian Regency and Federation buildings and is an important landmark in the townscape of Mt Victoria being located at the lower end of the town at the termination of the main street vista. The Mount Victoria Railway barracks is an unusual surviving example of a purpose-built rest-house still used by the railways for staff accommodation. The signal box is one of a few examples of brick on platform elevated signal boxes that remain in operation in the state. The footbridge is rare as an intact example of a standard Warren Truss trestle and stairway with channel iron stair stringers. The overall aesthetic character of the station is further enhanced by the setting of the station within the rock escarpment, a typical natural setting of the Blue Mountains stations, featuring a collection of numerous flora ranging from mature trees, shrubs and potted plants along both platforms.
The Mount Victoria Railway Station is associated with John Whitton, Engineer-in-Chief of the NSW Railways, as the original station building was built to a design from his time, and with George Cowdery, Engineer-in-Chief for Existing Lines, as the two-level stone addition containing the Railway Refreshment Room was built under his supervision.
Mount Victoria railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
The historical importance of Mount Victoria Railway Station Group as a railway location is demonstrated by a variety of high quality buildings which clearly show the development of the Station over time, particularly between 1872 and 1912, illustrating clearly the growth and decline of railway facilities in the Blue Mountains area. Mt Victoria was a convenient place to construct a locomotive facility (now demolished) to service terminating trains to serve railway tourism associated with the Jenolan Caves and handling goods trains over the steep grades of the Blue Mountains, particularly the section to Lithgow. The structures indicate the importance of Mt Victoria as a health and holiday resort, the Railway Refreshment Rooms and accommodation provided in the station building reinforcing this. The Mount Victoria Railway Rest-House (Barracks) is associated with the duplication of the railway line over the Blue Mountains in 1910 and is significant for its continued use as accommodation. The Station Group is the most substantial railway station complex in the Blue Mountains, demonstrating clear layers of growth from its original construction as a terminus station, through its growth at the turn of the century to the duplication of the railway line.
The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.
The Mount Victoria Railway Station is associated with John Whitton, Engineer-in-Chief of the NSW Railways, as the original Station building was built to a design from his time, and with George Cowdery, Engineer-in-Chief for Existing Lines, as the two-level stone addition containing the Railway Refreshment Room was built under his supervision.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
The Mount Victoria Railway Station Group is of aesthetic significance for its cohesive group of Victorian Regency and Federation buildings and is an important landmark in the townscape of Mt Victoria, being located at the lower end of the town at the termination of the main street vista.
While contemporary with the majority of station buildings surviving on the Blue Mountains railway line, the Platform 1 building and adjoining lavatory building do not derive from the standard pattern used for those buildings as it has been built for a side platform rather than an island platform. It has high quality detailing with its brick detailing, clearstory window and use or roughcast render.
The signal box on Platform 2 is a representative example of its type, adapted to suit the side platform rather than the more typical island platform. It is a well detailed building designed and orientated to maximize views of the lines in each direction. The Mount Victoria barracks has a simple gabled form with wide verandahs and has been modified significantly yet still provides an example of a former rest-house facility established within close proximity of the railway line.
The overall aesthetic character of the station is further enhanced by the setting of the station within the rock escarpment, a typical natural setting of the Blue Mountains stations, featuring a collection of numerous flora ranging from mature trees, shrubs and potted plants along both platforms.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The Mount Victoria Railway Station Group has a high degree of research potential for its demonstrative ability in providing construction techniques and architectural character of various types of buildings in one station. The station building on Platform 2 is of particular research significance for its staged construction over time to accommodate different staff and passenger needs. The site of the former SM's cottage also has archaeological potential.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The Mount Victoria Station group is a rare Victorian era railway station combining a number of individually significant buildings and structures. The signal box is one of a few brick on platform signal boxes remaining in the state. The Railway Refreshment Rooms, though no longer used for their original purpose, are rare examples of such railway facility associated with the station's important location.
The barracks are relatively rare in the metro area (8 in 2009) though at least 37 remain in NSW. While of later construction it is representative of the late 1890s standard design of rest-house that provided accommodation to railway staff.
The footbridge is rare as an intact example of a standard Warren Truss trestles and stairway with Hardie Board long plank timber deck and channel iron stair stringers as almost all similar footbridges have been replaced with concrete.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
Mount Victoria Railway Station Group is a representative example of a substantial railway station complex combining various types, periods and styles of buildings dating from the 19th Century and early 20th Century, each individually representing their standard designs and types.
The footbridge is an intact representative example of a standard Warren Truss trestle footbridge with stairway, Hardie Board long plank timber deck and channel iron stair stringers. The barracks, although modified still demonstrates the key characteristics of standard accommodation for railway staff constructed during the early 20th Century.
See also
List of railway stations in New South Wales
References
Attribution
External links
Mount Victoria station details Transport for New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1869
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Former Barracks in Australia
Houses in New South Wales
Main Western railway line, New South Wales
Military installations in New South Wales
Mount Victoria, New South Wales
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Transport in the Blue Mountains (New South Wales) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Victoria%20railway%20station |
Lists of notable Muslims include:
Academics
Arts, entertainment and media
List of Muslim painters
List of Muslim writers and poets
List of Muslims in entertainment and the media in non-Muslim countries
Business
Law and politics
List of Islamic jurists
Lists of Muslims by country or region
Muslim rulers in the Indian subcontinent
List of American Muslims
List of African-American Muslims
List of British Muslims
List of Canadian Muslims
List of Hyderabadi Muslims
List of Israeli Arab Muslims
List of Russian Muslims
Other lists
List of caliphs
List of converts to Islam
List of da'is
List of Muslim comparative theologians
List of Muslim states and dynasties
List of Muslim feminists
List of Muslim Nobel laureates
List of Muslim military leaders
List of Sahabah
List of non-Arab Sahabah
List of Shia Muslims
List of extinct Shia sects
List of Shia dynasties
List of Sufis
List of Sufi saints
List of Sufi singers
List of Sunni dynasties
List of Odia Muslims
See also
Prophets and messengers in Islam
Lists of people by belief
Muhammad in film
List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world
Islam by country
List of Islamic educational institutions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20Muslims |
The John Nicholls Medal (formerly the Robert Reynolds Trophy from 1934 to 2003) is an Australian rules football award given to the player(s) adjudged best and fairest for the Carlton Football Club for the season. The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season, consists of four coaches giving each player a ranking from one to four after each match. Players can receive a maximum of 16 votes for a game.
John Nicholls was a champion ruckman who won the award five times from 1959 to 1967.
Recipients
Multiple winners
See also
Carlton best and fairest (list of Carlton Football Club best and fairest winners in the AFL Women's)
References
General
Specific
Australian Football League awards
Carlton Football Club
Australian rules football-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Nicholls%20Medal |
OMHA may refer to:
Ontario Mental Health Act
Ontario Minor Hockey Association
⟨omha⟩, an Irish tetragraph | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMHA |
Trinity Schools are private Christian schools in the United States providing a classical Christian education to students in grades 7–12. They were founded by the People of Praise and are independent schools owned and operated by Trinity Schools, Inc. Jon Balsbaugh serves as President of all the schools.
Locations
Trinity Schools are currently located in three places:
Greenlawn, in South Bend, Indiana.
Meadow View, in Falls Church, Virginia.
River Ridge, in Eagan, Minnesota.
Trinity Member Schools
Wilberforce School (Princeton Junction, New Jersey)
Trinity Academy (Portland, Oregon)
In 2014, Trinity entered a partnership with the Wilberforce School to allow the later to license Trinity's upper school curriculum for its new high school and receive ongoing teacher training. This partnership named Wilberforce the first Trinity Member School. Trinity Schools' second member school affiliate was Trinity Academy in Portland, Oregon.
Curriculum
Trinity Schools takes a classical education approach. Students are taught the Latin Language for the first four years, and have the choice of either Spanish, French, German, or New Testament Greek for their junior and senior years. They are taught rigorous math courses for all six years. Students take Drama in their junior and senior years, and perform for the school. Students are taught music theory via recorder and keyboard in 7th grade, then in 8th grade participate in a recorder ensemble. In 9th and 10th, Music is choral singing, culminating in public concerts. They study Scripture for four years, and study the doctrine of their own denomination for one year. In high school, they take a daily class for two hours called Humane Letters. In Humane Letters, students study history, literature, philosophy and poetry.
Views on sexuality
The schools teach that sexual activity is only proper between a lawfully-wedded couple, and that marriage is only between a man and a woman. The schools insist that their students are not allowed to discuss their sexuality, and finds it unwise for teenagers to interpret same-sex attractions as identity-defining. The schools have been accused of discriminating against LGBTQ people, effectively barring admission to children of same-sex parents and making it clear that openly gay and lesbian teachers are not welcome.
Notable people
United States Supreme Court Justice Amy Coney Barrett served on the board of the organization from July 2015 to March 2017.
References
External links
Trinity Schools
Christian schools in the United States
Classical Christian schools
People of Praise | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity%20Schools |
The repartition of Ireland has been suggested as a possible solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland. In 1922 Ireland was partitioned on county lines, and left Northern Ireland with a mixture of both unionists, who wish to remain in the United Kingdom, and nationalists, who wish to join a United Ireland. As the two communities are somewhat regionalised, redrawing the border to better divide the two groups was considered at various points throughout the 20th century.
Political geography
As the border currently stands, Northern Ireland contains a slight Catholic — generally correlative with Irish nationalist — plurality, mostly in the south and west, but with significant numbers in Belfast and other communities concentrated particularly in the Glens of Antrim and around the shores of Lough Neagh. Protestants — correlative with Unionists — make up the majority of the population in the north and east, with some smaller communities in the south and west. The geographical area in which unionists are a majority is less than half of Northern Ireland, but eastern areas have a much higher population density.
History
Irish Boundary Commission (1920s)
A de facto border was established by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, in which the British Government established (or attempted to establish) two devolved administrations within the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. The former consisted of north-easterly six of the nine counties of Ulster; the latter of the remaining 26 (including three of Ulster). In 1925, the Irish Boundary Commission was established to consider whether a more appropriate border might be drawn. On 7 November 1925 an English Conservative newspaper, The Morning Post, published leaked notes of the negotiations, including a draft map. The overall effects of the Boundary Commission's recommendations would have been the transfer of 286 square miles to the Free State and 77 square miles to Northern Ireland. The leaked report included, accurately, the Boundary Commission recommendation that parts of east County Donegal would be transferred to Northern Ireland, plus several other small tracts (see list here). Only 1 in every 25 Northern Irish Catholics would have been placed under Free State rule. The Boundary Commission's recommendations would have shortened the border by 51 miles (approx. 18%). The press leak effectively ended the commission's work.
The three governments, however, determined another agreement on 6 December 1925 (subject to parliamentary approval) which confirmed the existing boundary of Northern Ireland, along with other matters. This new agreement was approved by the Dáil (the lower house of the Free State parliament) by a vote of 71 to 20, and in Westminster by the "Ireland (Confirmation of Agreement) Act" that was passed unanimously by the British parliament on 8–9 December. The Agreement was then formally registered with the League of Nations on 8 February 1926.
The 1937 Constitution of Ireland described the whole island of Ireland as the "National Territory", but this claim was dropped by the Nineteenth Amendment that permitted the Irish government to ratify the 1998 Good Friday Agreement.
Conservative party proposals (1970s)
Repartition resurfaced as a possible option with the start of the Troubles. In 1972, the Conservative MP Julian Critchley published a pamphlet for the Bow Group advocating repartition, titled Ireland: A New Partition. In the mid-1970s Northern Ireland Secretary Merlyn Rees considered the possibility of ceding the IRA stronghold of South Armagh to the Republic, deciding against the matter as the Dublin authorities would likewise be unable to stop IRA activity in the area.
