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Aline Bernstein (December 22, 1880 – September 7, 1955) was an American set designer and costume designer. She and Irene Lewisohn founded the Museum of Costume Art. Bernstein was the lover, patron, and muse of novelist Thomas Wolfe.
Early life
She was born in 1880 in New York City, the daughter of Rebecca (Goldsmith) and Joseph Frankau, an actor. Joseph was a cousin of London cigar importer Arthur Frankau and thus, by marriage, of novelist and art historian Frank Danby, whom Aline recalled visiting as a child when Joseph Frankau was performing in London. Her family was Jewish. By the time she was 17, both of her parents had died and she was raised by her aunt, Rachel Goldsmith. Goldsmith had a theatrical boarding house on West 44th Street in New York City.
Career
Between 1916 and 1951, Bernstein would do set design, costuming, or both for 51 productions.
Bernstein was a theater set and costume designer for the Neighborhood Playhouse on the Lower East Side, volunteering her work to make her name.
In 1926 she struggled but prevailed in becoming the first female member of the designers union. This membership opened up opportunities for Broadway commissions. However, as a woman, she still found that it was much easier to find work as a costume designer than as a set designer. Her career ran in phases; early on, she focused largely on costume design. After about 14 years of work, in 1930, she was able to move into set design. For about a decade, she primarily did set design work, only to return to costume design again around 1940 for the final phase of her career.
In the 1930s she also began to write, with two books published by Knopf, a highly respected publisher at that time. She was personal friends with Alfred and Blanche Knopf.
Her first book, Three Blue Suits, helped to more firmly establish her as a designer in New York. The book included a series of three stories in which three very different men wear the same blue serge suit. The details of how each man wears — or drags (the jacket on the floor) — his suit, reveal aspects of each man's character in subtle ways. A common trope among costume designer is that costumes, if they are good, should ultimately not be noticed. In contrast, the blue suit stories reveal Bernstein's ability to discern how critical details of costume evoke, and interact with, a character, and ultimately her skill as a costume designer at making this happen effectively.
Some of her publications include:
Three Blue Suits (collection of short stories), 1933
The Journey Down (over her relationship with Wolfe), Knopf, 1938
Miss Condon, Knopf, 1947
An Actor's Daughter (memoir), 1940
The Martha Washington Doll Book, 1945
Masterpieces of Women's Costume of the 18th and 19th Centuries, 1959 (published posthumously)
In 1950, Aline Bernstein finally won some hard-earned recognition. In 1949 she had designed costumes for the opera Regina. The music and libretto were written by Marc Blitzstein but based on the play The Little Foxes by Lillian Hellman, a play for which Bernstein had previously designed costumes. Although that production of Regina (it would be regularly revived in the 20th century) ran for only a month and a half, Bernstein won a Tony for her costume design in 1950.
Personal life
Aline married Theodore F. Bernstein, a Wall Street broker, on November 19, 1902. Bernstein and her husband had two children: Theodore Frankau Bernstein (1904–1949), and Edla Cusick (1906–1983). Her marriage remained intact throughout and despite her affair with Thomas Wolfe.
Bernstein died on September 7, 1955, in New York City, aged 74.
Relationship with Thomas Wolfe
Bernstein met Thomas Wolfe in 1925 aboard the RMS Olympic when Wolfe was 25 and Bernstein 44. Bernstein became Wolfe's lover and provided Wolfe with emotional, domestic, and financial support while he wrote his first novel, Look Homeward, Angel, which he dedicated to Bernstein.
Wolfe immortalized Bernstein as the character Esther Jack in his novels Of Time and the River, The Web and the Rock, You Can't Go Home Again, and The Good Child's River. Bernstein, in turn, centered her autobiographical novel The Journey Down around her affair with Wolfe. Bernstein's and Wolfe's affair ended after a few years, but their friendship continued. One of Wolfe's last phone calls, when he was dying of a brain tumor at age 37, was to tell Bernstein he loved her. At the time of Wolfe's death in 1938, Bernstein possessed some of Wolfe's unpublished manuscripts.
In the 2016 biographical drama film Genius, Bernstein was portrayed by Nicole Kidman, while Wolfe was portrayed by Jude Law.
References
Notes
Further reading
External links
Aline Bernstein designs, 1922–1952, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Aline Bernstein letters to Samuel Bradley, 1938–1946, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
1880 births
1955 deaths
Jewish American artists
Muses
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Tony Award winners
American costume designers
Women costume designers
Writers from Manhattan
American women artists
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aline%20Bernstein |
Two for the Money is an American game show television program which ran from 1952 to 1957. The show ran for one season on NBC, and four seasons on CBS. It was a Mark Goodson-Bill Todman production, and was initially sponsored by Old Gold cigarettes. Humorist Herb Shriner was the host for most of the show's run, with fellow humorist Sam Levenson hosting the last season. The game show was initially directed by Paul Alter.
With the success of Groucho Marx and his show, You Bet Your Life, which aired on NBC, Mark Goodson was looking for a similar format that was as much a showcase for the host as it was a game. Two for the Money was just that, with as much of Shriner's homespun Hoosier humor as there was actual game play. But there was a game to be played, and its format was fairly simple.
In the first round, a pair of contestants would be given a category, and would come up with as many correct answers that fit the category as possible within a fifteen-second time period. An example of a category: "States whose names end in 'A'." Each correct answer was worth $5.00. The other important rule is that the contestants had to alternate in giving their responses. Round two was much the same, but each correct answer's value was determined by the amount won in the first round — if the contestants won $25 in the first round, each correct second-round answer was worth that amount. The amount won in the second round would be the value of each correct answer in the third and final round.
Shriner had help in judging correct answers from Mason Welch Gross, a professor from Rutgers University. Dr. Gross would sound a buzzer should he catch the team repeating an answer or giving an incorrect answer. For a brief time while Dr. Gross was away, Walter Cronkite filled in. Dr. Gross eventually became the university's president, and namesake of its fine arts program.
Actor Walter O'Keefe and humorist and TV personality Sam Levenson served as Shriner's substitutes. Kenny Williams (who from 1960, until before his death in 1984, would be the "voice" of nearly all the game shows produced by Merrill Heatter & Bob Quigley) was the announcer.
In 1957, Ed McMahon made his network TV debut as the show's announcer. Milton DeLugg conducted the show's orchestra. Dennis James was primary sponsor Old Gold cigarettes' spokesman; Bob Shepperd was the pitchman for other sponsors.
The show was also remade in the United Kingdom for the then-new ITV network in 1956, lasting only one series. The UK version was hosted by Bernard Braden.
Seventeen-year-old Tom Brokaw, governor of South Dakota Boys' State, appeared with the real governor of South Dakota, Joe Foss, in 1957. Together they won $1,225, answering questions mainly about politics (one of the categories was "state governors," and one of Brokaw's answers, as he recounts in his autobiography, was "The honorable Joe Foss of South Dakota").
The series finished #14 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1954-1955 season. It received Emmy nominations for Best Audience Participation, Quiz or Panel Program in 1953 and 1954.
Episode status
17 episodes survive at the UCLA Film and Television Archive. One episode is included in the set "Classic Game Shows & More", released by Mill Creek Entertainment.
171 out of the approximately 209 episodes from the Herb Shriner run survive at the Library of Congress. Combined with 11 exclusive to UCLA, the number comes out to 182.
The status of the Sam Levenson shows is unclear.
References
External links
Video of public domain episode (with Sam Levenson) on Internet Archive
1952 American television series debuts
1957 American television series endings
1950s American comedy game shows
1950s British game shows
CBS original programming
Television series by Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions
ITV (TV network) original programming
NBC original programming
Black-and-white American television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%20for%20the%20Money%20%28game%20show%29 |
Jonathan Joss (born December 22, 1965) is an American actor. He is best known for providing the voice of John Redcorn from season 2 to 13 of the animated series King of the Hill, replacing the original actor Victor Aaron after his death in 1996. He is also known for his recurring role as Chief Ken Hotate in Parks and Recreation.
Joss was born in San Antonio, Texas, where he attended McCollum High School, and later enrolled at Texas State University–San Marcos (then Southwest Texas State University) but left before graduating. Joss later attended San Antonio College, before graduating from Our Lady of the Lake University with a degree in theater and speech.
Joss is also a musician, and performs as part of The Red Corn Band, a reference to the character he played in King of the Hill.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
External links
References
1965 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
American people of Spanish descent
Grammy Award winners
Male actors from San Antonio
Our Lady of the Lake University alumni
Texas State University alumni
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Joss |
The Computers, Freedom and Privacy Conference (or CFP, or the Conference on Computers, Freedom and Privacy) is an annual academic conference held in the United States or Canada about the intersection of computer technology, freedom, and privacy issues. The conference was founded in 1991, and since at least 1999, it has been organized under the aegis of the Association for Computing Machinery. It was originally sponsored by CPSR.
CFP91
The first CFP was held in 1991 in Burlingame, California.
CFP92
The second CFP was held on March 18–20, 1992 in Washington, DC. It was the first under the auspices of the Association for Computing Machinery. The conference chair was Lance Hoffman. The entire proceedings are available from the Association for Computing Machinery at https://dl.acm.org/doi/proceedings/10.1145/142652.
CFP99
The Computers, Freedom and Privacy 99 Conference, sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery, the 9th annual CFP, was held in Washington, DC from 6 April 1999 to 8 April 1999.
CFP99 focused on international Internet regulation and privacy protection. There were close to 500 registered participants and attendees included high-level government officials, grassroots advocates and programmers.
The conference chair for CFP99 was Marc Rotenberg and the program coordinator was Ross Stapleton-Gray.
Keynote speakers at CFP99 were Tim Berners-Lee, director of the World Wide Web Consortium,
Vint Cerf, president of the Internet Society and FTC Commissioner Mozelle Thompson.
Others who spoke at CFP99 included:
Others who spoke at CFP99 included:
David Banisar, policy director at the Electronic Privacy Information Center;
US Representative Bob Barr former federal prosecutor and Georgia Republican;
Colin Bennett, a privacy expert at Canada's University of Victoria;
Paula Breuning, a lawyer for the National Telecommunications and Information Administration in the United States Department of Commerce;
Becky Burr, head of the Commerce Department unit overseeing many Internet issues;
Jason Catlett, privacy advocate and president of JunkBusters;
Scott Charney, head of the United States Department of Justice computer crimes unit;
the artist Henry Cross;
Simon Davies, Fellow of the London School of Economics and representative of Privacy International;
Elizabeth France, head of the UK Data Protection Registrar;
Bob Gellman, privacy consultant;
Peter Hustinx, president of the Dutch Data Protection Authority;
Stephen Lau Ka-men, Hong Kong's Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data;
Jim Lewis from the US Commerce Department's Bureau of Export Administration;
US Representative Ed Markey, a ranking Democrat on the House Subcommittee for Telecommunications, Trade and Consumer Protection;
Erich Moechel from Quintessenz, Austria;
Aryeh Neier, president of the Open Society Institute;
Jagdesh Parikh, an official with Human Rights Watch;
Philip Reitinger, a prosecutor for the US Justice Department;
Carol Risher, vice president of the American Association of Publishers;
Michael Robertson, president of MP3.com;
Cary Scherman, general counsel of the Recording Industry Association of America;
Bruce Schneier, president of Counterpane Systems;
Barbara Simons, president of the Association for Computing Machinery;
David Sobel, legal counsel at the Electronic Privacy Information Center;
Latanya Sweeney, Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Technology and Policy at Carnegie Mellon University;
Peter Swire, chief counselor for privacy in the US Office of Management and Budget;
Greg Taylor of Electronic Frontiers Australia;
Christine Varney, representative of the Online Privacy Alliance and former FTC commissioner;
George Vrandenburg, senior vice president of America Online;
Steve Wright, of the UK-based nonprofit Omega Foundation, author of a report on ECHELON
Discussion Panels at CFP99 included:
Anonymity and Identity in Cyberspace;
Creation of a Global Surveillance Network;
Global Internet Censorship;
Privacy; Privacy and data protection policies; Self Regulation Reconsidered.
Topics covered at CFP99 included:
Anonymity;
Protection of children by parents and teachers, not government;
Fair use of copyrighted material;
Controls over the export of cryptography under the Wassenaar Arrangement;
Data mining and identity theft;
Encryption;
Free speech;
Government disclosure;
Human rights;
The link between privacy and free speech;
Discussion between MP3 activists, musicians and the recording industry;
Privacy and data protection by self-regulation or legislation?;
Proposed privacy legislation;
Self-regulation of online privacy;
Whether the Internet would remain "unfettered and unregulated";
Awards at CFP99
The first annual US Big Brother Awards were made at CFP99 on Wednesday 7 April 1999, the 50th aniversiary of the publication of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. The awards were made by the London-based Privacy International to recognize "the government and private sector organizations which have done the most to invade personal privacy in the United States."
Simon Davies, managing director of Privacy International, presented the awards, otherwise known as Orwells.
There were five categories of award: Greatest Corporate Invader, Lifetime Menace, Most Invasive Program, People's Choice, and Worst Public Official.
At CFP99 Electronic Frontier Foundation made the 1999 EFF Pioneer Awards to Drazen Pantic, Director of OpenNet, Internet provider to Belgrade radio station B92; posthumously to Jon Postel, who ran the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority; and Simon Davies, director of Privacy International.
Announcements at CFP99
US Representative Edward Markey, (D-Massachusetts) said that to ensure companies post clear and enforcable privacy policies, federal legislation is required, and that he would re-introduce a privacy bill of rights.
At CFP99 Microsoft, the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Truste announced that they had developed a "Privacy Wizard" to assist webmasters create a Privacy Preferences Project statement for their websites.
CFP2000
The CFP2000 conference chair was Lorrie Faith Cranor.
CFP2005
The fifteenth iteration of the conference was held in Seattle. The theme of this conference was equiveillance, the balance between surveillance and sousveillance. The equiveillance theme was reflected in the Opening Keynote Address, a panel discussion on equiveillance, and a pre-keynote sousveillance workshop, as well as a sousveillance performance. In keeping with this theme, every conference attendee received a sousveillance system consisting of a "maybecamera" attached to each conference bag. Some of the 500 conference bags contained cameras transmitting live 24/7 video whereas others contained no camera, but merely the familiar camera dome. A third category of conference bag included some with a subtle but visible flashing red light behind the dome. Not all of the wireless web cameras had flashing red lights, and some of the flashing red lights were dummy devices that did not transmit video. The bags that did transmit video also updated various video displays around the conference hall, visible to conference attendees.
CFP2009
CFP2011
The twenty-first annual CFP Conference in 2011, "Computers, Freedom, and Privacy: The Future is Now", was held at the Georgetown Law Center in Washington, DC June 14–16. Among the questions and issues explored were: What is social media's role in the charged democracy movement in the Middle East and North Africa; How can technology and social media support human rights, What is the impact of mobile personal computing technology on freedom and privacy? Are the courts, policy and decision makers ready to address freedom and privacy in a 24-7 connected world? Are our leaders techs savvy enough to make good legal and policy decisions regarding the deployment of smart grid, e-health records, the spread of consumer location based advertising? Cybersecurity, cloud computing, net neutrality, federated ID, ubiquitous surveillance: Are they passing fads or here to stay?
References
External links
Official site
Computer conferences
Recurring events established in 1991
Association for Computing Machinery
Privacy organizations
Privacy in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers%2C%20Freedom%20and%20Privacy%20Conference |
Fired Up is an American sitcom television series created by Arleen Sorkin and Paul Slansky, that aired on NBC from April 10, 1997 to February 9, 1998, for two seasons and 28 episodes. The series, the first from Grammnet Productions, starred Sharon Lawrence as a self-centered promotions executive and Leah Remini as her mouthy assistant. When the pair got fired from their jobs, they teamed up to create a business as equal partners. The tagline of the series was "First she got fired, then she got fired up."
Plot
Gwendolyn Leonard epitomized the term "self-involved." After being fired from her corporate job, she was reduced to moving in with her former assistant, spunky Terry Reynolds, and starting up a new promotions business as her partner. Terry and her brother Danny shared a loft apartment atop a clock tower in New York City, and Danny worked as bartender at Clockworks, the restaurant below, while he pursued his dream of becoming a writer. Clockworks was owned by Guy Mann, an average Joe who adamantly pursued Gwen, though she kept him at arm's length (his response to each of her blow-offs was "Oh, yeah!").
Also regularly seen was Mrs. Francis, a crotchety unemployment agent whom Gwen ultimately inspired to quit her job and open an eggroll shop; Ashley Mann, Guy's son who worked as a female impersonator; Scott Bickley, Danny's lecherous agent who moonlighted as a suit salesman; and in later episodes Steve Summer, a former classmate of Gwen's who has carried a torch for her for decades.
Cast
Sharon Lawrence as Gwen Leonard
Leah Remini as Terry Reynolds
Mark Feuerstein as Danny Reynolds
Jonathan Banks as Guy Mann
Recurring
Mark Davis as Ashley Mann
Francesca P. Roberts as Mrs. Francis
Timothy Omundson as Scott Bickley
Thomas F. Wilson as Steve Summer
Notable Guest Stars
Kelsey Grammer as Tom Whitman
D.W. Moffett as James Collins
Dixie Carter as Rita Leonard
Jack Scalia as Frank Reynolds
Nicole Sullivan as Debbie
Don Cornelius as himself
Randee Heller as Tina Reynolds
John Aniston as Gordon
Episodes
Season 1 (1997)
Season 2 (1997–98)
History
Fired Up was a mid-season replacement on NBC. It premiered on April 10, 1997, and ended the first season on June 23 after 8 episodes. The second season premiered on September 22, 1997, and the last episode aired on February 9, 1998. It was a contemporary of shows like Caroline in the City and Suddenly Susan, and at one point, all three shows were part of a Monday-night promotion: "The Ladies of Monday Night."
Reception
Caryn James of The New York Times said the series had a "topical premise and an edgy lead character, just what most sitcoms lack" but that after a promising start, its first season episodes lost the "sharp writing this series needs."
Fired Up premiered in the "cushy Thursday night slot after Seinfeld" through May 15, 1997, on a night that NBC promoted as Must See TV. It started out strong in the ratings; the premiere garnered an 18.8 rating and 29 share, but after NBC changed its timeslot, the show lost its audience and NBC canceled it.
Syndication
Fired Up had a brief syndication run on the USA Network.
References
External links
Television series by CBS Studios
1990s American sitcoms
1997 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
1990s American workplace comedy television series
NBC original programming
English-language television shows
Television shows set in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fired%20Up%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Extremities is a 1986 American dark drama film directed by Robert M. Young and written by William Mastrosimone, based on his 1982 off-Broadway play of the same name. The film stars Farrah Fawcett, Alfre Woodard, Diana Scarwid, and James Russo.
Both Fawcett and Russo had appeared in the stage play (Fawcett taking over a role originated by Susan Sarandon), and Fawcett received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress for her performance in the film.
Plot
While getting into her car one night, Marjorie is attacked at knifepoint by a masked assailant who forces her to drive to a remote location, where he tries to sexually assault her. She manages to flee but leaves her purse behind. While at the police station, she is told that without a positive identification of her attacker, it will be her word against his, and he will likely not face any criminal charges. In the following days, Marjorie lives in continued fear. Meanwhile, her attacker, revealed to be Joe, uses the information from her purse to find out where she lives and also steals mail from the home she shares with her roommates, Pat and Terry, to gain insight into their lives. One morning, while Pat and Terry are away at work, Joe casually enters her home, claiming he is looking for someone who owes him money. Marjorie quickly realizes he is the man who attacked her and tries to escape, but Joe overpowers her. Throughout the day, Joe repeatedly physically and psychologically abuses her. As he attempts to rape her, Marjorie manages to subdue him by spraying wasp repellent into his eyes. As she tries to flee once again, Joe taunts her by saying that since he did not actually rape her, the police will let him go, and he vows to come back and kill her. Marjorie binds him, confines him in the fireplace, and plans to murder him. When Pat and Terry return home, they try to convince Marjorie to think of the consequences of her decision and to go to the police. Joe tries to manipulate them into turning against Marjorie and believing that he is the victim. As Marjorie tries to force Joe to confess to what he has done to her, he claims that he and Marjorie were lovers and that she attacked him when he came to end their relationship. Marjorie removes the knife he previously used on her from his jacket, as well as the mail he stole. She threatens to castrate him if he does not admit the truth. Defeated, Joe confesses that he intended to kill Marjorie, as well as Pat and Terry. He also confesses to raping and murdering three prior women. Marjorie, finally at peace, tells Pat and Terry to alert the police.
Cast
Reception
Extremities received mixed reviews from critics. The film holds a 40% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on ten reviews.
Award nomination
For her performance, Fawcett received a 1986 Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a film drama.
The film was named one of the Worst Films of 1986 by Siskel and Ebert.
Home media
Extremities was released to Blu-ray and DVD on May 19, 2015 as a Region 1 widescreen disc.
References
External links
Review at TV Guide
1986 films
1986 drama films
American films based on plays
American drama films
Atlantic Entertainment Group films
Films directed by Robert M. Young
Films set in Los Angeles
Home invasions in film
American rape and revenge films
Films scored by J. A. C. Redford
1980s English-language films
1980s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremities%20%28film%29 |
Kenneth Edward Delo (December 8, 1938 – February 8, 2016) was an American singer best known as a member of television's The Lawrence Welk Show.
Born and reared in River Rouge, Michigan, Delo started performing first as a magician, then a ventriloquist, and later a hypnotist before taking up singing by miming to records. While attending the Roman Catholic-affiliated Our Lady Of Lourdes High School in River Rouge, he made his public singing debut as a member of a doo-wop group known as The Pencil Smudges, a take-off of the group The Ink Spots, singing "The Battle of Jericho" at a school recital.
About 1961, after serving in the United States Army, Delo teamed up with his Army friend and fellow performer Jonathan Daly to form the Martin & Lewis-style comedy team of Delo & Daly. The act was popular in Australia throughout the 1960s with their television variety show and numerous concert appearances, however upon their arrival back to the United States to capitalize on their growing fame, the act broke up as Daly chose to go into television production work.
By 1969, Delo was in Los Angeles moving on with his career, making guest TV appearances on shows such as Mission: Impossible and Here's Lucy. His introduction to Lawrence Welk came from Arthur Duncan, the show's featured tap dancer who had known Delo from their days in Australia. Upon Duncan's recommendation, the maestro invited him on the show as a guest star, singing the "Hawaiian Wedding Song". Three more guest appearances and positive viewer response led Lawrence to hire him as a full-time performer for the 1969–70 season, and remained on for the remainder of the show's run. Delo's performances frequently involved his sitting in the audience, singing directly to various female show-goers.
After the show ended, Delo continued his performing career, either on the road with his fellow Welk stars or as a headliner at the Lawrence Welk Resort in Branson, Missouri, from 1994 to 1999. He also became an author, penning the novel The Frozen Horror.
He lived in Gilbert, Arizona with his wife Marilyn. They were married on June 30, 1956. His record label KimKev Records, was named after his two children, Kimberly and Kevin. Delo died from pneumonia in February 2016 at the age of 77.
References
External links
The Start of Something Big - 2015 Interview with Jonathan Daly, Ken Delo's comedy partner, with extensive discussion of their time in Australia as Delo & Daly.
Farewell Ken Delo - Tribute to Ken Delo.
1938 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in Arizona
People from River Rouge, Michigan
American magicians
American male singers
People from Gilbert, Arizona
United States Army soldiers
Lawrence Welk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Delo |
(, also , , ; literally "rotten pot", although podrida is probably a version of the original word poderida, so it could be translated as "powerful pot") is a Spanish stew, usually made with chickpeas or beans, and assorted meats like pork, beef, bacon, partridge, chicken, ham and sausage, and vegetables such as carrots, leeks, cabbage, potatoes and onions.
The meal is traditionally prepared in a clay pot over several hours. It is eaten as a main course, sometimes as a single dish, and sometimes with ingredients separated (i.e., meats from the rest, or liquids from solids). It is a specialty of the city of Burgos.
The recipe can be found in Opera dell’arte del cucinare by Bartolomeo Scappi, the cook of Pope Pius V, published in 1570. This recipe was translated in Dutch by Antonius Magirus for the Koock-boeck oft Familieren kevken-boeck, first published in Leuven in 1612.
The word was adapted into English as olio, which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as "A spiced meat and vegetable stew of Spanish and Portuguese origin. Hence: any dish containing a great variety of ingredients."
See also
Cocido
List of legume dishes
List of stews
Olla
Pot-au-feu
Pot-pourri
Sancocho
References
Spanish soups and stews
Spanish legume dishes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olla%20podrida |
William Henry Blair Jr. (born May 17, 1942) is an American retired basketball coach. Blair worked twenty seasons in the National Basketball Association, beginning in New Jersey with the New Jersey Nets, and continuing to the Chicago Bulls, under Kevin Loughery, helping to draft Michael Jordan. He then moved to the Washington Bullets under Wes Unseld, and next the Indiana Pacers under Larry Brown—coaching spectacular teams with Reggie Miller at the helm. In 1993, he became the head coach of the Minnesota Timberwolves, then returned to the Pacers, and finally finished his career under Randy Whitman at the Cleveland Cavaliers.
Blair is a 1960 graduate of Randolph-Macon Academy where he starred on the best basketball team the school ever had. He made the starting five as a sophomore and was the high scorer his senior year in a season when they lost only one game which he and three other starters missed. When next they played the same school they doubled their opponent's point total. He scored 49 points in one game which is the school record. He played college ball at VMI where he led them to their first NCAA appearance in 32 years as their high scorer. In 1964 Blair was drafted by the St. Louis Hawks in the 4th round, but had to complete his military service of two years. While in the Army serving in Korea, he played AND coached the 8th Army Division team which won the Korean championship and the Asian-Pacific Championship in Okinawa. He toured with the Army All Star team and won the Armed Forces Inter-service championships in 1966.
After two stints at Virginia high schools, he returned to VMI as an assistant, then a head coach. Blair led the Keydets to an NCAA tournament berth and an Elite 8 appearance. After a five-year stint with the Colorado Buffaloes, he moved on to the NBA. He is now retired and enjoying life with his family. Coach Bill Blair is the ONLY college coach to both play in and coach the same team to the Southern Conference Championship and the NCAA tournament. He played (and Captained) VMI in 1964 and let them to the Southern Conference Championship and into the NCAA tournament, then returned as the head coach and in 1976 led them to the Southern Conference Championship and to the "Elite Eight" in the NCAA Tournament.
Head coaching record
College
NBA
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|New Jersey
| style="text-align:left;"|
|6||2||4||.333|| style="text-align:center;"|3rd in Atlantic||–||–||–||–
| style="text-align:center;"|L New York 0–2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Minnesota
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||21||61||.256|| style="text-align:center;"|6th in Midwest||–||–||–||–
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Minnesota
| style="text-align:left;"|
|20||6||14||.300|| style="text-align:center;"|(fired)||–||–||–||–
| style="text-align:center;"|–
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|Career
| ||108||29||79||.269|| ||–||–||–||–
References
1942 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Kentucky
Basketball players from Kentucky
Chicago Bulls assistant coaches
Cleveland Cavaliers assistant coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Colorado Buffaloes men's basketball coaches
High school basketball coaches in Virginia
Indiana Pacers assistant coaches
Minnesota Timberwolves head coaches
New Jersey Nets assistant coaches
New Jersey Nets head coaches
St. Louis Hawks draft picks
VMI Keydets basketball coaches
VMI Keydets basketball players
Washington Bullets assistant coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Blair%20%28basketball%29 |
Dvaleti (; also Tvaleti - თვალეთი) was a historical and ethnographic region in medieval Georgia. Territory in the central part of the Greater Caucasus Mountains, between Mamison Pass and Darial Gorge was associated with Dvaleti. According to Vakhusthi Bagrationi territory of Dvaleti included several gorges, namely: , Zramaga, , , , and .
Some authors also mentioned and as being part of Dvaleti, while others disagree. Dvaleti was integral part of the Georgian Kingdoms since IV centuries - III centuries BC. After the Russian annexation of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, in 1859 Dvaleti was excluded from the Tiflis Governorate and incorporated into the Terek Oblast. On modern maps historical region Dvaleti can be found in the south of North Ossetia–Alania, Russian Federation.
History
Christianity spread in Dvaleti from the middle of the VI century. Later Dvaleti was included in the Episcopal Diocese of Nikozi. Roads from the Transcaucasia to the North Caucasus passed through Dvaleti. In the Middle Ages, the "Road to Dvaleti" was known. The fortification of the Dvaleti valleys from the north was of great importance for Georgia Kingdoms. After the Mongol invasions in XIII century Dvaleti was inhabited by Ossetian refugees from the north. The indigenous population of Dvaleti (Dvalebi), in turn, moved en masse to the south of the Caucasus. Even after the collapse of the unified Kingdom of Georgia in 15th century, Dvaleti was part of the Kingdom of Kartli. At the beginning of the 17th century Dvaleti was ruled by Giorgi Saakadze. Famous Dvali figures include 11th century clergymen: Michael Dvali, John Dvali and Svimon Dvali. Along with Eastern Georgia, Dvaleti also became part of the Russian Empire.
Historical monuments of Dvaleti that survived till modern times include forts built at the headwaters of the rivers Ardon and Fiagdon — Kasris-karma and Khilka. The ruins of Christian temples in the valleys of and Mamison ().
See also
Dvals
South Ossetia
Shida Kartli
References
Former provinces of Georgia (country)
Historical regions of Georgia (country) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaleti |
Bad Medicine may refer to:
Film and television
Bad Medicine (film), a 1985 film starring Steve Guttenberg
"Bad Medicine" (Degrassi: The Next Generation), an episode of Degrassi: The Next Generation
"Bad Medicine" (Homicide: Life on the Street), an episode of Homicide: Life on the Street
Literature
Bad Medicine (novel), a 2000 novel by Jack Dann
Bad Medicine (comics), a comic book by Nunzio DeFilippis and Christina Weir
Bad Medicine, a 2003 nonfiction book by Christopher Wanjek
Bad Medicine: Doctors Doing Harm Since Hippocrates, a 2006 nonfiction book by David Wootton (historian)
"Bad Medicine", a short story by Robert Sheckley
Music
"Bad Medicine" (song), a 1988 song by Bon Jovi
See also
Bad Medicine Lake, in Minnesota, US | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%20Medicine |
Evelyn Erika Handler (née Sass; May 5, 1933 – December 23, 2011) served from 1980 to 1983 as the University of New Hampshire's fourteenth, and first female, President. Handler was the first woman in the country to be named president of a publicly supported land grant university. She was credited with bringing in $15 million in federal grants for a science and engineering research center.
In 1983, Handler was inaugurated as President of Brandeis University, where she was also the first woman to hold that position. Notable achievements during her tenure include the initiation of The Volen National Center for Complex Systems, the strengthening of life sciences at Brandeis, admission to the Association of American Universities, and founding membership in the University Athletic Association. After leaving Brandeis in 1991, Handler was a research fellow and associate of the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University, and a senior fellow at The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. From 1994 to 1997, she served as California Academy of Sciences' executive director and CEO.
Earlier in her career, she was Dean of Sciences and Mathematics, and professor of biological sciences at Hunter College, where she had earned her undergraduate degree. Dr. Handler earned M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from New York University, and a J.D. from Franklin Pierce Law Center. Her scholarly work includes many publications on myelogenous leukemia.
Handler was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences. Additionally, she was elected to the Board of Governors of the New York Academy of Sciences in 1979, and served as a director of the Student Loan Corporation (Stamford, CT). She held honorary degrees from the University of Pittsburgh, Rivier College and Hunter College. She was killed when as a pedestrian, she was struck by a motorist on December 23, 2011.
