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Petronet LNG Limited is an Indian oil and gas company formed by the Government of India to import liquefied natural gas (LNG) and set up LNG terminals in the country. It is a joint venture company promoted by the Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL), Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOC) and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL). Petronet LNG Limited, one of the companies in the Indian energy sector, has set up the country's first LNG receiving and regasification terminal in Dahej, Gujarat, and another terminal in Kochi, Kerala. While the Dahej terminal has a nominal capacity of 17.5 million tonnes per year (equivalent to 70 million cubic metre per day of natural gas at standard conditions), the Kochi terminal has a capacity of 5 million tonnes per year (equivalent to 20 million cubic metre per day of natural gas). Plans to build a third LNG terminal in Gangavaram, Andhra Pradesh were dropped in October 2019.
Formed as a joint venture by the Government of India to import LNG and set up LNG terminals in the country, it involves India's leading oil and natural gas industry players. Its promoters are GAIL (India) Limited (GAIL), Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL). The authorized capital is Rs. 3,000 crore ($420 million approx).
The company selected Gaz de France as its strategic partner. The company has also signed an LNG sale and purchase agreements with Qatargas for the supply of 8.5 MTPA LNG to India.
Petronet LNG Ltd has set up its first LNG terminal in Dahej in Gujarat with the capacity of 15 million metric tons per year. Capacity of Dahej Terminal will expand to 17.5 million tons per year till 2019. Another terminal with capacity 5 million tons per year is commissioned in Kochi (Kerala) and started its operations in August 2013. Petronet LNG is planning to set up its third LNG terminal with capacity 5 million tons per year probably in Andhra Pradesh.
Kochi LNG Terminal is situated in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) of Puthuvypeen near the entrance to Cochin Port, Kerala. The jetty facility at Kochi terminal is designed to receive LNG tankers of capacity from 65,000 m3 up to 216,000 m3, with possibility of receiving suitable smaller ships.
There are various services offered by Petronet LNG Limited, like regasification, storage and reloading, bunkering, gassing-up and cooling-down facilities and LNG truck loading facilities.
In September 2019, PetroNet signed an MoU with United States-based Tellurian Inc to purchase a stake in the latter's Driftwood project in Louisiana and to import 5 million tonnes of LNG annually. The deal was initially expected to be finalized by 31 March 2020, but the non-binding agreement was instead terminated in November 2020 due to low LNG prices adversely affecting the investment case.
Listings and shareholding
References
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/petronet-lng-ltd/stocks/companyid-4495.cms
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/petronet-eyes-26-per-cent-stake-in-iocs-lng-terminal-at-ennore/articleshow/60006188.cms
External links
Official website
Petronet LNG on BSE India
Oil and gas companies of India
Liquefied natural gas terminals
Companies based in New Delhi
Natural gas companies of India
Indian companies established in 1998
1998 establishments in Delhi
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronet%20LNG |
The , or , is a partially completed ticket system toll expressway in Japan. It is owned and operated by the Central Nippon Expressway Company and East Nippon Expressway Company. In conjunction with the Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line and the Bayshore Route of the Shuto Expressway, the expressway will form a full outer ring road of Tokyo. It is signed as National Route 468 as well as C4 under the "2016 Proposal for Realization of Expressway Numbering."
The section owned by the Central Nippon Expressway Company runs from the east end of the Shin-Shōnan Bypass west along the bypass and north to Akiruno Interchange. The rest of the route is owned by the East Nippon Expressway Company.
Route description
The expressway begins at the west end of the Fujisawa Bypass (part of Route 1) in Fujisawa, Kanagawa. From here the expressway is concurrent with the Shin-Shōnan Bypass, which it splits from as that road turns toward the south at Chigasaki.
The Ken-O Expressway then heads north, crossing the Tōmei Expressway and Chūō Expressway. Continuing north, then east. There are junctions with the Kan-Etsu Expressway, Tōhoku Expressway, and Jōban Expressway. It then turns southeast, where it meets the Higashi-Kantō Expressway east of Narita Airport, there is gap in the expressway here that is planned to be closed. The expressway resumes at Choshu Renraku Road in Tōgane. It crosses the present east end of the Chiba-Tōgane Road, a two-lane expressway. The Ken-O Expressway continues south, looping west to end at the junction of the Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line and Tateyama Expressway.
History
The Ken-Ō Expressway was linked with the Shin-Tōmei Expressway on 28 January 2018.
The smart interchange in Ōamishirasato was opened on 24 March 2019.
Future
Portions of the existing Yokohama-Yokosuka Expressway, Shin-Shōnan Bypass and Chiba-Tōgane Road and the planned Yokohama Ring Expressway will be incorporated into the expressway. In Chiba Prefecture, land acquisition is under way for an gap in the expressway to be filled. The new segment is expected to reach completion by 2024.
Economic significance
Along with Japan National Route 16, the Ken-Ō Expressway will connect the entire length of the Technology Advanced Metropolitan Area (TAMA) — an inland industrial region covering an area of 3000 km2, in 74 municipalities, and home to over 10 million people of whom 4 million work in the TAMA firms. In 1998 goods shipped from TAMA had twice the shipment value of the Silicon Valley.
Junction list
Parking areas are appended with PA and smart interchanges are appended with SIC. There are currently no service areas.
|colspan="8" style="text-align: center;"|Through to
|colspan="8" style="text-align: center;"|Through to
External links
首都圏3環状道路
Illustrations of new and planned segments, June 2015 (Japanese)
References
Expressways in Japan
468
Ring roads in Japan
Roads in Chiba Prefecture
Roads in Ibaraki Prefecture
Roads in Kanagawa Prefecture
Roads in Saitama Prefecture
Roads in Tokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken-%C5%8C%20Expressway |
Marc Norman (born 1941 in Los Angeles, California) is an American screenwriter, novelist and playwright.
Early life
Norman graduated in 1964 with a M.A. in English Literature from the University of California.
Career
After working for Leonard Stern, David Suskind and Daniel Melnick, Norman wrote several features and television projects, including the TV movie The Challenge and an episode of the Mission: Impossible TV series. Other screenwriting credits include the films Oklahoma Crude (which he would later adapt into a novel), The Killer Elite and The Aviator. In 1995, he was one of several writers hired to rewrite Cutthroat Island, at the behest of director Renny Harlin.
With Tom Stoppard, Norman won the Oscar for Best Original Screenplay at the 71st Academy Awards for his screenplay of Shakespeare in Love; the pair were also nominated for a BAFTA and received the Silver Bear for an outstanding single writing achievement at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival. He also shared a Best Picture Oscar for the film as co-producer. The original idea was suggested to Norman in the late 1980s by his son Zachary.
Books
Fiction
Nonfiction
References
External links
Official Website
1941 births
Alexander Hamilton High School (Los Angeles) alumni
American male screenwriters
Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners
Living people
Filmmakers who won the Best Film BAFTA Award
Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Best Screenplay Golden Globe winners
Golden Globe Award-winning producers
Screenwriters from Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Norman |
The Columbia Studio Recordings (1964–1970) is the third box set of Simon & Garfunkel recordings, released in 2001 by Columbia Records. This 5-CD set contains all of their studio albums from 1964 to 1970. The CDs are packaged in miniature recreations of the original LP jackets, and an annotated booklet is also included.
The Columbia Studio Recordings succeeded the box sets Collected Works (1981) and Old Friends (1997). All five discs contain several bonus tracks of demos, alternate takes, single B-sides, unissued outtakes and non-album songs, some of which were previously issued on Old Friends.
Track listing
All songs written by Paul Simon, except where noted.
Disc one
Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M. (1964)
"You Can Tell the World" (Bob Gibson, Bob Camp) – 2:45
"Last Night I Had the Strangest Dream" (Ed McCurdy) – 2:09
"Bleecker Street" – 2:43
"Sparrow" – 2:47
"Benedictus" (Traditional, arranged and adapted by Simon and Art Garfunkel) – 2:38
"The Sound of Silence" – 3:05
"He Was My Brother" – 2:49
"Peggy-O" (Traditional) – 2:25
"Go Tell It on the Mountain" (Traditional) – 2:05
"The Sun Is Burning" (Ian Campbell) – 2:46
"The Times They Are a-Changin'" (Bob Dylan) – 2:51
"Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M." – 2:14
Bonus tracks
"Bleecker Street" (Demo) – 2:42
"He Was My Brother" (Alt. Take 1) – 2:48
"The Sun Is Burning" (Alt. Take 12) – 2:47
Track 7 is credited to Paul Kane, a pseudonym for Paul Simon.
Disc two
Sounds of Silence (1966)
"The Sound of Silence" – 3:05
"Leaves That Are Green" – 2:21
"Blessed" – 3:14
"Kathy's Song" – 3:17
"Somewhere They Can't Find Me" – 2:34
"Anji" (Davey Graham) – 2:15
"Richard Cory" – 2:55
"A Most Peculiar Man" – 2:29
"April Come She Will" – 1:49
"We've Got a Groovy Thing Goin'" – 1:57
"I Am a Rock" – 2:49
Bonus tracks
"Blues Run the Game" (Jackson C. Frank) – 2:51
"Barbriallen" (Demo) (Traditional) – 4:02
"Rose of Aberdeen" (Demo) (Traditional) – 1:59
"Roving Gambler" (Demo) (Traditional) – 3:04
Disc three
Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme (1966)
"Scarborough Fair/Canticle" (Simon, Garfunkel) – 3:10
"Patterns" – 2:45
"Cloudy" – 2:21
"Homeward Bound" – 2:29
"The Big Bright Green Pleasure Machine" – 2:47
"The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)" – 1:53
"The Dangling Conversation" – 2:37
"Flowers Never Bend With the Rainfall" – 2:10
"A Simple Desultory Philippic (or How I Was Robert McNamara'd into Submission)" – 2:19
"For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her" – 2:05
"A Poem on the Underground Wall" – 1:52
"7 O'Clock News/Silent Night" – 2:02
Bonus tracks
"Patterns" (Demo) – 2:53
"A Poem on the Underground Wall" (Demo) – 1:51
Disc four
Bookends (1968)
"Bookends Theme" – 0:32
"Save the Life of My Child" – 2:49
"America" – 3:36
"Overs" – 2:15
"Voices of Old People" (Simon, Garfunkel) – 2:07
"Old Friends" – 2:36
"Bookends Theme (Reprise)" – 1:20
"Fakin' It" – 3:17
"Punky's Dilemma" – 2:13
"Mrs. Robinson" (From the Motion Picture The Graduate) – 4:03
"A Hazy Shade of Winter" – 2:17
"At the Zoo" – 2:23
Bonus tracks
"You Don't Know Where Your Interest Lies" – 2:17
"Old Friends" (Demo) – 2:11
Disc five
Bridge over Troubled Water (1970)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" – 4:52
"El Condor Pasa (If I Could)" (Simon, Jorge Milchberg, Daniel Alomía Robles) – 3:06
"Cecilia" – 2:55
"Keep the Customer Satisfied" – 2:34
"So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright" – 3:41
"The Boxer" – 5:08
"Baby Driver" – 3:15
"The Only Living Boy in New York" – 3:57
"Why Don't You Write Me" – 2:46
"Bye Bye Love" (Felice and Boudleaux Bryant) – 2:53
"Song for the Asking" – 1:50
Bonus tracks
"Feuilles-O" (Demo) – 1:42
"Bridge over Troubled Water" (Demo Take 6) – 4:46
References
Simon & Garfunkel compilation albums
2001 compilation albums
Columbia Records compilation albums
Albums produced by Tom Wilson (record producer)
Albums produced by Bob Johnston
Albums produced by Roy Halee
Albums produced by Paul Simon
Albums produced by Art Garfunkel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Columbia%20Studio%20Recordings%20%281964%E2%80%931970%29 |
In family law, contact, visitation and access are synonym terms that denotes the time that a child spends with the noncustodial parent, according to an agreed or court specified parenting schedule. The visitation term is not used in a shared parenting arrangement where both parents have joint physical custody.
Unsupervised visitation is the most common type, when the parent may take the child to his or her home or enjoy any outing with the child. In supervised visitation, another adult must be present, and there is sometimes a court order to occur at a predetermined supervised child contact centre. Virtual visitation uses video-conferencing technology to allow contact when a child lives far away from the parent.
Concept
In most jurisdictions the nature of a couple's relationship is established when a child is born to that relationship. In law, there may be differences in the consequences depending on whether the relationship is opposite-sex or same-sex, and whether it is in the form of a marriage, a civil union or registered partnership, or cohabitation without marriage. When one parent has sole custody of a child, there is usually court ordered contact/visitation with the non-custodial parent. The purpose is to ensure that the child can continue to maintain a relationship with both parents after divorce or separation, as well as in situations where the parents have never lived together. A common contact schedule is that the child spends every other weekend with the non-custodial parent, one weekday evening, certain holidays and a few weeks of summer vacation.
Children are subject to the authority of their parents during the early years of their life, during what is termed their minority. States impose a range of incapacities until the children reach an age when they are deemed sufficiently mature to take responsibility for their own actions. Issues of access and custody interact and overlap, and represent all of the aspects of care and control that parents may exercise in relation to their children. The extent to which the courts have jurisdiction to regulate access will depend on the nature of the parents' relationship. In the event of the breakdown of the relationship between a minor child's parents, a court may define or modify a parent's access rights to the child within the context of proceedings for legal separation, annulment, divorce or child custody. Custody and access rights may be established in other manners, such as adoption or legal guardianship. In some cases a court may appoint a guardian ad litem appointed to represent any child's interests within the context of custody litigation.
Residential parent
Residential parent is that parent with whom the children are staying in the majority of the time. This term started to be used since the implementation of the joint custody since both parents have the custody of the child but, usually the child lives in the house of one of them the majority of his or her time.
Non-residential parent
The non-residential parent is that parent that has been granted with the child custody but only accommodates the child in their house for limited periods of time.
Supervised visitation
Under supervised visitation, another adult must be present during the contact hours. It is used to ensure the safety of the child while still allowing for a child-parent relationship. It may for example be used if there is a history of domestic violence, child abuse or child neglect, or if the parent has a substance abuse problem or a mental illness. Supervised visitation may have no location restrictions, or it may be ordered to occur at a specific child contact centre. Supervised visitation can be temporary in nature and changed to unsupervised visitation.
Virtual visitation
With virtual visitation, the child communicates with the parent through video conferencing, video mail, email or instant messages. It can be ordered by a court and it is often used when the child lives far away from a parent. It may also be used if a parent is in prison. Virtual visitation is meant to complement rather than to replace standard physical contact time.
Policy background
As a specific application of parens patriae (see public policy and the concept of best interests), most states treat the interests of any children caught up in litigation as their first and paramount concern. Usually, the children are not directly the parties to the lawsuit, so the courts have a range of options including the power to appoint a guardian ad litem to protect their interests. This is particularly important in cases involving the breakdown of any family relationship where questions relating to the welfare of the children will become significant in sometimes acrimonious disputes. At a supranational level, the Convention on the Rights of the Child emphasises the need to allow children a voice in any proceedings affecting their welfare. Significantly, it also suggests a change to the terminology, replacing "custody" and "access" with the concepts of "residence" and "contact".
However, the most common legal outcome to cases involving the issues of care and control reinforces the sexual stereotype that a mother is always the better qualified person to care for younger children. Whereas some jurisdictions formally prefer joint custody arrangements in situations where there has previously been a stable family relationship, many states have a formalised rebuttable presumption in favour of the mother.
European Union law
The European Union has set up machinery for the mutual recognition of Family Law judgments through Council Regulation 2201/2003 which continues the harmonisation of the rules on jurisdiction and on the recognition and enforcement of all judgments on parental responsibility. The intention is to ensure that parental responsibility orders can be recognised and enforced through a uniform procedure. The courts in the Member State where the child is habitually resident have the primary jurisdiction to rule on parental responsibility. The courts in the other Member States shall enforce those judgments unless:
this infringes public policy in the given Member Statean extremely unlikely eventuality;
the child has not been given the opportunity to be heard except in cases of genuine urgency (in all cases, the fundamental right of every child to be heard and for his or her views to be given due weight in accordance with their age and maturity, is provided in Article 24 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union which also states that the child's best interest shall be the primary consideration in all cases affecting their interests, whether initiated by public authorities or private institutions);
the person claiming that the judgment infringes his or her rights of parental responsibility has not been given an opportunity to be heard, or was not allowed a reasonable time to prepare his or her defense (see natural justice); and
the judgment is irreconcilable with a second subsisting judgment (under certain conditions).
Following a proposal from the Commission in May 2002, a regulation on parental responsibility which was adopted on 27 November 2003 and applies from 1 March 2005:
ensures the right of the child to maintain contact with both parents even when the parents live in different Member States by allowing automatic recognition and enforcement of judgments on access rights, and
seeks to prevent parental child abduction within the Community. The courts of the Member State of the child's residence before abduction always have the jurisdiction. Some parents have abducted children to their own states in the hope of receiving more favourable treatment. The courts of the abducting parent's nationality can only refuse to return the child immediately if this is necessary:
either because there is a grave risk that the child would be in danger if he or she returned, or
if the child has attained a certain age and maturity and does not want to return.
But the court in the state where the child resided before the abduction takes the final decision as to where the child shall stay, and such decisions must be respected in the state of current residence.
England
Contact Orders are made under s8 Children Act 1989 to require the person(s) with whom a child lives to allow that child to visit, stay or have contact with a person named in the order. Orders continue until the child is 16 years. So long as the child is not under the care of a local authority, the following people can apply for a Contact Order:
the parent or guardian of a child (s10(4)(a));
anyone who holds a Residence Order in respect of that child (s10(4)(b));
a married stepparent of the child where the child lived with the stepparent as a child of the family (s10(5)(a));
anyone with whom the child has lived for at least three years (this period need not have been continuous but must have been recent) (s10(5)(b));
anyone who:
a) where there is already a Residence Order in place has the consent of every one who holds that order or
b) who has the consent of the local authority where the child is in their care or
c) has the consent of every one who has parental responsibility for the child.
If an applicant cannot apply for the order as of right they can make an application to the court seeking leave to issue the application. In deciding whether to grant the leave the court will consider under s10(9), amongst other things:
the nature of the application;
the applicant's connection with the child;
the risk there might be if the proposed application disrupting the child's life to such an extent that they should be harmed by it.
Under s11, the court must attempt to avoid delay in making an Order. The court will only make contact orders for children over sixteen years old in exceptional circumstances. Contact can either be direct e.g. face-to-face meetings with a person or indirect e.g. by letter, video, exchange of greeting cards etc. Some orders will be very specific as to times, dates and arrangements for contact, other orders will be more open with detailed arrangements to be made between the parties by agreement. These orders are not just obtained by parents for contact with their children, there can also be orders for contact between siblings or the child and wider family members. Sometimes the order will give directions that the contact is to be supervised by a third person. The order may also only be for a specific period or contain provisions which operate for a specific period. These are Orders of the court and a failure to comply can be a contempt of court with serious consequences.
Contact represents a change in fundamental concept to disputes involving the upbringing of children. Prior to The Children Act 1989 in the jurisdiction of England & Wales [and in Scotland in the Children (Scotland) Act 1995], an adult was usually granted 'access to' a child; now a child is to be allowed 'contact with an adult' [or stepbrother/sister]. Sixteen years after the Children Act 1989 became law, judges and the media in England still on occasion refer to 'custody and access' instead of 'residence and contact', and some judges are making orders such as 'father to have contact with the child' contrary to 'the child be allowed contact with father' as it argued by certain legal establishments the difference is minimal and in nomenclature only. The law is quiet clear that 'a residence order' undoubtedly gives additional rights to the residential parent, and does diminish the parental responsibility of the non-residential parent, in various ways. [b Hoggett]. Therefore, custody and residence, or contact and access can be in some circumstances be interchangeable concepts in family law. The argument that 'winner no longer takes all' in contact/residence access/custody disputes does not hold water.
Japan
In Japan, there is no legal guarantee of access by a noncustodial parent. Despite this, courts do often grant access rights to a noncustodial parent in the event of a divorce, or to the father of a child born out of wedlock, who by law is declared noncustodial by default. However, these court ordered visits are often only for several hours once a month, and in some cases, only once a year. Further, courts will not enforce these access provisions when the custodial parent is not co-operative. Several groups are working to change related laws and provide more detailed information on these laws and alternatives.
United States
Generally speaking, visitation is considered only a privilege granted to the non-custodial parent of any child of the family. The standard short-distance parenting plan by the family court in most U.S. states consists of alternating weekends and some holidays, there are also medium and long-distance parental plans that allow to combine these visits into a longer stretches of time to reduce traveling. Parents normally can make variations to the state standard parenting plan or develop a different custom plan if a judge approve the changes. In most of the states there is a law required that court-ordered parenting plans must set forth the minimum amount of parenting time and access a noncustodial parent is entitled to have.
However, the child, at or around the age of 13, depending on the state, may have a right to testify in court about custody and parenting plan arrangements that may have a big impact on court decision.
Parents (and in most States Grandparents) frequently believe that they have "a right" to visitation or access. However, when custodial parental interference with visitation occurs, civil courts in the U.S. do not enforce their own court orders. Usually citing, "best interests of the child" and reasoning punishment of the custodial parent to enforce the visitation order would further harm the child(ren) in question. Some States are looking at changing that by making visitation interference a criminal offence.
Most noncustodial parents have visitation orders that allow the child to visit with them without any supervision, away from the custodial residence. But sometimes when there are safety problems or child abuse history, the court can set up a supervised or "safety-focused" parenting plan. Also, a court can order the visitation to be supervised by a social worker, parenting coordinator, guardian ad litem, or other third party while the noncustodial parent visits with the child. This is called supervised visitation.
Parents may also agree to share custody and agree to allow visitation without going to court. In these situations, so it does not seem like a court order may not be needed, it should be obtained to forestall later disputes about what the parents had previously agreed to, and to allow the courts to have some oversight over the children (which they normally have under statute and under the parens patriae power). If the parenting plan agreed by parties before the court hearing, it is called "stipulated". Judges can approve the stipulated parenting plan without a court hearing. Judges are to normally encourage parties to reach the agreement, rather than go to hearing. By statistic, most family law cases (90–95%) settle before the judge rules on them.
In at least 27 states, a rapist who got their victim pregnant can legally sue for visitation, and in some cases even custody.
See also
Child custody
Children's centre
Shared parenting
Supervised visitation
Virtual Visitation
References
Child custody | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20%28law%29 |
Lithgow railway station is a heritage-listed former station master's residence and railway station and now guest accommodation and railway station located on the Main Western line at Railway Parade, Lithgow, City of Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed and built by New South Wales Government Railways and built from 1924 to 1925. It is also known as Lithgow Railway Station Group and Residence and Eskbank East. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 30 August 2013. The station has frequent NSW TrainLink services running to and from Sydney Central.
History
With the completion of the Lithgow Zig Zag in 1869, the Western railway's terminus moved from to Bowenfels, signifying the successful crossing of the Blue Mountains. Whilst the railway would continue west, Lithgow proved to be an important destination in itself due to coal and iron ore deposits. The line opened in 1869 but there was no station for Lithgow until 1877. The first station at Lithgow was located east of the present site in June 1877. The former 1877 railway platform is still extant. The line was duplicated in 1880.
In the first half of the 1920s, it was decided to expand Lithgow as a regional headquarters for the NSW Railways. Apart from the new large locomotive depot, the Railways selected a new site west of Eskbank station for the development of a new passenger station to replace Eskbank Station, which remains but is unused.
Like most stations between Emu Plains and Lithgow, Lithgow received a standard Federation style set of two platform structures, a main face brick building and a detached brick "out-of" shed. There was also a footwarmer shed on the western end of the platform. The new station site featured two new buildings, both opened on 9 March 1925. The first was a timber booking and parcels office elevated on a steel beam frame with a concrete deck that was located adjacent to Eskbank Street. Access from this entry point was by a ramp and stepway to the island platform. One unusual feature was the installation of a lift for staff use only to handle baggage, parcels and "out-ofs".
It is assumed that the dry stone retaining wall is associated with the adjacent remnant concrete pedestrian ramp and therefore the original construction of the railway station.
A two-storey face brick office building for train controller and western communications was constructed at 12 Railway Parade at the corner of Railway Parade and Eskbank Street in 1954–56, and is still in use in 2009. In 1957 the line was electrified through Lithgow to Bowenfels, but Lithgow is the present limit of electric operations.
In 1961, the last traditional Railway Refreshment Room was built and opened in the Sydney end of the building, following the closure of a similar facility at Mount Victoria. The refreshment room closed in July 1990, being the last example in the state.
The station exit was originally located on the footbridge at the eastern end of the platform until replaced by the present concourse in August 1991. The overhead station offices and footbridge were constructed in and access has been relocated to the western end of the station.
Description
Landscape features
The setting of the station within a relatively steep rock cutting provides a distinctive landscape presentation to Lithgow Railway Station. The northern embankment has been sealed with shotcrete and the same material has been used partway along the southern embankment. The exposed embankment surface is a friable composition of shale, rubble and soils. Removal of vegetation has revealed a dry stone wall of roughly shaped sandstone blocks set near to the top of the southern embankment, extending from the overhead footbridge for approximately with a height ranging form to the concrete ramp. Proximity to the ramp indicates the wall is an integral element of the original station construction. A "path" or bed for the concrete ramp runs across the embankment in front of the wall.
Apart from a couple of garden beds with shrubs (clipped into spheres and rounded shapes) and a small planting of annuals (traditionally) and hardy soft-wooded perennials (again, tightly clipped into shapes) along the eastern portion of the island platform there is no other landscaping at the station. The existing landscaping is not considered significant but contributes to the setting and character of the place and continues a tradition of railway gardening on this site for some time.
Structures and buildings
The heritage-listed complex comprises:
Island platform – brick-faced (1925)
Old Station Platform – levelled rock face (1877)
Eskbank Street Overbridge (1924)
Station Building – type 11, island-building, brick (1925)
Former Booking/Parcels office & Goods lift tower – timber (1925)
Station Master's residence – 6 Railway Parade (c.1880)
Hayley Street Footbridge and Overhead Booking Office (1993)
Island platform, erect 1925
Lithgow station is a typical island platform, curving slightly along the Up end. The platform is brick faced with concrete deck and asphalt finish. Modern light fittings, illuminated signage, timber bench seating, small planters, and a central garden bed (which appears to be the former location of the access ramp/stairs from Eskbank Street) comprise the platform furnishings. The platform is set within the rock cutting lower than the adjoining street levels and accessed from the western end via concrete stairs and U-shaped tube-like ramps leading to the footbridge linking the station to both Railway Parade and Main Street. A contemporary canopy provides weather protection between the station building and the footbridge through the stairs.
Hayley Street Footbridge and booking office, erected 1993
The Hayley Street Footbridge is a modern concrete deck footbridge suspended over steel beam and trestles over the station platform and the railway tracks to both side streets leading to the bus interchange on Railway Parade. It has a simple arrangement with the Station Master's office and the booking office on the northern half featuring a gabled corrugated metal roof with a small series of skylights. The remainder of the footbridge is covered with the same roof with no skylights and features steel pipe-rail balustrades with glazed enclosures. It is linked to the platform by the tube-like ramp and the stairs. A lift tower is located at the ramp entrance of the footbridge. The footbridge, overhead booking office and Station Master's office are typical of modern structures with simple detailing and no architectural merit. Excluded from listing.
Old Station platform, erected 1877
This former platform is evidence of the first Lithgow Station and is a levelled railway platform over the rock cutting. It is located further to the west of the present station at the southern foundation of the Sandford Avenue overbridge. Access to the redundant platform was not available for close inspection. The former station building no longer exists.
Esbank Street over bridge, erected
Two rendered segmental arch spandrels with rock cliff abutments on both sides of the former overhead booking/parcels office structure.
Station building, erected 1925 and extended 1961
External: Constructed of face brick with a corrugated metal gabled roof extending as an awning to both platforms, the Lithgow station building is an island platform building in standard "A10" Federation style design. It features ten bays with a linear arrangement along with the platform with tuckpointed brickwork and engaged piers between the bays. The eastern (Up) end of the building has been extended approximately one bay in 1961 (formerly used as Railway Refreshment Room) with a matching gable end detailing featuring large metal box-framed window openings supported on with brick brackets with security mesh and a single door with side windows and fanlight on the east side. A narrow awning provides protection over this door. Other features to the original bays of the building include standard iron brackets over decorative corbels supporting the ample platform awnings, fretted timber work to both ends of the awnings, timber-framed double-hung vertically proportioned windows with multi-paned upper sashes, timber panelled doors with multi-paned fanlights, and a brick chimney with corbelled top and modern roof vents to toilets. The wall-mounted clock on the No.1 platform next to the Station Master's office appears original. Windows on the platform elevations of the two most eastern bays have been enlarged and covered by security mesh or grills. Another single door with windows on each side is also located on the west end of the building and provides access to the gent's toilets. There is a modern canopy extension at the western end of the station building, where the new platform canopy extends from the footbridge stairs access to the station.
Internal: Although the station building generally appears intact externally its internal room layouts and divisions have been modified. The original floor layout included (from west to east) an SM's office, telegraph office, general waiting room, ladies room & lavatory, store and gent's room. The current floor layout consists of a locked room, SM's office, waiting room, ladies toilets, staff meal room and gent's toilets. Apart from the toilets and the waiting room the rest of the rooms are kept locked. The interiors have been refurbished with only plasterboard ceiling panelling, simple moulded cornices and high wall vents appear to remain from the original phase. The floors are tiled.
Former book / Parcels office and goods lift tower, erected in 1925
External: The former booking office is located on the western side of the Eskbank Street overhead bridge at the Up end of the station. Constructed of timber with weatherboard cladding the building is now partially utilised as ladies waiting room and public toilets. It is elevated on a steel beam and trestles structure with a concrete deck and adjoins the arched road overbridge on the eastern side. The former booking/parcels office also adjoins the timber goods lift tower on the north side. The street elevation of the building has been faced with a brick wall and a flat awning along the street frontage. A timber panelled balustrade with artwork reflecting a coal mining theme completes the remaining portion of the overhead bridge on the north side of the tower. The door and windows on the street elevations are of later modifications with metal frames and security mesh. The large gates to the former parcels office and the goods lift have been blocked with metal panels. The original timber-framed double-hung windows with multi-paned upper sashes are located on north, east and west elevations of the booking/parcels office. A shallow pitched gabled red corrugated iron roof covers the building. The timber goods lift tower is the dominant element of the former booking/parcels office building and has a hipped corrugated metal roof. The goods lift is not in operation, and it is not clear if the original lift survives. However; the existence of a few safety signs indicates possible uses for maintenance or similar activities. The timber tower extends down onto the platform with a timber panelled out-of-shed building on the platform. The southern leg of the steel trestles sits within the out-of-shed.
Internal: Access only was available to the open ladies waiting room and toilets. The interiors of this former booking office are simple with plasterboard wall and ceiling panelling decorated with plain timber rail at lintel height and timber skirting. Floors are tiled. The original ticket window survives.
Station Master's residence, erected
External: Located at 6 Railway Parade to the eastern side of Lithgow Station, the Station Master's residence is a fine example of a grand two-storey railway residence. It is constructed of brick and stone, with rusticated render to the main railway facades and a slate tiled roof. The residence is located on the northern side of the railway line with a projecting faceted observatory room over the entrance portico. The distinctive Victorian features include arched windows with contrasting rendered moulded trims and sills, projecting keystones, rendered contrasting string band at the first-floor slab level, decorative moulded brackets supporting the wide eaves, a rendered chimney with corbelled top, timber-framed double-hung windows with two-pane upper sashes, timber panelled entrance door with sidelights and fanlight, and an arched two-storey high decorative portico with tessellated tile flooring over the front entry dominating the railway facade. A highly decorated drawing room bay on the ground floor level dominates the Sydney side elevation of the building and features a series of segmental-arched tall windows with moulded sill course and label panels below the sill, pitched slate roof with lead capping and flashing, decorative moulded brackets supporting the awning, and moulded trims and keystones to the arches. Access to the residence is via a porch from the face brick two-storey wing on the Railway Parade elevation. A later skillion roof utility room addition is located on the western side of the residence. The orientation of the building's openings including the architectural detailing and embellishment provide evidence of the close relationship between the Station Master's residence and the Station as well as the importance given to the railway staff at the time.
Internal: The former Station Master's residence is still in use as guest accommodation and generally maintains its original layout and detailing despite the refurbishments over time. The main original features include timber board ceiling lining to the refurbished kitchen, timber moulded architraves throughout, decorative high wall vents, timber panelled ceilings with decorative ceiling roses to main ground floor rooms and upper floor bedrooms, an original light switch, timber decorative stair with turned balustrade and newel post and fireplaces with simple timber surround. There is only one fireplace with a cast iron grate, the remainder of the fireplaces having been blocked. The kitchen features an old-style Bega brand stove in the fireplace. The bathrooms and kitchen are relatively new fit-outs while the floor finishes are generally carpet to the rooms and tile to the wet areas. A small laundry and a toilet are located in the later skillion addition.
Moveable items
The following moveable items have been observed at Lithgow Railway Station Group:
A Seth Thomas clock at overhead Station Master's office (no number).
Wall-mounted clock on Platform 1 elevation of the Station Building next to the former Station Master's office door.
Various early timber station signs depicting the station building room and platform names.
Old Bega brand stove in the kitchen of the SM's residence.
Early light switch on the upstairs main bedroom of the SM's residence.
Potential archaeological features
The former 1877 railway platform of the first Lithgow Station is the only known potential archaeological element at the Lithgow Railway Station Group.
Condition
As of 25 August 2009, the station building is generally in good condition with minimal missing mortar joints that present no structural danger. The former Booking/Parcels office & Goods lift tower is generally in moderate condition. Rising damp and rotten timber is evident at the platform base of the out-of-shed and the lift tower. External repainting is required in near future. Internal spaces could not be inspected. The Station Master's Residence is generally in good condition externally with cracks on the rusticated render along the bottom portion of the railway elevation. However, this is not considered a structural issue. Natural wear and tear throughout the exterior is evident. Internally the residence is in very good condition. The island platform is in good condition. The Hayley Street Footbridge is in very good condition. Access was not available for close inspection of the Old Station platform, however, appears to be
in moderate condition due to overgrown grassed environment.
The overall integrity of the Railway Station Group including the station building, the residence, and the overhead booking /parcels office and goods lift tower is high. The buildings are relatively intact externally.
Modifications and dates
Externally, the main platform building appears as it was constructed with the additional bay on the Up end.
1929an awning was erected over the footpath of Eskbank Street.
1948the overhead booking office on Eskbank Street was extended.
1977Office Building – air-condition units installed to the district engineer's, officer and clerk offices.
1983the Eskbank Street booking office was modernised.
199? a new "bus/rail interchange" was erected at the western end of the platform with the footbridge over tracks. The Eskbank Street access ramp was closed and a new booking office was opened on the footbridge.
1994–95a lift was installed at the new ramp.
N.d.The former brick subtype 1 through shed (goods shed) could not be located and appears to have since been demolished.
N.d.Foot warmer and out-of-shed removed.
Further information
The Lithgow Coal Stage Signal Box, Eskbank Railway Station, and Lithgow (James Street) Underbridge all have separate listings.
The following items are located adjacent to the station but are excluded from the listing as they do not warrant listing on the SHR:
Substation – rectangular single-storey substation of face brick construction featuring strongly emphasized engaged piers with a decorative projecting accent, a four-course brick base with a recessed course and bull-nosed splay on top, a parapet with capping extending above the piers, and a metal door with bullnose brick surrounds. The rear of the substation appears to be damaged in part with a paint finish on the wall possibly to obscure some graffiti.
Office Building – large two-storey office building of face brick construction. It is located to the west of the Station Master's residence at the corner of Railway Parade and Eskbank Street. The building combines three adjacent wings, one of which has a higher skill level to the upper storey windows resulting in higher eaves and ridge level than the other wings. They form a stepped complex building. The overall fenestration of the building is typical of post-war period office building façade articulation featuring large 12-pane metal windows with three casement windows, with dominant mullion, s emphasised. A rendered string course forms a hood along with the lintel height of the ground floor and is the only decorative element on the main façade that provides continuity between the wings beside the windows. The main office block entry is from the eastern smallest wing via a recessed porch with large multi-paned floor to ceiling glazing and a single door opening. Three doors with a utilitarian appearance (one to the main large building and the others in the group to the central wing) provide separate access to the individual wings. The roof is hipped with terracotta tiles. A single flight later addition steel fire stair is attached to the west elevation of the large wing, which required the creation of a new door opening on the upper-level elevation. These are the only visible major modifications to the exterior of the building. Security grills to ground floor doors and obscure glazing to some windows are the other minor changes.
Platforms and services
Lithgow has one island platform with two sides. It is the terminating point for NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services from Sydney Central. It is also served by the Bathurst Bullet to Bathurst, the Central West XPT to Dubbo and the Outback Xplorer to Broken Hill. Journey Beyond's Indian Pacific passes Lithgow but does not stop at the station.
Transport links
Lithgow Buslines operate six routes to and from Lithgow station:
100: to Lithgow Hospital
200: to Bowenfels
304: to Oakey Park & McKellars Park
500: to Vale of Clwydd
600: to Portland
636: to Bathurst
NSW TrainLink operate road coach services from Lithgow to Orange, Grenfell, Parkes, Dubbo, Nyngan, Gulgong, Coonabarabran and Baradine.
Heritage listing
As of 10 December 2009, Lithgow Railway Station is significant as an important regional headquarters for the NSW Railways since the 1920s combining a range of buildings and structures dating from the 1880s to the mid-1920s and is significant for its strong associations with the rail and coal industry in the wider Lithgow and Eskbank area. Along with nearby Eskbank Station, the site provides physical evidence of the activities and development that occurred in the historic Lithgow railway corridor marking several important phases in the evolution of railway operations in the most western end of the upper Blue Mountains. The buildings reflect the development of the site, the shift of the station location and the development of the town as a major mining area in the early years of the century.
Lithgow Railway Station is of aesthetic significance as it comprises a number of buildings that are individually good examples of their type. The platform building is a good example of a standard island-building demonstrating the typical characteristics of Federation railway architecture used throughout NSW. The weatherboard overhead booking and parcels office and the goods lift tower display both aesthetic and technical achievements in design and construction. The Station Master's residence is a fine example of a grand two-storey railway residence with a prominent and landmark quality overlooking the railway corridor. Its distinctive architectural detailing and fenestration is evidence of prosperity in the railways and the importance given to the railway staff in the 1880s.
Lithgow railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 30 August 2013 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
Lithgow Railway Station Group is of historical significance for its role as an important regional headquarters for NSW Railways combining a range of buildings and structures dating from the 1880s to the mid-1920s and for its association with the rail history and the coal industry in the Lithgow and Eskbank area. The site provides physical evidence of the activities and development that occurred in Lithgow railway historic precinct and marks an important phase in the evolution of railway operations in the most western end of the upper Blue Mountains and the Metro West railway region.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
The Lithgow Railway Station Group is of aesthetic significance as it comprises a number of buildings that are individually good examples of their type. The station building is a good example of the standard island-building style with a sympathetic addition to one end and features typical characteristics elements of the Federation design railway building. The weatherboard overhead booking and parcels office building and the goods lift tower display both aesthetic and technical achievements in design and construction. Although it is unclear it appears that the original lift may still be in use. The Station Master's residence is a fine example of a grand two-storey railway residence with a prominent and landmark quality overlooking the railway corridor. Its distinctive architectural detailing and fenestration is evidence of prosperity in the railways and the importance given to the railway staff in the 1880s.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place and can provide a connection to the local community's history.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Lithgow Railway Station Group has research potential at the local level due to its relatively intact complex of buildings that generally maintain their original relationship and layout. The group also has the ability to provide valuable information on railway design for the local coal industry as part of the larger rail network.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Lithgow Railway Station Group comprises a rare goods lift tower from the street down to the platform. The 1925 goods lift tower is a unique arrangement and possibly the first example of providing this form of platform access in the railway network.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
The Station Group as a whole is a representative example of a larger station design incorporating standard design buildings and structures associated with the coal industry goods traffic that is still an important railway activity in the region.
See also
List of railway stations in New South Wales
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Lithgow station details Transport for New South Wales
Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1925
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Lithgow, New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Main Western railway line, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithgow%20railway%20station |
Media multitasking is the concurrent use of multiple digital media streams. Media multitasking has been associated with depressive symptoms and social anxiety by a single study involving 318 participants. A 2018 review found that while the literature is sparse and inconclusive, people who do a heavy amount of media multitasking have poorer performance in several cognitive domains. One of the authors commented that while the data does not "unambiguously show that media multitasking causes a change in attention and memory," media multitasking is an inefficient practice that requires "task switching" costs.
In many cases, media multitasking is made up of experiences that are not necessarily intended to be combined or coordinated. For example, a user may be browsing the Web, listening to music, playing video games, using e-mail, and/or talking on the phone while watching TV. More intentionally coordinated forms of media multitasking are emerging in the form of "co-active media" and particularly "co-active TV".
Cognitive distraction
A touchstone 2009 study by Stanford University used experiments to compare heavy media multitaskers to light media multitaskers in terms of their cognitive control and ability to process information. Findings from the experiment include:
When intentionally distracting elements were added to experiments, heavy media multitaskers were on average 0.08 seconds slower than their lighter media multitasking counterparts at identifying changes in patterns;
In a longer-term memory test that invited participants to recall specific elements from earlier experiments, the high multitaskers more often falsely identified the elements that had been used most frequently as intentional distractors;
In the presence of distracting elements, high multitaskers were 0.4 seconds slower than their counterparts to switch to new activities and 0.3 seconds slower to engage in a new section of the same activity.
The researchers concluded that heavy media multitaskers are distracted by the multiple streams of media they are consuming, and that not multitasking can help with concentration. In the "bottleneck theory" of cognitive performance, the slowing down seen when people multitask is called "interference." According to this theory, people have only a limited amount of cognitive resources, which allow them to focus and complete one task at a time. When people try to do several things at once or multitask, their performance suffers a slowdown because of a "cognitive bottleneck," like a traffic jam in the brain.
Researchers tried to disprove this theory over several decades, and although they found a handful of activities that people can do simultaneously without slowing, these activities are relatively simple and so far removed from everyday human activities—that they cannot be used as support for people's ability to multitask. A team of researchers reviewed the extensive literature on multitasking and concluded that hundreds of studies show that slowing will happen when people try to multitask; in fact, many studies that were designed to show that people could multitask without interference in fact indicated the opposite. These researchers warned that when people attempt to multitask, especially when doing complex and potentially dangerous tasks (such as driving and using their cell phones to talk or text), they will always encounter the cognitive bottleneck, causing their performance to suffer in terms of speed or accuracy.
A related article, "Breadth-biased versus focused cognitive control in media multitasking behaviors," notes that the prevalence of this phenomenon leads "to a question about the required skills and expertise to function in society. A society with its ever-increasing complexity appears to move people towards juggling among multiple tasks rather than focusing on one task for a long period." The study's author suggests that further research will be necessary as the effects on society become more pronounced: "The new technologies are gearing people, especially young people who grow up with digital technologies and wired networks, toward breadth-biased information processing behavior rather than linear in-depth study behavior. Long-term exposure to media multitasking is expected to produce both positive and negative outcomes on cognitive, emotional, and social development."
By generation
Despite the research, people from younger generations report that they feel multitasking is easy, even "a way of life." They perceive themselves as good at it and spend a substantial amount of their time engaged in one form of multitasking or another (for example, watching TV while doing homework, listening to music while doing homework, or even all three things at once). By contrast, members of older generations often openly admit that they are not very good at multitasking, finding it difficult, and therefore, do not do it as often as young people.
In the workforce
Multitasking behavior in the workforce has been increasing steadily since the 1990s as people have easier, and therefore faster, access to information and communication through smart technologies that have become cheaper over time. Although multitasking behavior harms performance, the paradox is that organizational productivity is increasing at a high rate nonetheless. Concurrent with increased multitasking in the workforce and the subsequent rise in productivity and multitasking in general, literature has witnessed progressively more reports of increased stress, loss of focus, symptoms resembling attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and even a lowering of IQ.
While driving
Research in media multitasking in real-world settings focused mostly on using cellphones while driving. There is an overwhelming amount of evidence to show that talking on a phone while driving is very dangerous, often leading to crashes, including those fatal to both drivers and pedestrians. Just one hour of talking on a cellphone per month while driving makes a person between four and nine times more likely to crash. Meanwhile, people who text while driving are 23 times more likely to be involved in some kind of accident. A large review of studies on driving while media multitasking showed that using a hands-free phone while driving is just as dangerous as using a hand-held version, and that both can result in many different driving mistakes including missing stop signs, forgetting to reduce speed when necessary, and following too closely, among many others. Also, media multitasking while driving with other technologies, including MP3 players, voice-based email, a car's music system, and even the GPS, is just as distracting as using a phone. Talking to a person on a cellphone while driving is not the same as having a conversation with a passenger, as adult passengers (but not children) often warn the driver of possible dangers, or at least stop talking when the driving conditions are tough, to let the driver focus on the road.
Learning
Students commonly use multiple portable digital technologies, including laptops, tablets and smartphones with wireless access to the Internet.
Students can use technologies in the classroom to multi-task in two specific ways when given the choice: For on-task purposes that supplement learning and ease the learning task, or for off-task purposes such as entertainment or social interaction. Overall, research shows that digital technologies can enhance learning when used as educational tools, as they are affordable and extremely portable. However, research consistently shows that inappropriate multitasking with digital technologies is harmful to student performance.
On-task multitasking
Students use technology for many diverse on-task purposes including taking notes, conducting literature searches, viewing video/audio files, creating and viewing spreadsheets and PowerPoint slides, completing online tests and assignments, and even texting friends to ask questions about course material.
Outside of the classroom, students frequently use technology such as instant messaging to communicate with other students, coordinate group work, share important files and homework, and form peer support groups to vent and improve motivation.
Students in grade school and high school benefit most from on-task use of technology. This is largely because at the grade school and high school levels, technology is integrated into the design of the course, and teachers provide the necessary structure and supervision. Such conditions allow students to process information more deeply and apply the newly learned information to new contexts, as well as improve collaboration among students.
However, university students do not generally benefit from technology. The results of one study showed no benefits to using laptops for improving student GPA (grade point average) in comparison to students who did not use laptops.
Two further studies showed that students who did not use laptops outperformed those who did use laptops.
Overall, there is a pattern of decreasing the effectiveness of using technology for on-task purposes from the grade school level to the university level. This appears to be due to increased freedom of use of technology, combined with lower levels of integration of specific technology in the design of specific course material.
Additionally, younger students and students from financially disadvantaged backgrounds who have high levels of Internet use are at an especially high risk of under-performing.
Off-task multitasking
A large portion of students use digital technologies for off-task purposes during classroom lectures, with social networking (especially Facebook), instant messaging, texting, emailing, and web-browsing being used most commonly
Moreover, young adults multitask more than older adults and males multitask more than females for off-task purposes.
The results of numerous studies show that high Internet use for off-task purposes is associated with lower GPA.