In 2003 secret plans were published for the first time, revealing that in 1972 civil servants in London had prepared a "last-ditch" plan for possible use in the event of a full-scale civil war, which would have seen Roman Catholic inhabitants of the northeast forcibly moved to Fermanagh, southern Londonderry, Tyrone, South Armagh and South Down. Protestant inhabitants of those areas would have been moved into North Down, Antrim, Northern Londonderry and North Armagh. The nationalist areas would then have been ceded to the Republic of Ireland. An alternative plan simply involved "moving individual Catholics from their homes in Northern Ireland to new homes in the Republic".
In late 1974 and early 1975, the Irish government believed a British withdrawal was being contemplated, and feared that this would lead to a full civil war in the north. Conservative MP David James pressed Prime Minister Harold Wilson to approach the Republic to see if they would be willing to swap South Armagh for areas of northern County Monaghan; Wilson was apparently keen on the idea, but thought that the government in Dublin would be unenthusiastic. Wilson supported granting independence to Northern Ireland as a Commonwealth dominion until it was rejected by the cabinet in November 1975.
Thatcher's repartition paper (1984)
Pollsters have rarely asked the population of Northern Ireland about their attitudes to repartition but it was asked twice in the early 1980s. In June 1981 and February 1982, the percentages of Protestants agreeing to repartition was 9% and 8%; the percentages for Catholics were 22% and 24%.
Research by Paul Compton of Queen's University of Belfast (QUB) fed into a secret 1984 briefing paper prepared by the Northern Ireland Office for then-Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, which examined various repartition schemes, the most extensive transferring to the Republic half of Northern Ireland's territory and one-third of its population, with West Belfast a "walled ghetto" enclave. The plans were quickly dismissed as impractical and politically unworkable. Later in 1984, then-Taoisaeach Garret FitzGerald spoke against repartition as reinforcing partition.
In 1986, QUB economic historian Liam Kennedy published a book-length study of repartition called Two Ulsters: A Case for Repartition.
UDA proposal (1994)
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, repartition was repeatedly proposed by assorted individuals and small groups. It became popular in some sections of the Ulster nationalist movement, who were keen to establish a state with a large Protestant majority. Conversely, the Ulster Movement for Self-Determination proposed an enlarged state of Ulster, including all the historic province. This state, were it to have been created, would have had almost equal numbers of nationalists and unionists.
In early January 1994, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) released a document calling for repartition combined with ethnic cleansing or even genocide, with the goal of making Northern Ireland wholly Protestant. The plan was to be implemented should the British Army withdraw from Northern Ireland. The vastly Irish Catholic and nationalist areas would be handed over to the Republic, and those left stranded in the "Protestant state" would be "expelled, nullified, or interned". The story was printed in the Sunday Independent newspaper on 16 January. The "doomsday plan" was based on the work of Liam Kennedy, though he had not proposed expulsion. Sammy Wilson, then press officer for the Democratic Unionist Party and later the MP for East Antrim, spoke positively of the document, calling it a "valuable return to reality" and lauded the UDA for "contemplating what needs to be done to maintain our separate Ulster identity".
Later use of the term
In the years following the Good Friday agreement the border was softened by the removal of military checkpoints which had been in place during the Troubles. In the wake of the UK decision to leave the European Union in 2016, the role and nature of the border came into question once again. The term "repartition" is now however used in the context of a theoretical return to a hard border between the two states, rather than a fresh division of Northern Ireland. A hard border was ultimately avoided due to the implementation of the Northern Ireland Protocol in 2021.
See also
Partition (politics)
Detachment (territory)
Brexit and the Irish border
References
External links
New Internationalist: Seven roads to salvation
Ulster nationalism
Politics of Ireland
Partition (politics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repartition%20of%20Ireland |
Michael Strickland Gardiner (born 5 July 1979) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club and the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL). Originally from Albany, Western Australia.
Gardiner played for the Claremont Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) before being drafted by West Coast with the number-one pick in the 1996 National Draft. He made his debut for the club in 1997, and over the next seasons replaced Ryan Turnbull as the club's first-choice ruckman. After being named in the All-Australian team in 2003, Gardiner missed most of the 2004 season due to injury. Loss of form and a series of off-field controversies led to him being traded to St Kilda at the end of the 2006 season, having played total of 129 games for West Coast. During his time at St Kilda, Gardiner added another 52 games, including St Kilda's 2009 and 2010 losing grand final teams, before retiring at the end of the 2011 season.
Junior Career
Gardiner played junior football in Western Australia for the Royals Football Club, before heading to Perth to play for Claremont Football Club in the WAFL. Gardiner nominated for the 1996 ADL Draft, and was considered a solid chance to be selected in the top 10.
AFL Career - West Coast
Number 1 Draft Pick 1996 and Debut
Gardiner was selected by the West Coast Eagles with the number 1 draft pick in the 1996 AFL Draft.
Gardiner debuted in 1997 in Round 4 against Hawthorn, at only 17 years of age. His number 1 draft pick status came with big expectations from his new club to immediately establish himself as an emerging ruckman/forward. He did not disappoint, winning a Rising Star Rookie of the Year nomination in West Coats's Round 19 win over Hawthorn. He played 10 games for the season, including his first Finals Match in the semi-final loss. West Coast led at every break before being defeated by 13 points by North Melbourne, who went on to play St Kilda in the Preliminary Final.
Finals 1998 & 1999
Gardiner played 14 games in his second season of AFL Football, averaging 10 disposals and 15 hit-outs a game in a season where he appeared in his second Finals Match. His season ending with defeat in the a qualifying final loss. In 1999 he played in 17 matches, averaging just under 10 disposals 14 hit-outs per game. Gardiner appeared in both Finals Matches with West Coast, including his first Finals win as a Player in the Qualifying Final win. His season ended with a semi-final loss in week 2.
The 2000 AFL season saw Gardiner play all of the first 14 matches of the season, before being restricted to just 1 more game for the rest of the season. He had his first 20 plus disposals match against Fremantle in Round 6, kicking 3 goals against Melbourne the following week. He also was awarded 3 Brownlow Medal votes for his 21 disposal, 31 hit-out performance in Round 11. He averaged a personal best 19.6 hit-outs per game for the season.
All Australian Team 2003
The 2001 through 2003 seasons saw Gardiner steadily improve in the Ruck, his average hit-outs per season increased from 18.7 to a career best 25.2 per game over the three seasons. In Round 5, 2003 he was awarded the Ross Glendinning Medal for best afield in West Coast's win over rivals Fremantle. West Coast's 2002 and 2003 seasons ended in defeat in the Elimination Final on both occasions. He was recognized for his improved consistency by being selected in the 2003 All-Australian Team. However, he was then limited by chronic knee injuries, and played 18 games in the next three seasons with the Eagles with Dean Cox becoming the leading ruckman in the AFL competition. Gardiner's 2004 season was limited to only the first 3 matches, with a knee injury ending his season.
2005 Return to Football, First Grand Final and Off-field controversies
Gardiner played limited games in 2005, 12 in total for the year. He played more forward time and averaged 6 disposals per game and kicked 16 goals. He played in all of West Coast's Finals matches for the season, including the ultimately inconsequential 2005 AFL Grand Final. Gardiner was much maligned for his limited season, becoming a target for criticism from West Coast supporters.
In May 2005, Gardiner and then West Coast teammate Ben Cousins were criticised for involvement with a group of alleged Perth crime figures. Cousins and Gardiner allegedly received phone calls from the crime figures both before and after incidents at the Metro City nightclub. Police questioned Cousins and Gardiner about the incidents. The Eagles told the pair that they were on their "last warning" and that their off field behaviour would not be tolerated.
Gardiner's alleged off-field lifestyle issues were often seen as detrimental to the West Coast playing group and, in February 2006, in the midst of the Ben Cousins booze bus incident, he was dropped to the Western Australian Football League side Claremont indefinitely on grounds of poor performance and poor off field behaviour.
Gardiner's 2006 season was limited to just 3 games. On 18 July 2006, Gardiner's playing contract was suspended indefinitely and he was fined $5,000 following his involvement in a traffic accident in the Perth suburb of Scarborough. While he escaped the accident with only minor injuries, West Coast Eagles chief executive Trevor Nisbett said that it was highly unlikely the club would renew his contract at the end of the year.
AFL Career - St Kilda Football Club
2006 Trade Period
With Michael Gardiner's football career in limbo due to his effective sacking by the West Coast Eagles, speculation linked him with a trade to a Victorian-based club, with St Kilda or Carlton touted as the most likely destination for the ruckman.
During the 2006 AFL Trade Period, the Eagles traded the former number 1 AFL Draft Pick to St Kilda Saints with a third round draft picks (No. 59), and in return for receiving a third round draft pick (No. 43). St Kilda decided to take on the task of physically rehabilitate Gardiner from his persistent injury issues.
2007 season
Due to his gradual recovery process from obvious injuries and their referral effects, Gardiner was unable to play any competitive AFL football during the 2007 season.
2008 NAB Cup
Michael Gardiner started his St Kilda FC playing career by competing in the Saints team that won the 2008 National Australia Bank Cup Premiership. Wins over Richmond, Geelong, Essendon and Adelaide secured the tournament for St Kilda. During the AFL premiership season Gardiner was hampered by injury, only playing 8 games. His attitude and effort in training, combined with the glimpses of form and class he showed in his handful of games warranted him being retained by St Kilda FC, whose season ended in the Preliminary Final.
2009 & 2010: Minor Premiership and Consecutive Grand Finals
The 2009 and 2010 seasons were arguably Gardiner's best football of his career, where he returned to some of his best form, forming a formidable ruck partnership with Steven King. In 2009, Gardiner played in 16 of St Kilda FC's 22 matches in the home and away season, in which St Kilda dominated the competition, qualifying on top of the standings and winning the 2009 AFL Minor Premiership McClelland Trophy. He averaged 10 disposals and 20.5 hit outs per game, while proving a threat up forward, kicking 12 goals for the season. Though considered unfortunate to narrowly miss out on selection, Gardiner's return to form and value to the St Kilda side saw him touted as a potential All-Australian Team selection.
Gardiner played his 150th game of AFL football in the Saints Round 13 match against Richmond, a remarkable milestone for a player who had battled persistent injuries, before being traded by the West Coast Eagles in 2006. Gardiner then played in the Round 14 blockbuster clash between the only two undefeated sides of the competition - the Saints and the Cats. In front of an AFL record crowd of 54,444 at Docklands Stadium, Gardiner kicked four goals including the last goal of the game after a spectacular mark in the closing 2 minutes. Gardiner would receive 3 Brownlow Medal votes in recognition of his performance as best player on ground against the Cats, which St Kilda won by 6 points.
Gardiner played in all of St Kilda FC's Finals Matches including qualifying and Preliminary Final wins over Collingwood and Western , and was selected to play in the 2009 AFL Grand Final, his second Grand Final appearance. Gardiner played just over 50% of game time in the Grand Final where St Kilda was defeated by 12 points by Geelong.
Gardiner had a stellar 2010 season. He played 22 games, the most he had ever played in a single season, during which he averaged 10.5 disposals, 17 hit-outs a game and kicked 10 goals for the year. He combined his aggression and mobility around the ground with masterful ruck performances, recording a top three finish in the competition for hit-outs to advantage. During the season, Gardiner hit the headlines for a late night altercation with Carlton Football Club's Mitch Robinson.
However, Gardiner's on-field performances helped the Saints qualify for the Finals Series in third, winning through to a third consecutive Preliminary Final and second consecutive Grand Final with wins over Geelong and Western in Week 1 and 3 of the Finals Series. Gardiner kicked the first goal in St Kilda's hard fought Qualifying Final victory over the Geelong. He was selected to play in his third career Grand Final. During the first half, Gardiner sustained a hamstring strain which effectively ended his season, restricted to the interchange bench for the remainder for the game. His absence being notably covered by Jason Blake in a tightly contested match.