University of New Hampshire built a residence hall named SERC Hall A In 2007, on October 11, 2013, this hall was renamed to Handler Hall in her honor.
References
External links
University of New Hampshire: Office of the President
Full list of University Presidents (including interim Presidents) , University of New Hampshire Library
"Guide to the Evelyn E. Handler Papers, 1980-1983", University of New Hampshire Library
Forbes profile
Lingua Franca article and interview with Handler about Brandeis presidency
"Evelyn E. Handler, 5th president of Brandeis, killed in automobile accident". Brandeis University. December 26, 2011.
1933 births
2011 deaths
American women chief executives
Presidents of Brandeis University
Presidents of the University of New Hampshire
People associated with the California Academy of Sciences
Harvard University staff
Hunter College alumni
Hunter College faculty
Hunter College High School alumni
New York University alumni
University of New Hampshire School of Law alumni
Pedestrian road incident deaths
Road incident deaths in New Hampshire
Women heads of universities and colleges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn%20Handler |
Goodbye, New York is a 1985 Israeli-American comedy drama produced, directed and written by Amos Kollek, who also co-stars in his directorial debut.
Plot
A ditzy New Yorker (Julie Hagerty) is devastated to learn that her husband has been unfaithful and impulsively decides to go to Paris to escape. When she consumes too many sedatives and oversleeps on the plane, missing her connection, she winds up in Tel Aviv, penniless and with no luggage or friends. After connecting with a cabdriver and part-time soldier (Amos Kollek), she finds herself stranded on a kibbutz near the Golan Heights where she must learn to cope with a series of misadventures and a very unfamiliar lifestyle.
Cast
Julie Hagerty as Nancy Callaghan
Amos Kollek as David
Shmuel Shilo as Moishe
Aviva Ger as Illana
Dudu Topaz as Albert
Jennifer Prichard née Babtist as Lisa
Christopher Goutman as Jack
Hanan Goldblatt as Avi
Mosko Alkalai as Papalovski
Joseph Kaplanian as himself (Elderly Man turning round in close up shot by Church of the Holy Sepulchre)
Ron Rabinovich as man with afro in airport
Sophie Haber as herself (white-haired pilgrim woman in Jerusalem)
Critical reception
Janet Maslin of The New York Times said the film possesses "an easygoing charm that, among Israeli films, is rare", presenting "witty impressions of Israeli life" and the clash of cultures. Candace Russell of the South Florida Sun-Sentinel likened Kollek's "absurdist worldview and droll understatement" to that of Woody Allen. While People thought the film "likable" and "genial", the reviewers noted its "uneven" script and direction, and a "sometimes contrived or just plain silly" plot. London's Time Out was more unequivocal, dismissing the "thin and clichéd material", its "predictable plot and dismal propaganda about the values of kibbutz culture."
References
External links
1985 films
1985 directorial debut films
English-language Israeli films
Films about the kibbutz
Films directed by Amos Kollek
Films shot in Israel
1980s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye%2C%20New%20York |
Sangameswarar temple (also called Thirunana and Thirukooduthurai) is a temple in Bhavani, in the Erode district, of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is 15 km from Erode, 30 km from Gobichettipalayam, 56 km from Salem and 106 km from Coimbatore.
The temple was built at the confluence of rivers Kaveri, Bhavani and the mystic Amutha (Agaya Gangai). The temple was praised in old Tamil literature as Thirunana. The place is also known as Dakshina Triveni Sangamam and Kooduthurai indicating the confluence of three rivers. Devotees perform last rites for ancestors on the riverbank and offer prayers at the Sangameshwarar temple.
Legend
Kubera, son of Vishrava was gifted an aircraft to visit Shiva temples across the country in recognition of his devotion to Lord Shiva. While he was flying near the river Cauvery Kubera was surprised to see a deer, tiger, cow, elephant, snake, and rat drinking water near an Ilandhai tree on the river bank without enmity, to answer his wonder Kubera heard a voice from the sky saying it was a place where vedas visited, inhabited by Gandharvas and advised him to worship the shiva lingam under the iilanadhi tree. The temples Ilandhai tree gives fruit on all season and was used for everyday puja even today. The cow behind the Vishnu statue remains the harmony between Saivism and Vaishnavism. It was said that every inch under the temple has one shiva lingam. The presiding deity is believed to have been worshipped by Kubera and sages Vishvamitra and Parasara.
During the period of Chera Chola and Pandya, there was a cave connection between the Chidambaram and Sangameshwarar temples and puja's are performed at same time in both temples.
In the year 1804, William Karo, a British Collector of Coimbatore district, visited Bhavani, camping in the Travellers' Bungalow. One night, a small girl woke him up and got him out of the Bungalow when he was asleep. Once they were out, the Bungalow collapsed. Shocked by this incident, the Collector turned to thank the girl but to find, she wasn't there. The next day, the priest on duty informed him that it was Bhavani Vedanaayaki Amman, who saved his life. He bore three holes in the temple wall opposite Vedanaayaki Amman shrine and torched these holes to pray the goddess. He offered a gold plate to the goddess with his signature dated 11/01/1804. The holes and the gold plate are present even now and are taken care of with caution.
History
The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu.
Architecture
The temple is constructed on a plot. The main RajaGopuram with 5 tiers is located on the north side of the temple. The presiding deity is Lord Shiva known as Sangameswarar along with his consort Pannaar Mozhiyaal or Vedanayagi. A shrine dedicated to Kartikeya is situated between the shrines of Siva and Parvati. There is also separate shrine inside the temple for Lord Vishnu and his consort Soundaravalli Thaayar. The stala vriksham is an ilandai (Zizyphus mauritiana) tree. The annual Brahmotsavam is celebrated in the Tamil month of Chitrai.
Rock status of this temple represents the beauty of stone carving and the culture of the people. When water or milk poured on the two identical stone statues in front of ambal sannidhi- Hindu goddess, one smiles at you, while the other sheds tears at you. The temple got a precious Ambal statue, a Hindu goddess donated by a district collector during British period for saving his life.
Of all the seven holy Shiva centers of the Kongu Region, Bhavani is known as Thirunana in script. The holy waters of Sangameswarar temple is known as Cauvery theertham, Surya theertham and Gayatri theertham.
The Amirthalingeswarar in the temple is placed on a seat called Avudayar according to Saiva principles. It is a mobile one that can be removed and placed on the seat again. Men and women seeking boons for children take the Sivalinga, perform puja and walk around it for three times and place it back on the Avudayar. The Amirthalinga is in the southern entrance of the temple.
Literary mention
It is one of the shrines of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams. The Nayanmars Thevaram pathigam is composed by Sambandar. He had composed 10 poems in this temple in the praise of the lord which comes under 2nd Thirumurai. Saint Arunagirinathar who visited Thirunanaa, has composed many songs (Thirupugazh) on Lord Subramanya.
Gallery
Ambal sannadhi with beautiful sculptures
References
External links
Sangameswara Temple
Hindu temples in Erode district
Padal Petra Stalam
Shiva temples in Erode district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavani%20Sangameswarar%20Temple |
Order of Saint Maurice was established in 1996 in the pattern of the Cavalry & Armor Association's Order of St. George Medallion and is awarded by the National Infantry Association and the certificate is signed by the Chief of Infantry of the United States Army. It is named after Saint Maurice, the leader of the Roman Theban Legion in the 3rd century.
The five levels of the Order of Saint Maurice are:
"The Order of Saint Maurice has five levels. A nominee for the Order of Saint Maurice must have served the Infantry community with distinction; must have demonstrated a significant contribution in support of the Infantry; and must represent the highest standards of integrity, moral character, professional competence, and dedication to duty. The same medallion is used for each level, with an attachment that identifies the level."
Primicerius – The highest level, for those who have made a significant contribution to the Infantry. The most significant awardees receive the Doughboy Award. Must be or have been Infantry Branch.
Centurion – For middle level, brigade and battalion officers and NCOs, and special nominees who have made an outstanding contribution to the Infantry. Must be or have been Infantry Branch.
Legionnaire – For outstanding or conspicuous contribution to the Infantry. Non-infantry branch personnel are eligible.
Peregrinus – For foreign military personnel who have served in or supported the U.S. Army Infantry.
Civis – For civilian who have made significant or outstanding contributions to the Infantry.
The Shield of Sparta is an award for spouses who have contributed, in some way, to the Infantry. The Order of Saint Maurice and the Shield of Sparta are awarded by the National Infantry Association and the U.S. Army’s Chief of Infantry (Commanding General of Fort Benning).
Namesake
Saint Maurice was Primicerius of the Theban Legion. In 287 AD it marched in service of the Roman Empire fighting against the revolt in the Berguadae Gauls. His men were composed entirely of Christians recruited from upper Egypt, near the Valley of the Kings. The Legion marched to the Mediterranean Sea, was transported across, and traveled across Italy to an area in Switzerland. Serving under Augustus Maximian Hercules, better known to history as Maximian, Maurice was ordered to have his legionnaires offer pagan sacrifices before battle near the Rhone at Martigny. The Theban Legion refused to participate, and also refused to kill innocent civilians in the conduct of their duty, and withdrew to the town of Agaunum. Enraged, Maximian ordered every tenth man killed, yet they still refused. A second time the General ordered Maurice’s men to participate and again they refused. Maurice declared his earnest desire to obey every order lawful in the eyes of God. “We have seen our comrades killed,” came the reply. “Rather than sorrow, we rejoice at the honor done to them.” At this Maximian ordered the butchery of the Thebans and the martyrdom of Saint Maurice. September 22 is the traditional feast day."
Notable recipients
Abizaid, John P. – retired general (2000)
Anderson, Mark E. – major general (2004)
Bolger, Daniel P. – retired lieutenant general (2013)
Connelly, William A., 6th sergeant major of the army (1979), OSM Primicerius (Doughboy Award, 2004)
Dailey, Daniel A., 15th sergeant major of the army (Ret), (2015)
Dye, Dale A. Jr., retired USMC captain and actor
Estes, Herbert J., SFC (Ret) U.S. Army Infantry (1998)
Forbes James G. retired – command sergeant major (2015)
Gailliard, Amos M. Jr. – served in the Korean War and was a brigadier general in the New York National Guard (2008)
Houtsma, Gary – mechanical engineer for the United States Department of Defense, awarded for leading the team that developed the Picatinny rail (2014)
Kristoffersen, Eirik – Chief of Defence, Norway (2015)
Meyer, Edward C. – former U.S. Army Chief of Staff (1983)
Moore, Harold G. – retired lieutenant general (1977)
Perot, Ross H. – U.S. Navy lieutenant, awarded for sponsoring Operation Eagle Claw (1980)
Petry, Leroy A., retired master sergeant and Medal of Honor recipient (2011)
Plumley, Basil L. – retired command sergeant major (1974)
Powell, Colin L. – retired general and former Secretary of State of the United States (1993)
Puckett, Ralph Jr. – retired colonel and Medal of Honor recipient (1971)
Ridgway, Matthew B. – retired general (1955)
Gallery
References
External links
Infantry Association
A complete list of awardees PDF
1996 establishments in the United States
Awards established in 1996
National Infantry Association
Orders, decorations, and medals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20Saint%20Maurice%20%28United%20States%29 |
The following lists events that happened during 1925 in Australia.
Incumbents
Monarch – George V
Governor-General – Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster (until 8 October) then John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven
Prime Minister – Stanley Bruce
Chief Justice – Adrian Knox
State premiers
Premier of New South Wales – George Fuller (until 17 June), then Jack Lang
Premier of Queensland – Ted Theodore (until 26 February), then William Gillies (until 22 October), then William McCormack
Premier of South Australia – John Gunn
Premier of Tasmania – Joseph Lyons
Premier of Victoria – John Allan
Premier of Western Australia – Philip Collier
State governors
Governor of New South Wales – Sir Dudley de Chair
Governor of Queensland – Sir Matthew Nathan (until 17 September)
Governor of South Australia – Sir Tom Bridges
Governor of Tasmania – Sir James O'Grady
Governor of Victoria – George Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke
Governor of Western Australia – Sir William Campion
Events
26 January – Australia's oldest commercial radio station, 2UE, begins broadcasting in Sydney.
20 May – The Murrumbidgee River floods for eight days killing four people, as up to falls in its upper catchment.
30 May – Millicent Preston-Stanley becomes the first woman member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.
1 to 31 May – Canberra records its wettest month on record with at Acton and at Duntroon Military College.
3 June – A general election is held in Tasmania. The Labor government of Joseph Lyons is returned in a landslide victory.
9 June – Ten people are killed in a derailment near Traveston railway station, Queensland
1 September – Thomas Blamey becomes Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police.
Science and technology
The Cactoblastis moth is introduced in Queensland to control prickly pear cactus.
Arts and literature
John Longstaff wins the Archibald Prize for his portrait of Maurice Moscovitch
Sport
Victoria wins the Sheffield Shield
2 May – Footscray, Hawthorn and North Melbourne play their initial Victorian Football League matches.
8 August – South Sydney record the only perfect season in NSWRFL history, winning all twelve of their matches.
26 September – Geelong defeats Collingwood 10.19 (79) to 9.15 (69), becoming premiers of the 1925 VFL season.
3 November – Windbag wins the Melbourne Cup.
Births
14 January – Ray Wilkie, meteorologist (d. 2023)
8 February – Francis Webb, poet (d. 1973)
10 February – Basil Hennessy, archaeologist (d. 2013)
11 February – George Avery, Olympic triple jumper (d. 2006)
12 February – Ted Innes, politician (d. 2010)
17 February – Joy Nichols, comedian and actress (d. 1992)
20 February – Pat Lanigan, public servant (d. 1992)
19 March – Creighton Burns, journalist and editor-in-chief of The Age (d. 2008)
27 March – Ian Robinson, politician (d. 2017)
4 April – Dorothy Alison, actress (d. 1992)
21 April – Anthony Mason, Chief Justice of the High Court
2 May – Lou Rowan, Test cricket match umpire (d. 2017)
19 May – Brian Moll, character actor, director and producer (d. 2010)
24 May – Alfred Parsons, diplomat (d. 2010)
4 June – Peter Benjamin Graham, artist (d. 1987)
9 June – Don Ritchie, Australian official (d. 2012)
3 July – Terry Moriarty, Australian rules footballer (d. 2011)
6 July – Ruth Cracknell, actor (d. 2002)
18 July
Raymond Jones, architect (d. 2022)
Shirley Strickland, athlete (d. 2004)
26 July – Neil O'Reilly, Australian rules footballer (d. 1985)
19 August – Laurie Sawle, cricketer (d. 2022)
21 August – Don Chipp, politician and founder of the Australian Democrats (d. 2006)
24 August – Duncan Hall, rugby league footballer of the 1940s and 1950s (d. 2011)
27 August – Fred Emery, psychologist (d. 1997)
27 August – Ken Grieves, cricketer (d. 1992)
27 August – Bill Neilson, Premier of Tasmania (1975–1977) (d. 1989)
24 September – Harry Jenkins (senior), politician (d. 2004)
4 October – Renfrey Potts, mathematician (d. 2005)
5 October – Murray Riley, Olympic rower (d. 2020)
18 October – Thomas Millar, historian (d. 1994)
24 October – Ken Mackay, cricketer (d. 1982)
5 November – Rhonda Small, filmmaker (d. 2014)
17 November – Charles Mackerras, conductor (d. 2010)
23 November – James Killen, politician (d. 2007)
10 December – Norm McDonald, Australian rules footballer (d. 2002)
Deaths
24 January – William Aitcheson Haswell, zoologist (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1854)
4 February – Richard Godfrey Rivers, artist (born and died in the United Kingdom) (b. 1859)
23 February – John Holman, Western Australian politician (b. 1872)
1 March – John Ferguson, minister (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1852)
16 April – Thomas McCawley, 5th Chief Justice of Queensland (b. 1881)
20 April – Rose Scott, suffragette (b. 1847)
28 April – Sir Richard Butler, 23rd Premier of South Australia (born and died in the United Kingdom) (b. 1850)
22 June – Matthew Gibney, bishop (born in Ireland) (b. 1835)
27 June – Simpson Newland, South Australian politician, pastoralist and author (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1835)
18 July – Edward Russell, Victorian politician (b. 1878)
26 July – William Trenwith, 1st Leader of the Victorian Labor Party (b. 1846)
30 August – Magnus Cromarty, New South Wales politician (b. 1875)
5 September – Reginald Augustus Frederick Murray, geologist and surveyor (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1846)
28 September – Joseph Brown, Victorian politician (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1844)
3 October – Charles Web Gilbert, sculptor (b. 1867)
24 October – Charles Kenningham, opera singer and actor (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1860)
4 November – Paddy Hannan, prospector (born in Ireland) (b. 1840)
13 November – Charles McDonald, Queensland politician (b. 1860)
16 November – Joseph Maiden, botanist (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1859)
See also
List of Australian films of the 1920s
References
Australia
Years of the 20th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925%20in%20Australia |
James Donald Rodgers (born March 12, 1943) is an American former basketball coach and team executive.
Life and career
Rodgers was born and raised in Franklin Park, Illinois, a Chicago suburb. An all-state player as a high school player in Illinois, Rodgers went on to play for Iowa, where he was a three-year starter on the Hawkeyes basketball team. Originally planning to go into dentistry, Rodgers, who was a pre-dental major, decided to go into coaching. After graduation, he was hired as an assistant by Bill Fitch, then the head coach for the University of North Dakota basketball team, whose team featured All-America center Phil Jackson.
Rodgers followed Fitch to the National Basketball Association (NBA) when Fitch was hired as the head coach of the expansion Cleveland Cavaliers in 1970; he would remain with the team for the duration of Fitch's tenure before following him to the Boston Celtics when Fitch became their head coach for the 1979–80 season. Rodgers remained with the team as an assistant under K. C. Jones, who replaced Fitch following the 1982–83 season, also becoming the team's director of player personnel. While hoping to land the New York Knicks head coaching job in 1987, which went to Rick Pitino, Rodgers was promoted to head coach of the Celtics after Jones decided to retire from coaching after the 1987–88 season.
He coached the Celtics for two seasons, with the team going 42–40 in 1988–89 (and a playoff berth and quick first-round exit), due to a season where its star player, Larry Bird, missed all but six games due to injury. After the team rebounded to a 52–30 record the following season, Rodgers was fired after a first-round playoff loss to the Knicks in five games.
He was hired by the expansion Minnesota Timberwolves in 1991, where for nearly a season and a half, with a young team devoid of talent, the Wolves struggled to a combined record of 21–90, before he was fired following the 1992–93 season. He served as an assistant on staffs that won six NBA championships (1981, 1984, and 1986 with the Celtics, and 1996, 1997, and 1998 with the Chicago Bulls, where he reunited with Phil Jackson, who was the team's head coach). During his days as an assistant with the Celtics, he helped coach Celtic players Bird, Kevin McHale, Robert Parish and Dennis Johnson (plus Nate Archibald in 1981 and Bill Walton in 1986). As an assistant for Chicago, he helped Jackson coach championship-winning teams that featured Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen and Dennis Rodman.
Head coaching record
|-
| align="left" | Boston
| align="left" |
| 82 || 42 || 40 || ||align="center" | 3rd in Atlantic || 3 || 0 || 3 ||
| align="center" | Lost in First round
|-
| align="left" | Boston
| align="left" |
| 82 || 52 || 30 || ||align="center" | 2nd in Atlantic || 5 || 2 || 3 ||
| align="center" | Lost in First round
|-
| align="left" | Minnesota
| align="left" |
| 82 || 15 || 67 || ||align="center" | 6th in Midwest || – || – || – ||
| align="center" | Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" | Minnesota
| align="left" |
| 29 || 6 || 23 || ||align="center" | (fired)|| – || – || – ||
| align="center" | –
|- class="sortbottom"
| align="left" | Career
| || 275 || 115 || 160 || || || 8 || 2 || 6 || ||
References
External links
Basketball-Reference.com: Jimmy Rodgers
1943 births
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from Illinois
Basketball players from Illinois
Boston Celtics assistant coaches
Boston Celtics head coaches
Chicago Bulls assistant coaches
Cleveland Cavaliers assistant coaches
Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball players
Living people
Minnesota Timberwolves head coaches
North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Oak Park, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Rodgers%20%28basketball%29 |
Abruptum is a Swedish black metal and dark ambient solo side-project band. It is run by Evil (Morgan Steinmeyer Håkansson) of Marduk, but the band was formed in 1989 by IT (a.k.a. Tony Särkkä). All (a.k.a. Jim Berger), Ext and Evil joined the band later. IT was one of the leaders of the True Satanist Horde, part of the Swedish Black metal scene. Euronymous, co-founder of Mayhem and founder of Deathlike Silence Productions, described Abruptum as "the audial essence of pure black evil".
History
IT had already planned to create the band in 1987, but it was not until 1990 that he found the right members to do it. The same year, they recorded their first two demos. After the release of the first demo, they fired their bass player, Ext. After the release of a 7-inch EP Evil in 1991 (later re-released by Psychoslaughter), All began to drink heavily and was forced to leave the band. IT then found a new member in "Evil". Around this time, IT reunited with All to form the side project, Vondur.
Abruptum was signed to Euronymous's label Deathlike Silence Productions, on which they released two albums. Euronymous described them as "the audial essence of pure black evil", and IT considered Euronymous to be "a true ally". After Euronymous's murder, Abruptum contributed the opening track to the compilation album Nordic Metal: A Tribute to Euronymous. Controversy surrounded Abruptum's close relationship with Euronymous, with Varg Vikernes specifically referencing Abruptum when recalling his version of the events and motives leading to the death of Euronymous. Vikernes, claiming that he killed Euronymous in self-defense, recalled in a 2006 interview:
It has been wrongly rumored IT left the band and the black metal scene altogether in 1996, following numerous threats made to him and to his family. According to IT himself and his sister/manager, that was not at all the reason for his departure from the scene, as he had simply been wanting to leave for some time until he ultimately did. Evil kept Abruptum going and released material on his own record label, Blooddawn Productions, until 2005 when he announced that he had ended Abruptum.
Since Abruptum's disbanding, IT joined an industrial band called 8th Sin, and was briefly involved with the band (Total) War along with All. All worked with IT again in Ophthalamia, but they too eventually disbanded. IT eventually died on 8 February 2017, aged 44. Evil continues his work with Marduk and Death Wolf (formerly known as Devil's Whorehouse), yet brought Abruptum back in 2008, recording and releasing an EP ("Malediction") that same year and a full-length ("Potestates Apocalypsis") in 2011 under his Blooddawn Productions label.
Music themes and style
While Abruptum is classified as a black metal/dark ambient band, the band took a different approach to their music. They did not focus on creating any structured songs, and mostly just made noise. Earlier material had shorter songs, but their later releases typically included one or two tracks with more than forty minutes of music. They primarily used standard drums, guitars, bass, keyboards, and other various instruments, but what stood out even more was the screaming, as the band supposedly tortured and cut each other during their recordings. Whether this is true or not has never really been verified. This led to Euronymous' now (in)famous distinction of Abruptum as "The Audial Essence of Pure Black Evil". After IT left the band, Evil shifted the band's musical style towards dark ambient/noise, dropping most of the metal sound.
Members
Current member
Evil (Patrik Niclas Morgan Håkansson), Piano, Vocals, Programming (1993–1995, 2000–2005, 2008–present)
Former members
IT – Vocals, Guitars, Bass, Drums, Violin (1989–1997)
All – Vocals (1990–1991)
Ext – Bass (1990)
Discography
Abruptum (Demo, 1990)
The Satanist Tunes (Demo, 1990)
Evil (7-inch EP, 1991)
Orchestra of Dark (Same as 'The Satanist Tunes' with additional 'Outro' added, 1991)
Obscuritatem Advoco Amplectere Me (Deathlike Silence Productions, March 15, 1993)
Translation: "I call on obscurity to embrace me."
In Umbra Malitae Ambulabo, in Aeternum in Triumpho Tenebraum (Deathlike Silence Productions, April 1, 1994)
Translation: "Walk in the shadow of evil, in the triumph of darkness forever."
Evil Genius [First Two Demos and 7-inch EP on one CD; Hellspawn Records, 1995; remastered and re-reissued by Black Lodge Records and Southern Lord Records with a bonus track ('De Profundis Mors Vas Cousumet' from the Nordic Metal compilation) in 2007]
Nordic Metal: A Tribute to Euronymous (Track Contribution: 'De Profundis Mors Vas Consumet', 1995)
Vi Sonas Veris Nigrae Malitiaes (Full Moon Productions, 1997)
De Profundis mors vas Consumet ('Nordic Metal' track + 2 Unreleased Tracks); Blooddawn Productions, 2000)
Translation: "Death from the deep vessel consumes"
Casus Luciferi (Blooddawn Productions, March 15, 2004)
(Rough) Translation: "Lucifer's downfall"
Maledictum (EP) (Blooddawn Productions, 2008)
Translation: "Curse"
Potestates Apocalypsis (Blooddawn Productions, June 2011)
Translation: "Powers of the Apocalypse"
See also
Emit
Marduk
References
External links
Tartarean Desire entry on Abruptum
FMP Entry on Abruptum
Old IT interview from Petrified eZine, 1994
Swedish dark ambient music groups
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
Musical groups reestablished in 2008
Swedish musical quartets
Noise musical groups
Swedish black metal musical groups
1989 establishments in Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruptum |
Andrew Nathaniel Nelson (December 23, 1893 – May 17, 1975) was an American missionary and scholar of East Asian languages and literature, best known for his work in Japanese lexicography.
Biography
He was born in Great Falls, Montana to Swedish immigrant parents and earned his B.A. from Walla Walla University. In 1918, he began his long career of service in the Seventh-day Adventist missions of East Asia, where he gained particular distinction in the fields of general education and language training. The University of Washington awarded Nelson a Ph.D. in 1938 for his dissertation on The origin, history, and present status of the temples of Japan.
After retiring from missionary work in 1961, he was preoccupied with placing the finishing touches on his masterpiece, The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary, which first appeared in print the following year. The work, which was posthumously revised and expanded by a team led by John H. Haig at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, was reissued in 1997 as The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary; however, many scholars, teachers, and students continue to use the original edition of Nelson's dictionary, which has remained in print, because of changes made in Haig's edition that are viewed as impairing the functionality of the work. It is one of the most authoritative Kanji dictionaries for English learners of the language, and displays particular sensitivity to the difficulties they may have with the Kangxi radical system traditionally used to classify Kanji.
Nelson died in Hong Kong.
Administrator
Philippine Union College
While President of Philippine Union College, Nelson also served as a chaplain at the New Bilibid Prison. On January 19, 1951, he provided pastoral support for the fourteen executed that day, thirteen of them were part of the Nakamura Case.
Founded Mountain View College
Nelson describes the founding of Mountain View College in a report published in the March 17, 1953, Youth's Instructor. They established a list of criteria based on the values of Adventist Education and then explored the vast territory of the South Philippines looking for land which met the criteria.
Works
Nelson's Kanji Dictionary
See also
Dwight Nelson
Seventh-day Adventist Church
Seventh-day Adventist theology
Seventh-day Adventist eschatology
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Teachings of Ellen G. White
Inspiration of Ellen G. White
Prophecy in the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Investigative judgment
Pillars of Adventism
Second Coming
Conditional Immortality
Historicism
Three Angels' Messages
Sabbath in seventh-day churches
Ellen G. White
Adventism
Seventh-day Adventist Church Pioneers
Seventh-day Adventist worship
References
External links
Basic biographical details
University of Washington library catalog entry for Nelson's Ph.D. thesis
"The Origin, History and Present Status of the Temples of Japan" thesis scanned text
Nelson, Andrew N. Pioneering a New College in the Philippines. The Youth's Instructor. March 17, 1953, p. 12
1893 births
1975 deaths
Seventh-day Adventist religious workers
American lexicographers
Linguists from the United States
American expatriates in Japan
American Japanologists
Japanese literature academics
People from Great Falls, Montana
American people of Swedish descent
American Seventh-day Adventist missionaries
Walla Walla University alumni
Seventh-day Adventist missionaries in Japan
20th-century linguists
Missionary linguists
20th-century lexicographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Nelson%20%28lexicographer%29 |
An urban mine is the stockpile of rare metals in the discarded waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) of a society. Urban mining is the process of recovering these rare metals through mechanical and chemical treatments. In 1997, recycled gold accounted for approximately 20% of the 2700 tons of gold supplied to the market.
The name was coined in the 1980s by Professor Hideo Nanjyo of the Research Institute of Mineral Dressing and Metallurgy at Tohoku University and the idea has gained significant traction in Japan (and in other parts of Asia) in the 21st century.
Research published by the Japanese government's National Institute of Materials Science in 2010 estimated that there were 6,800 tonnes of gold recoverable from used electronic equipment in Japan.
References
Sources
Further reading
Electronic waste
Mining
Recycling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20mining |
Ned Sublette (born 1951 in Lubbock, Texas) is an American composer, musician, record producer, musicologist, historian, and author. Sublette studied Spanish Classical Guitar with Hector Garcia at the University of New Mexico and with Emilio Pujol in Spain. He studied composition with Kenneth Gaburo at the University of California, San Diego. He grew up in Portales, New Mexico, moved to New York City in 1976, and has worked with John Cage, LaMonte Young, Glenn Branca, David Van Tieghem, and Peter Gordon.
Music performance
As a performer, Sublette is probably best known for fusing country-western and afro-Caribbean styles including salsa, cumbia and rumba, as reflected on the 1999 album "Cowboy Rumba", as well as his 2012 second album Kiss You Down South. He is also a leading scholar of Cuban music. His label Qbadisc releases Cuban music in the United States and he has released music by Latin musicians including Ritmo Oriental and Issac Delgado and has co-produced Public Radio International's "Afropop Worldwide" show.
During the 1980s, he led the Ned Sublette Band, which played country with Cuban stylings. His "Cowboy Rumba" reached number one on World Music Charts Europe during December, 1999. In 2006, Willie Nelson released Sublette's song "Cowboys Are Frequently, Secretly Fond of Each Other" in the wake of the success of Brokeback Mountain. He also performed an experimental radio "mash-up" in 1984 for the "Art on the Beach" series.
Writing
His book on Cuban music, Cuba and Its Music: From the First Drums to the Mambo () was published in 2004. The World That Made New Orleans: From Spanish Silver to Congo Square, () was published in 2008 by Lawrence Hill Books. The Year Before the Flood: A Story of New Orleans () published in 2009 by Lawrence Hill Books continues the history of New Orleans cultures and music.
Awards
Sublette is a 2005 Guggenheim Fellow. In 2012 he was a Knight-Luce Fellow for Reporting on Global Religion at the University of Southern California. He did research in Angola, which resulted in a four-episode Hip Deep Angola radio series, produced for the public radio program Afropop Worldwide.
Other works
Sublette starred in Vidas Perfectas, a Spanish-language version of Robert Ashley's 1983 "television opera" Perfect Lives, which premiered on stage at Irondale Theater, Brooklyn in December 2011, and which was to be shot for television in 2012.
In October 2015, Sublette and his wife Constance published The American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry (), a comprehensive history of slave trading in the southern colonies and states.
Discography
Ships at Sea, Sailors and Shoes (Excellent, 1993)
Monsters from the Deep (Excellent, 1997)
Cowboy Rumba (Palm Pictures, 1999)
Kiss You Down South (Postmambo, 2012)
References
External links
Interview with Ned Sublette on Cuban music, WNYC, January 2009
Interview with Ned Sublette by Prof. Joseph Roach of Yale University, 2005
Interview with Ned Sublette by Prof. Vicki Mayer of Tulane University, 2005
Interview with Ned Sublette by Garnette Cadogan in Bomb, Summer 2009, on New Orleans music, Mardi Gras, and history
Ned Sublette performs songs at The Kitchen in New York City, June, 2006
Review of The Year Before the Flood by Ingrid Norton
1951 births
American country singer-songwriters
Musicians from Lubbock, Texas
Living people
People from Portales, New Mexico
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Songwriters from New Mexico
American Book Award winners
Country musicians from Texas
Love of Life Orchestra members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned%20Sublette |
This is a list of writings and other compositions by Friedrich Nietzsche.