One experimental study compared the impact of using 4 different technologies for off-task purposes including MSN, email, texting, and Facebook, to three control groups during real classroom lectures. The three control groups included one group of students who were free to use any amount of technologies as they wished including any on-task or off-task purposes. The other two groups were on-task note-takers who took notes either on paper, or on a laptop. The results showed that students in the MSN and Facebook conditions scored lower on a memory test than the paper notes control group. When examining the amount of multitasking instead of specific technologies, the results showed that greater levels of multitasking led to progressively lower grades.
While all studies show that any kind of off-task multitasking lowers performance, some tasks impair performance more than others. Specifically, social networking is particularly bad for student performance as it leads to higher levels of unfinished assignments and lower GPAs.
Moreover, off-task multitasking distracts not only the user but also neighboring students.
Student multitasking
An observational study of how students study at home examined their study habits and strategies. The results showed that most students prefer to task-switch a lot and focus for only approximately 6 minutes before reaching for their favorite digital device. Moreover, the students who enjoyed task-switching did so more often and with more technologies in comparison to students who preferred to focus on a single learning task, and who therefore did not have as many technologies readily available. Consistent with previous studies, students with a preference for focusing and those who used proper study strategies had higher GPAs than students who preferred to task-switch.
Karpinski and colleagues (2013) compared multitasking behaviors of students from Europe to those of students from the U.S. They found that only the students from the U.S. were distracted by multitasking to the point that their GPA suffered. This was due to two main reasons: the U.S. students multitask more than European students and the European students, when engaging in multitasking, were more strategic in their multitasking behavior as they delayed replying to incoming messages. The concept of "digital meta cognition"—awareness of one's usage of and the effects of digital devices—has been proposed as a construct for providing a way to avoid problems with media multitasking while learning.
See also
Internet addiction disorder
Second screen
References
Television terminology
Digital media use and mental health | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20multitasking |
Jamia Simone Nash (born August 21, 1996) in Virginia Beach, Virginia, U.S., also known simply as Jamia, is an American singer and actress.
Career
Nash's first national appearance was in Love & Basketball in 2000 in which she played Quincy and Monica’s baby. Showtime at the Apollo in 2002, where she sang the Alicia Keys song "Fallin'". She performed at the 2003 Essence Awards, singing Michael Jackson's song "Who's Lovin' You" in honor of Mary J. Blige. She and her younger sister Olivia sing the hook in the song "Black Girl Pain" on Talib Kweli's 2004 album The Beautiful Struggle.
In 2005, she performed a variation of "B-I-N-G-O," titled "B-O-N-G-O," in a music video for Jack's Big Music Show. The song was about a time a bongo bird was found in a bongo tree.
She played a ten-year-old Fantasia Barrino in the 2006 Lifetime Original Movie Life Is Not a Fairytale: The Fantasia Barrino Story, a biographical film about the 2004 American Idol winner.
In the 2007 film August Rush, Nash's character "Hope" is the lead vocalist on the song "Raise It Up", which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.
Nash performed "Raise It Up" from August Rush at the 2008 Academy Awards, making her the youngest ever to perform on an Academy Awards telecast. Also at the Academy Awards, she was shown on stage playing tennis via Wii Sports with the host Jon Stewart until he noticed the crowd behind her and she ran off stage. Her latest appearance was on July 18, 2009, in the Kennedy Center. She sang Celine Dion's song "Let's Talk About Love" as a tribute for the Apollo program's 40th anniversary.
Nash appeared on CBS' daytime television soap opera, The Young and the Restless as Ana Hamilton in 2008.
Billed as MC Lily, Nash sang and rapped about the alphabet on Nick Jr. Her song "Bongo Bird" (sung to the tune of "Bingo") was featured as a video on the Noggin series Jack's Big Music Show. She was the original singing voice of the character Uniqua on the first three seasons of The Backyardigans. She has also acted in episodes of 7th Heaven, Romeo!, My Wife and Kids, The Young and the Restless, and appeared as herself on The Tony Danza Show, Half & Half and Big Time. She also performed the United States national anthem at Citi Field.
Nash, credited as 'Jamia', is featured on the song "Haunted" from the Deluxe version of Fantasia Barrino's album Side Effects of You (2013).
On March 28, 2017, Nash independently released her debut EP, "Simply Jamia."
Discography
Simply Jamia EP (2017)
Filmography
Half & Half (2003) – Jamia
7th Heaven (2003) – Haley Michaels
My Wife and Kids (2003) – Aretha
Romeo! (2004) – Chantel
The Backyardigans – Uniqua (singing voice from 2004 to 2009)
Jack's Big Music Show (2005) – Jamia
Life Is Not a Fairytale: The Fantasia Barrino Story (2006) – Young Fantasia Barrino
August Rush (2007) – Hope
The Young and the Restless (2008–2012) – Ana Hamilton
References
External links
Jamia Simone Nash on Instagram
1996 births
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singers
Actresses from Atlanta
Actresses from Virginia
American child actresses
American child singers
American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
Singers from Atlanta
Musicians from Virginia Beach, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamia%20Simone%20Nash |
The soil-transmitted helminths (also called geohelminths) are a group of intestinal parasites belonging to the phylum Nematoda that are transmitted primarily through contaminated soil. They are so called because they have a direct life cycle which requires no intermediate hosts or vectors, and the parasitic infection occurs through faecal contamination of soil, foodstuffs and water supplies. The adult forms are essentially parasites of humans, causing soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH), but also infect domesticated mammals. The juveniles are the infective forms and they undergo tissue-migratory stages during which they invade vital organs such as lungs and liver. Thus the disease manifestations can be both local and systemic. The geohelminths together present an enormous infection burden on humanity, amounting to 135,000 deaths every year, and persistent infection of more than two billion people.
Types
Soil-transmitted helminths are typically from the following families of nematodes, namely:
Roundworms (family Ascarididae), e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides
Whipworms (family Trichuridae), e.g. Trichuris trichiura
Hookworms (family Ancylostomatidae), e.g. Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
Threadworms (family Strongyloididae), e.g. Strongyloides stercoralis)
Diseases
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis is a collective name for the diseases caused by ascaris, whipworm and hookworms in humans. It includes species-specific diseases such as
Ascariasis, which is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides
Hookworm diseases (ancylostomiasis and necatoriasis), which are caused by Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale
Trichuriasis, which is caused by Trichuris trichiura
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis is classified as one of the neglected tropical diseases projected to be controlled/eradicated by 2020 through the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases.
Strongyloidiasis
This is caused by Strongyloides stercoralis. Even though the disease is principally a soil-transmitted helminthiasis, the infection being mediated through contaminated soil, it is however generally omitted in clinical practices and control programmes because of its (allegedly) relatively less significant influence on health and socio-economic conditions. Also it is not restricted to humans, as it is common in pets. But there is an emerging hyperinfection syndrome caused by S. stercoralis, which exhibits a high mortality rate (15% to 87%).
General impact
Geohelminth infection is a major health problem particularly in rural areas of developing countries like Subsaharan Africa, India and other Southeast Asian countries. It is an important cause of morbidity in school age children who harbour the highest intensity of worm infestation. Some of the significant morbidity attributed to intestinal helminthiasis are malnutrition, growth retardation, anaemia, vitamin A deficiency and impaired intellectual performance.
References
External links
WHO information page
USAID's Soil-Transmitted Helminth Program
World Health Organisation (WHO) topic page on helminthiasis
Soil
Tropical diseases
Intestinal infectious diseases
Parasitic diseases
Helminthiases
Foodborne illnesses
Conditions diagnosed by stool test | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil-transmitted%20helminth |
"J'ai pas vingt ans" (English: "I'm Not Twenty") is the sixth single by Alizée, released in June 2003. The single featured, in addition to the solo version of the song, an instrumental version as well as "I'm Fed Up!", which is the English version of "J'en ai marre!". The English version of "J'ai pas vingt ans" is "I'm Not Twenty". "J'ai pas vingt ans" was remixed by Benny Benassi.
"J'ai pas" is informal colloquial French shortening for "je n'ai pas" in "I don't have twenty years". Dropping the "ne" is roughly similar in style to saying "I ain't twenty" in American English.
Music video
The music video is about Alizée and her band playing the song on a stage. It was directed by Laurent Boutonnat and was released in May 2003 on M6.
Formats and track listings
French CD Single
"J'ai pas vingt ans" – 4:15
"I'm Fed Up!" – 4:40
French CD maxi single
"J'ai pas vingt ans" (Single Version) – 4:15
"J'ai pas vingt ans" (Sfaction Club Remix) – 5:45
"J'ai pas vingt ans" (Attitude Dance Remix) – 4:10
"J'ai pas vingt ans" (Attitude Dub Mix) – 6:45
French 12" vinyl single
A Side:
"J'ai pas vingt ans" (Sfaction Club Remix) – 5:45
B Side:
"J'ai pas vingt ans" (Attitude Dance Remix) – 4:10
Charts
References
2003 singles
Alizée songs
Music videos directed by Laurent Boutonnat
Songs with music by Laurent Boutonnat
Songs with lyrics by Mylène Farmer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%27ai%20pas%20vingt%20ans |
Vinylbital, also known as butylvinal, is a sedative hypnotic drug which is a barbiturate derivative. It was developed by Aktiebolaget Pharmacia in the 1950s.
References
Barbiturates
Sedatives
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Vinyl compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinylbital |
ACAC or acac may refer to:
Acetylacetonate (acac), a ligand in coordination chemistry derived from acetylacetone
ACAC consortium, a subsidiary of China Aviation Industry Corporation
Alberta Colleges Athletics Conference, the governing body for collegiate sports in Alberta, Canada
Amador County Arts Council, the official Amador County, US arts council
Allen County Athletic Conference, High School conference in Indiana, US
Atlanta Contemporary Art Center, a contemporary art museum in Atlanta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACAC |
Claiborne Farm is a thoroughbred horse breeding operation near Paris, Kentucky. It was established in 1910 by Arthur B. Hancock, owner of Ellerslie Stud in Albemarle County, Virginia, and has been operated by members of his family ever since.
Owners
Arthur B. Hancock (1875–1957)
Arthur B. "Bull" Hancock, Jr. (1910–1972)
Seth W. Hancock (b. 1949)
Arthur B. Hancock III (b. 1943) owns Stone Farm, a breeding operation nearby.
Arthur B. Hancock imported breeding stock from Europe that made Claiborne Farm an international leader in breeding, sales, and racing. He bred Vigil, the 1923 Preakness Stakes winner. Among his famous sires was Sir Gallahad, purchased from France, who was the leading sire in 1930, 1933, 1934, and 1940 and who sired 1930 U.S. Triple Crown winner Gallant Fox. Claiborne Farm was part of a 1936 consortium that imported Blenheim from England and in 1944 purchased Princequillo, who became the leading U.S. sire for 1957 and 1958.
Claiborne Farm won the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Breeder in 1979 and again in 1984. It has been visited twice by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, who owned racehorses herself. The farm was home to all the major horses owned by the Phipps family, including Orb, the 2013 Kentucky Derby winner. Secretariat was syndicated by Seth Hancock for breeding purposes and stood at stud at Claiborne Farm from the conclusion of his racing career at the end of 1973 until his death in 1989.
Racing historian Edward L. Bowen considers Claiborne Farm one of the most influential American breeding operations, due to the many breeders who benefited from its horses and the length of time that influence has lasted.
In 1973 the Keeneland Association honored Claiborne Farm with its Mark of Distinction for their contribution to Keeneland and the Thoroughbred industry.
Cemetery
Some of the horses buried at Claiborne Farm are:
Ambiorix (1946–1975) – Leading sire 1961
Blenheim (1927–1958)
Bold Ruler (1954–1971), Leading sire 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967. 1968, 1969, 1973
Buckpasser (1963–1978)
Double Jay (1944–1972)
Gallant Fox (1927–1954)
Gamely (1964–1975)
Hoist The Flag (1968–1980)
Johnstown (1936–1950)
Mr. Prospector (1970–1999), Leading sire 1987, 1988
Nasrullah (1940–1959), Leading sire 1955, 1956, 1959, 1960, 1962
Nijinsky II (1967–1992)
Princequillo (1940–1964), Leading sire 1957, 1958
Pulpit (1994–2012)
Riva Ridge (1969–1985)
Round Table (1954–1987), Leading sire 1972
Secretariat (1970–1989)
Swale (1981–1984)
War Cloud (1915–1923)
Some of the horses buried at Claiborne's Marchmont Farm division:
Ack Ack (1966–1990)
Chatterton (1919–1933), Leading sire 1932
Forli (1963–1988)
Christmas Past (1979–2008), American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly (1982)
Conquistador Cielo (1979–2002)
Damascus (1964–1995)
Danzig (1977–2006), Leading sire (1991, 1992, 1993)
Easy Goer (1986–1994)
Moccasin (1963–1986)
Ruffian (1972-1975), Originally buried at Belmont Park, remains relocated to Claiborne in 2023
Sir Gallahad III (1920–1949), Leading sire 1930, 1933, 1934, 1940
Sir Ivor (1965–1995)
Tom Rolfe (1962–1989)
Unbridled (1987–2001)
Stallions
Stallions standing at Claiborne Farm as of the 2023 breeding season include:
Blame: A son of Arch who famously won the 2010 Breeders' Cup Classic over Zenyatta, as well as winning an Eclipse Award. He commands a stud fee of $25,000.
Catholic Boy: A son of More Than Ready who won the Travers Stakes in 2018, he commands a fee of $25,000.
Demarchelier: Won his first 3 races including Gr.III Pennine Ridge Stakes. He commands a stud fee of $5,000.
First Samurai: A multiple Gr.I winning juvenile son of Giant's Causeway, he commands a stud fee of $7,500.
Lea: A son of Fist Samurai and grandson of champion sire Galileo, the Gr.I winner commands a stud fee of $5,000.
Mastery: A son of Candy Ride, won four of four races, including 3 stakes races of which one was the Gr.I Los Alamitos Futurity. He commands a stud fee of $7,500.
Runhappy: The son of Super Saver, Eclipse Champion sprinter and Horse of the Year finalist commands a stud fee of $15,000.
Silver State: The Gr.I winning son of champion sire Hard Spun commands a stud fee of $20,000.
War Front: The world's top sire of turf juveniles and son of Danzig, he commands the highest stud fee at Claiborne Farm- $100,000.
War Of Will: Son of War Front, winner of two Gr.I's including The Preakness Stakes in 2019, commands a stud fee of $25,00.
References
Notes
Further reading
External links
American racehorse owners and breeders
Buildings and structures in Bourbon County, Kentucky
Eclipse Award winners
Breeders of Kentucky Derby winners
Breeders of Preakness Stakes winners
Breeders of Belmont Stakes winners
Owners of Kentucky Derby winners
Owners of Preakness Stakes winners
Owners of Belmont Stakes winners
Hancock family
Horse farms in Kentucky
1910 establishments in Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne%20Farm |
"Gourmandises" (English: "Delicacies") is a song by Alizée, released in 2001. Like Alizée's previous singles, this too features a single version and an instrumental rendering.
Music video
The video for the single was directed by Nicolas Hidiroglou, and was premiered on 25 July 2001 in M6. The video was nominated in 2002 in the EFD awards. In the video Alizée is featured in a park with her friends, having a picnic complete with candy and fruits. Towards the last chorus of the video, all the delicacies spill, and Alizée and her friends run, play and laugh together. The entire video shows bliss.
Formats and track listings
CD single (Polydor)
"Gourmandises" – 4:16
"Gourmandises" (Instrumental) – 4:10
CD-Maxi (Polydor)
"Gourmandises" (Single Version) – 4:10
"Gourmandises" (Les Baisers Dance Mix) – 8:25
"Gourmandises" (Loup y es-tu ? Groovy Mix) – 6:30
"Gourmandises" (Remix Gourmand) – 5:35
Digital single
"Gourmandises" – 4:16
French 12" vinyl single
A side
"Gourmandises" (Les Baisers Dance Mix) – 8:25
B side
"Gourmandises" (Single Version) – 4:10
"Gourmandises" (Loup y es-tu ? Groovy Mix) – 6:30
Charts, certifications and sales
References
2001 singles
Alizée songs
Songs with music by Laurent Boutonnat
Songs with lyrics by Mylène Farmer
2000 songs
Polydor Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourmandises%20%28song%29 |
"Parler tout bas" (English: "Speak Softly") is the third single by Alizée released in April 2001. It featured an instrumental rendition of the song in addition to Alizée's solo rendering.
Music video
The video for the song features Alizée in an outdoors bedroom with toys and later, in a forest. The subject of the video seems to be the little teddy bear in her arms. Her act of burying the teddy bear (later in the video, while in the forest) could be a sign of leaving childlike innocence behind.
The actor in the video (Jérome Devoise) also appeared in the video for "Moi... Lolita".
The video premiered on 25 April 2001 and was directed by Laurent Boutonnat. It premiered on M6.
Track listings
CD single Polydor
"Parler tout bas" – 4:35
"Parler tout bas" (instrumental)" – 4:35
Digital download
"Parler tout bas" – 4:35
Charts, certifications, sales
References
2001 singles
Alizée songs
Music videos directed by Laurent Boutonnat
Songs with music by Laurent Boutonnat
Songs with lyrics by Mylène Farmer
2001 songs
Universal Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler%20tout%20bas |
The Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS) is an Australian scheme to measure the energy efficiency of a residential dwelling. An accredited software tool assesses the home based on a variety of criteria and produces an energy star rating.
Background and history
The Five Star Design Rating (FSDR) was an award developed in the 1980s for "high efficiency through excellence in design and construction" which assisted builders in marketing energy efficient home designs. The certification was developed by the Glass, Mass and Insulation Council of Australia (GMI Council) together with CSIRO Division of Building Research. The GMI Council was funded by Federal and state governments (New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, and Victoria) and by private investors.
Under FSDR, the basic elements of glass, mass and insulation were the basis of the design principles of a five-star home. The building industry did not widely accept the system due to its simple pass/fail rating and its restrictive guidelines.
In the 1990s, individual states developed their own schemes. The Victorian scheme, based on a computer program, was eventually accepted as the most effective. However, it worked poorly in warm humid climates such as found in Queensland. The development of a nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS) began in 1993, based on the Victorian scheme, using the CHEETAH / CHEENATH engine developed at CSIRO. Software products NatHERS, FirstRate and Quick Rate, BERS, Q Rate and ACTHERS are based on this engine. NatHERS and BERS run the engine directly, while others use correlations based on the engine.
The NatHERS scheme was introduced in 1993. The Australian Building Codes Board introduced energy efficiency measures for houses into the Building Code of Australia (BCA) on 1 January 2003.
It has been adopted by all Australian states and territories which did not already have an equivalent system in place. During 2006, requirements for 5-star energy ratings were introduced for new homes through the BCA in Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory. As of 2010, Queensland had adopted 6-star requirements for new homes. Victoria and South Australia have gone beyond the standard, and mandated, instead of 4 stars, a 5-star rating (enacted July 2004) – all new homes and apartments built in Victoria must since 2010 comply with the 6-star standard.
Description
The house energy rating is the index of a building's thermal performance (i.e. heating and cooling requirements to keep the home comfortable) for residential homes. , house plans and building specifications, which outline the structure, design and materials, are used as input data. A NatHERS-accredited software tool estimates how much heat is required to be added or removed to keep the building thermally comfortable, and generates a star rating out of 10, along with a certificate.
By 2020-2021, approximately 90 per cent of building approvals were assessed using the scheme, in order to show compliance with the National Construction Code. Detached homes in most parts of Australia require a 6-star rating or above.
Future plans include offering energy assessments for Whole of Home (including energy performance of common household appliances), and In Home energy assessments for existing homes.
Governance
NatHERS is administered by the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water on behalf of the states and territories.
Ratings
6-Star rating
A 6-Star rating indicates that a building achieves a higher level of thermal energy performance than, say a 5 star rating. As of November 2011, 6-star equivalence is the current minimum requirement in most of Australia.
5-Star rating
A 5-Star rating indicates that a building achieves a high level of thermal energy performance, and will require minimum levels of heating and cooling to be comfortable in winter and summer. Houses which achieve a 5 star rating, compared to the average 2 star home, should be more comfortable to live in, have lower energy bills, and costs to install heating and cooling equipment should also be lower.
Energy assessments take into account different climatic conditions in different parts of the country and are benchmarked according to average household energy consumption particular to a given climatic region.
The house energy rating does not currently include the efficiency of any appliances fitted or used within the house. There are also no physical testing requirements, so air tightness testing is not required as it is with the regulations in the UK.
State government initiatives
ACT House Energy Rating Scheme (ACTHERS), requires new or previously lived in residential homes to have an Energy Efficiency Rating (EER) Statement, prepared by an accredited ACTHERS assessor, if they are to be sold. As of the February 2006, the required software used in assessment is FirstRate, Version 3.1 or Version 4.
In Victoria all new homes built since 2005 are required to achieve a 5 Star rating. Rating can be performed using any software approved by NatHERS.
In South Australia, all new homes (and alterations to existing homes) are required to achieve a 6 star rating. This requirement was introduced on 1 September 2010.
Western Australia: in 2007 the WA Government introduced further energy and water usage regulatory requirements. 5 Star Plus consists of two codes: the Energy Use in Houses Code, which requires a minimum standard of energy performance for a hot water system; and the Water Use in Houses Code, which includes provisions for alternative water supplies, efficient fixtures and fittings, and grey water diversion.
In Queensland it is proposed that from either 1 January 2009, or when the Building Code of Australia 2009 update is released in May 2009, that all new homes built in Queensland will be required to achieve a 5 star energy equivalent rating. Currently the minimum requirement is 3.5 stars.
See also
Green Star (Australia)
BASIX (NSW)
(Canada)
(UK)
(United States)
Energy conservation
Environmental economics
Green building
Zero-energy building
Low-energy house
Passive house
References
External links
Queensland’s implementation of energy efficiency requirements from 1 May 2010
Building energy rating
Energy conservation in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationwide%20House%20Energy%20Rating%20Scheme |
A puggle is a dog crossbred from a pug and a beagle.
The puggle was first bred by designer dog breeders in the United States with the aim of producing a healthy companion dog that is less likely to inherit some health and behavioral issues common in the parent breeds. The cross that is less likely to inherit a number of serious health issues common in the pug, particularly breathing issues associated with the breed's brachycephalic head, and is also less likely to inherit the energy, scent drive, and howl of the beagle; but because of the unpredictable nature of crossing two established breeds, puggles can still inherit both breathing disorders and high energy levels.
Pugs and beagles were first deliberately crossed and marketed as companion dogs in the US in the 1980s, although designer dog breeders began breeding them in large numbers from the 1990s when the portmanteau "puggle" was first used to market the cross. The puggle has subsequently become a popular designer dog crossbreeds in the United States, where it has attracted a number of celebrity owners. In 2005 it was named the "Hottest dog of 2005" and in 2006 puggle sales accounted for more than 50% of all crossbreed dog sales in that country.
Gallery
See also
List of dog crossbreeds
It's Bruno! TV show featuring a puggle
References
Companion dogs
Dog crossbreeds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puggle |
Linda Fairstein (born May 5, 1947) is an American author, attorney, and former New York City prosecutor focusing on crimes of violence against women and children. She was the head of the sex crimes unit of the Manhattan District Attorney's office from 1976 until 2002.
During that time, she oversaw the prosecution of the Central Park Five case, wherein five teenagers, four African-American and one Hispanic, were wrongfully convicted for the 1989 rape and assault in Central Park of a white female jogger. All five convictions were vacated in 2002 after Matias Reyes, a convicted serial rapist and murderer, confessed to having been the sole perpetrator of the crime, and DNA testing showed he was the sole contributor of the DNA of the semen on the victim. After Reyes' confession in 2002, Fairstein still maintained that the wrongfully convicted teenage boys were guilty and she lauded the police investigation as "brilliant". In 2018, she insisted that the teenagers' confessions had not been coerced.
After she left the DA's office in 2002, Fairstein began to publish mystery novels featuring Manhattan prosecutor Alexandra Cooper. Several have been bestsellers. It was not until June 2019, in response to the attention associated with the release of the Netflix series When They See Us about the Central Park Five, that Fairstein's publisher, Dutton, dropped her. She was also asked to resign from the boards of at least two not-for-profit organizations.
Education
Fairstein graduated with honors from Vassar College in 1969, with a degree in English literature. She graduated from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1972, where she was one of a dozen women in her class.
Legal career
Fairstein joined the Manhattan District Attorney's office in 1972 as an Assistant District Attorney. In 1976 she was promoted to the head of the sex crimes unit, where she worked to support victims of crime. During her tenure, she prosecuted controversial and highly publicized cases, such as the "Preppy Murder case" against Robert Chambers in 1986, and the 1998 People v. Jovanovic cases.
Fairstein, as Head of Sex Crimes, oversaw the prosecution of five juvenile defendants known as the "Central Park Five" in the 1989 "Central Park Jogger" case. The case was prosecuted by ADAs Elizabeth Lederer and Arthur Clements, with trials held in 1990. The convictions in the case were vacated in 2002 following a confession by the perpetrator, a convicted serial rapist and murderer, and confirmation by a DNA match to evidence at the scene.
Fairstein left the District Attorney's office in 2002, and has continued to consult, write, lecture and serve as a sex crimes expert for a wide variety of print and television media outlets, including CNN, MSNBC and Larry King, among others. She has consulted for a number of media outlets during a number of high-profile prosecutions, including Michael Jackson's molestation charges in 2004, Kobe Bryant's sexual assault charges, and Scott Peterson's trial.
She was also reportedly involved with a defense of Harvey Weinstein, helping to silence one of the sexual harassment complaints against him.
Fairstein founded the Domestic Violence Committee of the New York Women's Agenda. She is a frequent speaker on issues related to domestic abuse.
Central Park Jogger case
Investigation, conviction and appeal
Fairstein's office supervised the prosecution in 1989 and 1990 of the Central Park Jogger case, which ended in the conviction of five teenagers whose convictions were later vacated. In a civil rights lawsuit filed in 2003, the five who were convicted claimed that Fairstein, with the assistance of the detectives at the 20th Precinct, coerced false confessions from them following up to thirty straight hours of interrogation and intimidation, of both the youths and their supporting adults. When Assistant US attorney David Nocenti, a "Big Brother" mentor to Yusef Salaam, one of the defendants, appeared at the precinct while the defendant was being grilled, plaintiffs claimed, Fairstein verbally abused him, demanded he leave immediately, and called her husband to demand the home number of Nocenti's boss, Brooklyn US Attorney Andrew Maloney, so she could get the young attorney fired.
Fairstein said "Nobody under sixteen was talked to until a parent or guardian arrived... Three of the five went home and had a night's sleep before they were ever taken into custody. For most of them, the substance of their admissions came out within about an hour of the time they came in... I think Reyes ran with that pack of kids. He stayed longer when the others moved on. He completed the assault. I don't think there is a question in the minds of anyone present during the interrogation process that these five men were participants, not only in the other attacks that night but in the attack on the jogger. I watched more than thirty detectives—black, white, Hispanic guys who'd never met each other before—conduct a brilliant investigation." Lawyers for the five defendants contested almost every element of Fairstein's statement.
All five accused teenagers later claimed their confessions were coerced during interrogation through lies and intimidation. In 1990 each of the "Central Park Five" were convicted of various assault and sexual battery charges, based in part on the allegedly false confessions obtained from them in 1989. Antron McCray, Kevin Richardson, Raymond Santana and Korey Wise had signed written confessions, while Yousef Salaam made a verbal confession but refused to sign.
Their convictions were upheld on appeal. Appellate court judge Vito Titone specifically named Fairstein in his dissenting opinion on the Salaam appeal. He said in an interview, "I was concerned about a criminal justice system that would tolerate the conduct of the prosecutor, Linda Fairstein, who deliberately engineered the 15-year-old's confession. ... Fairstein wanted to make a name. She didn't care. She wasn't a human."
Vacating of convictions
All five convictions were vacated in 2002 after convicted rapist Matias Reyes confessed to the crime. Reyes confessed after he "found religion." The police had recovered DNA of only one man at the site of the crime, and none of the Central Park Five matched. The semen found on the victim contained DNA matching that of Reyes, confirming that he was the sole contributor, to a certainty of six billion to one.
Aftermath
In 2003, Kevin Richardson, Raymond Santana Jr., and Antron McCray sued the city of New York for malicious prosecution, racial discrimination and emotional distress. It wasn't until Mayor De Blasio took office 11 years later that a settlement in the case was reached on June 19, 2014, for $41 million.
Ken Burns and his daughter Sarah and her husband made a documentary film about the case, which he compared to the Scottsboro Boys case. The film, The Central Park Five, premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2012 and was released on November 23, 2012. A Pulitzer Prize winning opera, The Central Park Five, was also written about the case.
In May 2019, Netflix released a four-part drama series, When They See Us, about the case, directed by Ava DuVernay. In it, actress Felicity Huffman portrays Fairstein. Soon after the release, Fairstein's publisher, E.P. Dutton, released her as a client. Fairstein was also forced to resign from various non-profit board roles, including Safe Horizon. Fairstein also resigned from the Board of Trustees of Vassar College, her alma mater, after considerable pressure from the student body and members of the administration.
On June 10, 2019, the Wall Street Journal published an op-ed by Fairstein, Netflix’s False Story of the Central Park Five, in which she says that five were not "totally innocent" (citing the other crimes they were convicted for, for which, she asserts, there is still substantial evidence) and that DuVernay had defamed her. In March 2020, Fairstein filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida against Netflix, DuVernay, and series writer Attica Locke for defamation based on her portrayal in the series.
As of 2021 following Netflix's request for it to be dismissed, the lawsuit had been partially allowed to go forward while other scenes had been deemed not to be defamatory.
Jovanovic controversy
In 2004 Oliver Jovanovic sued Fairstein, alleging that she engaged in "false arrest, malicious prosecution, malicious abuse of process and denial of his right to a fair trial". This lawsuit stemmed from Fairstein's successful prosecution of Jovanovic in the case People v. Jovanovic, which was subsequently overturned on appeal. The case was later dismissed with prejudice by a new trial judge. The dismissal was requested "in the interest of justice" by the office of the Manhattan district attorney, Robert M. Morgenthau. There was no physical evidence linking Jovanovic to the crime. While his accuser claimed she had been brutally attacked and left bleeding, she was found to have only a few fading bruises. "If she [Fairstein] couldn't tell this was a false report, well, I am just shocked," said former New York City sex crimes detective John Baeza, who worked in defense of Jovanovic after leaving the force.
The $10 million lawsuit against Fairstein and two co-defendants, former Manhattan Assistant District Attorney Gail Heatherly, who now teaches at the Columbia Law School, and New York City Police Detective Milton Bonilla, was dismissed on summary judgment in September 2010.
Dominique Strauss-Kahn
Fairstein assisted District Attorney Vance in his decision not to prosecute Dominique Strauss-Kahn for sexual assault in 2012. Fairstein's writing skills came into play in writing up the decision not to charge.
Awards
Among the awards Fairstein has received are the Federal Bar Council's Emory Buckner Award for Public Service, Glamour Magazine'''s Woman of the Year Award, and the Nero Wolfe Award for Excellence in Crime Writing.
In 2018, the Mystery Writers of America announced that it would honor Fairstein with one of its "Grand Master" awards for literary achievement. But two days after renewed controversy erupted in connection with her role in the case, the organization withdrew the honor. In 2019, shortly after the release of the Netflix series When They See Us about the Central Park Five case, Glamour Magazine said that the 1993 Woman of the Year Award to Fairstein was a mistake and that it was given to her before the full facts of the case were known.
Writing career
Alexandra Cooper series
Fairstein has written several crime novels featuring Manhattan prosecutor Alexandra Cooper. The novels draw on Fairstein's legal expertise and several have become international best sellers.
The titles are:
Final Jeopardy (1996)
Likely To Die (1997)
Cold Hit (1999)
The Dead-House (2001) (Nero Award winner)
The Bone Vault (2003)
The Kills (2004)
Entombed (2005)
Death Dance (2006)
Bad Blood (2007)
Killer Heat (2008)
Lethal Legacy (2009)
Hell Gate (2010)
Silent Mercy (March 2011)
Night Watch (July 2012)
Death Angel (2013)
Terminal City (2014)
Devil's Bridge (2015)
Killer Look (2016)
Deadfall (2017)
Blood Oath (2019)
Devlin Quick series Into the Lion's Den (2016)Digging for Trouble (2017)Secrets from the Deep (2018)
Nonfiction
Sexual Violence: Our War Against Rape (1993)
Awards
Among her awards are the:
Federal Bar Council's Emory Buckner Award for Public Service
UJA Federation’s Proskauer Award
Columbia University School of Nursing's Second Century Award for Excellence in Health CareGlamour Magazine's Woman of the Year Award (rescinded in 2019)
American Heart Association Women of Courage Award
New York Women's Agenda 2010 Lifetime Achievement Award
Nero Wolfe Award for Excellence in Crime Writing (2008)
International Thriller Writers 2010 Silver Bullet Award
Personal life
Fairstein grew up in Mount Vernon, New York. Her father's family were Russian Jews who immigrated in the early 1900s. Her mother is of Northern Irish, Finnish and Swedish descent. She was married to lawyer Justin Feldman from 1987 until his death in 2011 at the age of 92. In September 2014 she married lawyer Michael Goldberg, a long-time friend and classmate at the University of Virginia School of Law, at their home in Martha's Vineyard. Fairstein and Goldberg reside in the Upper East Side in New York.
References
External links
Alex Cooper Crime Novels
mostlyfiction.com interview with Linda Fairstein, author of Lethal Legacy
Linda Fairstein Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America''
CBS News Sunday Morning interview with Linda Fairstein broadcast July 16, 2017
1947 births
Living people
New York County Assistant District Attorneys
Vassar College alumni
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American Jews
Jewish feminists
American prosecutors
American crime fiction writers
Nero Award winners
American women lawyers
American feminists
American women novelists
Writers from Mount Vernon, New York
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
Women mystery writers
Novelists from New York (state)
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Fairstein |
"À contre-courant" (English: "Against the current") was released on 7 October 2003. It is the seventh single by French singer Alizée. It featured the single version of the song as well as "I'm Not Twenty", the English version of "J'ai pas vingt ans". Maxi CD of the single, released on 12 November 2003, included 3 remixes and the radio edit of the single.
On the cover art, the title of the song is written partly backwards (as "courant-ertnoc A") to symbolize the meaning of the title. This caused some confusion outside France among non-francophones; for example, time to time the single was found on sale listed as "Courant-ertnoc a", which obviously means nothing.
Music video
The music video was shot in Triage-Lavoir de Péronnes, in Péronnes-lez-Binche, in Belgium. The video was directed by Pierre Stine, who also suggested the filming location. The video features Alizée following a young man through an old coal washing plant, while he performs acrobatics. The video was produced by Belgian production company Blueberry and AdnStudio. The video was filmed on 35mm film and the length of the video is 3:54.
The video premiered on M6 channel on 1 October 2003.
Formats and track listings
French CD Single
"À contre-courant" – 4:32
"I'm Not Twenty" – 4:15
French CD maxi single
"À contre-courant" - 4:25
"À contre-courant" (Azzibo Da Bass Remix) – 7:15
"À contre-courant" (Steve Helstrip Club Remix) – 6:55
"À contre-courant" (Azzibo Da Bass Dub) – 6:05
French promotional CD
"À contre-courant" (radio edit) - 3:47
French promotional vinyl
"À contre-courant" (Azzibo Da Bass Remix) – 7:15
"À contre-courant" (Steve Helstrip Club Remix) – 6:55
French promotional VHS
"À contre-courant" - 3:54
Charts
References
2003 singles
Alizée songs
Songs with lyrics by Mylène Farmer
Songs with music by Laurent Boutonnat
2003 songs
Polydor Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80%20contre-courant |
was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.
Biography
Takagi was a native of Iwaki city, Fukushima prefecture. He was a graduate of the 39th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy, ranking 17th of 148 cadets in 1911. As a midshipman, he served on the cruiser and battleship , and after his commissioning as ensign, on the cruiser and battleship .
As a lieutenant, he served on submarine , and following advanced coursework in navigation and in torpedo warfare, he became executive officer and then captain of the submarine . After graduation from Naval Staff College in 1923, he was promoted to lieutenant commander, and assumed command of the submarine , followed by in 1926. He was promoted to commander in 1928, and held a number of staff positions. He was sent to the United States and Europe in 1931, and promoted to captain in 1932.
In 1933, Takagi was assigned command of the cruiser , followed by in 1936 and the battleship in 1937. Takagi was promoted to rear admiral on 15 November 1938, and was Chief of the 2nd Section of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff in 1939.
At the start of the Pacific War, Takagi was commanding the naval forces supporting the invasion of the Philippine Islands in late 1941, Takagi headed the task force covering the Java landings in Dutch East Indies. He was senior Japanese commander in the Battle of the Java Sea, sinking two cruisers and three destroyers in exchange for damage to a single Japanese destroyer.
Takagi was promoted to vice admiral on 1 May 1942. He was commander of the carrier task force ( and ) in "Operation Mo". Thus he was also senior Japanese commander at the Battle of the Coral Sea. He commanded the 5th Cruiser Division during the Battle of Midway.
In November 1942, Takagi was reassigned to be commander of the Mako Guard District. In April 1943, The Guard District moved to Takao, Taiwan and Takagi was assigned to be commander of the renamed Takao Guard District. On 21 June 1943, he was again given a front line assignment, when he was made commander of the IJN 6th Fleet (submarines), based in the Mariana Islands.
Takagi was killed in action during the Battle of Saipan in 1944. Missing after the battle, it is not clear whether he committed suicide or died trying to escape in a submarine. He was posthumously promoted to full admiral.
References
Books
Fuller, Richard. "Hirohito's Samurai. Leaders of the Japanese Armed Forces, 1926-1945." Arms and Armour Press (1991).
- Firsthand account of the battle by the captain of the Japanese destroyer Amatsukaze.
— 135 minute documentary of the battle. Won the "Golden Calf" award for "Best Long Documentary" at the 1996 Nederlands Film Festival.
External links
- Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the Pacific War.
Breaching the Marianas: The Battle for Saipan (Marines in World War II Commemorative Series)
Notes
1892 births
1944 deaths
Military personnel from Fukushima Prefecture
Japanese admirals of World War II
Japanese military personnel killed in World War II
Battle of Midway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo%20Takagi |
Raška (, ) is a town and municipality located in the Raška District of southwestern Serbia. The municipality has a population of 24,680 people, while the town has a population of 6,574 people (2011 census). It covers an area of 670 km2 (259 sq. mi.). The town is situated on the rivers Raška and Ibar.
History
The town and municipality bears the name of the historical Raška region. From 1929 to 1941, Raška was part of the Zeta Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census results, the municipality of Raška has 24,678 inhabitants.
Ethnic groups
The ethnic composition of the municipality:
Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):
Gallery
Notable people
Branko Jovicic, Serbian and Red Star football player
Savatije Milošević, Serbian hajduk and Chetnik commander, born in Pavlica
Serbian Patriarch German
Goran Bogdanović, Serbian politician
Milenković family (Svetozar Milenković (1907-1983), Vida Milenković (1912-1992), and Aleksandar Petrović), Righteous Among the Nations
Zoran Pešić, Serbian footballer
Mihailo Petrović (1871-1941), Chetnik
Lazar Popović, Serbian footballer
Marko Sočanac, Serbian football player
Milunka Savić, Serbian WWI hero
See also
Varevo
References
External links
Tourism Organization of Raška
Municipalities and cities of Šumadija and Western Serbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka%2C%20Serbia |
This list contains cases of the European Commission of Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR) and United Nations Human Rights Committee (UN HRC) related to LGBT people. According to one study of the European human rights system, recognition of an LGBT right by the ECtHR increased the likelihood that other countries in the Council of Europe would adopt the LGBT right as policy.
Council of Europe
European Commission of Human Rights
This table is for cases heard only by the European Commission of Human Rights, a human rights body of the Council of Europe disbanded in 1998. Cases heard by the commission and subsequently the European Court of Human Rights are listed in the next table. Both the commission and the court interpret the European Convention on Human Rights.
European Court of Human Rights
A 2021 examination of the ECtHR's rulings on people seeking asylum on the grounds of their sexual orientation between 1990 and 2019 found that of 23 cases, 20 were declared inadmissible, 2 were denied, and one violation was found. This does not count cases that were struck out.
Concluded cases
ILGA-Europe maintains a list of recently concluded ECtHR cases and their execution status.
Pending cases
European Committee of Social Rights
The European Committee of Social Rights issues judgements based on the European Social Charter, a Council of Europe treaty.
European Union
All European Union member states are also members of the Council of Europe and subject to the ECtHR.
Court of Justice of the European Union
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date of ruling
! Case
! Topic
|-
| 1996
| C-13/94 P. v. S and Cornwall County Council
| Gender reassignment and its consequences
|-
| 1998
| C-249/96 Grant v. South West Trains Ltd.
| Housing tenure, social and employer's benefits
|-
| 2001
| C-125/99 D. v. Council
| Housing tenure, social and employer's benefits
|-
| 2004
| C-117/01 K.B. v. NHS Pensions Agency
| Gender reassignment and its consequences
|-
| 2006
| C-423/04 Richards v. Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
| Gender reassignment and its consequences
|-
| 2008
| C-267/06 Maruko v. VddB
| Housing tenure, social and employer's benefits
|-
| 2010
| W. v. Commission
|-
| 2011
| C-147/08 Römer v. City of Hamburg
| Housing tenure, social and employer's benefits
|-
| 2012
| C-124/11 (Dittrich), C-125/11 (Klinke) and C143/11 (Müller)
| Housing tenure, social and employer's benefits
|-
| 2013, April
| Asociatia Accept v Consiliul Naţional pentru Combaterea Discriminării (C-81/12)
| Employment
|-
| 2013, November
| Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel v X (C-199/12), Y (C-200/12),and Z v Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel (C-201/12)
| Residence permits, asylum and extradition
|-
| 2013, December
| Hay v Crédit agricole mutuel (C-267/12).
| Housing tenure, social and employer's benefits
|-
| 2014, December
| A, B, C v Staatssecretaris van Veiligheid en Justitie (C-148/13, C-149/13, C-150/13)
| Residence permits, asylum and extradition
|-
| 2015, April
| Léger v Ministre des Affaires sociales... (C-528/13)
| Blood donation
|-
| 2018, January
| F. v Bevándorlási és Állampolgársági Hivatal (C-473/16)
| Residence permits, asylum and extradition
|-
| 2018, June
| Coman and Others v Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrӑri and
Others (C-673/16)
| Residence permits, asylum and extradition
|-
| 2020, April
| NH v Associazione Avvocatura per i diritti LGBTI – Rete Lenford (C-507/18)
| Employment
|-
|2021, December
|V.M.A. v Stolichna Obsthina, Rayon 'Pancharevo''' (C-490/20)
| Citizenship
|}
Organization of American States
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
United Nations
United Nations Human Rights Committee
The United Nations Human Rights Committee oversees the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
See also
LGBT rights in Europe
Same-sex union court cases
References
Literature
Gabriel N. Toggenburg “LGBT” go Luxembourg: on the stance of Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Rights before the European Court of Justice'' European Law Reporter 5/2008
LGBTI Rights before the European Court of Human Rights: One Step at a Time FIDH 2014
Frédéric Edel Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights relating to discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation or gender identity Council of Europe, 2015
External links
European Court of Human Rights non-binding factsheets, issued by its Press Unit:
"Sexual Orientation Issues", May 2015
"Homosexuality: criminal aspects", June 2014
"Gender Identity Issues", March 2015
ECHR Sexual Orientation Blog by Prof. Paul Johnson (University of York)
Going to Strasbourg by Prof Paul Johnson, which contains oral history interviews with applicants to the European Court of Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights case law on LGBT rights
Court of Justice of the European Union case law
United Nations Human Rights Committee case law
International courts
Human rights-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20LGBT-related%20cases%20before%20international%20courts%20and%20quasi-judicial%20bodies |
The 1956 Republican National Convention was held by the Republican Party of the United States at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California, from August 20 to August 23, 1956. U.S. Senator William F. Knowland was temporary chairman and former speaker of the House Joseph W. Martin Jr. served as permanent chairman. It renominated President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Vice President Richard M. Nixon as the party's candidates for the 1956 presidential election.
On August 23, 1956, singer Nat King Cole spoke at the Republican Convention.
Convention scheduling
The 1956 Republican convention was held after that year's Democratic National Convention. This was unusual, as since 1864, in every election but 1888, Democrats had held their convention second. It has become an informal tradition that the party holding the White House (which, accordingly, in 1956 had been the Republican Party) hosts their convention second, but it is unclear when this tradition began (Democrats had held the White House and held their conventions second between 1936 and 1952, but it is unclear whether they scheduled their conventions second in these years because of their White House incumbency, or whether they scheduled them second because it was traditional that Democratic National Conventions had been held after the Republican National Convention).
Presidential nomination
Presidential candidates
President Eisenhower was unanimously re-nominated by the Republican delegates for President of the United States.
Presidential Balloting / 3rd Day of Convention (August 22, 1956)
Vice Presidential nomination
Vice Presidential candidates
Unanimity was expected for Vice President Nixon as well, until one renegade delegate, former Democratic Congressman and perennial candidate Terry Carpenter, decided to place in nomination for Vice President a man named Joe Smith, from Carpenter's own Terrytown, Nebraska. When asked who Joe Smith was at the 1956 convention, Carpenter mysteriously replied, "Oh, he is a symbol of an open convention, in that sense of the word." It was eventually revealed that there was no such man, and that his nomination was a protest against the perceived political theater of the closed 1956 Republican National Convention. Carpenter ultimately did cast his one dissenting vote for Vice President for Joe Smith.
Vice Presidential Balloting / 3rd Day of Convention (August 22, 1956)
See also
History of the United States Republican Party
List of Republican National Conventions
1956 Democratic National Convention
1956 United States presidential election
References
External links
Republican Party platform of 1956 at The American Presidency Project
Eisenhower nomination acceptance speech for President at RNC (transcript) at The American Presidency Project
http://politicalgraveyard.com
Universal newsreel footage of the convention
Universal newsreel footage of the convention
Video of Nixon nomination acceptance speech for Vice President and Eisenhower nomination acceptance speech for President at RNC from C-SPAN (via YouTube)
Audio of Eisenhower nomination acceptance speech for President at RNC
Republican National Conventions
1956 United States presidential election
1956 in California
Republican Party (United States) events in California
1956 conferences
August 1956 events in the United States
1950s political conferences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%20Republican%20National%20Convention |
Harir (, ) is a town and sub-district in Erbil Governorate in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The town is located in the Shaqlawa District.
In the town, there was a church of Mar Yohanna.
History
According to the Yazidi tradition, the ruler (Mîr) of Harîr was Pîr Hesinmeman (Pir Hassan ibn Mam), who was one of the close companions of Sheikh Adi and is considered Pîr of forty Pîrs ('Pîrê çil Pîra') and head of the Pîr caste. Initially, upon hearing about Sheikh Adi's arrival, Pîr Hesinmeman declared a war on him with his 700 riders and decided to banish him. But when he came to Lalish and saw the dervish dressed in the garment, i.e Sheikh Adi, he had a vision, after which he left worldly life and became a disciple of Sheikh Adi. The settlement of Salahaddin, where the residence of Masoud Barzani is situated, is believed to have been the ancestral estate of Pir Hassan ibn Mam (other name - Pir Mam).