Final Game and Retirement 2011
Hampered by persistent injuries throughout the season, Gardiner was only able to play in one match – the round 24 victory against Carlton which secured finals football for the Saints. During the game, Gardiner proved he had lost none of his ability with a 10 disposal half before being subbed out. The Carlton match would prove to be Gardiner's last AFL game before retiring after the Saints premature exit from the 2011 Finals Series in the Elimination Final the following week. Gardiner played 52 games for the Saints, during which time he returned to being one of the best ruckmen in the league. He was a crucial piece in the St Kilda FC team that dominated the AFL between 2008 and 2010.
Statistics
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1997
|
| 19
| 10
| 9
| 5
| 69
| 47
| 116
| 54
| 1
| 85
| 0.9
| 0.5
| 6.9
| 4.7
| 11.6
| 5.4
| 0.1
| 8.5
|-
| 1998
|
| 19
| 15
| 4
| 6
| 75
| 79
| 154
| 64
| 6
| 233
| 0.3
| 0.4
| 5.0
| 5.3
| 10.3
| 4.3
| 0.4
| 15.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1999
|
| 19
| 17
| 4
| 5
| 99
| 66
| 165
| 69
| 1
| 234
| 0.2
| 0.3
| 5.8
| 3.9
| 9.7
| 4.1
| 0.1
| 13.8
|-
| 2000
|
| 19
| 13
| 14
| 15
| 144
| 72
| 216
| 78
| 6
| 294
| 0.9
| 0.9
| 9.6
| 4.8
| 14.4
| 5.2
| 0.4
| 19.6
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2001
|
| 1
| 20
| 13
| 9
| 188
| 70
| 258
| 122
| 4
| 373
| 0.7
| 0.5
| 9.4
| 3.5
| 12.9
| 6.1
| 0.2
| 18.7
|-
| 2002
|
| 1
| 16
| 13
| 11
| 177
| 61
| 238
| 119
| 7
| 364
| 0.8
| 0.7
| 11.1
| 3.8
| 14.9
| 7.4
| 0.4
| 22.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2003
|
| 1
| 18
| 10
| 11
| 179
| 64
| 243
| 113
| 6
| 453
| 0.6
| 0.6
| 9.9
| 3.6
| 13.5
| 6.3
| 0.3
| 25.2
|-
| 2004
|
| 1
| 3
| 4
| 2
| 17
| 4
| 21
| 14
| 0
| 36
| 1.3
| 0.7
| 5.7
| 1.3
| 7.0
| 4.7
| 0.0
| 12.0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2005
|
| 1
| 12
| 16
| 9
| 65
| 13
| 78
| 47
| 2
| 25
| 1.3
| 0.8
| 5.4
| 1.1
| 6.5
| 3.9
| 0.2
| 3.9
|-
| 2006
|
| 1
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 19
| 7
| 26
| 14
| 5
| 42
| 0.3
| 0.0
| 6.3
| 2.3
| 8.7
| 4.7
| 1.7
| 14.0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2008
|
| 15
| 9
| 1
| 2
| 51
| 31
| 82
| 32
| 4
| 138
| 0.1
| 0.2
| 5.7
| 3.4
| 9.1
| 3.6
| 0.4
| 15.3
|-
| 2009
|
| 15
| 20
| 12
| 6
| 104
| 96
| 200
| 81
| 9
| 410
| 0.6
| 0.3
| 5.2
| 4.8
| 10.0
| 4.1
| 0.5
| 20.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2010
|
| 15
| 22
| 10
| 8
| 134
| 98
| 232
| 91
| 21
| 373
| 0.5
| 0.4
| 6.1
| 4.5
| 10.5
| 4.1
| 1.0
| 17.0
|-
| 2011
|
| 15
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 4
| 6
| 10
| 2
| 1
| 4
| 0.0
| 0.0
| 4.0
| 6.0
| 10.0
| 2.0
| 1.0
| 4.0
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 181
! 110
! 88
! 1325
! 714
! 2039
! 900
! 73
! 3064
! 0.6
! 0.5
! 7.3
! 3.9
! 11.3
! 5.0
! 0.4
! 17.0
|}
Personal life
Gardiner married Danielle McCann in late 2009 at a ceremony in South Melbourne, with Ben Cousins serving as his best man. His wife's sister, Haylea McCann, had married Adam Cooney of the a week before, making Cooney his brother-in-law.
References
External links
1979 births
All-Australians (AFL)
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Claremont Football Club players
Living people
People educated at Hale School
People educated at Wesley College, Perth
People from Albany, Western Australia
St Kilda Football Club players
West Coast Eagles players
Sandringham Football Club players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Gardiner |
Omar Gerryl Credle (born May 13, 1971), better known by his stage name, O.C., is an American rapper and member of the group D.I.T.C. He has been involved with several underground hip hop groups, namely Crooklyn Dodgers '95, Luv NY, and Perestroika.
History
Recording career
Credle was born in Brooklyn, May 13, 1971, and raised in the Bushwick section. O.C. cites legends like Kool G. Rap, Rakim, Big Daddy Kane and Slick Rick as his main influences. In 1991, he made his recording debut on Organized Konfusion's "Fudge Pudge". One year later he made an appearance on the remix of MC Serch's "Back to the Grill" (which also features a very young Nas) after meeting Serch on the inaugural Source tour. Following the tour, O.C. signed with Wild Pitch Records in 1994 where Serch was vice president. O.C. also met Lord Finesse and Buckwild on the first Source tour, marking his introduction to the D.I.T.C crew. After the tour he connected with Buckwild and started recording a demo that would become his debut album Word...Life.
By 1994, he finished the album Word...Life, which included everything from his demo, along with "Time's Up," the song that would go on to be his most notable single. "Time's up" was initially a record for Pharoahe Monch from Organized Konfusion. Beyond a quick outro from Prince Po, Word...Life does not have any guest appearances. This was not by design, however, as Nas was supposed to be on the album but never showed up to the studio for the recording session.
In 1997, O.C. signed to Pay Day Records, where he released his second album Jewelz, featuring collaborations with DJ Premier, Da Beatminerz and Freddie Foxxx. The single "Far From Yours" peaked at #81 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it his highest-charting single to date.
O.C. is also known for his feature on the Clockers soundtrack as part of the Crooklyn Dodgers, which also featured rappers Chubb Rock and Jeru the Damaja on the now classic DJ Premier produced "Return of the Crooklyn Dodgers". This is however the only time the group has ever collaborated.
Ray's Cafe was released on Red Apples 45, a small label co-founded by A.G. and West. O.C. joined D.I.T.C. for their 2016 release Sessions which was preceded by the lead single "Rock Shyt".
Discography
Albums
Compilations
The Underground King
Released: 2006
Label: Next Mill Entertainment/Re-Up Recordings
Singles: -
Hidden Gems
Released: April 3, 2007
Certification: None
Label: Next Mill Entertainment
Singles: -
In Guud Taste
Released: 2008
Certification: None
Label: Next Mill Entertainment
Singles: -
O-Zone Originals
Released: September 21, 2011
Certification: None
Label: No Sleep Recordings
Singles: -
Luv NY
Released: July 24, 2012
Label: Ascetic Music
Singles: -
Appearances
1991: "Fudge Pudge" (from Organized Konfusion: Organized Konfusion)
1992: "Back To The Grill (Remix)" (from MC Serch)
1993: "A Clear Day" (from Dj Clear)
1994: "Let's Organize" (from Organized Konfusion, Q-Tip: Stress: The Extinction Agenda)
1995: "Return of the Crooklyn Dodgers" (from Crooklyn Dodgers: Clockers)
1995: "You Won't Go Far" (from Organized Konfusion: New Jersey Drive, Vol. 2)
1995: "Brainstorm P.S.K" (from Lord Finesse, KRS-One: The Awakening)
1995: "Men V. Many" (from Mic Geronimo, Royal Flush: The Natural)
1995: "Stop The Breaks" (from The Notorious B.I.G., KRS-One, Killa Sin, Raekwon)
1996: "Give Me a Little More Time (Buckwild Remix)" (from Gabrielle)
1996: "What I Represent" (from Buckwild: America Is Dying Slowly)
1996: "Metal Thangz" (from Street Smartz, Pharoahe Monch)
1997: "Love Child" (from Buckwild: Buckwild: Diggin' in the Crates)
1997: "Rollin" (from Saukrates, Masta Ace: The Underground Tapes)
1997: "Your Life" (from Soul in the Hole (soundtrack))
1997: "Droppin' Gramma" (from Main One)
1997: "Crew Love" (from Jay-Z & Tone Hooker)
1997: "Spitgame" (from Da Beatminerz)
1997: "Return to It" (from EZD: A D&D Project In Association With DJ Premier Vol. 1)
1998: "Full Scale" (from Showbiz & A.G.)
1998: "Down 4 Whateva" (from M.O.P: First Family 4 Life)
1998: "Respect Mine" (from Pete Rock: Soul Survivor)
1998: "Action Guaranteed" (from Ras Kass: Lyricist Lounge, Volume One)
1998: "Watch Ya Step" (from Xperado)
1999: "Weed Scented" (from AG, Guru)
1999: "Connection": (from Organized Rhymes Volume 2)
2000: "The Triboro" (from Big L: The Big Picture)
2002: "Beyond" (from DJ JS-1: Ground Original 1)
2003: "Lake Of Fire (Remix)" (from Lordz of Brooklyn: Graffiti Roc)
2004: "Chase Game" (from A.G.)
2007: "Marquee" (from Marco Polo: Port Authority)
2007: "Lake of Fire" (from Lordz of Brooklyn, Lord Finesse, and Everlast)
2008: "Action Guaranteed" (from Ras Kass: Razzy Kazzy)
2009: "Ridiculous" (from DJ JS-1, Pharoahe Monch: Ground Original 2: No Sell Out)
2010: "Trouble Shooters" (from DJ Muggs & Ill Bill: Kill Devil Hills)
2010: "There Will Be Blood" (from Celph Titled and Buckwild: Nineteen Ninety Now)
2010: "Warsaw Outdoors" (from HiFi Banda: 23:55)
2010: "Nostalgic" (from DJ Perro: Praedictus 2 From Filters)
2011: "Life Word" (from DJ JS-1: Ground Original 3: No One Cares)
2012: "Prestige of a King" (from Mello Music Group: Self Sacrifice)
2012: "Don't Worry" (from Showbiz & A.G.)
2012: "Mic Bless'n Gun Press'n Impress'n" (from Bumpy Knuckles)
2013: "Hello Everybody (from Neek The Exotic, Satchel Page, Sadat X)
2013: "Power" (from Ill Bill & Cormega)
2013: "Astonishing" (from Marco Polo, Large Professor, Inspectah Deck: PA2: The Director's Cut)
2013: "Catch Wreck" (from Kid Tsunami)
2014: "B-Boy Stance" (from DJ Force)
2014: "Smash" (from Prince Po, Oh No, Pharoahe Monch)
2014: "Light Years" (from DJ Skizz, Roc Marciano, A.G.)
2014: "Deep Breath" (from DJ Doom & Blacastan)
2014: "On the Bklyn Side" (from Illa Ghee, Steele)
2014: "Turn the Tables" (from DJ JS-1)
2014: "First 2 Rise Pt. 2" (from Vstylez, Royce da 5'9")
2015: "Revolutionary Ride Music" (from DJ EFN, Your Old Droog, Royce Da 5'9", Reks)
2015: "In the Moment" (from Apollo Brown: Grandeur)
2015: "What U Kno" (from In Ya Ear Recordings Presents: In Session Volume 1)
2016: "Don't Touch That Dial (from Apathy, Ras Kass: Handshakes with Snakes)
2016: "Run for Your Life" (from Apathy: Handshakes with Snakes)
2016: "Hakim" (from Vinnie Paz, A.G.: The Cornerstone of the Corner Store).