Works by Nietzsche
Writings and philosophy
Aus meinem Leben, 1858 (From My Life)
Über Musik, 1858 (On Music)
Napoleon III als Praesident, 1862 (Napoleon III as President)
Fatum und Geschichte, 1862 (Fate and History)
Willensfreiheit und Fatum, 1862 (Freedom of Will and Fate)
Kann der Neidische je wahrhaft glücklich sein?, 1863 (Can the Envious Ever Be Truly Happy?)
Über Stimmungen, 1864 (On Moods)
Mein Leben, 1864 (My Life)
Homer und die klassische Philologie, 1868 (Homer and the Classical Philology)
Über die Zukunft unserer Bildungsanstalten, 1872 (On the Future of our Educational Institutions)
Fünf Vorreden zu fünf ungeschriebenen Büchern, 1872 (Five Prefaces on Five Unwritten Books) comprising:
Über das Pathos der Wahrheit (On the Pathos of Truth)
Gedanken über die Zukunft unserer Bildungsanstalten (Thoughts on the Future of Our Educational Institutions)
Der griechische Staat (The Greek State)
Das Verhältnis der Schopenhauerischen Philosophie zu einer deutschen Cultur (The Relation between a Schopenhauerian Philosophy and a German Culture)
Homers Wettkampf (Homer's Contest)
Die Geburt der Tragödie, 1872 (The Birth of Tragedy)
Über Wahrheit und Lüge im außermoralischen Sinn, 1873 (On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense)
Die Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen, 1873 (Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks)
Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen (Untimely Meditations) comprising:
David Strauss: der Bekenner und der Schriftsteller, 1873 (David Strauss: the Confessor and the Writer)
Vom Nutzen und Nachtheil der Historie für das Leben, 1874 (On the Use and Abuse of History for Life)
Schopenhauer als Erzieher, 1874 (Schopenhauer as Educator)
Richard Wagner in Bayreuth, 1876
Menschliches, Allzumenschliches, 1878 (Human, All-Too-Human)
Vermischte Meinungen und Sprüche, 1879 (Mixed Opinions and Maxims; usually treated as the second part of Menschliches, Allzumenschliches)
Der Wanderer und sein Schatten, 1880 (The Wanderer and His Shadow; usually treated as the third part of Menschliches, Allzumenschliches)
Morgenröte, 1881 (The Dawn)
Die fröhliche Wissenschaft, 1882, 1887 (The Gay Science)
Also sprach Zarathustra, 1883-5 (Thus Spoke Zarathustra)
Jenseits von Gut und Böse, 1886 (Beyond Good and Evil)
Zur Genealogie der Moral, 1887 (On the Genealogy of Morality)
Der Fall Wagner, 1888 (The Case of Wagner)
Götzen-Dämmerung, 1888 (The Twilight of the Idols)
Der Antichrist, 1888 (The Antichrist)
Ecce Homo, 1888
Nietzsche contra Wagner, 1888
Der Wille zur Macht, first published 1901 (The Will to Power, a posthumous and selective collection of notes arranged by his sister, which are not necessarily representative of Nietzsche)
Major English translations
The Greek Music Drama, 1870
The Greek Music Drama, trans. Paul Bishop, intro by Jill Marsden. Contra Mundum Press, 2013,
The Birth of Tragedy, 1872
in: 'Basic Writings of Nietzsche', trans. Walter Kaufmann, Modern Library, 2000,
in: 'The Birth of Tragedy and Other Writings', trans. Ronald Speirs, Cambridge University Press, 1999, (also contains: 'The Dionysiac World View' and 'On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense')
in: 'The Birth of Tragedy and the Case of Wagner', trans. Walter Kaufmann, Vintage, 1967,
in: 'The Birth of Tragedy & the Genealogy of Morals', trans. Francis Golffing, Anchor Books, 1956,
trans. Shaun Whiteside, Penguin Classics, 1994,
The Untimely Meditations, 1873–6
trans. R. J. Hollingdale, Cambridge University Press, 1997,
as: 'Unfashionable Observations', trans. Richard T. Gray, Stanford University Press, 1998,
Human, All Too Human, 1878
trans. R. J. Hollingdale, Cambridge University Press, 1996, (also contains: 'Mixed Opinions and Maxims', 1879 and 'The Wanderer and His Shadow', 1880)
trans. Marion Faber and Stephen Lehmann. Introduction and notes by Marion Faber, University of Nebraska Press 1984, Penguin Classics 1994. ISBN 978-0140446173
as 'Human, All Too Human I', trans. Gary Handwerk, Stanford University Press, 2000,
as 'Human, All Too Human II and Unpublished Fragments from the Period of Human, All Too Human (Spring I878- Fall I879)', trans. Gary Handwerk, Stanford University Press, 2012, (also contains: 'Mixed Opinions and Maxims', 1879 and 'The Wanderer and His Shadow', 1880)
The Dawn, 1881
as: 'Daybreak', trans. R. J. Hollingdale, Cambridge University Press, 1997,
as: 'Dawn', trans. Brittain Smith, Stanford University Press, 2011,
The Gay Science, 1882, 1887
trans. Walter Kaufmann, Vintage, 1974,
ed. Bernard Williams, trans. Josefine Nauckhoff and Adrian Del Caro, Cambridge University Press, 2001,
as: 'The Joyous Science', trans. R. Kevin Hill, Penguin Random House, 2018,
as 'The Joyful Science / Idylls from Messina / Unpublished Fragments from the Period of The Joyful Science (Spring 1881-Summer 1882)', trans. Adrian Del Caro, Stanford University Press, 2023, ISBN 978-1-5036-3232-5
Thus Spoke Zarathustra, 1883–5
trans. R. J. Hollingdale, Penguin, 1961,
in: 'The Portable Nietzsche', trans. Walter Kaufmann, Penguin, 1977,
trans. Adrián del Caro, Cambridge University Press, 2006,
trans. Graham Parkes, Oxford University Press, 2005,
Beyond Good and Evil, 1886
trans. R. J. Hollingdale, Penguin Classics, 1973,
in: 'Basic Writings of Nietzsche', trans. Walter Kaufmann, Modern Library, 2000,
trans. Judith Norman, Cambridge University Press, 2001,
in: 'Beyond Good and Evil / On the Genealogy of Morality', trans. Adrian Del Caro, Stanford University Press, 2014,
On the Genealogy of Morals, 1887
in: 'The Birth of Tragedy & the Genealogy of Morals', trans. Francis Golffing, Anchor Books, 1956,
in: 'Basic Writings of Nietzsche', trans. Walter Kaufmann, Modern Library, 2000,
in: 'On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo', trans. Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale, Vintage, 1989,
in: 'On the Genealogy of Morality and Other Writings', trans. Carol Diethe, Cambridge University Press, 1994, (also contains: 'The Greek State', 1872 and 'Homer on Competition', 1872)
as 'On the Genealogy of Morals', trans. Douglas Smith, Oxford University Press, 1996, (paperback)
as 'On the Genealogy of Morality', trans. Maudemarie Clark and Alan J. Swensen, Hackett Publishing Company, 1998,
in: 'Beyond Good and Evil / On the Genealogy of Morality', trans. Adrian Del Caro, Stanford University Press, 2014,
The Case of Wagner, 1888
in: 'Basic Writings of Nietzsche', trans. Walter Kaufmann, Modern Library, 2000,
in: 'The Birth of Tragedy and the Case of Wagner', trans. Walter Kaufmann, Vintage, 1967,
in: 'The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols and Other Writings', trans. Judith Norman, Cambridge University Press, 2005, (also contains: 'The Case of Wagner', 1888 and 'Nietzsche contra Wagner', 1888)
Twilight of the Idols, 1888
in: 'The Portable Nietzsche', trans. Walter Kaufmann, Penguin, 1977,
trans. Richard Polt, Hackett Publishing Company, 1997,
in: 'Twilight of the Idols and the Anti-Christ', trans. R. J. Hollingdale, Penguin Classics, 1990,
in: 'The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols and Other Writings', trans. Judith Norman, Cambridge University Press, 2005, (also contains: 'The Case of Wagner', 1888 and 'Nietzsche contra Wagner', 1888)
trans. Duncan Large, Oxford World's Classics, Oxford University Press, 1998,
Twilight of the Idols or How to Philosophize with a Hammer. Translation by Daniel Fidel Ferrer (2013). Free online. Also, Includes letters and notes about Twilight of the Idols by Nietzsche.
The Antichrist, 1888
in: 'Twilight of the Idols and the Anti-Christ', trans. R. J. Hollingdale, Penguin Classics, 1990,
in: 'The Portable Nietzsche', trans. Walter Kaufmann, Penguin, 1977,
in: 'The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols and Other Writings', trans. Judith Norman, Cambridge University Press, 2005, (also contains: 'The Case of Wagner', 1888 and 'Nietzsche contra Wagner', 1888)
as 'The Anti-Christ', trans. H. L. Mencken, See Sharp Press, 1999,
trans. Anthony M. Ludovici, Prometheus Books, 2000,
Ecce Homo, 1888
trans. R. J. Hollingdale, Penguin Books, 1993,
in: 'Basic Writings of Nietzsche', trans. Walter Kaufmann, Modern Library, 2000,
in: 'The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols and Other Writings', trans. Judith Norman, Cambridge University Press, 2005, (also contains: 'The Case of Wagner', 1888 and 'Nietzsche contra Wagner', 1888)
trans. Duncan Large, Oxford World's Classics, Oxford University Press, 2007,
Nietzsche contra Wagner, 1888
in: 'The Portable Nietzsche', trans. Walter Kaufmann, Penguin, 1977,
in: 'The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols and Other Writings', trans. Judith Norman, Cambridge University Press, 2005, (also contains: 'The Case of Wagner', 1888 and 'Nietzsche contra Wagner', 1888)
The Will to Power and other posthumous collections
The Will to Power, ed. and trans. Walter Kaufmann, Vintage, 1968,
Writings from the Late Notebooks, ed. Rüdiger Bittner, Cambridge University Press, 2003,
Philosophy and Truth: Selections from Nietzsche's Notebooks of the Early 1870s, ed. and trans. Daniel Breazeale, Prometheus Books, 1990,
Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, trans. Marianne Cowan, Regnery Publishing, 1996,
The Pre-Platonic Philosophers, trans. Greg Whitlock, University of Illinois Press, 2001,
Nietzsche’s notebook of 1881: The Eternal Return of the Same. July 2021. Translation by Daniel Fidel Ferrer. Free online.
Nietzsche's Last Notebooks 1888-1889. June 2012. Translation by Daniel Fidel Ferrer. Free online.
Nietzsche's Notebook of 1887-1888. June 2012. Translation by Daniel Fidel Ferrer. Free online.
Nietzsche’s Lenzer Heide Notes on European Nihilism. July 2020. Translation and essays by Daniel Fidel Ferrer. Free online.
Nietzsche’s seven notebooks from 1876. 2020. Translation by Daniel Fidel Ferrer. Free online.
Nietzsche’s Last Twenty Two Notebooks: complete [1886-1889] January 2021. Translation by Daniel Fidel Ferrer. Free online.
, five lectures given in 1872.
Unpublished Writings from the Period of Unfashionable Observations, The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche. vol. 11. Translation. Richard T. Gray. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1999).
Unpublished Fragments from the Period of Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Summer 1882–Winter 1883/84). The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2019).
Unpublished Fragments (Spring 1885-Spring 1886). The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2019).
Writings from the Early Notebooks. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Philology
Analecta Laertiana (1870)
Beitrage zur Quellenkunde und Kritik des Laertius Diogenes (1870)
De Fontibus Diogenis Laertii ("On the Sources of Diogenes Laertius"; Part I: 1868, Part II: 1869)
Über die alten hexametrischen Nomen
Über die Apophthegmata und ihre Sammler
Über die literarhistorischen Quellen des Suidas
Über die Quellen der Lexikographen
Poetry
Idyllen aus Messina written 1882 (Idylls from Messina)
Dionysos-Dithyramben, written 1888, published 1892 (Dionysian-Dithyrambs)
The Peacock and the Buffalo: The Poetry of Nietzsche, Published July 8, 2010
Dionysus-Dithyrambs
Nietzsche’s Last Twenty Two Notebooks: complete [1886-1889] January 2021. Translation by Daniel Fidel Ferrer. Free online. See notebook number 20, there are 168 notes and are almost all poems or poem fragments. 20 [1-168] summer 1888 (Pages: 897-944). Note the German title: 20 = W II 10a. Sommer 1888. Octave booklet. Binding: black cover. Red color cut on all sides. 212 pages. Dating from December 1888 to early January 1889. Written by Nietzsche about halfway; partly from front to back, partly from back to front.
Music
This is not a complete list. A title not dated was composed during the same year as the title preceding it. Further information for many of the works listed below may be found at this site annotated within the time of their composition and this site (both depict Nietzsche's musical thought and development). Most pieces available for listening are excerpts.
Allegretto, for piano, before 1858, listen
Hoch tut euch auf, chorus, December 1858
Einleitung (trans: Introduction), piano duet
Phantasie, piano duet, December 1859
Miserere, chorus for 5 voices, summer 1860
Einleitung (or: Entwürfe zu einem Weihnachtsoratorium), oratorio on piano, December 1861
Hüter, ist die Nacht bald hin?, chorus (in fragments)
Presto, piano duet
Overture for Strings (?)
Aus der Tiefe rufe ich (?)
String Quartet Piece (?)
Schmerz ist der Grundton der Natur (?)
Einleitung, orchestral overture for piano
Mein Platz vor der Tur, NWV 1, solo voice and piano, autumn 1861, listen
Heldenklage, piano, 1862
Klavierstuck, piano
Ungarischer Marsch, piano
Zigeunertanz, piano
Edes titok (or: Still und ergeben), piano
Aus der Jugendzeit, NWV 8, solo voice and piano, summer 1862, listen
So lach doch mal, piano, August 1862
Da geht ein Bach, NWV 10b, listen
Im Mondschein auf der Puszta, piano, September 1862
Ermanarich, piano, September 1862
Mazurka, piano, November 1862
Aus der Czarda, piano, November 1862, listen
Das zerbrochene Ringlein, NWV 14, May 1863, listen
Albumblatt, piano, August 1863
Wie sich Rebenranken schwingen, NWV 16, summer 1863, voice and piano, listen
Nachlang einer Sylvestenacht, duet for violin and piano, January 2, 1864, listen
Beschwörung, NWV 20, listen
Nachspiel, NWV 21, listen
Ständchen, NWV 22
Unendlich, NWV 23, listen
Verwelkt, NWV 24, listen
Ungewitter, NWV 25, 1864, listen
Gern und gerner, NWV 26, listen
Das Kind an die erloschene Kerze, NWV 27, listen
Es winkt und neigt sich, NWV 28, listen
Die junge Fischerin, NWV 29, voice and piano, June 1865, listen
O weint um sie, choir and piano, December 1865
Herbstlich sonnige Tage, piano and 4 voices, April 1867
Adel Ich muss nun gehen, 4 voices, August 1870
Das "Fragment an sich", piano, October 1871
Kirchengeschichtliches Responsorium, chorus and piano, November 1871
Manfred-Meditation, 1872, final ver. 1877, listen
Monodie à deux (or: Lob der Barmherzigkeit), piano, February 1873
Hymnus an die Freundschaft (trans: Hymn to Friendship; also: Festzug der Freunde zum Tempel der Freundschaft, trans: Festival of Friends at the Temple of Friendship), piano, December 29, 1874, listen
Gebet an das Leben (trans: Prayer to Life), NWV 41, solo voice and piano, 1882, text by Lou Andreas-Salome, listen
Hymnus an das Leben (trans: Hymn to Life), chorus and orchestra, summer 1887
Other
Thoughts Out of Season, Part 1 is edited by Oscar Levy and translated by Anthony M. Ludovici. It was published in 1909 by T. N. Foulis, 13 & 15 Frederick St., Edinburgh and London. It is available at Thoughts Out of Season Part One. It contains David Strauss, the Confessor and the Writer and Richard Wagner in Bayreuth.
See also
List of works about Friedrich Nietzsche
References
Nietzsche: A Selected Annotated Bibliography
Bibliographies by writer
Bibliographies of German writers
Philosophy bibliographies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Nietzsche%20bibliography |
Club León, also known as León, is a Mexican professional football club based in León, Guanajuato, that competes in the Liga MX, the top flight of Mexican football.
León has won the Primera División de México/Liga MX title eight times in 1948, 1949, 1952, 1956, 1992, the Apertura in 2013, the Clausura in 2014, and the Apertura in 2020. After winning the League and the México Cup in 1949, it became the first Mexican campeonísimo. León finished as runners-up for the CONCACAF Champions' Cup in 1993 and won the competition (renamed the Champions League) in 2023 against Los Angeles FC.
The team were relegated to the Liga de Ascenso in 2002 and were a consistent contender for promotion, but failed to advance in the playoffs. León were promoted in the Clasura 2012 and won the Liga MX's Apertura 2013. They defended their league championship in Clausura 2014, earning them the title of "bicampeones". The team has partnerships with Fox Sports Latinoamérica in Mexico and Telemundo Deportes in the U.S. Since 2016, TUDN holds the U.S. broadcasting rights to León home games.
León is ranked No. 29 in the IFFHS Central and North America's best clubs of the 20th century.
History
The club was created from an application by Unión de Curtidores which merged with Selección de Guanajuato. With the money raised, the directive hired Marcial Ortiz, Raul Varela, Alfonso Montemayor, Salvador Ramírez, Conrado Muniz, Vicente Serrano, Pepe Cortes, "Sticks" Ramírez, Elpidio Sánchez, and Joaquín Source Duillo Dobles. It participated in the Liga Mayor's second season (1944–45). The team comprised Argentinian players and Miguel Rugilo that served as coach and goalkeeper holder. Battaglia played defense plus two fronts; Marcos Aurelio scored 14 goals with Ángel Fernández. The team debuted at Patria Stadium on August 20, 1944, against Atlante and lost by a score of 5–3.
In the 1945–46 season another team appeared in the city: the San Sebastián de León. They placed fourth out of 16 teams with 30 games, 17 wins, 4 draws, 9 losses for 38 points. Their top scorer, with 24 goals, Alberto Mendoza.
In the 1946–47 season notable players joined, one of whom was Adalberto Lopez, who scored 33 goals. In general, the team had a great campaign being runner-up with 41 points and maintained a fourteen-game winning streak. Another important element was Marcos Aurelio, who highlighted with 16 goals. A match against Atlante was scheduled place in Mexico City on June 1, 1947, in the Stadium Insurgentes (now Estadio Ciudad de los Deportes) which took place in León, but had to switch venues due to an epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease afflicting the Bajío region
In a match against Club America on May 9, 1946, Florencio Caffaratti accidentally touched an electrical wire after scoring a goal. Alfonso Montemayor rescued him. Subsequently, Caffaratti gave a gold coin to Montemayor with the inscription: "In appreciation of Montemayor by F. Caffaratti."
1947–48
When José María Casullo coached Club León, the greens lost seven times, three of them against Atlas Gold. The team tied at 36 points with the Jalisco Gold at first place. Jalisco Gold broke the tie with a score of 2–0.
1948–49
Club León defeated Asturias 2–0 with goals by Adalberto López to prevent a tie with Atlas and Guadalajara who remained a point, and Leon became the first to win the tournament campeonísimo cup after defeating Atlante 3–0 on August 14, 1949.
1951–52
Club León switched coaches to Antonio López Herranz. Antonio Carbajal joined the team with the return of Marcos Aurelio, Sergio Bravo, and Saturnino Martínez. The team played against a Guadalajara team coached by José María Casullo. León won both games of the year with scores of 1–0. In the penultimate round, León lost to Guadalajara by 1 point.
In the following season, the team remained in third place at 27 points. For the 1953–54 season it finished eighth with 21 points.
1955–56
The season's roster increased to 14 teams. León won the best streak in club history with 12 wins and 7 draws before losing against Tampico (1–0). The final game was played at the University Olympic Stadium Mexico City, where León defeated Oro (4–2) and Toluca.
In 1956–57 León lost to Guadalajara. In 1957–58 they reached fifth place but won the Cup title.
1960s
León remained in fifth place in the 1960–61 season with 26 points, fifth place in 1961–62 with 25 points, ninth place in 1962–63 with 25 points, ninth place in 1963–64 with 25 points, seventh place in 1964–65 with 30 points, ninth place in 1965–66 with 28 points, fifth place in 1966–67 with 34 points, fifth place in 1967–68 with 35 points, seventh place in 1968–69 with 31 points, and seventh place in 1969–70 with 31 points and when Hugo Sanchez join club leon they won the apertura 1975 si club leon was the best team back in the days on the 70s and late 80s.
1970s
For the Mexico 70 Tourney, there were two technical changes: the starter Argentine Luis Grill was replaced, but was reinstated after Antonio Carbajal left, as a result, left with 33 points to fourth overall Sergio Anaya new stand becomes scorer the contest with 16 touchdowns, while Luis Estrada mark 13 goals. 1970–71 players arrive, Jorge Davino, Roberto Salomone and Juan Valiente who scored ten goals, the club was led by Carbajal and ranked fourth with 38 points.
In 1972–73, initiate driven A. Carbajal was replaced by Rafael Albrecht that served as player and coach. The final game was against Cruz Azul.
In 1973–74 the team failed to qualify at fifth place with 40 points.
First relegation
In 1986–87 Jorge Davino scored 10 points in 19 days and start the 31 day leon when back to second division and they appear back on first division on May 10, 2012 and they won the Apertura when they arrived to first division.
1990s
The Esmeraldas returned to the Primera División for the 1990–91 season and were coached by Victor Manuel Vucetich, who debuted in the top flight and led the entire tournament. He led the club in sixth place with 41 points but did not qualify to be third in group 3, and Martin Uribe Francisco Peña highlighted with 13 and 12 goals.
Second relegation
Robert Zermeno cost the team and landed them in last place with 19 points.
After relegation, the club was sold to Argentine businessman Carlos Ahumada.
On 19 November 2010, Grupo Pachuca purchased the club.
Return to Primera División
Argentine Gustavo Matosas began leading León on 7 January 2012, after being hired in September 2011. During the Apertura 2011 campaign, he could not have a presence off the bench or be registered as coach because he had coached Querétaro FC in the same tournament. Matosas' 10 wins, 4 draws, and 0 defeats in 14 regular season fixtures, resulted in an ERA of 70.83% and the overall leader, helping them earn a direct qualification to semi-finals of the play-offs. In the semi-finals, they faced Correcaminos UAT and won 1–0 in the second match before facing the Lobos BUAP in the final, winning by an aggregate score of 7–3 and the right to play again in the Promotional Final. Facing 2011 Apertura championship winners Correcaminos UAT, León won by an aggregate score of 6–2, thus returning to the Mexican top-flight for the 2012–13 season. León had struggled for their fourth final for promotion after losing against Irapuato in 2003, Dorados de Sinaloa in 2005, and Indios de Ciudad Juárez in 2008.
León won both tournaments (the Apertura and Clausura) of the 2013–14 season and became the first team in Mexico's history to win two consecutive championship titles twice — winning the first of these during the 1947–48 and 1948–49 leagues consecutively.
Matosas and León parted ways after failing to make it to the 2014 Apertura championship stage. Argentine Juan Antonio Pizzi was named as his replacement.
On 31 January 2016, following a 3–1 away loss to Tigres UANL, Pizzi left the charge to join Chile as their new manager and was subsequently replaced by Luis Fernando Tena. The club managed to reach the semi-final stage of the Clausura championship, losing out to sibling club and eventual winners C.F. Pachuca with an aggregate score of 3–2.
Following a lackluster beginning to the 2016 Apertura where León summed up 4 points within 7 league matches, Tena was let go and Argentina Javier Torrente was brought in. Regardless of the uninspiring start, the club managed to reach the championship stage, losing to eventual winners Tigres UANL in the semi-finals by an aggregate score of 3–1.
In August 2017, Torrente was let go after a year as manager and was replaced by Gustavo Díaz.
On 18 September 2018, Ignacio Ambríz was named manager of León, replacing Díaz. During the 2019 Clausura, he helped León attain the records of most consecutive wins with eleven and the most points attained during the 17-match tournament format (41 points). They faced Tigres UANL in the Clausura championship final but lost following an aggregate score of 1–0. Regardless, Ambríz's feats with the club contributed to him being named best manager at the conclusion of the season.
After a first place finish with 40 points in the Guardianes 2020 general table, on 13 December, León won the league title defeating Club Universidad Nacional with an aggregate score of 3–1, becoming Mexico's joint fourth most successful team with eight titles in total alongside Cruz Azul.
León Stadium
Estadio León (unofficially known as "Nou Camp") is a football stadium in León, Guanajuato, Mexico. The stadium hosts Club León and some lower division teams and subsidiaries. It is also used for special events such as presentations and musicals.
Construction of the stadium started on August 18, 1965, and at the end of 1966, the finished building that would house Los Esmeraldas was completed.
On 1 February 1967, the stadium was inaugurated with a match between Santos of Brazil and River Plate of Argentina, ending in a 2–1 victory for Santos.
Estadio León has hosted 2 World Cups: the first was 1970 FIFA World Cup, with guests like West Germany, Peru, Bulgaria and Morocco, as well as hosting the quarterfinal game between West Germany and England; and the 1986 FIFA World Cup. the stadium hosted group matches featuring the Soviet Union, France, Hungary and Canada, as well as a second-round match between the USSR and Belgium.
On 8 March 2017, judiciary officials of the city of León determined that ownership of Estadio Leon is the property of previous Club Leon owners Zermeño Reyes and Héctor González.
On 9 October 2020, the club departed from the stadium following a ruling that transferred ownership to a private interest. As a result, the club declared it would play its remainder of tournament matches at Estadio Victoria, home stadium of Club Necaxa. The club returned following one match at their temporary stadium.
The stadium is planned to become a historical stadium with parts of the stadium being converted into a museum. Talks are in place to start building a new stadium in León for the future team though there is no set date.
Rivalries
The oldest rival of Club León is Unión de Curtidores, a rivalry which began as both teams reside in León, Guanajuato. Unión de Curtidores was founded in 1928, and during its early years, was the dominant team in León. When they joined the Liga Mayor (now Liga MX) in 1943, part of the team merged with Selección de Guanajuato and took the name of Unión-León, which later became Club León.
Despite the rivalry against Los Curtidores being the oldest in León, the prominent one today is against Irapuato, who also appeared in the Clásico del Bajio, which has been fought in both the Primera División and the Primera División A (now Ascenso MX).
Another rivalry is with Pachuca C.F., mainly because of similar owners for the two clubs. On July 11, 2018, Club León and Pachuca met in a friendly match played in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, at Miller Park, home of the Milwaukee Brewers. Pachuca won the match 3–1 in front of 18,321 fans.
Honours
Domestic
Primera División / Liga MX
Champions (8): 1947–48, 1948–49, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1991–92, Apertura 2013, Clausura 2014, Guardianes 2020
Runners-up (7): 1946–47, 1958–59, 1972–73, 1974–75, Invierno 1997, Clausura 2019, Apertura 2021
Ascenso MX
Champions (5): 1989–90, Verano 2003, Clausura 2004, Clausura 2008, Clausura 2012
Runners-up (3): Clausura 2005, Clausura 2007, Bicentenario 2010
Copa México / Copa MX
Champions (5): 1948–49, 1957–58, 1966–67, 1970–71, 1971–72
Runners-up (5): 1952–53, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1965–66, Apertura 2015
Campeón de Campeones
Champions (5): 1948, 1949, 1956, 1971, 1972
Runners-up (5): 1952, 1958, 1967, 1992, 2021
International
CONCACAF Champions Cup
Champions (1): 2023
Leagues Cup
Champions (1): 2021
Friendly tournaments
Copa León
Champions (2): 2004, 2012
Torneo Cuna del Fútbol Mexicano
Champions (1): 2012
Copa Telcel
Champions (1): 2013
Trofeu Joan Gamper
Runners-up (1): 2014
Current staff
Management
Players
First-team squad
Out on loan
Reserve teams
León GEN
Reserve team that plays in the Liga TDP, the fourth level of the Mexican league system.
Former players
Mauro Boselli
Isaac Ayipei
Top Goal Scorers
Bold: Current players on the club.
LEAGUE=Fist category league, 2ND DIV=Second category leagues, CUP=Copa Mexico, CDC=Campeon de Campeones Cup, CON=CONCAFAC Champios Cup, LIB=Libertadores Cup
In case of tie, they are ordered by chronological order (oldest goes first).
Managers
Antonio López Herranz (1951–52), (1955–56), (1957–58)
Luis Grill Prieto (1966–67), (1970)
Antonio Carbajal (1969–70), (1970–72)
Árpád Fekete (1981)
Juan Ricardo Faccio (1982)
Árpád Fekete (1983–85)
Pedro García Barros (1987–88)
Víctor Manuel Vucetich (1989–1993)
Sebastiao Lazaroni (1993–94)
Roberto Saporiti (1994)
Carlos Miloc (1995-1996)
José Luis Saldívar (1996)
Carlos Reinoso (1997)
Aníbal Ruiz (1997–98)
Alberto Guerra (1998)
Carlos Reinoso (1999–00)
José Luis Saldívar (2000)
Enrique López Zarza (March 27, 2001 – April 16, 2001)
Pablo Centrone (2001–03)
Efraín Flores (2002)
Carlos Reinoso (2003)
José Luis Saldívar (2005)
Sergio Bueno (January 1, 2007 – June 30, 2008)
Mario García (July 1, 2008 – October 13, 2008)
Luis Scatolaro (May 28, 2009 – June 4, 2009)
Salvador Reyes (July 1, 2009 – October 24, 2009)
José Luis Salgado (January 1, 2010 – July 24, 2010)
Sergio Orduña (August 7, 2010 – August 22, 2010)
Pintado (September 10, 2010 – December 31, 2010)
Tita (January 1, 2011 – September 14, 2011)
Pedro Muñoz (September 15, 2011 – December 31, 2011)
Gustavo Matosas (January 1, 2012 – November 24, 2014)
Juan Antonio Pizzi (November 24, 2014 – January 28, 2016)
Luis Fernando Tena (February 2016 – August 2016)
Javier Torrente (August 2016 – August 2017)
Gustavo Díaz (September 2017 – September 2018)
Ignacio Ambríz (September 2018 – May 2021)
Ariel Holan (May 2021 – April 2022)
Renato Paiva (May 2022 – November 2022)
Nicolás Larcamón (November 2022 – Present)
References
Full list published by IFFHS on 8 October 2009
External links
Football clubs in Guanajuato
Club Leon
Association football clubs established in 1944
1944 establishments in Mexico
Ascenso MX teams
Liga MX teams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club%20Le%C3%B3n |
Churchill Brothers Football Club Goa, or simply known as Churchill Brothers, is an Indian professional football club based in Margao, Goa, that competes in the I-League, alongside Goa Professional League. Founded in 1988 in Margao, the club usually participated in the National Football League, then top tier of Indian football league system.
The club has won the I-League title twice and has secured a position among the top three teams on nine other occasions in the national league. It has also won eight Goa League Champions Cups, three Durand Cups, and a Federation Cup.