Harir is mentioned by Evliya Çelebi in Seyahatnâme in the 17th century as part of Kurdistan. The district was ruled by Mir Xanzad of the Soran Emirate during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV (). The town was rebuilt in 1928 by Assyrian refugees, all of whom were adherents of the Church of the East and were originally from Shemsdin in the Hakkari mountains in Turkey, after they had departed the refugee camp at Baqubah in the aftermath of the Assyrian genocide in the First World War. The church of Mar Yohanna was built soon after.
By 1938, Harir was inhabited by 485 Assyrians in 78 families. The town was destroyed and its population displaced by pro-government militia, who settled at Harir, in 1963 during the First Iraqi–Kurdish War, prior to which there were over 90 Assyrian households. The discovery of a mass grave, in which 37 Assyrians from Harir were buried, was announced by Kurdistan Regional Government's Minister of Human Rights on 18 February 2006.
A concentration camp was later established at Harir by the Iraqi government and used to intern over 300 Kurdish families of the Barzani tribe from the village of Argush who were forcibly deported there on 26 June 1978. Amidst the 2003 invasion of Iraq, over one thousand paratroopers of the US 173rd Airborne Brigade landed at the airfield at Harir via airdrop on 26 March as part of Operation Northern Delay.
Notable people
Ali Hariri (1425–), Kurdish poet
Franso Hariri (1937–2001), Assyrian politician
Fawzi Hariri (b. 1958), Assyrian politician
References
Bibliography
Historic Assyrian communities in Iraq
Populated places in Erbil Governorate
Kurdish settlements in Iraq
Subdistricts of Iraq
Yazidi history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harir%2C%20Iraq |
Weir Hill Reservation (historically pronounced “wire hill”) is a public park located in the town of North Andover, Massachusetts. The Trustees of Reservations owns and maintains the property.
History
Prior to European settlement of the area, the Weir Hill area was used by Algonquian peoples. A 1968 archaeological survey identified a campsite at the southeast end of the reservation. It is likely that Native Americans periodically set fire to the hill to improve the landscape for deer hunting and used fishing weirs to catch alewives in Cochichewick Brook before they reached Lake Cochichewick to spawn. The reservation takes its name from these weirs.
In the mid 17th century, early settlers cleared the slopes of Weir Hill for grazing sheep and cattle. In the 18th and 19th centuries, milldams were built along Cochichewick Brook to lumber- and gristmills.
Modern use and conservation
Rising gently above Lake Cochichewick, Weir Hill offers hiking trails that pass over the crest of the double drumlin and track the shore of the lake. A rail trail runs along part of the hill, overlooking Lake Cochichewick. Many North Andover residents also use the trail system for cross-country, mountain biking, and its shores to go swimming.
Generations of agricultural use, wildfire, cutting and mowing have created a patchwork landscape on Weir Hill that supports ten different types of plant communities including a oak and hickory, hillside seeps, intermittent streams, and wet meadows. Several threatened species can be found on Weir Hill, including the white bog orchid, violet bush clover and butternut trees.
Beginning with the park's establishment in 1968, Weir Hill has been expanded numerous times since to include more woodlands and conservation area.
References
External links
The Trustees of Reservations: Weir Hill
Trail map
The Trustees of Reservations
North Andover, Massachusetts
Open space reserves of Massachusetts
Parks in Essex County, Massachusetts
1968 establishments in Massachusetts
Protected areas established in 1968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir%20Hill |
The Carji Greeves Medal is a name given in recent decades to an Australian rules football award given to the player(s) adjudged best and fairest for the Geelong Football Club for the season.
The voting system has changed a number of times. For the 2017 AFL season, the voting panel consisted of the senior coach, director of coaching and the assistant coaches rating each player out of 15 after every game. The combined votes are averaged to give a final score for that game. To ensure players are not disadvantaged by injury, only a player's highest-scoring 21 games counted.
For the 2022 AFL season, after each game, the senior and assistant coaches reviewed and rated each players performance out of 10. Votes were polled in games where a players performance had been deemed of a high quality by the coaching group, and unlike previous seasons all matches counted towards their final total.
Edward 'Carji' Greeves was a champion Geelong footballer who won the inaugural Brownlow Medal in 1924, awarded to person deemed the best and fairest player in the Victorian Football League.
Recipients
Multiple winners
Notes
The Geelong Football Club did not participate in the 1916 VFL season because of World War I.
The award was known at the time as the Theo Lewis Cup.
The Geelong Football Club did not participate in the 1942 and 1943 VFL seasons because of World War II.
References
General
Specific
External links
Official AFL Website of the Geelong Cats
Australian Football League awards
Lists of Geelong Football Club players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carji%20Greeves%20Medal |
The rayleigh is a unit of photon flux, used to measure faint light emitted in the sky, such as airglow and auroras. It was first proposed in 1956 by Donald M. Hunten, Franklin E. Roach, and Joseph W. Chamberlain. It is named for Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh (1875–1947). Its symbol is R (also used for the röntgen, an unrelated unit). SI prefixes are used with the rayleigh.
One rayleigh (1 R) is defined as a column emission rate of 1010 photons per square metre per column per second. Note that rayleigh is an apparent emission rate, as no allowances have been made for scattering or absorption. The night sky has an intensity of about 250 R, while auroras can reach values of 1000 kR.
The relationship between photon radiance, L, (in units of photons per square metre per second per steradian) and I (in units of rayleighs) is
References
Units of luminous flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%20%28unit%29 |
Donnette Jé-Michelle Snow (born March 20, 1980) is a retired American professional basketball player who played most recently in the Turkish Women's Basketball League.
High school career
Born and raised in Pensacola, Florida, Snow led Pensacola High School to the state championship and was named "Miss Basketball" in 1998. Snow was named a WBCA All-American. She participated in the WBCA High School All-America Game
College career
Snow was a psychology major at the University of Tennessee. She played alongside Tennessee graduates like Kara Lawson. On November 30, 2000, Snow became just the third woman in NCAA college basketball history to dunk during a game. She did so against the University of Illinois, University of South Carolina and Vanderbilt University.
College statistics
Source
USA Basketball
She competed with USA Basketball as a member of the 2000 Jones Cup Team that won the Gold in Taipei.
Snow was named to the National Team representing the US at the 2006 World Championships, held in Barueri and São Paulo, Brazil. The team won eight of their nine contests, but the lone loss came in the semifinal medal round to Russia. The USA beat Brazil in the final game to earn the bronze medal. Snow averaged 2.8 points per game and was second on the team with six blocks.
WNBA career
Snow was drafted 10th overall by the Houston Comets in the 1st round of the 2002 WNBA draft. Her nickname is "Shell". Snow has a 7'1" reach which helped her to become one of the best shot blockers in the WNBA.
In 2003, Snow was named most improved player of the year.
In the 2006 WNBA all-star game, Snow became the second WNBA player to dunk in an all-star game.
After the Comets disbanded in late 2008, she later played for the Atlanta Dream. She was traded to the San Antonio Silver Stars on March 11, 2010. She was again traded to the Chicago Sky on April 20, 2011. Snow signed with the Washington Mystics on February 9, 2012. On September 9, 2015, Snow signed with the Los Angeles Sparks for the rest of the season, only playing two games of the Sparks' season. She has been a free agent in the league since the end of the 2015 season.
NWBL career
Snow played on the championship team of the 2003 Houston Stealth in the NWBL.
Overseas career
She played for Elitzur Ramla in Israel during the 2007–08 WNBA off-season, winning a championship with the team. She had been playing for Salamanca in Spain during the 2008–09 WNBA off-season. During the 2009–2012 off-seasons she played for Dynamo Kursk in the Russian Superleague A, winning a EuroCup with the team in 2012.
In the 2014–2015 WNBA off-season, Snow played in the Turkish Superleague for Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi. In May 2016, Snow re-signed with Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi for the 2016–17 WNBA off-season. For the 2017–2018 season, which she announced would be her last, Snow first played at Bornova Becker (Turkey – KBSL) before moving to Adana ASKI Mersin in the same league, where she earned honorable mention for the All-League Teams.
Notes
External links
WNBA Player Profile
1980 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American women's basketball players
Atlanta Dream players
Basketball players from Florida
Centers (basketball)
Chicago Sky players
Houston Comets players
Power forwards (basketball)
San Antonio Stars players
Sportspeople from Pensacola, Florida
Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball players
Washington Mystics players
Women's National Basketball Association All-Stars
United States women's national basketball team players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle%20Snow |
Longjing (), literally "dragon well", is a name applied to a number of locations and products from the southwestern region of the city of Hangzhou in Zhejiang province, China. Most notably, the name refers to the titular Dragon Well itself, located near Longjing village () in Xihu District, as well as the area encompassing the well and the Longjing tea famously grown there.
The Dragon Well region consists of a number of villages, tea plantations, tea houses, parks, and a temple. The area is popular for drinking and buying tea as well as visiting the Eight Scenes of the Dragon Well (龙井八景).
Longjing tea production
Longjing is famous since is the area where Longjing tea (also known as dragon well tea) is produced. In the 17th century by the Kangxi Emperor granted the tea the status of Gòngchá or imperial tea, Gòngchá (貢茶) is a chinese word formed with the word Gòng (貢) that means contribution or tribute, and the word Chá (茶) that refers to tea, which translates to “tribute tea for the emperor”.
External links
The Tea Fields of Longjing
References
Geography of Hangzhou
Villages in China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longjing%2C%20Hangzhou |
WSCB (89.9 FM; "The Birthplace") is a student-run campus radio station at Springfield College in Springfield, Massachusetts. It features an eclectic mix of music as well as news and sports talk from a variety of disc jockeys. WSCB's programming comes from students, faculty, and staff on the Springfield College campus.
References
External links
SCB
Springfield College
Mass media in Springfield, Massachusetts
Radio stations established in 1958
1958 establishments in Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSCB |
The National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) is an independent 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization in the United States that works to improve health care quality through the administration of evidence-based standards, measures, programs, and accreditation. The National Committee for Quality Assurance operates on a formula of measure, analyze, and improve and it aims to build consensus across the industry by working with policymakers, employers, doctors, and patients, as well as health plans.
History
The National Committee for Quality Assurance was established in 1990 with support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Programs
The National Committee for Quality Assurance manages voluntary accreditation programs for individual physicians, health plans, and medical groups. It offers dedicated programs targeting vendor certification, software certification, and compliance auditing.
Health plans seek accreditation and measure performance through the administration and submission of the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) and Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) survey. The National Committee for Quality Assurance provides an evidence-based program for case-management accreditation available for uses in payer, provider, and community-based organizations.
References
External links
Medical regulation in the United States
Healthcare accreditation organizations in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Committee%20for%20Quality%20Assurance |
Government Brajalal College (), also known as BL College, is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in Bangladesh. It is located in Khulna, a major metropolis of the country.
Govt. B L College, Khulna is an educational institution at Daulatpur in Khulna district. Babu Brajalal Chakrobarti (Shastri), a patron of education, established it first as Hindu Academy in July 1902, replicating the Hindu College that was established in Calcutta in 1816. Like the Hindu College, the Hindu Academy of Daulatpur had two branches, the Chatushpathi and the college or academy. Expenses of the Chatushpathi students including food, lodging and tuition, were borne by the institution. Only residential students were admitted at the beginning. The academy was managed by a board of trustees of whom Babu Brajalal was the chairman.
The academy has started taking classes since 27 July 1902. Classes for the first and second year students began at a time. At its inception, the academy had only two tin-shed rooms with brick-and-cement floors and fence walls. At the beginning, the academy had only of land. Later, the Mohsin Fund donated of land from the Saidpur estate. The estate regularly disbursed a monthly donation of Rs 50 to the academy. The academy was given affiliation by Calcutta University in 1907.
A hostel for Muslim students was built in the college campus in 1910–11. At that time, Muslim students had to attend Arabic and the Persian classes in the Muslim Hostel outside the main building of the college. Later, education minister Sher-e-Bangla A. K. Fazlul Huq issued an order to appoint a Muslim teacher for the college. The first Muslim teacher appointed on a part-time basis was Mr. Musaddar Ali.
Babu Brajalal died on 8 August 1944. The institution was named Hindu Academy after him. Later, the academy was upgraded into a college and it received the shortened name of B L College. It was affiliated first to the University of Dhaka and then to the University of Rajshani and, still later, to the National University. The college was nationalised on 1 July 1967 and it was declared a university college in 1993. It offers Honours and Masters courses in almost all subjects: Bengali, English, philosophy, political science, economics, history, Islamic history, accounting, management, physics, chemistry, zoology, botany and mathematics. From 2010 it offers Honours in sociology.
Notable faculty members
The list of notable faculty includes:
Munier Chowdhury
See also
Khulna University
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
References
External links
Official website
Colleges in Khulna District
Colleges affiliated to National University, Bangladesh
Education in Khulna
1902 establishments in British India
Universities and colleges established in 1902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brajalal%20College |
The trobairitz () were Occitan female troubadours of the 12th and 13th centuries, active from around 1170 to approximately 1260. Trobairitz is both singular and plural.
The word trobairitz is first attested in the 13th-century romance Flamenca. It comes from the Provençal word trobar, the literal meaning of which is "to find", and the technical meaning of which is "to compose". The word trobairitz is used very rarely in medieval Occitan, as it does not occur in lyrical poetry, grammatical treatises or in the biographies (vidas) of the trobairitz or troubadours. It does occur in the treatise Doctrina d'acort by Terramagnino da Pisa, written between 1282 and 1296. He uses it as an example of a word the plural and singular of which are the same.
Trobairitz composed, wrote verses, and performed for the Occitan noble courts. They are exceptional in musical history as the first known female composers of Western secular music; all earlier known female composers wrote sacred music. The trobairitz were part of courtly society, as opposed to their lower class counterparts the joglaressas. Although troubadours sometimes came from humble origins—Bernart de Ventadorn might have been the son of a castle's baker—the trobairitz were usually nobly born. The most important trobairitz were Alamanda de Castelnau, Azalais de Porcairagues, Maria de Ventadorn, Tibors, Castelloza, Garsenda de Proença, Gormonda de Monpeslier, and the Comtessa de Diá.
Sources of information
There are very few extant sources of information on the individual trobairitz. Almost all information which exists about them come from their vidas (biographies) and razós (contextual explanations of the songs), the brief descriptions that were assembled in song collections called chansonniers. The vidas are notoriously unreliable, since they frequently consisted of little more than romanticized extrapolations from the poems of the trobairitz themselves. The names of about twenty female poets from the 12th and 13th centuries survive, with an estimated thirty-two works attributed to the trobairitz. There are about 5 percent as many trobairitz as there are troubadours, and the number of surviving compositions by trobairitz amounts to around 1 percent of those we have by the troubadours. The earliest surviving lyric written by a trobairitz is that of Bels dous amics, written by Tibors around 1150. Only one survives with musical notation intact, "A chantar" by Comtessa de Diá (see below). Some works which are anonymous in the sources are ascribed by certain modern editors to women, as are some works which are attributed to men in the manuscripts. For comparison, of the 460 male troubadours, about 2600 of their poems survive. Of these, about one in 10 survive with musical notation intact. Only two trobairitz have left us with more than one song apiece. Those two women are Comtessa de Dia, who leaves us with four cansos, and Castelloza, with three cansos and a fourth that is anonymous.
The early chansonniers did not separate the works of the male troubadours from those of the trobairitz. It was only in later Italian and Catalan chansonniers that the works of the trobairitz were found in different sections than those of their male counterparts.
Position in medieval society
Throughout the 13th century, women of the court were expected to be able to sing, play instruments, and write jocs partis, or partimen (a debate or dialogue in the form of a poem). The cultivation of these womanly skills may have led to the writings of the trobairitz.
The trobairitz may also have arisen due to the power women held in southern France during the 12th and 13th centuries. Women had far more control over land ownership, and Occitan society was far more accepting of women than were most other societies of the time. During the Crusades many men were away, which left women with more administrative responsibility, and thus, power. Nevertheless, this society was not "feminist", nor was fin' amor, which exalted women while at the same time circumscribing many aspects of their lives and behavior.
There is difficulty in labeling the trobairitz as either amateurs or professionals. The distinction between these two roles was complicated in the medieval era, since professionals were generally lower class, and amateurs had as much time as professionals to devote to their craft. Joglaresse were lower class, professional composers far less respected than the trobairitz.
Both troubadours and trobairitz wrote of fin' amors, or courtly love. Women were generally the subject of the writings of troubadours, however: "No other group of poets give women so exalted a definition within so tightly circumscribed a context of female suppression." The tension between the suppression of women present in the poetry of the troubadours and similar themes in the poetry of the trobairitz is a major source of discussion for modern commentators. Trobairitz poetry pertaining to love tended to offer a less idealized conception of the subject than the poetry of their male counterparts, with a more conversational and less flourished style of writing intended to more closely emulate a more grounded vision of relationships. The trobairitz wrote in the canso (strophic song) and tenso (debate poem) genres. Besides cansos and tensos, trobairitz also wrote sirventes (political poems), planh (lament), salut d’ amor (a love letter not in strophic form), alba (dawn songs), and balada (dance songs). Judging by what survives today, the trobairitz wrote no pastorelas or malmariee songs, unlike their troubadour counterparts. Furthermore, in keeping with the troubadour tradition, the trobairitz closely linked the action of the singing to the action of loving. Comtessa de Dia demonstrates this in her poem Fin ioi me don'alegranssa, stating that "Fin ioi me dona alegranssa/per qu'eu chan plus gaiamen," translated as "Happiness brings me pure joy/which makes me sing more cheerfully."
Attribution
The number of works attributed to the trobairitz is estimated at thirty-two songs, but ranges anywhere from 23 to 46. There are a number of reasons why an exact number is not known. In the courtly love tradition it was common for poems to be written as an exchange of letters, or a debate, as in a tenso. Some of these may have been originally written by one poet; however, some were originally an actual exchange of epistles, later gathered together in a manuscript. Some of these were between men, and some were between a man and a woman. Some modern editors attribute these solely to the man who originated the exchange, and some attribute them to both the man and the woman involved. There is a long history of attributing these solely to men, even when all evidence points to the contrary.
Since poetry was highly stylized, it is difficult to determine when a poet speaking as a woman actually was a woman, or a man speaking as a woman. This adds to the difficulty of attribution, especially of anonymous writers. There is some debate as to whether or not the poems by the trobairitz represent genuine feminine voices, since they worked within the highly circumscribed conventions of the troubadours. Matilda Bruckner suggests that the trobairitz "spoke in her own voice as channeled through the voices of many others". By manipulating the strict constructs of troubadour lyric, the trobairitz were able to create their own "fictions of the female voice".
There is one notable instance where clear attribution is given to a woman, Bieiris de Romans (also given as Beatritz), but the subject of the poem is another woman, Na Maria. In the poem "Na Maria" Beatritz expresses her love for Maria in the traditional fin' amors style, both in terms of physical longing and courtly admiration. This poem, if not clearly marked as by a woman, would be assumed to be by a man. Some controversy surrounds the works of the Bieiris de Romans, as scholars have suggested that her canso expresses "lesbian desire." The troubadour would typically speak to the domna (woman); the fact that the lyrical dialogue takes place exclusively between one woman and another is an extreme rarity.
List of trobairitz
Alais Iselda and Carenza: Na Carenza al bel cors avinen
Alamanda de Castelnau
Almucs de Castelnau and Iseut de Capio: Domna n’Almucs, si-us plages
Azalais d'Altier
Azalais de Porcairagues
Beatriz de Diá: A chantar m'er de so qu'eu no volria
Beatritz de Romans: Na Maria, pretz e fina valors
Castelloza
Clara d'Anduza
Felipa
Garsenda de Proença: Vos qe’m semblatz dels corals amadors
Gaudairença: Coblas e dansas (not extant)
Gormonda de Monpeslier
Guillelma de Rosers
Domna H.
Lisa de Londres
Lombarda
Maria de Ventadorn: Gui d'Uisel, be.m pesa de vos
Tibors de Sarenom
Ysabella
See also
List of troubadours and trobairitz
Medieval music
Provençal literature
Marie de France - the only female composer from northern France: the northern term trouvère did not have a female equivalent (as trobairitz is the female equivalent of troubadour)
List of Medieval composers
List of female composers
References
Notes
Primary sources
Manuscript du Roi (F-Pn fr. 844, c. 1246–1254)
Chansonnier cangé (F-Pn fr. 845); F-Pn n.a.fr. 21677; F-AS 657 (c1278); V-CVbav Reg. Lat. 1490
Chansonnier de Noailles (F-Pn fr. 12615)
Secondary sources
John Stevens, Ardis Butterfield, Theodore Karp. "Troubadours, trouvères", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed February 11, 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access).
Judith Tick. "Women in music, 500–1500", Grove Music Online.
Maria V. Coldwell. "Azalais de Porcairagues", Grove Music Online.
Elizabeth Aubrey. "Comtessa de Dia", Grove Music Online.
Maria V. Coldwell. "Castelloza", Grove Music Online.
Trobairitz
Women classical composers
Medieval women poets
Medieval Occitan people
French women classical composers
Women of medieval France
French women poets
12th-century composers
13th-century composers
12th-century women writers
12th-century writers
13th-century women writers
13th-century writers
12th-century women composers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trobairitz |
The Office of the Provost at Indiana University Bloomington oversees the academic programs, research, and policies of 16 schools on the Indiana University Bloomington campus. Together, these units offer more than 550 individual degree programs and majors.
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The College of Arts and Sciences is academically organized into 42 departments:
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Govt. Brojomohun College, Barishal (also BM College) is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in Bangladesh. It is located in the city of Barishal in south-western Bangladesh.
History
On June 14, 1889, Aswini Kumar Dutta founded Brojo Mohan College, which was named after his father, Brajamohan Dutta.
The first principal of the college was Babu Gyan Chandra Chowdhury. While Ashwini Kumar Dutta taught English and logic, Kali Prasanna Ghosh taught history and Kamini Kumar BidyaRatna taught Sanskrit and Bengali. In 1898, BM College was transformed into a "First Grade College" from a "Second Grade College". In 1912, the college went to government management from personal management strategy. In the beginning the college used the BM School campus and was relocated its own present complex sometime later.
BM College, affiliated to University of Calcutta, started honours course in English and philosophy in 1922, in Sanskrit and mathematics in 1925, in chemistry in 1928, and finally in economics in 1929. The time from 1922 to 1948 is called the "Golden Period" of the college. The governor of Bengal at that time, Sir Udbarn, once commented on BM College, "The college promises some day to challenge the supremacy of the metropolitan (Presidency) College."
After the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the college lacked teachers and the student body fell to one third of its post-war size. This made it difficult to teach the same numbers of courses and as a result the two year Honors curriculum conducted by Calcutta University was replaced with the three Honors curriculum of Dhaka University. As a consequence, Honors courses except Mathematics were abolished in 1950. In 1952, Honors in mathematics had also been discontinued. In 1964, Honors in economics restarted. Several other Honors and Masters Courses started between 1972 and 2005.
The time since 1965 has been called the "Age of Enrichment" of the college. There are 20 degree (pass) courses, 22 Honors courses and 21 Masters courses at BM College. On 10th January 2014, Honors Course in Statistics was launched under the leadership of Prof. Biplab Kumar Bhattacharjee in collaboration with Prof. Nasim Haider. Professor Biplab Kumar Bhattacharjee was the founding head of the Department of Statistics. Its journey started with only 11 students. HSC course is reestablished in 2016.
Academic departments
The university has 22 departments under 4 faculties. The faculties are:
Faculty of Arts
Department of Bangla
Department of English
Department of History
Department of Philosophy
Department of Islamic Studies
Department of Islamic History and Culture
Department of Sanskrit
Faculty of Business Studies
Department of Finance & Banking
Department of Accounting
Department of Marketing
Department of Management
Faculty of Science
Department of Botany
Department of Chemistry
Department of Mathematics
Department of Physics
Department of Soil Science
Department of Statistics
Department of Zoology
Faculty of Social Sciences
Department of Economics
Department of Sociology
Department of Political Science
Department of Social Work
Notable alumni
Jibanananda Das, poet, writer, novelist and essayist
Abdul Wahab Khan, third Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan
Jogendra Nath Mandal, Law minister in Interim Government of India and Pakistan's first law and labour minister
Bir Sreshtho Mohiuddin Jahangir, awarded the highest recognition of bravery in the Bangladesh Army
Shaheed (Martyr) Lieutenant Commander Moazzem Hossain, accused of Agartala Conspiracy Case and awarded Independence Day Award, the highest state award given by the government of Bangladesh
Altaf Mahmud, musician, cultural activist and martyred freedom fighter
Promode Dasgupta, West Bengal State Secretary of the CPI(M)
Narayan Gangopadhyay, South Asian author
Ahsan Habib, poet and writer
Hafiz Ahmed Mazumder, businessman, educationist and politician
Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani, Politician, Founder of Mujib Bahini and Jubo League
Siraj Sikder Politician, Communist revolutionary
Professor Biplab Kumar Bhattacharjee was the founding head of the Department of Statistics.
Notable faculty members
Jibanananda Das, taught English
Kabir Chowdhury, former principal
References
Colleges in Barisal District
Colleges affiliated to National University, Bangladesh
Education in Barisal
1889 establishments in India
Educational institutions established in 1889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brojomohun%20College |
was a Japanese photographer best known within Japan for four series of monochrome photographs: scenes of buildings in and close to Tokyo, portraits of people in the Asakusa area of Tokyo, and rural and town life in India and Turkey. He pursued each of these for over two decades, and each led to one or more book-length collections.
Although previously a respected name in Japanese photography, Kikai was not widely known until 2004, when the first edition of his book Persona, a collection of Asakusa portraits, won both the Domon Ken Award and Annual Award of the PSJ. In 2009, the ICP and Steidl copublished Asakusa Portraits for an international market.
Early years
Kikai was born in the village of Daigo (now part of Sagae, Yamagata Prefecture) on 18 March 1945 as the seventh and last child (and fifth son) of the family. He had a happy childhood, from the age of 11 or so preferring to play by himself in the nature that surrounded the village. He graduated from high school in 1963 and worked in Yamagata for a year, and then went to Hosei University in Tokyo to study philosophy. As a student he was keen on the cinema—he particularly enjoyed the films of Andrzej Wajda, who would later contribute essays to some of his books, and Satyajit Ray—and said that he would have worked in film production if it did not require writing, a task he never enjoyed, and money, which he lacked.
Immediately after his graduation in 1968, Kikai worked for two years as a truck driver and for two in a shipyard. Meanwhile, he stayed in touch with his philosophy professor from his university days, Sadayoshi Fukuda, whose interests extended to writing a regular column for the magazine Camera Mainichi; he introduced Kikai to its editor, Shōji Yamagishi, who showed him photographs by Diane Arbus that made a great impact on Kikai. Kikai started to take photographs in 1969. At that time (when somebody fresh out of university could expect to earn ¥40,000 per month), a Hasselblad SLR camera normally cost ¥600,000; Kikai heard of an opportunity to buy one for ¥320,000 and mentioned this to Fukuda, who immediately lent him the money, with no interest, and no date or pressure for repayment. (The loan was eventually repaid.) This Hasselblad 500CM, with its 80 mm lens, was what Kikai used for his portraits thereafter.
Career
Kikai thought that work on a boat might be photogenic, but, having no experience, could not get a job on one. He was eventually accepted on a boat fishing for tuna when he displayed the scar from an unneeded appendectomy as evidence of one risk fewer that his presence might force the boat into port. He worked on the boat in the Pacific from 6 April until 9 November 1972, with a stop in Manzanillo (Mexico) for provisions. It was during this time that he took his first photographs to be published, in the May 1973 issue of Camera Mainichi. In 1973 he won a prize for his submission to the 14th exhibition of the Japan Advertising Photographers' Association. But Kikai decided that in order to be a photographer he needed darkroom skills, and he returned to Tokyo to work at Doi Technical Photo (1973–76). He became a freelance photographer in 1984, a year after his first solo exhibition and the same year as his second.
Living close to Asakusa (Tokyo), Kikai often went there on his days off, taking photographs of visitors. He stepped up his visits in 1985; a number of collections of his portraits taken there have been published.
Kikai's other long-term photographic projects are of working and residential neighborhoods in and near Tokyo, and of people and scenes in India and Turkey. All these are black and white. However, his occasional diversions included color photographs of the Gotō Islands and even of nudes.
Unusually in Japan, where photographers tend to join or form groups, Kikai was never in any group, preferring to work by himself. When not setting out to take photographs, Kikai did not carry a camera with him. He left photographing his own family to his wife Noriko, and it is she who had the camera if they went on a trip together.
In the early part of his career, Kikai often had to earn money in other ways: after three years' work in the darkroom, he returned to manual labor.
Kikai taught for some time at Musashino Art University, but he was disappointed by the students' lack of sustained effort and therefore quit.
Kikai died of lymphoma on 19 October 2020.
Asakusa portraits
Kikai had started his Asakusa series of square, monochrome portraits as early as 1973, but after this there was a hiatus until 1985, when he realized that an ideal backdrop would be the plain red walls of Sensō-ji. At that time, the great majority of his Asakusa portraits adopted further constraints: the single subject stands directly in front of the camera (originally a Minolta Autocord TLR, later the Hasselblad), looking directly at it, and is shown from around the knees upwards. Kikai might wait at the temple for four or five hours, hoping to see somebody he wanted to photograph, and three or four days might pass without a single photograph; but he might photograph three people in a single day, and he photographed over six hundred people in this way. He believed that to have a plain backdrop and a direct confrontation with the subject allows the viewer to see the subject as a whole, and as somebody on whom time is marked, without any distracting or limiting specificity.
Though Kikai started to photograph in Asakusa simply because it was near where he then lived, he continued because of the nature of the place and its visitors. Once a bustling and fashionable area, Asakusa long ago lost this status. If it were as popular and crowded as it was before the war, Kikai said, he would go somewhere else.
Published in 1987, Ōtachi no shōzō / Ecce Homo was the first collection of these portraits. It is a large-format book with portraits made in Asakusa in 1985 to '86. Kikai won the 1988 Newcomer's Award of the Photographic Society of Japan (PSJ) for this book and the third Ina Nobuo Award for the accompanying exhibition.
In 1995, a number of portraits from the series were shown together with the works of eleven other photographers in Tokyo/City of Photos, one of a pair of opening exhibitions for the purpose-made building of the Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography.
Ya-Chimata, a second collection of the portraits made in Asakusa, was published a year later.
Persona (2003) is a further collection. A few are from Kikai's earliest work, but most postdate anything in the earlier books. Several of the subjects appear twice or more often, so the reader sees the effect of time. The book format is unusually large for a photograph collection in Japan, and the plates were printed via quadtone. The book won the 23rd Domon Ken Award and 2004 Annual Award of the PSJ. A smaller-format edition with additional photographs followed two years later.
Asakusa Portraits (2008) is a large collection edited by the International Center of Photography (New York), published in conjunction with the ICP's exhibition of recent Japanese photography and art Heavy Light. Kikai's contribution to this exhibition was well received, and Asakusa Portraits won praise for its photography and also (from Paul Smith) for the vernacular fashion of those photographed.
Portraits of spaces
Kikai said that people and scenery are two sides of the same coin. When tired of waiting (or photographing) in Asakusa, he would walk as far as 20 km looking for urban scenes of interest where he could make "portraits of spaces". A day's walk might take two or three hours for less than a single roll of 120 film. He generally photographed between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m., and avoided photographing when people were outside as their presence would transform the photographs into mere snapshots, easily understood; even without people, they are the images or reflections of life. Kikai might find a scene that he wanted to photograph and then wait there and only photograph it when something unexpected occurred in the frame. After development, he did not bother with contact prints, instead judging a photograph by the negative alone.
Samples from this series appeared in various magazines from at least as early as 1976. Each photograph is simply captioned with the approximate address (in Japanese script) and year.
Tōkyō meiro / Tokyo Labyrinth (1999) presents portraits of unpeopled spaces in Tokyo (and occasionally the adjacent town of Kawasaki). There are individual shopfronts, rows of shops and residential streets. Most of the buildings are unpretentious. Like the Asakusa series, these portraits are monochrome and square, taken via a standard lens on 120 film.
Tōkyō mutan / Labyrinthos (2007)—based on an essay/photograph series that ran in the monthly Sōshi () from March 2004 to July 2005 and then in the web series "Tokyo Polka"—presents more of the same. Between a single nude in a shopfront display from 1978 and a very young boy photographed in December 2006 (the latter appearing to share the Sensō-ji backdrop of Persona), are square monochrome views of Tokyo and Kawasaki, compositions that seem casual and rather disorderly, mostly of unpeopled scenes showing signs of intensive and recent use. The book also has Kikai's essays from "Tokyo Polka", essays that dwell on the inhabitants of Tokyo as observed during walks or on the train.
Tokyo View (2016) is a large-format collection, mostly of photographs that also appear in one or other of the earlier books (or Tōkyō pōtoreito / Tokyo Portraits).
India
Kikai said that going to India felt like a return to the Yamagata of his youth, and a release from life in Tokyo. His photography there was much less planned or formal than his portraits of people or places in Tokyo: after an early start with color 120 film, he used black and white 35 mm film in India—and laughingly said that he would use 35 mm in Tokyo if the city were more interesting and did not make him feel unhappy.
India, a large-format book published in 1992, presents photographs taken in India (and to a much lesser extent Bangladesh) over a period totalling rather more than a year and ranging from 1982 to 1990. It won high praise from the critic Kazuo Nishii, who commented that the India of Kikai's work seems perpetually overcast, and that in their ambiguity his photographs seem to benefit from the work done in the Asakusa portrait series. The book won Kikai the 1993 Society of Photography Award.
Shiawase / Shanti (2001) is a collection of photographs that concentrates on children, most of which were taken in Allahabad, Benares, Calcutta, Puri and Delhi in 2000. It won the Grand Prix of the second Photo City Sagamihara Festival.
Turkey
Wanting to explore somewhere that (in contrast to India) was cold, as well as a Muslim land where Asian and European cultures meet, in 1994 Kikai made the first of six visits to Turkey, where he stayed for a total of nine months. His monochrome photographs of Turkey appeared in the magazine Asahi Camera, and his colour photographs on its website, before the publication in January 2011 of his large book Anatolia, a compilation of his monochrome work.
Photography elsewhere
Kikai was one of thirteen Japanese photographers invited by EU–Japan Fest to photograph the twenty-six nations of the European Union; he spent twenty-one days in Malta in September 2005 and a short period in Portugal in October 2004, travelling widely in both countries. In color, these photographs are a departure from his earlier work. Most are more or less candid photographs of people. The collection was published in a book titled In-between 8.
Series of color photographs from short visits to Cuba (2007) and Taiwan (2013) have appeared in Asahi Camera.
Writing
Kikai's essays have appeared in periodicals and within some of his own photobooks. They have also been collected in four books, in which they are illustrated by reproductions of relevant photographs.
Indo ya Gassan ("India and Gassan", 1999) is a collection of essays about and photographs of India. Gassan is a mountain in central Yamagata close to where Kikai was brought up; Kikai muses on India and compares it with the Yamagata of his youth.
Me to kaze no kioku ("Memories of the eye and the wind", 2012) collects essays published in Yamagata Shinbun () since 2006; Dare omo sukoshi suki ni naru hi: Memekuri bōbiroku ("Days when you come to like anyone a little: An image-turning aide-memoire", 2015) collects essays published in Bungakukai () since 2011; Kutsuzoku no herikata ("Ways to wear down shoe rubber", 2016) is a fourth collection.
Exhibitions
Supplementary English titles in parentheses are nonce translations for this article; those outside parentheses and in quotation marks were used at the time.
[A]: Asakusa portraits
[I]: India
[S]: Portraits of spaces
[T]: Turkey
Selected solo exhibitions
"Nagi: Machinaka no kōkei" (, Calm: Town scenes). [S] Konishiroku Photo Gallery (Shinjuku, Tokyo), August–September 1983.
"Indo kikō" (, India travelogue). [I] Doi Photo Plaza Shibuya (Shibuya, Tokyo), August 1984; Art Plaza (Fukuoka), August 1984; Gallery Antomeru (Sendai), September 1984; Yamagata, 1984.
"Ōtachi no shōzō (Sensōji keidai)" (, Portraits of kings [in the grounds of Sensō-ji]). [A] Ginza Nikon Salon (Ginza, Tokyo), September 1988.
"Dai-13 Ina Nobuo shō jushō sakuhinten: Kikai Hiroo 'Ōtachi no shōzō (Sensōji keidai)' " (, Exhibition of works winning the 13th Ina Nobuo Award: Hiroh Kikai, Portraits of kings [in the grounds of Sensō-ji]). [A] Ginza Nikon Salon (Ginza, Tokyo); Osaka; Kyoto; etc., 1988–89.
The Hitachi Collection of Contemporary Japanese Photography, Center for Creative Photography, Tucson, Arizona. 1989.
"Dai-13-kai Ina Nobuo shō jushō sakuhinten: Kikai Hiroo 'Kanshō: Machi no katachi' " (, Exhibition of works winning the 13th Ina Nobuo Award: Hiroh Kikai, Meditation: Town shapes). [S] Osaka Nikon Salon, February 1990; Ginza Nikon Salon (Ginza, Tokyo), March 1990; Kyoto; etc., 1990.
"Ecce Homo". [A] Robert Koch Gallery (San Francisco), 1993.
"Indo kikō" (, India travelogue). [I] Shōmeidō Gallery (Kodaira), 1998.
"Persona (1)". [A] Centrum Sztuki i Techniki Japońskiej "Manggha" (Kraków), 1999.
"Shashin to insatsu hyōgen" (, Photographs and printing expression). [S] Mitsumura Art Plaza (Ōsaki, Tokyo), February–March 2000.
"Persona (2)". [A] Centrum Sztuki i Techniki Japońskiej "Manggha" (Kraków), November–December 2002.
"Persona". [A] The Third Gallery Aya (Osaka), October 2003.
"Persona". [A] Domon Ken Photography Museum (Sakata), September–November 2004.
"Persona". [A] Ginza Nikon Salon (Tokyo); Osaka, 2004.
"Persona". [A] Galeria Fotografii PF, Centrum Kultury "Zamek" (Poznań), February–March 2005.
"Persona". [A] Shōmeidō Gallery (Kodaira) January 2005.
"Perusona" (). [A] Ginza Nikon Salon (Ginza, Tokyo), February–March 2006; Osaka Nikon Salon (Osaka), April 2006.
"Tōkyō mutan" (). [S] Ginza Nikon Salon (Ginza, Tokyo), September 2007; Osaka Nikon Salon (Osaka), October 2007.
"Tokyo Labyrinth". [S] Yancey Richardson Gallery (New York City), September–October 2008.
"Jinsei gekijō" (, Human theatre). [A] Gallery Raku, Kyoto University of Art and Design, Kyoto, March 2009.
"Persona". [A] Yancey Richardson Gallery (New York City), May–July 2009.
"Asakusai portrék". [A] Liget Gallery (Budapest), November–December 2010.
"Anatoria e no purosesu" (). [T] Aoyama Book Center (Omotesandō, Tokyo), January 2011.
"Tōkyō pōtoreito" () / "Tokyo portraits". [A, S] Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography (Ebisu, Tokyo), August–October 2011.
"Anatoria" (). [T] M2 (Shinjuku, Tokyo), August 2011.
"Persona". [A, S, I, T] Yamagata Museum of Art (Yamagata), December 2011 – January 2012.
"Tokyo Labyrinth". [S] Zen Foto Gallery (Roppongi, Tokyo), May 2013.
"Persona" / "Perusona" (). [A] 14th Documentary Photo Festival Miyazaki, Miyazaki Prefectural Art Museum, August–September 2013.
"Asakusa Portraits (1973–2008) et India (1982–2008)". [A, I] In between Gallery (Paris), November 2013.
"India 1982–2011". [I] Canon Gallery S (Shinagawa, Tokyo), May–June 2014.
"Retratos de Asakusa". [A] , Promoción del Arte (Madrid), September–November 2014.
"India 1982–2011". [I] The Museum of Art, Ehime (Matsuyama, Ehime), September–October 2014.
"Tôkyô: voyage à Asakusa". [A, S] Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale, Paris 6. October 2015.
"India 1979–2016" [I] Fujifilm Photo Salon (Tokyo), May–June 2017.
《人物》鬼海弘雄的肖像摄影. [A] See+ Art Space / Gallery (Beijing), December 2017 – February 2018.
"Persona". [A] Photo Gallery Blue Hole (Katagami, Akita), August 2018 – January 2019.
"Persona". [A] Kihoku town office (), Kihoku, Ehime, February 2019.
"Persona". [A] Sagae City Museum of Art, Sagae, Yamagata, April–June 2019.
"Persona: The Final Chapter" / "Persona saishūshō" (). [A] Irie Taikichi Memorial Museum of Photography Nara City, September–October 2019.
"Persona: The Final Chapter ". [A] In between Gallery (Paris), November–December 2019.
"Ōtachi no shōzō" (, Portraits of kings). [A] (Tokyo), June–August 2020.
Selected group exhibitions
"The Hitachi Collection of Contemporary Japanese Photography". Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona, 1988.
"Nyū dokyumentsu 1990" () / "New Documents 1990". Museum of Modern Art, Toyama (Toyama), 1990.
"Shashin toshi Tōkyō" () / "Tokyo/City of Photos". [A] (Other photographers exhibited were Takanobu Hayashi, Ryūji Miyamoto, Daidō Moriyama, Shigeichi Nagano, Ikkō Narahara, Mitsugu Ōnishi, Masato Seto, Issei Suda, Akihide Tamura, Tokuko Ushioda, and Hiroshi Yamazaki.) Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, 1995.
"Shashin wa nani o katareru ka" (). [I] Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, June; Osaka Umeda Canon Salon, July; Fukuoka Canon Salon, August; Nagoya Canon Salon, September; Sapporo Canon Salon, October; Sendai Canon Salon, November 1997.
"Berlin–Tokyo". Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, 2006.
"Tōkyō meiro / Andesu Kuero" () / "Tokyo Labyrinth / Andes Qero". [S] (With Yoshiharu Sekino, who exhibited photographs taken of the Q'ero.) Shōmeidō Gallery (Kodaira), July 2007.
"Heavy Light: Recent Photography and Video from Japan". [A] International Center of Photography (New York), May–September 2008.
"Sander's Children". [A] Danziger Projects, New York, 2008.
Mit anderen Augen. Das Porträt in der zeitgenössischen Fotografie = With Different Eyes: The Portrait in Contemporary Photography. [A] Die Photografische Sammlung/, Cologne, 26 February – 29 May 2016; Kunstmuseum Bonn, 25 February – 8 May 2016.
"Faces from Places". [A] L. Parker Stephenson Photographs, Manhattan, 6 May – 16 July 2016. With Mike Disfarmer, Sirkka-Liisa Konttinen, J. D. 'Okhai Ojeikere, Malick Sidibé, and Jacques Sonck.
Permanent collections
Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography: 17 photographs from the series Ōtachi no shōzō (later known as Persona or Asakusa Portraits), 1985–86.
Museum of Modern Art, Toyama (Japan)
Domon Ken Photography Museum (Sakata, Yamagata, Japan)
Neue Nationalgalerie (Berlin)
Walther Collection (Neu-Ulm, Germany / New York): 16 photographs from the series Asakusa Portraits
Center for Creative Photography (University of Arizona, Tucson)
Hood Museum of Art (Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire)
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (Texas)
Museum of the International Center of Photography (New York)
Mead Art Museum (Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts)
Philadelphia Museum of Art (Pennsylvania)
Publications
Books by Kikai
Ōtachi no shōzō: Sensō-ji keidai () / Ecce homo: Portraits of kings. Yokohama: Yatate, 1987. . Photograph collection, with captions in Japanese and English, and an essay by Sadayoshi Fukuda. There are forty-one monochrome plates.
India. Tokyo: Misuzu Shobō, 1992. . Photograph collection, with text (by Kikai and Munesuke Mita) in Japanese and English, and captions in English. There are 106 monochrome plates (all "landscape" format).
Ya-Chimata: Ōtachi no kairō (, Ya-Chimata: A gallery of kings). Tokyo: Misuzu Shobō, 1996. . Photograph collection, with text (by Kikai and ten other writers) in Japanese only. There are 183 monochrome plates.
Tōkyō meiro () / Tokyo Labyrinth. Tokyo: Shōgakukan, 1999. . Photograph collection, with text (by Andrzej Wajda, Genpei Akasegawa, and Suehiro Tanemura) in Japanese only. There are 108 monochrome plates.
Indo ya Gassan (, India and Gassan). Tokyo: Hakusuisha, 1999. . Thirty essays and forty-one photographs; text in Japanese only. The monochrome photographs are a mixture of "landscape" (across two pages) and "portrait" (on single pages).
Shiawase: Indo daichi no kodomo-tachi () / Shanti: Children of India. Tokyo: Fukuinkan, 2001. . Photograph collection (all monochrome): thirteen "landscape" photographs across both pages; and ninety-four "portrait". There are no captions, and the text is in Japanese only.
Persona. Tokyo: Sōshisha, 2003. . Photograph collection, with captions and text (by Andrzej Wajda, Suehiro Tanemura, and Kikai) in both Japanese and English. Between an additional plate at the front and back, there are twelve plates in a prefatory section (photographs taken well before the others), and in the body of the book twenty-eight plates four to a page and 138 plates on their own pages.
Perusona () / Persona. Tokyo: Sōshisha, 2005. . Second, popular edition of the 2003 Persona in a smaller format. There are additional essays and photographs by Kikai; captions in both Japanese and English, other text in Japanese only. The twelve prefatory plates of the first edition and 191 plates of the main series are each presented on a separate page; there are also three more plates of photographs outside the series.
In-between 8: Kikai Hiroo Porutogaru, Maruta () / In-between, 8: Hiroh Kikai, Portugal, Malta. Tokyo: EU–Japan Fest Japan Committee, 2005. . One of a series of 14 books (). Photograph collection; captions and text in both Japanese and English. There are twenty-eight colour photographs of Portugal and twenty-seven of Malta.
Tōkyō mutan () / Labyrinthos. Tokyo: Sōshisha, 2007. . Collection of 118 monochrome photographs and essays; captions (for each, the approximate address and the year) and essays are in Japanese only.
Asakusa Portraits. New York: International Center of Photography; Göttingen: Steidl, 2008. . Collection of monochrome photographs; captions and texts in English only. With an interview of Kikai by Noriko Fuku, essays by Kikai (translated from Perusona) and an essay on Asakusa by .
Anatoria () / Anatolia. Tokyo: Crevis, 2011. . Collection of 140 monochrome photographs (all "landscape" format) of Turkey (not only Anatolia). With afterwords by Toshiyuki Horie and Kikai.
Tōkyō pōtoreito () / Tokyo Portraits. Tokyo: Crevis, 2011. . Exhibition catalogue of over 150 monochrome photographs of the "Asakusa portraits" and "portraits of spaces" series. Afterwords (by , , and Nobuyuki Okabe []) in Japanese only; captions in Japanese and English.
Me to kaze no kioku: Shashin o meguru esē (). Tokyo: Iwanami, 2012. . Essay collection.