2016: "Genuine Article "(from TRUTH, From Ashes To Kingdom Come)
2016: "Right What I Write" ft. A.G. (from TRUTH, From Ashes To Kingdom Come)
2019: "Black Sharpie" (from Dirt Platoon: Get Ya Handz Dirty)
2022: "For Everyone" (from Rising Suns: 'Rising Suns')
2022: "All in" (from Ghettosocks, DK, Moka Only: Listen to the Masters)
References
1971 births
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
East Coast hip hop musicians
Living people
Underground rappers
Diggin' in the Crates Crew members
21st-century American rappers
Crooklyn Dodgers members
Wild Pitch Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.C.%20%28rapper%29 |
Serra da Canastra National Park () is a national park in the Canastra Mountains of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Location
Serra da Canastra National Park is in the south west of Minas Gerais to the north of Rio Grande.
It is in the Cerrado biome.
The park was created by decree 70.355 on 3 April 1972, with .
It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).
It lies in the municipalities of São Roque de Minas, Sacramento, Capitólio, Vargem Bonita, São João Batista do Glória and Delfinópolis in the state of Minas Gerais.
As of 2016 only of the park in the tableland of Canastra had been regularized, with former owners indemnified.
Topology
The park lies on the watershed between the São Francisco and Paraná rivers.
It preserves the headwaters of the São Francisco River, which flows east from the park.
In the south it feeds the Rio Grande and in the north the Araguari River, which rises in the park and is a tributary of the Paranaíba River.
The Rio Grande and Paranaíba flow west and join to form the Paraná.
Altitude ranges from .
A road cuts through the highest part of the park from east to west for more than .
The park includes areas of scenic beauty such as cliffs with dramatic waterfalls, including the Casca d'Anta, the first waterfall of the São Francisco River, with a drop of .
Other attractions are the Garagem de Pedras and the Curral de Pedras.
Lookout points can be accessed by car via dirt roads in good weather.
The highest peaks are almost .
Environment
Temperatures range from and average . Average annual rainfall is .
Vegetation is mostly rocky fields and cerrado, with clumps of riparian forest in the valleys and ravines.
There are 45 endemic species of flora. These include members of the genera Hololepis, Inulopsis, Aspilia, Senecio, Stomatanthes, Campuloclinium, Stevia, Chinolaena, Chrysolaena, Ichtthyothere, Lessigianthus, Sinningia, Eriope, Habranthus, Ilex, Agalinis and Eryngium. Flora also include Barbacenia fulva, Barbacenia lymansmithii, Chaetostoma canastrensis, Miconia angelana, Microlicia canastrensis, Microlicia flava, Microlicia scoparia, Microlicia sp. nov, Svitramia sp. and Tibouchina sp. nov..
Fauna include bush dog, pampas deer, maned wolf, giant anteater, Neotropical otter, titi, giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), cougar, Brazilian merganser, king vulture, toco toucan (Ramphastos toco), guan, crested caracara (Caracara plancus), greater rhea and red-legged seriema. Endemic herpetofauna are Hyla ibitiguara, Cinax canastrensis and Odontophrynus sp.
Conservation
The park is classified as IUCN protected area category II (national park).
It has the objectives of preserving natural ecosystems of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty, enabling scientific research, environmental education, outdoors recreation and eco-tourism.
Protected birds include the cock-tailed tyrant (Alectrurus tricolor), vinaceous-breasted amazon (Amazona vinacea), black-masked finch (Coryphaspiza melanotis), Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus), lesser nothura (Nothura minor) and the dwarf tinamou (Taoniscus nanus).
Other protected species include the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), cougar (Puma concolor), oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), colocolo (Leopardus colocolo), giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and the frog Phyllomedusa ayeaye.
Notes
Sources
National parks of Brazil
Protected areas of Minas Gerais
Cerrado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra%20da%20Canastra%20National%20Park |
Theodore Edward Rokita ( ; born February 9, 1970) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the 44th and current Attorney General of Indiana. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he served two terms as Secretary of State of Indiana from 2002 to 2010. When Rokita was elected to office in 2002 at age 32, he became the youngest secretary of state in the United States at the time.
Rokita was a candidate to replace Mike Pence in the 2016 Indiana gubernatorial election after Pence withdrew from the race to be Donald Trump's running mate in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. He lost to Eric Holcomb, Pence's lieutenant governor. Rokita vacated his U.S. House seat and unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate in 2018. In 2020, Rokita defeated incumbent Curtis Hill for the Republican nomination for Indiana Attorney General, and won the general election.
Early life and career
Rokita grew up in Munster, Indiana and attended Munster High School. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana. In 1990, Rokita, then 20, was arrested in Bloomington, Indiana, and charged with possession of false ID and illegal consumption. The arrest occurred during a traffic stop for speeding in which Rokita allegedly provided false identification and appeared intoxicated. In 2018, while running for US Senate, Rokita acknowledged he was underage and possessed alcohol, passed a sobriety test, and that the arresting charges of underage consumption and possession of a false ID were dismissed. The IndyStar reported that it was unclear if the charges were dropped because of his participation in a diversion program or other reasons. He has a J.D. degree from IUPUI Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. Rokita was a practicing attorney. In 1997 he joined the secretary of state's office as general counsel. He later became deputy secretary of state. In 2000, Rokita served as legal counsel for seven Florida counties during the recount for the George W. Bush presidential campaign.
Indiana Secretary of State
Rokita was Indiana Secretary of State from 2002 to 2010. Elected in 2002, Todd Rokita became the youngest Secretary of state in the United States at the time. Rokita was active in the National Association of Secretaries of State (NASS), and after serving as the elected treasurer, he became the President for the 2007–2008 term. He was elected by his peers nationally to serve on the nine-member federal executive board of the Election Assistance Commission.
Controversial comments
In April 2007, Rokita was speaking at a Republican event, and encouraged Republicans to reach out to African Americans, mentioning 90 percent of African American voters vote Democratic, after which he asked, "How can that be? Ninety to ten. Who's the master and who's the slave in that relationship? How can that be healthy?". During the course of the same private meeting Rokita was told his office should reflect the diversity of the state, at the time of his remarks 89% of the employees in Rokita's office were white. Four days after making those remarks, he apologized. Rokita also met privately with eleven members of the Indiana Black Legislative Caucus to apologize for the comment. Representative Vernon Smith, D-Gary, told reporters, "He apologized to our satisfaction. We do believe he was sincere in his apology."
Voting rights
In 2005, Rokita helped craft and implement Indiana's voter photo identification law. The law required voters who cast their ballots at Indiana polling locations to show government issued photo identification. As one of the first states to require photo identification for voting, the Indiana law was viewed to be one of the strictest voter identification laws at the time.
Rokita was a named defendant when Indiana's voter identification case went before the U.S. Supreme Court on January 9, 2008; the combined cases of Crawford v. Marion County Election Board (07-21) and Indiana Democratic Party v. Rokita (07-25). In April 2008, the Supreme Court upheld Indiana's voter photo ID law. Rokita noted as a result of the Supreme Court decision that "The Indiana case is still very much the law of the land and I don't expect that to change." Following the ruling, the New York Times's Adam Cohen suggested the court's conservative majority has "become increasingly hostile to voters" by siding with Indiana's voter identification laws which tend to "disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver's licenses, especially poor and minority voters". Senator Al Franken criticized the ruling for "eroding individual rights."
Redistricting
In September 2009, Rokita outlined a plan called "Rethinking Redistricting" to reform how Indiana's legislative districts are drawn to reduce gerrymandering. He proposed making it a felony for lawmakers to use political data or incumbents' addresses when drawing electoral maps. Rokita said boundaries should follow existing county and township lines, and that each of the 50 Senate districts should be divided into two House districts, claiming that would lead to more competitive legislative elections.
The reform plan sought to achieve these five objectives:
Keep communities of interest together
Create more compact and geographically uniform districts
Reduce voters' confusion about who represents them by following already existing political boundaries, such as county and township lines
Not use any political data, including incumbent addresses, for partisan reasons
"Nest" two House districts under the existing lines of a Senate district
U.S. House of Representatives
Rokita was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 2011 to 2019. Rokita vacated his House seat to run for the Indiana U.S. Senate seat held by Democrat Joe Donnelly, losing the Republican nomination to eventual senator Mike Braun.
In October 2013 during the American government shutdown, Rokita was interviewed by CNN journalist Carol Costello. Her pointed questions about Rokita's defense of the shutdown that furloughed hundreds of thousands of government employees without compensation while he continued to receive his paycheck, were eventually countered with his statement that she was "beautiful but you have to be honest" and that journalists were part of the problem. The Congressman's office issued a statement that he intended no offense by his comments.
Attorney General of Indiana
In 2020, Rokita challenged incumbent Attorney General of Indiana Curtis Hill for the Republican nomination. Rokita defeated Hill for re-nomination in mail-in voting at the Republican state convention, gaining 52% of the vote on the third round. Rokita's nomination marked a political comeback after his unsuccessful runs for governor in 2016 and U.S. Senate in 2018. In the general election, Rokita faced Democratic nominee Jonathan Weinzapfel, a former mayor of Evansville. Rokita defeated Weinzapfel in the November election, the sixth consecutive election in which Republicans retained control of the AG's office.
Rokita was sworn in as Attorney General in January 2021. In 2021, Rokita faced scrutiny for collecting tens of thousands of dollars in payments for advisory roles from various healthcare and pharmaceutical companies while holding public office. In July 2022, Lauren Robel, former Indiana University provost and law school dean, sent a three-page letter to the Indiana Supreme Court Disciplinary Commission calling for a disciplinary investigation into Rokita, alleging he made "false or baseless" statements on Fox News concerning an Indiana doctor who performed an abortion for a 10-year-old Ohio rape victim.
Election reform
Rokita led a letter signed by 20 Republican state attorneys general opposing the For the People Act, election reform legislation introduced by Democrats in the United States House of Representatives. In March 2021, Rokita testified in the U.S. Senate Rules Committee in opposition to the legislation, threatening to sue if the bill became law. Rokita asserted voting laws should be based on voters' perceptions, rather than any actual evidence of fraud. Democratic Senator Jon Ossoff, responding to Rokita's statement, said he took exception to the notion "that public concern regarding the integrity of the recent election is born of anything but a deliberate and sustained misinformation campaign led by a vain former president unwilling to accept his own defeat" and that said he found it disturbing that a state attorney general "would indulge in that kind of misinformation and spread those kinds of conspiracies".
Lawsuits against the Biden administration
Rokita joined other Republican state AGs in suing the Biden administration over an executive order on environmental protection and climate change.
Abortion case
After a 10-year-old rape victim received a lawful abortion in Indiana, Rokita told Fox News in July 2022 that Catlin Bernard, the gynecologist who performed the abortion, was an "abortion activist acting as a doctor with a history of failing to report" abortions, indicating that Rokita would investigate whether the gynecologist had fulfilled the reporting requirement in this case, and threatening a suspension of her medical license or criminal prosecution if that was not done. Indiana government records released through a public records request by Fox 59 showed that the gynecologist had filed the report within the required three-day timeframe. Rokita's office responded that they would continue investigating the gynecologist.
A lawyer for the gynecologist sent a cease-and-desist letter to Rokita stating "Your false and defamatory statements to Fox News on July 13, 2022, cast [the gynecologist] in a false light and allege misconduct in her profession" and "mislead consumers and patients". In November 2022, the gynecologist sued Rokita in Indiana Commercial Court, alleging that he improperly launched investigations into her based on meritless consumer complaints that were filed by individuals who had not actually interacted with the gynecologist, but made the complaints based on reading about the case of the 10-year old receiving an abortion.