Nicknamed the "Red Machines", Churchill Brothers was led for decades by Churchill Alemao, who served as both the president of Goa Football Association and Chief Minister of Goa. His daughter Valanka Alemao is current CEO of the club. Churchill Brothers emerged as fourth ranked Indian team, and 648 universally, in the international rankings of clubs during the first ten years of the 21st century (2001–2010), issued by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics in 2011.
History
1988–2009
Churchill Brothers FC were founded in 1988 as Varca Club. After one season, they renamed as Brothers Sporting Club. Later on they were bought out by Churchill Braz Alemao and renamed as Churchill Brothers FC and emerged as runners-up of the National Football League thrice: 1996–97, 1999–2000 and 2001–02. In the 1997–98 Asian Club Championship, Churchill Brothers went on to represent India. But, they had a forgetful debut outing as the Goan outfit was knocked out in the very first round by Vietnamese club Dong Thap with a 2–1 aggregate loss. In 1998, Churchill roped in Bassim Yonan, the first Iraqi player in India.
After the take over by Churchill, the club went on to win the Durand Cup in 2007, and the 2008–09 I-League, Durand Cup in 2009, IFA Shield in the same year. In 2008, Nigerian World Cupper Emeka Ezeugo was appointed club's head coach. They also emerged as runners-up of the 2007–08 I-League, the inaugural season. Through their I-League win Churchill Brothers FC were able to play in the 2010 Asian Champions League qualifiers which they lost and moved to the 2010 AFC Cup. During the AFC Cup they won two games against Al-Hilal Al-Sahili and finished runners-up in their group, advancing to the next round. Finally, they were defeated 1–2 to Al-Qadsia at the Mohammed Al-Hamad Stadium.
2010–2019
Churchill Brothers was managed by Singaporean Vincent Subramaniam for the 2010–11 season. The club went the rest of the season with Croatian Drago Mamić, who helped them win the IFA Shield that year.
On 9 June 2011, Churchill Brothers announced they have signed former Portugal national football team assistant coach Manuel Gomes as a permanent coach. His start proved to be successful as the club captured the 2011 Durand Cup for the third team in their history in October 2011, defeating Prayag United 5–4. However, on 15 February 2012, it was announced that Gomes had resigned and that former coach Carlos Roberto Pereira would be brought in on a caretaker basis.
Then on 13 July 2012, it was announced that Mariano Dias had been signed to become their new full-time head coach. After his first season in charge, Dias managed to lead Churchill Brothers to the I-League championship, their second domestic title in the history.
After the end of 2013–14 I-League season, Churchill finished in twelfth position with 25 points in 24 matches and was evicted from I-League for not fulfilling the Asian Football Confederation's club licensing criteria. In that season, they clinched the 2013–14 Indian Federation Cup title.
In November 2017, it was announced that Ukrainian Mykola Shevchenko joined Churchill as their head coach. His first game as a manager occurred on 2 December 2017, when Churchill took on Shillong Lajong, resulting in a 2–0 loss. His stint came to an end as he was sacked from the position. Churchill then roped in Joseph Afusi of Nigeria as technical director, but were relegated at the end of the 2017–18 season, with just 17 points from 18 games. However, their position was reinstated by the AIFF, after a successful appeal by the club.
In August 2018, Romanian manager Petre Gigiu was appointed head coach. His first competitive game was on 28 October 2018 in Churchill's opening match against the reigning champions, Minerva Punjab. The match ended in a 0–0 draw. At the end of the 2018–19 I-League season, they finished on fourth position with 34 points.
2020–present
In September 2020, Churchill appointed Fernando Santiago Varela as head coach. Under his guidance, Churchill emerged as the runners-up of the 2020–21 I-League with 29 points. Although Churchill managed a win against RoundGlass Punjab in their last match, Gokulam Kerala FC were crowned champions courtesy of a better head-to-head record.
Ahead of the 2021–22 I-League, Churchill roped in their first ever Guinean player Sekou Sylla, and Romanian Petre Gigiu returned to the club as head coach. They finished the season in fourth place. The club later in November, reached final of Baji Rout Cup in Odisha, finished as runners-up after defeat to Rajasthan United. They later took part in 2023 Indian Super Cup in Kerala, in April.
Crest, colours & kits
Crest
In 2011, a new red and black crest was introduced. The crest of Churchill Brothers was originally green and yellow. The first crest had a football on green grass with yellow rays representing the sun's rays.
Colours
The present colours of Churchill Brothers kit is red for home matches and blue for away matches, but before the brand new crest the home colours were white and the away colours were red.
Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors
Stadiums
Since the I-League began, Churchill Brothers have always played mainly at the Fatorda Stadium in the South Goan city of Margao along with other Goan clubs Dempo, Salgaocar, Sporting Goa and Vasco. They also sometimes use the Tilak Maidan Stadium for both I-League and Goa Professional League matches.
During the 2012–13 season Churchill Brothers temporarily played at the Duler Stadium in Mapusa, Goa, while the Fatorda Stadium was being renovated for the 2013 Lusophony Games and the Tilak Maidan was being renovated up to AFC standards.
During the 2013 AFC Cup, Churchill Brothers used Shri Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex in Pune as their home ground. The club later in 2022–23 season, moved to GMC Athletic Stadium in Bambolim.
Rivalries
Churchill Brothers has a major rivalry with their fellow Goan side Dempo, popularly known as the "Goan Derby".
They have also rivalries with other two Goan sides, Sporting Clube de Goa and Salgaocar, whom they faced in I-League, and currently in Goa Professional League.
Players
First-team squad
Personnel
Current technical staff
Honours
League
I-League
Champions (2): 2008–09, 2012–13
Runners-up (3): 2007–08, 2009–10, 2020–21
National Football League
Runners-up (3): 1996–97, 1999–2000, 2001–02
Third place (2): 1997–98, 1999–00
National Football League II
Runners-up (1): 2005–06
Cup
Durand Cup
Champions (3): 2007, 2009, 2011
Runners-up (2): 2001–02, 2008
Federation Cup
Champions (1): 2013–14
IFA Shield
Champions (2): 2009, 2011
Rovers Cup
Runners-up (3): 1997, 1999, 2000–01
Goa Governor's Cup
Champions (3): 2000, 2002, 2003
Runners-up (2): 1999, 2001
Goa Police Cup
Champions (1): 1999
Runners-up (1): 2018
Baji Rout Cup
Runners-up (1): 2022
Regional
Goa Football League
Champions (8): 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2008–09, 2019–20
Award
I-League Fair Play Award: 2016–17
Performance in AFC competitions
Asian Club Championship: 1 appearance
1997–98: 1st round
AFC Champions League: 2 appearances
2002–03: Qualifying round 3
2010: Qualifying play-off
AFC Cup: 3 appearances
2010: Round of 16
2013: Group stage
2014: Round of 16
Records
Seasonal records
Key
Tms. = Number of teams
Pos. = Position in league
Attendance/G = Average league attendance
Transfer record
Highest transfer fee received – Khalid Aucho: (in 2019) for move to Egyptian club Misr Lel Makkasa.
Goalscoring record
Highest goalscorer of the Indian NFL (with Churchill Brothers): Philip Mensah (1998–99), Yusif Yakubu (2001–02; 2002–03).
Seasons
Managerial history
Armando Colaco (1994–1999)
Danny McLennan (1999–2000)
Gregory Testvin (2000–2001)
T. K. Chathunni (2001–2002)
Marcus Pacheco (2002–2004)
Shabbir Ali (2004–2005)
György Kottán (2005–2006)
Karim Bencherifa (2006–2008)
Emeka Ezeugo (2008)
Zoran Đorđević (2008–2009)
Carlos Roberto Pereira (2009–2010)
Vincent Subramaniam (2010–2011)
Drago Mamić (2011)
Sukhwinder Singh (2011)
Manuel Gomes (2011–2012)
Carlos Roberto Pereira (2012)
Mariano Dias (2012–2014)
Joseph Afusi (2014)
Alfred Fernandes (2014–2016)
Joseph Afusi (2016–2017)
Derrick Pereira (2017)
Mykola Shevchenko (2017)
Petre Gigiu (2018–2019)
Edward Ansah (2019)
Bernardo Tavares (2019–2020)
Mateus Costa (2020)
Fernando Santiago Varela (2020–2021)
Petre Gigiu (2021–2022)
Antonio Rueda Fernández (2022)
Fernando Santiago Varela (2022–2023)
Mateus Costa (2023)
Edgardo Malvestiti (2023–present)
Notable players
World Cup players
Emeka Ezeugo (1997–1998)
Anthony Wolfe (2014, 2017, 2018–2019)
Foreign internationals
Other notable players
Odafe Onyeka Okolie (2005–2011; 2014–2016) – club's all-time highest goalscorer, with 128 league goals (top scorer in league's 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10 seasons).
Sunil Chhetri (2013) – most-capped player and the all-time top goalscorer of India.
Yusif Yakubu (2001–2005; 2017) – NFL golden boot winner with Churchill in 2001–02, and 2002–03 [From 2001 to 2005, he scored 65 goals in 103 league matches with club] (also won IndianFootball.com 'player of the Year' award with Churchill in 2003).
David Izazola (2018) – won 2011 CONCACAF U-20 Championship with Mexico, alongside being bronze medalist at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Other departments
Women's team
The club has a women's section, that competes in Goa Women's League, and won the league title in 2022–23 season. They also participate in Indian Women's League. Club's midfielder Cia Ryzella Almeida was honoured with "Women's Player of the Year" award by Goa Football Association (GFA) in June 2023.
Honours
Goa Women's League
Champions (1): 2022–23
Youth team
Churchill Brothers' U17 youth men's team competes in the Hero Youth League. Club's U19 team reached championship round in 2011 season. Their U15 team took part in Nike Premier Cup. Club's U20 team competed in I-League U20.
See also
List of Churchill Brothers S.C. seasons
List of Goan State Football Champions
Indian football clubs in Asian competitions
Footnotes
References
Further reading
Bibliography
Others
External links
Team profile at the-aiff.com (AIFF)
Team archive at WorldFootball.net
Team profile at Global Sports Archive
Association football clubs established in 1988
Football clubs in Goa
1988 establishments in Goa
I-League clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill%20Brothers%20FC%20Goa |
At the Heart of Winter is the fifth studio album by Norwegian black metal band Immortal. It was released on February 22, 1999 through Osmose Productions. It is the first Immortal album not to feature Demonaz on guitar, as he suffered from acute tendinitis in his hands, as well as the last album until Sons of Northern Darkness to feature Abbath on bass. The album marks a shift in Immortal's musical sound, towards a black metal and thrash metal fusion.
Background
At the Heart of Winter was recorded in November 1998 at Abyss Studios in Sweden. It is the first Immortal album not to feature a picture of the band on the cover, and the first to prominently feature the band's new logo, with the cover art was painted by J. P. Fournier.
Release
In addition to a CD release, At the Heart of Winter was released as a limited-edition metal box, as well as a hand-numbered LP on Osmose, which was later reissued in 2005.
Reception
At the Heart of Winter was well received by critics. John Serba of AllMusic praised the album, writing, "the result is a clarity and focus that few purveyors of the genre succeeded at finding, a painstakingly organized assemblage of black metal's base elements into a disciplined purity of metal that prefers the power of the almighty riff, instead of the occasionally overblown classical structuring of much-lauded stalwarts Emperor and Cradle of Filth, or the strange experimentation that Mayhem and Arcturus would undertake".
Track listing
Personnel
Immortal
Abbath Doom Occulta – vocals, guitar, bass, synthesizer
Horgh – drums
Additional personnel
Demonaz Doom Occulta – lyrics
References
Immortal (band) albums
1999 albums
Osmose Productions albums
Albums produced by Peter Tägtgren
Albums with cover art by Jean-Pascal Fournier | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%20the%20Heart%20of%20Winter |
The National Infantry Association (NIA) was established in April 1982 at Fort Benning, Georgia as the Infantry Association, operating as a titular organization for the subscribers of “Infantry” magazine. In 1994, it was incorporated as the National Infantryman’s Association, a 501(c)(19) nonprofit organization. In 1998, the organization began doing business as the National Infantry Association.
See also
Order of Saint Maurice (United States)
References
External links
501(c)(19) nonprofit organizations
1982 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Infantry units and formations of the United States
Muscogee County, Georgia
Nonpartisan organizations in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Georgia (U.S. state)
Organizations established in 1982
Professional associations based in the United States
United States Army associations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Infantry%20Association |
Joe Negroni (September 9, 1940 – September 5, 1978) was an American singer of Puerto Rican descent. He was a rock and roll pioneer and founding member of the rock and roll group Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers.
Early years
Negroni's family moved from Puerto Rico to New York City in the 1930s during the Great Depression era. The family lived in Manhattan where Negroni met and befriended Herman Santiago. In the early 1950s, Negroni, Santiago, and two other friends Jimmy Merchant and Sherman Garnes would get together in front of Santiago's stoops (building stairs) and sing songs to the beat of Doo-Wops.
Negroni, who had a baritone voice, and his friends called themselves the "Ermines" with Santiago as lead singer. On one occasion, the Ermines performed alongside the "Cadillacs" at P.S. 143 (Public School 143). The Ermines changed their name to "Coupe de Villes" and later to "The Premiers".
The "Teenagers"
In 1954, 12-year-old Frankie Lymon worked in a grocery store. One night, The Premiers and Lymon's brother performed in a talent show held at JHS Stitt (Junior High School Stitt). Frankie approached The Premiers, telling them how good they sounded. They started jamming together, and the Premiers were impressed with the sound of Frankie's high tenor/boy soprano voice. Lymon sang a few numbers with them, like "You Painted Pictures" and "Lily Maebelle," and by early 1955, they had invited him to join, with Lymon singing first tenor behind Santiago's lead.
In 1955, Richard Barrett, a scout for "Gee Records," heard them singing and introduced them to George Goldner, the owner of Gee. Upon hearing them sing, Goldner signed them to a contract and changed the group's name to "The Teenagers."
The following day, the group was supposed to meet with Goldner in the studio for a recording session. Santiago, who was the lead singer, was ill and could not accompany the other members; therefore, he gave Negroni the music sheet with the words to the song that he had written. The song was "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" (which was originally reworked from a poem called "Why Do Birds Sing So Gay"). Since Santiago was not present, Goldner asked Frankie if he could sing the song. Frankie accepted, and they recorded the song. Goldner then changed the group's name to "Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers" and released the record. The song became an instant hit in the United States, and in the United Kingdom, it also became the first top British hit of an American vocal group. In London, the group played at the Palladium. Upon hearing them sing, young girls acted wild, a matter that bothered the establishment more than somewhat. Alan Freed signed them for two movies.
The Teenagers had three other hits that reached the top 10 in the R&B charts: "I Want You to Be My Girl" (#3), "Who Can Explain?" (#7), and "The ABC's of Love" (#8).
Later years and death
In 1957, Frankie Lymon, upon the urging of Goldner, left "the Teenagers" and went solo. Eventually the group broke up. Santiago tried to reunite "the Teenagers" in the 1970s and 1980s, in ill–fated comeback attempts. On February 27, 1968, Lymon was found dead in his grandmother's bathroom from a heroin overdose. In 1977, Garnes had died from a heart attack, and on September 5, 1978, Joe Negroni died from a cerebral hemorrhage in a New York apartment or home, just four days before his 38th birthday. Negroni was survived by his three children, two daughters and a son.
In 1993, Joe Negroni, Herman Santiago, Frankie Lymon, Jimmy Merchant, and Sherman Garnes—the original members of "the Teenagers"—were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in 2000, they were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. In the 1998 film "Why Do Fools Fall in Love," the role of Negroni was played by actor Jon Huertas.
See also
List of Puerto Ricans
Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico
References
1940 births
1978 deaths
American people of Corsican descent
American musicians of Puerto Rican descent
The Teenagers members
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Negroni |
Colpix Records was the first recording company for Columbia Pictures–Screen Gems. Colpix got its name from combining Columbia (Col) and Pictures (Pix). CBS, which owned Columbia Records, then sued Columbia Pictures for trademark infringement over the Colpix name.
It was founded by Jonie Taps and Harry Cohn in 1958 and was based in New York City. Paul Wexler headed the label. Stu Phillips was in charge of A&R. Lester Sill later headed the label, after breaking with Philles Records partner Phil Spector.
The label's roster included Lou Christie, James Darren, Paul Petersen, Freddie Scott, Tommy Boyce. Two of the label's best known number one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Charts were "Blue Moon" by the Marcels in the spring of 1961
(also a number one in the UK, where Colpix was licensed to Pye International),
and "Johnny Angel" by Shelley Fabares in the spring of 1962.
Bernadette Castro recorded for the label "Get Rid of Him"/"A Girl in Love Forgives" and "His Lips Get in the Way"/"Sportscar Sally". Singer Jo Ann Greer, who dubbed several of the actresses at Columbia Pictures, recorded two albums with the studio's musical director, Morris Stoloff: Soundtracks, Voices and Themes and The Naked City, a film noir musical with James Darren.
Colpix released the first LPs from standup comedians Dick Gregory and Woody Allen, and a soundtrack album of Hanna-Barbera cartoons. It included dialogue by Yogi Bear and Pixie and Dixie with narration by Daws Butler in the voice of Huckleberry Hound.
In the wake of President Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963, numerous tribute albums were released the following year. In association with United Press International, Colpix released Four Days That Shocked the World with radio coverage of the President's arrival at Dallas Love Field, the moment of the shooting in Dealey Plaza, and the shooting of Lee Harvey Oswald two days later. The album included a booklet with UPI reporter Merriman Smith's account of the assassination.
The label was discontinued in 1966 and replaced by Colgems Records, which was primarily used for releases by The Monkees. Before their involvement with the Monkees, Davy Jones and Michael Nesmith (under the pseudonym Michael Blessing) had each signed to Colpix Records as solo artists.
Colpix was the first big label for singer and pianist Nina Simone after having made her debut on Bethlehem Records. She recorded albums for the label from 1959 (The Amazing Nina Simone) through 1964 (Folksy Nina). In 1966, Colpix released Nina Simone with Strings, an album of left-overs with strings added, when Simone was already signed to Philips Records.
Rhino Records, which currently owns the Colpix catalogue, issued a double compact disc compilation, The Colpix-Dimension Story, in 1994, which also included selections from Dimension Records, a related label.
Discography
See also
List of record labels
Colgems Records
References
External links
The Colpix/Colgems story
Defunct record labels of the United States
Record labels established in 1958
Record labels disestablished in 1966
1958 establishments in New York City
Columbia Pictures
Jazz record labels
1966 disestablishments in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colpix%20Records |
Tata Football Academy (Tata FA or TFA) is an association football academy based in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India, sponsored by Tata Steel, which owns ISL outfit Jamshedpur FC. It is one of the renowned and leading football academies in the country.
History
Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata envisaged not only Asia's first fully integrated Steel Plant but also the model township of Jamshedpur. He advised his son, Sir Dorab Tata, to earmark "areas for Football, hockey and Parks... ". Tata Steel's commitment to sports, in fact, preceded the building of the township. The aforesaid letter was written in 1902 and the site for Jamshedpur selected in 1907.
Indian footballers Chuni Goswami and Arun Ghosh served as director of TFA from 1986 to 1989 and 1997 to 2003 respectively.
In November 2017, it was announced that TFA will tie-up with La Liga giants Atlético Madrid, to enhance and strengthen its existing programmes for promoting Indian football. It was also announced that, TFA is to be renamed as Tata Atletico Football Academia.
In March 2019, Carlos Santamarina was appointed as the head coach of TFA. Santamarina has been involved with Atlético Madrid's youth coaching set up, which includes development and coaching of kids in the age group of U-15, U-14, U-13 and U-12.
Honours
Domestic competitions
National Football League II
Champions (1): 2005–06
I-League U19
Champions (2): 2014, 2008
Runners-up (1): 2013
IFA Shield
Champions (1): 2016
Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup
Champions (1): 2003
Independence Day Cup
Runners-up (1): 1999
Bordoloi Trophy
Champions (1): 2000
All Airlines Gold Cup
Runners-up (1): 1991
Lal Bahadur Shastri Cup
Champions (1): 2004
Darjeeling Gold Cup
Champions (1): 2011
Hot Weather Football Championship
Runners-up (1): 2004
Delhi Lt. Governor's Cup
Champions (1): 2005
See also
Jamshedpur FC
Notes
References
Football clubs in Jamshedpur
Tata Group
1987 establishments in Bihar
Works association football clubs in India
Association football clubs established in 1987
Football academies in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata%20Football%20Academy |
Palazzo Madama () in Rome is the seat of the Senate of the Italian Republic, the upper house of the Italian Parliament.
History
It was built atop the ruins of the ancient baths of Nero, next to Piazza Navona. The terrain had been acquired in the Middle Ages by the monks of the Abbey of Farfa, who later ceded it to France.
The new building was begun at the end of the 15th century and completed in 1505, for the Medici family. It housed two Medici cardinals and cousins, Giovanni and Giulio, who both later became popes as Leo X and Clement VII, respectively. Catherine de' Medici, Clement VII's niece, also lived here before she was married to Henry, son of King Francis I of France in 1533. Cardinal Francesco Maria Del Monte, patron of the artist Caravaggio, lived there until his death in 1627.
The palace takes its name from Madama Margherita of Austria, illegitimate daughter of Emperor Charles V, who married another illegitimate son, Alessandro de' Medici and, after his death, Ottavio Farnese. Thus part of the art collection of the Florentine Medici family was inherited by the Farnese family.
The current façade was built in the mid-1650s by both Cigoli and Paolo Maruccelli. The latter added the ornate cornice and whimsical decorative urns on the roof.
After the extinction of the Medici in 1743, the palace was handed over to the House of Lorraine and, later, to Pope Benedict XIV, who made it the seat of the Papal Government. In 1849, Pius IX moved here the Ministries of Finances and of the Public Debt, as well as the Papal Post Offices. In 1871, after the conquest of Rome by the newly formed Kingdom of Italy, the palazzo became the seat of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy.
See also
Some other Italian institutional buildings:
Palazzo del Quirinale Seat of the President
Palazzo Chigi Seat of the Prime Minister
Palazzo Montecitorio Seat of the Italian Chamber of Deputies
Palazzo della Consulta, seat of the Constitutional Court of Italy
References
External links
Houses completed in 1505
Madama
Legislative buildings in Italy
Seats of national legislatures
Rome R. VIII Sant'Eustachio
1505 establishments in the Papal States
Medici residences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo%20Madama%2C%20Rome |
The Deathless Sermon was a sermon given as a plea for missionary work during the rise of Hyper-Calvinism in England. It was preached by Particular Baptist Minister, William Carey on 30 May, 1792 at the Friar Lane Baptist Chapel in Nottingham as an effort to arouse his pastoral contemporaries to intentional evangelistic action.
The message is rooted in the text of Isaiah 54:2-3:
Enlarge the place of thy tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of thine habitations: spare not, lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes. For thou shalt break forth on the right hand and on the left; and thy seed shall inherit the Gentiles, and make the desolate cities to be inhabited.
No extant copies of the sermon remain; however church historians almost unanimously recognize its form as having only two points:
expect great things from God, and
attempt great things for God.
Although initially his audience was unmoved, ultimately the sermon was remarkably successful. His oration served as the initial catalyst for the founding in 1792 of the "Particular Baptist Society for Propagating the Gospel to the Heathen" (later renamed to the Baptist Missionary Society), which would commission Carey as one of their first missionaries. Carey's activity in India is renowned and placed him firmly in history as the "father of modern missions".
References
McBeth, H. Leon, The Baptist Heritage: Four Centuries of Baptist Witness, (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1987), pp. 171ff.
Gonzalez, Justo L., The Story of Christianity, Vol. II: The Reformation to the Present Day (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), pp. 306ff.
Gonzalez, Justo L. (2010) The Story of Christianity Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day, Zondervan, , p. 419
External links
Chapel and commemorative plaque
Calvinist texts
Christian sermons
1792 works
1792 in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathless%20Sermon |
The 38th Street Gang''' is an American criminal street gang in Los Angeles, California, composed mainly of Hispanic-Americans. The 38th Street Gang is one of the oldest street gangs in Los Angeles and has been occupying its territory since the 1920s. They engage in many criminal activities. The Mexican Mafia controls and routinely uses 38th Street gang members to carry out their orders.Harris, K. D. California Department of Justice Division of Law Enforcement, Bureau of Investigation and Intelligence. (2010). Organized Crime in California. Retrieved from website: http://ag.ca.gov/publications/org_crime2010.pdf
History
Founded in the 1920s, the 38th Street Gang dates back to the pachucos and zoot suits and was formed at the border between South Central and the city of Vernon. The 38th Street Gang became well known in the 1940s in the Sleepy Lagoon murder trial. Sleepy Lagoon was a popular swimming hole in what is now East Los Angeles. A Mexican American juvenile named Jose Diaz was killed there in 1942, and members of the 38th Street Mexican American gang were arrested and charged with murder by the Los Angeles Police Department.
All five of the gang members were convicted and sentenced to prison. These convictions ultimately united the Mexican community and changed Mexican gangs. The jail sentences also acted as a glue to unite the Mexican and Mexican American community in a common cause, a fight against class distinction based on prejudice and racism, a fight against the establishment. In prison, 38th Street Gang members were held in high esteem. On October 4, 1943, the convictions of the gang members were overturned and the gang members were allegedly welcomed back to their communities as heroes.
During "Sleepy Lagoon", the media exaggerated the headlines about the gang that wore zoot suits and created wartime hysteria and prejudice against the Mexican-American community. In what was known as the Zoot Suit Riots in May to June 1943, many Mexican-American zoot suiters from the segregated parts of town were attacked by European American servicemen and residents of Los Angeles. The white servicemen and residents felt Zoot Suiters were not contributing to the war effort and were wasting valuable resources by dressing so flamboyantly. Los Angeles police officers did nothing to halt the angry mobs from rioting, arresting the zoot suiters instead of the attackers. After the riots and because of international criticism, the United States Department of War banned all military personnel from going to Los Angeles on leave. The Los Angeles City Council adopted a resolution that banned the wearing of zoot suits on Los Angeles streets, although no ordinance was approved by the City Council nor signed into law by the Mayor. 38th Street is often credited for starting a new style of dress: during the time the Sleepy Lagoon defendants were incarcerated, their prison-issue clothes were deliberately oversized, with the intention of drawing ridicule from Anglo inmates and prison staff. However, the Sleepy Lagoon defendants maintained their clothing well, cleaning and ironing it.
Location
The 38th Street gang occupies a huge area on the east side of South Los Angeles and some areas in East Los Angeles. These neighborhoods had been historically known to be some of the most dangerous in the nation. Their rivalries expand to most neighborhoods all over Los Angeles County. They also have confirmed cliques in, Salt Lake City, West Valley City, Magna, Kearns Utah, and Wisconsin. Also in Chicago.
Criminal activities
Since the 1920s, the 38th Street Gang has continued its criminal activities and has evolved to become one of California's most violent street gangs. Members conduct various activities, including drug sales, murder, theft and vandalism. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the city closed many of its roads in the 38th Street vicinity due to high volume of people coming to purchase narcotics in the area. City administrators hoped that the blocked streets would deter nonresidents from purchasing narcotics. By the late 1990s, a federal task force was set up in order to investigate the gang's involvement in illegal drug trade; this resulted in the arrest of several of its members. The authorities confiscated thousands of dollars in drugs and money, as reported by the Los Angeles Times'' and local news channels. The group has historically quarreled with various rival gangs for placement and competition, which has resulted in many drive-by shootings and deaths. On August 24, 2004, a law enforcement preliminary injunction terminated the active members of the 38th Street Gang, out of the streets, banning them from using firearms, alcohol, graffiti and other dangerous materials in public. 38th Street, being an old and large gang, has accumulated countless rivalries in Los Angeles county and other cities where they have established. During the 1980s, 38th Street became heavily involved in drug sales and trafficking became a specialty crime that some gang members perfected. Today 38th Street relies almost exclusively on narcotics sales and distribution as its only source of revenue. The 38th Street Gang also holds a loose alliance with the 18th Street Gang due to common rivals, mainly in South and East Los Angeles.
In February 2011 the FBI arrested 37 suspects connected to the 38th Street. They were arrested on narcotics and firearms charges. The 38th Street Gang is the subject of a 130-page grand jury indictment alleging violations of the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations statute. Some 53 defendants are charged with violating the federal law by acting on behalf of the gang and participating in murders, murder plots, attempted murders, narcotics trafficking, robberies, extortion and witness intimidation. As of 2021, no further information is available as to what happened to the arrested men.
See also
Gangs in Los Angeles
History of the Mexican Americans in Los Angeles
References
Organizations established in the 1920s
1920s establishments in California
Latino street gangs
Sureños
Gangs in Los Angeles
Gangs in Utah
Mexican-American culture in Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th%20Street%20gang |
WSBU is the nationally recognized non-commercial radio station of St. Bonaventure University. It is licensed to the census-designated place of Saint Bonaventure, New York and broadcasts in the area around Allegany and Olean, New York.
Officially known as Rock Radio 88.3 The Buzz, WSBU is entirely student-run and managed, ranking No. 1 on the Princeton Review's list of best college radio stations. The Buzz's format is wide-ranged, with alternative rock during the week and hip-hop and classic rock on the weekends. In 2006, the station set up an account with Live365 and is now simulcast over the internet by accessing the station's website.
The station also produces student written newscasts that are broadcast every Monday - Friday at noon and every Monday - Thursday at 5 p.m. Each newscast features news stories on the national, international and local levels, as well as weather and entertainment. Each newscast also features a sports cast, which is written by a member of the sports department. The station previously had a sports department; it has since sold off its sports rights to commercial broadcasters (baseball to WHDL and women's basketball to WGWE).
The station is managed by a 16-student board of directors, with separate departments for programming, public relations, music, production, promotions, marketing, news and sports. The board is overseen by the station manager, a student who is elected at the end of every fall semester.
The station temporarily went off the air in October 2010 after the Federal Communications Commission claimed it did not file a license renewal in 2005. The station claimed not to have received any notification from the FCC about the license issue until 2010, when the FCC deleted the station from its database. It returned to the air under special temporary authority a few days later.
References
External links
WSBU-FM 88.3 The Buzz
St. Bonaventure University
WSBU Official Facebook Page
SBU
Radio stations established in 1948
St. Bonaventure University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSBU |
A religious congregation is a type of religious institute in the Catholic Church. They are legally distinguished from religious orders – the other major type of religious institute – in that members take simple vows, whereas members of religious orders take solemn vows.
History
Until the 16th century, the vows taken in any of the religious orders approved by the Apostolic See were classified as solemn. This was declared by Pope Boniface VIII (1235–1303). According to this criterion, the last religious order founded was that of the Bethlehem Brothers in 1673.
By the constitution Inter cetera of 20 January 1521, Pope Leo X appointed a rule for tertiaries with simple vows. Under this rule, enclosure was optional, enabling non-enclosed followers of the rule to engage in various works of charity not allowed to enclosed religious. In 1566 and 1568, Pope Pius V rejected this class of institute, but they continued to exist and even increased in number. After at first being merely tolerated, they afterwards obtained approval. Their lives were oriented not to the ancient monastic way of life, but more to social service and to evangelization, both in Europe and in mission areas. Their number increased further in the upheavals brought by the French Revolution and subsequent Napoleonic invasions of other Catholic countries, depriving thousands of monks and nuns of the income that their communities held because of inheritances and forcing them to find a new way of living their religious life. Only at the very end of the 19th century were they officially reckoned as religious, when Pope Leo XIII recognized as religious all men and women who took simple vows in such congregations.