Seken no hito (). Chikuma Bunko. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō, 2014. . A bunkobon anthology of the Asakusa portrait series.
Dare o mo sukoshi suki ni naru hi: Memekuri bōbiroku (). Tokyo: Bungei shunjū, 2015. . Essay collection.
Naxie jianjian xihuan shang ren de rizi (那些渐渐喜欢上人的日子 视线所至备忘录). Hunan: 浦睿文化·湖南文艺出版社, 2019. . Translation into Chinese by 连子心.
Tokyo View. Kyoto: Kazetabi-sha, 2016. A large-format collection of 117 monochrome photographs of the "portraits of spaces" series. Captions in Japanese and English; afterword by in Japanese only.
Kutsuzoku no herikata (). Tokyo: Chikumashobo, 2016. . Essay collection, contains 32 full-page plates from the "portraits of spaces" series.
India 1979–2016. Tokyo: Crevis, 2017. . Black and white plates, mostly one to a page, with captions in Japanese. With a preface by Kikai and an essay by ; all in Japanese only.
Persona saishūshō 2005–2018 () / Persona: The Final Chapter, 2005–2018. Tokyo: Chikumashobo, 2019. . 205 captioned black and white plates, one to a page; with essays by Kikai and Toshiyuki Horie; all both in Japanese and in English translation.
Kotoba wo utsusu: Kikai Hiroo taidanshū (, Portraying words: Hiroh Kikai interview collection). Tokyo: Heibonsha, 2019. . Interviews by Kikai of Taichi Yamada, Nobuyoshi Araki, , , Randy Taguchi, , Toshiyuki Horie and Natsuki Ikezawa; edited by .
Shanti: Persona in India. Tokyo: Chikumashobo, 2019. . 168 captioned black and white plates, one to a page; with essays by Kikai and Shinji Ishii; all both in Japanese and in English translation.
Ōtachi no shōzō (, "Portraits of kings"). JCII Photo Salon Library 346. Tokyo: JCII Photo Salon, 2020. . Photographs from the series later known as "Asakusa portraits", from 1973 to 1986; 22 photographs, one per page; plus four photographs on each of four pages.
Other books with contributions by Kikai
Shashin toshi Tōkyō () / Tokyo/City of Photos. Tokyo: Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, 1995. Catalogue of an exhibition held in 1995. Plates 113–29, admirably printed, are from Kikai's series of Asakusa portraits. Captions and texts in both Japanese and English.
Literatura na świecie (Warsaw, ISSN 0324-8305) number 1–3, 2002. This special issue on Japanese literature, Japonia, is illustrated with photographs by Kikai, taken from Ya-Chimata and Tōkyō meiro / Tokyo Labyrinth. Text in Polish.
Ueda Makoto. Shūgō jūtaku monogatari (, The story of collective housing). Tokyo: Misuzu, 2004. . A book about collective housing in Japan from the Dōjunkai buildings onward, with 165 illustrative color photographs, all by Kikai. (Some monochrome photographs are older and are by other photographers.) The text, by Ueda, is in Japanese only. Content previously (1997–2001) published in Tokyojin.
In-between: 13-nin no shashinka 25-kakoku () / In-between: 13 photographers, 25 nations. Tokyo: EU–Japan Fest Japan Committee, 2005. . Kikai is one of the thirteen in this supplementary collection of photographs in six themes ("Stones and walls", "Words", etc.); captions and text in both Japanese and English.
Miyako Harumi. Messēji () / The Message. Tokyo: Juritsusha, 2006. . A book of which about half consists of quotations from interviews with the enka singer Harumi Miyako, and the other half of color photographs by Kikai. The photographs are not described or identified; a handful are of Miyako but most are of sea and provincial views. (In many, the scenes are recognizably of the Kumano area just west of Kumanogawa, Wakayama.) The text is all in Japanese.
Heavy Light: Recent Photography and Video from Japan. New York: International Center of Photography; Göttingen: Steidl, 2008. . Captions and texts in English only.
Higashi-Nihon dai-jishin: Shashinka 17-nin no shiten (, The great east Japan earthquake: The perspectives of 17 photographers). Special compilation by Asahi Camera. Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 2011. . A collection of photographs of the aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Text in Japanese only. Kikai contributes six pages: Sōma in early June, and three towns in Miyagi in late August.
Kikai Hirô and . Tôkyô: voyage à Asakusa. Atlantique, Éditions de l'Actualité Scientifique Poitou-Charentes, 2015. . An introduction to the work of Kikai, in French and Japanese.
Gabriele Conrath-Scholl and Stephan Berg, eds. Mit anderen Augen. Das Porträt in der zeitgenössischen Fotografie = With Different Eyes: The Portrait in Contemporary Photography. Cologne: Snoeck, 2016. . Catalogue of the exhibition.
Notes
References
External links
Website accompanying the 2015 Paris exhibition "Tôkyô: voyage à Asakusa"
"Hiroh Kikai". .
Fallis, Greg. "Hiroh Kikai". Sunday Salon. Utata Tribal Photography.
Feustel, Marc. "Hiroh Kikai talks about photography". LensCulture. 2008. Interview, with 10 sample photographs.
Feustel, Marc. "Hiroh Kikai: A man in the cosmos". Eyecurious. 10 February 2010. Interview, with sample photographs.
"Hiroh Kikai". Studio Equis. Short biography with a set of images whose display requires Flash Player 8.
"Hiroh Kikai". Yancey Richardson Gallery (New York). Photographs from the "Persona" ("Asakusa Portraits") series.
"Hiroh Kikai 'Asakusai portréi' " = "Interview with Hiroh Kikai". Liget Gallery. Translations of a long interview of Kikai by Noriko Fuku.
Kikai Hiroh. "Yurari-yurayura-ki" (). A series of essays, each illustrated with photographs.
"Kikai Hiroo", Shashin shika dekinai koto (), The Photographer 2007. Fujifilm. Samples of Kikai's work.
Mirapaul, Evan. "Musings from a Trip to Japan (III) Kikai." Fugitive Vision, 13 November 2007. Mirapaul comments on the Asakusa portrait series.
Asakusa Portraits by Hiroh Kikai (PDF), Liget Galéria, Budapest. Lavishly illustrated proposal for an exhibition.
1945 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from lymphoma
Japanese essayists
Japanese photographers
Portrait photographers
Photography in India
Photography in Turkey
People from Yamagata Prefecture
Street photographers
Hosei University alumni
Deaths from cancer in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroh%20Kikai |
Slansky or Slánský is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Richard Slansky (1940–1998), American theoretical physicist
Rudolf Slánský (1901–1952), Czech Communist politician
Rudolf Slánský Jr., Czech ambassador to Russia (1993–1996)
See also
Slánský trial, 1952 show trial in Czechoslovakia
Czech-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD |
St. Bartholomew's () is a Roman Catholic pilgrimage church in the Berchtesgadener Land district of Bavaria in Germany. It is named after Saint Bartholomew the Apostle (Bartholomäus in German), patron of alpine farmers and dairymen. The church is located at the western shore of the Königssee lake, on the Hirschau peninsula. It can only be reached by ship or after a long hike across the surrounding mountains.
A first chapel at the lake was built in 1134 by the Provosts of Berchtesgaden. In 1697 it was rebuilt in a Baroque style with a floor plan modeled on Salzburg Cathedral, two onion domes and a red domed roof. The church features stucco work by the Salzburg artist Joseph Schmidt and a three-apse choir. The altars in the apses are consecrated to Saint Bartholomew, Saint Catherine, and Saint James respectively.
An annual pilgrimage to St. Bartholomew's is held on the Saturday after 24 August, starting from the Austrian municipality of Maria Alm and crossing the Berchtesgaden Alps.
Near the chapel lies the old hunting lodge of the same name. The lodge, which was first erected in the 12th century with the church, has been rebuilt several times. Until 1803, it was a private residence of the Berchtesgaden Prince-provosts; after their territory had been incorporated into the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1810, the building became a favourite hunting lodge of the ruling House of Wittelsbach; today it is an inn.
The church can be seen from a famous scenic viewpoint 743 meters above, which is called Archenkanzel.
Gallery
Panoramic view
References
The information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent.
External links
The Bavarian Palace Department: St. Bartholomew's Church
Sankt Bartholomä
Roman Catholic churches in Bavaria
Berchtesgaden Alps
Pilgrimage churches in Germany
Registered historic buildings and monuments in Bavaria
Berchtesgadener Land | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Bartholomew%27s%20Church%2C%20Berchtesgaden |
The Pink Panther is a fictional animated character who appears in the opening and/or closing credit sequences of every film in The Pink Panther series except for A Shot in the Dark and Inspector Clouseau. In the storyline of the original film, the "Pink Panther" is the name of a valuable pink diamond named for a flaw that shows a "figure of a springing panther" when held up to the light in a certain way; in the credits this was translated to an animated pink panther. Only the first Pink Panther film and the second sequel, The Return of the Pink Panther, featured the diamond.
The character's popularity spawned a spin-off franchise of theatrical shorts, television cartoons and merchandise. He starred in 124 short films, four TV series and four TV specials. The character is closely associated with "The Pink Panther Theme", composed by Henry Mancini.
DePatie–Freleng/United Artists cartoons
The animated Pink Panther character's initial appearance in the live action film's title sequence, directed by Friz Freleng, was such a success with audiences and United Artists that the studio signed Freleng and his DePatie–Freleng Enterprises studio to a multi-year contract for a series of Pink Panther theatrical cartoon shorts. The first entry in the series, 1964's The Pink Phink, featured Pink harassing his foil, a little white mustachioed man who is often considered a caricature of Friz Freleng (this character is officially known as The Little Man), by constantly trying to paint the Little Man's blue house pink. The Pink Phink won the 1964 Academy Award for Animated Short Film, and subsequent shorts in the series, usually featuring the Pink Panther opposite the Little Man, were successful releases.
In an early series of Pink Panther animated cartoons, Pink generally remained silent, speaking only in two theatrical shorts, Sink Pink (one line) and Pink Ice (throughout the film). Rich Little provided Pink's voice in these shorts, modeling it on that of David Niven (who had portrayed Clouseau's jewel thief nemesis in the original live-action film). Years later, Little would overdub Niven's voice for Trail of the Pink Panther and Curse of the Pink Panther, due to Niven's ill health. All of the animated Pink Panther shorts utilized the distinctive jazzy theme music composed by Henry Mancini for the 1963 feature film, with additional scores composed by Walter Greene or William Lava.
The Pink Panther Show
In the fall of 1969, the Pink Panther cartoons made their way to NBC television shown Saturday mornings via The Pink Panther Show. NBC added a laugh track to the original cartoons, with Marvin Miller brought on as an off-camera narrator talking to the Pink Panther during bumper segments featuring the Pink Panther and The Inspector together. The series featured a live-action introduction, over the theme song, which featured the Panthermobile.
Pink Panther shorts made after 1969 were produced for both broadcast and film release, typically appearing on television first, and released to theaters by United Artists. One version of the show was called The Think Pink Panther Show. A number of sister series joined The Pink Panther on movie screens and on the airwaves, among them The Ant and the Aardvark, Tijuana Toads (a.k.a. Texas Toads), Hoot Kloot, and Misterjaw (a.k.a. Mr. Jaws and Catfish). There were also a series of animated shorts called The Inspector, with the Clouseau-inspired Inspector and his sidekick Sgt. Deux-Deux, whom the Inspector is forever correcting. Other DePatie-Freleng series included Roland and Rattfink, The Dogfather (a Godfather pastiche), with a canine Corleone family and two Tijuana Toads spinoffs, The Blue Racer and Crazylegs Crane.
The German television version, which started airing in 1973, in ZDF was presented in 30-minute episodes, composed of one Pink Panther cartoon, one episode of The Inspector and one episode of The Ant and the Aardvark. Most notably, the difference between the German and the English version of the Pink Panther is a rhymed narration in the German version (spoken by voice actor Gert Günther Hoffmann), commenting and describing the plot. For this show, custom intro and end sequences were cut together from existing pieces of animation.
In 1976, the half-hour series was revamped into a 90-minute format, as The Pink Panther Laugh and a Half Hour and a Half Show; this version included a live-action segment, where the show's host, comedian Lenny Schultz, would read letters and jokes from viewers. This version flopped, and would change back to the original half-hour version in 1977.
In 1978, The Pink Panther moved to ABC and was rebranded The All New Pink Panther Show, where it lasted one season before leaving the network realm entirely. The ABC version of the series featured 16 episodes, with 32 new Pink Panther cartoons and 16 of Crazylegs Crane. The 32 entries were later released theatrically by United Artists.
Comics
In 1971, Gold Key Comics began publishing a Pink Panther comic book, with art by Warren Tufts. The Pink Panther and the Inspector lasted 87 issues, ending only when Gold Key ceased operations in 1984. The spinoff series The Inspector (also from Gold Key) lasted 19 issues, from 1974 to 1978.
Tribune Media Services syndicated a Pink Panther comic strip from May 29, 2005, to May 10, 2009, created by Bottom Liners' cartoonists Eric and Bill Teitelbaum.
Later television shows and specials
During the final years of the Panther's theatrical run, DePatie–Freleng produced a series of three primetime Pink Panther television specials for ABC. The first was in 1978 A Pink Christmas. It featured Pink in New York being cold and hungry looking for a holiday dinner. The other two specials premiered on ABC after the shorts officially ended in theaters, 1980's Olym-Pinks and in 1981 Pink at First Sight. In November 2007, the three specials were released on a single disc DVD collection, The Pink Panther: A Pink Christmas from MGM Home Entertainment/20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.
The studio was sold to Marvel Comics in 1981, and became Marvel Productions (now a part of The Walt Disney Company). In 1984, a new Saturday morning series was produced entitled Pink Panther and Sons. In this incarnation (produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions with Freleng serving as creative producer for the series), the still-silent Pink Panther was a father of his two talking sons, Pinky and Panky. While popular, critics complained that there was not enough Pink Panther to maintain interest for a full 30 minutes.
A new series of cartoons were created in 1993, simply titled The Pink Panther, produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation, premiered in syndication in 1993, and had the Pink Panther speaking with the voice of Matt Frewer (of Max Headroom fame). DePatie and Freleng served as creative consultants on the series. Unlike the original shorts, not all episode titles contained the word "pink", although many instead contained the word "panther". Voice impressionist John Byner returned to voice both the Ant and the Aardvark.
In July 2007, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Jordan's Rubicon animation company began co-production of the animated series Pink Panther and Pals, a prequel to The Pink Panther Show, portraying a teenaged panther and his friends. The 26 episode TV series premiered worldwide in spring 2010 on Cartoon Network. On December 7, 2011, a new 22-minute holiday special entitled A Very Pink Christmas, starring the classic iteration of the panther, aired on ABC Family.
Popular culture
The Pink Panther is known as Nathu and Pangu in East and South Asia, Paulchen Panther (Little Paul the Panther) in Germany and Пинко розовата пантера (Pinko the Pink panther) in Bulgaria. He remains a popular character. In addition to the regular airing of the classic cartoon, the panther also appears in the following:
Advertising
The Pink Panther Show opening theme was used by Nike in a viral campaign of Pink Mercurial Vapor IV football boots using the French football star Franck Ribery mimicking the character of the Pink Panther.
Owens Corning has featured the character since 1980 as an advertising mascot for their pink-colored Fiberglas residential building insulation. The year 2020 marked the 40th anniversary of the ongoing marketing agreement.
The character has also been used as an advertising mascot for Sweet'n Low artificial sweetener, which is distributed in pink-colored packets. One television commercial for the product to promote The Pink Panther 2 features Regis Philbin talking to a taxi cab driver. After the camera changes the view, the driver is revealed to be the Pink Panther.
Feature films
The Pink Panther was considered for one of the possible cameos in the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit.
Games
The Pink Panther is featured in multiple computer and video games:
The Pink Panther (1983), a hand-held LCD game from Tiger Electronics.
Pink Panther (1988), published by Gremlin Graphics for various home computers.
Pink Goes to Hollywood (1993) for the Genesis and Super NES
The Pink Panther: Passport to Peril (1996)
The Pink Panther: Hokus Pokus Pink (1997)
The Pink Panther: Pinkadelic Pursuit (2003) for PC, PlayStation and Game Boy Advance
Pink Panther's Epic Adventure (2015) for iOS and Android
In 2004, , a series of four pachinko games has been released in Japan by Fuji Shogi.
Products
In Spain, a Pantera Rosa cake is sold. It is coated in pink icing.
Pink Panther wafers are available in the United Kingdom.
In the U.S. From 1972 to about the late 1970s, Post Cereal produced Pink Panther Flakes as a sponsorship deal with United Artists Corporation. They consisted of smaller sphere-shaped corn cereal colored bubblegum-pink.
Television appearances
List of animated shows
List of animated specials
The Pink Panther in: A Pink Christmas (1978)
The Pink Panther in: Olym-Pinks (1980)
The Pink Panther in: Pink at First Sight (1981, Valentine's Day special)
A Very Pink Christmas (2011)
Charity
The Pink Panther is associated with a number of cancer awareness and support organizations. The Pink Panther is the mascot of the New Zealand Child Cancer foundation and for a line of clothing to promote breast cancer awareness. California based children's cancer charity The Gary L. Hoop Foundation humorously places The Pink Panther in various locations on its website and in its advertisements, paying homage to both the cartoon and their late namesake Gary Hoop, who once carried "The Pink Panther" as a nickname.
Critical reception
Animation historian Jerry Beck has called the Pink Panther "the last great Hollywood cartoon character", noting that "Classic animation pretty much died in the '60s, everyone had kind of bailed out. But his creators didn't rest on their laurels. They didn't make the cartoons to look like Warner Bros. cartoons, or Disney cartoons, or the UPA look of Mister Magoo and Gerald McBoing-Boing. They came up with their own clever new style. The only other important cartoon of the '60s was Yellow Submarine."
The Pink Panther was a notable contribution to the animation art form. Top animation directors such as Hawley Pratt, Gerry Chiniquy, Robert McKimson, and Sid Marcus contributed to a distinctive style, supported by master story writer John W. Dunn. Produced after theatrical cartooning's golden age of the 1940s and 50s, they were constrained to the limited animation techniques applied to Saturday morning cartoons of the 1960s and after. Within these limitations, the Pink Panther made creative use of absurd and surreal themes and visual puns and an almost completely wordless pantomime style, set to the ubiquitous Pink Panther theme and its variations by Henry Mancini. The overall approach is reminiscent of the classic silent movies of Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton.
Cultural references were more muted and stylized, resulting in a cartoon with longer-term, more cross-cultural appeal not shared by contemporaries such as Yogi Bear and The Flintstones, with their greater reliance on contemporary American pop culture. The Pink Panther also remained constrained to the classic six-minute form of theatrical shorts, while contemporaries expanded into longer, sitcom-like storylines, up to a full 30 minutes of broadcast TV in the case of The Flintstones. Freleng's colleagues credit his sense of creative timing as a key element to the cartoon's artistic success. Freleng himself regarded the Pink Panther as his finest achievement and the character he most identified with, according to family and colleagues interviewed on the 2006 DVD release.
Co-stars of The Pink Panther Show
Television
Misterjaw (1976)
Texas Toads (1976) (rebranded version of Tijuana Toads, using Texan themes instead of Mexican ones)
Crazylegs Crane (1978)
Annie (1984)
Chatta (1984)
Murfel (1984)
Panky (1984)
Pinky (1984)
Punkin (1984)
Rocko (1984)
Thelma (1993)
Horse (2010)
Theatrical
The Inspector (1965–1969)
Roland and Rattfink (1968–1971)
The Ant and the Aardvark (1969–1971)
Tijuana Toads (1969–1972)
The Blue Racer (1972–1974)
Hoot Kloot (1973–1974)
The Dogfather (1974–1976)
See also
List of The Pink Panther cartoons
References
Advertising characters
The Pink Panther (cartoons)
Animated characters
DePatie–Freleng Enterprises
Anthropomorphic felids
Film characters introduced in 1963
Film series introduced in 1964
Fictional mute characters
Fictional panthers
Male characters in animated films
Male characters in advertising
United Artists animated films
Characters created by Friz Freleng | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink%20Panther%20%28character%29 |
JSR 53 is a Java Specification Request developed under the Java Community Process. It specifies both the Java Servlet 2.3 specification and the JavaServer Pages 1.2 specification.
Java specification requests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSR%2053 |
Thievery may refer to:
Theft
Thievery Corporation, a music band | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thievery |
Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution refers to diffuse contamination (or pollution) of water or air that does not originate from a single discrete source. This type of pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. It is in contrast to point source pollution which results from a single source. Nonpoint source pollution generally results from land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric deposition, drainage, seepage, or hydrological modification (rainfall and snowmelt) where tracing pollution back to a single source is difficult. Nonpoint source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted runoff from agricultural areas draining into a river, or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. Nonpoint source air pollution affects air quality, from sources such as smokestacks or car tailpipes. Although these pollutants have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a nonpoint source of pollution; if the discharges were to occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location, the pollution would be single-point.
Nonpoint source water pollution may derive from many different sources with no specific solutions or changes to rectify the problem, making it difficult to regulate. Nonpoint source water pollution is difficult to control because it comes from the everyday activities of many different people, such as lawn fertilization, applying pesticides, road construction or building construction. Controlling nonpoint source pollution requires improving the management of urban and suburban areas, agricultural operations, forestry operations and marinas.
Types of nonpoint source water pollution include sediment, nutrients, toxic contaminants and chemicals and pathogens. Principal sources of nonpoint source water pollution include: urban and suburban areas, agricultural operations, atmospheric inputs, highway runoff, forestry and mining operations, marinas and boating activities. In urban areas, contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways, called urban runoff, is usually included under the category of non-point sources (it can become a point source if it is channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters). In agriculture, the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands is a nonpoint source water pollution. Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also examples of non-point source pollution.
Principal types (for water pollution)
Sediment
Sediment (loose soil) includes silt (fine particles) and suspended solids (larger particles). Sediment may enter surface waters from eroding stream banks, and from surface runoff due to improper plant cover on urban and rural land. Sediment creates turbidity (cloudiness) in water bodies, reducing the amount of light reaching lower depths, which can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and consequently affect species which are dependent on them, such as fish and shellfish. High turbidity levels also inhibit drinking water purification systems.
Sediment can also be discharged from multiple different sources. Sources include construction sites (although these are point sources, which can be managed with erosion controls and sediment controls), agricultural fields, stream banks, and highly disturbed areas.
Nutrients
Nutrients mainly refers to inorganic matter from runoff, landfills, livestock operations and crop lands. The two primary nutrients of concern are phosphorus and nitrogen.
Phosphorus is a nutrient that occurs in many forms that are bioavailable. It is notoriously over-abundant in human sewage sludge. It is a main ingredient in many fertilizers used for agriculture as well as on residential and commercial properties, and may become a limiting nutrient in freshwater systems and some estuaries. Phosphorus is most often transported to water bodies via soil erosion because many forms of phosphorus tend to be adsorbed on to soil particles. Excess amounts of phosphorus in aquatic systems (particularly freshwater lakes, reservoirs, and ponds) leads to proliferation of microscopic algae called phytoplankton. The increase of organic matter supply due to the excessive growth of the phytoplankton is called eutrophication. A common symptom of eutrophication is algae blooms that can produce unsightly surface scums, shade out beneficial types of plants, produce taste-and-odor-causing compounds, and poison the water due to toxins produced by the algae. These toxins are a particular problem in systems used for drinking water because some toxins can cause human illness and removal of the toxins is difficult and expensive. Bacterial decomposition of algal blooms consumes dissolved oxygen in the water, generating hypoxia with detrimental consequences for fish and aquatic invertebrates.
Nitrogen is the other key ingredient in fertilizers, and it generally becomes a pollutant in saltwater or brackish estuarine systems where nitrogen is a limiting nutrient. Similar to phosphorus in fresh-waters, excess amounts of bioavailable nitrogen in marine systems lead to eutrophication and algae blooms. Hypoxia is an increasingly common result of eutrophication in marine systems and can impact large areas of estuaries, bays, and near shore coastal waters. Each summer, hypoxic conditions form in bottom waters where the Mississippi River enters the Gulf of Mexico. During recent summers, the aerial extent of this "dead zone" is comparable to the area of New Jersey and has major detrimental consequences for fisheries in the region.
Nitrogen is most often transported by water as nitrate (NO3). The nitrogen is usually added to a watershed as organic-N or ammonia (NH3), so nitrogen stays attached to the soil until oxidation converts it into nitrate. Since the nitrate is generally already incorporated into the soil, the water traveling through the soil (i.e., interflow and tile drainage) is the most likely to transport it, rather than surface runoff.
Toxic contaminants and chemicals
Compounds including heavy metals like lead, mercury, zinc, and cadmium, organics like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fire retardants, and other substances are resistant to breakdown. These contaminants can come from a variety of sources including human sewage sludge, mining operations, vehicle emissions, fossil fuel combustion, urban runoff, industrial operations and landfills.
Toxic chemicals mainly include organic compounds and inorganic compounds. These compounds include pesticides like DDT, acids, and salts that have severe effects to the ecosystem and water-bodies. These compounds can threaten the health of both humans and aquatic species while being resistant to environmental breakdown, thus allowing them to persist in the environment. These toxic chemicals could come from croplands, nurseries, orchards, building sites, gardens, lawns and landfills.
Acids and salts mainly are inorganic pollutants from irrigated lands, mining operations, urban runoff, industrial sites and landfills.
Pathogens
Pathogens are bacteria and viruses that can be found in water and cause diseases in humans. Typically, pathogens cause disease when they are present in public drinking water supplies. Pathogens found in contaminated runoff may include:
Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia lamblia
Salmonella
Norovirus and other viruses
Parasitic worms (helminths).
Coliform bacteria and fecal matter may also be detected in runoff. These bacteria are a commonly used indicator of water pollution, but not an actual cause of disease.
Pathogens may contaminate runoff due to poorly managed livestock operations, faulty septic systems, improper handling of pet waste, the over application of human sewage sludge, contaminated storm sewers, and sanitary sewer overflows.
Principal sources (for water pollution)
Urban and suburban areas
Urban and suburban areas are a main sources of nonpoint source pollution due to the amount of runoff that is produced due to the large amount of paved surfaces. Paved surfaces, such as asphalt and concrete are impervious to water penetrating them. Any water that is on contact with these surfaces will run off and be absorbed by the surrounding environment. These surfaces make it easier for stormwater to carry pollutants into the surrounding soil.
Construction sites tend to have disturbed soil that is easily eroded by precipitation like rain, snow, and hail. Additionally, discarded debris on the site can be carried away by runoff waters and enter the aquatic environment.
Contaminated stormwater washed off parking lots, roads and highways, and lawns (often containing fertilizers and pesticides) is called urban runoff. This runoff is often classified as a type of NPS pollution. Some people may also consider it a point source because many times it is channeled into municipal storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to nearby surface waters. However, not all urban runoff flows through storm drain systems before entering water bodies. Some may flow directly into water bodies, especially in developing and suburban areas. Also, unlike other types of point sources, such as industrial discharges, sewage treatment plants and other operations, pollution in urban runoff cannot be attributed to one activity or even group of activities. Therefore, because it is not caused by an easily identified and regulated activity, urban runoff pollution sources are also often treated as true nonpoint sources as municipalities work to abate them.
Typically, in suburban areas, chemicals are used for lawn care. These chemicals can end up in runoff and enter the surrounding environment via storm drains in the city. Since the water in storm drains is not treated before flowing into surrounding water bodies, the chemicals enter the water directly.
Other significant sources of runoff include habitat modification and silviculture (forestry).
Agricultural operations
Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are typically applied to farmland as commercial fertilizer, animal manure, or spraying of municipal or industrial wastewater (effluent) or sludge. Nutrients may also enter runoff from crop residues, irrigation water, wildlife, and atmospheric deposition. Sediment (loose soil) washed off fields is a form of agricultural pollution. Farms with large livestock and poultry operations, such as factory farms, are often point source dischargers. These facilities are called "concentrated animal feeding operations" or "feedlots" in the US and are being subject to increasing government regulation.
Agricultural operations account for a large percentage of all nonpoint source pollution in the United States. When large tracts of land are plowed to grow crops, it exposes and loosens soil that was once buried. This makes the exposed soil more vulnerable to erosion during rainstorms. It also can increase the amount of fertilizer and pesticides carried into nearby bodies of water.
Atmospheric inputs
Atmospheric deposition is a source of inorganic and organic constituents because these constituents are transported from sources of air pollution to receptors on the ground. Typically, industrial facilities, like factories, emit air pollution via a smokestack. Although this is a point source, due to the distributional nature, long-range transport, and multiple sources of the pollution, it can be considered as nonpoint source in the depositional area. Atmospheric inputs that affect runoff quality may come from dry deposition between storm events and wet deposition during storm events. The effects of vehicular traffic on the wet and dry deposition that occurs on or near highways, roadways, and parking areas creates uncertainties in the magnitudes of various atmospheric sources in runoff. Existing networks that use protocols sufficient to quantify these concentrations and loads do not measure many of the constituents of interest and these networks are too sparse to provide good deposition estimates at a local scale
Highway runoff
Highway runoff accounts for a small but widespread percentage of all nonpoint source pollution. Harned (1988) estimated that runoff loads were composed of atmospheric fallout (9%), vehicle deposition (25%) and highway maintenance materials (67%) he also estimated that about 9 percent of these loads were reentrained in the atmosphere.
Forestry and mining operations
Forestry and mining operations can have significant inputs to nonpoint source pollution.
Forestry
Forestry operations reduce the number of trees in a given area, thus reducing the oxygen levels in that area as well. This action, coupled with the heavy machinery (harvesters, etc.) rolling over the soil increases the risk of erosion.
Mining
Active mining operations are considered point sources, however runoff from abandoned mining operations contribute to nonpoint source pollution. In strip mining operations, the top of the mountain is removed to expose the desired ore. If this area is not properly reclaimed once the mining has finished, soil erosion can occur. Additionally, there can be chemical reactions with the air and newly exposed rock to create acidic runoff. Water that seeps out of abandoned subsurface mines can also be highly acidic. This can seep into the nearest body of water and change the pH in the aquatic environment.
Marinas and boating activities
Chemicals used for boat maintenance, like paint, solvents, and oils find their way into water through runoff. Additionally, spilling fuels or leaking fuels directly into the water from boats contribute to nonpoint source pollution. Nutrient and bacteria levels are increased by poorly maintained sanitary waste receptacles on the boat and pump-out stations.
Control (for water pollution)
Urban and suburban areas
To control nonpoint source pollution, many different approaches can be undertaken in both urban and suburban areas. Buffer strips provide a barrier of grass in between impervious paving material like parking lots and roads, and the closest body of water. This allows the soil to absorb any pollution before it enters the local aquatic system. Retention ponds can be built in drainage areas to create an aquatic buffer between runoff pollution and the aquatic environment. Runoff and storm water drain into the retention pond allowing for the contaminants to settle out and become trapped in the pond. The use of porous pavement allows for rain and storm water to drain into the ground beneath the pavement, reducing the amount of runoff that drains directly into the water body. Restoration methods such as constructing wetlands are also used to slow runoff as well as absorb contamination.
Construction sites typically implement simple measures to reduce pollution and runoff. Firstly, sediment or silt fences are erected around construction sites to reduce the amount of sediment and large material draining into the nearby water body. Secondly, laying grass or straw along the border of construction sites also work to reduce nonpoint source pollution.
In areas served by single-home septic systems, local government regulations can force septic system maintenance to ensure compliance with water quality standards. In Washington (state), a novel approach was developed through a creation of a "shellfish protection district" when either a commercial or recreational shellfish bed is downgraded because of ongoing nonpoint source pollution. The shellfish protection district is a geographic area designated by a county to protect water quality and tideland resources, and provides a mechanism to generate local funds for water quality services to control nonpoint sources of pollution. At least two shellfish protection districts in south Puget Sound have instituted septic system operation and maintenance requirements with program fees tied directly to property taxes.
Agricultural operations
To control sediment and runoff, farmers may utilize erosion controls to reduce runoff flows and retain soil on their fields. Common techniques include contour plowing, crop mulching, crop rotation, planting perennial crops or installing riparian buffers. Conservation tillage is a concept used to reduce runoff while planting a new crop. The farmer leaves some crop reside from the previous planting in the ground to help prevent runoff during the planting process.
Nutrients are typically applied to farmland as commercial fertilizer; animal manure; or spraying of municipal or industrial wastewater (effluent) or sludge. Nutrients may also enter runoff from crop residues, irrigation water, wildlife, and atmospheric deposition. Farmers can develop and implement nutrient management plans to reduce excess application of nutrients.
To minimize pesticide impacts, farmers may use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques (which can include biological pest control) to maintain control over pests, reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, and protect water quality.
Forestry operations
With a well-planned placement of both logging trails, also called skid trails, can reduce the amount of sediment generated. By planning the trails location as far away from the logging activity as possible as well as contouring the trails with the land, it can reduce the amount of loose sediment in the runoff. Additionally, by replanting trees on the land after logging, it provides a structure for the soil to regain stability as well as replaces the logged environment.
Marinas
Installing shut off valves on fuel pumps at a marina dock can help reduce the amount of spillover into the water. Additionally, pump-out stations that are easily accessible to boaters in a marina can provide a clean place in which to dispose of sanitary waste without dumping it directly into the water. Finally, something as simple as having trash containers around a marina can prevent larger objects entering the water.
Country examples
United States
Nonpoint source pollution is the leading cause of water pollution in the United States today, with polluted runoff from agriculture and hydromodification the primary sources.
Regulation of Nonpoint Source Pollution in the United States
The definition of a nonpoint source is addressed under the U.S. Clean Water Act as interpreted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The law does not provide for direct federal regulation of nonpoint sources, but state and local governments may do so pursuant to state laws. For example, many states have taken the steps to implement their own management programs for places such as their coastlines, all of which have to be approved by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the EPA. The goals of these programs and those alike are to create foundations that encourage statewide pollution reduction by growing and improving systems that already exist. Programs within these state and local governments look to best management practices (BMPs) in order to accomplish their goals of finding the least costly method to reduce the greatest amount of pollution. BMPs can be implemented for both agricultural and urban runoff, and can also be either structural or nonstructural methods. Federal agencies, including EPA and the Natural Resources Conservation Service, have approved and provided a list of commonly used BMPs for the many different categories of nonpoint source pollution.
U.S. Clean Water Act provisions for states
Congress authorized the CWA section 319 grant program in 1987. Grants are provided to states, territories, and tribes in order to encourage implementation and further development in policy. The law requires all states to operate NPS management programs. EPA requires regular program updates in order to effectively manage the ever-changing nature of their waters, and to ensure effective use of the 319 grant funds and resources.
The Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) of 1990 created a program under the Coastal Zone Management Act that mandates development of nonpoint source pollution management measures in states with coastal waters. CZARA requires states with coastlines to implement management measures to remediate water pollution, and to make sure that the product of these measures is implementation as opposed to adoption.
See also
Agricultural nutrient runoff
stochastic empirical loading and dilution model
Trophic state index (water quality indicator)
Surface-water hydrology
Water quality
Water quality modelling
References
External links
US EPA – Nonpoint Source Management Program
Agricultural soil science
Environmental soil science
Environmental science
Water pollution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpoint%20source%20pollution |
Weather Report is the debut studio album by American jazz fusion band Weather Report, released on May 12, 1971 by Columbia Records. The album was reissued by Sony and digitally remastered by Vic Anesini in November 1991 at Sony Music Studios in New York City.
Liner notes
Writing on the back sleeve of the album, Clive Davis, the then president of Columbia Records, opines: "There have always been two kinds of musicians-those who create and those who imitate. Weather Report creates. It is that rare thing in music, an original […] Together these gifted young musicians have created Weather Report, a soundtrack for the mind, the imagination, for opening up heads and hearts."
Critical reception
Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau called the album "In a Silent Way played mostly for atmosphere", and went on to write: "The Milesian demi-jazz of side two sounds pretty finky (no misprint intended), but the tone-poem impressionism of side one does its mysterious work. Highlight: the opening mood piece, 'Milky Way,' in which two Silent Way vets, soprano saxophonist Wayne Shorter and pianist Joe Zawinul, make sounds that suggest a carillon approaching a time warp."
Track listing
Personnel
Credits for Weather Report adapted from liner notes.
Weather Report
Joe Zawinul – electric and acoustic piano
Wayne Shorter – soprano saxophone
Miroslav Vitouš – electric and acoustic bass
Alphonse Mouzon – drums, voice
Airto Moreira – percussion
Other musicians
Barbara Burton – percussion (uncredited)
Don Alias – percussion (uncredited)
Technical
Wayne Tarnowski – engineering
Ed Lee – cover design
Ed Freeman – cover photography
Shoviza Productions, Inc. – production
Awards
"Jazz Album of the Year", DownBeat Readers Poll.
Swing Journal magazine Grand Prix Award (a gold record given for winning the Journal's Readers' and Critics' polls).
References
External links
Weather Report Annotated Discography: Weather Report
1971 debut albums
Columbia Records albums
Weather Report albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather%20Report%20%281971%20album%29 |
The Association of Independent Technological Universities (AITU) is a group of private American engineering colleges established in 1957. The purpose of the association is to share ideas and practices that promote innovation and entrepreneurship, promote technology-oriented careers and advance post-secondary education in engineering and science.
Member institutions
The Association of Independent Technological Universities was founded by fifteen colleges. Since then, two of the original institutions have left the association (after having expanded from their original scope as technological universities) and many of the remaining thirteen have undergone name changes and/or mergers. In addition, nine more colleges have joined the association for a total of twenty-two current members.
Original members
California Institute of Technology
Carnegie Institute of Technology
Case Institute of Technology
Clarkson College of Technology
Cooper Union
Drexel Institute
Illinois Institute of Technology
Lehigh University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rice Institute
Rose Polytechnic Institute
Stevens Institute of Technology
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Current members
California Institute of Technology
Carnegie Mellon University
Case Western Reserve University
Clarkson University
Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering
Harvey Mudd College
Illinois Institute of Technology
Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences
Kettering University
Lawrence Technological University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Milwaukee School of Engineering
New York Institute of Technology
New York University Tandon School of Engineering
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rochester Institute of Technology
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Stevens Institute of Technology
Webb Institute
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
References
External links
Official website
College and university associations and consortia in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Independent%20Technological%20Universities |
Local regression or local polynomial regression, also known as moving regression, is a generalization of the moving average and polynomial regression.
Its most common methods, initially developed for scatterplot smoothing, are LOESS (locally estimated scatterplot smoothing) and LOWESS (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing), both pronounced . They are two strongly related non-parametric regression methods that combine multiple regression models in a k-nearest-neighbor-based meta-model.
In some fields, LOESS is known and commonly referred to as Savitzky–Golay filter (proposed 15 years before LOESS).
LOESS and LOWESS thus build on "classical" methods, such as linear and nonlinear least squares regression. They address situations in which the classical procedures do not perform well or cannot be effectively applied without undue labor. LOESS combines much of the simplicity of linear least squares regression with the flexibility of nonlinear regression. It does this by fitting simple models to localized subsets of the data to build up a function that describes the deterministic part of the variation in the data, point by point. In fact, one of the chief attractions of this method is that the data analyst is not required to specify a global function of any form to fit a model to the data, only to fit segments of the data.
The trade-off for these features is increased computation. Because it is so computationally intensive, LOESS would have been practically impossible to use in the era when least squares regression was being developed. Most other modern methods for process modeling are similar to LOESS in this respect. These methods have been consciously designed to use our current computational ability to the fullest possible advantage to achieve goals not easily achieved by traditional approaches.
A smooth curve through a set of data points obtained with this statistical technique is called a loess curve, particularly when each smoothed value is given by a weighted quadratic least squares regression over the span of values of the y-axis scattergram criterion variable. When each smoothed value is given by a weighted linear least squares regression over the span, this is known as a lowess curve; however, some authorities treat lowess and loess as synonyms.
Model definition
In 1964, Savitsky and Golay proposed a method equivalent to LOESS, which is commonly referred to as Savitzky–Golay filter.
William S. Cleveland rediscovered the method in 1979 and gave it a distinct name. The method was further developed by Cleveland and Susan J. Devlin (1988). LOWESS is also known as locally weighted polynomial regression.
At each point in the range of the data set a low-degree polynomial is fitted to a subset of the data, with explanatory variable values near the point whose response is being estimated. The polynomial is fitted using weighted least squares, giving more weight to points near the point whose response is being estimated and less weight to points further away. The value of the regression function for the point is then obtained by evaluating the local polynomial using the explanatory variable values for that data point. The LOESS fit is complete after regression function values have been computed for each of the data points. Many of the details of this method, such as the degree of the polynomial model and the weights, are flexible. The range of choices for each part of the method and typical defaults are briefly discussed next.
Localized subsets of data
The subsets of data used for each weighted least squares fit in LOESS are determined by a nearest neighbors algorithm. A user-specified input to the procedure called the "bandwidth" or "smoothing parameter" determines how much of the data is used to fit each local polynomial. The smoothing parameter, , is the fraction of the total number n of data points that are used in each local fit. The subset of data used in each weighted least squares fit thus comprises the points (rounded to the next largest integer) whose explanatory variables' values are closest to the point at which the response is being estimated.
Since a polynomial of degree k requires at least k + 1 points for a fit, the smoothing parameter must be between and 1, with denoting the degree of the local polynomial.
is called the smoothing parameter because it controls the flexibility of the LOESS regression function. Large values of produce the smoothest functions that wiggle the least in response to fluctuations in the data. The smaller is, the closer the regression function will conform to the data. Using too small a value of the smoothing parameter is not desirable, however, since the regression function will eventually start to capture the random error in the data.
Degree of local polynomials
The local polynomials fit to each subset of the data are almost always of first or second degree; that is, either locally linear (in the straight line sense) or locally quadratic. Using a zero degree polynomial turns LOESS into a weighted moving average. Higher-degree polynomials would work in theory, but yield models that are not really in the spirit of LOESS. LOESS is based on the ideas that any function can be well approximated in a small neighborhood by a low-order polynomial and that simple models can be fit to data easily. High-degree polynomials would tend to overfit the data in each subset and are numerically unstable, making accurate computations difficult.
Weight function
As mentioned above, the weight function gives the most weight to the data points nearest the point of estimation and the least weight to the data points that are furthest away. The use of the weights is based on the idea that points near each other in the explanatory variable space are more likely to be related to each other in a simple way than points that are further apart. Following this logic, points that are likely to follow the local model best influence the local model parameter estimates the most. Points that are less likely to actually conform to the local model have less influence on the local model parameter estimates.
The traditional weight function used for LOESS is the tri-cube weight function,
where d is the distance of a given data point from the point on the curve being fitted, scaled to lie in the range from 0 to 1.
However, any other weight function that satisfies the properties listed in Cleveland (1979) could also be used. The weight for a specific point in any localized subset of data is obtained by evaluating the weight function at the distance between that point and the point of estimation, after scaling the distance so that the maximum absolute distance over all of the points in the subset of data is exactly one.
Consider the following generalisation of the linear regression model with a metric on the target space that depends on two parameters, . Assume that the linear hypothesis is based on input parameters and that, as customary in these cases, we embed the input space into as , and consider the following loss function
Here, is an real matrix of coefficients, and the subscript i enumerates input and output vectors from a training set. Since is a metric, it is a symmetric, positive-definite matrix and, as such, there is another symmetric matrix such that . The above loss function can be rearranged into a trace by observing that . By arranging the vectors and into the columns of a matrix and an matrix respectively, the above loss function can then be written as
where is the square diagonal matrix whose entries are the s. Differentiating with respect to and setting the result equal to 0 one finds the extremal matrix equation
Assuming further that the square matrix is non-singular, the loss function attains its minimum at
A typical choice for is the Gaussian weight
Advantages
As discussed above, the biggest advantage LOESS has over many other methods is the process of fitting a model to the sample data does not begin with the specification of a function. Instead the analyst only has to provide a smoothing parameter value and the degree of the local polynomial. In addition, LOESS is very flexible, making it ideal for modeling complex processes for which no theoretical models exist. These two advantages, combined with the simplicity of the method, make LOESS one of the most attractive of the modern regression methods for applications that fit the general framework of least squares regression but which have a complex deterministic structure.
Although it is less obvious than for some of the other methods related to linear least squares regression, LOESS also accrues most of the benefits typically shared by those procedures. The most important of those is the theory for computing uncertainties for prediction and calibration. Many other tests and procedures used for validation of least squares models can also be extended to LOESS models .
Disadvantages
LOESS makes less efficient use of data than other least squares methods. It requires fairly large, densely sampled data sets in order to produce good models. This is because LOESS relies on the local data structure when performing the local fitting. Thus, LOESS provides less complex data analysis in exchange for greater experimental costs.
Another disadvantage of LOESS is the fact that it does not produce a regression function that is easily represented by a mathematical formula. This can make it difficult to transfer the results of an analysis to other people. In order to transfer the regression function to another person, they would need the data set and software for LOESS calculations. In nonlinear regression, on the other hand, it is only necessary to write down a functional form in order to provide estimates of the unknown parameters and the estimated uncertainty. Depending on the application, this could be either a major or a minor drawback to using LOESS. In particular, the simple form of LOESS can not be used for mechanistic modelling where fitted parameters specify particular physical properties of a system.
Finally, as discussed above, LOESS is a computationally intensive method (with the exception of evenly spaced data, where the regression can then be phrased as a non-causal finite impulse response filter). LOESS is also prone to the effects of outliers in the data set, like other least squares methods. There is an iterative, robust version of LOESS [Cleveland (1979)] that can be used to reduce LOESS' sensitivity to outliers, but too many extreme outliers can still overcome even the robust method.
See also
Degrees of freedom (statistics)#In non-standard regression
Kernel regression
Moving least squares
Moving average
Multivariate adaptive regression splines
Non-parametric statistics
Savitzky–Golay filter
Segmented regression
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Local Regression and Election Modeling
Smoothing by Local Regression: Principles and Methods (PostScript Document)
NIST Engineering Statistics Handbook Section on LOESS
Local Fitting Software
Scatter Plot Smoothing
R: Local Polynomial Regression Fitting The Loess function in R
R: Scatter Plot Smoothing The Lowess function in R
The supsmu function (Friedman's SuperSmoother) in R
Quantile LOESS – A method to perform Local regression on a Quantile moving window (with R code)
Nate Silver, How Opinion on Same-Sex Marriage Is Changing, and What It Means – sample of LOESS versus linear regression
Implementations
Fortran implementation
C implementation (from the R project)
Lowess implementation in Cython by Carl Vogel
Python implementation (in Statsmodels)
LOESS Smoothing in Excel
LOESS implementation in pure Julia
JavaScript implementation
Java implementation
Nonparametric regression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20regression |
Salmen High School is a public high school in Slidell, Louisiana, United States, under the St. Tammany Parish School Board.
The school serves southern Slidell and Eden Isle.