On November 30, 2022, Rokita sent a complaint about the gynecologist to the Indiana Medical Licensing Board, asking for sanctions on the gynecologist. The complaint alleged that the gynecologist broke privacy laws and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act when discussing the case with the media, even though the gynecologist did not reveal the girl's identity. The complaint also alleged that the gynecologist did not immediately report the abuse to Indiana authorities. The gynecologist testified in court that she had informed her hospital's social work department about the abuse even before the 10-year-old travelled to Indianapolis, and also testified that the hospital's social work department handles the submission of abuse reports to authorities.
In December 2022, Marion County Judge Heather Welch found that Rokita "clearly violated Indiana law", specifically "the licensing statute's confidentiality provision by discussing the statutorily confidential investigation [against the gynecologist] in statements to the media" in July 2022 and September 2022 before making a complaint to the Medical Licensing Board in November 2022. The judge elaborated that Rokita's "comments do constitute irreparable harm" in relation to the gynecologist's "concerns about reputational and professional harm". However, the judge rejected the gynecologist's request to stop Rokita from obtaining the medical records of the gynecologist's patients, leading to the gynecologist withdrawing her lawsuit.
In September 2023, Rokita sued Bernard's employer, hospital system IU Health, claiming that it had failed to protect the 10-year old's privacy. Also that month, the Disciplinary Commission of the Indiana Supreme Court filed professional misconduct charges against Rokita. Two charges pertained to his July 2022 comment to the media that Bernard was an "abortion activist acting as a doctor, with a history of failing to report"; the commission alleged that Rokita's comment had "no substantial purpose other than to embarrass, delay, or burden", and that Rokita's comment was an "extrajudicial statement" that Rokita "should reasonably know" would spread publicly and would have a "substantial likelihood of materially prejudicing an adjudicative proceeding in the matter." The third charge alleged that Rokita violated his "duty of confidentiality" due to public statements made before referring Bernard to the medical board. Rokita responded that the situation was one "that 'cancels' non-compliant citizens through intimidation as well as tactics that can weaponize our respected institutions", and also argued that the duty of confidentiality may only apply to his employees and not him, the attorney general.
COVID-19 pandemic
In May 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Rokita issued an opinion stating that Indiana University's implementation of a mandate to show proof of immunization violated state law. He also cited that Purdue University found a procedural loophole by not requiring vaccination status, but to participate in testing. In November 2021, Rokita filed a law suit against the Biden administration opposing a federal mandate. In April 2022, Rokita issued a statement saying that Indiana schools could not be sued for COVID-related damages. In November 2022, Rokita asked the Indiana Supreme Court to decide if students can file class-action lawsuits against Indiana’s public universities to recover tuition and fees paid for services not rendered due to cancellation of in-person classes during the pandemic.
Social media
In December 2022, Rokita filed a lawsuit against TikTok, claiming that the platform exposes minors to age-inappropriate content and puts users' data at risk.
Political positions
Abortion
Rokita opposes abortion and has maintained a 100% anti-abortion voting record according to the National Right to Life Committee. He stated he believes that life begins from the moment of conception "without exception".
Affordable Care Act
In 2013, Rokita stated the Affordable Care Act was "one of the most insidious laws ever created by man".
Agriculture
Rokita opposes direct federal government regulation of agriculture. As a former representative of a heavy-farming district in Indiana, he supported deregulating agriculture.
Cannabis
Rokita has a "D" rating from NORML for his voting history on cannabis-related causes. He opposes recreational use of marijuana, citing concern that it is a "gateway drug" to more dangerous narcotics. He expressed willingness to support legalization of some medical uses for marijuana only if the THC is removed.
Rokita is a supporter of industrial hemp, having voted to allow its production. In December 2018, he told a group of local Republicans that legalizing industrial hemp "could help the farming community".
Economy
In 2017, Rokita voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.
Education
Rokita supports charter schools, school choice, and reducing the role of the Department of Education in setting education policy. In 2015, Rokita and Senator Marco Rubio introduced the Education Opportunities Act, a bill to expand choice options through the use of tax credits.
As Chairman of the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary, and Secondary Education, he had an active role in crafting the Every Student Succeeds Act, which reauthorized the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act. In May, Rokita introduced bipartisan legislation with Alcee Hastings (D-FL) to help students and parents with student loan debt. His legislation would allow student loan borrowers to refinance loans and have access to lower market rate loans.
Environment
Rokita does not accept the scientific consensus that human activity is the driving factor of climate change, and at a 2013 town-hall event called the idea that climate change was caused by human activity "arrogant". Rokita has a 4% lifetime voting rating from the League of Conservation Voters, an environmentalist group.
Guns
Rokita has stated: "I'm proud of my "A" rating from the NRA" and has said that he will "protect our 2nd Amendment right to keep and bear arms."
Health care
Rokita opposes the Affordable Care Act and voted dozens of times to repeal it during his time in Congress. While running for Indiana Attorney General in 2020, Rokita pledged to support a lawsuit to have the Affordable Care Act deemed unconstitutional.
In December 2021, Rokita appeared on station WSBT and appeared to suggest he did not trust statistics indicating that COVID-19 had killed Hoosiers, stating, "I don't believe any numbers anymore." Days later, in a series of tweets explaining the WSBT interview response, Rokita, without evidence, cited healthcare workers with financial motivations as the source of the allegedly misleading statistics and for recording deaths from other causes as COVID-19 fatalities. In the same series of tweets, Rokita thanked healthcare workers, stating they were heroes.
Immigration
In 2017, Rokita introduced the Stopping Lawless Actions of Politicians (SLAP) Act. The legislation would introduce fines and jail time for state and local politicians who implemented sanctuary city policies. The SLAP Act did not receive a vote and thus was not enacted into law.
Rokita supported President Trump's 2017 executive order temporarily banning citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries from entering the U.S.
Tribal lands
Rokita authored the Tribal Labor Sovereignty Act. The bill would "make clear that the National Labor Relations Board has no jurisdiction over businesses owned and operated by an Indian tribe and located on tribal land." It cleared the House as of 2018, but has not been considered in the Senate.
Donald Trump
During his time in Congress, Rokita voted in line with President Donald Trump 90.3% of the time. During the Republican primary for the 2018 United States Senate election in Indiana, Rokita earned the support of the chair and vice chair of 2016 Trump campaign in Indiana.
In May 2019, the Trump White House announced Trump would nominate Rokita to join the AMTRAK Board of Directors. The Senate did not act on the nomination, which expired on January 3, 2021, at the end of the 116th Congress.
Efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election
In 2020, after former Vice President Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election and Trump refused to concede while making false claims of fraud, Rokita, as Attorney General-elect, endorsed a petition (Texas v. Pennsylvania) to the United States Supreme Court submitted by the Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton who sought to challenge the 2020 presidential election results. The Supreme Court rejected the petition.
After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol in January 2021, Rokita declined to sign a National Association of Attorneys General letter condemning the attack. Instead, he issued his own statement with other Republican Attorneys General writing, "we can uphold the critical Constitutional right to freedom of speech as we oppose any attempt to hijack a protest to condemn violence." Two days later, Rokita tweeted that "I will always be for our President." The next day he issued a statement saying that the tweets were an "experiment in free speech"; criticizing social media companies for "controlling the entire dialogue of a nation"; and said that "I also condemn the Capitol violence in the same way and terms that I have condemned the violence last summer." In February 2021, Rokita falsely implied on Twitter that the 2020 presidential election had been "stolen" from Trump. The platform initially restricted the distribution of Rokita's message, citing the risk of violence, but later found that the tweets in question did not violate policy.
Electoral history
2002
On June 15, 2002, Rokita won the Republican nomination for Indiana Secretary of State at the state convention over Mike Delph, then an aide to U.S. Representative Dan Burton, Marion County Coroner John McGodd, and then-Vanderburgh County Commissioner Richard Mourdock. Rokita went on to win the general election with 53.4% of the vote.
2006
Rokita received the Republican nomination again in 2006 and won the general election with 51.1% of the vote in a year when Democrats took five of Indiana's nine congressional seats.
2010
On February 1, 2010, three days after Congressman Steve Buyer of said that he would retire at the end of his term, Rokita posted an announcement on Facebook making clear his intentions to run for the open seat. Buyer's announcement touched off a free-for-all among area Republicans to succeed him. Ultimately, 13 candidates entered the Republican primary, including Rokita.
With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+14, the 4th is one of the most Republican districts in the Eastern Time Zone and tied for the second-most Republican in the state (behind the 5th District). It was taken for granted that whoever won the primary would be heavily favored to be the district's next representative. Rokita won the primary with 42% of the vote and the general election with 68.6% of the vote.
2012
Rokita won the general election in 2012 with 62% of the vote.
2014
Rokita won the Republican nomination in 2014 with 71% of the vote. He won the general election with 67% of the vote over John Dale, a teacher at Western Boone High School.
2016
Rokita won the Republican nomination in 2016 with 60% of the vote. In the general election, he faced John Dale in a rematch from 2014. Rokita was reelected with 65% of the vote to Dale's 30%. Libertarian Steven M. Mayoras received 5%.
2018
On August 8, 2017, Rokita announced his intention to vacate his house seat, and run for the U.S. Senate in 2018 against Democratic incumbent Joe Donnelly. He lost the Republican primary election to Mike Braun, coming in second with 30% of the vote.
2020
On July 10, 2020, Rokita defeated incumbent Indiana Attorney General Curtis Hill during the Indiana Republican Party Convention. Rokita went on to win the November general election, securing 58.34% of the vote.
Personal life and affiliations
Rokita is a member of the Director's Circle of the Indiana Council for Economic Education, the state bar association, the Knights of Columbus, and the National Rifle Association. He has also served as Chair of NASS's New Millennium Young Voters Summit of 2004, chair of the standing Voter Participation Committee and vice chair of the Securities Regulation Committee. He is a member of the Indiana chapter of the International Flying Farmers, and member of the Saint Vincent Hospital Foundation Board of Directors.
Rokita's oldest son, Teddy, suffers from Angelman syndrome. Rokita is a commercial-rated pilot.
Rokita formerly lived in Clermont, an "included town" in Indianapolis under the Unigov system. The 2010 round of redistricting cut out the 4th's share of Indianapolis and Marion County, leaving Rokita's home 500 yards outside the new 4th's eastern border. Members of Congress are required to live only in the state they represent, but it is a strong convention that they live within their district's borders. In 2012 Rokita ran for reelection from his home in Clermont, but he later bought a home near Brownsburg, a western suburb of Indianapolis within the 4th district.
Rokita is Catholic.
References
External links
Disciplinary Complaint in the matter of Theodore E. Rokita, in the Supreme Court of the State of Indiana, September 18, 2023
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1970 births
21st-century American politicians
American politicians of Polish descent
American Roman Catholics
Candidates in the 2018 United States Senate elections
Christians from Indiana
Catholics from Indiana
Indiana Attorneys General
Indiana lawyers
Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law alumni
Living people
People from Munster, Indiana
Politicians from Indianapolis
Secretaries of State of Indiana
Wabash College alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%20Rokita |
Aziz Dweik ( ; ) (born January 12, 1948) is a Palestinian politician who was elected the speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) on 18 January 2006.
Hamas recognized Dweik as the interim President of the Palestinian National Authority and of the State of Palestine from 15 January 2009, when the elected term of Mahmoud Abbas officially expired, until 2 June 2014, when Hamas and Fatah agreed on the establishment of a national unity government under Abbas as President.
In October 2023, amidst the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, Aziz Dweik, who was then living in the West Bank, was arrested by the Israeli Army.
Education and family life
Prior to becoming involved in political office, Dweik was a professor of urban geography at An-Najah National University in Nablus on the West Bank. He holds a PhD in Regional and Architecture Planning from the University of Pennsylvania.