The 1917 Code of Canon Law reserved the name "religious order" for institutes in which the vows were solemn, and used the term "religious congregation" or simply "congregation" for those with simple vows. The members of a religious order for men were called "regulars", those belonging to a religious congregation were simply "religious", a term that applied also to regulars. For women, those with simple vows were simply "sisters", with the term "nun" reserved in canon law for those who belonged to an institute of solemn vows, even if in some localities they were allowed to take simple vows instead.
However, it abolished the distinction according to which solemn vows, unlike simple vows, were indissoluble. It recognized no totally indispensable religious vows and thereby abrogated spiritually, though not altogether juridically, Latin-Rite religious orders. Solemn vows were originally considered indissoluble. Not even the Pope could dispense from them. If for a just cause a solemnly professed religious was expelled, the vow of chastity remained unchanged and so rendered invalid any attempt at marriage, the vow of obedience obliged in relation, generally, to the bishop rather than to the religious superior, and the vow of poverty was modified to meet the new situation, but the expelled religious "could not, for example, will any goods to another; and goods which came to him reverted at his death to his institute or to the Holy See".
After publication of the 1917 Code, many institutes with simple vows appealed to the Holy See for permission to make solemn vows. The Apostolic Constitution Sponsa Christi of 21 November 1950 made access to that permission easier for nuns (in the strict sense), though not for religious institutes dedicated to apostolic activity. Many of these institutes of women then petitioned for the solemn vow of poverty alone. Towards the end of the Second Vatican Council, superiors general of clerical institutes and abbots president of monastic congregations were authorized to permit, for a just cause, their subjects of simple vows who made a reasonable request to renounce their property except for what would be required for their sustenance if they were to depart, thus assimilating their position to that of religious with solemn vows. These changes resulted in a blurring of the previously clear distinction between "orders" and "congregations", since institutes that were founded as "congregations" began to have some members who had all three solemn vows or had members that took a solemn vow of poverty and simple vows of chastity and obedience.
Current juridical status
The 1983 Code of Canon Law maintains the distinction between solemn and simple vows, but no longer makes any distinction between their juridical effects, including the distinction between orders and congregations. It uses the single term religious institute to designate all such institutes of consecrated life alike. The word congregation () is instead used to refer to congregations of the Roman Curia or monastic congregations.
The Annuario Pontificio lists for both men and women the institutes of consecrated life and the like that are of pontifical right, namely those that the Holy See has erected or approved by formal decree. For the men, it gives what it calls the "Historical-Juridical List of Precedence". This list maintains to a large extent the distinction between orders and congregations, detailing 96 clerical religious congregations and 34 lay religious congregations. However, it does not distinguish between orders and congregations of Eastern Catholic Churches or female religious institutes.
See also
Consecrated life (Catholic Church)
Institute of consecrated life
Catholic religious order
Secular institute
Society of apostolic life
List of religious institutes
References
Organisation of Catholic religious orders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious%20congregation |
Raja Dahir (663 – 712 CE) was the last Hindu ruler of Sindh (in present-day Pakistan). A Brahmin ruler, his kingdom was invaded in 711 CE by the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, led by Muhammad bin Qasim, where Dahir died while defending his kingdom. According to the Chachnama, the Umayyad campaign against Dahir was due to a pirate raid off the coast of the Sindhi coast that resulted in gifts to the Umayyad caliph from the king of Serendib (Old name of Sri Lanka) being stolen.
He was killed at the Battle of Aror which took place between his dynasty and the Arabs at the banks of the Indus River, near modern-day Nawabshah at the hands of the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim. His body was then decapitated and his head was sent to the governor of Basra, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.
Reign in the Chach Nama
The Chach Nama is the oldest chronicle of the Arab conquest of Sindh. It was translated into Persian by an Arab named Muhammad Ali bin Hamid bin Abu Bakr Kufi in 1216 from an earlier Arabic text believed to have been written by the Thaqafi family (relatives of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi).
War with the Umayyads
Throughout his reign, Maharaja Dahir had to face invasions from the Umayyad Caliphate which had grown quite powerful by that time.
According to Chachnama and the Arab historian Biladhuri, Dahir defeated the Arabs twice in pitched battles during the twin battles of Debal in which the invading Arab commanders Ubaidullah and Budail or Bazil were killed by Sindhis under Dahir's son Jaisiah.
Jaisiah later appointed his own chief or Thakur who governed on his behalf. According to Chachnamah, when the news of Bazil's death was relayed to Hajjaj, he became very sad and full of rage.
This led to the fateful expedition by Muhammad bin Qasim. Before the Battle of Aror, Maharaja Dahir is said to have given this speech as per Chachnama
The primary reason cited in the Chach Nama for the expedition by the governor of Basra, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, against Raja Dahir, was a pirate raid off the coast of Debal resulting in gifts to the caliph from the king of Serendib (modern Sri Lanka) being stolen. Meds (a tribe of Scythians living in Sindh) also known as Bawarij had pirated upon Sassanid shipping in the past, from the mouth of the Tigris to the Sri Lankan coast, and now they were able to prey on Arab shipping from their bases at Kutch, Debal and Kathiawar.
Hajaj's next campaign was launched under the aegis of Muhammad bin Qasim. In 711, bin Qasim attacked at Debal and, on orders of Al-Hajjaj, freed the earlier captives and prisoners from the previous (failed) campaign. Other than this instance, the policy was generally one of enlisting and co-opting support from defectors and defeated lords and forces. From Debal, bin Qasim moved on to Nerun for supplies; the city's Buddhist governor had acknowledged it as a tributary of the Caliphate after the first campaign and capitulated to the second. Qasim's armies then captured Siwistan and received allegiance from several tribal chiefs and secured the surrounding regions. His combined forces captured the fort at Sisam and secured the region west of the Indus River.
By enlisting the support of local tribes such as the Meds and also the support of the Buddhist rulers of Nerun, Bajhra, Kaka Kolak and Siwistan as infantry to his predominantly-mounted army, Muhammad bin Qasim defeated Dahir and captured his eastern territories which were added into the Umayyad Caliphate.
Sometime before the final battle, Dahir's vizier approached him and suggested that Dahir should take refuge with one of the friendly kings of India. "You should say to them, 'I am a wall between you and the Arab army. If I fall, nothing will stop your destruction at their hands.'" If that wasn't acceptable to Dahir, said the vizier, then he should at least send away his family to some safe point in India. Dahir refused to do either. "I cannot send away my family to security while the families of my thakurs and nobles remain here."
Dahir then tried to prevent Qasim from crossing the Indus River, moving his forces to its eastern banks. Eventually, however, Qasim crossed the river and defeated his forces at Jitor led by Jaisiah (Dahir's son). Qasim fought Dahir at Aror (near modern Nawabshah) in 711, eventually killing him. After Dahir was killed in the Battle of Aror on the banks of the River Indus, his head was cut off from his body and sent to Hajjaj bin Yousuf.
See also
Chach Nama
Rai dynasty
References
Sources
Raja Dahir's Wife Rani Bai fled to the fort of Rawar with 150,000 troops from where she challenged Muhammad Bin Qasim for the battle. Muhammad bin Qasim chased her to Rawar and ordered his miners to dig and demolish the walls of the fort until the bastions were thrown down. Rani Bai, however, finding herself encircled, surrendered and burnt herself along with other ladies.
Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg: The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest. Translated by from the Persian by, Commissioners Press 1900
R. C. Majumdar, H.C. Roychandra and Kalikinkar Ditta: An Advanced History of India, Part II,
Tareekh-Sind, By Mavlana Syed Abu Zafar Nadvi
Wink, Andre, Al-Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World, Brill Academic Publishers, 1 January 1996,
7th-century Indian monarchs
8th-century Indian monarchs
Chach Nama
Dahir, Raja
History of Pakistan
History of Sindh
Dahir, Raja
Sindhi warriors
History of Hinduism
Sindhi Hindus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahir%20of%20Aror |
The Commissioner of Public Markets, Weights, and Measures of the City of New York was a cabinet-level post appointed by the mayor of New York City during World War I, when foodstuffs were in short supply and people began hoarding. The goal was to "set fair prices for meat and fish." The commissioner had jurisdiction over all public markets, market places, and all auctioneers. The office started after World War I and in 1968, the Department of Markets (as it was by then known) was merged with the Department of Licenses by (Markets) Commissioner Gerard M. Weisberg to become the Department of Consumer Affairs.
Commissioners
Henry Moskowitz, c. 1917.
Jonathan C. Day, c. 1918. fired by mayor John F. Hylan
William P. Mulry, 1919 as Acting Commissioner under mayor John F. Hylan.
Edwin Joseph O'Malley, c. 1919-1927 for 7 years under mayor John F. Hylan and survived a graft investigation.
Thomas F. Dwyer, c. 1930 to 1932. He concluded that direct rail delivery of food to the Bronx Terminal Market could have saved consumers millions of dollars
Jere F. Ryan, 1932 to 1933
J. Bonynge, c. 1934
William Fellowes Morgan, Jr., c. 1935 to 1939
Daniel P. Wooley, c. 1943-1944.
Eugene G. Schulz, c. 1949.
Albert S. Pacetta, c. 1965.
Samuel J. Kearing, Jr., 1966.
Gerard Maxwell Weisberg, 1966 to 1968.
Deputy commissioners
William P. Mulry, 1919
Edwin Joseph O'Malley, 1919
Samuel Buchler, November 1919
Mrs. John Marshall Gallagher, c. 1922
Mrs. Louis R. Welzmiller, c. 1922
John Joseph Delaney, 1924 through 1931
Alex Pisciotta, 1937
References
Further reading
Columbia Law Review, volume 34, number 7; November 1934, pp. 1369–1370. "The Commissioner of Public Markets, Weights, and Measures of the City of New York refused to issue a license to the petitioner to vend ice on the ground ..."
Government of New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner%20of%20Public%20Markets |
Aleš Valenta () (born 6 February 1973 in Šumperk, Czechoslovakia) is a former Czech freestyle skier who participated in aerials.
On February 19, 2002, he won the Winter Olympics gold medal in the freestyle aerials competition where he succeeded to perform the first triple back flip with five twists in the world. He operates the freestyle skiing centre in the town of Štíty.
In December 2007 Valenta won the second season of StarDance with his professional partner Iva Langerová.
References
External links
Official Web site
Official Web site on Ales Valenta Acrobat Park
Profile on Czech Olympic Committee's Web site
1973 births
Freestyle skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Czech male freestyle skiers
Living people
Olympic gold medalists for the Czech Republic
Olympic freestyle skiers for the Czech Republic
Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
People from Šumperk
Sportspeople from the Olomouc Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale%C5%A1%20Valenta |
Basóvišča (pronounced ; Music Festival of Young Belarus) is the festival of Belarusian alternative and rock music, which is annually conducted by the Belarusian Association of Students since 1990.
The festival takes place during two July days in the Borak forest near Gmina of Gródek, Poland. The important part of the festival is the music contest, in which young bands compete for prizes - usually money and rights to record their album for free. Well-known stars of Belarusian, Ukrainian and Polish rock-scene usually perform there too. From five to twelve thousand people come to the festival every year.
History
2006
17th Basovišča was held on 22–23 July 2006. Contest was on second day. It was the first time when a band from Lithuania, IR, took part in it.
Contest results
Winners:
Parason - 40 hours of recording in Apollo Studio, and money (1800 zl)
S.D.M. - 25 hours of recording in Studio Rembrandt Radio Bialystok, and money (1200 zl)
Nevma - 1360 zl
Ludzi śviatla - 1000 zl
Vodar suśviet - electric guitar
Other participants: Band A, Krok, RoStra, Termin X, Mozart
Bans
In 2006, the organizers faced a ban on the concerts of “Adboryšča” (qualifying rounds for “Basovišča-2006”) in Minsk.
Criticism
In 2008 Rock-Princess Kasia Kamockaja as a columnist over at naviny.by made such a takeaway on the festival, "„Basovišča“ was conceived not as a festival of Belarusian music in exile, but as a celebration of local Białystok Belarusians."
On the pages of BelGazeta, Tat'yana Zamirovskaya wrote in 2007 that the festival "is the only and oldest music competition in which young Belarusian rock bands can prove themselves and get a very significant prize."
In the retrospect of 2010–2019 in 2019, Lesha Gorbash from 34mag called the festival "a Mecca for Belarusian rock music." Oleg Klimov, editor-in-chief of Muzykalnaya Gazeta, described the festival in 2003 as follows: “Basovišča is a Belarusian Woodstock, only on the territory of Poland bordering Belarus. Therefore, no one knows about this fest, not only in the world, but even in the rest of Poland. In general, it is a cool festival of life.”
References
External links
Basovišča — the official web-site
Belarusian music
Censorship in Belarus
Music competitions in Belarus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basovi%C5%A1%C4%8Da |
The Little River is a tributary of the Canadian River, long, in central Oklahoma, United States. Via the Canadian and Arkansas rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
The Little River rises in Moore in northwestern Cleveland County and flows generally southeastwardly through Pottawatomie, Seminole and Hughes counties. It joins the Canadian River about south of Holdenville. In Cleveland County, the river is dammed to form Lake Thunderbird. Downstream of the lake, several sections of the river have been straightened and channelized.
At Sasakwa, the river has a mean annual discharge of .
See also
List of Oklahoma rivers
References
Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry
DeLorme (2003). Oklahoma Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
External links
Pilot Study of Natural Attenuation of Arsenic in Well Water Discharged to the Little River above Lake Thunderbird, Norman, Oklahoma, 2012 United States Geological Survey
Rivers of Oklahoma
Rivers of Cleveland County, Oklahoma
Rivers of Hughes County, Oklahoma
Rivers of Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma
Rivers of Seminole County, Oklahoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20River%20%28Canadian%20River%20tributary%29 |
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of electric charge.
Electricity may also refer to:
Film and television
Electricity (film), a film released in 2014
"Electricity", an episode of Afterworld
"Electricity", a Series E episode of the television series QI (2007)
"Electricity", an episode of The Science Alliance
"Electricity, Electricity", an episode of Schoolhouse Rock!
Music
Albums
Electricity (album), by Peter Jefferies
Electricity, by Paul Janz
Electricity, by Electones
Songs
"Electricity" (The Avalanches song)
"Electricity" (Captain Beefheart song)
"Electricity" (Elton John song)
"Electricity" (Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark song)
"Electricity" (Silk City and Dua Lipa song)
"Electricity" (Suede song)
"Electricity", by Anathema from A Natural Disaster
"Electricity", by Blood Axis
"Electricity", by Elisa from Lotus
"Electricity", by Headless Chickens from Greedy
"Electricity", by Longview from Mercury
"Electricity", by Lync from Remembering the Fireballs (Part 8)
"Electricity", by Midnight Star from No Parking on the Dance Floor
"Electricity", by Joni Mitchell from For the Roses
"Electricity", by Kompressor from World Domination
"Electricity", by Moby from "Drop a Beat"
"Electricity", by Monrose from I Am
"Electricity", by Motörhead from Bad Magic
"Electricity", by Pet Shop Boys from Bilingual
"Electricity", by Spiritualized from Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in Space
"Electricity", by Something for Kate from Beautiful Sharks
"Electricity", by 311 from Transistor
"Electricity, Electricity", from TV-series Schoolhouse Rock!, released on Schoolhouse Rock! Soundtrack
covered by Goodness on Schoolhouse Rock! Rocks
Other uses in music
Electricity: OMD with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, a concert film
Books
Electricity, 1995 novel by Victoria Glendinning
Electricity, 2006 novel by Ray Robinson
See also
Electric (disambiguation)
Electric City (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity%20%28disambiguation%29 |
This is a list of well-known persons who were either born in, or lived in, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Arts
Joe Brainard, (1942 - 1994) painter
Charles Bell (1935–1995), artist
Ted Berrigan, (1934 - 1983) poet
James Pepper Henry, artist and Gilcrease Museum director (2015-2017)
Roman Jasinski, (1907- 1991) ballet dancer and teacher
Ron Padgett, (b. 1942) poet
Business
Frank Abagnale, fraud expert, former con man, subject of Catch Me If You Can
Cyrus Avery (1870–1963), businessman and "father of Route 66"
Bill Bartmann, businessman, named as "One of the Top 100 Entrepreneurs of the Last 100 Years"
W. Tate Brady (1870–1925), businessman, owner of the Brady Hotel
James A. Chapman (1881–1966), oilman and philanthropist
Robert Galbreath Jr. (1863–1955), oilman who moved to Tulsa after he drilled the first oil well in Glenn Pool Field
J. Paul Getty (1892–1976), oilman founder of Getty Oil Company, who made his first million in Tulsa between 1914 and 1916
Thomas Gilcrease (1890–1962), oilman, founder of Gilcrease Museum
J. M. Hall (1851–1935), pioneer merchant in Tulsa, organized First Presbyterian Church
George Kaiser, chairman of BOK Financial Corporation
Henry Kravis, co-founder of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.
Joseph A LaFortune, (1894–1975), oilman and philanthropist
James H. McBirney (1870–1944), co-founder and president National Bank of Commerce in Tulsa
Sam P. McBirney (1877–1936), football coach and co-founder National Bank of Commerce in Tulsa
Robert M. McFarlin (1866–1942), oilman and philanthropist
Waite Phillips (1883–1964), oilman and philanthropist
Harry Ford Sinclair (1876–1956), founder of Sinclair Oil, co-founder of Exchange National Bank (later part of National Bank of Tulsa and Bank of Oklahoma; convicted of jury tampering during Teapot Dome scandal trial
Carolyn Mary Skelly (1905–1996), eccentric daughter of William Grove Skelly; oil heiress; dubbed the most robbed woman in the U.S. by the Boston Globe; socialite; hosted fundraisers for President George H.W. Bush, and Texas Governor John Connally
William G. Skelly (1877–1957), founder of Skelly Oil Company, Spartan Aircraft Company and Spartan School of Aeronautics, philanthropist
William K. Warren Sr. (1897–1990), founder of Warren Petroleum Corporation; philanthropist
John Smith Zink (1928–2005), engineer, owner of John Zink Industries, automobile racer
Music
Admiral Twin (Mark Carr, Jarrod Gollihare, John Russell, Brad Becker), rock band
The Agony Scene, metalcore band
Elvin Bishop, blues and rock music singer-songwriter, guitarist and bandleader
Garth Brooks, country music singer
Broncho, punk rock band with Ryan Lindsey, Johnathon Ford of Roadside Monument, and Nathan Price
Anita Bryant, singer
J. J. Cale, songwriter and musician, an originator of The Tulsa Sound
Capital Lights, pop rock band
Rodney Carrington country music singer and comedian
Jeff Carson, country musician
Chuck Cissel, singer and dancer
Annie Clark (St. Vincent)
Roy Clark, country musician
David Cook, 2008 American Idol winner
Denny Cordell, record producer, signed Tom Petty as part of Mudcrutch
Ester Dean, singer-songwriter
Joe Diffie, country musician
Phil Driscoll, trumpet player and singer, Christian and jazz musician
Ronnie Dunn (Brooks and Dunn)
Annie Ellicott, jazz, swing singer
Scott Ellison, electric blues guitarist, singer and songwriter
Ester Drang, indie band
Rocky Frisco, pianist for J.J. Cale; 2008 inductee into Oklahoma Blues Hall of Fame
The Gap Band, Charlie, Ronnie and Robert Wilson, R&B, funk, and soul band
David Gates, pop rock musician (Bread)
Hanson, Isaac, Taylor and Zac Hanson, Pop rock band
Gus Hardin, female country musician
Jacob Fred Jazz Odyssey, jazz band
William Johns, opera singer
Jim Keltner, drummer for the Traveling Wilburys
Tosca Kramer (1903–1976), violinist, violist, and music educator
Fredell Lack (1922–2017), violinist
Lega-C, rapper
Leon McAuliffe, steel guitarist Bob Wills And His Texas Playboys
Little Joe McLerran, singer, guitarist, recording artist and winner of 2009 International Blues Challenge
John Moreland, singer-songwriter
Jamie Oldaker, drummer, Eric Clapton, Bob Seger
Patti Page, singer
PDA, rapper
Pillar, band
Johnny Polygon, rapper
Carl Radle, musician, bassist for Derek and the Dominos
Ben Rector, singer-songwriter
Steve Ripley, engineer, producer, singer-songwriter and guitarist for The Tractors and Bob Dylan
Leon Russell, singer-songwriter, pianist, guitarist, an originator of The Tulsa Sound and founder of The Church Studio
SafetySuit, pop rock band
Jacob Sartorius, born in Tulsa but adopted and moved to upstate Virginia shortly after his birth
Natalie Sims, musician, songwriter and music executive
Andy Skib, guitarist, keyboardist in David Cook's band
Clyde Stacy, rockabilly musician
Ryan Tedder, producer, songwriter, lead singer of OneRepublic
David Teegarden, rock drummer with Teegarden & Van Winkle and with Bob Seger
Flash Terry, blues musician
Neal Tiemann, lead guitarist in David Cook's band
Wayman Tisdale (1964–2009), jazz musician and former professional basketball player
Dwight Twilley, poper pop, rock musician
Jared Tyler, singer-songwriter and producer
Unwed Sailor, instrumental indie rock
David T. Walker, session guitarist, famous for his work with Jackson 5, Bobby Womack, Levert and Stevie Wonder among others
Johnnie Lee Wills, western music band leader, brother of Bob Wills
Charlie Wilson, R&B singer and lead singer of The Gap Band
Bob Wootton, lead guitarist for the Tennessee Three
Tuck Andress, guitarist
Kristin Chenoweth, actress, singer and author
Dara Tucker, singer-songwriter and documentary filmmaker
AleXa, K-pop Idol
Politics
Tom Adelson, member of the Oklahoma State Senate
Bob Ballinger, member of the Arkansas House of Representatives, reared in Tulsa
Dewey F. Bartlett, former Governor of the state of Oklahoma and U.S. Senator
Dewey F. Bartlett Jr., former Mayor of Tulsa (2009–2016)
G. T. Bynum, Mayor of Tulsa (2016–present)
Jim R. Caldwell, retired Church of Christ minister and former member of the Arkansas State Senate
David Duke, former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan and former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives
David Hall, former Governor of the state of Oklahoma
James Inhofe, U.S. Senator
James R. Jones, former member of the U.S. House of Representatives, chairman of the American Stock Exchange
Frank Keating, former Governor of the state of Oklahoma
John Albert Knebel, Secretary of Agriculture in the Carter Administration
Sheila Kuehl, former actress, now California State Senator
Steve Largent, former member of the U.S. House of Representatives
Willian F. Martin, United States Deputy Secretary of Energy
Jim McConn, former Mayor of Houston, Texas, 1979–1981
Daniel Patrick Moynihan, former Democratic U.S. Senator representing New York was born in Tulsa.
George E. Nowotny, retired Tulsa businessman and former member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from Fort Smith
John A. Sullivan, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
Kathy Taylor, Mayor of Tulsa (2006–2009)
John Volz, attorney for the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, died in Tulsa in 2011
R. James Woolsey Jr., former director, Central Intelligence Agency
Terry Young, former Mayor of the City of Tulsa
Print
Mildred Grosberg Bellin, Jewish cookbook author
William Bernhardt, mystery/suspense fiction author
Daniel J. Boorstin (1914-2004), historian and writer; former Librarian of Congress
Cleora Butler (1901–1985), chef, caterer and cookbook writer
Dorothy Carnegie (1912–1998), author
P.C. Cast, author
John Hope Franklin, African American historian; namesake of John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park in Tulsa
Martin Gardner, author of works on philosophy, mathematics and literature
Sterling Gates, comic book writer (Supergirl, Action Comics)
Joy Harjo, poet, musician, and author. First Native American Poet Laureate, and first Poet Laureate from Oklahoma.
S.E. Hinton, author (The Outsiders, That Was Then, This Is Now, Tex)
Mercedes Lackey, science-fiction author
R.A. Lafferty, science-fiction author
Billie Letts, author, Where the Heart Is
Tracy Letts, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and actor (August: Osage County)
Joe McGuff, journalist and newspaper editor
Russell Myers, cartoonist, Broom-Hilda comic strip
Denver Nicks, journalist
Dan Piraro, cartoonist of the Bizarro comic strip
Nancy Speir, children's book illustrator
Grace Steele Woodward, writer and historian
William P. Steven, journalist and newspaper editor
Clifton Taulbert, author, Once Upon a Time When We Were Colored
Will Thomas, mystery fiction author
Mildred Ladner Thompson, reporter for The Wall Street Journal and Tulsa World
Michael Wallis, author, Route 66, Pretty Boy Floyd, Mankiller, Billy the Kid Voice Of Sheriff in The Cars Series
K. D. Wentworth, science-fiction author
Cornel West, theologian, author
Radio
Paul Harvey (1918–2009), radio personality
Roy D. Mercer, fictional radio character
Screen and stage
Pamela Bach, actress; ex-wife of David Hasselhoff
Marshall Bell, actor
William Boyd, aka Hopalong Cassidy, western actor (born in Hendrysburg, Belmont County, Ohio)
Max Burnett, TV writer, screenwriter and director
Gary Busey, actor
Cindy Chupack, screenwriter for Sex and the City
Larry Clark, film director and photographer
Iron Eyes Cody, actor
Jay Dee, comedian
Larry Drake, actor
Blake Edwards, film director
Sue England, actress
Bill Hader, actor, writer and comedian
Sterlin Harjo, filmmaker
Josh Henderson, actor
John Ingle, actor
Eva Jinek, news anchor
Jennifer Jones (1919–2009), actress
Heather Langenkamp, actress
Tommy Morrison, boxer and actor
Jerry Nelson, actor, puppeteer
Tim Blake Nelson, actor and director
Mary Kay Place, actress
Tony Randall, actor
Julián Rebolledo, actor and voice talent
Jack Roberts, actor
Gailard Sartain, actor
Mary Stuart, actress
Wes Studi, actor
Paula Trickey, actress
Jeanne Tripplehorn, actress
Stacy Valentine, porn star
Amber Valletta, actress and supermodel
Susan Watson, Broadway actress
Alfre Woodard, actress
Judy Woodruff, television journalist
Don Woods, meteorologist
Sports
Brent Albright, professional wrestler
Kelenna Azubuike, professional basketball player
Randy Blake, kickboxer
Bill Blankenship, football coach, head coach at University of Tulsa
Anthony Bowie, basketball player
Michael Bowie, former Seattle Seahawks offensive tackle
Jordan Brailford, defensive end for the Atlanta Falcons
Dylan Bundy, baseball pitcher for the Minnesota Twins
Mikey Burnett, mixed martial artist
Patrick Callan, competitive swimmer
Dale Cook, kickboxer and actor
Bobby Cox (born 1941), player, manager and Baseball Hall of Famer
Richard Dumas, professional basketball player for the Phoenix Suns
Ebi Ere, basketball player for Melbourne Tigers
Terrance Ferguson, basketball player for the Philadelphia 76ers
Justin Fuente, head football coach, Virginia Tech
Reuben Gant, football player for Buffalo Bills
Matt Gogel, professional golfer
Bill Goldberg (born 1966), professional NFL football player and undefeated wrestler
Todd Graham, head coach of Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team (2007–2010)
Matt Grice, mixed martial arts fighter
Tommy Hanson, baseball pitcher
Chris Harris Jr., NFL, Cornerback
Gerald Harris, mixed martial artist
Thomas Hatch, pitcher for the Toronto Blue Jays
Marques Haynes, Harlem Globetrotters player, Basketball Hall of Famer
David Heath, mixed martial artist
Randy Heckenkemper, golf course designer
Daxton Hill, NFL, Safety
Justice Hill, NFL, Running back
Koyie Hill, Major League Baseball catcher
Josh Jacobs, NFL, Running back
Zach Jackson (pitcher, born 1994), Major League Baseball, pitcher for the Oakland Athletics
Felix Jones, Dallas Cowboys Running back
Dallas Keuchel, pitcher for the Chicago White Sox
Jim King, NBA player and Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball coach
Jeff Krosnoff, Championship Auto Racing Teams driver
Steve Largent, Seattle Seahawks wide receiver, Pro Football Hall of Famer, politician
Kevin Lilly, NFL player
Kevin Lockett, NFL player
Tyler Lockett, NFL player
Zach Loyd, soccer player
Lee Mayberry, professional basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks
Sam P. McBirney, coach of Tulsa Golden Hurricane football (1914–1916)
R. W. McQuarters, professional football cornerback
Robert Meachem, New Orleans Saints wide receiver
Kenny Monday, Olympic gold medalist and World Champion in freestyle wrestling
Joe-Max Moore, soccer forward, U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame 2013
Reece Morrison, NFL player
Tommy Morrison (1969-2013), boxer, heavyweight contender and actor, Rocky V
Ray Murphy, Jr., collegiate wrestler and 1989 Handicapped Person of the Year
Charlie O'Brien, professional baseball catcher
Janice O'Hara, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
Peter Ramondetta, professional skateboarder
Nolan Richardson (born 1941), basketball coach for University of Tulsa and University of Arkansas, coach and general manager WNBA's Tulsa Shock
Henry Schichtle, football player
Tubby Smith (born 1951), basketball coach
John Starks, basketball player
Ricky Stromberg (born 2000), American football player
Iciss Tillis, professional basketball player for WNBA's Washington Mystics
James "Quick" Tillis, boxer, heavyweight contender and actor
Wayman Tisdale (1964–2009), professional basketball player and musician
Matt Wiman, mixed martial arts fighter
Darryl Wren, gridiron football player
John Smith Zink, automobile racing
Religion
Finis Alonzo Crutchfield, Jr., (1916–1986), United Methodist Church bishop, minister of Boston Avenue United Methodist Church, died in Tulsa
Paul Vernon Galloway (1904–1990), Minister of Boston Avenue United Methodist Church, later Methodist bishop
Willie George, children's show actor and pastor
Charles William Kerr (1875–1951), first permanent Protestant minister in Tulsa
Carlton Pearson (born 1953), evangelist
Oral Roberts (1918–2009), pioneer televangelist, founder of Oral Roberts University, affiliated with United Methodist church
Mother Grace Tucker (1919-2012), Evangelical Christian pastor and philanthropist
John B. Wolf (1925–2017), minister of All Souls Unitarian Universalist Church
Other
Bobby Baldwin, professional poker player (1978 world champion) and casino executive; born in Tulsa
Deborah Barnes, judge of the Oklahoma Appellate Court (1987-present); daughter in law of the late Justice Don Barnes
Don Barnes (judge), born in Tulsa, Justice of the Oklahoma State Supreme Court (1972-1985)
Jennifer Berry, Miss America 2006
Butler, Phillip N., the eighth longest-held US prisoner of war in North Vietnam, president of Veterans for Peace
Roscoe Cartwright, first black Field Artilleryman promoted to Brigadier General.
Mike Doonesbury, main character in Garry Trudeau's comic strip Doonesbury
Viola Fletcher, survivor of the Tulsa race massacre
John Duncan Forsyth (1887–1963), architect
W. R. Holway (1893–1981), engineer, designer of Spavinaw water project
Robert Lawton Jones (1925–2018), architect noted for his contributions to modern architecture
Olivia Jordan, Miss World America 2013, Miss Oklahoma USA 2015, Miss USA 2015
Joseph R. Koberling, Jr. (1900–1990), architect
Charles Page (1860–1926), philanthropist and founder of Sand Springs
Leon B. Senter (1889-1965), architect
William Angie Smith (1894–1974), Methodist Bishop of Oklahoma
Mother Grace Tucker, pastor and philanthropist
References
Tulsa
Tulsa, Oklahoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Tulsa%2C%20Oklahoma |
The Dvals (, Dvalebi; , Twaltæ) were a ethnographic group of Georgians. their lands lying on both sides of the central Greater Caucasus mountains, somewhere between the Darial and Mamison gorges. This historic territory mostly covers the north of Kartli, parts of the Racha and Khevi regions in Georgia and south of Ossetia in Russia.