History
Hurricane Katrina devastated Salmen, pushing a storm surge of over eight feet through the area. All the buildings were devastated, with the exception of the new science wing, which was part of the original building. After the storm, the school was closed for just over a month, but on 3 October 2005, Salmen started a platooning schedule at Northshore High School, which was mostly untouched by the storm. Northshore students attended from 6:55 a.m. to 12:35 p.m., and Salmen attended from 1:25 p.m. to 6:55 p.m. In mid January, the Federal Emergency Management Agency's assessment showed that more than 51% of the Salmen campus was damaged beyond repair, meaning that everything except the science building would have to be demolished and rebuilt. The new school was completed in the summer of 2010 and in August, the staff moved into the new building permanently. On 17 January 2006, Salmen moved into the rebuilt St. Tammany Jr. High School, and is intended to finish the year there. A temporary school is being built for the 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 school years. Before the storm, Salmen had just over 1000 students. As of 21 February 2006 about 800 of them have returned.
The new school was completed in 2010 and is elevated 15 ft to feature tuck-under parking.
Sources: The New Orleans Times Picayune
Athletics
Salmen High athletics competes in the LHSAA.
Championships
Football championships
(3) State Championships: 1994, 1995, 2000
Football, girls' basketball and baseball teams won state championships in 1996, bringing a total of three state championships to Salmen High School for the 1995–96 academic year.
Notable alumni
Terreal Bierria - former Georgia and Seattle Seahawks strong safety
Kalani Brown (born 1997) - Israeli Female Basketball Premier League center and former Baylor National Champion (2019 Women's Champion)
Chris Duhon - Los Angeles Lakers point guard and Duke graduate
Isame Faciane - former NFL player and indoor football player for the Tucson Sugar Skulls
Mike Fontenot - former Baltimore Orioles top pick and Chicago Cubs second baseman
Alan Risher - former LSU and USFL quarterback and NFL player
Jamal Robinson - former NFL and CFL wide receiver
Daniel Sams - former McNeese State starting quarterback
Mike Sutton - former LSU defensive lineman and NFL player
See also
Northshore High School
Fontainebleau High School
List of high schools in Louisiana
References
External links
Salmen High School's official website
The St. Tammany Parish School Board official website
Public high schools in Louisiana
Schools in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana
Slidell, Louisiana
Educational institutions established in 1965
1965 establishments in Louisiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmen%20High%20School |
The Hood event () refers to a 2003 military incident involving Turkey and the United States shortly after the American-led invasion of Iraq. On July 4, 2003, a group of Turkish soldiers operating in Iraqi Kurdistan were captured by American troops and, with hoods covering their heads, were led away to be interrogated. Afterwards, American soldiers raided a Turkish safehouse in Sulaymaniyah and seized of explosives in addition to sniper rifles, grenades, and maps of Kirkuk with circles drawn around positions near the local governor's building. Turkey lodged a diplomatic protest with the United States, and the Turkish soldiers were then released after spending 60 hours in American custody. Turkey has been involved in a long-running conflict with the Kurds, and one Iraqi-Kurdish intelligence official claimed that the Turkish soldiers had been linked to a plot to assassinate the newly elected governor of Kirkuk in order to destabilize the region, opening the way for the Turkish military to intervene.
Neither side has issued a formal apology, though a U.S.–Turkish investigative commission later issued a joint statement of regret. Additionally, Donald Rumsfeld expressed sorrow over the incident in a letter to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The Hood event severely damaged Turkey–United States relations; both countries are strategic allies under NATO. While the incident received comparatively little coverage in the United States, it was a major event in Turkey. It became known as the "Hood event" (referring to the manner in which the Turkish soldiers were taken away) in Turkey, and many Turkish citizens saw it as a deliberate insult.
Background
Turkey had long viewed northern Iraq, with its large mountain ranges, as a possible national security threat. During the 1980s and 1990s, Turkey fought against PKK, operating mainly in southeastern Turkey. More than 30,000 people were killed and millions more were displaced. During the war, the PKK established bases in Iraq and Syria.
Turkish fears intensified after Iraqi Kurdistan gained autonomy after the 1991 Gulf War. In 1996, after a civil war had broken out there, Turkey deployed troops there to monitor a ceasefire between the two main Kurdish factions. In 1998, Turkey was able to use military threats to force neighboring Syria to expel PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan. However, because of the United States, it was never able to move decisively against the PKK in northern Iraq.
Under American protection, Iraqi Kurdistan had evolved into a semi-autonomous region. U.S. pressure helped lead to a peace deal in 1999 between the major Iraqi Kurdish factions, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq. While both parties officially swore off independence, the Turkish government remained sufficiently concerned, and continued to keep troops in northern Iraq.
Turkey and the U.S. invasion of Iraq
By 2003, many Turks had come to see American foreign policy in the region as a threat. The election in 2002 of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) gave hopes that relations could be improved, especially given AKP leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan's positive comments regarding the US-Turkish cooperation in the Middle East, specifically concerning the so-called "Greater Middle East Project". Shortly after the election of the AKP tensions with America increased however, due to the Parliament's decision not to send any Turkish troops to Iraq further eroded US-Turkish relations. 70% of the parliament members were Justice and Development Party members. Although more than half of AKP members voted to authorize the troop deployment, a significant minority of the AKP along with almost all of the main opposition CHP voted against it. It was considered Erdogan's first significant political defeat as part of the AKP given his vocal support for the authorization before the vote.
On April 24, 2003, only two weeks after the fall of Baghdad, a dozen Turkish special forces were arrested in Da Quq (a tribal village 45 minutes north of Kirkuk). According to Time, a weekly news magazine, they were wearing civilian clothes and intended to infiltrate Iraq, lagging behind a humanitarian convoy, in order to destabilize the region to a level where Turkey could reasonably send its own peacekeeping force. However, they were intercepted by American forces, who claimed they had received prior knowledge of the group.
Colonel Bill Mayville, a U.S. brigade commander who was responsible for the region where this took place, accused the Turks of having links to the Iraqi Turkoman Front (ITF), an ethnic-Turkish militia. However, US forces made no effort to incarcerate the Turks, merely detaining them for a day, with food, security and comfort, and then escorting them back to the Iraqi-Turkish border. In the following months, Turkey continued its policy of sending small groups of soldiers into Iraqi Kurdistan, ostensibly to search for PKK bases. According to The Economist, Turkey also began covertly arming the ITF as a lever against the PKK.
U.S. raid on a Turkish safehouse in Sulaymaniyah
On July 4, 2003, soldiers from the United States Army's 173d Airborne Brigade raided a safehouse in the Iraqi Kurdish city of Sulaymaniyah. Seemingly acting on an intelligence tip that there were individuals in the safehouse plotting to assassinate the Iraqi-Kurdish governor of the province of Kirkuk. The safehouse instead housed members of the Iraq's Turkoman Front and Turkish Special Forces soldiers, including a colonel and two majors, whom they promptly arrested. Turkish sources refer to eleven soldiers commanded by a major. An unknown number of other individuals were also detained during the raid, although thirteen were later released. Apart from these, and the Turkish soldiers who were to be released after intense diplomatic activity, a British citizen named Michael Todd, who was in the area looking for his girlfriend and their 19-month-old daughter, was also taken into custody.
Bilateral negotiations
The Turkish military immediately threatened retaliatory measures, including closing Turkish airspace to US military flights, stopping the use of the southern Incirlik Air Base and sending more troops into northern Iraq. A delegation of Turkish military and diplomatic officials immediately left for Sulaymaniyah on Saturday to discuss the matter with the Americans, but according to the Turks most of the American commanders were off celebrating Independence Day. Following direct protests by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to US Vice President Dick Cheney, as well as by Turkish Foreign Minister Abdullah Gül to US Secretary of State Colin Powell, the Turkish soldiers were released after sixty hours in captivity.
Aftermath and media coverage
The Hood event made a much greater impact in Turkey than in the West, which by and large agreed with the U.S. government's interpretation. While the story received comparatively little coverage outside of the Middle East, Turkish newspapers loudly condemned the raid, referring to U.S. forces with nicknames such as "Rambos" and "Ugly Americans". On the last day of the incident, Hilmi Özkök, Chief of the General Staff (Turkey), declared that the Hood event had caused a "crisis of confidence" between the US and Turkey.
The event periodically gets front coverage in the Turkish media, such as in the mass-circulation daily Hürriyet, in keeping with new declarations made to the press by the involved parties and new details divulged. Most recently, the key witness in the Ergenekon investigation, Tuncay Güney, alleged that the event was the U.S. response to the discovery of documents about the clandestine Ergenekon network's Iraq connection in the archives of Tariq Aziz.
The Hood event was the inspiration for the 2006 Turkish action film Valley of the Wolves Iraq. The film opens with the depiction of an almost identical incident, following afterwards a fictional story in which the Turkish protagonist seeks retaliation against the American commander responsible for the incident.
Claims
Various municipal and government buildings were set on fire in Mosul and Kirkuk by Kurdish forces on 10 and 11 April 2003. A Turkish daily newspaper reported that the Turkish Special Forces soldiers, who were captured by US Army and Peshmerga, had already filmed the deed records and sent the digital records to Turkey before the historical records were terminated. The newspaper also reported that the US party was, in fact, in search of those records, but they were unable to find them. However, Turkish Ministry of Public Works declared that the ministry archives holds historical deed records from the Ottoman era and there were no operations involved.
Retired Department of Intelligence Chief of General Staff of the Republic of Turkey, Korg. İsmail Hakki Pekin, claims in his book named "Dikkat Cemaat Çıkabilir KOZMİK ODA" that, after the secret archives about Turkmens captured during the raid, local Turkmen leaders were assassinated or died in suspicious traffic accidents.
See also
Human rights in post-invasion Iraq
References
Further reading
External links
Paratroopers of the 173d Airborne Brigade in Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom, 173rdAirborne.com, 26 March 2003 — 21 February 2004.
Iraq War
2003 in Iraq
2003 in Turkey
Military history of Turkey
Turkey–United States relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood%20event |
Martin George Page (born 23 September 1959) is an English singer-songwriter and bassist. Page has collaborated with artists such as Paul Young, Starship, Robbie Robertson, Earth, Wind & Fire, Heart, Robbie Williams and Go West.
Early life
Page was born in Southampton, Hampshire, England, to Alan Richard Page (an aviation engineer) and Ruth Pamela Page. During a good portion of his childhood, Martin moved with his family from military base to military base as a result of his father's career. During those times, he stated that he spent much of his time listening to Peter Gabriel, the Beatles and Motown.
Career
Page formed the pop group Q-Feel with his friend Brian Fairweather. Q-Feel experienced success with hit single "Dancing in Heaven (Orbital Be-Bop)". Soon after, Page and Fairweather moved to Los Angeles, where they met music executive Diane Poncher. She saw potential in Page and Fairweather and eventually became their manager.
At first Page and Fairweather collaborated with artists such as Kim Carnes, on her 1983 album Cafe Racers, Earth, Wind & Fire on their 1983 LP Electric Universe, and Barbra Streisand on her 1984 album Emotion. Page also played keyboards for Ray Parker Jr., on the 1984 Ghostbusters theme song. Page went on to work with Elton John's frequent lyricist Bernie Taupin. The duo performed on Maurice White's 1985 self titled album and wrote songs for Starship's 1985 LP Knee Deep in the Hoopla together with Heart's 1985 album Heart. Page later composed on Neil Diamond 1986 LP Headed for the Future, Lee Ritenour 1986 album Earth Run and Chaka Khan's 1986 LP Destiny.
He again collaborated with Taupin on his 1987 album Tribe and composed on Atlantic Starr's 1987 LP All in the Name of Love. Page also composed on Starship's 1987 LP No Protection and produced Robbie Robertson on his 1987 self titled album. That album has been certified Gold in the UK by the BPI.
Page went on to compose on Earth, Wind & Fire's 1988 LP The Best of Earth, Wind & Fire, Vol. 2. Page also produced Tom Jones on his 1988 LP Move Closer and Paul Young on his 1990 album Other Voices. Other Voices has been certified Gold in the UK by the BPI. He then produced Robbie Robertson on his Grammy Award-nominated 1991 LP Storyville. He later co-wrote Go West's hit singles "King of Wishful Thinking" and "Faithful". He co-wrote the title song, "Sing" for the soundtrack of the same name.
Page has also collaborated with Robbie Williams and Josh Groban.
Solo work
During 1994, Page issued his debut solo album In the House of Stone and Light. The title track, which he wrote reflecting on a visit to the Grand Canyon, was issued the same year. As a single, "In the House of Stone and Light" reached No. 14 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Soon afterwards, his parents and some dear friends died. He returned to the studio in 2008 to record his second album, In the Temple of the Muse for IroningBoard Records, an independent label started by Page and Poncher. Among the songs on In the Temple of the Muse are Page's recording of "Mi Morena" and "Blessed," (a song that Page described as a "commitment song").
Page's third album, A Temper of Peace, was released in 2012 followed in 2015 by Hotel of the Two Worlds. In 2017, he issued his fifth album, The Slender Sadness (The Love Songs). In 2018 he released The Amber of Memory, his first album of instrumental music.
In late 2019 Page started a music podcast called Radio OwlsNest. His seventh studio album, The Poetry of Collisions, was released digitally on 10 November 2020. Page released his eighth studio album, Fugitive Pieces, on 19 April 2021. Later in the same year, Page announced his ninth album, called The Occupation of Hope, his second instrumental album. It was released on 15 November 2021. Page released his second volume of The Poetry of Collisions, his tenth overall, on 11 July 2022.
Personal life
Page lives in Southern California.
Discography
Albums
Independent releases
Singles
Music videos
References
External links
Martin Page's Official Website
English male singers
English new wave musicians
English male songwriters
English record producers
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
British soft rock musicians
Musicians from Southampton
1959 births
Living people
English expatriates in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Page |
The Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma is one of four federally recognized Native American tribes of Odawa people in the United States. Its Algonquian-speaking ancestors had migrated gradually from the Atlantic coast and Great Lakes areas, reaching what are now the states of Michigan and Ohio in the 18th century. In the late 1830s the United States removed the Ottawa to west of the Mississippi River, first to Iowa, then to Kansas in what was Indian Territory. Following the United States Civil War, in 1867 they sold their land in Kansas to move again, to purchase land in another section of Indian Territory, in what would become northeast Oklahoma. They were authorized by Congress to buy land from the Quapaw, the predominant tribe in this area.
The other three Ottawa tribes are located in the state of Michigan, part of the traditional Odawa territory. They are the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Little River Band of Ottawa Indians and the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians. In addition, there are First Nations of Odawa people in Ontario, Canada, including on Manitoulin Island, their original homeland.
Government
The headquarters of the Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma is Miami. Their tribal jurisdictional area is in Ottawa County. In the early 21st century, the tribe has 2,500 enrolled members; some 737 live within the state of Oklahoma. The tribe bases membership qualifications on direct lineal descent; that is, they have no minimum blood quantum requirement.
The current administration is as follows:
Chief: Ethel Cook
Second Chief: Kalisha Burtrum
First Councilman: John Charles Dawes
Second councilman: Mikal Scott-Werner
Treasurer: Brittany Bailey Long
Former Chief:
Charles [Red Cedar] A. Todd (1935–2014)
US Army- Korean War Decorated Combat veteran
Council: 1983–2008
Chief: 1999–2008
Todd was a descendant of former Ottawa Chief: Joseph,[Badger], King and Chief Pontiac.
The Ottawa Tribe is working to modernize its Constitution. It was to be voted on at the general council in 2019. The current Business Committee; Ethel Cook, Suzy Crawford, J.C Dawes, Mikal Scott-Werner, Mary King and Charles Ulrey. Previous administration includes, Dr. Kevin Dawes, Dr. Charla Dawes, Burt Kleindon, and John Robert Ballard, who have all been instrumental in helping to update the constitution.
Economic development
The Ottawa Tribe issues its own tribal vehicle tags. They operate two tribal smoke shops, two gas stations, the Otter Stop Convenience Store, and the Adawe Travel Plaza. In addition, they operate the High Winds Casino. In 2021 the tribe opened its first restaurant, the Otter Cove Diner. Their annual economic impact is estimated by the Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commissions to be $3 million.
Cultural, language, and programs
The tribe operates a Community Health Program and the Healthy Living Center in Miami, as well as a Department of Environmental Protection. The tribe publishes the Adawe News for its tribal members. It offers Ottawa language classes.
The Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma's annual powwow is held every Labor Day weekend.
History
"Ottawa" or "Odaawaa" comes from the word , which means "to trade". They were known among other tribes as important traders before any European exploration. The French quickly realized how influential they were and used them as middlemen to the tribes to the north and west of them, who supplied them with furs from the 17th well into the 18th century.
The Ottawa are part of the Three Fires Confederacy, together with the Ojibwe and Potawatomi. The Oklahoma Ottawa are descended from Ottawa bands that moved south from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula, both in Ontario, Canada, under pressure from the Iroquois and other tribes, and European encroachment. They settled near Fort Detroit and the Maumee River in Ohio.
They were pressured to move again by the United States, after Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which authorized the government to make land exchanges with Native American tribes in order to remove them from east of the Mississippi River and extinguish their land titles there. The Ottawa of the Blanchard's Fork, Roche de Bœuf and Auglaize reserves of Ohio signed a treaty with the US in 1833. The treaty ceded their lands in Michigan, Ohio, and Illinois in exchange for lands in Iowa, then Kansas, part of what was known as Indian Territory under the federal government's plan.
The Ottawa did not relocate from Ohio until April 1837. Of the 600 Ottawa who migrated to Kansas, "more than 300 died within the first two years, because of exposure, lack of proper food, and the great difference between the cool, damp woods of Ohio and the dry, hot plains of Kansas."
To survive as a people, the tribe made a remarkable investment in their children's future. Of the the Ottawa controlled in Kansas, they set aside for an upper-level school and sold of land to fund its construction and maintenance. Affiliated with the Baptist Church, which operated missions in Kansas, Ottawa University educated both Indians and non-Indians. The university still offers free tuition today to any enrolled member of the Ottawa tribe.
The present-day town of Ottawa, Kansas, developed because of the Ottawa Reservation. The Ottawa people remained in Kansas until 1867, after the American Civil War. Under the leadership of Chief John Wilson, the tribe sold their lands in Kansas and purchased of land in Indian Territory from the Eastern Shawnee. More of the tribe died during relocation and only 200 Ottawa arrived in their new lands.
Two decades later, Congress passed the Dawes Act of 1887, designed to encourage Native American assimilation by having households establish subsistence farming in the European-American model. It dissolved the communal tribal lands and governments, and required communal lands to be divided and allocated in 160-acre plots to individual households of registered members of each tribe in the Indian Territory. The land was so poor in many areas that this amount of farmland proved insufficient even for subsistence farming. In 1891, 157 Ottawa were finally allotted plots of land in Indian Territory; under provisions of the law, the US federal government declared the remainder of their land as surplus and sold it, primarily to non-native buyers. The Dawes Rolls are records for each tribe of their members registered at that time. A number of tribes use the Dawes Rolls as a basis for establishing membership in their tribes at a particular time.
In 1936 the Ottawa tribe in Oklahoma organized their government again under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act and gained federal recognition as a tribe. This entitled them to certain benefits in education, for instance.
But in the 1950s federal policy changed again, and Congress decided it was time to encourage tribes to give up their special status in relation to the federal government. Congress and the Bureau of Indian Affairs determined that some tribes were ready to be terminated; that is, their special status would end and their citizens would be considered simply US citizens. The Ottawa of Oklahoma were one of the tribes whose federally recognized government was terminated in 1956. This deprived them of benefits needed in the harsh environment of Oklahoma, and disrupted their society. The tribe persevered to regain their status; federal recognition was restored under a bill signed by President Jimmy Carter on May 15, 1978. In 1979 the US Congress recognized the tribal council and ratified the tribal constitution.
In 1980 the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians gained federal recognition. In 1994 two more tribes of Odawa people in Michigan gained federal recognition: the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians and the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians. There are also status bands of First Nations of Odawa peoples on Manitoulin Island and in other areas of Ontario, Canada.
The Ottawa Tribe serves free lunches for elders in the town of Miami.
Notes
External links
The Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
Ottawa Powwow and Celebration
Native American tribes in Oklahoma
Federally recognized tribes in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa%20Tribe%20of%20Oklahoma |
The Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians is a federally recognized tribe, located in Oklahoma. The tribe is made up of Otoe and Missouria peoples. Their language, the Chiwere language, is part of the Siouan language family.
History
The Otoe and Missouria tribes both originated in Wisconsin in the Great Lakes region. They had once been a single tribe that included the ancestors of the Ho-Chunk, Winnebago and Iowa tribes. In the 16th century, the Iowa, Otoe, and Missouria broke away and moved to the south and west. By the late 17th century, the Missouria had settled near the Missouri and Grand rivers in what became Missouri.
Meanwhile, the Otoe settled along what is now the Iowa–Minnesota border. They first came into contact with Europeans in late 17th century. Jacques Marquette, the French explorer, included them on a 1673 map, placing the Otoe near the Des Moines and upper Iowa rivers. In 1700, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville wrote that the Otoe and the Iowa lived with the Omaha tribe in territory to the west of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. After contact and continued pressure by European-Americans, they migrated to the territory of later Nebraska, settling near the Platte River. This area was later set aside for them as the Otoe Reservation.
During the 18th century the Missouria people suffered from epidemics of new infectious diseases, especially smallpox, which killed many in the tribe. They also lost people to frequent warfare with enemies, such as the Sac and Fox. In 1796, some surviving Missouria joined the Osage and Kaw tribes, while 80 Missouria joined the Otoe.
In the 19th century, the Missouria and the Otoe established permanent villages consisting primarily of earth lodges, but also occasionally tipis and bark lodges. Their joined society was patrilineal and comprised seven to ten clans, each with distinct assigned responsibilities. Tribal members had exogamous marriage practices; young people had to marry outside their clan. Each clan had a leader, and together the clan chiefs formed a tribal council. By tradition, the chief of the Bear Clan was the principal leader of the tribes. The men hunted buffalo. The women processed meat and used hides, bone, horn, and other the parts of the animals for tools, clothing, etc. In addition, they cultivated and processed such crops as squash, beans, corn, and pumpkins.
In 1804, the Lewis and Clark Expedition estimated their population to be 500. Artist George Catlin, who also traveled in their territory in 1833, estimated their population at 1,200. In 1830 there were an estimated 1500 Otoe–Missouria living together as a group. By 1886, only 334 Otoe–Missouria survived.
The first land cession treaty between the Otoe–Missouria and the United States was in 1830. More treaties followed in 1833, 1836, and 1854. The 1854 Treaty established a reservation on the Kansas-Nebraska border, near the Big Blue River. The tribe split in factions between assimilationists and traditionalists. Quaker missionaries influenced the assimilationist Otoe–Missouria faction, who became known as the Quaker Band. The traditionalists were known as the Coyote Band.
In 1876, the US Congress arranged the sale of of the Otoe–Missouria reservation. It sold the rest in 1881, when Congress forced the Otoe–Missouria into Indian Territory. The Coyote Band settled on the Sac and Fox reservation, while the Quaker Band settled on their own small, reservation in present-day Noble and Pawnee counties.
The Coyote Band rejoined the Quaker Band. But under the Dawes Act, in the 1890s, their communal holdings of the reservation were distributed as allotments to individual heads of households. The US declared as surplus any land remaining after allotment, and allowed non-Native Americans to buy it. A total of 514 Otoe–Missourias received individual allotments. In the mid-20th century the Otoe–Missouria people filed a claim for compensation for their lands lost during the 19th century; their claim was upheld by the Indian Claims Commission and they were paid a settlement in the 1960s.
The tribe ratified its constitution in 1984 in accordance with the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act.
In 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency awarded $125,000 to the tribe for water quality program.
In 2020, the tribe received a grant from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development as part of their Indian Community Development Block Grant Imminent Threat program.
Government
The Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians is headquartered in Red Rock, Oklahoma, and their tribal jurisdictional area is in Noble and Kay counties. In 2011, they had 3,089 enrolled tribal members, with the majority living within the state of Oklahoma.
The Tribal Council is the elected governing body of the Otoe–Missouria Tribe. The primary duties of the Tribal Council are to enforce the Tribal laws and policies and to serve as the decision-making authority on budgets and investments. The Tribal Council is also the parent body for the Tribal Administration. Overall, the Tribal Administration ensures that services, as decided by the Tribal Council, are provided to Tribal Members.
The Tribal Council consists of seven members elected by secret ballot by qualified voters of the Tribe. The terms for each member are staggered and last for three years. There are no term limits. Each Tribal Council member has responsibilities for certain duties, as listed in the Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians Constitution.
The Council holds regular meetings monthly in a place and date determined by the members. Currently the meetings are held in the Council Building at tribal headquarters. And are open to the public, except when the Council is in Executive Session.
The tribe's chairman is John R. Shotton, currently serving a three-year term. Shotton has the distinction of being the youngest person to ever serve on the tribal council, being first elected when he was 29 years old.
Economic development
The tribe operates its own housing authority and issues tribal vehicle tags. They own two gas stations, two smoke shops, two financial services companies, and five casinos. The estimated annual economic impact of the Otoe–Missouria Tribe is $156.30 million. The Otoe–Missouria casinos are 7 Clans Paradise Casino in Red Rock; First Council Casino in Newkirk, and Lil' Bit of Paradise Casino—Chilocco, also in Newkirk; and Lil' Bit of Paradise Casino—Red Rock, in Red Rock. A new casino was opened in May 2016 in Perry, Oklahoma. The tribe also jointly operates a wind farm along with other tribes.
In 2010, the tribe partnered with MacFarlane Group to create a tribal lender, named American Web Loan. The chair of the tribe, John Shotton, has said the company was an important financial asset for the tribe. In October 2016, the tribe acquired the MacFarlane Group for $200 million. Through this partnership, the tribe received around one percent of the revenue as a royalty payment.
In July 2020, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit found that the tribe's payday lender could not compel arbitration to defeat a Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act lawsuit brought by borrowers because the choice of law clause in the loans had adopted only the tribe's own law. The company settled the class action lawsuit in 2021, which had alleged illegal predatory lending for $182 million, including $86 million in cash and $76 million in loan cancellation.
On May 20, 2019, the National Credit Union Administration presented a federal credit union charter to the Otoe-Missouria Federal Credit Union in Red Rock, Oklahoma. The Otoe-Missouria Federal Credit Union will serve approximately 4,200 members and employees of the Otoe-Missouria Tribe.
The Taylor Policy Group concluded that the tribe's efforts to diversify its economy resulted in a massive economic impact to Oklahoma and surrounding areas, including over $45 million in direct compensation to employees across the Tribe's various enterprises.
Language and culture
At most three tribal members still speak the Otoe or Chiwere language; however, the tribe has a program to revitalize the language. Language classes are held weekly in Edmond, Oklahoma.
For almost century and a half, since 1881, an annual Otoe–Missouria Encampment is held every third weekend in July near Red Rock, Oklahoma.
The Otoe-Missouria tribe's history is well represented at the First Americans Museum in Oklahoma city, several tribal members worked with the museum in order to make sure their culture was accurately represented.
Education
In August 2019, the tribe was among several that chartered Bacone College in Muskogee, Oklahoma as a tribal college.
The tribes took over control of the college in order to secure federal funding, get it on a stable footing after it ran into financial difficulties, and be able to control its curriculum to serve the needs of their students. It had originally been established in the 19th century in affiliation with the Baptist Church to serve Native American students.
Gallery
Notable Otoe–Missouria people
Annette Arkeketa, author
Benjamin Arkeketa (1928–2002), painter
Johny Hendricks, former UFC fighter.
Anna Lee Walters (b. 1946), author and publisher
Truman Washington Dailey (1898–1996), fluent language speaker, traditionalist
Notes
External links
Website of the Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians
Constitution of the Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians
Otoe–Missouria, Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
Native American tribes in Oklahoma
Federally recognized tribes in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoe%E2%80%93Missouria%20Tribe%20of%20Indians |
The Top End Australian Football Association (TEAFA) was an amateur Australian rules football competition in the Northern Territory, Australia.
More recently in 2010/11, the TEAFA merged with the NTFL creating a three tiered competition with teams being represented in Premier Division and Division 1 and 2.
See also
AFL Northern Territory
Northern Territory Football League
References
External links
Australian rules football competitions in the Northern Territory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top%20End%20Australian%20Football%20Association |
Michael Holm (born Lothar Walter; on 29 July 1943) is a German singer, musician, songwriter and record producer.
He is primarily known as a singer of Schlager music. Although his first appearance in the hit parade was in 1962 ("Lauter Schöne Worte"), he had his first big hit in 1969. "Mendocino", the German adaptation of a song by the Sir Douglas Quintet, was the biggest selling single that year in (Germany). The record was released in September 1969, reached number three for five weeks, selling over a million copies.
Ariola presented him with a gold record in October 1970.
Further hits such as "Barfuß im Regen" (1970), "Tränen lügen nicht" (literally, "Tears Don't Lie", recorded in English as "When A Child Is Born") (1974) and "Musst Du jetzt gerade gehen, Lucille" (1977) followed. He also composed the music for the popular international horror movie Mark of the Devil (1970). Outside of Germany, he is best known for his work as a member of the new age band, Cusco, along with Kristian Schultze.
A year-long artistic collaboration and private friendship connects him with the musician and producer Giorgio Moroder.. As a duo, they released several singles and an album.
Albums
1970: Auf der Straße nach Mendocino
1970: Mendocino
1970: Mademoiselle Ninette
1971: Michael Holm
1972: Meine Songs
1972: I Will Return
1973: Stories
1973: Spinach 1 (as Spinach)
1975: Tränen lügen nicht – Lieder zum Träumen
1975: Wenn ein Mann ein Mädchen liebt
1975: I'll Return
1976: Greatest Hits
1976: Zwei Gesichter
1977: Poet der Straße
1978: Labyrinth
1979: El Lute
1980: Halt mich fest
1981: Im Jahr der Liebe
2004: Liebt Euch!
2007: Mal die Welt
2010: Holm 2011
2013: 1000 Wege
2017: Als die alten Zeiten jung war'n
Singles
1961: Ich Will Dich Immer Wieder Küssen / Nur Für Verliebte (as Die Missouris)
1961: Sage Mir Nie Goodbye / Bin So Allein (as Die Missouris)
1961: Texas Jimmy / Heute Abend (Da Bin Ich Ein Glücklicher Mann) (as Die Missouris)
1962: Golden Hill (...Und Die Sonne Brannte Heiß) / Grüß Mir Meine Texasbraut (as Die Missouris)
1962: Der King / Wer Hält Das Aus / (as Die Missouris)
1962: Bald Wirst Du Wieder Glücklich Sein / Darum Bleib' Ich Bei Dir
1962: Das Lied Von Der Liebe (Wild In The Country) / Denk Nicht Mehr Daran, O Cowboy
1962: Lauter Schöne Worte / Leider, Leider (Die Sunnies & das Cornel Trio)
1962: Die junge Liebe Ist Süß / Ja, Das Wird Schön Sein (Die Sunnies & das Cornel Trio)
1962: Kannst Du Tanzen / Küss Mich Mal (With Susie Becker)
1962: Gitarren Spielt Auf! / Zwei Gitarren am Meer (Gitarren-Serenade) (as Die Missouris)
1962: Happy Birthday, Josefin / Einmal Werden Wir Uns Wiedersehen
1963: Alles Geld Dieser Welt / So Jung Und Verliebt (and Die Moonlights)
1963: Baby Doll / Liebe Mich Und Geh Mit Mir
1963: Das Muß Die Liebe Sein / Es Kommt Der Tag (and Die Moonlights)
1963: Hello Boys (Er Ist Arm, Sie Ist Reich) / Bossa Nova Baby (as Die Missouris)
1963: Komm In Das Tal Am Colorado / Die Trude Mit Dem Treuen Blick (as Die Missouris)
1964: Komm, Wir Schaun Noch Mal Zu Johnny Rein / Sandy, Sandy (as Die Missouris)
1964: Ciribiribin / Du Gehst Vorbei An Mir (With Cornehlsen Chor)
1964: Alle Wünsche Kann Man Nicht Erfüllen / Es Liegt Nur An Dir (With Alexander Gordan Chor)
1964: Das Kannst Du Mir Nicht Verbieten / Crazy Daisy (& Die Sunnies)
1964: Blue Beat Baby / Hallo Du, Hör Mal Zu! (as Mike & Joe)
1964: Wie Geht's / Ich Möchte Wissen, Was Du Denkst (as Mike & Joe & Die Rebel Guys)
1965: Clap Hands Polka (Sing Tra-La-La) / Das Kann Nicht Sein (as Mike & Joe)
1965: Summer In Hawaii / Die Sonne Grüßt Am Horizont (as Blue Brothers)
1965: Alle Wensen Kan Men Niet Vervullen / Zeg Nimmer Of Nooit
1965: Das Kann Doch Nicht Das Ende Sein / Laß Mich Gehn
1965: Ain't Got No Money / Hokey-Pokey (as The Rebel Guys)
1965: Let's Get Together / I Cry For Cindy (as The Rebel Guys)
1966: So-la-la / Moolah Man (as The Rebel Guys)
1966: S.O.S. - Herz In Not / Der Anfang Vom Ende
1966: Es Kam Wie Der Blitz / Kein Alibi (She Rides With Me)
1966: Wolly Bully / Boys And Girls (as The Hippies)
1967: Heimweh / Ich Kann Dich Nicht Vergessen
1967: 1000 Volt / Flower Power Time
1967: Das Sag Ich Dir, Wenn Wir Allein Sind / Vertrau Auf Mich (as Gary & The Gamblers)
1968: Hippy-Hippy / Love In (as The Hippies)
1968: Muny, Muny, Muny / Friends (as The Daisy Clan)
1968: Mr. Walkie Talkie / Lions In The Tree (as The Daisy Clan)
1968: Billy Vanilly / Hound Dog Bob & Lena (as The Daisy Clan)
1968: Top Secret! / Ich Halt' Zu Dir
1968: Regenprinzessin / Eine Sommernacht
1969: Eine Sommernacht / Days Of Pearly Spencer
1969: Mendocino / Es Könnte Möglich Sein
1969: Mendocino (English Version) / Cutey Girl
1969: Bonnie Bonnie Bonnie / Friends (as The Daisy Clan)
1970: Love Needs Love / Glory Be (as The Daisy Clan)
1970: Madmoiselle Ninette / Sandy
1970: Madmoiselle Ninette (English Version) / Sandy (English Version) (as Mike Holm)
1970: Wie Der Sonnenschein (Shalala Oh Oh) / Sandy
1970: Barfuß Im Regen / Es Tut Weh
1970: America, America / Rhythm Of Love (as Spinach)
1971: San Francisco China Town / Ridin' A Rainbow (as The Daisy Clan)
1971: Action Man (part 1) / Action Man (part 2) (as Spinach)
1971: Ein Verrückter Tag / Mon Amour Diane
1971: That's Right / Mon Amour Diane (English Version)
1971: Dancing In The Sun / Nachts Scheint Die Sonne
1971: Nachts Scheint Die Sonne (Son Of My Father) / Smog In Frankfurt
1972: Let It Happen Tonight / Love Be Good To Me (as The Daisy Clan)
1972: Das Geht Vorüber / Kama Baby (as The Daisy Clan)
1972: (Sweet Sixteen) You Know What I Mean / Knockin' On Your Door (as Spinach)
1972: Du Weinst Um Mich (I Will Return) / Bitte Bleib Ein Bißchen Länger, Mary Ann
1972: I Will Return / You Left One Rainy Evening, Caroline
1972: Es Ist Schön, Bei Dir Zu Sein / Santiago
1972: Gimme, Gimme Your Love / Oh, Oh July
1972: Gimme, Gimme Your Love (English Version) / If You Go (as Mike Holm)
1973: Halte Fest, Den Der Dich Liebt / Leg' Dein Herz Nicht In Den Eisschrank
1973: My Lady Of Spain / Halte Fest, Den Der Dich Liebt
1973: Other Way Round / I'd Love You to Want Me
1973: Baby, Du Bist Nicht Alleine / Giorgio Und Ich
1974: Soleado / Georgio And Me
1974: Nur Ein Kuss, Maddalena / Doch Sie Schaut Immer Vorbei
1974: Mi Dama De España / Other Way Round
1974: Tränen Lügen Nicht / Es Regnet Schon Die Ganze Nacht
1974: When A Child Is Born / The Other Way Round
1975: Kiss Me Kiss Your Baby / Der Sommer Auf Dem Land (as Peppermint)
1975: El Matador / Hello Mama, Hello Papa
1975: Gardenia Blue / Eine Reise Ohne Wiederkehr
1975: I'll Return (Tornero) / A Man Who Loves A Woman
1975: Wart' Auf Mich (Du, Wenn Ich Dich Verlier') (Tornero) / Geh' Doch Heim, Little Girl
1976: Lady Love / Hey Music
1976: Lady Love (English Version) / Hey Music (English Version)
1976: Lass Dein Herz Doch Frei / Ein Großer Garten Ist Diese Welt
1976: Wenn Dein Herz Spricht / Manhattan
1976: Manhattan / Bring Mich Heim, Du Weite Straße
1976: When A Child Is Born / Merry Christmas
1976: Havin´ A Party / Splish Splash
1977: Ask Your Heart / Manhattan (English Version)
1977: Tränen Lügen Nicht / Mendocino
1977: Desperado / Do Ya Love
1977: Colorado (Desperado) / Manhattan
1977: Musst Du Jetzt Grade Gehen, Lucille / Bring Mich Heim, Du Weite Straße
1978: Allein Mit Dir / Zuviel Rauch In Diesem Raum
1978: Traum-Hotel / Liebe Geht Nie Verlor'n
1978: Wer Ist Dein Freund / San Antonio Highway
1978: Saudade / Einer Von Vielen
1979: Ich Weiß, Du Denkst, Ich Bin Ein Schlechter Mensch / Sprich Mit Mir Nicht Über Liebe
1979: El Lute / Wer Lügt, Gewinnt
1979: Wenn Die Zukunft Beginnt / Ohne Pass Keine Arbeit
1980: Kind (Anak) / Samstagabendträumer
1980: Leb Wohl (Vive) / Menschen Ohne Ziel
1981: Ein Junggeselle / Halt Mich Fest
1981: Mit 17 Fängt Das Leben Erst An / Einer Denkt Immer An Dich
1981: So Weit Die Füsse Tragen / Wir
1981: Liebe Braucht Nähe / Die Nacht Hat 1000 Augen
1982: Fällt Der Vorhang Für Uns Zwei / Schlaf Nicht Ein
1984: Einsamkeit Danach / Die Nacht Hat 1000 Augen
1986: Insel Im Strom / Wir
1991: Elektrisiert / Reit Auf Den Wolken
2001: Maddalena 2001 (con Olaf Henning)
2005: Liebt Euch!
2008: Shy Boy (Mestengo) (as Michael Holm And Monty Robert)
2010: Schwarz-Rot-Gold
2011: Märchenprinzen
2011: Sie Ist Eine Kriegerin
2012: Wie Viele Sommer Noch
Collections
1970: Mendocino
1973: Schlager-Rendezvous mit Michael Holm
1974: Alle Wünsche kann man nicht erfüllen
1974: Die großen Erfolge
1974: Seine großen Erfolge
1977: Die goldenen Super 20
1977: Portrait eines Stars
1978: Star Discothek
1980: Seine großen Erfolge [1980]
1982: Das Star Album
1990: Das große deutsche Schlager-Archiv (con Heintje)
1991: Star Collection
1991: Star Portrait
1992: So weit die Füße tragen
1993: Golden Stars
1994: Mendocino [1994]
1994: Große Erfolge
1994: Meine größten Erfolge
1995: Die Singles 1961 bis 1965
1995: Alle Wünsche kann man nicht erfüllen [1995]
1995: Mein Gefühl für Dich
1995: Meine schönsten Erfolge
1995: Szene Star
1997: Tränen lügen Nicht – Seine schönsten Lieder
1999: Das Beste – Die Telefunken-Singles 1961–1965
2000: Golden Stars – The Best Of
2000: Seine großen Erfolge [2000]
2000: Alle Wünsche kann man nicht erfüllen [2000]
2002: Wie der Sonnenschein
2005: Tränen lügen Nicht
2007: Hautnah – Die Geschichten meiner Stars
2007: Seine großen Erfolge [2007]
2009: Dieter Thomas Heck präsentiert: 40 Jahre ZDF Hitparade
2009: Die Schlager Parade
2012: Best Of Michael Holm – Tränen lügen Nicht
2012: Balladen
2013: Bild Schlager Stars
2013: Best Of Michael Holm
References
External links
Official site
Michael Holm article
www.youtube.com/user/cuscomusicnet — Cusco video channel on YouTube
1943 births
Living people
Musicians from Szczecin
German male musicians
German male singers
German male songwriters
English-language singers from Germany
Musicians from the Province of Pomerania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Holm |
Walter Mayer (born March 17, 1957) is an Austrian Cross-country skier and coach. He won the Vasaloppet in 1980, and finished second in 1992. As a coach, he was banned from the 2006 and 2010 Olympics after blood transfusion equipment was found in a house used by Austrian skiers during the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah. Mayer was accused of blood doping violations and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced the ban after a three-month investigation.
At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Mayer—who had been spotted with the Austrian team despite his suspension—fled back to Austria after a surprise overnight raid on the quarters of the Austrian skiers by Italian police. He crashed his vehicle into a police roadblock, and was immediately relieved of his coaching duties by the Austrian Ski Federation. Police found syringes and a blood transfusion machine in the home where Mayer had been staying. Claiming that he was suicidal, Mayer entered a psychiatric hospital in Austria. In an interview with NEWS, an Austrian magazine, Mayer said he was trying to kill himself when he drove into the police roadblock. He pleaded guilty to charges of civil disorder, assault, and damage to property.
In March 2006, Mayer filed defamation lawsuits against Dick Pound, head of the World Anti-Doping Agency and Jacques Rogge, president of the IOC. He withdrew both suits in February 2007. The IOC held hearings in April 2007 on allegations of doping by Austrian skiers at the 2006 games. On April 25 the hearings closed, resulting in the lifetime suspensions of six Austrian skiers. Banned as a result of the hearings were biathletes Wolfgang Perner and Wolfgang Rottmann as well as cross country skiers Martin Tauber, Jürgen Pinter, Johannes Eder and Roland Diethart. While the six will be unable to compete in any capacity at any future Olympic event, the ban does not affect non-Olympic sporting events.
Mayer was arrested in Austria in March 2009 on suspicion of selling doping substances.
References
Austrian male cross-country skiers
Austrian sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in biathlon
Doping cases in cross-country skiing
Vasaloppet winners
1957 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Mayer |
The tuhu (土胡, pinyin: tǔhú) is a Chinese bowed string instrument in the huqin family of instruments. It is used primarily by non-Han ethnic groups of southern China, particularly the Zhuang, who live in the Guangxi province and use it in their bayin (八音, lit. "eight sounds") ensemble. It is also used in Yunnan, most prominently in Funing County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
The instrument's sound box is made from a bottle gourd, which is covered on the playing end with snake skin. The instrument has two strings that are tuned to the interval of a fifth. It is held vertically and produces a lower pitched sound than the maguhu, another southern Chinese fiddle with which it is sometimes played.
See also
Chinese music
List of Chinese musical instruments
Huqin
External links
Tuhu page (Chinese)
Bowed instruments
Chinese musical instruments
Drumhead lutes
Huqin family instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhu |
"New Ground" is the 110th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. The tenth episode of the fifth season.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, Worf is less than thrilled when his foster mother, Helena, arrives with his son Alexander. Although Helena and Worf's foster father, Sergey, had agreed to raise the boy after K'Ehleyr's death, Helena now reports that Alexander is having a difficult time adjusting to his new life, and they're not as young as they used to be; he needs to be raised by his father on the Enterprise. Predictably, Worf and Alexander have a difficult time as well adjusting to one another, a situation aggravated by a ship-based experiment that becomes life-threatening. Georgia Brown died just 5½ months after the episode aired.
Plot
Data and Worf do not share La Forge's excitement about the first trial run of soliton wave transportation technology that the Enterprise will be assisting with. La Forge notes that witnessing the soliton wave transportation would be like witnessing Zefram Cochrane engage the first warp drive. Worf receives a communication from his human mother who requests to visit bringing his son Alexander. On arrival, they reveal that it was not intended for him to go back. Worf's mother explains that Alexander is too much of a handful for them in their old age. After enrolling Alexander in school, Worf finds many new problems with the arrival of his son. Alexander soon lies and steals during a school field trip.
A distortion during the wave transportation experiment damages the Enterprise and the test ship explodes. The wave exponentially increases in power and speed, set on a collision course with a colony at Lemma II.
Alexander continues to cause problems in school while Worf reviews his parenting habits. He contemplates sending Alexander to a Klingon school, believing that it is best. However, Alexander feels he is being rejected by Worf.
The Enterprise dissipates the wave with photon torpedoes. Alexander is saved from a damaged area of the Enterprise by Riker and Worf. Afterwards, Worf lets Alexander stay on the Enterprise.
Releases
The episode was released in the United States on November 5, 2002, as part of the season five DVD box set. The first Blu-ray release was in the United States on November 18, 2013, followed by the United Kingdom the next day, November 19, 2013.
References
External links
Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5) episodes
1992 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Robert Scheerer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Ground%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20The%20Next%20Generation%29 |
The Big Rivers Australian Football League (formerly the Katherine District Football League) is an Australian rules football competition in the Northern Territory, Australia based in the Katherine region.
Current clubs
Previous clubs
Premierships (Mens)
1988/89 Kirby's Agents
1989/90 Rowlands
1990/91 Eastside (* Formerly known as Rowlands FC)
1991/92 Katherine South
1992/93 Katherine South
1993/94 Eastside
1994/95 Katherine South
1995/96 Katherine South
1996/97 Katherine South
1997/98 Katherine South
1998/99 Eastside
1999/00 Ngukurr
2001 Arnhem Bombers
2002 Arnhem Crows
2003 Arnhem Crows
2004 Arnhem Crows
2005 Lajamanu
2006 Arnhem Crows
2007 Ngukurr
2008 Lajamanu
2009 Arnhem Crows
2010 Beswick
2011 Arnhem Crows
2012 Katherine Camels
2013 Eastside FC
2014 Eastside FC
2015 Eastside FC
2016 Eastside FC
2017 Eastside FC
2018 Katherine South
2019 Katherine Camels
2020 Katherine South
2021 Katherine South
2022 Katherine Camels
2023 Ngukurr
2011 Ladder
FINALS
2012 Ladder
FINALS
See also
AFL Northern Territory
Northern Territory Football League
Australian rules football in the Northern Territory
References
External links
Australian rules football competitions in the Northern Territory
Katherine, Northern Territory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Rivers%20Australian%20Football%20League |
The East German national men's ice hockey team was a national ice hockey representing the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The first international game was played in East Berlin on 28 January 1951, losing 3–8 to Team Poland.
The team competed in many international competitions, including several in which they competed with the top teams for medals, but won only the European Championship bronze medal in 1966 in Yugoslavia. The only time they competed in the Olympics was in Grenoble in 1968. They scored 13 goals in 7 games, but didn't win any games leaving them with no points in the standings. From that point on the team refused to participate in Olympic ice hockey, but participated in other tournaments where they continued to play poorly. The team ceased playing in 1990, just before the German reunification.
What would become the team's final game was played on 8 April 1990 in Megève during the B Group of the World Championship, and was lost to Austria, 2-3. In October 1990, Germany was re-unified.