Dweik is married, with seven children. One of his daughters is a school principal, and three of his other children are students of medicine or pharmacy. Dweik's wife runs a daycare centre out of the family's house named Marj al-Zohour, after the place in Lebanon where her husband spent a year in exile in 1992.
Political views
Dweik has told journalists that he views the Hamas charter's call for the creation of a Palestinian state in all of Palestine, including Israel, to be "nothing but a dream, and unrealistic," and he believes that Hamas is aiming for the establishment of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza. He has never been accused of involvement in terrorism. His primary focus since his release from prison has been reconciling the Hamas and Fatah factions who have been engaged in a civil conflict, the result of which has been a split in the ruling PNA government, with Hamas ruling in Gaza and Fatah in the West Bank.
Political career
Duweik has been associated with The Muslim Brotherhood and Hamas since as early as 1992. At that time, Hamas was an organization that had been banned by Israel and he never admitted to being a member, though he spoke to Western journalists about Hamas as someone who held knowledge of the organization and its aims. Duweik was careful to dissociate himself from the military actions carried out by Hamas, even though Hamas's early military raids, described as "effective, and deadly," were directed at Israeli occupation forces, not at civilians. In 1992, a separate military wing was established called the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades so that the political wing of Hamas could be distinguished from the military one.
Exile to Lebanon
In 1992, Dweik was among 415 Palestinians associated with Hamas or the Islamic Jihad who were arrested and exiled to southern Lebanon by the Israeli administration of Yitzhak Rabin. Rabin acknowledged that those exiled were not armed militants, but people who represented the Hamas "infrastructure". Driven to the northern border with Lebanon, he and the others were dropped off in the de-militarized zone between the two countries and warned not to come back. Lebanon refused to allow them entry, so Duweik and his compatriots remained in no-man's land. They lived in tents and built their own showers and also set up an organized hierarchical system whereby Duweik was in charge of the deportees from the West Bank, while Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi was in charge of those from the Gaza Strip. After a year, Rabin agreed to let them come back.
2006 elections
Duweik ran for a position in the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) in the January 2006 elections on the Change and Reform list, made up primarily of Hamas members. The victory of Hamas in the elections prompted Israel and the United States to cut off ties to the new government, maintaining contact only with Mahmoud Abbas, the President of the Palestinian National Authority, and not Ismail Haniyeh, its new prime minister, or any other elected parliamentarians from Hamas, including Duweik. The US immediately suspended aid to the new government, and some other Western governments were considering the same, when Duweik was sworn in as Speaker of the House on 29 March 2006. During the proceedings, which were held by video conference due to a ban on travel instituted by Israel and affecting Hamas members, among the things Duweik said were: "A hungry man is an angry man [...] We hope the world will not allow the Palestinian people to suffer, because this will only make people more radical." He also said: "My message to Israel is to put an end to the occupation, and then there will be no fighting."
In an April 2006 interview with Ynet, the Israeli media outlet, Duweik responded to a question regarding Israel's announcement of a plan to collapse the new government using economic and other means as follows: "I say that the occupier has, according to treaties, obligations to the occupied. I also say that the money the Israelis say they don't want to transfer [$55 million in tax revenues] is not Israeli money, it is Palestinian money that Israel collects from the Palestinians, and which it is obligated to give to the Authority. If Israel preserves this stance, then the law will have to decide between us over this issue. This plan is another Israeli attempt to harm the democratic process and its outcomes, a process that was free, transparent, and which took place before the whole world's eyes. This is an attempt to harm us, but we are lions, not ants. It's not easy to harm us."
2006 arrest
Dweik was arrested by Israel on 29 June 2006 as part of Israel's Operation Summer Rains. He was later released and then rearrested 6 August 2006. Dweik says he was severely beaten while in custody, and his lawyers say that he was held in unsanitary conditions. In August 2006, Dweik was charged in Israel for being a member of Hamas and for being in contact with Khaled Mashal, the exiled secretary-general of Hamas. He expressed his view that this was a "political trial" and stated that he did not recognize it. He accused Israel of using "political blackmail", and said that his arrest was in violation of international law. Dweik (along with a number of other Palestinian ministers and parliament members) was imprisoned in spite of his parliamentary immunity.
2009 release
Israel released Dweik two months before the end of his three-year sentence. Released from Hadarim prison near Tel Aviv, he was then transferred to an Israeli military checkpoint outside the city of Tulkarm. He stated, "Any person deprived of his freedom feels an enormous hardship." Dweik's release came after a military tribunal near Ramallah which rejected an application by prosecutors to keep him detained, presumably because of his bad health.
2012 arrest and release
On 19 January 2012, while traveling to Hebron, Dweik was arrested by the Israeli Army at a checkpoint outside the Palestinian village of Jaba' located between Ramallah and Jerusalem. According to witnesses, he was blindfolded, handcuffed and taken to an unknown location. Israel stated his detainment was due to "involvement in terrorist attacks." The BBC's Jerusalem correspondent Wyre Davies said Dweik's arrest will be seen by "many" as "further proof that Israel is pursuing a policy of restricting the movements of senior Palestinian figures." Hamas claimed that Israel made the arrest in order to hinder unity negotiations between their organization and rival Fatah. Duweik was placed under six months' Administrative detention without trial or charge.
On 20 July, Dweik was released by the Israeli authorities and received by fellow lawmakers at the Beit Sira checkpoint. The following day he received a phone call from the then President of Egypt Mohammed Morsi congratulating him on his release. Dweik was "honored" to receive the call, stating that it represented the post-Arab Spring era.
2014 arrest
Dweik was arrested by the Israelis again in 16 June 2014, following the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teens. He was released on 9 June 2015.
Since 2015
Hamas recognized Dweik as the interim President of the Palestinian National Authority and of the State of Palestine from 15 January 2009, when the elected term of Mahmoud Abbas officially expired, until 2 June 2014, when Hamas and Fatah agreed on the establishment of a national unity government under Abbas as President.
In October 2023, amidst the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, Aziz Dweik, who was then living in the West Bank, was arrested by the Israeli Army.
See also
Ahmad Bahar
References
1948 births
Hamas members
Living people
Palestinian people imprisoned by Israel
People from Hebron
Presidents of the Palestinian National Authority
Speakers of the Palestinian Legislative Council
Academic staff of An-Najah National University
University of Pennsylvania School of Design alumni
An-Najah National University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz%20Dweik |
Bell railway station is located on the Main Western line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains village of Bell, and opened in May 1875 as Mount Wilson, being renamed Bell on 1 May 1889. Situated 1,069 metres above sea level, it is the station with the highest elevation on the NSW TrainLink network. From December 2019 to May 2020, the station was closed due to major bushfire damage on the line.
Platforms and services
Bell has one island platform with two sides. It is served by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line trains travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow. It is a request stop with passengers having to notify the guard if they wish to alight, and signal the driver if they want to board.
References
External links
Bell station details Transport for New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1875
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 4 cars
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%20railway%20station%2C%20New%20South%20Wales |
Trevor Bruttenholm (alias: Prof. Trevor Broom) is a fictional character in the comic book series Hellboy, created by Mike Mignola and John Byrne. His first appearance was in the comic book Hellboy: Seed of Destruction issue #1 (1994). He is a father figure to protagonist Hellboy and one of the main characters in the series.
Fictional character biography
An English academic well versed in the supernatural, Trevor Bruttenholm was a member of the British Paranormal Society. He was an advisor to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt when the Allies realized that the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler was racing to use the occult to turn the tide of World War II. Project Ragna Rok, a plan to use black magic to win the war, was put in place by the supposedly deceased mystic Rasputin. However, on December 23, 1944 in East Bromwich, England, a youthful demon came into the possession of Bruttenholm, not Rasputin. Rasputin retreated to the Arctic and Bruttenholm named the creature 'Hellboy'.
Bruttenholm and Hellboy developed a very strong emotional bond like that of a father and son, and both joined the U.S. Government's new Bureau of Paranormal Research and Defense. The two worked closely together to combat supernatural threats to the world. Bruttenholm eventually retired from the Bureau and returned to field work. His position was taken over by Tom Manning, who is the current Bureau director.
An aged Bruttenholm disappeared in 1992 during the Cavendish expedition to the Arctic Circle. Bruttenholm turned up, alive, in 1994 during the Seed of Destruction arc. Before he could explain himself to Hellboy, he was murdered by a 'frog monster', the first of thousands of such beasts the Bureau would eventually face. Bruttenholm's death signalled the first contact Hellboy would have with emissaries of the Ogdru Jahad. The man who was ultimately responsible for Bruttenholm's death was a revitalized Rasputin, whom Bruttenholm had encountered in the North. Hellboy stopped Rasputin's plans to free the Ogdru Jahad and saw the mystic burn alive for his crime.
In other media
Live action film
Hellboy (2004)
Trevor Bruttenholm appears in the 2004 motion picture Hellboy, first as a young man in 1944 (played by Kevin Trainor), then as the B.P.R.D.'s aging director in the 2000s (played by John Hurt).
In the film, "Broom" accompanies the team of American commandos to stop Rasputin from initiating Project Ragna Rok. He receives a bullet in the leg from Karl Ruprecht Kroenen that causes him to limp for the rest of his life, but throws a hand grenade under the portal machine that both destroys the machine and maims Kroenen as he is attempting to retrieve it. When the infant Hellboy appears, Broom adopts him and dedicates himself to raising Hellboy as a human, despite his demonic origins. The film makes the father-son relationship between the two characters more explicit, with Hellboy always calling Broom "Father."
As the movie begins in the present, Broom discovers that he is dying of cancer, and selects the young agent John Myers to serve as Hellboy's new liaison. He is killed by Rasputin as part of a plot to lure Hellboy to Rasputin's grave, where he can fulfil the purpose he was summoned to Earth for. Before he is killed, Rasputin taunts him, saying that Broom has effectively nurtured a creature with the power, and the destiny, to bring about the Apocalypse, and also shows him a vision of the post-apocalyptic remains of New York City, with the Ogdru Jahad looming overhead and Hellboy, with regenerated horns, standing in the center. Broom returns that he will always see Hellboy as his son, Rasputin respectfully promises the death will be quick and Broom accepts his fate and allows Kroenen to kill him.
When Hellboy is about to unlock the key that will release the Ogdru Jahad from their prison as Anung un Rama, Myers stops him by throwing him a rosary that belonged to Broom, a reminder that Broom raised him to choose his own path – upon which Hellboy tears away his re-grown horns and kills Rasputin rather than turn the final key.
The creators of the comic book have stated in interviews that Hurt's portrayal of Bruttenholm was uncanny, as though he had been the original model for the comics character.
Hellboy II: The Golden Army
Bruttenholm only appeared in the sequel film's flashback prologue, Hellboy II: The Golden Army, played again by Hurt. Taking place in 1955, the middle-aged Bruttenholm is raising the young Hellboy in secret on a U.S. Air Force base in New Mexico. On Christmas Eve, he reads his "son" a story about the creation of the Golden Army. In the present, Hellboy wears his father's rosary beads on his wrist, like a bracelet.
Hellboy (2019)
Ian McShane portrayed Professor Trevor Bruttenholm in the film reboot Hellboy. This version of Trevor was a narrator in the prologue, and a member of the Osiris Club, granted an extended lifespan. His mission was to accompany Lobster Johnson to kill Hellboy during the Nazis' Project Ragna Rok, but couldn't. Their relationship is strained as Hellboy does not take orders from him, but instead raised him as his "son" to be the best version of himself. In the climax set in London, Broom was killed by Nimue when Hellboy refuses to withdraw Excalibur that enrages him to. While demons are spreading around the world, Alice Monaghan channels Broom's spirit to encourage Hellboy to decapitate Nimue, returning her and demons to hell. After revealing the truth about Hellboy's arrival, Broom bids farewell to his "son".