Etymology
The name of the Dvals (, ) is found in old Georgian annals. Their land was called Dvaleti (დვალეთი. Dvalet`i) after them.
The ethnonym survived to modern times as "Twal" and "Urs-Twal" ( meaning "white Twals"). The Georgian surname Dvali (დვალი), Dvalishvili (დვალიშვილი), Dvalidze(დვალიძე) and Ossetian Tuallagov/Twallægtæ also come from the name Dvals.
History
When the Mongols destroyed the Alanian kingdom in the Northern Caucasus in the 13th–14th centuries, the Ossetes migrated across the Caucasus mountains. In a part of Dvaletia they formed their community called Tualläg. The Dvals were pushed southward and, as a result, the process of their assimilation into the Georgians and Ossetes accelerated. By the early 18th century it was complete. The term Dvaleti retained only a geographic meaning, narrowed to refer solely to the area around the Kudaro valley in the west (modern-day Java district in South Ossetia/Shida Kartli).
Language and origin
There are different theories about the Dvals origins.
Georgian theory
Throughout the history of Georgian statehood, even after its inclusion into the Russian Empire, Dvaleti had always been considered an integral part of Kartli
From the 15th century on Ossetians start to settle in Dvaleti province, located in the Northern part of the main Caucasus Range. This continued throughout the 16th century, while in the 17th century, assimilation of the local Georgian ethnic group of Dvalians draws to its end. Before the settlement of Ossetians in Dvaleti, a major part of the Dvalians had migrated to different parts of Georgia: Shida Kartli, Kvemo Kartli, Imereti, Racha.
Russia annexed Kartli-Kakheti in 1801 along with Dvaleti. In 1858 Dvaleti was administratively detached from Tiflis Governorate, and attached to the Tersky district of Russia.
Vakhushti Bagrationi pointed out that “the language they speak is old, Dvalian, but presently they use Ossetian as if it were their native tongue”. V. Gamrekeli regarded Dvalians Vainakhs, Kartvelian Vainakhs to be more exact. V. Gamrekeli believed that the Kartization of the Dvalians occurred in the 7th century, when the Kartlian population, fatigued by the Arab rule, had migrated. The author later changed his views, and in an article published in Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia he recognized the Dvalians as Kartvelian tribes, namely Zans. Some scholars point that they were not exactly Zan but represented one the Kartvelian languages. The last of the Georgian authors to address the issue of Dvalian origins was B. Gamkrelidze, who arrived at the conclusion that “Dvaleti, from ancient times, culturally, and administratively had always been an integral part of the Georgian world″.
Another detail to prove their Kartvelian origin is the absence of crypts in Dvaleti. Crypts were encountered only in Chechnya and Ingushetia, while Chechens and Ingush were recognized as skillful builders and used to build the crypts not only in their native lands but in neighbouring Ossetia as well. It is suggested that if the Dvalians had been related to the Vainakhs, the culture of crypt building
would have existed among them as well.
Nakh theory
According to a number of historians and linguists, the Dvals probably spoke a Nakh language. Gamrekeli (a Georgian historian) provides the typical version of the Nakh theory, stating that the Dvals had a language clearly distinct from that of the Ossetes (who eventually migrated onto their land) and akin (but not equivalent to) to the Vainakh languages.
Backing the theory that the Dvals were Nakh are numerous sources.
The people directly to their West (the Malkh; in the northern part of their territory in Southern North Ossetia-"Alania"; not the South Caucasian part where the Svans bordered them) are already more or less confirmed to be Nakh in origin.
There is evidence produced by the German Caucasologist, Heinz Fähnrich, of extensive Nakh-Svan contact before the advent of Iranian-speaking invaders. Thus, in order to have extensive contact with the Svans, enough for the strong Nakh influence detected by Fähnrich in Svan, a Nakh people must have lived close to them. However, without the Dvals or at least a people who lived on their territory before them being Nakh, this could not have happened, as the Malkh, the closest people, lived across one of the most difficult parts of the Caucasus, and to this day the modern inhabitants of Malkhia and the Svans have little if any contact with each other. The Georgian historian Melikishvilli argued, using the similarity in name to the old Vainakh clan Dvali, that the Dvals were akin to the Vainakh (i.e. a Nakh people) but distinct and that a remnant of them became absorbed by the Vainakh proper (as was confirmed happened with actually confirmed Nakh peoples, such as the Malkh after they declined).
Kuznetsov notes the presence of Nakh placenames in South- and North Ossetia: including Tsei, Leah and Leah-hee (Liakhvi).
Almost all historians agree that the Dvals were not Alans. If they were really Scythians, it would be unlikely that they would have diverged so sharply in such a small area; especially considering that in the Caucasus, many peoples that no longer formed an ethnic unity and already had been separated for a long period were still considered as one.
Ossetian theory
Another theory is that the Dvals were an Ossetian speaking people. According to this, they were among first Ossetes to settle in the southern Caucasus. Evidence for the Ossetian theory also draws from various elements:
In 1957 an example of text thought by some to be Dval was found in Dvaleti. It was written with a Syrian-nestorian writing system.
Original text, provided by Turchanikov:
hcawj acgar ama[r]di a jnn mishnq jtkajin ish kwtwn ljkchh khnkn dan aljka ja ctj (m) mhhh at r k jz azj
Translation to english
Modern Ossetic form:
Xwycwy agcar amardi a jyn mysinag y tyxa jyn yz kotton ...
Translation to english
Much of former Dvaleti is now populated by Ossetes. Although the Dvals were clearly not Alans, similarity could have aided the assimilation of the remainder of the conquered Dvals
Modern day Ossetes living in the old territory of the Dvals (who some believe to be partially descended from the Dvals), are called Tuals in the north and Urs-Tuals in the south, and speak the Tual dialect of the Ossetic language.
Accomplishments
The most prominent Dvals were, perhaps, the 11th–13th calligraphers – John, Michael, Stephen, and George – who worked at various Georgian Orthodox monasteries abroad, chiefly in Jerusalem and at the Mount Athos, and created several fine examples of old Georgian manuscripts, e.g. The Months and The Vitae of St Basil (John the Dval, circa 1055), and the so-called Labechini Gospels (George the Dval, 13th century). Another famous Dval calligrapher was Vola Tliag ( meaning "Vola from Tli") who worked over Kapelle of Nuzal.
The Orthodox church venerates also the memory of St Nicholas of Dvaletia, a Dval monk from the Georgian monastery at Jerusalem, who was martyred, on October 19, 1314, at the order of Amir Denghiz for having preached Christianity. He was canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church.
See also
Dvaleti
History of Georgia
References
Further reading
Gagloity Y. Formation of the southern branch of Ossetian people
Gamrekeli V. N., The Dvals and Dvaletia in the 1st to 15th centuries AD, Tbilisi, 1961 (A monograph in Russian)
Vaneev Z. To the question on Dvals (A criticism of Gamrekrli in Russian)
Tekhov B. V., Studies in old history and archaeology of South Ossetia, Tbilisi, 1971 (A monograph in Russian)
Vaneev Z. Selected works on the history of the Ossetian people, Tskhinvali, 1989 (A monograph in Russian)
Graham Smith, Edward A Allworth, Vivien A Law, Annette Bohr, Andrew Wilson, Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities, Cambridge University Press (September 10, 1998), , page 60
Dzatiaty R. Role of the towers in the social structure of society (in Russian)
Peoples of the Caucasus
Ossetia
Ancient peoples of Georgia (country) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvals |
Dark Canyon Wilderness is a designated Wilderness Area in the heart of southeast Utah's canyon country, part of the Bears Ears National Monument. The wilderness is named for its high steep walls that narrow in the lower section so that they block the light in the morning and late afternoon. The roughly horseshoe-shaped wilderness is made up of the upper part of Dark Canyon and two major tributaries, Woodenshoe Canyon and Peavine Canyon in the Manti-La Sal National Forest. These canyons all descend from pine-covered Elk Ridge northeast of Natural Bridges National Monument. Dark Canyon continues west within a U.S. Bureau of Land Management primitive area that is recommended for wilderness designation. The last of the main canyon drop steeply through Glen Canyon National Recreation Area into Lake Powell.
On December 28, 2016 President Barack Obama proclaimed the 1.35 million acre Bears Ears National Monument, that includes both the Dark Canyon Wilderness and the adjacent Dark Canyon Primitive Area.
Life zones range from ponderosa pine and aspen-covered high country to desert vegetation in the bottom of Dark Canyon. High terraced castle-like sandstone walls tower above the canyon floors. Wildlife species include mule deer, some mountain lions, black bear and bighorn sheep. This diverse canyon country contains arches, springs, seeps and hanging gardens.
Water sources in Dark Canyon are often widely separated, and some have dried up entirely in recent drought years. Thunderstorms can result in powerful flash floods that scour the canyon streambeds.
Wilderness visitors may see evidence of the Ancestral Puebloan culture, with several ruins of cliff dwellings in the region.
All the trails dropping into the canyons are moderate but they can be difficult, if not impossible, to find and follow until you reach the bottoms of the canyons. Peavine Canyon contains a cherry-stem jeep trail. The Forest Service once recommended closing the area to vehicles but this corridor was kept open as a compromise in the Utah Wilderness Act of 1984.
See also
National Wilderness Preservation System
List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
Wilderness Act
References
External links
Bears Ears National Monument
Bureau of Land Management areas in Utah
Manti-La Sal National Forest
Native American history of Utah
Pre-Columbian cultural areas
Protected areas of San Juan County, Utah
Wilderness areas of Utah
Protected areas established in 1984
1984 establishments in Utah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20Canyon%20Wilderness |
Justice for All () is a Hong Kong television game show produced by Television Broadcasts Limited. The show is hosted by Carol Cheng; however, it also invites 3 guests and 2 lawyers to explain the answers. The first season was aired from April 25 to May 29, 2005. The second season was aired from September 19 to October 28, 2005. The third season was aired from May 20 to July 1, 2006.
Gameplay
In every episode, there are 100 participants. The show will provide 2 law documents on video, and will then ask a question that is related to the video. The participants will then have to choose either one of the answers, and so are the invited guests. After that the participants will have a chance to correct their answers. One of the lawyers will then explain the answers.
Hong Kong legal television series
TVB original programming
2000s game shows
2000s legal television series
Hong Kong game shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice%20for%20All%20%28game%20show%29 |
Eli (or Elijah) ben Joseph Chabillo ( or Habillo) was a Spanish philosopher who lived in Monzón, Aragon, in the second half of the fifteenth century.
He was an admirer of the Christian scholastics, and studied Latin in order to translate into Hebrew some of their works, especially those dealing with psychology. The works which he partly translated and partly adapted (some bearing his name; others, though anonymous, known to be his) were the following
By Thomas Aquinas
Quæstiones Disputatæ, Quæstio de Anima
De Animæ Facultatibus (Hebrew title Ma'amar be-Kochot ha-Nefesh), published by Adolf Jellinek in Philosophie und Kabbala, Leipzig, 1854
De Universalibus
She'elot Ma'amar be-Nimtza ube-Mahut questions on Thomas Aquinas' treatise on being and quality
By Occam
Three treatises of Summa Totius Logices to which he added an appendix
Quæstiones Philosophicæ
By Aristotle
De Causa thirty-two premises, with their explanations.
According to Jellinek and Moritz Steinschneider, Chabillo also translated, anonymously, Vincent of Beauvais' De Universalibus under the title Ma'amar Nikbad bi-Kelal.
References
Spanish philosophers
15th-century Spanish philosophers
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
15th-century translators
15th-century Spanish writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah%20ben%20Joseph%20Chabillo |
Harun bin Idris (Jawi: ; 22 December 1925 – 19 October 2003) was a Malaysian politician and the 8th Menteri Besar of Selangor. Apart from his career in politics, Harun Idris (as he is informally known) was heavily involved in sports particularly organising the Muhammad Ali vs Joe Bugner fight in Kuala Lumpur as well as overseeing Malaysia and Selangor football teams' most successful periods. Harun was the president of the Football Association Selangor from 1961 to 1983 and was the manager of the Malaysian National team in the 1972 Olympics. Harun is widely acknowledged to be responsible for unearthing some of Malaysia’s best talents such as Santokh Singh, Soh Chin Ann and even the late Mokhtar Dahari.
Early life
Harun was born in Petaling, Selangor on 21 July 1925. His early schooling was in both Malay and English mediums (he attended Victoria Institute in 1936) and in the 1940s he joined the Malayan Peoples’ Anti-Japanese Army against the Japanese occupation of Malaya.
He was one of the founders of the Selangor Malays Union, and joined UMNO in 1949
Subsequently he joined the Malay Administrative Service and worked as an assistant district officer in the districts of Gemas and Tampin. The year 1951 saw him serve under Malaysia’s first PM Tunku Abdul Rahman as a magistrate in Kuala Lumpur. Two years later his good work earned him a scholarship to read law in Middle Temple, England. Returning two years later, Dato Harun held the position of the President of the Sessions Court in Taiping. When Malaya gained her independence in 1957, Dato Harun was made a Deputy Public Prosecutor and was later the Acting Registrar of Societies and the Official Assignee of the Federation of Malaya. A year later, he was appointed the State Legal Adviser for Selangor. The call from a career in politics was too strong to resist and in 1964 Dato Harun resigned from said position and was appointed as Menteri Besar of Selangor after being elected the state assemblyman for the constituency of Morib.
Political career
In March 1964, having won the State Assembly seat for Morib, Selangor, Dato Seri Harun was elected to the UMNO Supreme Council and served as Selangor Umno liaison chief from 1964 to 1976. From 1964 to 1976, Dato Seri Harun was appointed the eighth Chief Minister of Selangor, after Datuk Abu Bakar Baginda and he was the longest serving Chief Minister of Selangor, holding office for exactly 12 years, until his resignation in April 1976.
From the early 1970s until 1976, Harun was the Head of UMNO Youth and Supreme Council member. He was then expelled from UMNO and charged with corruption by the government, due to his abuse of state funds. The chief investigating officer on the corruption case (16 counts of corruption) was Ang Chooi Tuan KMN, AMN, the highest ranking Anti-Corruption Agency non-Malay/non-UMNO officer.
Harun's career was marred by the 13 May racial riots, which had been triggered by a political rally held at his residence in the national capital of Kuala Lumpur. Harun, who was perceived as a proponent of ketuanan Melayu (Malay supremacy, although this exact phrase was not in use at the time), had seen UMNO suffer several losses in the Selangor State Assembly during the 1969 general election. As a result, the opposition held a celebration rally in the state, a counter rally was then held with Malays gathering at Idris' house in Kampong Baru, which quickly spiralled out of control. The discipline of those at the rally soon broke down, and the rally turned into a riot which lasted two days and cost at least 180 lives.
Harun's role in the riot is not exactly clear and reports are conflicting. On one hand it is claimed that he was responsible for ordering the counter-rally, and even as far as supplying the Malays who gathered at his house with knives and machetes. Another report states that after meeting in large numbers at Harun's official residence in Jalan Raja Muda near Kampong Bahru, and hearing inflammatory speeches by Harun and other leaders, the Malay mobs prepared themselves by tying ribbon strips on their foreheads and set out to kill Chinese. The first victims of the riots were two Chinese that were in a van opposite Idris' house watching the large gathering.
On the other, some claim that Dato Harun had worked to de-escalate the situation, even saving a number of Chinese people that were being targeted by Malay rioters. One of them was the late Tan Chee Khoon, the then-Leader of the Opposition. In an article written on 24 June 1981 titled 'Datuk Harun and the May 13 Tragedy', Chee Khoon exonerates Harun by arguing that
Dato Harun was too busy organising the formation of the Selangor State Government and as a result could not have organised the counter-rally
According to intelligence sources, various armed groups had infiltrated Kuala Lumpur with malicious intent
Dato Harun had driven a number of Chinese people in this car to the Campbell Road Police Station
Chee Khoon concludes the article by writing "I have related this story not with the idea of reviving an old controversy but to show that Datuk Harun was not out for the blood of chinese in those days of tragedy as claimed in some quarters".
He served as Kuala Langat Umno Division Chief for 3 years until 1984. Dato Seri Harun also served as a council member of the Selangor Royal Council from 1994 until his demise. On 15 November 1986 he was called to the Malaysian Bar and thereafter returned to his old profession of law practice and became a senior partner of Harun Idris, Yeoh & Partners actively practising law until his demise.
Harun served as Semangat 46 Supreme Council member and Selangor Chief for a brief period from 1987 to 1990. In the year 2000, Dato Seri Harun rejoined Umno and was a member of the Umno SS7 Sri Dagang Branch, in the Subang Division of Selangor.
Dato Seri Harun died after a short illness on 19 October 2003 at the age of 77 and is survived by his wife Datin Seri Salmah Sulaiman, three sons, three daughters, 18 grandchildren and 22 great-grandchildren.
Election results
Honours
:
Recipient of the Malaysian Commemorative Medal (Gold) (PPM) (1965)
:
Companion of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (SMS) (1963)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (SPMS) – Dato' Seri (1971)
Notes
References
Malaysia: The Making of a Nation, Boon Kheng Cheah, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2002,
Bibliography
Bruce Gale, Politics and public enterprise in Malaysia, Eastern Universities Press, 1981,
1925 births
2003 deaths
Chief Ministers of Selangor
Members of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly
Selangor state executive councillors
Malaysian people of Javanese descent
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
Mandailing people
20th-century Malaysian lawyers
Recipients of Malaysian royal pardons
Prisoners and detainees of Malaysia
United Malays National Organisation politicians
Parti Melayu Semangat 46 politicians
Independent politicians in Malaysia
Members of the Middle Temple
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor
Malaysian politicians convicted of crimes
Malaysian politicians convicted of corruption | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun%20Idris |
Louis-Casimir Teyssier (1821 in Albi – 1916 at Albi) was a French commander.
Life
He was recruited to the 21st regiment. As a lieutenant, he was wounded in Crimea, near Sevastopol and made a prisoner. He was released in December 15, 1855. made prisoner of war there he returned to France December 15, 1855. Serving in the 98th Regiment of the Line he was again wounded at Montebello, Italy in 1859. Afterwards he commanded a battalion of the 78th regiment of the line and in 1870 he was appointed commander of the fortress of Bitche. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 he defended the fortress with 3,000 men against about 20,000 Prussian and Bavarian soldiers until the French government ordered him to surrender after the cease fire in 1871. The German troops allowed the French troops to leave Bitche fully armed in acknowledgement of their braveness. He became commander of Marseille in May 1871 and Vicennes in 1872 as colonel.
Decorations and honors
Commander Légion d'honneur
Saint Helena Medal
Medal of Cécile Mulequiès
British Crimea Medal
Italian Campaign medal
Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Sardinia)
Order of Ernst August awarded 1873 (Hannover)
The city of Albi erected a monument in his honor and named streets after him, while the city of Bitche named a street and its public general high school, Lycée Teyssier, after him.
Further reading
Léon Belot, Le Colonel Teyssier, défenseur de Bitche, p 143, Corbière et Julien, 1911
Eugène Guesquin, Bitche et ses défenseurs (1870-1871), hommage au colonel Teyssier, souvenir à l'Alsace-Lorraine, p. 502 Coulommiers, Impr. de P. Brodard, 1900
Henri Maynard, Le Colonel Teyssier : héros de Bitche, 1870, p. 4, 1959
.
People from Albi
1821 births
1916 deaths
French military officers
French people of the Franco-Prussian War
French military personnel of the Crimean War
Commanders of the Legion of Honour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Casimir%20Teyssier |
KNUS (710 AM) is a News/Talk radio station licensed in the city of Denver, Colorado. The station serves the Denver/Boulder Metropolitan area. 710 KNUS is owned and operated by Salem Media Group under licensee Salem Media of Colorado, Inc. and features programming from CBS News Radio, Genesis Communications Network, Salem Radio Network, and Westwood One. Studios are located in Aurora and the transmitter is located in Brighton.
The 710 KNUS weekday lineup includes local hosts Peter Boyles, Steffan Tubbs, with Randy Corporon, Mike Boyle, Jimmy Sengenberger, and Matt Dunn handling weekend shifts. 710 KNUS is similar to many of Salem's other talk stations, airing hosts Dennis Prager, Hugh Hewitt, Mark Levin, and Sebastian Gorka. 710 KNUS is a CBS News Radio affiliate and a member of the Associated Press and winner of the Colorado Broadcasters Association's 2018 Best Regularly Scheduled Newscast award.
History of KNUS
KNUS came on the air as KMYR in May 1941 on 1340 kHz. It moved to 710 kHz in April 1956. When it was KBTR, it had a news partnership with KBTV (now KUSA-TV); this ended sometime in the mid-1980s. From the 1970s to the late 1980s, it was owned by Mullins Broadcasting. In the late 1980s, the station changed its name to KBXG when it was bought by a Boulder coal company. In the 1990s, the station was the home of Ken Hamblin, Gary Tessler, Alan Dumas, Carol McKinley, Nia Bender, Pierre Wolfe, Mason Lewis, Warren Byrne, Gabby Gourmet, Ron Krieter, and many others. At one point in 1991, it had Peter Boyles 5:00 am till 9:00 am, Gary Tessler 9:00 till 1:00. Ken Hamblin 1:00 till 4:00, Jim Turner 4:00 till 8:00 and Jann Scott 8:00 till Midnight. It broadcast from the 23rd floor studios of the Tabor Center.
710 AM would simulcast then-sister KBPI from 1988 to 1989.
In 1993, KNUS was Denver's first station to carry The Rush Limbaugh Show. When Limbaugh came to Fort Collins for an appearance, thousands of people showed up. Jann Scott also did a live show from Fort Collins where some negative comments were made about Rush. Limbaugh heard the show from his hotel room and came over. Limbaugh and Scott bantered back and forth and then ended up telling jokes and talking to the crowd for two hours.
Former on-air
Alan Berg, Ken Hamblin, Jann Scott, Marty Nalitz, Jimmy Lakey, Mike Rosen, Alan Dumas, Jim Turner, Gary Tessler, Carol McKinley, Nia Bender, Brandon Scott, Pierre Wolfe, Warren Byrne, Gabby Gourmet, Mason Lewis, Bill Jones, Connor Shreve, Steve Kelley, Krista Kafer, Dan Caplis, Chuck Bonniwell and Julie Hayden, Craig Silverman.
Peter Boyles returned to 710 KNUS in the summer of 2013 after being fired by another talk radio station for racially intensive material.
Chuck and Julie Show controversy
On December 18, 2019 the Chuck & Julie show was cancelled after co-host Chuck Bonniwell stated, when introducing a segment discussing the impeachment of Donald Trump, "You know, you wish for a nice school shooting to interrupt the nonstop impeachment coverage. " This happened one week after another KNUS host, Kirk Widlund denied allegations that he had posted white-supremacist memes online.
References
External links
Denver Radiog: 80 Years of Change by Tom Mulvey – Advertising & Marketing Review.
Denver's KBTR/71: "Home of the All Americans" – Denver Radio Memories.
NUS
Radio stations established in 1988
Salem Media Group properties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNUS |
In photographic optics, the Zeiss formula is a supposed formula for computing a circle of confusion (CoC) criterion for depth of field (DoF) calculations. The formula is , where is the diagonal measure of a camera format, film, sensor, or print, and the maximum acceptable diameter of the circle of confusion.
The Zeiss formula is apocryphal, in the sense that it has grown to be a well-known named concept by propagation through the internet, even though it has no official origin, little connection to Carl Zeiss Company, and no recognition or usage in the photographic industry outside the web community.
The number 1/1730 derives from a circle of confusion diameter of 0.025 mm on a full-frame 35 mm film format, with diagonal size about 43.25 mm (43.25/0.025 is 1730). The CoC size of 0.025 mm for this format appears in Jacobson's Photographic Lenses Tutorial,
and the 1730 in his 1996 Photographic Lenses FAQ.
Jacobson derived the 0.025 mm CoC number from analysis of the Zeiss Triotar lens DoF markings on the Rollei B35 (see photo). The manual for the Rollei B35 also states 0.025 mm CoC for its tabulated DoF distances, though it also includes an example DoF reading that implies a larger CoC.
By 2001, the term "Zeiss formula" had appeared, in the manual for the on-line DoF calculator f/calc.
On the other hand, Zeiss gives the values d/1000 as the traditional standard and d/1500 as the modern standard.
See also
Circle of confusion
Depth of field
Hyperfocal distance
References
Science of photography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeiss%20formula |
The Swabian children (German: Schwabenkinder) were peasant children from poor families in the Alps of Austria and Switzerland who went to find work on farms in Upper Swabia and the Swabian Jura. Usually they were sent by their parents to become seasonal workers. They were taken in spring and brought to the child markets in Germany, mainly in Upper Swabia, where they would be purchased or "rented" by farmers for the season. This use of children as workers was most widespread in the 19th century.
The march over the Alps to Germany proved often difficult and exhausting. Usually their guide was a priest, who was also responsible for ensuring the children had a warm stable to sleep in.
The marches were large, organised groups of several thousand children, taken over the snow-covered mountains often still dressed in rags. It was not uncommon for five and six-year-old children to be taken.
The American press began a campaign in 1908 exposing the Swabian children, describing the child market in Friedrichshafen as a "barely concealed slave market".
The child markets were abolished in 1915, yet the trade of children did not end completely until compulsory schooling for foreign children was introduced in Württemberg in 1921.
Many immigration certificates from Swabia show surnames typical of Tyrol and other regions the children were taken from (e.g. Braxmeier from Braxmarer).
Film
, TV film (first aired 2003), director: Jo Baier, actors: Tobias Moretti, Vadim Glowna
The movie is based on the novel "Die Schwabenkinder – Die Geschichte des Kaspanaze" ("The Swabian Children – The Story of Kaspanaze") by ().
Film synopsis: After his mother is killed in an avalanche, the farmer boy Kaspar is sent by his struggling father to work in Swabia. Together with other children from the village, their guide (Tobias Moretti) brings the group to the child market at Ravensburg. There the miraculous story begins: The brutal treatment of the boy by the farmer, his escape, emigration to the United States, and final home coming to his village many years later to visit his dying father.
Migrant workers
Child labour
History of Swabia
Upper Swabia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian%20children |
The Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) was a military training program instituted by the United States Army during World War II to meet wartime demands both for junior officers and soldiers with technical skills. Conducted at 227 American universities, it offered training in such fields as engineering, foreign languages, and medicine.
The ASTP differed from the V-12 Navy College Training Program in producing technically trained personnel rather than officers as its primary goal, though recruits were told that they had the opportunity to become officers upon completion. The program was approved in September 1942, implemented in December of that year, and drastically curtailed in February 1944.
History
Inception
After the attack on Pearl Harbor sparked U.S. entry into the war, the Army suspended certain advanced elements of Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) training. This was a particularly problematic situation for the nation's numerous land-grant universities, whose constitutions include the legal agreement to train "militia." A program that could provide a "continuous and accelerated flow of high grade technicians and specialists needed by the Army" would both help the war effort, offset ROTC enrollment turndown, and keep universities operating when most, if not all, male students would be absent. Colonel Herman Beukema, a professor of history at West Point, was named director of the Army Specialized Training Program, responsible for sending over 200,000 soldiers to 227 colleges at cost of $127,000,000. The program was proposed in September 1942, formally announced in December 1942, and began with a pilot program on college campuses in the spring of 1943. A maximum of 150,000 men were authorized to be enrolled in the program at any one time.
Army Specialized Training Reserve Program
During the late part of the 1942–1943 academic year, a national testing program was conducted among the male college and high school student bodies to determine acceptance into the ASTP or the V-12 college training program. A maximum of 25,000 high school graduates were offered scholarships through the Army Specialized Training Reserve Program (ASTRP). Examinees had to be older than 17 but not older than 18 years old, designate "Army" preference, meet or exceed the cutoff of the test (approximately one standard deviation minimum above the mean), and enlist in the Enlisted Reserve Corps and be found physically qualified for general military service. Reservists were called to active duty at the end of the academic term in which they turned 18.
Institutions
Unlike the Navy's V-12 college training program, the Army's criteria for the ASTP predominantly favored large, state flagship institutions. All colleges and universities having advanced ROTC programs (i.e., all land-grant universities) were assigned to have ASTP detachments. If an institution had an engineering program, it had to be accredited by the Engineers Council for Professional Development. No institution would be chosen to have programs of two or more services (ASTP. Army Air Forces College Training Program or Navy V-12) unless it could accommodate a total of 1,000 or more trainees. Only 53 institutions had programs of two services and just two (the University of Minnesota and Pennsylvania State University) sponsored all three. By the fall of 1943, the Army had 321 ASTP contracts with 227 different institutions. Six of these were historically black colleges and universities: Howard University; Meharry Medical College; North Carolina A&T; Prairie View State College; West Virginia State College; Wilberforce University.
Students
Requirements
Entry requirements were high. Potential candidates included all enlisted men who were completing or who had completed basic training and had scored at least 110 (later 115) on the Army General Classification Test, a Stanford-Binet-type IQ test, compared to 110 for OCS candidates. Score requirements for certain specific programs were even higher. If under 22 years old, they had to have completed high school or its equivalent along with specified mathematics courses; if older than 22 years old, a minimum of one year of college, and "substantial background" in one or more languages, or a year of mathematics and physics, or biology.
Demographics
Civilians
During the national testing program, roughly 400,000 civilians were tested for pre-induction eligibility for the ASTP. Additional tests were conducted in November 1943 and March 1944.
Soldiers
The majority of participants in the ASTP were already on active duty in the Army. Enlisted men were also given the qualifying test, and accepted only at the rank of private. In the spring of 1942, the Army had allowed men in colleges and universities studying specific subjects to enlist in the Enlisted Reserve Corps and defer a call to active duty until they had completed their degree requirements, left or dropped out, or were called to active duty by the Secretary of War; one in seven chose to do so. The director of the War Manpower Commission announced in August 1942 that the destiny of all male students would be the armed forces, and the Secretary of War soon announced the termination of the program effective in the spring of 1943. Reservists who had been found qualified for further training under the ASTP were sent to basic training, and then assessed again when they returned.
Because so many men had graduated from ROTC and received commissions – 93,000 by March 1942, outnumbering Regular Army officers by three to one – men who wanted to advance had few choices. Moving up through the ASTP seemed like a promising alternative.
ROTC
The advanced ROTC program was suspended in its entirety in the spring of 1943 and no new contracts were issued for the duration of the war. The basic ROTC was kept intact as part of the military indoctrination for the Army Specialized Training Reserve Program. Several major categories of ROTC students existed:
Members of the normal college class of 1942, who had completed a full four-year program plus the summer camp.
Members of the normal college class of 1943 who had chosen to accelerate their studies via summer sessions offered in 1942 that gave a full semester or quarter of credit. These men graduated with a completed advanced course minus the summer camp at the end of 1942 if on the semester calendar, or in the early spring of 1943 if on the quarter calendar. These men, along with the members of the normal class of 1943, then went directly to officer candidate schools.
Members of the normal college class of 1944 who had taken the 1942 summer session. These men graduated in the fall of 1943 with a partially complete (either three semesters out of four or four quarters out of six) advanced course. These men also went directly to officer-candidate schools, although some men attending institutions on the quarter calendar were allowed to remain in school through the summer quarter to ease congestion in officer-candidate schools.
Members of the normal college class of 1945 who had taken the 1942 summer session, called "ROTC juniors." If their institution was on the semester calendar, they were due to begin advanced ROTC in the spring semester of 1943. They, along with the remaining members of the normal class of 1944, were sent to basic training after the spring semester ended.