Olympic record
1968 Winter Olympic team
Ulrich Noack
Bernd Karrenbauer
Hartmut Nickel
Helmut Novy
Wolfgang Plotka
Wilfried Sock
Dieter Purschel
Klaus Hirche
Dieter Kratzsch
Dieter Voigt
Manfred Buder
Lothar Fuchs
Peter Prusa
Joachim Ziesche
Bernd Poindl
Dietmar Peters
Bernd Hiller
Rüdiger Noack
World Championship record
1920 - 1955 - Did not participate (see German national ice hockey team)
1956 - Finished in 11th place (Won "B" Pool)
1957 - Finished in 5th place
1958 - Did not participate
1959 - Finished in 9th place
1961 - Finished in 5th place
1962 - Did not participate
1963 - Finished in 6th place
1965 - Finished in 5th place
1966 - Finished in 5th place
1967 - Finished in 7th place
1969 - Finished in 7th place (Won "B" Pool)
1970 - Finished in 5th place
1971 - Finished in 9th place (3rd in "B" Pool)
1972 - Finished in 9th place (3rd in "B" Pool)
1973 - Finished in 7th place (Won "B" Pool)
1974 - Finished in 6th place
1975 - Finished in 7th place (Won "B" Pool)
1976 - Finished in 8th place
1977 - Finished in 9th place (Won "B" Pool)
1978 - Finished in 8th place
1979 - Finished in 10th place (2nd in "B" Pool)
1981 - Finished in 12th place (4th in "B" Pool)
1982 - Finished in 9th place (Won "B" Pool)
1983 - Finished in 6th place
1985 - Finished in 8th place
1986 - Finished in 11th place (3rd in "B" Pool)
1987 - Finished in 13th place (5th in "B" Pool)
1989 - Finished in 13th place (5th in "B" Pool)
1990 - Finished in 13th place (5th in "B" Pool)
1991 and onward - Did not participate (see German national ice hockey team)
See also
Germany men's national ice hockey team
References
External links
The Hockey Almanac's International Hockey section
Former national ice hockey teams
Men's national team
1951 establishments in East Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Germany%20men%27s%20national%20ice%20hockey%20team |
Ian Pooley (born Ian Pinnekamp in 1973) is a German record producer and DJ. While incorporating samples of various musical genres, Pooley's creations are usually classified as house or tech house with Brazilian influence.
Biography
Pooley's music career began in 1993. Fascinated by producers in Chicago and Detroit, he brought his first machines and immediately started writing house and techno music, which kickstarted a multi-decade-spanning career playing to hugely diverse audiences. In 1998, Pooley made his sole appearance on the prestigious BBC Radio One Essential Mix, which featured tracks by Slam, Jeff Mills and his own productions. After a long stretch with V2 Records, in which Pooley released several very successful albums (Meridian and Since Then), Pooley left V2 and started his own record company, Pooled Music, in 2003.
Ian Pooley has also cited on various albums (such as Brazilution 5.3 and Souvenirs) that he had an audible 'click' when listening to Brazilian music at a night club. As such, a lot of his music has a noticeable Brazilian flavor to it. He has incorporated artists like Rosanna and Zelia and veteran musician Marcos Valle in some of his works.
In addition to original works, Pooley has remixed artists such as Deee-Lite, The Cardigans, Daft Punk, Cirque du Soleil, Carl Cox and Bob Sinclar.
Discography
Albums
1993 The Latest Adventures of Kool Killer, as Space Cube
1995 Relations
1996 The Times
1998 Meridian
1999 The Allnighter/Calypso
2000 Since Then
2002 The IP Series
2004 Souvenirs
2005 A Subterranean Soundtrack
2008 In Other Words
2013 What I Do
Singles
Ian Pooley
1993 "Limited Edition"
1994 "Pulse Code EP", as Ian Pooley & Alec Empire (with Alec Empire)
1994 "Roller Skate Disco"
1994 "Twin Gods EP"
1995 "Twin Gods Vol. 2"
1995 "Celtic Cross EP"
1995 "Celtic Cross Remixes"
1995 "My Anthem"
1995 "Today"
1996 "Chord Memory"
1996 "Two Space Cowboys on a [Bad] Trip to Texas", as Ian Pooley & The Jaguar (with Alec Empire)
1996 "What's Your Number"
1996 "Relations"
1997 "Calypso EP"
1997 "Gimme Sound"
1997 "Higgledy Piggedly"
1998 "Followed"
1998 "Loopduelle"
1998 "Rock Da Discoteque EP"
1998 "What's Your Number" (re-release)
1999 "Coldwait"
2000 "900 Degrees"
2000 "Coração Tambor" (with Rosanna & Zélia)
2000 "The Allnighter EP"
2001 "Balmes (A Better Life)" (with Esthero)
2002 "Traffic"
2002 "The Fly Shuffle"
2002 "Niteflite"
2002 "Missing You"
2002 "Ready to Flow"
2002 "Piha", as Ian Pooley & Magik J (with Magik J)
2003 "Here We Go!"
2003 "Heke", as Ian Pooley & Magik J (with Magik J)
2004 "Searchin'"
2004 "Heaven" (with Jade and Danni'elle)
2005 "Samo Iluzija"
2006 "Higgledy Piggedly 2006"
2006 "Celtic Cross 2006"
2007 "All Nite"
Ides
1994 "Sweet & Sour EP"
1996 "Plastered EP"
1996 "Elastic EP"
1998 "Limer"
2005 "Right in the Night EP"
Space Cube
All are collaborations with DJ Tonka
1991 "Space Cube EP"
1991 "Sub Audible"
1992 "Kool Killer EP"
1992 "Kool Killer Vol. 2"
1993 "Kool Killer Vol. 3"
1993 "Kool Killer Mixes EP"
1993 "Unreleased Project EP"
1993 "The Latest Adventures of Kool Killer EP"
1994 "Dschungelfieber"
1994 "Inbound/Outbound"
1995 "Kommerz Killer/Big Bam Bam"
1997 "Unreleased Space Cube Tracks"
T'N'I
All are collaborations with DJ Tonka
1991 "Low Mass EP"
1991 "Trip Men"
1991 "Do You Still Care" (with Marie Pullins)
1992 "Beam EP"
1993 "Depart EP"
1993 "Dream Team EP"
1993 "I Want To Be Free"
1994 "Mad Situation/Be Straight"
Other aliases
1991 "Emperor/Daylight", as Outrage (with DJ Tonka)
1993 "The Modular", as The Modulor
1996 "Next to Nowhere", as Ansicht
1996 "Skippin' EP", as John Skipper Trax
1996 "Roll With It!", as The Low Frequency Band
1996 "Ice Fractions 1", as Silvershower
1996 "Ice Fractions 2", as Silvershower
1997 "Enlite EP", as Bluelite
1999 "Enlite Juice", as Bluelite
1999 "Valle Valle!", as Pinnchiky
2001 "Viewing a Decade EP", as Quiet Daze
2002 "Skippin' EP", as John Skipper Trax (re-release)
References
External links
Official website
Living people
German male musicians
German house musicians
German techno musicians
German DJs
Remixers
1973 births
Ministry of Sound artists
Electronic dance music DJs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Pooley |
The Gove Australian Football League is an Australian rules football league based on the Gove Peninsula in the Northern Territory.
Clubs
Current
Former
Premiers
1974 NO FINALS PLAYED
1975 DJARRAK FC
1976 CATS FC
1977 SOUTH ARNHEM FC
1978 CATS FC
1979 CATS FC
1980 DJARRAK FC
1981 DJARRAK FC
1982 SOUTH ARNHEM FC
1983 CATS FC
1984 CATS FC
1985 SOUTH ARNHEM FC
1986 CATS FC
1987 WALKABOUT FC
1988 CATS FC
1989 WALKABOUT FC
1990 GOPU FC
1991 WALKABOUT FC
1992 WALKABOUT FC
1993 CATS FC
1994 GOPU FC
1995 GOPU FC
1996 GOPU FC
1997 GALUPU FC
1998 GOPU FC
1999 NHULUNBUY FC
2000 DJARRAK FC
2001 GOPU FC
2002 GOPU FC
2003 NGUYKAL FC
2004 NHULUNBUY FC
2005 NHULUNBUY FC
2006 NHULUNBUY FC
2007 BAYWARA FC
2008 GOPU FC
2009 DJARRAK FC
2010 GOPU FC
2011 GOPU FC
2012 GOPU FC
2013 NGUYKAL FC
2014 NGUYKAL FC
2015 DJARRAK FC
2016 NGUYKAL FC
2017 DJARRAK FC
2018 NGUYKAL FC
2019 NGUYKAL FC
2020 GOPU FC
2021 NGUYKAL FC
2022 GOPU FC
2023 NHULUNBUY FC
See also
AFL Northern Territory
Northern Territory Football League
Australian rules football in the Northern Territory
References
External links
Australian rules football competitions in the Northern Territory
Arnhem Land | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gove%20Australian%20Football%20League |
Morphett is a single-member electoral district for the South Australian House of Assembly. The electorate is located approximately slightly south of west of the Adelaide city centre, bounded by the Holdfast Bay coastline to the west and Marion Road to the east. It is approximately in area, and includes the suburbs of Camden Park, Glenelg, Glenelg East, Glenelg North, Glenelg South, Glengowrie, Morphettville, Novar Gardens, and Park Holme, as well as a portion of Somerton Park.
Created in 1976 following the electoral redistribution which took effect from the 1977 election, the electoral district was named after Sir John Morphett (1809–1892) who lived in the Morphettville area and was speaker of the enlarged Legislative Council in 1851, and president of the elected Legislative Council from 1865 to 1873.
On its creation, Morphett was a notionally marginal Liberal electorate. However, it was won by the Dunstan Labor government in its landslide 1977 election victory, and was Labor's only marginal seat. The Liberals won it at the 1979 election and have held it ever since. The Liberal hold on the electorate was considerably strengthened when the safe Liberal seat of Glenelg was abolished at the 1983 redistribution and largely merged with Morphett.
Duncan McFetridge resigned from the Liberal Party and moved to the crossbench as an independent in May 2017 after losing Liberal pre-selection for Morphett to City of Holdfast Bay mayor Stephen Patterson ahead of the 2018 election. Patterson was successful at the election.
Members for Morphett
Election results
Notes
References
ECSA profile for Morphett: 2018
ABC profile for Morphett: 2018
Poll Bludger profile for Morphett: 2018
1977 establishments in Australia
Electoral districts of South Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Morphett |
Trevor Jordache is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera Brookside, played by Bryan Murray. The character debuted on-screen during the episode broadcast on 8 March 1993. The character only appeared briefly in twelve episodes, but was a featured in one of Brookside's most controversial plots, the "body under the patio" storyline.
Development
Murray was having a coffee with a friend at the Granada Television building. He then learned that Brookside's executive producer wanted to meet with him to discuss a role on the soap opera. Murray was offered the role of Trevor, a man who initially appears "perfectly innocent" but is secretly abusing his family. Trevor was murdered in the show's infamous body under the patio storyline. His wife Mandy Jordache (Sandra Maitland) stabs him to death and their daughter, Beth Jordache (Anna Friel) helps bury him under the patio, where he remained until he was accidentally dug up. When Trevor's body was discovered and removed from under the patio, he was played by a body double and television extra, Mike Woolley. He was buried up to his head and shoulders in the patio, in cold weather. He also played Trevor during a dream sequence experienced on-screen by Mandy, in which Trevor chases her through the house. Woolley was only seen from behind and was used because Murray's original footage was damaged by a hair on the camera lens.
Murray liked playing a such a villainous character. In 2023, he told Michael Hogan from The Guardian that "when I read the scripts, I started to imagine what was going on in Trevor’s mind. You have to try to get inside your character, no matter how monstrous they are. I enjoyed playing him, which might sound odd, but what a role." Trevor only appeared in twelve episodes but Murray revealed that the viewers were very opinionated about him. Murray had abuse shouted at him in public, received hate mail and threats of violence from strangers.
Murray's character was so controversial he received death threats from the public. Police received information Murray's life was at risk and intervened. Murray had a police escort who accompanied him between his home and the Brookside studios. Murray later recalled "I thought they were having me on but it was very serious." He added that characters like Trevor make viewers feel emotions unlike others, which caused their threatening behaviour.
Storylines
Prior to his introduction, Trevor was violent towards his wife Mandy and sexually abused his teenage daughter, Beth. He was imprisoned for assaulting his wife, but he had not been reported for abusing Beth. In 1993 Mandy, Beth and Rachel Jordache (Tiffany Chapman) arrived on Brookside Close in a "safehouse", as Trevor was due to be released from prison. Trevor traced them to the address after enquiring around the neighbourhood.
Trevor then approached his wife Mandy, who refused to take pity on him, but agreed to meet him at his bedsit. Upon seeing the squalor he had to live in and finding he had been burgled, Mandy naively allowed Trevor to stay at her house, much to the delight of Rachel and the disgust of Beth. During his stay at the Jordache house, Trevor bullied and beat his wife Mandy, but was more cautious around Beth who showed open contempt for him. Beth was particularly cautious owing to her father's sexual abuse of her when she was younger. Fearing for Rachel's welfare, she kept an eye on her father. When she noticed that Trevor was abusing Rachel, she told Mandy. When Mandy confronted him, he told her that if she left he would kill her, their daughters and then himself. Later Trevor invited the neighbours around for a drinks party. Most of the neighbours gave false excuses, except for David (John Burgess) and Jean Crosbie (Marcia Ashton), who turned up out of sympathy for Mandy. During the party Trevor openly belittled Mandy, making the Crosbies feel uncomfortable and making them leave early. Trevor noticed this and was embarrassed. Blaming the incident on Mandy for allegedly badmouthing him to the neighbours, he viciously beat her.
On noticing her mother had been beaten by Trevor, Beth issued an ultimatum, telling her to throw Trevor out. Mandy refused, confessing to Beth that Trevor had threatened to kill them all should she do so. Upon realising this, Beth hatched a plan to kill Trevor involving her reluctant mother. Beth and a reluctant Mandy first tried to kill Trevor using weed-killer brought around by Sinbad (Michael Starke). When this failed, Beth started buying large amounts of pain-killers from Ron Dixon's (Vince Earl) shop and putting them into his food. This however only served to make Trevor ill. The pair persevered with this plan despite its failings, making Trevor more unwell each time.
During their final attempt Trevor caught the pair putting the pain killers into his drink. After confronting them, Beth told Trevor she hated him and wished he was dead. Trevor blamed Beth for turning Mandy against him and beat her in the kitchen. Upon seeing her daughter being beaten, Mandy picked up a kitchen knife and stabbed Trevor with it, killing him. Once Mandy and Beth realised Trevor was dead, Mandy became very distant, but Beth hatched a plan to dispose of Trevor's body. When night fell the two wrapped him in bin liners and Beth buried him under the patio. Two years later however, an underground leak forced the area to be dug up and Trevor's body was found by Eddie Banks (Paul Broughton) and Jimmy Corkhill (Dean Sullivan).
Reception
Mikie O'Loughlin from RSVPLive.ie branded Trevor "one of the soap's biggest villains". Helen O'Callaghan from the Irish Examiner named him a "legendary Channel 4 villain". A RTÉ reporter similarly called him a "legendary Channel 4 soap villain" who "lay rotting under the patio for two dramatic years."
References
Brookside characters
Fictional Irish people
Fictional rapists
Television characters introduced in 1993
Fictional criminals in soap operas
Male villains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Jordache |
"Hero Worship" is the 111th episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. This is the 11th episode of the fifth season, directed by series' castmember Patrick Stewart (Captain Jean-Luc Picard). Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry died during the filming of this episode.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, Data rescues an orphaned boy from a damaged ship. As a way to repress his own pain, the boy begins to mimic Data's personality.
Writing
This episode was written by Hilary J. Bader; Bader began as TNG season 3 writing intern, and would also write for "The Loss" and "Dark Page" (3 total for TNG). Bader went on to write for many children's cartoon shows and comic books.
The teleplay was written by Joe Menosky.
Plot
The U.S.S. Enterprise is sent to investigate the disappearance of the research vessel Vico which had been dispatched to explore the Black Cluster in section 9–7. They encounter the ship adrift just outside the cluster, with apparent heavy battle damage. Lt. Commander Data (Brent Spiner), Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge (LeVar Burton), and Commander William Riker (Jonathan Frakes) beam aboard to investigate. Everybody on the Vico is dead, except for one survivor - a young, traumatized boy named Timothy (Joshua Harris). Commander Riker tries to have Timothy beamed into sickbay on the Enterprise. But the attempt is futile, due to the boy being pinned down by a fallen beam that is interfering with the energizing matter stream. Ensign Hutchinson tells Riker that in order to beam the boy onto the Enterprise, they need to get him out of the debris and take him to the unshielded corridor of the Vico. Data tells Riker that he can lift the wreckage to free the boy, but that it might quicken the imminent hull breach. At Data's suggestion, Riker and Geordi return to the Enterprise. Using his strength to lift the beam, Data frees Timothy and they rush to the corridor, allowing them to be beamed back into the Enterprise just in time before the hull collapses.
As Dr. Beverly Crusher (Gates McFadden) examines him in sickbay, Timothy tells the crew that his ship was attacked by some unknown aliens who forcibly boarded the Vico. Having lost both his parents (his mother, the systems engineer of the Vico, was found dead in another part of the ship, while his father, the Vicos second officer, was likely blown into space when the Vicos bridge was exposed), Timothy is very afraid and struggles to blend into his new surroundings, isolating himself from the other children and the other adults. Timothy only trusts Data, mostly because he rescued him. Data also finds himself concerned for the boy and learns about how parental figures provide important support to a child's emotional well-being after listening to Geordi recalling a traumatic event when he was a child.
Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) investigates the Vicos destruction with Geordi and Data. Geordi says that there were no records or evidence indicating that any boarding parties came onto the Vico. Picard suspects that Timothy isn't being entirely honest, but can't question him since Timothy is still in shock. Worried about Timothy's emotional well-being and having witnessed the growing connection between the boy and the android officer, Counselor Deanna Troi asks Data to spend time with Timothy. She tells Captain Picard that it is possible that Timothy might open up to Data about the truth of the Vicos destruction. Picard encourages Data to follow what Troi suggests, and Data agrees. Before starting his task in watching over Timothy, Data asks Troi about how he should proceed. Troi replies, "Just be with him. Your presence he trusts and that what he needs most right now."
Data visits Timothy who is busy constructing a model of a Dakkoran temple. Data helps complete the model using his quick reflexes, much to Timothy's amazement. When Timothy asks him how he was able to build the model at such a high speed, Data explains that as an android, he is designed to excel in both physical and mental capacities, while not being able to express emotions. Fascinated by his android rescuer and intrigued by the fact that androids can't experience emotions, Timothy starts behaving like him. Timothy's new android persona - complete with Data's vernacular, body movements and Timothy's insistence that he is an android, mildly surprises and amuses Counselor Troi during a one-on-one appointment in the Ten Forward dining loft. Troi concludes to Picard and Data that Timothy is using the android persona as a way to help him cope, even suppress his emotions of trauma. She says that this android-persona will pass, but that it will go on until Timothy regains his emotional strength back. Picard instructs Data to make Timothy "the best android he can possibly be".
Data takes Timothy under his wing, teaching the orphaned boy on what it means to be an android. He grooms the boy's hair to look exactly like his own and accompanies him to his physical examination with Dr. Crusher, who plays along with the android idea. Timothy reveals that he has nightmares and is very afraid, but he believes that by behaving like an android he can suppress his emotions. While the two are painting, Data notices Timothy painting a violently expressive painting of what looks like an abstract explosion and asks whether it represents something. Timothy says that the painting doesn't represent anything, insisting that it is "just a painting". Data assures Timothy that he can tell him anything he wishes.
Over time, Timothy begins to open up to other people, even smiling and laughing at one point during school. Although she is happy with Timothy's progress, Troi feels that Data's work is not done yet, as she remarks, "A laugh is one step in the right direction, we need to help him take a few more steps." She suggests that Data tell Timothy about how humanity fascinates him, stating that it might help Timothy to be a boy again. At the Ten Forward bar, Data and Timothy dine on soft drinks. Upon Timothy's question on what he thinks of the drink, Data states that while he can analyze the components and textures of a dessert, he cannot taste. Data longingly muses over what it would be like to taste one's dessert and feel the anticipation and delight over a confection - a behaviour he observed in humans. Timothy argues that androids are faster and stronger than humans and that they do not need to feel bad all the time, but Data asserts that while androids are able to excel at skills of physical and mental abilities, they are incapable of emotions - like feeling proud over an accomplishment, something that humans are capable of doing. His final statement to Timothy is "I would gladly risk feeling bad at times, if it also meant that I could... taste my dessert."
Meanwhile, the Enterprise enters the black cluster. Lieutenant Worf (Michael Dorn) notices strange sensor readings that appear, disappear then reappear from starboard bow to port bow. Riker and Picard conclude that the wavefronts are echoing the Enterprises movements through the black cluster, distorting the motion sensors. A troubled Picard muses that while sensor distortion is uncommon in travelling through black clusters, none of the previously explored black clusters demonstrated gravitational waves as extreme as the Section 9-7 Back cluster. Eventually, the distortion becomes so strong, the sensors become useless. Captain Picard finds out that the ship was not destroyed by aliens after Data concludes that the distortion caused by the gravitational wave fronts in the black cluster interferes with all kinds of phaser fire. With Troi and Data present, Picard gently demands that Timothy tell the truth. Timothy firmly sticks to his story, insisting that the Vico was attacked, but Data calms him down, convincing him to tell the truth by telling him that androids do not lie. Timothy tearfully admits that he accidentally killed the crew of his ship when his arm touched a button on the computer control panel which caused the destruction of his ship. Data tells him that it is not possible since all starships require "user code clearance". Picard and Troi support this, assuring the distraught Timothy that because of the "user code clearance", he is not responsible for the tragic deaths of his parents.
Suddenly, a shock wave hits the Enterprise and Timothy says that his ship was also hit by a shock wave. Picard tells Worf to raise shields, but a new shock wave is even stronger than the first one. More power is diverted to the shields and another wave hits and is even stronger. While listening to the banter between captain and the crew, Timothy remembers that the Vicos crew were doing the same procedures of adding more power to the shields. With Timothy by his side, Data heads to the science aft on the bridge, computing the shield's strength and the rising strength of the shock waves. Picard and Geordi discuss putting the energy of the warp engine to the shields. Timothy states that is what they said the same "warp power to the shields" order on his ship.
Data suddenly asks Picard to lower the shields and Picard orders Worf to lower the shields, which he does. The next shock wave is harmless and the Enterprise is safe. Data had realized that giving energy to the shields caused even heavier shock waves (the more power the ship generated, the heavier the impact), and these were ultimately responsible for the destruction of Timothy's ship. Due to Timothy's memory and Data's speedy analysis, the Enterprise has been saved from the Vicos fate. The Enterprise leaves the black cluster.
Counselor Troi and Data watch Timothy in school and Troi concludes that while he is still filled with pain, Timothy has reverted to being a boy. Data has a heart-to-heart conversation with Timothy, who apologizes for acting like an android. Data, however, says that he has heard that imitation is the highest form of flattery and is not offended. Timothy asks if they can still do things together, Data replies that he would be pleased, even happy to count Timothy as one of his many human friends. In response, Timothy momentarily takes on an androidish expression and says, "That would be acceptable," before smiling.
Reception
In 1993, Trek Van Hise in Trek: The Next Generation said the episode was "excellent" and noted Patrick Stewart as the director.
In 2000, in Diplomacy, family, destiny: The Next Generation the episode was noted as a "bizarre psychological drama".
In 2011, The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B+", and while questioning the use of child actors, felt that the episode was example of how the series was willing to confront loss; overall they were happy with the writing and characters.
In 2020, GameSpot recommended this episode for background on the character of Data.
In 2020, Looper listed this as one of the best episodes for Data.
Releases
The episode was released in the United States on November 5, 2002, as part of the season five DVD box set. The first Blu-ray release was in the United States on November 18, 2013, followed by the United Kingdom the next day, November 19, 2013.
Notes
External links
Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5) episodes
1992 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Patrick Stewart | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero%20Worship%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20The%20Next%20Generation%29 |
Kristian Schultze (21 January 1945 – 22 November 2011) was one-half of the German new-age band Cusco. Schultze partnered with Michael Holm and the two produced numerous new-age albums. The two met in late 1970s, when they discovered that they shared a similar interest in pre-colonial America. Schultze also released a number of solo albums.
Biography
Kristian Schultze was the son of Norbert Schultze, the composer of "Lili Marleen", and Iwa Wanja, a Bulgarian actress and singer. He grew up in Hamburg, Rio de Janeiro and Berlin, and got his musical education at Konservatorium and Musikhochschule Berlin, Wiener Akademie and Jazzschool Graz. He moved to Munich in 1968 where he worked as composer, arranger, producer and musician for various artists, for movies, television and theater.
As a keyboard player, he joined the group Passport of Klaus Doldinger in 1973 and recorded the albums "Looking Thru", "Cross Collateral", "Infinity Machine" and "Iguacu" with them. They undertook tours of Asia, United States, Australia and Brazil and Germany. In 1977, he left the band and played in the group "Snowball" with Curt Cress (drums), Dave King (bass guitar) and Roy Albrighton, the former lead singer with NEKTAR.
In 1979, Kristian and Michael Holm started the studio project "Cusco". They produced 22 albums and semi-albums, and consistently charted near the top of the New Age charts.
In 1985, he and his wife Birgid moved to the Bavarian countryside, where they rented a house in Bad Tölz, a small village facing the Bavarian Alps. He built his second D.I. studio in that house and continued to work as composer, arranger, sound designer and keyboard-soloist for dozens of national and international artists. From 1986, Kristian studied computer theory, learned some computer languages, and became a beta tester for software companies in Germany. Some of his ideas made their way into major studio programs like Notator. From 1988, Kristian practiced meditation techniques, and from 1990 until 1993 he was a student in breath therapy (HAKOMI method). Through the inspiration of his wife, who during the years has become a healing specialist, Kristian tried to integrate his experiences into his compositions.
His last two solo albums, Colours of Inner Peace and Born to Breathe, both released 1996 under the GIB label, give examples of this new way of music writing, and his constant work with Michael Holm and Cusco also reflect some of these compositional developments.
Kristian died of a heart attack in Bad Tölz, Bavaria, aged 66.
References
External links
Official website
Holm And Schultze
Obituary in Musikmarkt
1945 births
2011 deaths
20th-century German musicians
20th-century German male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian%20Schultze |
The bantamweight class in the boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics competition was the second-lightest class. Bantamweights were limited to those boxers weighing less than 54 kilograms. The competition was held from October 11, 1964, to October 23, 1964. 32 boxers from 32 nations competed.
Medallists
Results
Sources
References
Bantamweight | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing%20at%20the%201964%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Bantamweight |
The Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck Cartoon Collections was a series of Disney videos compiling cartoon shorts produced between 1936 and 1954. It was a Disney attempt at releasing its stable of cartoon shorts to video under their own label, after their DiscoVision experiment. The discs were released in 1981 and 1982, two years before Disney unveiled The Disney Channel and two years also before they released Walt Disney Cartoon Classics.
There were three videos released in all, each with six shorts. Each of the six shorts presented included two cartoons each starring Mickey Mouse, two each starring Pluto and two each starring Donald Duck. There were no cartoons that starred Goofy (the only time Goofy appeared in a cartoon was if he costarred alongside Mickey and/or Donald). Other patterns seemed to include at least one 1930s Mickey short each and one short each placing Donald opposite Chip 'n' Dale. Many of the presented shorts were reissued on later Disney releases on video and DVD.
Featured videos
Volume One
The Laserdisc version of Volume 1 also includes the shorts that were on the VHS and beta version of Volume 2.
Thru the Mirror (1936)
The Sleepwalker (1942)
Donald's Golf Game (1938) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: The Goofy World of Sports" in 1992)
The Whalers (1938)
Pluto and the Gopher (1950)
Dragon Around (1954) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Chip 'n' Dale" in 1987)
Volume Two (VHS and Beta)
Society Dog Show (1939) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Pluto and Fifi" in 1987)
Pluto's Sweater (1949)
Donald Applecore (1952) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Chip 'n' Dale" in 1987)
The Little Whirlwind (1941) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Mickey and Minnie" in 1987)
Pluto's Blue Note (1947) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Pluto and Fifi" in 1987)
Donald's Diary (1954) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Donald and Daisy" in 1987)
Volume Two (Laserdisc)
Canine Caddy (1941)
Bubble Bee (1949)
Goofy and Wilbur (1939)
Dude Duck (1951)
Mickey's Trailer (1938)
Hawaiian Holiday (1937)
Donald's Happy Birthday (1949)
Good Scouts (1938)
Donald's Fountain of Youth (1953)
Soup's On (1948)
Lucky Number (1951)
Volume Three
Boat Builders (1938) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Mickey and the Gang" in 1989)
Pluto's Quin-puplets (1937) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Pluto and Fifi" in 1987)
Chef Donald (1941)
Moose Hunters (1937) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Mickey and the Gang" in 1989)
Lend a Paw (1941)
Working For Peanuts (1953) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Chip 'n' Dale" in 1987)
References
Disney animated films
Mickey Mouse
Donald Duck
Short film compilations
Home video lines
Disney home video releases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%20Mouse%20and%20Donald%20Duck%20Cartoon%20Collections |
Howard Morley Sachar (February 10, 1928 – April 18, 2018) was an American historian. He was Professor Emeritus of History and International Affairs at the George Washington University in Washington, D.C., and the author of 16 books, as well as numerous articles in scholarly journals, on the subjects of Middle Eastern and Modern European history. His writings, which have been published in six languages, are widely regarded as solid reference works.
Early, personal life and education
Howard Morley Sachar was born to historian and academic administrator Abram L. Sachar and his wife, Thelma Horwitz, during his father's tenure as a professor of history at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and raised in Champaign, Illinois. He was the eldest of three brothers; his brother Edward J. Sachar became a pioneering biological psychiatrist and David B. Sachar became a gastroenterologist.
Sachar completed his undergraduate education at Swarthmore College and earned his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in history at Harvard University.
He married Eliana Steimatzky and had three children: Sharon, Michele and Daniel.
Career
Sachar was a full-time faculty member of the Department of History and the Elliott School of International Affairs at the George Washington University for 40 years. He was also a visiting professor at Hebrew University and Tel Aviv University, and a guest lecturer at nearly 150 other universities in North America, Europe, South Africa and Egypt. In 1996 he was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. He also received the National Jewish Book Award on two separate occasions. In 1977, for A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time and in 1982 for Egypt and Israel.
In 1961 Sachar founded Brandeis University's Jacob Hiatt Institute in Jerusalem, one of the first study-abroad programs in Israel, and served as its director until 1964. Through his connections with the United States Foreign Service, where he worked as a consultant and lecturer on Middle Eastern Affairs, he was able to obtain funding for the Jacob Hiatt Institute from the U.S. State Department in 1965.
He was a member of the American Historical Association as well as one dozen editorial boards and commissions. In addition to his books, he was editor-in-chief of the 39-volume The Rise of Israel: A documentary history.
Howard Sachar died at his home in Kensington, Maryland, on April 18, 2018, aged 90.
Political position
Sachar was a member of the advisory council of the pro-peace lobbying organization J Street and an advocate of the two-state solution for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Works
The Course of Modern Jewish History (1959; updated 1990) Lib. of Cong. Cat. No. 58-67-57
Aliyah: The peoples of Israel (1961) Lib. of Cong. Cat. No. 61-12017
From the Ends of the Earth: The peoples of Israel (1964) Lib. of Cong. Cat. No. 64-12064
The Emergence of the Middle East: 1914–1924 (1969) Lib. of Cong. Cat. No. 76-79349
Europe Leaves the Middle East, 1936–1954 (1972)
A History of Israel: From the rise of Zionism to our time (1976; 3rd edition 2007)
The Man on the Camel: A novel (1980)
Egypt and Israel (1981)
Diaspora: An inquiry into the contemporary Jewish world (1985)
A History of Israel, Volume II: From the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War (1987)
The Rise of Israel: A documentary record from the nineteenth century to 1948 : a facsimile series reproducing over 1,900 documents in 39 volumes, Volume 1 (1987)
A History of the Jews in America (1992)
Farewell Espana: The world of the Sephardim remembered (1994; reprinted 1995)
Israel and Europe: An Appraisal in History (1998; reprinted 2000)
Dreamland: Europeans and Jews in the aftermath of the Great War (2002; reprinted 2003)
A History of the Jews in the Modern World (2005; reprinted 2006)
The Assassination of Europe, 1918-1942: A Political History (2004)
References
1928 births
2018 deaths
Jewish American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Historians of Jews and Judaism
Historians of the Middle East
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences faculty
Elliott School of International Affairs faculty
Swarthmore College alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
20th-century American historians
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Sachar |
"Violations" is the 112th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the 12th episode of the fifth season.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, a member of an alien delegation traveling on the USS Enterprise molests members of the crew using telepathy.
Plot
The Federation starship Enterprise conveys a delegation of Ullians to Calder IV. Tarmin, their leader, explains that Ullians are telepathic historians who conduct their research by retrieving long forgotten memories, and demonstrating this on volunteers by helping Keiko O'Brien recall a lost childhood memory, and revealing Dr. Crusher is thinking about her first kiss. Tarmin continues to explain that their abilities require years of training, and his son Jev, also part of the delegation, has not yet reached his potential. Jev is upset at this implication and leaves. Counselor Deanna Troi follows and talks to him, pointing out that her own mother, Lwaxana Troi, is also quite overbearing. After finding a common bond, Troi leaves for her quarters. While there, she recalls a romantic interlude with Commander William Riker, but as the memory gets more intense, Riker begins to assault Deanna, ignoring Deanna's screams of "No!". Suddenly, Riker is replaced by Jev. Troi screams out in pain and collapses, later to be found in a coma.
Riker speaks to Jev as the last person seen talking to Troi, and asks if he would submit to medical tests to make sure the Ullians do not carry any harmful toxins or pathogens. Jev agrees, but later Riker suffers from a similar flashback and also collapses. Dr. Crusher's tests reveal nothing, but her scans of Troi and Riker show an electropathic activity typical of a rare neurological disorder, Iresine Syndrome. Captain Picard asks the Ullians if they would allow for further scanning, which Tarmin agrees to. None of the Ullians, nor any of their volunteers during the demonstration, show this disorder. Later, Dr. Crusher succumbs to a similar flashback, and Picard puts Lt. Commander Data and Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge in charge of the investigation. Following Dr. Crusher's research, Geordi looks to other cases of Iresine Syndrome in Federation records, eventually discovering two that occurred on Hurada III while a Ullian delegation was present. Picard requests the Ullians to confine themselves to quarters until they resolve the issue.
Troi wakes from her coma, and when news of this arrives to Jev, he requests to help probe Troi's mind to find out what happened. Picard allows it, and with Jev's help, Troi recounts the memory, ending with the replacement of Riker by Tarmin. Jev asserts that for his people, forcefully inserting oneself into a memory is a crime, and contacts his homeworld to let them know of Tarmin's crime. As they near their destination, Jev comes to say goodbye to Troi, apologizing for his father. When Troi offers sympathy, Jev engages another mind probe, causing the same memory to occur for Troi. Just then, security personnel arrive and take Jev into custody; Data and La Forge had discovered two additional instances of unexplained comas on Nel III, and that Tarmin was on his home planet at that time. As the Enterprise sets course for the Ullian homeworld, Tarmin is cleared, and Riker and Dr. Crusher recover from their comas.
External links
Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5) episodes
1992 American television episodes
Television episodes about telepathy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violations%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20The%20Next%20Generation%29 |
The Central Australian Football League (CAFL) is an Australian rules football competition operating out of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory, Australia. Established in 1947, the CAFL is the oldest, most popular and important football league in Central Australia.
It is notable for producing VFL/AFL players such as Darryl White, Joel Bowden and Liam Jurrah.
The home of the CAFL is Traeger Park. The CAFL organises the annual Ngurratjuta Town Vs Country Challenge event and local Rec Footy competitions.
Current clubs
Premier Division
Community League
Premiers
List of premiers for the CAFL Premier division.
1947 Pioneer
1948 Pioneer
1949 Pioneer
1950 Federal
1951 Pioneer
1952 Rovers
1953 Pioneer
1954 Rovers
1955 Federal
1956 Pioneer
1957 Pioneer
1958 Federal
1959 Federal
1960 Federal
1961 Federal
1962 Federal
1963 Federal
1964 Rovers
1965 Pioneer
1966 Pioneer
1967 Pioneer
1968 Pioneer
1969 Pioneer
1970 Rovers
1971 Pioneer
1972 Pioneer
1973 Rovers
1974 Federal
1975 Pioneer
1976 Pioneer
1977 Pioneer
1978 Rovers
1979 West Alice Springs
1980 West Alice Springs
1981 Pioneer
1982 West Alice Springs
1983 Pioneer
1984 South Alice Springs
1985 Pioneer
1986 Rovers
1987 Pioneer
1988 Rovers
1989 Pioneer
1990 Pioneer
1991 Pioneer
1992 South Alice Springs
1993 South Alice Springs
1994 Pioneer
1995 South Alice Springs
1996 Rovers
1997 Pioneer
1998 Pioneer
1999 South Alice Springs
2000 Pioneer
2001 Pioneer
2002 West Alice Springs
2003 South Alice Springs
2004 West Alice Springs
2005 West Alice Springs
2006 West Alice Springs
2007 West Alice Springs
2008 Yuendumu
2009 Pioneer
2010 Pioneer
2011 Federal
2012 Rovers
2013 Federal
2014 South Alice Springs
2015 Federal
2016 Federal
2017 Rovers
2018 Rovers
2019 Rovers
2020 Rovers
2021 Rovers
2022 Pioneer
2023 Federal
See also
AFL Northern Territory
Northern Territory Football League
References
External links
Australian rules football competitions in the Northern Territory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Australian%20Football%20League |
renegadepress.com is a Canadian teen drama television series, produced by Vérité Films for the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network.
Plot
The storyline follows the lives of a group of teenagers running an e-zine about their daily experiences. The main characters are Zoey (Ksenia Solo), an average upper middle-class girl who thinks of herself as a bit of a nerd, and Jack (Bronson Pelletier), a boy of First Nations origin. The series deals with teenage topics, including relationships, sex and drugs. Every season, two to three new characters are introduced, who join in writing the e-zine. These characters are usually added to explore new areas of teen life and problems.
The show is no longer in production, although reruns continue to air on APTN. In 2008, the Global Television Network also began airing the show's first season. TFO, the French language educational broadcaster in Ontario, has also aired a French dubbed version of the program. In 2012, renegadepress.com made its American debut on the Starz channel Starz Kids & Family.
Cast
Bronson Pelletier as Jack Sinclair
Ksenia Solo as Zoey Jones
Ishan Davé as Sandi Bhutella
Shawn Erker as Oscar Cherniak
Rachel Colwell as Crystal Sinclair
Ingrid Nilson as Patti
Magda Apanowicz as Alex Young
Nolan Gerard Funk as Ben Lalonde
Ephraim Ellis as Dylan
Katlin Long-Wright as Heath Stevenson
Matthew Strongeagle as Michael
Wendy Anderson as Linda Jones, Zoey's mother
David Neale as Brian Jones, Zoey's father
Lorne Cardinal as Wayne Sinclair, Jack and Crystal's father
Curtis Lum as Connor
Nikki Elek as Suzie
References
External links
renegadepress.com
2000s Canadian teen drama television series
2004 Canadian television series debuts
2008 Canadian television series endings
Aboriginal Peoples Television Network original programming
CTV 2 original programming
Global Television Network original programming
Citytv original programming
TFO original programming
TVO original programming
Starz original programming
English-language television shows
Television series by Bell Media
Television series by Corus Entertainment
Canadian television soap operas
Television series about teenagers
Television shows set in Saskatchewan
First Nations television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renegadepress.com |
"The Masterpiece Society" is the 113th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the 13th episode of the fifth season.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, while the crew of the USS Enterprise saves an isolated genetically engineered society from immediate destruction, the cultural contamination resulting from their interaction may still ultimately doom the colony.
Plot
The Enterprise has been assigned to the Moab sector to track a stellar core fragment from a disintegrated Neutron star. They find the fragment is due to pass near Moab IV, threatening a human colony on the planet. On contacting the colony to arrange for evacuation, its leader Aaron Conor (John Snyder) refuses, though he allows an away team to visit to discuss the matter. Conor explains that the colony was formed 200 years prior to create a perfect society using genetic engineering and selective breeding, and he and the other leaders feel that evacuation would destroy the perfect order they have achieved. They discuss other alternatives and Enterprise Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge is introduced to Hannah Bates (Dey Young), a scientist. Bates proposes using a multi-phase tractor beam, powered by the Enterprises warp core, to push the fragment from its path, which La Forge agrees would be a possible solution. After some deliberation, Bates is allowed to leave the colony to the Enterprise to oversee the process. Meanwhile, Deanna Troi and Conor start to develop a romantic attraction as they try to convince the other leaders that evacuation is the best option.
Aboard the Enterprise, Bates' solution is found to be effective, but the equipment required is damaged too quickly to be used. La Forge recognizes her solution could be augmented with similar technology that enables his VISOR to operate, allowing the equipment to last long enough to manipulate the fragment safely away from Moab IV. La Forge comments that this solution wouldn't be possible in the current colony's manner of perfection as imperfections like blindness would have been outright eliminated. As they continue simulations, they find that the solution is not perfect, but La Forge suggests that they reinforce the colony's shielding during the fragment's passing, allowing the colony to survive the fragment's passage. Conor initially refuses as this would require more Enterprise personnel to transport to the colony, and he fears cultural contamination, but relents when Bates convinces him this is the only solution. The Enterprise is able to push the fragment far enough that the colony appears to be safe.
As the other Enterprise crew return to the ship, La Forge and Bates check on the status of the colony’s shielding. Bates reports there are microfractures that will soon fail, and recommends full evacuation. La Forge, having not seen these on his VISOR, recognizes that Bates falsified the readings, as she wishes to leave with the Enterprise, recognizing that the colony has languished behind the technological improvements of the Federation. Admitting her lie, she requests asylum aboard the Enterprise. Several other colonists express their desire to leave. Troi brings Captain Picard to the colony to discuss the matter with Conor. Though Picard recognizes that the colony's society will be altered by agreeing to asylum, he cannot refuse this request as a fundamental right of human free will. Conor reluctantly agrees, and allows Bates and 22 other colonists to leave with the ship. As they leave orbit, Picard comments how this affair is a clear example of the necessity of the Prime Directive; the intervention of the Federation to save the colonists may have, in the end, proved just as dangerous to the colony as any core fragment could ever have been.
Reception
In 2011, this episode was mentioned by Forbes in a review of Star Trek episodes that explore the implications of advanced technology, and this episode was noted for a depiction of a "genetically engineered society".
References
External links
Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5) episodes
1992 American television episodes
Television episodes about eugenics
Television episodes about genetic engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Masterpiece%20Society |
The Barkly Australian Football League (BAFL) is an Australian rules football competition based in Tennant Creek in the Northern Territory of Australia. The competition began in 1991 with all games played at Purkiss Reserve, Tennant Creek. BAFL season games could be played at Elliott oval from 2020 onwards due to the recent upgrade to the oval in 2019.
Current clubs
Former clubs
Premierships
1991 – Sporties Spitfires
1992 – Sporties Spitfires
1993 – Sporties Spitfires
1994 – Sporties Spitfires
1995 – Janapurlalki Eagles
1996 – Sporties Spitfires
1997 – Memo Magpies
1998 – Sporties Spitfires
1999 – Elliott Hawks
2000 – Memo Magpies
2001 – Sporties Spitfires
2002 – Sporties Spitfires
2003 – Elliott Hawks
2004 – Janapurlalki Eagles
2005 – Elliott Hawks
2006 – Janapurlalki Eagles
2007 – Ali Curung Kangaroos
2008 – Janapurlalki Eagles
2009 – Janapurlalki Eagles
2010 – Sporties Spitfires
2011 – Ti Tree Roosters
2012 – Ti Tree Roosters
2013 – Janapurlalki Eagles
2014 – Sporties Spitfires
2015 – Sporties Spitfires
2016 – Sporties Spitfires
2017 – Sporties Spitfires
2018 – Janapurlalki Eagles
2019 – Sporties Spitfires
Grand Finals
1991 – Sporties Spitfires 19.24 (138) def Memo Magpies 3.3 (21)
1992 – Sporties Spitfires 13.11 (89) def Memo Magpies 9.6 (60)
1993 – Sporties Spitfires 21.16 (142) def Janapurlalki Eagles 5.7 (37)
1994 – Sporties Spitfires 12.18 (90) def Janapurlalki Eagles 12.9 (81)
1995 – Janapurlalki Eagles 13.6 (84) def Sporties Spitfires 10.10 (70)
1996 – Sporties Spitfires 12.12 (84) def Elliott Hawks 3.8 (26)
1997 – Memo Magpies 11.14 (80) def Sporties Spitfires 5.8 (38)
1998 – Sporties Spitfires 13.9 (87) def Janapurlalki Eagles 8.10 (58)
1999 – Elliott Hawks 22.17 (149) def Ali Curung 9.4 (58)
2000 – Memo Magpies 16.10 (106) def Elliott Hawks 12.11 (83)
2001 – Sporties Spitfires 21.10 (136) def Ali Curung 10.6 (66)
2002 – Sporties Spitfires 19.13 (127) def Janapurlalki Eagles 7.5 (47)
2003 – Elliott Hawks 20.12 (132) def Sporties Spitfires 6.7 (43)
2004 – Janapurlalki Eagles 14.13 (97) def Elliott Hawks 9.9 (63)
2005 – Elliott Hawks 14.9 (93) def Janapurlalki Eagles 12.12 (84)
2006 – Janapurlalki Eagles 11.16 (82) def Elliott Hawks 9.9 (63)
2007 – Ali Curung 13.10 (88) def Sporties Spitfires 12.5 (77)
2008 – Janapurlalki Eagles 14.17 (101) def Sporties Spitfires 5.8 (38)
2009 – Janapurlalki Eagles 17.8 (110) def Willowra 8.5 (53)
2010 – Sporties Spitfires 23.7 (145) def Elliott Hawks 6.5 (41)
2011 – Ti Tree 9.5 (59) def Janapurlalki Eagles 7.9 (51)
2012 – Ti Tree 14.10 (94) def Janapurlalki Eagles 13.14 (92)
2013 – Janapurlalki Eagles 15.21 (111) def Ali Curung 14.7 (91)
2014 – Sporties Spitfires 12.9 (81) def Elliott Hawks 6.9 (45)
2015 – Sporties Spitfires 14.21 (105) def Janapurlalki Eagles 10.2 (62)
2016 – Sporties Spitfires 12.13 (85) def Barkly Work Camp (BWC) 7.8 (50)
2017 – Sporties Spitfires 8.10 (58) def Elliott Hawks 8.7 (55)
2018 – Janapurlalki Eagles 12.12 (84) def Elliott Hawks 12.8 (80)
2019 – Sporties Spitfires 11.13 (79) def Elliott Hawks 7.5 (47) at Purkiss Reserve, Tennant Creek on 14 September 2019.