Animated films
Hellboy Animated: Blood and Iron
Trevor Bruttenholm also appeared in the straight-to-DVD animated film Hellboy: Blood and Iron, voiced as a young man by James Arnold Taylor, and as an elderly man by Hurt again.
In the film, a series of flashbacks (in reverse chronological order) show the young Bruttenholm traveling to Eastern Europe to combat Erzebet Andrushko, an evil vampiress who has been terrorizing Transylvania. He emerges victorious, though the only survivor of his team.
Sixty years later, he is still a member of the Bureau, though no longer Director of Field Operations. Experiencing recurring nightmares of Erzebet's resurrection, he suggests that the entire team be sent on an apparently trivial mission in the Hamptons, where Erzebet's disciples are indeed working to bring her back. Despite the dangerous creatures fought by the other members of the team, it is Bruttenholm who confronts Erzebet, alone, and manages, despite his age, to outwit and destroy her again.
References
Hellboy characters
Fictional English people
Fictional paranormal investigators
Fictional World War II veterans
Comics characters introduced in 1994
Characters created by Mike Mignola
Fictional professors
Characters created by John Byrne (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Bruttenholm |
Beitun District (; lit: northern camp) is a district in Taichung, Taiwan. Located in the northern part of the city, it is a half mountainous, half urban area. Though Beitun District used to be considered part of the countryside, the new Taiyuan Station has urbanized it considerably. The highest point of Taichung City is located in Beitun, Douliu Hill (859 m).
History
The district used to be part of Taichung provincial city before the merger with Taichung County to form Taichung special municipality on 25 December 2010.
Administrative divisions
Beitun District is divided into 42 Li (里, or villages):
Education
Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology
Morrison Academy
Spots
Taichung Intercontinental Baseball Stadium
Tourist attractions
Beitun Wenchang Temple
Dakeng hiking and biking trails
Songzhu Temple
Taichung Folklore Park
Taichung Military Kindred Village Museum
Yide Mansion
Transportation
Railway
Songzhu railway station
Taiyuan railway station
Taichung Metro
Beitun Main metro station
Jiushe metro station
Songzhu station
Sihwei Elementary School metro station
Wenxin Chongde metro station
Roads
Provincial Highway No. 1A
Provincial Highway No. 3
Provincial Highway No. 74
Notable natives
Dewi Chien, singer
Joe Cheng, model, actor and singer
See also
Taichung
References
External links
Districts of Taichung | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitun%20District |
This is a chronological list of notable cases decided by the Supreme Court of Canada from appointment of Antonio Lamer as Chief Justice of Canada to his retirement.
19901994
19951999
See also
List of notable Canadian Courts of Appeals cases
(1990-2000) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Supreme%20Court%20of%20Canada%20cases%20%28Lamer%20Court%29 |
The Glad Products Company is an American company specializing in trash bags and plastic food storage containers.
History
The Glad brand originated in the United States in 1963 when Union Carbide owner and CEO, David Darroch, launched Glad Wrap, a polyethylene film used as a food wrap. Douglas G. Taylor was transferred that same year from the Union Carbide facility in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to spearhead the Glad Wrap project. Taylor headed sales and marketing for Glad products until he was retired from Union Carbide in 1985 after putting together the sale of Union Carbide's Home and Automotive Products division to First Brands Corporation. At the time of the sale, Taylor was Senior Vice President of the Home and Automotive Products division as well as the head of STP brands. He died in Hilton Head, South Carolina on August 13, 1996.
The brand originally belonged to Union Carbide, but was divested in 1985 to First Brands Corporation (Eveready and Energizer batteries, Glad, Simoniz, and Prestone) in the United States. In 1998, First Brands Corporation was acquired by Clorox.
Australian history
Glad Wrap was invented in Australia by Union Carbide's research chemist, Douglas Lyons Ford, in the early 1960s, working in Union Carbide Australia's Rhodes plant in Sydney. The film was made from polyethylene with a stickifier added, produced as a continuous tube by the blown-film method, the tube then slit to make flat material that was put on rolls, and recently released in a newly designed "Easy Cut Dispenser". It was first introduced to the American market in 1963 in competition with Saran Wrap.
Glad Wrap and Glad Bags were introduced in Australia in 1966; Glad was the first to introduce cling-type wrap to the Australian market.
In order to promote the product, a competition was run in The Australian Women's Weekly asking readers to write in with suggested uses for the product. The winner of the competition was Lady Gwynnedd Casey, the wife of Lord Casey, the then Governor-General of Australia, who suggested it could be used to cover the hors d'oeuvres before guests arrived at her garden party. Second prize went to a woman from western Sydney, who suggested it could be used to wrap up different kinds of buttons in her sewing kit to keep them separate from one another.
Union Carbide purchased the Brisbane company, OSO, and in 1968, launched the OSO brand in competition with its own Glad brand. The OSO brand was made to be cheaper than, and inferior to, the Glad brand.
In Australia, the Glad brand was acquired by Industrial Equity Limited in 1988, and then was floated as part of National Foods in 1991. In 1997, First Brands acquired the Glad brand from National Foods, thus consolidating worldwide ownership of the brand. Clorox took over ownership of Glad in Australia in 1998 as part of its acquisition of First Brands.
The "Man from Glad"
The Man from Glad is the Glad company's spokesman featured in many of their advertisements. He is an older gentleman with white hair and is always dressed in a white suit. In the 1960s, he was known as the "Man From Glad", and was summoned to various households in order to save housewives from their domestically challenged spouses. He wore a trenchcoat and would arrive in a wild variety of spy type contraptions (such as a jet pack or gyroglider), in the style of The Man from U.N.C.L.E and Mission: Impossible.
He has been portrayed by several actors over the years, most famously Tom Bosley. The trash bags' slogans were "Why Take Chances, Get Glad!" and "Don't get mad! Get Glad!"
Mardi Gras 2006
In 2006, following Hurricane Katrina, Glad became the first official sponsor of Mardi Gras in New Orleans. In addition to its significant program commitment, Glad worked with the City of New Orleans Department of Sanitation in the carnival's sanitation maintenance and clean-up efforts, which would otherwise have mounted a considerable expense for the municipality. Glad also was a major sponsor of the 2007 Mardi Gras.
Cultural references
In the novel Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace the final year of commercially subsidized time is referred to as the "Year of Glad" in reference to the company. Additionally, James O. Incandenza Sr. (whose son James O. Incandenza Jr., and grandsons Orin, Mario, and Hal Incandenza are major characters) is mentioned as having played the Man from Glad in his time as an actor in the timeline of the book.
See also
Million Dollar Mystery
References
External links
Glad Australia's commercial web site
Clorox brands
Plastics companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Oakland, California
Manufacturing companies established in 1963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glad%20%28company%29 |
The Unutterable is the 21st album by English rock band the Fall, released in 2000. It was recorded with much the same lineup as had appeared on the group's previous album, 1999's The Marshall Suite (although Kazuko Hohki—the singer from the English-based Japanese band Frank Chickens—provides extra vocals on one track). However, whilst this version of the band was still coming together as the previous album was being made, by the time of the current record, they had had a year to gel as a unit. Therefore, while there is some similarity in the sound of the two, The Unutterable was much more consistent in its production and songwriting. It was generally well received by the critics, being praised as a "career peak" by Dave Simpson of The Guardian and prompting Piers Martin of the NME to suggest, "...this is as vital and relevant as The Fall have sounded for a considerable length of time.<ref name=nme>Martin, Piers (Nov. 2000). [http://www.visi.com/fall/news/001201.html#nme "The Unutterable"] . NME.</ref> "
Lyrically, the album covers a number of diverse themes. On "Dr Bucks' Letter", lead singer Mark E. Smith appears to dispraise superficial materialist modernity, stating, "I was in the realm of the essence of Tong", an oblique reference to British DJ Pete Tong. In the song, Smith lists the five things without which he, or that Tong, cannot leave home: sunglasses, music, PalmPilot, mobile phone and American Express card. Elsewhere on the album, Smith's lyrics discuss issues such as drugs on the ranting "Ketamine Sun", and his favourite meal on the jazz-influenced "Pumpkin Soup and Mashed Potatoes".The Unutterable is notable for not featuring a cover song in any format, unlike all of the group's other studio albums from Bend Sinister forward; although "Ketamine Sun" reportedly started life as a cover of Lou Reed's "Kill Your Sons", there is little musical similarity between the two tracks.
This was the first and only Fall 'official' studio release to be issued on CD only, without a corresponding vinyl version. A double-LP set was eventually issued through Let Them Eat Vinyl in 2014 with the same track listing.
Track listing
2008 Special Deluxe Edition
Disc 1 - The Unutterableas per original CD''
Disc 2 - Testa Rossa monitor mixes
Notes
The Testa Rossa monitor mixes are early, rough versions of most of the album tracks, as well as two instrumentals not used on the final album. On the reissue, the position of the apostrophe has changed in "Dr. Bucks' Letter" to "Dr. Buck's Letter".
Personnel
The Fall
Mark E. Smith – vocals, sound effects
Julia Nagle – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals, programming
Neville Wilding – guitar, backing vocals; lead vocals on "Hands Up Billy"
Adam Helal – bass guitar, Pro Tools, backing vocals
Tom Head – drums, percussion, backing vocals
Additional personnel
Kazuko Hohki – vocals on "Cyber Insekt"
Steve Evets - vocals on "Midwatch 1953"
Ben Pritchard - guitar on "Dr. Bucks' Letter" and "Midwatch 1953"
Grant Showbiz - backing vocals; arrangement on "Pumpkin Soup and Mashed Potatoes"
Rob Ayling - executive producer, voice on "Octo Realm" (uncredited)
Technical
Grant Showbiz - production
Mark E. Smith – production
Adam Helal – engineering, programming (Sonic Surgery)
Andy Drelincourt – engineering, programming (Testa Rossa)
Mike Body – engineering, programming (Streetlevel 2)
Pascal Le Gras - cover art
References
The Fall (band) albums
2000 albums
Albums produced by Grant Showbiz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Unutterable |
"L'Alizé" (English: "The Trade Wind") is the second single by French singer Alizée. Released in December 2000, it featured the song "L'alizé" as well as an instrumental version of it. Later two limited editions followed, which featured four remixes. The song became a hit particularly in France where it reached number-one for two weeks (becoming both the last number one hit of the year 2000 and the first of 2001).
Music video
The video for the single is a rather simple video compared to the videos for the rest of her Gourmandises singles. Set against a pink backdrop, this time it features Alizée dressed in white and playing with bubbles. There is one scene in the video where she sings (with the band playing in the background). A lot of machinery (especially bubble machines) and slow camera movement were needed to put the video together. The video was directed by Pierre Stine and was first aired on December 6, 2000 during the show M6's Morning Live.
Track listings
CD single – France
"L'alizé" – 4:15
"L'alizé" (version instrumentale) – 4:15
CD maxi - France
"L'alizé" – 4:15
"L'alizé" (vent d'amour club remix) – 5:15
"L'alizé" (sirocco house remix) – 4:50
"L'alizé" (sweet brise slow remix) – 4:55
"L'alizé" (dans le vent dance mix) – 5:16
CD maxi - Germany
"L'alizé" (radio edit) – 3:35
"L'alizé" (vent d'amour club remix) – 5:15
"L'alizé" (sunny season mix) – 5:25
"L'alizé" (sweet brise slow remix) – 4:55
"L'alizé" (dans le vent dance mix) – 5:16
"L'alizé" (single version) – 4:15
12" maxi - France
A side
"L'alizé" (vent d'amour club remix) – 5:15
"L'alizé" (single) – 4:15
B Side
"L'alizé" (sirocco house remix) – 4:50
"L'alizé" (sweet brise slow remix) – 4:55
Charts
Peak positions
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2000 singles
Alizée songs
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Songs with music by Laurent Boutonnat
Songs with lyrics by Mylène Farmer
2000 songs
Universal Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Aliz%C3%A9 |
"J'en ai marre!" (English: "I'm fed up!") is a song performed by French singer Alizée, written by Mylène Farmer. Released in February 2003, the song is Alizée's fifth single as the lead artist, and was the first song from her second studio album Mes Courants Électriques. It charted at #4 in France and # 2 in Japan.