After returning from basic training in the early fall of 1943, The ROTC juniors were allowed to resume their civilian curricula at the institutions they were attending or act as instructors in basic ROTC, which functioned as military indoctrination for the Army Specialized Training Reserve Program until called to officer candidate school. These men were only attached to the ASTP for administrative purposes.
Course
The highly accelerated ASTP was offered at 227 land-grant universities around the country. Class sessions were in twelve-week terms, with a break of one week between terms. Intensive courses were offered in engineering, science, medicine, dentistry, personnel psychology, and over 30 different foreign languages, with a different number of terms required to complete each. Most subject areas were divided into two phases, the first ("basic") phase covering general education in a subject, and the second ("advanced") phase covering instruction in a specific area.
While in academic training the soldiers were on active duty, in uniform, under military discipline, and received regular Army pay. Recruits marched to class in groups (the Army stipulated that they be taught separately from civilian students or other military students on campuses), ate in mess halls located in their barracks, and trained in the fields around campus. The soldiers' week featured fifty-nine hours of "supervised activity," including at least twenty-four of classroom and lab work, twenty-four of required study, six of physical instruction, and five of military instruction. At its height in December 1943, about 145,000 men were enrolled in the program.
By November 1943 the Army was having difficulties integrating men who received the specialized ASTP training back into their old units. It was initially contemplated to allow only the graduates of the "advanced" course (roughly 25 percent of the ASTP participants) to apply for admission to officer candidate schools, but the Army was legally obligated to accommodate ROTC graduates (large numbers of whom became eligible from the spring of 1943 to the spring of 1944) in officer candidate schools first. The number of ASTP graduates being produced could not also be sent to schools without eliminating officer applicants from units and installations entirely. As the requirements for overseas replacements intensified and the output of replacement training centers began to fall off precipitously just as the first large waves of ASTP students graduated in the spring and summer of 1943, no quotas for them ever ended up being allotted to any officer candidate schools. Few, if any, ASTP men ever got the opportunity to become officers. In January 1944, Colonel Beukema reported to a U.S. Congressional investigating committee that the requirements for the ASTP were more demanding than those of either West Point or the Naval Academy.
Reduction
Henry Stimson, Secretary of War during World War II and self-professed "father of the ASTP," wrote:
Each step of the ASTP story was tied in with the ups and downs in the Army's estimate of its manpower requirements. In all such changes, the college training program, as a marginal undertaking, was sharply affected. [The choice was] between specialized training and an adequate combatant force.
General Lesley J. McNair felt, with the full extent of the poor morale and mental quality of U.S. combat troops being revealed in the winter of 1943, that the ASTP took young men with leadership potential away from combat positions where they were most needed. "...with 300,000 men short, we are sending men to college." Manpower planners calculated that more infantrymen than expected would be required in advance of the planned invasion of Europe. The ASTP was not only one of the easiest programs to reduce or eliminate, but it also provided a large pool of already-trained soldiers. In mid-February 1944, about 110,000 ASTP students were told they would be transferred to more important duties by the beginning of April. Through the month of March 1944, all students in the basic programs, and some in the advanced programs, were gradually released and returned to the Army Ground or Service Forces or other branches of the Army. Of the 86,167 men terminated from academic programs, 68,995 went to the Army Ground Forces, 16,086 to the Army Service Forces (of which 7,535 went to the Signal Corps, 3,153 to the Corps of Engineers, 656 to the Transportation Corps, and 4,742 to other service branches), 568 to the War Department Military Intelligence Service, 274 to the Army Air Forces, 144 to the Army Civilian Affairs Division, and 100 to the Office of Strategic Services. The rest of the reduction consisted of men who left the program (either voluntarily or involuntarily) before they were terminated, about 12,000 men in STAR units whose processing was terminated, about 5,000 men in the advanced ROTC holding pools who departed for officer candidate schools, and men in basic training who had already been selected for the ASTP.
The 17-year-olds were continued in school until the age of 18, at which time they were transferred from the Organized Reserve to active duty and given their mandated basic training. After basic training, those who were willing were returned to the reduced number of land-grant schools still maintaining ASTP. From a wartime high of 145,000 students, the ASTP was immediately reduced to approximately 35,000 members. Units other than infantry units were permitted to select one-fourth of one percent of their men for ASTP testing per month to keep the program running on this highly-reduced basis.
Those men who had sacrificed non-commissioned rank to qualify for the college training were not necessarily reinstated, and often shortly went into combat as privates. Even though the ASTP men did not have the practical experience to qualify for non-commissioned officer rank, the Army anticipated that their superior training and intelligence levels would result in advancement to leadership positions.
Graduates in action
Around 73,000 former ASTP members were sent to units of the Army Ground Forces. 55,000 went to depleted stateside divisions that had been used as sources of overseas replacements after the output of replacement training centers had proven insufficient. About 35 divisions received an average of 1,500 men each, though some got considerably more, such as the 3,000 received by the 395th Infantry Regiment in March 1944.
Fresh out of college, the new replacements were often given harsh receptions by both fellow officers and veteran NCOs. One company commander asked, "What kind of soldiers deal out bridge hands during their ten-minute training breaks?" ASTP personnel were often skeptical of the capabilities of their new superior officers and NCOs. However, once in combat, they rapidly proved their worth and any distinctions between the regular Army and the college soldiers were erased.
In the spring of 1944, ASTP levels were further reduced at the direction of the Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall. The Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps' continued to experience serious shortfalls in producing casualty replacements, necessitating the use of divisional service troops and Army Service Forces troops as infantry replacements. When the defeat of Germany was in sight, and the testing of the new atomic bomb successful, the apparent need for potential junior officer replacements disappeared and the final ASTP groups were largely disbanded, although there were ASTP units for medicine and engineering still existing in August 1945.
Legacy
While the ASTP initiative suffered from manpower drawdowns to meet immediate combat needs, it did serve as an important financial subsidy of land grant colleges whose male student bodies had been decimated by the diversion of about 14 million men into the various armed forces.
Another positive effect of the ASTP effort was a softening of university resistance to lowering the draft age from twenty to eighteen. Finally, and most far-reaching, it exposed a large number of potentially very capable men to college who might not have attended otherwise. After the war ended, fully four out of five surviving ASTP alumni returned to college.
Still, critical views were held. A highly dismissive opinion was expressed by Major General Harry L. Twaddle, a former Army Assistant Chief of Staff G-3, who wrote, "The underlying reason for institution of the ASP [sic] program was to prevent some colleges and universities from going into bankruptcy. From a strictly mobilization viewpoint, the value of the program was nil."
Notable alumni
Notable alumni of the ASTP include:
Leo Bogart, American Sociologist
Mel Brooks, American actor, filmmaker, and composer
Heywood Hale Broun, sports commentator
Frank Church, U.S. Senator
Bill Dawson, prominent California attorney
Bob Dole, U.S. Senator and Senate Majority Leader
Anthony Hecht, Pulitzer Prize winning poet
Herman Kahn, futurist and theorist
Henry Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, Nobel Prize winner
Ed Koch, U.S. Congressman, New York City Mayor
Pierre Koenig, architect
Robert Kotlowitz, television producer, documentary filmmaker, writer, and former editor of Harper's Magazine
George Koval, Russian spy in Manhattan Project World War II
Roy Lichtenstein, American Pop Artist
Victor A. Lundy, architect
Arch Moore, former Governor of West Virginia
John Naugle, NASA chief scientist
John P. O'Meara, chemist and member of Oklahoma City Symphony Orchestra
Peter A. Peyser, U.S. Congressman
Andrija Puharich, physician and parapsychologist
Jerry Rosholt, author and historian
Gore Vidal, author and politician
Kurt Vonnegut, author
Charles Warren, California politician; chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality
See also
V-12 Navy College Training Program
United States Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School
References
Works cited
United States Army in World War II
United States Army education
Training programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army%20Specialized%20Training%20Program |
Ubaidullah Sindhi (10 March 1872 – 21 August 1944) was a political activist of the Indian independence movement and one of its vigorous leaders. According to Dawn, Karachi, Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi struggled for the independence of British India and for an exploitation-free society in India. He was also Home Minister of first Provisional Government of India established in Afghanistan in 1915.
Ubaidullah Sindhi was the Life Member of Jamia Millia Islamia, A Central University in New Delhi, India. He served the Jamia Millia Islamia for a long period of time on a very low salary. A boys' hostel in Dr. Zakir Husain Hall of Boys' Residence in Jamia Millia Islamia has been named after him.
Early life and education
Ubaidullah was born on 10 March 1872 in a Sikh Khatri family in the district of Sialkot, Punjab, British India as Buta Singh Uppal. His father died four months before Ubaidullah was born, and the child was raised for two years by his paternal grandfather. Following the paternal grandfather's death, he was taken by his mother to the care of her father, at his maternal grandfather's house. Later, young Buta Singh was entrusted to the care of his uncle at Jampur Tehsil, Punjab, British India, when his maternal grandfather died. Buta Singh Uppal converted to Islam at age 15 and chose "Ubaidullah Sindhi" as his new name, and later enrolled in the Darul Uloom Deoband, where he was, at various times, associated with other noted Islamic scholars of the time, including Maulana Rasheed Gangohi and Maulana Mahmud al-Hasan. Maulana Sindhi returned to the Darul Uloom Deoband in 1909, and gradually involved himself in the Pan-Islamic movement. During World War I, he was among the leaders of the Deoband School, who, led by Maulana Mahmud al-Hasan, left India to seek support among other nations of the world for a Pan-Islamic revolution in India in what came to be known as the Silk Letter Conspiracy.
Ubaidullah had reached Kabul during the war to rally the Afghan Amir Habibullah Khan, and after a brief period there, he offered his support to Raja Mahendra Pratap's plans for revolution in British India with German support. He joined the Provisional Government of India formed in Kabul in December 1915, and remained in Afghanistan until the end of World War I, and then left for Russia. He subsequently spent two years in Turkey and, passing through many countries, eventually reached Hijaz (Saudi Arabia) where he spent about 14 years learning and pondering over the philosophy of Islam especially in the light of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi's works. In his career, he was a Pan-Islamic thinker.
Conversion to Islam
When he was at school, a Hindu friend gave him the book Tufatul Hind to read. It was written by a converted scholar Maulana Ubaidullah of Malerkotla. After reading this book and some other books like Taqwiyatul Eeman and Ahwaal ul Aakhira, Ubaidullah's interest in Islam grew, leading eventually to his conversion to Islam. In 1887, the year of his conversion, he moved from Punjab to Sindh area where he was taken as a student by Hafiz Muhammad Siddique of Chawinda (Bhar Chandi Shareef). He subsequently studied at Deen Pur Shareef (a village near Khanpur, Distt Rahim Yar Khan) under Maulana Ghulam Muhammad R.A, Where he delved deeper into Islamic education and training in the mystical order. In 1888, Ubaidullah was admitted to Darul Uloom Deoband, where he studied various Islamic disciplines in depth under the tutelage of noted Islamic scholars of the time including Maulana Abu Siraj, Maulana Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi and Maulana Mahmud al Hasan. He took lessons in Sahih al-Bukhari and Tirmidhi from Maulana Nazeer Husain Dehalvi and read logic and philosophy with Maulana Ahmad Hasan Cawnpuri.
In 1891, Ubaidullah graduated from the Deoband school. In 1899, he left for Sukkur area in Sindh province, and started teaching in Amrote Shareef under, or with, Maulana Taj Mohammad Amrothi, who became his mentor after the death of Hafiz Muhammad Siddique of Bhar Chandi. Ubaidullah married the daughter of Maulana Azeemullah Khan, a teacher at Islamiyah High School, at that time. In 1901, Ubaidullah established the Darul Irshaad in Goth Pir Jhando village in Sindh as he was a follower of Pir of Pir Jhando Sayyid Rushdullah Shah Rashdi thats where he established.... also he used to deeply admire and learn from his spiritual leader Pir Sayyid Ihsanullah Shah Rashdi Pir of Pir Jhando or known as (Pirsain jhandewaro).. He worked on propagating his school for nearly seven years. In 1909, at the request of Mahmud Al Hasan, he returned to Deoband School in Uttar Pradesh. Here, he accomplished much for the student body, Jamiatul Ansaar. Ubaidullah was now very active in covert anti-British propaganda activities, which led to him alienating a large number of the Deoband School leaders. Subsequently, Ubaidullah moved his work to Delhi at Mahmud al Hasan's request. At Delhi, he worked with Hakim Ajmal Khan and Dr. Ansari. In 1912, he established a madrassah, Nazzaaratul Ma'arif, which was successful in propagating and spreading Islam among the people.
Attempt to involve Afghanistan's ruler
With the onset of World War I in 1914, efforts were made by the Darul Uloom Deoband to forward the cause of Pan-Islam in British India with the help of the other sympathetic nations of the world. Led by Mahmud al Hasan, plans were sketched out for an insurrection beginning in the tribal belt of North-West Frontier Province of British India. Mahmud al Hasan, left India to seek the help of Galib Pasha, the Turkish governor of Hijaz, while at Hasan's directions, Ubaidullah proceeded to Kabul to seek Emir Habibullah's support there. Initial plans were to raise an Islamic army (Hizb Allah) headquartered at Medina, with an Indian contingent at Kabul. Maulana Hasan was to be the General-in-chief of this army. Some of Ubaidullah's students went to Kabul to explore things before Ubaidullah arrived there. While at Kabul, Ubaidullah came to the conclusion that focusing on the Indian Freedom Movement would best serve the pan-Islamic cause. Ubaidullah had proposed to the Afghan Emir that he declare war against British India. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad is known to have been involved in the movement prior to his arrest in 1916.
Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi and Mahmud al Hasan (principal of the Darul Uloom Deoband) had proceeded to Kabul in October 1915 with plans to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the tribal belt of British India. For this purpose, Ubaid Allah was to propose that the Amir of Afghanistan declares war against Britain while Mahmud al Hasan sought German and Turkish help. Hasan proceeded to Hijaz. Ubaidullah, in the meantime, was able to establish friendly relations with Emir Habibullah of Afghanistan. At Kabul, Ubaidullah along with some of his students, were to make their way to Turkey to join the Caliph's "Jihad" against Britain. But it was eventually decided that the pan-Islamic cause was to be best served by focusing on the Indian Freedom Movement.
In late 1915, Sindhi was met in Kabul by the 'Niedermayer-Hentig Expedition' sent by the Indian Independence Committee in Berlin and the German war ministry. Nominally led by the exiled Indian prince Raja Mahendra Pratap, it had among its members the Islamic scholar Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah, and the German officers Werner Otto von Hentig and Oskar Niedermayer, as well as a number of other notable individuals. The expedition tried to rally Emir Habibullah's support, and through him, begin a campaign into British India. It was hoped that it would initiate a rebellion in British India. On 1 December 1915, the Provisional Government of India was founded at Emir Habibullah's 'Bagh-e-Babur palace' in the presence of the Indian, German, and Turkish members of the expedition. It was declared a 'revolutionary government-in-exile' which was to take charge of independent India when British authority is overthrown. Mahendra Pratap was proclaimed its president, Barkatullah the Prime minister, Ubaidullah Sindhi the Minister for India, another Deobandi leader Moulavi Bashir its War Minister, and Champakaran Pillai was to be the Foreign Minister. The Provisional Government of India obtained support from Galib Pasha and proclaimed Jihad against Britain. Recognition was sought from the Russian Empire, Republican China and Japan. This provisional government would later attempt to obtain support from Soviet leadership. After the February Revolution in Russia in 1917, Pratap's government corresponded with the nascent Soviet government. In 1918, Mahendra Pratap met Trotsky in Petrograd before meeting the Kaiser in Berlin, urging both to mobilise against British India.
However, these plans faltered, Emir Habibullah remained steadfastly neutral while he awaited a concrete indication where the war was headed, even as his advisory council and family members indicated their support against Britain. The Germans withdrew their support in 1917, but the 'Provisional Government of India' stayed behind at Kabul. In 1919, this government was ultimately dissolved under British diplomatic pressure on Afghanistan. Ubaidullah had stayed in Kabul for nearly seven years. He even encouraged the young King Amanullah Khan, who took power in Afghanistan after Habibullah's assassination, in the Third Anglo-Afghan War. The conclusion of the war, ultimately, forced Ubaidullah Sindhi to leave Afghanistan as King Amanullah came under pressure from Britain.
Later works
Ubaidullah then proceeded from Afghanistan to Russia, where he spent seven months at the invitation of the Soviet leadership, and was officially treated as a guest of the state. During this period, he studied the ideology of socialism. According to an article in a major newspaper of Pakistan, titled 'Of socialism and Islam', "Islam showed not only deep sympathy for the poor and downtrodden but also condemned strongly the concentration of wealth in a number of Makkan surahs. Makkah, as an important centre of international trade, was home to the very rich (tribal chiefs) and the extremely poor." In Russia, however, he was unable to meet Lenin who was severely ill at the time. Some people, at that time, thought that Sindhi was impressed by Communist ideals during his stay in Russia, however that is not true at all. In 1923, Ubaidullah left Russia for Turkey where he initiated the third phase of the 'Shah Waliullah Movement' in 1924. He issued the 'Charter for the Independence of India' from Istanbul. Ubaidullah then left for Mecca, Arabia in 1927 and remained there until 1929. During this period, he brought the message of the rights of Muslims and other important religious issues to the people of Arabia. During his stay in Russia, he was not impressed by the Communist ideas but rather, after the Soviet revolution, he presented his belief to the Soviet government that: "Communism is not a natural law system but rather is a reaction to oppression, the natural law is offered by Islam". He attempted to convince them in a very systematic and logical manner. But he could not give an answer at that time, when he was asked to provide an example of a state which was being run according to the laws of Islam.
Literary works
Among his famous books are:
Safarnama-i-Kabul
Shah Waliullah aur Unka Falsafa
Shaoor-o-Agahi
Qurani Shaoor-e-Inqalab
Khutbat-o-Makalat
Zaati Diary (an autobiography)
Translation of his work
Pakistani columnist Farman Nawaz translated his Urdu articles namely (Islam teaches lesson of harmony to human beings, The Basic Moral standards of Humanity, Theory of civilization, Survival of the fittest and Islam) into English.
World outlook and philosophy
Ubaidullah Sindhi was of the view that the Quran uses Arabic words to make clear what God considers right and wrong. Other religious holy books like the Bible, the Gita and the Torah are also followed by many people around the world. He realized non-religious people (atheists) also existed in this world. After all he had spent some time among the communists in Russia. The individuals, who inaccurately interpreted the Bible and the Torah, were declared nonbelievers by Islam. In the same way, the person who incorrectly explains the Quran, can be declared an atheist. In Islam, the emphasis is clearly on God being eternal and everything in the universe belonging to Him alone. God alone is the Creator and Protector. It is evident from Ubaidullah Sindhi's travels around the world that he had an international and world outlook. It is also evident from his lifetime behavior and struggles that he wanted India not to be ruled by the British. He wanted India to be ruled by the Indians.
Death
In 1936, the Indian National Congress requested his return to India, and the British Raj subsequently gave its permission. He landed at the port of Karachi from Saudi Arabia in 1938. He then went to Delhi, where he began a programme teaching Shah Waliullah's Hujjatullahil Baalighah book to Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi, who would then write an exegesis in his own words. Opposed to the partition of India, Ubaidullah led a conference supporting a united India in June 1941 at Kumbakonam. Right after his return to India, he started meeting Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and planned his movement to Germany and Japan. They met several times and supposed to have discussed a plan similar to the one carried out by Ubaidullah, Raja Mahendra Pratap and Maulana Barkatullah during the First World War. He was opposed to the Pakistan plan of Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Muslim League. In his view Muslims and Hindus of India were one civilization and he was against the idea of foreign help in Indian affairs. Ubaidullah left for Rahim Yar Khan to visit his daughter in 1944. At the village 'Deen Pur' near Khanpur town in Rahim Yar Khan District, he was taken seriously ill and died on 21 August 1944. He was buried in the graveyard adjacent to the grave of his mentors.
Legacy
Pakistan Postal Services has issued a commemorative postage stamp in honor of Ubaidullah Sindhi in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.
Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi wrote Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi awr Unke Naaqid.
References
Sources
برصغیر میں اصول تفسیر کا اتقاء سرسید احمد خان، حمید الدین فراہمی، عبید اللہ سندھی کے خصو صی افکار کی روشنی میں
تحقیق مخطوط "التفسیر إلھام الرحمن" للشیخ عبیداللہ السندي (1944م) من سورۃ الدھر إلي سورۃ الحجرات (دراسۃ و تحقیقا)
Mawlana Ubayd Allah Sindhi's Mission to Afghanistan and Soviet Russia
.
.
.
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Maulana Ubaydullah Sindhi Deobandi in the Sight of Sheikh Muhammad Ikram
An Analysis of the Work of Mulana Ubaid Ullah Sindhi
1872 births
1944 deaths
Converts to Islam from Sikhism
Deobandis
Hanafis
Maturidis
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Indian Muslims
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
People from Sialkot
Students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi
Indian travel writers
Urdu-language travel writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaidullah%20Sindhi |
Doppler cooling is a mechanism that can be used to trap and slow the motion of atoms to cool a substance. The term is sometimes used synonymously with laser cooling, though laser cooling includes other techniques.
History
Doppler cooling was simultaneously proposed by two groups in 1975, the first being David J. Wineland and Hans Georg Dehmelt and the second being Theodor W. Hänsch and Arthur Leonard Schawlow. It was first demonstrated by Wineland, Drullinger, and Walls in 1978 and shortly afterwards by Neuhauser, Hohenstatt, Toschek and Dehmelt. One conceptually simple form of Doppler cooling is referred to as optical molasses, since the dissipative optical force resembles the viscous drag on a body moving through molasses. Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips were awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work in laser cooling and atom trapping.
Brief explanation
Doppler cooling involves light with frequency tuned slightly below an electronic transition in an atom. Because the light is detuned to the "red" (i.e. at lower frequency) of the transition, the atoms will absorb more photons if they move towards the light source, due to the Doppler effect.
Consider the simplest case of 1D motion on the x axis. Let the photon be traveling in the +x direction and the atom in the −x direction. In each absorption event, the atom loses a momentum equal to the momentum of the photon. The atom, which is now in the excited state, emits a photon spontaneously but randomly along +x or −x. Momentum is returned to the atom. If the photon was emitted along +x then there is no net change; however, if the photon was emitted along −x, then the atom is moving more slowly in either −x or +x.
The net result of the absorption and emission process is a reduced speed of the atom, on the condition that its initial speed is larger than the recoil velocity from scattering a single photon. If the absorption and emission are repeated many times, the mean velocity, and therefore the kinetic energy of the atom, will be reduced. Since the temperature of an ensemble of atoms is a measure of the random internal kinetic energy, this is equivalent to cooling the atoms.
The Doppler cooling limit is the minimum temperature achievable with Doppler cooling.
Detailed explanation
The vast majority of photons that come anywhere near a particular atom are almost completely unaffected by that atom. The atom is almost completely transparent to most frequencies (colors) of photons.
A few photons happen to "resonate" with the atom in a few very narrow bands of frequencies (a single color rather than a mixture like white light). When one of those photons comes close to the atom, the atom typically absorbs that photon (absorption spectrum) for a brief period of time, then emits an identical photon (emission spectrum) in some random, unpredictable direction. (Other sorts of interactions between atoms and photons exist, but are not relevant to this article.)
The popular idea that lasers increase the thermal energy of matter is not the case when examining individual atoms. If a given atom is practically motionless (a "cold" atom), and the frequency of a laser focused upon it can be controlled, most frequencies do not affect the atom—it is invisible at those frequencies. There are only a few points of electromagnetic frequency that have any effect on that atom. At those frequencies, the atom can absorb a photon from the laser, while transitioning to an excited electronic state, and pick up the momentum of that photon. Since the atom now has the photon's momentum, the atom must begin to drift in the direction the photon was traveling. A short time later, the atom will spontaneously emit a photon in a random direction as it relaxes to a lower electronic state. If that photon is emitted in the direction of the original photon, the atom will give up its momentum to the photon and will become motionless again. If the photon is emitted in the opposite direction, the atom will have to provide momentum in that opposite direction, which means the atom will pick up even more momentum in the direction of the original photon (to conserve momentum), with double its original velocity. But usually the photon speeds away in some other direction, giving the atom at least some sideways thrust.
Another way of changing frequencies is to change the positioning of the laser, for example, by using a monochromatic (single-color) laser that has a frequency that is a little below one of the "resonant" frequencies of this atom (at which frequency the laser will not directly affect the atom's state). If the laser were to be positioned so that it was moving towards the observed atoms, then the Doppler effect would raise its frequency. At one specific velocity, the frequency would be precisely correct for said atoms to begin absorbing photons.
Something very similar happens in a laser cooling apparatus, except such devices start with a warm cloud of atoms moving in numerous directions at variable velocity. Starting with a laser frequency well below the resonant frequency, photons from any one laser pass right through the majority of atoms. However, atoms moving rapidly towards a particular laser catch the photons for that laser, slowing those atoms down until they become transparent again. (Atoms rapidly moving away from that laser are transparent to that laser's photons—but they are rapidly moving towards the laser directly opposite it). This utilization of a specific velocity to induce absorption is also seen in Mössbauer spectroscopy.
On a graph of atom velocities (atoms moving rapidly to the right correspond with stationary dots far to the right, atoms moving rapidly to the left correspond with stationary dots far to the left), there is a narrow band on the left edge corresponding to the speed at which those atoms start absorbing photons from the left laser. Atoms in that band are the only ones that interact with the left laser. When a photon from the left laser slams into one of those atoms, it suddenly slows down an amount corresponding to the momentum of that photon (the dot would be redrawn some fixed "quantum" distance further to the right). If the atom releases the photon directly to the right, then the dot is redrawn that same distance to the left, putting it back in the narrow band of interaction. But usually the atom releases the photon in some other random direction, and the dot is redrawn that quantum distance in the opposite direction.
Such an apparatus would be constructed with many lasers, corresponding to many boundary lines that completely surround that cloud of dots.
As the laser frequency is increased, the boundary contracts, pushing all the dots on that graph towards zero velocity, the given definition of "cold".
Limits
Minimum temperature
The Doppler temperature is the minimum temperature achievable with Doppler cooling.
When a photon is absorbed by an atom counter-propagating to the light source, its velocity is decreased by momentum conservation. When the absorbed photon is spontaneously emitted by the excited atom, the atom receives a momentum kick in a random direction. The spontaneous emissions are isotropic and therefore these momentum kicks average to zero for the mean velocity. On the other hand, the mean squared velocity, , is not zero in the random process, and thus heat is supplied to the atom. At equilibrium, the heating and cooling rates are equal, which sets a limit on the amount by which the atom can be cooled. As the transitions used for Doppler cooling have broad natural linewidths (measured in radians per second), this sets the lower limit to the temperature of the atoms after cooling to be
where is the Boltzmann constant and is the reduced Planck constant. This is usually much higher than the recoil temperature, which is the temperature associated with the momentum gained from the spontaneous emission of a photon.
The Doppler limit has been verified with a gas of metastable helium.
Sub-Doppler cooling
Temperatures well below the Doppler limit have been achieved with various laser cooling methods, including Sisyphus cooling, evaporative cooling, and resolved sideband cooling. The theory of Doppler cooling assumes an atom with a simple two level structure, whereas most atomic species which are laser cooled have complicated hyperfine structure. Mechanisms such as Sisyphus cooling due to multiple ground states lead to temperatures lower than the Doppler limit.
Maximum concentration
The concentration must be minimal to prevent the absorption of the photons into the gas in the form of heat. This absorption happens when two atoms collide with each other while one of them has an excited electron. There is then a possibility of the excited electron dropping back to the ground state with its extra energy liberated in additional kinetic energy to the colliding atoms—which heats the atoms. This works against the cooling process and therefore limits the maximum concentration of gas that can be cooled using this method.
Atomic structure
Only certain atoms and ions have optical transitions amenable to laser cooling, since it is extremely difficult to generate the amounts of laser power needed at wavelengths much shorter than 300 nm. Furthermore, the more hyperfine structure an atom has, the more ways there are for it to emit a photon from the upper state and not return to its original state, putting it in a dark state and removing it from the cooling process. It is possible to use other lasers to optically pump those atoms back into the excited state and try again, but the more complex the hyperfine structure is, the more (narrow-band, frequency locked) lasers are required. Since frequency-locked lasers are both complex and expensive, atoms which need more than one extra repump laser are rarely cooled; the common rubidium magneto-optical trap, for example, requires one repump laser. This is also the reason why molecules are in general difficult to laser cool: in addition to hyperfine structure, molecules also have rovibronic couplings and so can also decay into excited rotational or vibrational states. However, laser cooling of molecules has been demonstrated, first with SrF molecules, and subsequently with other diatomics such as CaF and YO.
Configurations
Counter-propagating sets of laser beams in all three Cartesian dimensions may be used to cool the three motional degrees of freedom of the atom.
Common laser-cooling configurations include optical molasses, the magneto-optical trap, and the Zeeman slower.
Atomic ions, trapped in an ion trap, can be cooled with a single laser beam as long as that beam has a component along all three motional degrees of freedom. This is in contrast to the six beams required to trap neutral atoms. The original laser cooling experiments were performed on ions in ion traps. (In theory, neutral atoms could be cooled with a single beam if they could be trapped in a deep trap, but in practice neutral traps are much shallower than ion traps and a single recoil event can be enough to kick a neutral atom out of the trap.)
Applications
One use for Doppler cooling is the optical molasses technique. This process itself forms a part of the magneto-optical trap but it can be used independently.
Doppler cooling is also used in spectroscopy and metrology, where cooling allows narrower spectroscopic features. For example, all of the best atomic clock technologies involve Doppler cooling at some point.
See also
Magneto-optical trap
Resolved sideband cooling
References
Further reading
Atomic physics
Cooling technology
Doppler effects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler%20cooling |
Krematorij () is a Russian rock band. The band is considered one of the best concert performing teams in Russia, known for its masterly rock-n-roll. Formed in Moscow in 1983, Krematorij gained quick recognition, achieved the status of a legend of Russian Rock-n-Roll and after 30 years on stage continues to delight its audiences throughout the former Soviet Union, the Netherlands, Germany, Israel and the United States. The group's frontman (and main songwriter) is Armen Grigoryan.
History
The group was formed by Armen Grigoryan and Viktor Troyegubov in 1983 when rock music in the USSR was censored and banned. After running through several names including "The Lady Killers" and "Black Sunday," the group finally decided on "Crematorium." They started playing at musical events called "kvartirniki", underground acoustic concerts held at private apartments. The group quickly grew in popularity in Moscow rock circles. The group was unique in its inclusion of violin as a lead instrument, on the same level as lead guitar, giving it a peculiar colorful sound. After the release of Illusionary World in 1985, the group gained a reputation throughout the Soviet Union and began to perform at concerts all over the country. In 1986, Krematorij joined the Moscow Rock Laboratory. However, Troyegubov left the group due to discord with Grigoryan and formed a new project called Smoke. Krematorij continued to increase in popularity until several group members left again after the release of Coma in 1988. Coma became the fourth studio album by Krematorij. It was recorded at the Gorky Film Studio with producer Nikolay Shestov, and was awarded by the 1st diploma of "Avrora" magazine. Coma is considered the band's strongest effort of the period, and remains one of the most influential albums of the Soviet rock music. Grigoryan succeeded in drawing new musicians to the band although since 1980's the group sometimes plays with a 'reduced' (acoustic) lineup, including Armen Grigoryan, the violinist and the guitarist. The band has changed with times, "emerging in the words of Rodion Schedrin, as the original "Waltz-Rock" band, much different from its underground beginnings, but always true to its passion to create original music. The band's current repertoire covers a wide range of styles".