See also
AFL Northern Territory
Northern Territory Football League
Australian rules football in the Northern Territory
References
External links
Australian rules football competitions in the Northern Territory
Tennant Creek
Barkly Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkly%20Australian%20Football%20League |
Ryder Report may refer to:
Ryder Report (Detention and Corrections in Iraq), 2003 report from the inquiry by U.S. Provost Marshal Donald Ryder into reports of abuse by American troops in Iraq
Ryder Report (British Leyland), 1975 report from the enquiry by Sir Don Ryder into the British Leyland Motor Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder%20Report |
Society Dog Show is a 1939 Mickey Mouse cartoon short produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The animated short was directed by Bill Roberts and animated by Al Eugster, Shamus Culhane, Fred Moore, John Lounsbery, Norm Ferguson, and Leo Salkin. The film originally released on February 3, 1939. It was the 104th short in the Mickey Mouse film series to be released, and the first for that year.
In the short, Pluto's romantic partner is Fifi, a Pekingese who also appears in Puppy Love (1933), Pluto's Quin-puplets (1937) and Mickey's Surprise Party (1939).
Plot
Mickey Mouse enters Pluto in a ritzy dog show. The two arrive there in a makeshift wooden car. While Mickey grooms Pluto, Pluto starts swooning over Fifi the Peke. When Pluto is called to the judge's stand, Mickey quickly retrieves him. Things don't look good for Mickey and Pluto after he attacks the judge (due to him being rude to Pluto), resulting in the two getting kicked out. Upon hearing trick dogs coming onstage to perform, Mickey decides to reenter Pluto in the dog show as a trick dog, but Pluto is nervous about the idea. When a photographer attempts to take a picture of the trick dogs, the camera's flash powder ignites a curtain, causing a fire to break out in the building. Fifi gets stuck under a fallen microphone stand. As Mickey is about to go back in with Pluto as a roller skating dog, a crowd of people and dogs run out. Pluto hears Fifi and bravely goes in, still wearing his roller skates. Mickey tries to follow, but is stopped by falling debris. After hitting a column and narrowly avoiding a collapsing part of the floor and a falling wall, Pluto skates his way across wooden beams and saves Fifi just before the floor that she's on gives way. They escape the burning building by crashing through a window and land on a drain pipe that folds down like a spring and launches them out onto the street. Mickey and the others gather around Pluto and the judge awards Pluto with a medal as everyone cheers for him, hailing him as a hero. Pluto then uses his ear to pull Fifi behind the medal, presumably sharing a kiss.
Home media
The short was released on May 18, 2004, on Walt Disney Treasures: Mickey Mouse in Living Color, Volume Two: 1939-Today.
Notes
The cartoon is notable in that it was the last appearance of Mickey's older character design, primarily the dotted eyes in the design.
There was later a comic strip based on this short by Floyd Gottfredson although the comic strip was portrayed quite differently than the cartoon.
See also
Mickey Mouse (film series)
References
External links
1939 films
1930s color films
1939 animated films
1930s Disney animated short films
Mickey Mouse short films
Pluto (Disney) short films
Films directed by Bill Roberts
Films produced by Walt Disney
Films scored by Oliver Wallace
RKO Pictures animated short films
1930s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20Dog%20Show |
Maimo may refer to:
Maimonides School, a coeducational, Modern Orthodox, Jewish day school located in Brookline, Massachusetts
École Maïmonide, school in Montreal,Canada
Sankie Maimo (1930–2013), writer from British Southern Cameroons, later in Nigeria
See also
Moses ben Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides and Rambam, medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher
Maimonides (disambiguation)
Shmiras Einaim | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimo |
William James Connell (July 6, 1846 – August 16, 1924) was an American Republican Party politician. From 1889 to 1891, he served one term in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Early life and education
Born in Cowansville, Quebec, he immigrated with his family to Schroon Lake, New York in 1857 and then moved to Vermont in 1862. He moved to Omaha, Nebraska in 1867 and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1869.
Career
He was the district attorney of the third judicial district of Nebraska from 1872 to 1876 and a city attorney for the city of Omaha from 1883 to 1887.
Congress
He was elected to the Fifty-first United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1889, to March 3, 1891. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1890, losing to William Jennings Bryan, the future Democratic nominee for President in 1896, 1900, and 1908, and future Secretary of State.
Later career and death
He returned to his job as Omaha's city attorney in 1892. He died in Atlantic City, New Jersey on August 16, 1924, and is buried in Prospect Hill Cemetery, Omaha.
Family
His son, Dr. Karl Albert Connell, invented the gas mask used by American troops during World War I.
References
1846 births
1924 deaths
Nebraska lawyers
Emigrants from pre-Confederation Quebec to the United States
People from Cowansville
Politicians from Omaha, Nebraska
Burials at Prospect Hill Cemetery (North Omaha, Nebraska)
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
Lawyers from Omaha, Nebraska
19th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20James%20Connell |
William Connell was an Anglican priest in the mid-eighteenth century.
A graduate of Trinity College Dublin and Prebendary of Mayne, he was appointed Archdeacon of Ossory in 1758; and died on 27 March 1762.
References
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Archdeacons of Ossory
1762 deaths
Place of birth missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Connell%20%28priest%29 |
is a series of dating sims by Konami for the Game Boy Advance and PlayStation 2.
Meine Liebe has been adapted into an anime series produced in 2004 by the studio Bee Train, which was broadcast across Japan by the anime television network, Animax. In 2006 a sequel was produced by the name of , which was also broadcast across Japan by Animax.
The story follows the lives of students at an elite academy of the fictional European country of Kuchen in 1937.
Other adaptations consist of a four volume Meine Liebe manga and a novel; as well, several drama CDs have been released.
Settings
The entire story takes place in a country called Kuchen, a fictional country located in the Atlantic Ocean, to the coasts of France and south of Britain. The word "kuchen" is the German word for "cake", and most of the places and people are also German-based. Other notable cities are Kirsche ("cherry"), Erdbeere ("strawberry") and Mürbe ("shortcrust").
Kuchen is a monarchy. The king of Kuchen decided that his country would not get involved in the disheveled politics of a world between two world wars. The king is aided by several scholars with strong backgrounds and logical minds, who earned recognition from the Kuchen church. They are men with a noble rank who graduated from the prestigious Rosenstolz academy.
Rosenstolz (German for "pride of the rose") academy is a boarding school which students from wealthy families attend. The academy is open to all genders, though only the boys have a dorm on the academy's ground. Rosenstolz is located in a peaceful town, though its grounds stretch over parts of the surrounding wilderness and forest. The gardens are well tended, consisting of a flourishing greenhouse, stables and narrow channels and fountains.
It is known that the students in Rosenstolz are expected to learn fencing, horseback riding, world history and Kuchen history, science and languages. The academy has one special class that's called the Strahl candidate's class (Strahl being German for ray), where all the prominent young men study hard in the hopes of becoming the king's councilors. Until headmaster Werner's reform, only those who were born to the right social class could study there.
The academy is said to welcome everyone. Amongst the academy's alumni are the current headmaster Bartholomew, councilor Gerald, Victor Gryffith, Josef Torger and the king. It is known that Beruze and headmaster Werner did not go to Rosenstolz.
Story
The main hero of the anime is Orpherus, a young man who believes in a country ruled by its people and whose older sister was killed in an act of terrorism two years prior. Orpherus (nicknamed Orphe) is surrounded by his friends and rivals and together they struggle to make their dream come true — being the king's advisers.
First season
The first season begins by introducing the characters, their past and their ambitions. Orpherus, Eduard, Camus, Ludwig and Naoji are five noblemen who attend the prestigious Rosenstolz academy and a part of the Strahl class – a class for potential candidates for the advisory positions in the royal palace in the small European country of Kuchen. Isaac is an English writer who visits Kuchen. While still students, the five noblemen are forced to deal with corrupted politicians, secret agents, attempted murder and ambitious individuals from both inside and outside of school who threaten to break the fragile peace in their country, and even assassinate the king.
Second season
The five Strahl candidates return to their final year in Rosenstolz, but troubles are far from over. The previous headmaster disappears without saying a word and the new headmaster has a revolutionary idea that threatens to tear the academy apart. But there are troubles not only inside the academy. The king is hiding information, Lui's mother is depressed and Lui himself is being accused of severe treason. While on the run Orphe is nearly shot once again, and Ed finds out that figures from their past have once again arrived at Kuchen. Now the five of them must prove Lui's innocence while stopping a hideous ploy to sell Kuchen to foreign hands.
Main characters
Orpherus is nicknamed Orphe by most of the people around him. His title Fürst, means he is a prince, but neither the anime nor the manga show that he is really royalty and therefore suggest he is the ruler of a "principality" royal and noble ranks as in German custom. Orphe is not the son of a king called a "Prinz" (prince) in German he is called "Fürst"(prince)indicating his place as the first of his house, as his parents do not appear and he is the presumed head and "first" of his house. The household employs a butler and Orphe had an older sister named Robertine, who died when he was 15. Orphe was devastated after her death, and has the habit of caressing the pendant that Robertine's fiancé gave her and which Orphe took from the rubble of the explosion site. He blames himself for not accompanying her to buy the wedding dress, despite the fact that she insisted on going alone.
Orphe is a very idealistic person. Isaac reprimands him on this, saying that he is unconnected to today's society and that words alone would not stifle the sparks of war. According to his way of thinking it can be said that he is also an idealist. He likes politics and holds women in higher regards than most of the men in his time. He's prone to winning and strives to excel in everything he does. He decided to become a Strahl candidate after meeting the king as a boy.
, Drama voice by: Shotaro Morikubo
Eduard is nicknamed "Ed" by most of the people around him. His title, Markgraf means Marquis. His father had an illegal affair with a woman of a lower rank, resulting in Ed and Erika (Ed's little sister). After his mother died, his father took him into his house. However, he was already married with three girls, all of whom were older than Ed. Henriette Braunschweig, Ed's stepmother, hated Ed because she wasn't able to give birth to a male heir to the Braunschweig family assets, going as far as telling her daughters not to speak with their two half siblings. Eventually Ed's father had Erika removed from the house to appease his wife, and her whereabouts are unknown. Ed is still burdened by this because he had promised his sister that he would protect her, and was unable to fulfill that promise.
Ed's appearance is unlike that of the other nobles in the series. He goes with his neck uncovered, he is more tanned than the others and has an earring. Ed is very cheerful and likes to take things easy. He is also the comic relief throughout the series, with his attempts at meditation and kendo. He makes friends easily and wears his heart on his sleeve, though he does not care what other people think about him. He is a good swordsman but is not above using his fists in a fight, another thing that distinguishes him from the other nobles.
, Drama voice by: Akira Ishida
Ludwig is often nicknamed as Lui by the people around him, though most still refer to him as Ludwig because they are afraid of him or revere him. His title Herzog is the second highest title among the nobles, and means Duke. His father is a Duke as well, but his mother is the king's sister, making the king of Kuchen his uncle. His other uncle on his mother's side is the king's (rebellious) younger brother, Helbert. His uncle on his father's side is Camus' father, making the two of them cousins. It is known that he has two housekeepers named Augusta and Clemence, a younger sister and a younger brother. Also, he is left-handed.
Lui appears cold-hearted most of the time. He is very arrogant and yet he knows what is expected of him by his rank and position in the world of those times, and accepts it with cold indifference. He often leaves his friend shocked at his words when he voices his thoughts. However, Lui is a good judge of character and seems to know what to say to help the people he is fond of in order to solve problems on their own. He likes challenges, as long as they are fair towards both ends. Lui claims that he is not like the others, insinuating that he is cold hearted and calculated, and compares himself to Orphe by saying that he can not grasp an opportunity and fight for it like Orphe does. Isaac reprimands Lui for his way of thinking, claiming that it was too dangerous.
, Drama voice by: Kōki Miyata
Camus does not have a nickname like the others, but due to Japanese pronunciation it is often thought that he is nicknamed "Camu", however that is not so. Camus’ rank of Pfalzgraf is the lowest of the nobles and means Count palatine. Camus has an elder sister and an elder brother named Leohart, who is especially protective of him and has watched over him ever since the day he was born.
Camus possesses a special ability, something akin to empathy. He is able to talk to flowers and under his care they bloom more wildly than any place else (his mansion consists of huge gardens that he tend to himself). This ability also enables him to tell a person’s mood. He can tell when someone is upset or angry, like he knew that Isaac was angry at the Strahl class when he visited the academy even though Isaac was smiling. He also receives visions of future events, but when he warns the people involved he is usually feared instead of heeded. Due to this ability he is often feared, misunderstood or mocked.
, Drama voice by: Tomokazu Sugita
Naoji is the only one who does not have a rank, and is in fact not a noble. Naoji was born in Japan to a prestigious family. His father sent him to Kuchen to turn him into an educated and experienced man, but also to protect him from the impending war in Japan (World War II). Without his knowledge, a Kuchen citizenship application was submitted in his name by his father, something he is very upset over. He is staying with a man named Foster, who was like a father to Naoji’s mother.
Naoji has a younger sister, a grandfather and a non-Japanese grandmother. His grandmother was born in Kuchen to a Dukedom and was described to be a true lady with perfect education. She met Naoji’s grandfather when he was studying abroad and all but eloped with him to Japan. Throughout the anime series, Naoji is the only one who speaks the common Japanese dialect, while the rest of the characters speak in an extremely polite and somewhat archaic dialect to distinguish between them.
Isaac is a British spy who works undercover in Kuchen. Since Kuchen insisted on remaining neutral despite the time and era being just between two world wars, the British government wanted to know if Kuchen can be influenced (by force if necessary) to support their side. So Isaac is sent, and for nearly a year he works in Kuchen in the disguise of an author, though he is not the only secret agent who works undercover in Kuchen.
Isaac actually received the title "Sir" for his service to his country. His parents were fallen noblemen that, due to poverty, were thrown out of their manor, something that affected his sister very much. He has three younger siblings: a sister named Rosa and two younger brothers. At some point after they were thrown out of their manor Isaac was left to take care of his younger siblings and was separated from his parents. He joined the army to earn money and support the family during World War I (he calls that time "hell"), and due to his outstanding conduct in battle was recruited to the secret services.
Isaac has a motorcycle and usually carries a revolver. Also, he seems to have strange connections with some of the alumni of Rosenstolz academy.
Media
Anime
The anime from Bee Train studio was directed by Koichi Mashimo and had Minako Shiba as the character designer. The first season of the anime was aired on the Animax network in November 2004 and the second season in January 2006. Though adapted from a dating sims game, the anime pushed aside the main character of Erika, and she makes only brief appearances during the series. The thirteen Meine Liebe episodes were released on DVD by Geneon Entertainment from February 4, 2005, to August 10, 2005, with Marvelous Entertainment Inc. releasing the last two episodes Geneon Entertainment released the thirteen Meine Liebe - wieder episodes on DVD from February 24, 2006, to August 25, 2006. The anime is also licensed in German by Tokyopop Germany. The first series is currently streaming on Viewster.
Manga
Written and illustrated by Rei Isawa with character designs by Kaori Yuki, a manga adaption titled was serialized in Bessatsu Hana to Yume. Hakusensha collected the chapters into four tankōbon and published them from January 19, 2005, to May 19, 2006. The series focuses on a good-natured girl named Erika Kraus, who attends the Rosenstolz Academy to find her brother.
Meine Liebe is licensed in Singapore for an English-language release by Chuang Yi, and in Germany by Tokyopop Germany.
Volume list
Novel
A novel named Encounter of Fate was serialized on Betsuhana magazine in August 2005, 2006. This novel was authored by Shinobu Gotou, with illustrations by Rei Izawa and the cooperation of Kaori Yuki. The novel has 230 pages.
Drama CDs
Geneon Entertainment released four Meine Liebe drama CDs. The first was published on March 10, 2005 The second followed on April 1, 2005.
Geneon Entertainment released the first Meine Liebe Wieder drama CD on April 21, 2006. The second was released on June 23, 2006.
Drama CD 3, ploy, was released on 13/5/2005
A special drama CD, special vacation for the Strahl candidates, was released on 10/8/2005
Of note is that although the voice actors for Orpherus and Isaac remained unchanged, Akira Ishida voiced Ludwig instead of reprising his role as Naoji in the anime version.
Related items
Several character CD's were published after the second season, each performed by the voice actor of that character:
Orpherus character CD (21/7/2006)
Eduard character CD (21/7/2006)
Camus character CD (21/7/2006)
Ludwig character CD (25/10/2006)
Naoji character CD (25/10/2006)
Isaac character CD (25/10/2006)
References
External links
Meine Liebe Yuubinaru Kioku Official Site
Meine Liebe Hokori to Seigi to Ai Official Site
2001 video games
2004 anime television series debuts
2004 manga
2005 Japanese novels
2006 anime television series debuts
Animax
Bee Train Production
Dating sims
Game Boy Advance games
Japan-exclusive video games
Hakusensha manga
Konami franchises
Manga based on video games
NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan
Kaori Yuki
Marvelous Entertainment
Otome games
PlayStation 2 games
School-themed video games
Shōjo manga
Video games developed in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meine%20Liebe |
Haplogroup W is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup W is believed to have originated around 23,900 years ago in Western Asia. It is descended from the haplogroup N2.
Distribution
Haplogroup W is found in Europe, Western Asia, and South Asia. It is widely distributed at low frequencies, with a high concentration in Northern Pakistan. Haplogroup W is also found in the Maghreb among Algerians (1.08%-3.23%) and in Siberia among Yakuts (6/423 = 1.42%).
Additionally, the clade has been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
The W5 subclade has been found in a fossil associated with the Starčevo culture (Lánycsók site; 1/1 or 100%).
Ancient DNA analysis found that the medieval individual Sungir 6 (730-850 cal BP) belonged to the W3a1 subclade.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup W subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
W
W1 – Italy, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Finland, Spain, Qashqai people of Iran
W1a – Finns
W1b
W1b1 – Finns
W1-T119C
W1c – Poland, Persians from Iran
W1c1
W1d
W1e
W1e1
W1e1a
W1f – Italy
W1g – England, Belgium, Portugal, Gitanos (Roma people of Spain)
W1h – Nordic countries, England, Croatia, Ashkenazi Jews
W1h1 – Italians
W-C194T
W3 - Turkey, Azerbaijan, India (Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu)
W3a
W3a1 – Armenians, Turkey (Turkish, Kurd), France (Toulouse, Sarthe), Italy (Tuscany, Sardinia, Sicily, Umbria, Campania, Trentino-Alto Adige), Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia (Sunghir6 from 750 - 900 ybp Vladimir Oblast, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Ingushetia, Volga Tatar, Chechens), Denmark, Berbers from Morocco, Pakistan (Pashtun, Kho), India, Singapore, United States
W3a1a
W3a1a1 – Polish people, Ashkenazi Jews
W3a1a2 - Russia (Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Tatar from Buinsk)
W3a1a3 - Poland (Podkarpackie), United States
W3a1a+T9090C - Pakistan (Kho)
W3a1a+A15325G - Italy (Napoli)
W3a1b – Pakistan (Pashtuns, Sindhi, Azad Kashmir), India (New Delhi, Andhra Pradesh), Bangladesh (Bengali), Thailand (Mon, Thai), China (Shanghai), United States (Hispanic)
W3a1-T199C
W3a1c - England, United States, Slovakia, Russia (Ryazan Oblast, Tambov Oblast, Bashkortostan), Kazakhstan, China (Daur)
W3a1d – Hungarians, Serbia, Republika Srpska, Latvia, Poland, Ukraine, Russia (Ulyanovsk Oblast, Yakuts), New Zealand
W3a2 – France (Seine-Maritime), Poland, India, Uygurs from China
W3b – Italy (Calabria), Albania, Serbia, Romania (Bucharest), Bulgarians, Turkey, Iraq (Assyrian), Iran, Armenians, Kurds, Tajiks (especially Wakhis and other Pamiris), Pakistan (Burusho, Kho, Makrani), Cambodia, Uyghurs
W3b1 – Austrians, Ashkenazi Jews
W4 - Denmark, Poland, Italy (Sardinia, Umbria), Pakistan (Sindhis), India (Jammu and Kashmir), Mongolia, United Kingdom (ancient Orkney)
W4a - England (St Mary Spital, pre-Black Death medieval London, ca. 725 years before present), Ukraine (Russian speaker from Kharkiv Oblast), India, China (Xinjiang ca. 1412 - 1529 years before present)
W4a1 – Finns, Sweden (Dalarna County), Poland (Mazowieckie), Turkey, England, United States
W4b - Italy, Mongolia
W4c - Italy, Poland, India
W4d - Albania, Turkey (Kurds), Iraq (Baghdad), Iran (Lorestan), Pakistan (Kho)
W5 - Denmark, Poland, Serbia, Algeria (Batna), Morocco (Berber), Iran (Persian), United States
W5a - Germany, Denmark
W5a1
W5a1a – Flemish people, Norway (Rogaland), Denmark, Italy (Tuscany), Canary Islands, Brazil, Irish people, Polish people, Russia (Belgorod Oblast), Canada, United States
W5a1a1 - England, Estonia, Russia (Adyghe in Kabardino-Balkaria)
W5a1a1a
W5a2 - United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia), Poland
W5a2b
W5b - Portugal (Azores, Leiria)
W5b1 - Denmark
W5b1a
W6 – Italy, Kuwait, Persians from Iran, Russia (North Ossetia, Belgorod Oblast), Kazakhstan, Mongolia
W6a
W6b
W6b1 – Iran, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia
W6c – Greece, England, Ireland, Ingushetia
W6c1 – Armenians from Turkey
W6c1a – Armenians from Turkey, Kurds, Greece
W7 – Armenians
W8 – Bedouin of Israel, Yemen, Iran
W9
W9a – Armenians from Turkey
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
References
External links
General
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
The India Genealogical DNA Project
Haplogroup W
Spread of Haplogroup W, from National Geographic
mtDNA Haplogroup W Project
W | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20W |
Butobarbital, also called butobarbitone or butethal, Soneryl, and Neonal, is a hypnotic drug which is a barbiturate derivative. It was developed by Poulenc Brothers (now part of Sanofi) in 1921.
References
Barbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Butyl compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butobarbital |
Donald Ryder is a retired major general of the United States Army who served as United States Army Provost Marshal General from 2003 to 2006.
Biography
Ryder was commissioned into the United States Army 1971. He was promoted to major general in 2001. He served as the most senior officer in the Criminal Investigation Division, and was also the top Army Law Enforcement officer as the Army Provost Marshal General.
Taguba Report
In 2003 Ryder conducted an inquiry into abuse of prisoners in Iraq, cited in the Taguba Report. Some of the key recommendations of Ryder's report were directly contrary to the recommendations of Major General Geoffrey Miller, formerly the commander of Camp Delta.
Ryder recommended that the duties of the military police who guarded detainees should be strictly separated from the duties of the Military Intelligence officers who interrogated them.
General Miller had urged closer cooperation between guards and interrogators. Miller had recommended that guards "set the conditions" for successful interrogation—a vague term that some critics believe was the trigger for some of the abuse some guards later committed. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld's response to the public release of the news of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse was to ignore Ryder and Taguba's recommendations and appoint General Miller to take over direction of the prison facilities in Iraq. Ryder also oversaw the organization and operations of the DoD Criminal Investigation Task Force (CITF) which conducted terrorism investigations. Ryder retired in 2007.
Awards and decorations
During his military career he was awarded: Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters, Bronze Star Medal, Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, Army Commendation Medal with three oak leaf clusters, Southwest Asia Service Medal with two campaign stars, Armed Forces Service Medal, Humanitarian Service Medal, and NATO Medal.
References
Annex 19 of the Taguba Report, Taguba Report
As Insurgency Grew, So Did Prison Abuse: Needing Intelligence, U.S. Pressed Detainees, The Washington Post, May 10, 2004
Annex 20 of the Taguba Report, Taguba Report
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
United States Army Provost Marshal Generals
United States Army personnel of the Gulf War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20J.%20Ryder |
Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated about 21,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) period in West Asia (; ; ). The haplogroup is unusual in that it is now widely distributed geographically, but is common in only a few small areas of East Africa, West Asia and Europe. It is especially common among the El Molo and Rendille peoples of Kenya, various regions of Iran, the Lemko people of Slovakia, Poland and Ukraine, the island of Krk in Croatia, the department of Finistère in France and some parts of Scotland and Ireland.
Origin
Haplogroup I is a descendant (subclade) of haplogroup N1a1b and sibling of haplogroup N1a1b1 . It is believed to have arisen somewhere in West Asia between 17,263 and 24,451 years before present (BP) , with coalescence age of 20.1 thousand years ago . It has been suggested that its origin may be in Iran or more generally the Near East . It has diverged to at least seven distinct clades i.e. branches I1–I7, dated between 16–6.8 thousand years . The hypothesis about its Near Eastern origin is based on the fact that all haplogroup I clades, especially those from Late Glacial period (I1, I4, I5, and I6), include mitogenomes from the Near East . The age estimates and dispersal of some subclades (I1, I2’3, I5) are similar to those of major subclades of the mtDNA haplogroups J and T, indicating possible dispersal of the I haplogroup into Europe during the Late Glacial period (c. 18–12 kya) and postglacial period (c. 10–11 kya), several millennia before the European Neolithic period. Some subclades (I1a1, I2, I1c1, I3) show signs of the Neolithic diffusion of agriculture and pastoralism within Europe .
A similar view puts more emphasis on the Persian Gulf region of the Near East .
Distribution
Haplogroup I is found at moderate to low frequencies in East Africa, Europe, West Asia and South Asia . In addition to the confirmed seven clades, the rare basal/paraphyletic clade I* has been observed in three individuals; two from Somalia and one from Iran .
Africa
The highest frequencies of mitochondrial haplogroup I observed so far appear in the Cushitic-speaking El Molo (23%) and Rendille (>17%) in northern Kenya . The clade is also found at comparable frequencies among the Soqotri (~22%).
Asia
Haplogroup I is present across West Asia and Central Asia, and is also found at trace frequencies in South Asia. Its highest frequency area is perhaps in northern Iran (9.7%). Terreros 2011 notes that it also has high diversity there and reiterates past studies that have suggested that this may be its place of origin. Found in Svan population from Georgia(Caucasus) I* 4.2%."Sequence polymorphisms of the mtDNA control region in a human isolate: the Georgians from Swanetia."Alfonso-Sánchez MA1, Martínez-Bouzas C, Castro A, Peña JA, Fernández-Fernández I, Herrera RJ, de Pancorbo MM. The table below shows some of the populations where it has been detected.
Europe
Eastern Europe
In Eastern Europe, the frequency of haplogroup I is generally lower than in Western Europe (1 to 3 percent), but its frequency is more consistent between populations with fewer places of extreme highs or lows. There are two notable exceptions. Nikitin 2009 found that Lemkos (a sub- or co-ethnic group of Rusyns) in the Carpathian mountains have the "highest frequency of haplogroup I (11.3%) in Europe, identical to that of the population of Krk Island (Croatia) in the Adriatic Sea".
Western Europe
In Western Europe, haplogroup I is most common in Northwestern Europe (Norway, the Isle of Skye, and the British Isles). The frequency in these areas is between 2 and 5 percent. Its highest frequency in Brittany, France where it is over 9 percent of the population in Finistère. It is uncommon and sometimes absent in other parts of Western Europe (Iberia, South-West France, and parts of Italy).
Historic and prehistoric samples
Haplogroup I has until recently been absent from ancient European samples found in Paleolithic and Mesolithic grave sites. In 2017, in a site on Italian island of Sardinia was found a sample with the subclade I3 dated to 9124–7851 BC , while in the Near East, in Levant was found a sample with yet-not-defined subclade dated 8850–8750 BC, while in Iran was found a younger sample with subclade I1c dated to 3972–3800 BC . In Neolithic Spain (c. 6090–5960 BC in Paternanbidea, Navarre) was found a sample with yet-not-defined subclade . Haplogroup I displays a strong connection with the Indo-European migrations; especially its I1, I1a1 and I3a subclades, which have been found in Poltavka and Srubnaya cultures in Russia (Mathieson 2015), among ancient Scythians (Der Sarkissian 2011), and in Corded Ware and Unetice Culture burials in Saxony ().I3a has also been found in the Unetice Culture in Lubingine, Germany 2,200 B.C. to 1,800 B.C. courtesy article on Unetice Culture Wikipedia of 2 Skeletons that were DNA tested. Haplogroup I (with undetermined subclades) has also been noted at significant frequencies in more recent historic grave sites ( and ).
In 2013, Nature announced the publication of the first genetic study utilizing next-generation sequencing to ascertain the ancestral lineage of an Ancient Egyptian individual. The research was led by Carsten Pusch of the University of Tübingen in Germany and Rabab Khairat, who released their findings in the Journal of Applied Genetics. DNA was extracted from the heads of five Egyptian mummies that were housed at the institution. All the specimens were dated to between 806 BC and 124 AD, a time frame corresponding with the Late Dynastic and Ptolemaic periods. The researchers observed that one of the mummified individuals likely belonged to the I2 subclade. Haplogroup I has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.
Haplogroup I5 has also been observed among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800).
Samples with determined subclades
Samples with unknown subclades
The frequency of haplogroup I may have undergone a reduction in Europe following the Middle Ages. An overall frequency of 13% was found in ancient Danish samples from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age (including Vikings) from Denmark and Scandinavia compared to only 2.5% in modern samples. As haplogroup I is not observed in any ancient Italian, Spanish [contradicted by the recent research as have been found in pre-Neolithic Italy as well Neolithic Spain], British, central European populations, early central European farmers and Neolithic samples, according to the authors "Haplogroup I could, therefore, have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type "diluted" by later immigration events" .
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades with time estimates is based on the paper and published research .
Distribution
I1
It formed during the Last Glacial pre-warming period. It is found mainly in Europe, Near East, occasionally in North Africa and the Caucasus.
It is the most frequent clade of the haplogroup .
I1a
The subclade frequency peaks (circa 2.8%) are mostly located in North-Eastern Europe .
I1a1
I1a1a
I1a1a1
I1a1a2
I1a1b
I1a1c
I1a1d
I1a1e
I1b
I1c
I1c1
I1c1a1
I1c1a2
I1d
I1e
I1f
I2'3
It is the common root clade for subclades I2 and I3. There's a sample from Tanzania with which I2'3 shares a variant at position 152 from the root node of haplogroup I, and this "node 152" could be upstream I2'3s clade . Both I2 and I3 might have formed during the Holocene period, and most of their subclades are from Europe, only few from the Near East . Examples of this ancestral branch have not been documented.
I2
I2a
I2a1
I2a1a
I2a2
I2a3
I2b
I2c
I2d
I2e
I3
I3a
I3a1
I3b
I3c
I3d
I4
The clade splits into subclades I4a and newly defined I4b, with samples found in Europe, the Near East and the Caucasus .
I4a
I4a1
I4a2
I4b
I5
Is the second most frequent clade of the haplogroup. Its subclades are found in Europe, e.g. I5a1, and the Near East, e.g. I5a2a and I5b .
I5a
I5a1
I5b
I5c
I5c1
I6
The subclade is very rare, found until July 2013 only in four samples from the Near East .
I6a
I7
It is the rarest defined subclade, until July 2013 found only in two samples from the Near East and the Caucasus .
See also
Genetics
Backbone mtDNA Tree
References
Footnotes
Works cited
Journals
Books
Websites
Further reading
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Haplogroup I – based on PhyloTree.org (February 2016)
Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree for Haplogroup N1, including subtree of I (February 2016)
Haplogroup I
Family Tree DNA – mtDNA Haplogroup I Project
I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20I%20%28mtDNA%29 |
Garioch (, , ) is one of six committee areas in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It has a population of 46,254 (2006 estimate), which gives it the largest population of Aberdeenshire's six committee areas. The Garioch consists primarily of the district drained by the River Ury and its tributaries the Shevock and the Gadie Burn.
Name
The placename "Garioch" comes from the Gaelic Gairbheach, meaning "place of roughness". The name is first mentioned as "Garviach" in a charter dated to between 1178 and 1182, referring at that time to the small area now known as the Upper Garioch. This is still the meaning used in a charter granting land to the Bishop of Aberdeen in 1190, but by 1195 the name was being used to describe the entire area of the provincial lordship, extending as far east as Inverurie.
History
Before the late 12th century, Garioch consisted only of the area of the parishes of Culsalmond, Insch, Rathmuriel, Kennethmont, Leslie, Premnay and Clatt in the hilly country to the west of Oyne. It was probably a shire or thanage, and may originally either have formed part of the province of Buchan, or been an area of the Pictish territory of Cé under the direct control of the kings of the dominant neighbouring kingdom of Fortriu.
The larger provincial lordship of Garioch was established and granted to David, Earl of Huntingdon by King William the Lion in a charter dated between 1178 and 1182. This was a newly created territorial unit of eleven parishes, including all of the earlier shire except Clatt, which had already been granted to the Bishop of Aberdeen, and with the new estates included in the lordship to the east – Oyne, Durno, Inverurie, Bourtie and Fintray – specified individually. The lordship was created within a broader area stretching from the Dee to the Spey that had been under royal control at least since the reign of Malcolm IV, and included the royal thanages of Formartine, Belhelvie, Kintore and Aberdeen to the south east, and the Lordship of Strathbogie to the north west. One of Earl David's first acts was to establish the precise boundaries of his acquisition through a perambulation and by 1195 "Garioch" was being used to describe the entire territory of the lordship.
The creation of the lordship was intended as an aggressive assertion of royal power: the first example north of the Mounth of the pattern already established south of the Forth by the 1160s of granting large territorial lordships to allies of the king from the incoming Anglo-Norman elite. Garioch was strategically important to securing control by the Kings of Alba over the entire north, as it lay between the earldoms of Mar and Buchan, and controlled the main routes from the Mounth north to the still-restive Province of Moray. Earl David was the King's brother and had first-hand experience of suppressing rebellions in the north, having accompanied William with a "great army" on a military expedition to Ross in 1179. Under his lordship the Garioch was intensively settled with colonisers from an English, French, Norman, Breton and Flemish background, which can still be seen in local placenames such as Ingliston near Caskieben, Williamston in Culsalmond and Flinder (originally Flandres) near Kennethmont.
One of Earl David's first important decisions was to establish the principal power centre of the lordship at Inverurie, which was recorded as a burgh by 1195 and where Inverurie Castle was completed by 1199 at the latest. Although Inverurie was not a new settlement, it had previously been only of minor importance and before 1190 had been a dependency of the parish of Rothket.
After the death in 1237 of Earl David's childless son and successor John, the lordship was divided between his three sisters, coming into the hands of the families of their husbands John de Balliol, Robert de Brus and Henry de Hastings. As early as 1290 Robert the Bruce was seeking to take complete control of the Garioch from de Balliol's and de Hastings' descendents John Balliol and John Hastings, who were his competitors for the Crown of Scotland. In early 1315, after Bruce's victory at the Battle of Bannockburn, an inquest was held into the Balliol and Hastings lands in Garioch, and the lordship was reunited and granted in its entirety by Bruce to his oldest living sister Christina Bruce. Christina died in 1357 and the lordship of the Garioch was granted to Thomas, Earl of Mar by David II, after which it remained permanently attached to the Earldom of Mar.
Geography
Centred on Inverurie, a traditional rural market town whose foundation dates back to the 9th century with the establishment of Christianity at Polnar, "The Kirk of Rocharl" – now St Andrew's Parish Church, Inverurie, "The Auld Kirk of Inverurie", the Garioch has also experienced rapid population growth due to its proximity to the city of Aberdeen. Significant growth in population, services and employment is anticipated in the A96 corridor and in Westhill. The area is largely agricultural, but is strongly affected by Aberdeen's economy and the oil and gas sector.
References
Bibliography
Committee areas of Aberdeenshire
Provincial lordships of Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garioch |
Fleur Lombard (27 May 1974 – 4 February 1996) was the first female firefighter to die on duty in peacetime Britain.
Biography
Fleur Lombard was born in Watford, Hertfordshire, UK.
The plaque at the site her ashes are interred records her parents as Roger and Jane Lombard and that she had a sister Rebecca. Her grandfather was Adrian Lombard, who received a posthumous CBE for his services to export as Director of Engineering at Rolls-Royce, led the team who developed the RB211 jet engine.
She died at the scene of the fire that destroyed a supermarket in Staple Hill, Bristol, UK. The fire was started deliberately by a security guard working in the supermarket, who was sentenced to 7 years.
Staple Hill supermarket fire and death
Fleur Lombard was one of only eight women among Avon's 700 firefighters. On graduating in 1994, Lombard received the Silver Axe Award, for most outstanding recruit on her training school. On 4 February 1996, when she was 21 years old, she was fighting a supermarket fire in Staple Hill, near Bristol, when she and her partner, Robert Seaman, were caught in a flashover. She was killed as a direct result of the intense heat and her body was found just a few yards from the exit. Lombard was the first female firefighter to die in peacetime service in Britain.
Posthumously, she was awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal. Robert Seaman was awarded the George Medal for bravery for returning to the burning building when he realised his partner had not followed him out. Another firefighter, Pat Foley, who also went into the blazing supermarket to help, was awarded the Queen's Commendation for Bravery.
Martin Cody
The fire was deliberately started by security guard Martin Cody on his first day at work at the supermarket. Cody was said to live in a fantasy world and started the fire to relieve his boredom. He phoned a colleague to say the fire was "a good one", and was seen punching the air with glee before firefighters arrived on the scene. Cody, aged 21, was convicted at Exeter Crown Court of manslaughter and arson. The judge who sentenced him to seven-and-a-half years' imprisonment at the Royal Courts of Justice stated that he had escaped a life sentence for the manslaughter only because psychiatrists were unable to say he posed a continuing serious risk to the public. Lombard's parents criticised the jail sentence, saying psychiatric treatment would have been more appropriate.
Legacy
Lombard's funeral service was held on 14 February 1996, at Derby Cathedral. She was cremated and her ashes were later interred in the churchyard of St Enodoc's Church, Trebetherick, Cornwall. A trust fund and bursary were set up in her memory.
A memorial plaque stands close to where Lombard died. Her name is on the UK National Firefighters Memorial located near St. Paul's Cathedral, London.
In her memory, Avon Fire and Rescue Service have set up the Fleur Lombard Bursary Fund.
This provides travel grants so that a junior UK firefighter may visit the fire service of another country.
On 15 May 2019, Great Western Railway named a Class 800 intercity express train (IET), No. 800023, in her honour.
See also
List of British firefighters killed in the line of duty
References
1974 births
1996 deaths
British firefighters
Women in firefighting
Recipients of the Queen's Gallantry Medal
People from Bristol
Accidental deaths in England
British manslaughter victims | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur%20Lombard |
AFL Northern Territory is the governing body for Australian rules football in the Northern Territory of Australia. It supervises multiple leagues, but is mainly concerned with the co-ordination of the Northern Territory Football League. The body is officially affiliated with the Australian Football League.
See also
Northern Territory Football League
Australian rules football in the Northern Territory
List of Australian rules football leagues in Australia
References
External links
1917 establishments in Australia
Sports organizations established in 1917
Australian rules football in the Northern Territory
Australian rules football governing bodies
Sports governing bodies in the Northern Territory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%20Northern%20Territory |
Major General Orlando Ward (November 4, 1891 – February 4, 1972) was a career United States Army officer who fought in both World War I and World War II. During the latter, as a major general, he commanded the 1st Armored Division during Operation Torch and during the first few months of the Tunisian campaign, before being relieved in March 1943. He trained and returned to Europe in 1945 as commander of the 20th Armored Division.
Ward also served as Secretary to the Army Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall, in the critical years prior to the war and made major contributions to field artillery procedures in the 1930s that, a decade later, made the American field artillery especially effective in World War II.
Early life and military career
Born in Macon, Missouri, on November 4, 1891, Orlando Ward, at the age of 18, entered the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York in March 1909, graduating five years later (after being held back due to problems with the French curriculum) on June 12, 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I in Europe, as a second lieutenant in the Cavalry Branch of the United States Army. Among his fellow graduates were Frank W. Milburn, Jens A. Doe, Vicente Lim, Carl Spaatz, Ralph Royce, James L. Bradley, Brehon B. Somervell, Harry C. Ingles, Harold R. Bull, John B. Anderson, Charles P. Gross. All of these men, like Ward, would become general officers.
Ward's first assignment was as a commander of black cavalry troops, serving with 'E' Troop of the 9th Cavalry Regiment on border patrol in the wilds of Arizona and New Mexico. He later was part of Brigadier General John J. Pershing's forces chasing Pancho Villa into Mexico in 1916. He was awarded the Mexican Service Medal for serving in the Pancho Villa Expedition. Recognizing that the horse had a limited future, Ward became interested in artillery and transferred to the Field Artillery Branch and was sent to join the 10th Field Artillery Regiment at Camp Douglas, Arizona.
The United States entered World War I in April 1917, and Ward's regiment soon became part of the 3rd Division. He served on the Western Front with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) during the war. During the Second Battle of the Marne, in July 1918, under conditions that rendered other officers in charge useless, he took charge of the 2nd Battalion, 10th Field Artillery Regiment and kept the battalion effective until the tide of Germans was turned back. He was later awarded the Silver Star Citation for his actions. He continued to serve on the Western Front until the war ended with the Armistice with Germany on November 11, 1918. By that time he was attending the Command and General Staff School at Langres, from where he graduated in January 1919.
Between the wars
During the quiet interwar period, he continued to serve in the field artillery, but was assigned posts like ROTC instructor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison (where Charles Lindbergh was one of his students). Eventually, he became an instructor at the U.S. Army Field Artillery School at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where he and others developed key forward observer procedures that made the U.S. Army's artillery effective in the upcoming war. He attended the United States Army War College from August 1935 until June 1936. While he was there he was promoted to lieutenant colonel on November 25, 1935. Shortly after his graduation, he assumed command of the 1st Battalion, 83rd Field Artillery Regiment, which he commanded for over eighteen months until being assigned to the War Department, where he served as a staff officer in a variety of roles for the next few years.
World War II
Ward was Secretary to General George C. Marshall, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, from July 1939 to August 1941, a critical time of building up in preparation for the American entry into World War II. Ward assisted Marshall in finding the resources to build the military while political forces were fighting to keep the United States out of the war and to help Britain. He worked closely there with Walter Bedell Smith and Omar Bradley. While he was there he received a promotion to the temporary rank of colonel on December 23, 1940. On August 5, 1941 he was promoted again, now to the temporary rank of brigadier general, shortly before assuming command of the 1st Armored Brigade in September. He was later awarded the Legion of Merit for his services during this period, with the medal's citation stating the following:
North Africa
He left that post (and was promoted to the two-star rank of major general) to become the second commander of the 1st Armored Division, a Regular Army formation, in March 1942, three months after the American entry into World War II. The division was sent to Northern Ireland in May and participated in numerous exercises with the British Army stationed there. In November he supervised the deployment of his division across the Atlantic Ocean to French North Africa, which was brought piecemeal as part of Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa, and subsequent operations. The failure of the 1st Armored Division to arrive intact and deploy as a single entity would have important consequences in later action against German forces in the Tunisian Campaign.
The 1st Armored Division's first action against the Germans was not promising, when Combat Command 'B' (CCB) and other Allied forces were thrown back after an advance by German forces. On the night of December 10–11, 1942, during a withdrawal from Medjez el Bab, the focal point of the enemy attack, scores of combat vehicles of CCB—tanks, half-tracks, and tank destroyers — had bogged down in thick mud and had to be abandoned. The tanks were so badly mired that the advancing Germans themselves could not extricate them. It was a crippling loss. In its brief experience in action, CCB had lost 32 medium and 46 light tanks. The combat vehicles that remained were in poor condition after their long overland journey to the front lines.
At the Battle of Kasserine Pass in February 1943, the first major battle between the Americans and Germans during World War II, elements of the 1st Armored Division were sent reeling back by a series of sudden enemy offensive thrusts. The dispersal of the 1st Armored Division into separate combat commands across the front by British Lieutenant General Kenneth Anderson, commanding the British First Army, with the connivance of Ward's immediate superior, Major General Lloyd Fredendall, the U.S. II Corps commander, had angered Ward from the start, as it greatly weakened the division's ability to repulse concentrations of German armor and to shift his forces in response to enemy thrusts (Fredendall was later relieved of command and replaced by Major General George S. Patton). However, Ward also bore responsibility for his failure to consult British tank commanders on German panzer tactics and to disseminate that information to his subordinate commanders . As a consequence, elements of the 1st Armored Division at Faïd fell victim to one of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's familiar tactics when they pursued German tanks feigning retirement into a screen of 88 mm high-velocity German anti-tank guns, resulting in large American armor losses.
After the rout at Kasserine, Patton at first counseled, then admonished Ward of the need for personal leadership of his division in order to keep German forces under pressure. Impatient with the progress of the 1st Armored Division, Patton took the unusual step of ordering Ward to personally lead a night assault on the Meknessy Heights, a series of stubbornly defended knolls in front of the 1st Armored Division's lines. Ward obeyed the order, and the attack was initially successful. Wounded in the eye, he was awarded a Purple Heart as well as a Silver Star, the citation for which reads:
He was also later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. The citation for the medal reads:
However, the stalemate east of Meknassy continued, and it appeared to Patton that Ward was still overcautious and too reluctant to incur casualties when conducting offensive operations. By April 1, 1943 the American offensive that had begun at El Guettar had bogged down against stiffened Axis defenses. With the concurrence of British General Sir Harold R. L. G. Alexander, commander of the 18th Army Group (which controlled all Allied forces in North Africa), Patton finally relieved Ward of duty. Patton's actions were in keeping with personal written instructions to him from General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO), after Fredendall was sacked: "You must not retain for one instant any man in a responsible position where you have become doubtful of his ability to do his job."
Recent scholarship suggests that political factors may also have played a significant part in Ward's relief. "Ward’s dismissal covered up Alexander’s incoherent plans for the American commitment to North Africa; in its wake, Patton’s failure to punch through the German line and prove American superiority was assuaged as well. Ike kept the upper-level alliance intact (if not healthy) by sacrificing the position of a lower-level subordinate."
Ward was replaced with Major General Ernest N. Harmon, the former commander of the 2nd Armored Division who had successfully intervened to remedy Fredendall's inaction during the battles of Kasserine Pass. Major General Ward was the only general relieved of his command by Patton during World War II.
Later World War II service
Returning to the United States, Ward was briefly commander of the U.S. Army Tank Destroyer School (Tank Destroyer Tactical and Firing Center) at Camp Hood, Texas before becoming Commandant of the United States Army Field Artillery School at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where he had served as an instructor before the war.
In September 1944 he assumed command of the 20th Armored Division from Major General Roderick R. Allen. In February 1945 the division was sent overseas to the European Theater of Operations (ETO) to serve on the Western Front where it fought briefly in the Allied invasion of Germany, and assisting other divisions in the capture of the German city of Munich. The end of World War II in Europe came soon afterwards, on May 8, 1945, known now as Victory in Europe Day. Ward relinquished command of the division in August to Major General John W. Leonard.
For his services in World War II, Ward was twice awarded the Legion of Merit, along with the Silver Star and the Purple Heart, the Army Distinguished Service Medal and the DSC.