The release included the single version of the song followed by an instrumental version. Later on three remixes were made available in special editions of the single. Internationally, it was released as "I'm Fed Up!". In Japan, it was released as "Mon bain de mousse" ("My Foam Bath") along with a music video and a remix version of the song.
Background
Alizée told MTV Spain that the song was released as her comeback single because of its upbeat sound.
Content
Internationally, the song was released as the English language translation and re-recording "I'm Fed Up!".
The title translates as "I'm fed up". The English translation is artistic rather than literal, lacking both the wordplay and some of the darkness of Mylène Farmer's French. In particular, the French "extrémistes à deux balles" may be translated as "cheap/worthless extremists" though to whom this refers is open to speculation. The French "délits dociles" is a pun which may mean "docile offence" or "docile delight", and also echoes "de lit", "of bed", but the translation does not attempt to render this and replaces it by a simple filler, "Twisting up my toes". The whinging big sister and the idiomatic French "annoying people who roll(drive) at 2km/h" of the chorus are both replaced by a different character, a stressed-out uncle, with various different but similarly annoying complaints.
The translation does however introduce some of its own novel English wordplay such as "I’m foamely ecstatic", which captures the playfulness and cross-line phrasing of the French the "mon etat aquatique" from another section of the song.
Live performances
The song is widely noted for its live TV performance routine which appeared on several French programmes as well as the UK's Top of the Pops. This featured distinctive choreography featuring a section of notable hip movement which, amongst other reactions, inspired the female Night Elf dance emote in the popular international video game World of Warcraft.
Music video
The video, filmed on 4 February 2003 and directed by Olivier Megaton, premiered 19 February 2003 on M6. It is the first video for a song from Alizée's second album. During the filming of the clip, the artist harmed her knees due to lack of appropriate protection, which led to a swelling.
In the video, Alizée, dressed in a red jumpsuit, is enclosed in a glass cubicle, big enough for her to move freely; this scene represents a redfish swimming on an aquarium. Some scenes show her creeping against the glass wall, some show her throwing a tennis ball towards the wall; one particular scene shows her throwing a camera to the ground and smashing it in the process. Throughout the video, water is poured into the cubicle, making Alizée wet. In the middle of the video, i.e. towards the final chorus, Alizée punches the cubicle and it breaks.
Formats and track listings
French CD Single
"J'en ai marre !" – 4:35
"J'en ai marre !" (Instrumental Mix) – 5:05
French CD maxi single
"J'en ai marre !" (Single Version) – 4:35
"J'en ai marre !" (Soft Skin Club Mix) – 7:40
"J'en ai marre !" (Bubbly Club Remix) – 7:50
"J'en ai marre !" (My Goldfish is Under me Remix) – 3:40
French 12" vinyl single
A Side:
"J'en ai marre !" (Soft Skin Club Mix) – 7:40
B Side:
"J'en ai marre !" (Bubbly Club Remix) – 7:50
"J'en ai marre !" (My Goldfish is Under me Remix) – 3:40
Charts and sales
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
See also
Viva la Vida
References
2003 singles
Alizée songs
Songs with lyrics by Mylène Farmer
2003 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%27en%20ai%20marre%21 |
Zig Zag railway station is located on the New South Wales Main Western Line. It was originally built in April 1878 and closed in 1910 due to the opening of the Ten Tunnels Deviation which bypassed the original site of the station. The station was not rebuilt until 1959 when a new station was built alongside the 1910 alignment in a similar location to the 1878 station.
The station is an interchange with Zig Zag Railway's Bottom Points station and depot, serving as the primary access point for NSW TrainLink passengers.
The station was closed temporarily from December 2019 to May 2020 due to major bushfire damage sustained in the 2019-2020 bushfires.
Platforms and services
Zig Zag has two side platforms, sized at 7 m each. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow. It is a request stop with passengers required to notify the guard if they wish to alight and signal the driver if they want to board.
References
External links
Zig Zag station details Transport for New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1878
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 1 car or less
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zig%20Zag%20railway%20station |
The 1960 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago, Illinois, from July 25 to July 28, 1960, at the International Amphitheatre. It was the 14th and most recent time overall that Chicago hosted the Republican National Convention, more times than any other city.
The convention nominated Vice President Richard M. Nixon for president and former Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. of Massachusetts for vice president.
Presidential nomination
Presidential candidates
By the time the Republican convention opened, Nixon had no opponents for the nomination. The highlight of the convention was the speech by U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona removing himself from the race, in which he called on conservatives to "take back" the party. Nixon won easily, earning 1,321 votes to 10 for Goldwater. At the convention, Nixon promised that he would visit every state during his campaign.
Presidential Balloting / 3rd Day of Convention (July 27, 1960)
Vice Presidential nomination
Vice Presidential candidates
After winning the presidential nomination, Nixon considered several candidates for the vice presidential nomination. Incumbent President Dwight D. Eisenhower strongly supported Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Though Lodge was not viewed by Republicans as a charismatic speaker, his foreign policy experience as well as his longtime Republican Party ties as a descendant of the Lodge family made him an appealing candidate.
Lodge was unpopular with the conservative wing of the party, who regarded him as a Northeastern moderate. As a result of the conservatives' coolness toward Lodge, Nixon strongly considered conservative Minnesota Representative Walter Judd and U.S. Senator Thruston Morton of Kentucky, an establishment Republican who was more moderate than Judd but had a high profile as chairman of the Republican National Committee.
Other candidates Nixon may have considered include:
Barry M. Goldwater, U.S. Senator from Arizona (Would be nominated for President in 1964)
Charles A. Halleck, U.S. House Minority Leader from Indiana
Neil H. McElroy, former Secretary of Defense from Ohio
Charles H. Percy, businessman from Illinois
William P. Rogers, U.S. Attorney General from Maryland
After deciding on Lodge, Nixon participated in a closed session with party leaders, who concurred with his preference. After the session, Nixon announced his choice publicly, and the convention ratified it.
Vice Presidential Balloting / 4th Day of Convention (July 28, 1960)
General election
The Nixon-Lodge ticket lost the 1960 election to the Democratic ticket of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.
See also
History of the United States Republican Party
List of Republican National Conventions
U.S. presidential nomination convention
1960 Democratic National Convention
1960 United States presidential election
References
External links
Republican Party platform of 1960 at The American Presidency Project
Nixon nomination acceptance speech for President at RNC (transcript) at The American Presidency Project
Universal newsreel footage of the convention
Video of Nixon nomination acceptance speech for President at RNC from C-SPAN (via YouTube)
Audio of Nixon nomination acceptance speech for President at RNC
Video of Lodge nomination acceptance speech for Vice President at RNC from C-SPAN (via YouTube)
Republican National Conventions
1960 United States presidential election
Political conventions in Chicago
1960 in Illinois
Articles containing video clips
1960 conferences
July 1960 events in the United States
1960s political conferences
1960s in Chicago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%20Republican%20National%20Convention |
The Tsunami Evaluation Coalition (TEC) was a unique learning and accountability initiative in the relief and development sector. It was first established in February 2005 to carry out joint evaluations of the response to the Asian earthquake and tsunamis of 26 December 2004.
The TEC had over 50 member agencies from the United Nations, Non-Governmental Organisations, and the Red Cross, as well as private donors. These organisations have been working together since the TEC was established to:
Improve policy and practice in the relief and rehabilitation sector.
Provide some accountability to both the donor and recipient public.
Improve evaluation in the relief and rehabilitation sector by learning from the TEC process itself.
Need for evaluation
The TEC was the most significant evaluation effort in the humanitarian sector since the Joint Evaluation of the response to the Rwanda Crisis in 1994, and followed in the footsteps of Study 3 of that evaluation which examined humanitarian aid and its effects.
Governance
The TEC was guided by a Core Management Group of about 15 members. The TEC was hosted by the Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action (ALNAP) Secretariat in London.
The TEC products
The TEC produced a series of reports:
An initial findings report in December 2005.
The main synthesis report, the five thematic reports, and the underlying country studies and other subsidiary reports in July 2006.
An expanded summary of the synthesis report in January 2007.
All the TEC reports can be found on the TEC website.
The six initial findings
The TEC published an initial findings report in December 2005. These preliminary findings were based on initial reports from the more than fifty consultants involved in the field-work.
The main synthesis report
This report synthesised the whole TEC evaluation effort. The foreword of the report was written by former US President Bill Clinton in his capacity as the United Nations Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery.
The four main findings dealt with:
Local capacities.
International support for local actors.
The quality of interventions.
The unpredictable funding system.
See also
Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
Program Evaluation
References
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami%20Evaluation%20Coalition |
Sawtelle Boulevard is a north/south street in the Westside region of the city of Los Angeles, California. For most of its length, it parallels the San Diego Freeway (Interstate 405), one block to the east.
The street has important Japanese American cultural and historical significance.
Route
Sawtelle Boulevard’s northern end is north of Dowlen Drive within the Los Angeles Veterans Administration complex (which it enters at Ohio Avenue), and its southern end is at Overland Avenue, a few blocks east of Sepulveda Boulevard. Sawtelle Boulevard is a major thoroughfare for the Sawtelle community and West Los Angeles neighborhood.
The portion of Sawtelle Boulevard from Santa Monica Boulevard to Olympic Boulevard is a trendy spot for the newer Japanese American community in Los Angeles,. Officially named Sawtelle Japantown, but often called simply Sawtelle or Little Osaka - not to be confused with downtown Los Angeles’ older, larger Little Tokyo, or Japantown, San Francisco, California, Sawtelle is relatively near UCLA, Santa Monica, and Culver City. As of 2012, businesses found on this street include Japanese fast food (curry and ramen), two Japanese supermarkets, upscale sushi bars, a holistic and medical office, hair salons, neighborhood Japanese grocery stores, a Boba tea shop, anime shops, Japanese artisan stores, temples, and a few historic plant nurseries. In recent years, the businesses have expanded to Korean and Chinese cuisines with popular restaurants including Seoul Tofu and ROC Kitchen. The neighborhood appeals to a wide demographic with cheap eat as well as upscale restaurants and a banquet center on the corner of Olympic Boulevard and Sawtelle Boulevard. One interesting site was the consulate of Saudi Arabia, prior to relocated to Wilshire Blvd location, being next to a ramen restaurant and an esoteric Japanese magazine store.
Homes south of this portion of Sawtelle Boulevard are inhabited by a large Japanese American population. Many of the homes exhibit gardens and landscapes true to Japanese tradition.
After passing Olympic Boulevard, Sawtelle Boulevard continues as a four-lane boulevard running parallel to the San Diego Freeway and Sepulveda Boulevard. After entering Culver City, Sawtelle Boulevard swerves east, crosses Sepulveda Boulevard and ends at Overland Avenue in Culver City.
See also
Sawtelle, Los Angeles
Little Tokyo
Sawtelle Japantown Guide
Map of Sawtelle Japantown, West Los Angeles
In popular culture
In Robert A. Heinlein's The Door into Summer, the main character visits a cryogenics facility located on Sawtelle Boulevard.
References
External links
Streets in Los Angeles
Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Culver City, California
Mar Vista, Los Angeles
Sawtelle, Los Angeles
West Los Angeles
Westside (Los Angeles County)
Japanese-American culture in Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawtelle%20Boulevard |
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