Postwar
After the war, Ward briefly commanded V Corps between June and November 1946.
Ward then had two major assignments, first as commander of the 6th Infantry Division (October 1946 to January 1949), in Korea (prior to the war there). He then served as Chief of Military History, where he oversaw the production of the famous "Green Books," the official U.S. Army history of World War II.
Major General Ward retired from the army in January 1953, after over 38 years of service as a commissioned officer. He returned to Denver, Colorado, where he remained until his death, aged 80, on February 4, 1972.
Decorations
Major General Ward's decorations included the Distinguished Service Cross, the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster, Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster, Purple Heart, the Mexican Border Service Medal, World War I Victory Medal with four campaign stars, Army of Occupation of Germany Medal, American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with four campaign stars, World War II Victory Medal, Army of Occupation Medal and the National Defense Service Medal.
Promotions
Bibliography
References
External links
U.S. Army in World War II Series ("The Green Books")
Investigation into the Reliefs of Generals Orlando Ward and Terry Allen
Generals of World War II
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1891 births
1972 deaths
United States Army Cavalry Branch personnel
United States Army Field Artillery Branch personnel
United States Army generals
United States Army personnel of World War I
People from Macon, Missouri
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army War College alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from Missouri
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
United States Army generals of World War II
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando%20Ward |
Herbert Arthur "Herb" Shriner (May 29, 1918 – April 23, 1970) was an American humorist, radio personality, actor, and television host. Shriner was known for his homespun monologues, usually about his home state of Indiana. He was frequently compared to humorist Will Rogers.
Early life
Shriner was born Herbert Arthur Schriner in Toledo, Ohio, the son of Edith (née Rockwell) and Peter Schriner.
He moved to Fort Wayne as a small child, when his mother left his father. Shriner learned to play the harmonica as a grade school student. He formed a quintet when he was in high school; it expanded to an octet and made frequent local appearances. Shriner then performed on his own. When his lip gave out one night, he filled time by telling homespun stories. His deadpan comedy routines became more popular than his music, and soon he was entertaining audiences with stories about a fictional Hoosier hometown.
Career
Radio
In 1940, Shriner was hired by NBC for occasional radio appearances, which led to a regular spot in 1942 and 1943 on the comedy-variety program Camel Caravan. During World War II, he served in a United States Army special services unit and performed for two years in USO shows for GIs in Europe. After the war, he appeared on a number of radio shows, including The Philip Morris Follies of 1946 with Johnny Desmond and Margaret Whiting.
In 1947 he appeared in a Broadway musical revue called Inside U.S.A. The performances were panned by critics, but Shriner's monologues made it a success and carried the show for over a year. Shriner hosted Herb Shriner Time, a CBS Radio weekday program, in 1948 and 1949 with the Raymond Scott Quintet, singer Dorothy Collins, and announcer Durward Kirby. The program was initially titled Alka-Seltzer Time (not to be confused with the later Alka-Seltzer Time that starred Curt Massey and Martha Tilton). In August 1949, Shriner decided not to continue the program because it was too much work. The previously mentioned Alka-Seltzer Time, with Massey and Tilton, which had been a summer replacement, continued in Shriner's place on CBS.
Television
Shriner had a five-minute comedy monologue on CBS that debuted on November 7, 1949. Philip Morris cigarettes sponsored the show, which ran from 7:55 to 8 p.m. Eastern Time. The show ended in 1950 when Philip Morris "decided that five-minute TV shows do not adequately advertise the product." Herb Shriner Time evolved into a short-lived, fifteen-minute television show. A half-hour version on ABC ran during the 1951-52 season. Shriner found TV success with Two for the Money, a game show which appeared on NBC in the 1952-53 season, then moved to CBS for three seasons. It was more of a showcase for Shriner's humor than a game show, much like You Bet Your Life, which starred Groucho Marx. Two for the Money gave Shriner an opportunity to deliver short monologues and harmonica solos. Reruns are occasionally shown even now on GSN. Seventeen-year-old Woody Allen wrote jokes for Shriner's shows.
Film
Shriner's only film role was portraying hardware store owner Frank Johnson in Main Street to Broadway (1953).
Records
In 1955, Shriner launched the Herb Shriner Harmonica Orchestra with Dominic (Don Henry) Quagenti, Cham-Ber Huang, Charles Leighton, Frank (Moose) Mitkowski, Victor Pankowitz, Alan Pogson and Alan (Blackie) Schackner. They recorded "Tumbling Tumbleweeds" and "Back Home Again in Indiana" for the Columbia LP Herb Shriner on Stage (1955). After he left Two for the Money in 1956, the show continued with fellow humorist Sam Levenson. Shriner tried a variety show on CBS which lasted almost three months (replaced by To Tell the Truth), and then played nightclubs, state fairs, showboats, and similar venues.
Personal life
Shriner and his wife, Eileen "Pixie" McDermott, moved with their children to Florida, returning each summer to Angola, Indiana. Shriner invested in real estate and collected vintage automobiles. In 1970, he and his wife were killed in Delray Beach, Florida, in one of those cars, a Studebaker Avanti, when the brakes failed. Some of his collection can be seen in the Auburn Cord Duesenberg Automobile Museum in Auburn, Indiana.
Shriner's children are a daughter, Indy (named after Indianapolis, Indiana), and twin sons, actor, comedian and director Wil Shriner (named for Will Rogers) and soap opera actor Kin Shriner (named for Frank McKinney 'Kin" Hubbard, an early 20th-century Southern Indiana folk humorist).
Television appearances
References
External links
GSN — Herb Shriner
TVgameshows.net: Two for the Money with Herb Shriner
1918 births
1970 deaths
Male actors from Indiana
American game show hosts
American humorists
Actors from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Male actors from Toledo, Ohio
Road incident deaths in Florida
20th-century American male actors
American harmonica players
Musicians from Fort Wayne, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb%20Shriner |
Muttippalam is a small town near Manjeri in the Malappuram District of Kerala in India. It is on the Manjeri–Malappuram road, about 3 km away from Manjeri.
Muttippalam is divided into two main areas namely Upper Muttippalam which is in the Manjeri Municipality and Lower Muttippalam which is in the Anakkayam Panchayat.
Facilities
Manasneha Hospital is located in the Upper Muttippalam, while the region's only primary school A.M.L.P. School is located in the Lower Muttippalam.
Culture
Muttippalam village is a predominantly Muslim populated area. Hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers. So the culture of the locality is based upon Muslim traditions. Duff Muttu, Kolkali and Aravanamuttu are common folk arts of this locality. There are many libraries attached to mosques giving a rich source of Islamic studies. Most of the books are written in Arabi-Malayalam which is a version of the Malayalam language written in Arabic script. People gather in mosques for the evening prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers discussing social and cultural issues. Business and family issues are also sorted out during these evening meetings. The Hindu minority of this area keeps their rich traditions by celebrating various festivals in their temples. Hindu rituals are done here with a regular devotion like other parts of Kerala.
Transportation
Muttippalam village connects to other parts of India through Manjeri town. National highway No.66 passes through Parappanangadi and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. National Highway No.966 connects to Palakkad and Coimbatore. The nearest airport is at Kozhikode. The nearest major railway station is at Tirur.
References
Manjeri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttippalam |
This article contains a list of countries by length of coastline, in kilometers. Though the coastline paradox stipulates that coastlines do not have a well-defined length, there are various methods in use to measure coastlines through ratios and other metrics. A coastline of zero indicates that the country is landlocked.
Overview
The coastline paradox states that a coastline does not have a well-defined length. Measurements of the length of a coastline behave like a fractal, being different at different scale intervals (distance between points on the coastline at which measurements are taken). The smaller the scale interval (meaning the more detailed the measurement), the longer the coastline will be. This "magnifying" effect is greater for convoluted coastlines than for relatively smooth ones.
Data marked The World Factbook or TWF covers 198 countries and 55 territories, from the book published by the Central Intelligence Agency. In addition to coastline lengths, this is the source of the land area used to calculate the "coast/area ratio" for both TWF and WRI (see below) coastline measurement. This ratio measures how many metres of coastline correspond to every square kilometer of land area. The ratio illustrates the ease of accessibility to the country's coast from every point in its interior. Therefore, an island country like Maldives, or a country carved by the sea like Greece, is more likely to have a high ratio, while a landlocked country will have a ratio of zero. Note that the scales at which The World Factbook figures were measured are not stated, nor is it known whether the figures are all reported using the same scale, thus the figures are not necessarily comparable across different countries.
Data marked World Resources Institute or WRI covers 182 independent countries and 13 dependencies, based on data calculated in 2000 from the World Vector Shoreline, United States Defense Mapping Agency, 1989. It may include territories whose status have changed. According to their technical notes, the "coastline length was derived from the World Vector Shoreline database at 1:250,000 scale. The estimates (...) were calculated using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and an underlying database consistent for the entire world. The methodology used to estimate length is based on the following: 1) A country's coastline is made up of individual lines, and an individual line has two or more vertices and/or nodes. 2) The length between two vertices is calculated on the surface of a sphere. 3) The sum of the lengths of the pairs of vertices is aggregated for each individual line, and 4) the sum of the lengths of individual lines was aggregated for a country. In general, the coastline length of islands that are part of a country, but are not overseas territories, are included in the coastline estimate for that country (e.g., Canary Islands are included in Spain). Coastline length for overseas territories and dependencies are listed separately. Disputed areas are not included in country or regional totals."
List
See also
Coastal India
Coastline of Brazil
Coastline of China
Coastline of Malta
Coastline of New Zealand
Coastline of the United Kingdom
Coastline of Western Australia
List of countries bordering on two or more oceans
List of U.S. states by coastline
Notes
References
Further reading
Coastline length, list by
Geography-related lists
Coastline, country
Coasts
fi:Luettelo valtioiden rantaviivan ja maarajojen pituuksista | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20countries%20by%20length%20of%20coastline |
The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court of Canada. It was established by the Parliament of Canada through the Supreme and Exchequer Court Act of 1875. Since 1949, the Court has been the final court of appeal in the Canadian justice system. Originally composed of six justices (the Chief Justice of Canada and five puisne justices), the Court was expanded to seven justices by the creation of an additional puisne justice position in 1927, and then to nine justices by the creation of two more puisne justice positions in 1949.
The justices are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister. When a chief justice leaves office, the vacancy is traditionally filled by elevating an incumbent puisne justice to the position, which requires a separate appointment process. The first six justices of the Court were all appointed in 1875 by Governor General the Earl of Dufferin, on the advice of Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie.
Of the nine justices, three positions are required by law to be held by judges who are either judges of the superior courts of Quebec, or members of the Bar of Quebec, at the time of their appointment. Traditionally, three of the remaining judges are appointed from Ontario, two from the four western provinces, and one from the Atlantic provinces. The judges from these provinces, other than Quebec, must have been a judge of a superior court, or a member of the bar of one of those provinces for ten or more years prior to the appointment.
Justices hold office until age 75, during good behaviour. They are removable by the Governor General on address of the Canadian Senate and House of Commons. When the Court was created in 1875, the justices had life tenure, but in 1927 this was converted to mandatory retirement at age 75. Because the legislation did not contain a grandfather clause it immediately applied to any judge who was already over age 75 at the time it came into force. As a result, Justice John Idington, aged 86, was forced to retire from the Court.
Since the Supreme Court was created in 1875, 90 persons have served on the Court. The length of overall service on the Court for the 81 non-incumbent justices ranges from Sir Lyman Duff's , to the 232-day tenure of John Douglas Armour. The length of service for the nine incumbent justices ranges from that of Andromache Karakatsanis, to Michelle O'Bonsawin's .
Justices
In the table below, the index numbers in the far left column denote the order in which the justices were appointed as a Supreme Court puisne justice (or, as chief justice where the individual was appointed directly as chief justice). Also, a shaded row——denotes a current justice. Additionally, while many of the justices' positions prior to appointment are simply listed as "lawyer", many had part-time positions, such as teaching, or acted as counsel to various levels of government. The justices of the Supreme Court are:
Notes
Timeline of justices
This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court. Information regarding each justice's predecessors, successors and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned (and comparisons between justices drawn) from it. There are no formal names or numbers for the individual seats of the puisne justices.
Justices' birthplaces
Notes
Justices' legal backgrounds
Of the 91 justices who have served on the court, just over half, 49, had previously served on provincial appellate courts, although not all of these were serving in that capacity immediately prior to their appointment (e.g. Beverley McLachlin had served on the British Columbia Court of Appeal before being named Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia; Louise Arbour had served on the Court of Appeal for Ontario before being named Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia). Three served on the appellate division of the Federal Court of Canada: Frank Iacobucci as Chief Justice of the Court, and Gerald Le Dain and Marshall Rothstein as appellate justices.
Twenty-eight justices were named to the Supreme Court directly from the bar without having previously served as judges, including one Chief Justice (Charles Fitzpatrick). Of those, eleven had served or were serving in various federal government capacities, including member of Parliament, cabinet minister, or deputy minister, prior to their appointment. A further 12 served on provincial superior trial courts.
Of the 31 justices appointed since 1980, only three had no prior judicial experience: John Sopinka, Ian Binnie and Suzanne Côté.
References
Bibliography
External links
Supreme Court of Canada homepage
Supreme Court
Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20justices%20of%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20of%20Canada |
John Minor Maury (1795 – 1823) was an officer in the United States Navy whose career was cut short by Yellow fever. In 1888, fictionalized versions of his life story were published by his son,Dabney H. Maury, and his niece, Diana Fontaine Maury Corbin, and the sensational stories became Maury's de-facto biography for over 130 years.
Biography
John Minor Maury was born in 1795 (exact date unknown) near Fredericksburg, Virginia, to Richard Maury (son of Rev. James Maury) and Diana (Minor) Maury (daughter of General John Minor). He was appointed midshipman in the spring of 1809, on a warrant backdated to 16 January (a common practice in the navy at the time), and he was assigned to the USS United States.
In June 1811, Maury obtained a furlough and sailed on the merchant ship Pennsylvania Packet, commanded by [US Navy lieutenant] William Lewis, who was also on furlough. After trading for several weeks in Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro, they sailed to Macau, arriving there on April 12, 1812. Once at Macau, they were informed of a recent sandalwood discovery by their agent, James Wilcocks, and at the end of May the Packet departed on what Lewis described as "a secret expedition."
The Packet arrived at Tahuata Island in the Marquesas on September 25, 1812, and probably reached Nuku Hiva the following day. For four months they attempted to trade with the natives for sandalwood, but their success was limited because their trade goods were of little value to the island's chiefs. One thing that the chiefs did value, however, were whales' teeth.
In late 1811, the ship Hunter, Captain William Rogers, obtained two hundred tons of sandalwood from Nuku Hiva's Typee tribe, in exchange for iron hoop, iron wares, and ivory, except that the ivory had been carved into the form of whales' teeth. The faux teeth were originally intended for trade in the Fiji Islands, but tribal warfare and general unrest in the Fijis, aggravated largely by the sandalwood traders, prevented the teeth from being traded there. When the Hunter arrived at Nuku Hiva (on their second call there), Rogers discovered that elephant ivory was unknown to the Marquesans, and the fakes were apparently of such quality that the chiefs were duped into believing them to be the genuine article. This was the story that Rogers passed along to James Wilcocks, who passed the story to Lewis and Maury. When the Packet departed Macau, ivory was included in the cargo.
The forgeries passed off by Rogers were discovered at some point, and when Lewis and Maury arrived on Nuku Hiva they discovered the ivory they brought to hold no more value than their other trade items. Even so, the Packet departed Nuku Hiva with 100 tons of sandalwood on or about February 4, 1813, leaving behind Maury behind to continue trading for sandalwood. With Maury were crew mates Phineas Fairbanks and William Brudenell, a beachcomber named James Wilson, and the schooner Lydia, commanded by Nathaniel Lecatt and crewed by a mixture of whites and Chinese.
Lewis learned of the War of 1812 when he arrived in China in March 1813. He promptly resigned as captain of the Packet and made plans to depart for the United States, but business affairs and his health kept him in Macau long enough to become stranded when the English blockaded the harbor beginning May 18, 1813. Lewis was unable to return to the US until after the war was over.
Maury knew nothing about the war against England until October 25, 1813, when the USS Essex appeared outside Taiohae Bay. During Lewis' absence, Maury continued to trade with the islanders for sandalwood, and did his best to manage the men under him. He had considerable difficulty with Lecatt, who refused to accept Maury's authority for several weeks until crew desertions aboard the Lydia compelled the schooner's captain to seek out Maury's assistance in getting them back. Lecatt was also indirectly responsible for the death of Phineas Fairbanks: Lecatt put Fairbanks ashore amongst the Typee, where he became the first known instance of a white man killed by natives in the Marquesas.
Upon the arrival of the Essex Maury learned of the War of 1812, and immediately signed on with David Porter (naval officer). He assisted in the building of a fort at Taiohae before he was assigned as first officer of the Essex Junior, which became a Cartel (ship) after the Essex was defeated by HMS Phoebe (1795). The Essex Junior returned to the United States in July, 1814.
Upon his return, Maury made his way to upstate New York in time to participate in the Battle of Lake Champlain under Commander Thomas Macdonough. He subsequently wrote to a friend in Fredericksburg, "We have gained a glorious victory. I hope the most important result of it will be to confirm the wavering allegiance of New York and Vermont to the Union. They have been threatening to secede unless peace be made with England on any terms!"
After the war, Maury traveled over the Appalacians to visit his family, who relocated near Franklin, Ohio at about the same time as Maury entered the navy. It was during this visit, around late 1814 or early 1815, that he told his siblings, including his youngest brother, Matthew Fontaine Maury, the stories of his island adventure.
Maury's next service was on the USS Guerriere (1814) in the Mediterranean. He returned to Fredericksburg after that and married his first cousin, Eliza Maury, on April 3, 1817. He then sailed with the USS Macedonian (1810) as first lieutenant on a tour of duty along the South American coast. When that tour concluded, he transferred to the Mediterranean squadron, again under David Porter. On that tour he served for a time as flag captain of the Mediterranean fleet, and was acting captain of the supply ship Decoy when he contracted Yellow Fever, and died just off Norfolk, Virginia, on June 23, 1823.
1888, 1964, and 2021 accounts
On April 19, 1888, an article appeared in the Moulton, Alabama newspaper, The Moulton Advertiser. In that same year, a biography of Matthew Fontaine Maury was published by Matthew's daughter, Diana Fontaine Maury Corbin. Both publications offered identical (albeit fictional) details of John Maury's life and adventures, stating that six men were with Maury and five of them were slaughtered by the natives, and that Maury and "Baker" never saw a sail for two years, and were forced to build a house in the tops of four cocoanut trees for survival.
In 1964, a scholarly biography of Matthew Maury was published by Francis Lewis. She amended John's shore party from six to four, with three killed, and shortened his stay to 18 months or more, during which "John lost hope of ever being rescued." Unfortunately, several of Lewis' references and footnotes turned out to be faulty, including the source of her new information: John's son Dabney.
In 2020, letters that John Maury wrote while on Nuku Hiva in 1813 were discovered alongside the correspondence of William Lewis, within the Conway Whittle Collection, at the College of William & Mary. These letters had somehow missed prior scholarly attention, and provided details which rewrote the historical understanding of Maury's presence on Nuku Hiva.
Maury was indeed stranded, but only for a few weeks, from the time the Lydia left (maybe late September) until the Essex appeared in late October. And he wasn't abandoned by Lewis either: the ship Albatross was sent from Canton weeks before the British blockaded Macau, and it arrived at Taiohae three weeks after the Essex.
See also
Piracy
Caribbean
Footnotes
1795 births
1828 deaths
Burials at sea
Deaths from yellow fever
Maury family of Virginia
Military personnel from Fredericksburg, Virginia
People who died at sea
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of the War of 1812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Minor%20Maury |
Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary (AMBS) is an Anabaptist Christian seminary in Elkhart, Indiana, affiliated with Mennonite Church USA and Mennonite Church Canada. It was formerly known as Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary until its name was changed in 2012.
The seminary offers a three-year Master of Divinity degree and two-year Master of Arts degree. It is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada.
History
Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary has roots in two former Mennonite seminaries: Goshen Biblical Seminary of the Mennonite Church and Mennonite Biblical Seminary of the General Conference Mennonite Church.
Goshen Biblical Seminary
Goshen Biblical Seminary at Goshen College, a Mennonite Church school in Goshen, Indiana, was one of two institutions that joined to form AMBS. Goshen Biblical Seminary was the direct continuation of the Bible School that began at Elkhart Institute in Elkhart, Indiana in 1894, while Elkhart Institute was organized as an academy. In 1903, Elkhart Institute moved to Goshen, Indiana, became Goshen College, and was reorganized as a junior college; in 1910 Goshen College was reorganized as a senior college. From 1894 until 1933, the Bible School offered a two-year course of study leading to a diploma and served as the Bible department of the college. In 1933, the Bible School began offering a four-year ThB (Bachelor of Theology), which expanded to a five-year course in 1942. In 1944, the Bible School was organized as a separate school with its own dean. In 1946, the school began using the name Goshen Biblical Seminary and began offering a seven-year BD (Bachelor of Divinity) with four years of liberal arts and three years of Bible and theology. In 1949, a BRE (Bachelor of Religious Education) was added as a four-year program. In 1955, the Th.B. program was discontinued and the seminary was organized into graduate and undergraduate divisions.
Harold S. Bender served as dean of the college and Bible School from 1931. Bender became dean of the seminary in 1944 when it was organized as a separate school and served until his death in 1962. In 1953-54, 67 students were enrolled. The total number of graduates from 1934-1956 was 190, with over 380 having matriculated. Goshen Biblical Seminary began aligning its academic program with that of Mennonite Biblical Seminary in 1958 and moved from Goshen to Mennonite Biblical Seminary's Elkhart campus after 1969.
Mennonite Biblical Seminary
Mennonite Biblical Seminary (MBS), a General Conference Mennonite Church institution in Chicago, Illinois, was the second school that became part of AMBS. The General Conference Mennonites had a history of educating pastors and church leaders which started with Wadsworth Institute (1868–1878), then Halstead Seminary (1883) the forerunner of Bethel College and Witmarsum Theological Seminary (1914–1931), part of Bluffton College.
The Witmarsum school closed in 1931 for what was assumed to be a year or two during which a better location could be found and an association with an older seminary arranged. This would last until 1945 when a Chicago, Illinois, site was selected and an affiliation with Bethany Biblical Seminary was established.
Mennonite Biblical Seminary was opened in September 1945 and used available space at Bethany for classes and student housing. By the fall of 1946 the seminary purchased property on the 4600 block of Woodlawn Avenue as it prepared for more students who were expected with the end of Civilian Public Service. Over the next six years most of the property on that block would become part of the Seminary.
The school operated with five full-time faculty and two part-time administrative staff members. After the startup years, student enrollment averaged about 40 with about nine degrees granted each year. Each year about a dozen Mennonite students who were attending other Chicago schools were allowed to use Seminary apartments.
In 1953, MBS worked together with Goshen Biblical Seminary to create a joint summer school for the following year. As this friendly exchange progressed throughout the next several years a desire for a larger inter-Mennonite seminary developed. This process was culminated in 1958 by which time the Chicago property had been sold and the Seminary moved to a new joint campus in Indiana.
Association
After the success of the 1954 cooperative summer school, the Goshen and Chicago seminaries started seriously exploring closer cooperation. Other Mennonite denominations were invited to explore what was hoped to be a larger inter-Mennonite school. Although the Evangelical Mennonite Church, Mennonite Brethren, Evangelical Mennonite Brethren and Brethren in Christ all showed initial interest, each of these bodies ultimately opted not to pursue this type of partnership.
A plan was devised where each school would operate independently at a single site, sharing a library, a few joint courses, joint chapel services once a week and joint use of certain facilities. It was felt that the two denominations' respective constituencies would support this new venture only if the schools remained independent. This arrangement of two parallel schools is evident in the school's original plural name: Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminaries.
The largest sticking point in the negotiations was selecting a suitable location. Although Bethel College in Kansas offered a site, this option was never seriously considered. The Goshen group wanted the seminary to be located on their existing campus at Goshen College in Indiana, believing their church members would not support a move. The General Conference Mennonites rejected this site for fear of being swallowed up by the larger group. Eventually an Elkhart, Indiana, site was chosen as a neutral location between the two schools.
Ground breaking at the Elkhart property took place on September 3, 1957, and was essentially completed by the next August. A chapel was added and dedicated in June 1965.
The Goshen Seminary received Association of Theological Schools accreditation in 1958 and Mennonite Biblical Seminary followed with accreditation in 1964.
Over the years closer cooperation eventually eliminated the distinction between the two schools, and by 1994 they formally merged into the (now-singular) Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary. By 2002 the two Mennonite denominations themselves had joined to form a common structure, in which decades of cooperation between the two groups at AMBS had played a role.
Institute of Mennonite Studies
The Institute of Mennonite Studies (IMS) is the research and publishing arm of Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary. The Institute has fostered inter-Mennonite connections and scholarship advances in the areas of Anabaptist theology and history since 1958. Key Mennonite leaders such as theologian John Howard Yoder have been associated with IMS. The current director of IMS is Jamie Pitts.
Notable faculty (past and present)
Alan Kreider
J. C. Wenger
John Howard Yoder
Library
In 2007, AMBS completed a new building to house the library and bookstore. This building was the first theological library registered with the United States Green Building Council for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. The building received a LEED Gold rating in 2009.
The library construction included the installation of a "green landscape," including rain gardens surrounding most of the library's exterior and a prairie restoration project that restored significant portions of the campus ground to its original tall-grass prairie.
In 2014, the library reported that it had 113,296 books and media in its physical library collections and 5754 books, databases, and media in its electronic library collections.
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
Pannabecker, Samuel Floyd (1975), Ventures of Faith: The Story of Mennonite Biblical Seminary, Mennonite Biblical Seminary.
Further reading
Pannabecker, Samuel Floyd (1975), Open Doors: A History of the General Conference Mennonite Church, Faith and Life Press. , pp. 368–374.
External links
Mennonite Church USA
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Mennonite Church USA
Education in Elkhart County, Indiana
Seminaries and theological colleges in Indiana
Buildings and structures in Elkhart, Indiana
Mennonitism in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1894
1894 establishments in Indiana
1958 establishments in Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptist%20Mennonite%20Biblical%20Seminary |
Lavardin may refer to:
Places
Lavardin, Loir-et-Cher, France
Lavardin, Sarthe, France
Lavardin, Iran
People
Jacques de Lavardin (), French humanist translator
Jean de Beaumanoir (marquis) (1551–1614), the Marquis de Lavardin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavardin |
A quadruple reed is a type of reed by means of which the sound is originated in various wind instruments. The term "quadruple reed" comes from the fact that there are four pieces of dried palm leaf vibrating against each other, in pairs. A quadruple reed, such as the Thai pinai, operates in a similar way as the double reed and produces a timbre similar to the oboe. The Arabic pii chawaa is "sometimes described as having a double reed, though this is actually folded yet again, creating four layers of reed and thus requiring considerable lung power to play".
Presumably a quadruple reed is folded twice, in opposite directions, instead of once (\/\ or \/\/ instead of \/ shaped), or either folded twice in the same direction or wrapped around (◎ instead of ○ shaped). Both options could result in what may be considered a reed of quadruple thickness. A reed may be folded into the center at 1/4 and 3/4 the length, and then this may be folded in half, with the center being outwards and the four sides being enclosed, making a single reed of quadruple thickness.
Instruments which use quadruple reeds
Hne (Myanmar)
Pi (Thailand)
Pui' Pui' (Makassar, Indonesia)
Sawnay (Mindanao, Philippines)
Sarunay (Sulu archipelago, Philippines)
Serunai (Malaysia)
Shehnai (India)
Shawm (Asia) "Each side of the [Thai and Cambonian] shawm's double reed is made from two layers of a smoked palm-leaf, making it in fact a quadruple reed. (Nepalese, Burmese, and Malaysian shawms have similar quadruple reeds.)"
Sralai (Cambodia)
Sri Lankan oboe
Serune Kalee (Aceh, Indonesia)
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple%20reed |
Joel F. Salatin (born February 24, 1957) is an American farmer, lecturer, and author.
Salatin raises livestock on his Polyface Farm in Swoope, Virginia, in the Shenandoah Valley. Meat from the farm is sold by direct marketing to consumers and restaurants.
Early life and education
Salatin's father worked for a major petroleum company, using his earnings to purchase a 1,000-acre farm in Venezuela. The family left Venezuela in 1959 following the 1958 election of President Rómulo Betancourt who instituted a program to redistribute land.
Influenced by their Biblical understanding of earth stewardship and J. I. Rodale, Salatin's parents, William and Lucille, relocated and purchased a farm in the Shenandoah Valley in 1961 and began restoring its land. In high school, Salatin began his own business selling rabbits, eggs, butter and chicken from the farm at the Staunton Curb Market. He then attended Bob Jones University where he majored in English and was a student leader, graduating in 1979.
Salatin married his childhood sweetheart Teresa in 1980 and became a feature writer at the Staunton, Virginia, newspaper, The News Leader, where he had worked earlier typing obituaries and police reports.
Career
Farming
Polyface Farm is a farm in Swoope, Virginia. The farmhouse was built in 1750 and added on throughout the years. It was purchased by the Salatins in 1961. Tiring of writing for the newspaper, Salatin decided to try farming full-time. Each year, he revised his organic farming techniques, which have low overhead and equipment costs, and the farm began to turn a profit. The farm grosses $350,000 and is deemed a commercial farm by the United States Department of Agriculture.
Salatin's philosophy of farming emphasizes healthy grass on which animals can thrive in a symbiotic cycle of feeding. Cows are moved from one pasture to another rather than being centrally corn fed. Chickens in portable coops are moved in behind them, where they dig through the cow dung to eat protein-rich fly larvae while further fertilizing the field with their droppings.
Salatin condemns the negative impact of the United States government on his livelihood because of what he considers an increasingly regulatory approach taken toward farming. He is a self-described "Christian libertarian environmentalist capitalist lunatic farmer", producing meat he describes as "beyond organic", using environmentally responsible, ecologically beneficial, sustainable agriculture. Jo Robinson said of Salatin, "He's not going back to the old model. There's nothing in county extension or old-fashioned ag science that really informs him. He is just looking totally afresh at how to maximize production in an integrated system on a holistic farm. He's just totally innovative."
Commenting on a New York Times op-ed contribution about sustainable farming and bovine methane production, Salatin wrote, "wetlands emit some 95 percent of all methane in the world; herbivores are insignificant enough to not even merit consideration. Anyone who really wants to stop methane needs to start draining wetlands." Wetland methane emissions make up 20 to 39% of global methane emissions, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. He also said that most livestock producers use "Neanderthal management" that exaggerates the amount of land required, and that modern technology allows for far more sustainable land usage.
Writing
Salatin has been editor of the monthly agriculture magazine Stockman Grass Farmer promoting pasture-grazed lifestock, and teaches a two-day course on agribusiness marketing in conjunction with this magazine. He has authored twelve books including Folks, This Ain't Normal, You Can Farm, Salad Bar Beef and Everything I Want To Do Is Illegal.
In November 2019 Salatin wrote a blog post responding to a blog post by Chris Newman, another Virginia farmer and owner of Sylvanaqua Farms, in which Newman critiques the small family farm model and describes an alternative, vertically integrated system rooted in collective ownership. Salatin said in his article that Newman, who is Black and Native American, was too early in his farming career to know whether he would be successful in the long-term, and that Newman would only "push would-be team players away" by complaining. In August 2020, Agdaily described Salatin's blog post as racially inappropriate, and criticized that he had described Native Americans as "hostile" to William Cody (Buffalo Bill). After Salatin's remarks, Mother Earth News asked Newman to write for the publication for diversity in the wake of the murder of George Floyd. Newman declined the invitation raising concerns about Salatin's article. After public criticism of the publication's support for Salatin, Mother Earth News ultimately severed its relationship with Salatin. Salatin said that his blog "routinely offends big ag, bureaucrats, big pharma, etc, on purpose. But I never intend to offend people due to their race, religion, culture, gender, or creed and I’m sorry that this post did."
In March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, on his website, Salatin said he wanted coronavirus. Salatin was widely condemned for his comments by the public and his peers.
Speaking
Salatin has spoken as a farming educator at a wide range of organizations including the University of California at Berkeley, and the Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture. In 2020, he spoke at the Libertarian National Convention about limiting regulation.
Media
Salatin's farm, Polyface, is featured prominently in Michael Pollan's book The Omnivore's Dilemma (2006) and the documentary films, Food, Inc. and Fresh. Pollan became interested in Salatin because of his refusal to send food to locations beyond a four-hour drive of his farm, i.e. outside his local "foodshed". "We want [prospective customers] to find farms in their areas and keep the money in their own community", he said. "We think there is strength in decentralization and spreading out rather than in being concentrated and centralized."
Salatin and his farm have also been featured in radio, television and print media including Smithsonian Magazine, National Geographic, Gourmet, and ABC News.
Awards
Salatin received the 15th Annual Heinz Award with special focus on the environment.
Works
Salad Bar Beef (1996).
Pastured Poultry Profits (1996).
You Can Farm: The Entrepreneur's Guide to Start & Succeed in a Farming Enterprise (1998).
Family Friendly Farming: A Multigenerational Home-Based Business Testament (2001).
Holy Cows And Hog Heaven: The Food Buyer's Guide To Farm Friendly Food (2005).
Everything I Want To Do Is Illegal: War Stories From the Local Food Front (2007).
The Sheer Ecstasy of Being a Lunatic Farmer (2010).
Fields of Farmers: Interning, Mentoring, Partnering, Germinating (2013).
The Marvelous Pigness of Pigs (2016).
Your Successful Farm Business: Production, Profit, Pleasure (2017).
Polyface Designs: A Comprehensive Construction Guide for Scalable Farming Infrastructure (2020). (together with Chris Slattery)
Polyface Micro: Success with Livestock on a Homestead Scale (2021).
See also
Methanotroph
Permaculture
Regenerative agriculture
References
External links
Polyface Farm
The Lunatic Farmer
1957 births
Living people
American agricultural writers
American male non-fiction writers
American environmentalists
Farmers from Virginia
American libertarians
Writers from Virginia
People from Augusta County, Virginia
Permaculturalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Salatin |
AMBS may refer to:
Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary, an Anabaptist Christian seminary based in the United States
Advanced Media Broadcasting System, a Philippine broadcast media company | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMBS |
Have You Never Been Mellow is the fifth studio album by British-Australian singer Olivia Newton-John, released on 12 February 1975 by MCA Records.
Reception
Both the title single and the album rose to the top of their respective US charts (the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and the Billboard 200 albums chart). The title song and its follow-up, "Please Mr. Please", were both top 10 on three Billboard charts: the Hot 100, Adult Contemporary, and Country.
The title song was Newton-John's first charting single in Japan, where it reached number 26 on the Oricon singles chart. Newton-John received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for her work on the song "Have You Never Been Mellow", but lost to "At Seventeen" by Janis Ian. The album was also named Favorite Pop/Rock Album at the American Music Awards of 1976, beating The Eagles and Elton John.
The album was certified Gold in the US. The LP sold 169,380 in Japan.
Track listings
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
References
1975 albums
Olivia Newton-John albums
Albums produced by John Farrar
MCA Records albums
EMI Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have%20You%20Never%20Been%20Mellow |
Nabuyongo Island, also known as Goziba, (Kisiwa cha Goziba, in Swahili) is a small island in Lake Victoria, Kagera Region, Tanzania. During the First World War it was the site of naval action between British and German lake steamers.
Lake islands of Tanzania
Islands of Lake Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabuyongo%20Island |
John Burnet, FBA (; 9 December 1863 – 26 May 1928) was a Scottish classicist. He was born in Edinburgh and died in St Andrews.
Life and work
Burnet was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, the University of Edinburgh, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he obtained first-class honours in Classical Moderations (Greek and Latin) in 1885 and in Literae Humaniores ('Greats', a combination of philosophy and ancient history) in 1887. In the course of his undergraduate academic career at Oxford he won the Taylorian Scholarship in French (1885) and came second for the Boden Sanskrit Scholarship (1884)
After taking his degree in 1887 Burnet became an assistant to Lewis Campbell at the University of St. Andrews. He was a master at Harrow School in 1888. From 1890 to 1915, he was a Fellow at Merton College, Oxford; and from 1892 to 1926 a professor of Greek at St Andrews. For a term prior to his St Andrews professorship, he served as Interim Professor of Humanity (Latin) at the University of Edinburgh. He became a Fellow of the British Academy in 1916. In 1909, Burnet was offered, but did not accept, the Chair of Greek at Harvard University. He was Sather Professor in Classical Literature, California, 1925.
In 1894, he married Mary Farmer, the daughter of John Farmer, who wrote the Preface for a collection of essays published after his death, Essays and Addresses.
Burnet is best known for his work on Plato. His interest in philosophy and in Plato in particular seems to have begun during his service as assistant to Lewis Campbell at St. Andrews. Burnet was known for defending novel interpretations of Plato and Socrates, particularly the view that the depiction of Socrates in all of Plato's dialogues is historically accurate, and that the philosophical views peculiar to Plato himself are to be found only in the so-called late dialogues. Burnet also maintained that Socrates was closely connected to the early Greek philosophical tradition, now generally known as Pre-Socratic philosophy; Burnet believed that Socrates had been in his youth the disciple of Archelaus, a member of the Anaxagorean tradition (Burnet 1924, vi).
Burnet's philological work on Plato is still widely read, and his editions have been considered authoritative for 100 years, as the 5-volume Oxford Classical Texts critical edition of Plato works and spuria (1900–1907). His commentaries on Plato's Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito and on the Phaedo also remain widely used and respected by scholars. Myles Burnyeat, for example, calls Burnet's Plato: Euthyphro, Apology of Socrates, Crito "the still unsurpassed edition". S.R. Slings, editor of the new 2003 Oxford Classical Texts edition of Plato's Republic, described Burnet as "a superb editor, with a feeling for Platonic Greek that is unlikely to be ever surpassed."
Early Greek Philosophy
Early Greek Philosophy is a book by John Burnet. Four editions were published by A. & C. Black, Ltd. in Great Britain. The first edition was published in April 1892, the second in June 1908, the third in September 1920 and the fourth, posthumously, in 1930.
From the Preface to the Third Edition (unchanged in the fourth edition):...the main thesis of my book, and the vital point of the argument is my insistence on the derivation of Atomism (which is admittedly materialistic) from Eleaticism, in accordance with the express statements of Aristotle and Theophrastos...There are many differences between the first and fourth editions. For example, the quotation below comes from section 33: Philosophy as a life. in the first (1892) edition. In the third (1920) and fourth (1930) editions, the section has been moved to section 35, renamed to Philosophy as a way of life. and no longer mentions the Neoplatonists .
John Burnet noted in his 1892 publication Early Greek Philosophy
The Neoplatonists were quite justified in regarding themselves as the spiritual heirs of Pythagoras; and, in their hands, philosophy ceased to exist as such, and became theology. And this tendency was at work all along; hardly a single Greek philosopher was wholly uninfluenced by it. Perhaps Aristotle might seem to be an exception; but it is probable that, if we still possessed a few such "exoteric" works as the Protreptikos in their entirety, we should find that the enthusiastic words in which he speaks of the "blessed life" in the Metaphysics and in the Ethics (Nicomachean Ethics) were less isolated outbursts of feeling than they appear now. In later days, Apollonios of Tyana showed in practice what this sort of thing must ultimately lead to. The theurgy and thaumaturgy of the late Greek schools were only the fruit of the seed sown by the generation which immediately preceded the Persian War.
Legacy
The University of St Andrews hall was named in his honour John Burnet Hall.
Bibliography
Major works
Early Greek Philosophy. London and Edinburgh: A. and C. Black, 1892. 2nd edition, 1908. 3rd edition, 1920. 4th edition, 1930.
An online text of the 3rd edition (1920) of Early Greek Philosophy
re-edited 5th edition, 2015.
Early Greek Philosophy (1892, Archive.org)
Greek Philosophy: Thales to Plato. London, MacMillan, 1914.
re-edited 2nd edition, 2010.
Platonism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1928.
Higher Education and the War, 1917.
Essays and Addresses, 1930, includes a "Memoir" by Godfrey Rathbone Benson.
"The Socratic Doctrine of the Soul", 1916. (British Academy's 1916 Philosophical Lecture).
"Aristotle", 1924. (British Academy's 1924 Master-Mind Lecture).
Editions edited and annotated by Burnet
The Ethics of Aristotle. London: Methuen, 1900. PDF
Platonis Opera: Recognovit Brevique Adnotatione Critica Instruxit (as Ioannes Burnet). Oxford: Oxford Classical Texts, 1900–1907.
Plato: Phaedo. Oxford: Clarendon, 1911.
Plato: Euthyphro, Apology of Socrates, Crito. Oxford: Clarendon, 1924.
References
Further reading
The Dictionary of British Classicists, ed. Robert Todd, Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004.
External links
John Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, online text:
Aristotle on Education, being extracts from the Ethics and Politics (1903)
The Socratic Doctrine of the Soul British Academy Lecture (1916)
Greek Rudiments (1918), second edition (2014), a textbook on diction and idiom of the Attic dialect.
Greek Philosophy, an essay published in The Legacy of Greece (1921)
1863 births
1928 deaths
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Scottish classical scholars
British scholars of ancient Greek philosophy
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of Merton College, Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Burnet%20%28classicist%29 |
Hermann Otto Erich Sasse (17 July 1895 – 9 August 1976) was a German Lutheran pastor, theologian, and author. He was considered one of the foremost confessional Lutheran theologians of the 20th century.
Sasses was born on 17 July 1895 in Sonnewalde, Lower Lusatia, Germany, to Hermann Sasse, a pharmacist, and his wife Maria, née Berger. In 1913, he began reading theology and ancient philology at the University of Berlin. He was a German infantryman in World War I, in which he was one of only six men in his battalion to survive the trench warfare in Flanders.
Sasse began his career under the influence of the theological liberalism of his teachers, such as Adolf Harnack. He was ordained on 13 June 1920 in St Matthew's Church in Berlin and thereafter served several parishes in Brandenburg, He took the licentiate in theology in 1923. He spent a year (1925-1926) as an exchange student at Hartford Theological Seminary in the United States, where he earned a master's degree. Sasse returned to Germany to take up a teaching position at University of Erlangen.
He married Charlotte Margarete Naumann on 11 September 1928 at St. Nicolai's Church in Oranienburg, Germany. They had three children together. During the Depression, he was a (pastor with social duties) among factory workers in Berlin.
During this period, he became an active participant in the ecumenical movement. He attended the first world conference of the Faith and Order Movement in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1927 as a delegate and translator. He also attended the Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments in Geneva in 1932.
In the early 1930s, he emerged as a vocal critic of the Nazi Party and Germany's new chancellor, Adolf Hitler, as part of the Confessing Church Movement led by Martin Niemöller. While he did not sign the 1934 Barmen Declaration, he did author, with Dietrich Bonhoeffer and others, the first draft of the lesser known Bethel Confession of 1933, which addressed the treatment of Jews. However, he left the Confessing Church in 1934 because he believed it was improperly taking church authority for itself.
In 1933, he became a professor of church history at the University of Erlangen in Bavaria. The Nazi government took away his passport in 1935, but he was able to continue working throughout the Nazi era because he was a popular lecturer and the dean of the faculty was able to protect him.
In 1948, he opposed the formation of the Evangelical Church in Germany, in part because he distrusted state-supported university faculties of theology. As a result, he joined the Lutheran Free Church.
In 1949, Sasse emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia, where he served on the faculty of Immanuel Seminary of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Australia. He was heavily involved the effort merging that body with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Australia to create the Lutheran Church of Australia in 1966.
Sasse remained involved in Lutheranism throughout the world. He was known in the United States as "Mr. Lutheran" and regularly corresponded with Lutheran leaders there and elsewhere. A noted conservative voice in Lutheranism, his theological research focused on Scripture as Word of God and on the Eucharist. He was involved with the Australian Roman Catholic-Lutheran dialogue from its beginnings.
Sasse retired from teaching in 1969. The Federal Republic of Germany appointed him to the Order of Merit. He died in a fire at his home in North Adelaide on 9 August 1976 and was buried in Centennial Park Cemetery.
Selected bibliography
Sasse published 479 works during his lifetime. Some of the more notable ones are:
This Is My Body: Luther's Contention for the Real Presence in the Sacrament of the Altar. (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2001)
The Lonely Way: Selected Essays and Letters of Hermann Sasse: 1941-1976 (Concordia Publishing House, 2003)
The Lonely Way: Selected Essays and Letters of Hermann Sasse: 1927-1939 (Concordia Publishing House, 2002)
Christ and His Church: Essays by Hermann Sasse: Vol. 1, Union and Confession (Office of the President LCMS 1997)
References
Werner Klän (Hg.): Der Theologe Hermann Sasse (1895–1976). Einblicke in seine internationale Wirkung als Exeget, Kirchenhistoriker, Systematiker und Ökumeniker, Oberurseler Hefte Ergänzungsband 24, Göttingen 2020,
External links
Hermann Sasse and the Liturgical Movement by John T. Pless
Selection of Prof. Dr Hermann Sasse's Writings (Confessional Lutherans Australia)
Luther's Legacy to Christianity: We Are Beggars by Hermann Sasse
Church and Lord's Supper by Hermann Sasse
We Are Not Ashamed of Their Ardent Struggle by Hermann Sasse
Preface to Vom Sakrament des Altars by Hermann Sasse
History and content of the 1933 Bethel Confession
1895 births
1976 deaths
People from Elbe-Elster
People from the Province of Brandenburg
German Lutheran theologians
German emigrants to Australia
Australian Lutheran clergy
Australian Christian theologians
20th-century German Protestant theologians
German male non-fiction writers
Hartford Seminary alumni
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Sasse |
O.C.F.T.C (Office des Chemins de Fer et des Transports en Commun, French for Railway and Public Transportation Authority) is the Lebanese government authority which operates public transportation in Lebanon.
The OCFTC currently operates 12 bus lines in and around the capital city of Beirut using a fleet of blue and white colored buses.
There are plans to restore intercity bus service; however, this market is already well served by numerous private bus companies which depart from the Cola area and Charles Helou Station in Beirut to various destinations throughout Lebanon and Syria.
The OCFTC's main competitor is the privately owned and operated Lebanese Commuting Company (LCC) which operates a fleet of red and white colored buses, mostly minibuses. Its service and efficiency is regarded to be better than the OCFTC and thus it charges slightly higher fares.
Due to many problems that have been plaguing the OCFTC, there have been calls to transform it into a regulatory agency with the bus system becoming completely privatized, perhaps transferred entirely to the Lebanese Commuting Company (LCC). These plans may never materialize however.
The OCFTC also owns all of the railway infrastructure in the country, however, as the railway system was severely damaged during Lebanese Civil War, none of the railway system is currently in operation.
There are plans to revive Lebanon's railway system. The French railways, SNCF, have been hired to analyze the railway infrastructure in the country to see what steps should be taken to revive the system. A project to restore the system may still be several years off as it would be extremely costly.
External links
OCFTC Bus Routes and Schedules
Bus companies of Lebanon
Transport in Lebanon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCFTC |
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