Uniqueness of Krematorij is also in their improvisational style. According to critics, "instead of boringly regurgitating the same old program at every performance", the group uses "a solid music base to recreate every performance anew, adding slight nuances, visualization effects and just plain Crem magic, which can only be felt at a live concert".
The first conceptual album of the group, Zombi, was written towards the end of 1990, and, released in 1991. It was considered by Zvuki.ru as an album "inhabited by certain strange and wondrous creatures, some "terrible bacchae," and other Tolkienian organisms barely recognizable in the dark".
Troyegubov temporarily returned to the group in 1993 as both a musician and the director of the group. After another quarrel, Troyegubov left the group for a second and final time. He later wrote a book entitled Life in Krematorij and Outside It in which he makes many accusations against Grigoryan. He returned to Smoke which quickly dissipated.
Meanwhile, Krematorij continued its creative life, releasing several more albums and performing on tours all over the world. Krematorij contributed greatly to the development of the Russian rock music genre. The group continues to delight its audiences throughout the former Soviet Union, the Netherlands, Germany, Israel and the United States.
In 2000 Krematorij released an album entitled "Three Sources" a name that was taken from the Apocalypse, from the chapter about the three spirits summoned to take part in the great battle during Armageddon. "For an epigram to the album I would include a quote from the song "Zveroyascher," which would be studying humans and animals, and everything that comes between them....", said Armen Grigoryan.
In 2001 guitarist Dmitry Terentyev become Andrey Murashov's successor. Terentyev's arrival revitalised the band creatively, and in 2002 a new album titled "Mithology" was released by Soyuz Records, showing a wide variety of musical styles.
Krematorij celebrated its 20th anniversary by playing a number of shows in Russia and abroad. A new DVD containing footage of a show performed in the Gorbunov Palace of Culture was released in 2004. Krematorij toured in USA, Europe and Israel, performing their hits "Tanya", "Kondrati", "Trash Wind", "Ugly Elsa", "Saxy Cat", "Strawberry with Ice", "Little Girl", "Katmandu" and many others.
In 2006 Armen Grigoryan starts new project 3' Angel and releases album Chinese Tank. He became the only artist in the history of Nashestvie festival, who performed at the festival with two groups, Krematorij and 3' Angel.
In 2008 Krematorij's album Amsterdam was awarded by the "Golden Disk" of All-Russian Association of the Phonographic Industry. The tour in support of the album, called A Tour to the Amsterdam, started in the spring of 2008. Their song "Amsterdam" headed the Top 13 of Russian Nashe Radio for several weeks. The same done "Chemodan Prezidenta" in 2013. According to the critics, with a new line-up, Krematorij "remains one of the most authentic rock bands of the Russian music scene".
The next album Hunter was recognized as one of the best rock albums of 2021 by the "Reproductor" Russian portal and one of the best albums of 2021 according to an open vote on the Musecube.org portal.
In June 2023 the group released a collection of their best songs translated into different languages "The Big One".
Discography
Over the years, Crematorium has released 15 albums of original songs, 8 compilations, 2 discs of historic musical recordings and numerous live concert CDs and DVDs.
1983 – Винные мемуары / Vinnie Memuary/ Wine Memoirs
1984 – Крематорий / Krematoriy / Crematorium
1985 – Иллюзорный мир / Illyuzorniy Mir / Illusory World
1988 – Кома / Coma
1989 – Клубника со льдом / Klubnika So L'dom / Strawberries on Ice
1991 – Зомби / Zombie
1994 – Танго на облаке / Tango Na Oblake/ Tango on the Cloud
1995 – Текиловые сны / Tekilovie Sny / Tequila Dreams
1996 – Гигантомания / Gigantomania
1996 – Микронезия / Micronesia
1997 – Ботаника / Botanika / Botany
2000 – Три источника / Tri Istochnika / Three Springs
2001 – Реквием для всадника без головы / Rekviem Dlya Vsadnika Bez Golovy / Requiem for the Headless Horseman
2002 – Мифология / Mythology
2003 – Рок`Н`Ролл / Rock'n'Roll
2008 – Амстердам / Amsterdam
2009 – XXV Лет — The Best / XXV Let / 25 Years
2013 – Чемодан президента / Chemodan Prezidenta / President's Suitcase
2016 – Люди-невидимки / Lyudi-nevidimki / Invisible People
2021 – Охотник / Okhotnik / The Hunter
See also
Rock music in Russia
Sources
External links
RussMus.Net: Krematorij Lyrics and English translations
Fan-club
Crematorium at Peoples.ru
Songs collection
Musical groups from Moscow
Russian rock music groups
Soviet rock music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krematorij |
Tomasz Jan Guzik (born 8 March 1974 in Kraków, Poland) is a Polish physician scientist. Since 2012, he has been the Regius Professor of Physiology at the University of Glasgow.
He is a member of the American Heart Association and scientific societies of Poland, United Kingdom and the United States of America.
Early life and education
Guzik graduated in Medicine from Jagiellonian University School of Medicine in Kraków, He continued his education in Oxford receiving a degree in molecular medicine from the University of Oxford where he studied under the guidance of Prof Keith M Channon. He received PhD degree in 2000 under the guidance of Prof Juliusz Pryjma and in 2004 became an Assistant Professor of Jagiellonian University.
Academic career
His scientific work concerns vascular biology and pharmacology of endothelium. His research focuses on the mechanisms of oxidative stress in human vasculature and on the search for novel antioxidants which could be clinically more useful than vitamins currently available. Working in the Wellcome Trust in Oxford he found the possible relationships between genetic variation of human genome and free radical production and oxidative stress. He described selected mechanisms of oxidative stress in human diabetes mellitus.
Notable recognition that Guzik has received include the honorary Bernard and Joan Marshall Prize in Research Excellence from the British Society for Cardiovascular Research and the Corcoran Memorial Prize and Lecture from the American Heart Association in 2017.
Guzik is the current Editor-in-Chief of Cardiovascular Research, a high-impact academic journal produced by the European Society of Cardiology.
Honours
He has received awards from the Polish Government, Crescendum Est Polonia Foundation, Wellcome Trust and others. In 2010, he was awarded the Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science.
References
1974 births
Jagiellonian University alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Emory University faculty
Academic staff of Jagiellonian University
Living people
Polish physiologists
Scientists from Kraków | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz%20Guzik |
Reaction wood in a woody plant is wood that forms in place of normal wood as a response to gravity, where the cambial cells are oriented other than vertically. It is typically found on branches and leaning stems. It is an example of mechanical acclimation in trees.
Progressive bending and cracking would occur in parts of the tree undergoing predominantly tensile or compressive stresses were it not for the localised production of reaction wood, which differs from ordinary wood in its mechanical properties. Reaction wood may be laid down in wider than normal annual increments, so that the cross section is often asymmetric or elliptical. The structure of cells and vessels is also different, resulting in additional strength. The effect of reaction wood is to help maintain the angle of the bent or leaning part by resisting further downward bending or failure.
There are two different types of reaction wood, which represent two different approaches to the same problem by woody plants:
In most angiosperms reaction wood is called tension wood. Tension wood forms on the side of the part of the plant that is under tension, pulling it towards the affecting force (upwards, in the case of a branch). It has a higher proportion of cellulose than normal wood. Tension wood may have as high as 60% cellulose.
In gymnosperms and amborella it is called compression wood. Compression wood forms on the side of the plant that is under compression, thereby lengthening/straightening the bend. Compression wood has a higher proportion of lignin than normal wood. Compression wood has only about 30% cellulose compared to 42% in normal softwood. Its lignin content can be as high as 40%.
The controlling factor behind reaction wood appears to be the hormone auxin, although the exact mechanism is not clear. In a leaning stem, the normal flow of auxin down the tree is displaced by gravity and it accumulates on the lower side. The formation of reaction wood may act in conjunction with other corrective or adaptive mechanisms in woody plants, such as thigomorphism (adaptive response to flexure) and gravitropism (the correction of, rather than the support of, lean) and the auxin-controlled balance of growth rates and growth direction between stems and branches. The term ‘adaptive growth' therefore includes, but is not synonymous with, the formation of reaction wood.
As a rule, reaction wood is undesirable in any structural application, primarily as its mechanical properties are different from normal wood: it alters the uniform structural properties of timber. Reaction wood can twist, cup or warp dramatically during machining. This movement can occur during the milling process, making it occasionally dangerous to perform certain operations without appropriate safety controls in place. For instance, ripping a piece of reaction wood on a table saw without a splitter or riving knife installed can lead to kick back of the stock. Reaction wood also responds to moisture differently from normal wood.
Traditionally, compression wood does have niche applications. For instance, hunters in north Eurasia and the American Arctic were known to harvest compression wood for bow staves, because the increased density and compression strength of this wood enabled them to make functional weapons out of tree species that would otherwise be unsuitable for this purpose, due to their low strength and low density.
See also
Divi-divi
Krummholz
Windthrow
References
Wood
Plant organogenesis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction%20wood |
Sima Daozi (司馬道子) (363 – 3 February 403), courtesy name Daozi (道子), formally Prince Wenxiao of Kuaiji (會稽文孝王), was a regent during the reign of his nephew Emperor An of Jin, being the younger brother of Emperor Xiaowu.
Early life
Sima Daozi was born in 363, a year after his older brother Sima Yao was born to their father, Sima Yu, Prince of Kuaiji, and mother Consort Li. In 371, after the paramount general Huan Wen deposed Emperor Fei to showcase his power, he made Sima Yu emperor (as Emperor Jianwen). In 372, when Emperor Jianwen grew ill, he created Sima Yao crown prince and Sima Daozi the Prince of Langye. He died soon thereafter, and Sima Yao assumed the throne as Emperor Xiaowu.
During Emperor Xiaowu's reign
As the emperor's only surviving brother, Sima Daozi was in an honored position. In 380, when he was just 16, he was offered the position of prime minister, but he declined. In 383, he finally accepted the title while the empire was preparing for a showdown with the powerful rival Former Qin, and, after Jin forces repelled Former Qin forces at the Battle of Fei River, thus guaranteeing the dynasty's continued survival, he soon came into a power conflict with Xie An, who had served as Emperor Xiaowu's regent ever since Emperor Xiaowu's ascension; this conflict was aggravated by Xie An's son-in-law Wang Guobao (王國寶), whose cousin was Sima Daozi's wife and whom Xie disfavored, who therefore retaliated by slandering Xie before Emperor Xiaowu and Sima Daozi. Emperor Xiaowu therefore began to listen to Xie less, and in 385, Xie volunteered to lead an army and leave the capital to avoid further conflict with Sima Daozi. When Xie died later that year, Sima Daozi became the head of the government under Emperor Xiaowu, who entrusted his brother with most important affairs of state.
Both Emperor Xiaowu and Sima Daozi were described to be spending much of their times with drinking and feasting, rather than with important affairs of state. A number of politicians who wanted power gathered around Sima Daozi and flattered him, causing him to be less and less deferential to the emperor. He was also known for being obsessed with gathering wealth and for extravagance in living—including constructing an artificial hill in the back of his mansion, an excessively expensive and difficult task. Emperor Xiaowu eventually became angry about the situation, and he commissioned the well-known officials Wang Gong (王恭) and Yin Zhongkan (殷仲堪) to be provincial governors to counteract Sima Daozi's authority. The emperor and the prince at times suspected of each other, requiring intervention of their mother Empress Dowager Li. However, eventually they reconciled. It was around this time that Sima Daozi would, fatefully, inadvertently offend Huan Wen's son Huan Xuan the Duke of Nan Commandery—as at one feast where Sima Daozi invited Huan Xuan as a guest, after Sima Daozi became drunk, he made the statement, "Was it not true that when Huan Wen became old, he planned treason?" Huan Xuan was so struck by the statement that he fell prostrate on the ground, fearing that Sima Daozi would kill him, and from this point he bore a grudge against the prince.
On 27 December 392, Sima Daozi was created the Prince of Kuaiji, to permit the greater title of Prince of Langye be given to Emperor Xiaowu's second son Sima Dewen (the younger brother to the developmentally disabled Crown Prince Sima Dezong).
In 396, Emperor Xiaowu, after offending his favorite concubine Honoured Lady Zhang, was suffocated by her in his sleep. However, with the crown prince being developmentally disabled and with Sima Daozi being foolish and unthinking, no one investigated his death. Crown Prince Dezong took the throne as Emperor An; Sima Daozi, as the emperor's uncle, served as regent.
As Emperor An's regent
Sima Daozi, as regent, greatly trusted Wang Guobao and his cousin Wang Xu (王緒) because of their flattery, and his regency quickly developed a reputation for being corrupt and incompetent. Wang Gong, whom Emperor Xiaowu entrusted with the armies of the northeastern part of the empire, considered starting a rebellion to overthrow Wang Guobao and Wang Xu. In 397, Wang Guobao and Wang Xu suggested to Sima Daozi that the armies that Wang Gong and Yin Zhongkan were in charge of be reduced; Wang Gong and Yin, who was in command of the western provinces, in response, mobilized their forces and declared that Wang Guobao and Wang Xu should be executed. Sima Daozi, in fear, forced Wang Guobao to commit suicide and executed Wang Xu. Wang Gong and Yin then retreated. From this point on, Sima Daozi trusted no one but his teenaged heir apparent, Sima Yuanxian, and entrusted the capital guards to Sima Yuanxian. He also gave military commands to his distant relatives Sima Shangzhi (司馬尚之) the Prince of Qiao and Sima Shangzhi's brother Sima Xiuzhi, as well as Wang Yu (王愉), in 398.
The giving of a military command to Wang Yu oddly drew a reaction from Wang Gong and Yin—as Wang Yu's command included four commanderies originally under the command of Yu Kai (庾楷), who became angry and managed to persuade Wang Gong and Yin that Sima Daozi's intention was to act against them as well. They therefore rose again, but Sima Daozi was able to persuade Wang Gong's general Liu Laozhi (劉牢之), who was in command of the elite Beifu Forces (北府兵), to suddenly turn against Wang Gong, capturing and executing him. Yin, hearing of Wang Gong's death, was in fear but considered proceeding anyway—and Sima Daozi, under suggestion by Huan Xuan's cousin Huan Xiu (桓脩), managed to cause dissension between Yin and his generals Huan Xuan and Yang Quanqi (楊佺期) by offering Huan and Yang key posts; although Huan and Yang nominally remained Yin's allies, Yin was forced to withdraw his troops, and from that point on no longer posed a major threat, as his domain had now been divided into three, with Huan and Yang each given a third.
In late 398, the magician Sun Tai (孫泰), a friend of Sima Yuanxian's, who had gathered great following due to his magic, was exposed as planning a plot to take over the central government, and Sima Daozi ordered Sima Yuanxian to trap Sun Tai and execute him. Sun Tai's nephew Sun En fled to Zhoushan Island and planned revenge.
In summer 399, Sima Yuanxian, wanting even greater power, took an opportunity when his father was very drunk to have Emperor An issue an edict transferring Sima Daozi's authorities to Sima Yuanxian. When Sima Daozi awoke from his stupor, he was enraged, but after that point his power became extremely limited, even though he nominally remained regent.
Later in 399, Sun En launched his rebellion and captured most of the eastern empire for a while, until Liu Laozhi led his Beifu Forces and defeated Sun, forcing him to flee back to Zhoushan. Still, the only region remaining under central government control was now laid waste.
In 401, Sima Yuanxian, apprehensive of Huan Xuan (who had by then defeated and executed Yin and Yang, taking over the entire western empire), declared Huan a renegade and launched a campaign against him. However, he relied on Liu's troops, and Liu, not trusting his good intentions, again turned sides and joined Huan, and in 402 the capital Jiankang fell to Huan's forces. Sima Yuanxian was captured and executed, while Sima Daozi was exiled to Ancheng (安成, in modern Ji'an, Jiangxi). Around the new year 403, an official sent by Huan Xuan, pursuant to Huan Xuan's instructions, poisoned Sima Daozi to death.
References
Jin dynasty (266–420) imperial princes
Jin dynasty (266–420) regents
364 births
403 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima%20Daozi |
Beryl Clyde Shipley (August 10, 1926 – April 15, 2011) was an American basketball coach. A native of Kingsport, Tennessee, he is best known for his tenure as head coach of the University of Southwestern Louisiana—now as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette—from 1957 to 1973.
Career
Shipley was hired at what was then Southwestern Louisiana Institute in 1958. In 1966, Shipley recruited three black players, thus becoming the first collegiate coach in the Deep South to have black players on his team. In a region where Jim Crow was a way of life well into the 1960s—long after most Jim Crow laws were formally repealed—Shipley faced intense criticism and opposition for trying to integrate his teams. However, he said years later that he was tired of telling good players that he couldn't sign them because of an unwritten Gulf States Conference rule forbidding black players on conference teams. When state officials barred state money from being used to fund the scholarships for the players, Shipley had area black leaders chip in enough money to pay the players' way. However, this violated an NCAA rule against players receiving financial assistance from outside their family. In 1968, partly due to this, the Ragin' Cajuns were slapped with two years' probation and barred from postseason play during that time.
Shipley did not take long to recover from the probation, however. In 1972, the Ragin' Cajuns jumped to Division I, finished in the top 10 of most major polls and advanced all the way to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament, becoming the first school to make the tournament in its first year of eligibility. They repeated this feat in 1973. However, a month after the tournament, Shipley abruptly resigned. That August, the NCAA found Southwestern Louisiana guilty of more than 125 violations. Most of them involved small cash payments to players, letting players borrow coaches' and boosters' cars, letting players use university credit cards to buy gas and buying clothes and other objects for players. However, the most severe violations involved massive academic fraud. The NCAA found that one of Shipley's assistants had altered a recruit's high school transcript and forged the principal's signature, and others close to the program had arranged for surrogates to take college entrance exams for prospective recruits. The NCAA responded by scrubbing the Ragin' Cajuns' 1972 and 1973 appearances from the books and shutting the program down for two years—the first time that the NCAA had ever punished a school with the so-called "death penalty," and to date the only multi-season cancellation ever handed down to a Division I member in any sport.
Midway through the 1974-75 season, he became coach of the ABA's San Diego Conquistadors.
Retirement and death
After this, he retired from coaching and became involved in the oil distribution business. In his later years, Shipley admitted to violating NCAA rules, but claimed he did so for "humanitarian reasons." In an interview with Sports Illustrated in 2011, he mentioned that one of his players came to school with only one set of clothes and no sheets for his bed. The player was too poor to buy them, so Shipley felt compelled to buy some for him out of his own pocket. However, he denied knowing about the academic fraud, and fought for years to clear his name to no avail. He was largely ostracized by Southwestern Louisiana/Louisiana-Lafayette for many years; school officials took the line that as the head coach, he should have had more control over the program.
Shipley suffered two heart attacks in the 1980s and later had surgery to repair an aortic aneurysm. He was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2010 which eventually spread into his brain. Louisiana-Lafayette held a reunion of the 1972 and 1973 teams in January 2011, but by then Shipley was too sick to attend. Shipley died on April 15, 2011, at the age of 84.
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Beryl Shipley
1926 births
2011 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from Tennessee
Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns athletic directors
Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns men's basketball coaches
San Diego Conquistadors coaches
People from Kingsport, Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryl%20Shipley |
Edgar Eduardo Castillo Carrillo (born October 8, 1986) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a left-back. Castillo is noted for being one of five players to earn a senior cap for both sides of the United States-Mexico rivalry.
Youth
Castillo grew up in Las Cruces, New Mexico, and played for Mayfield High School under coach Arturo Garibay. In 2002, as a sophomore, he was named NSCAA/Adidas High School State Player of the Year. He was one of the top players in New Mexico as he helped lead Mayfield High School to two state championships games .
He first gained the notice of professional teams in 2005 playing for his local club in the Dallas Cup, one of the world's top youth tournaments. His team made it to the Dallas Cup final for the Super Group but lost to Atletico Paranaense of Brazil, 1–0.
Castillo was also a player for the Olympic Development Program regional pool for many years. His younger brother, Noel Castillo, is on the reserve team for Indios de Ciudad Juárez of Mexico.
Professional career
Castillo began his professional career with Santos Laguna of the Primera División de México. After becoming a first team regular at Santos, and winning the championship in 2008, Castillo transferred mid-season to Club América in January 2009. During the off-season, Castillo was on loan to Tigres UANL and played for them during the 2009/10 season. He scored his first goal for Tigres against his former side, Santos Laguna, on August 30, 2009.
On November 23, 2011, Castillo agreed to being loaned to Club Tijuana; on June 7, 2012, he joined Tijuana, permanently.
Castillo moved to Atlas during the 2014 off-season.
On January 9, 2018, Castillo moved to the Colorado Rapids on a one-year loan with an option to buy. Castillo made his debut on March 10, 2018, in a 1–2 loss to the New England Revolution. On June 1, 2018, he scored his debut goal for the club in a 1–2 loss to the Vancouver Whitecaps FC.
Ahead of the 2019 season, Castillo was traded to the New England Revolution in exchange for Kelyn Rowe. He made his debut on March 2, 2019, in a 1–1 draw with FC Dallas.
On January 17, 2020, Castillo made the move to Atlanta United after his option was declined by New England at the end of the 2019 season. Following the 2020 season, Castillo was released by Atlanta on November 24, 2020.
On April 13, 2021, Castillo signed with FC Cincinnati on a one-year deal. Following the 2021 season, Cincinnati declined their contract option on Castillo.
International career
Mexico
In early August 2007, Mexico coach Hugo Sánchez called-up Castillo for the three upcoming friendlies with Colombia, Panama, and Brazil. On August 22, 2007, Castillo made his debut with the Mexico national team and entered at the 53rd minute in the friendly against Colombia. In March 2008 he was also a member of the Mexico U-23 squad which participated in the 2008 CONCACAF Men Pre-Olympic Tournament in order to qualify for 2008 Summer Olympics.
He was called up by Sven-Göran Eriksson to be on the 23-man roster for the Mexico national team, but he was benched during the game against Honduras on August 20, 2008. On November 12, 2008, Castillo appeared in a friendly match against Ecuador in Phoenix, Arizona. He replaced Francisco Fonseca as Mexico beat Ecuador 2–1. He was called up for the national team again on January 28, 2009, in a friendly against Sweden. Castillo was called up to the national side for World Cup qualifiers against Costa Rica in Mexico City and Honduras in San Pedro Sula on March 28 and April 1, 2009, but was unable to travel to either match because he had "lost" his Mexico passport.
United States
Under a recent change in FIFA regulations, Castillo became eligible to play for the United States. The new rule allowed players of any age to make a one-time national affiliation change if they held citizenship in their new country and yet have not played in a competitive senior level match for their previous nationality. The previous rule only allowed a change if the player was under 21.
On June 29, 2009, he was asked about possibly playing for the United States, saying, "I would play for the United States. I'd want to talk to them first, but I want to play for the U.S. I think it would be a very good opportunity for me, for my career. If they call me I would play for them." Castillo also said, "I have made my decision. I want to represent the country where I was born, the place where I live."
In September 2009, Castillo was cleared by FIFA to join the United States national team. On October 31, 2009, Castillo reveals to Mexican media after a Tigres UANL match vs Estudiantes Tecos that he had received a call earlier that day and stated "I was called up for training with the U.S. team and I am expected to appear to play against Denmark ....I'm hoping to give a good impression".
Castillo made his U.S. debut as a second-half sub in a friendly against Denmark in which they lost on November 18, 2009. He then became the second player to earn caps for both Mexico and the United States, joining Martín Vásquez, who played non-FIFA-recognized matches with Mexico from 1990 to 1992 before receiving official call-ups to the U.S. starting in 1996.
Castillo's decision to join the USMNT triggered a strongly negative response from Mexican fans. "When I changed to the U.S. national team, it was a hard time for me because people called me a traitor and stuff like that," Castillo remarked. He further elaborated on his decision, ultimately stating, "It's a big priority," Castillo said of playing for the United States. "I was born in the U.S.[....] I've played a lot in Mexico because Mexico has been treating me good, I changed to the U.S. national team and I think I made a good choice."
Castillo has since been recalled to the USMNT under new head coach Jurgen Klinsmann, and started against Mexico on August 10, 2011.
Honors
Tijuana
Liga MX: Apertura 2012
Santos Laguna
Liga MX: Clausura 2008
Monterrey
Copa MX: Apertura 2017
United States
CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2013
References
External links
Edgar Castillo stats
1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Las Cruces, New Mexico
Soccer players from New Mexico
American men's soccer players
Mexican men's footballers
American sportspeople of Mexican descent
Santos Laguna footballers
Club América footballers
Tigres UANL footballers
San Luis F.C. players
Club Puebla players
Club Tijuana footballers
Atlas F.C. footballers
Liga MX players
Mexico men's international footballers
United States men's international soccer players
Dual men's international footballers
2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Copa América Centenario players
CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players
American expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
C.F. Monterrey players
Men's association football defenders
Colorado Rapids players
Major League Soccer players
New England Revolution players
Atlanta United FC players
FC Cincinnati players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Castillo |
Dwight Lynn White (July 30, 1949 – June 6, 2008) was an American professional football player who was a defensive end for ten seasons with the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He was a member of their the famed Steel Curtain defense.
Life and career
Born in Hampton, Virginia, White graduated from James Madison High School in Dallas, Texas and played college football at East Texas State University (since renamed Texas A&M University–Commerce) where he was teammates with future Super Bowl MVP Harvey Martin.
Pittsburgh Steelers
Nicknamed "Mad Dog", because of his intensity, White became a two-time Pro Bowl defensive end. White spent much of the week leading up to Super Bowl IX in a hospital, suffering from pneumonia; he lost 20 pounds and was not expected to play in the game. However, he did play, and accounted for the only scoring in the first half when he sacked Fran Tarkenton in the end zone for a safety — the first points in Steelers' history in a championship game, and also the first safety in Super Bowl history. The Steelers defeated the Minnesota Vikings 16–6.
White finished his career with 46 quarterback sacks as recorded unofficially by the Steelers; sacks were not an official NFL defensive stat until 1982.
Steelers owner Dan Rooney called White "one of the greatest players to ever wear a Steelers uniform" and he was named to the Steelers All-Time team in 1982 and again in 2007. He retired after the 1980 season and went on to become a stock broker.
Death
Dwight White died of complications that arose from an earlier surgery. A blood clot in his lung, the complication from back surgery, is the suspected cause of death. On February 1, 2010, his family filed a wrongful death suit against the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and three doctors, claiming that his death had been caused by medical negligence.
Notes
The Super Bowl An Official Retrospective, Ballantine Books, 2005.
External links
Stats from Pro Football Reference
1949 births
2008 deaths
Players of American football from Hampton, Virginia
Texas A&M–Commerce Lions football players
American football defensive ends
African-American players of American football
Pittsburgh Steelers players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight%20White |
Tollygunge Agragami FC is an Indian professional multi-sports club known for its football section. It is based in Tollygunge, Kolkata, West Bengal. Founded in 1943 as "Russa Agragami Samity", the club competes in Calcutta Premier Division League.
Tollygunge Agragami previously participated in the National Football League, then top flight of Indian football league system. Later, they also appeared in I-League 2nd Division. Beside CFL, the club participates in other regional tournaments alongside the Kolkata giants Mohun Bagan SG, East Bengal and Mohammedan Sporting.
History
Early history
Tollygunge Agragami, as a football club, founded in Kolkata, India, during the British raj. The team was incorporated in 1943 as Russa Agragami Samity. It was later renamed to "Tollygunge Agragami" in 1955. The club uses Rabindra Sarobar Stadium as its home ground, which has a capacity of 22,000. Although the team has not been as successful as their city rivals, East Bengal Club, Mohun Bagan AC, alongside Mohammedan Sporting, but they are a team to watch out for.
The club in 1971, reached the final of prestigious IFA Shield, but was defeated by Mohamedan Sporting 2–0. The team was then managed by legendary coach Sushil Bhattacharya, who guided them earning promotion to Calcutta Football League first division. Winning the 1997–98 season of the National Football League 2nd Division, is Tollygunge's biggest achievement since their inception. Nepali international Hari Khadka donned in the club colours in 1996–97 season.
In July 2000, after a brilliant display at the NFL, Tollygunge goalkeeper Prasanta Dora was included in Sukhwinder Singh managed national team of India during their historic England-tour, where they played three matches against English Premier League sides Fulham, West Bromwich Albion, and arch-rival Bangladesh.
Present years
Tollygunge Agragami participated in the 2018 Calcutta Premier Division playoffs, finishing tenth. They were relegated to the Calcutta Premier Division B and defeated Mohammedan Sporting by 2–1. They won two matches, drew two, and lost the rest. They did not qualify for Calcutta Premier Division A in 2019 and 2020.
In 2021, Tollygunge announced Modern Institute of Engineering and Technology as their main sponsor ahead of the 2021–22 Calcutta Premier Division.
In June 2023, the Indian Football Association (IFA) announced the merger of both Premier Division A and B of the Calcutta Football League, ahead of its 125th edition, in which Tollygunge Agragami was placed within Group I.
National Football League seasons
In 1998, Tollygunge Agragami emerged as one of the finest sides from Kolkata to participate in the inaugural National Football League, then top tier Indian football league system. They finished as 4th in the Group A of the 1998–99 National Football League with 14 points.
In the 1999–2000 National Football League, they again competed with the top clubs and finished as 8th with 26 points, behind Kingfisher East Bengal.
In the fifth season of the National Football League, the club competed bravely, finishing 8th again with 24 points.
Tollygunge enjoyed their back to back appearances in the top flight league in which they finished 9th in the 2001–02 National Football League (sixth season) with 23 points.
In the 2002–03 National Football League, they again finished 9th with 23 points.
The 2003–04 National Football League was tough for them, where they finished 10th behind the giants Mohun Bagan A.C. with only 20 points.
In 2004–05 National Football League, Tollygunge relegated after finishing at the bottom with 17 points. They lost 11 games and won only 3, as East Bengal FC and Vasco SC thrashed Tollygunge by 5–0 respectively and Mohun Bagan rout them by 4–0.
Sponsorship history
In 2014, the club entered into a sponsorship of Shree Venkatesh Films, and registered by the name of "Tollygunge Agragami SVF Football Club Private Limited".
In 2015, the club acquired service of Trak-Only as their main shirt sponsor.
Home grounds
The club plays its home matches at the Rabindra Sarobar Stadium which is located in Lake Gardens, Kolkata.
22,000 seater Kishore Bharati Krirangan, located in Jadavpur, was used as the home ground of Tollygunge Agragami for both the National Football League and Calcutta Football League for a long time.
Rivalry
Tollygunge has the rivalries with other two Calcutta Football League sides Kalighat Milan Sangha and Bhawanipore FC, which is often referred to as the "South Kolkata Derby".
South Kolkata Derby
Managerial history
Sushil Bhattacharya (1970–1972)
Amal Dutta (1999–2000)
Shankar Mitra (2000–2001)
Aloke Mukherjee (2001–2002)
Chandu Roy Chowdhury (2002)
Amal Dutta (2002–2003)
Subrata Bhattacharya (2003)
Krishnendu Roy (2003–2004; 2005)
Mridul Banerjee (2011–2013)
Bastob Ray (2013)
Subrata Bhattacharya (2013–2014)
Ranjan Chaudhuri (2015–2016)
Monoranjan Bhattacharya (2018)
Bimal Ghosh (2018–2019)
Arindam Deb (2023–present)
Notable players
For all current and former notable Tollygunge Agragami players with a Wikipedia article, see: :Category:Tollygunge Agragami FC players.
World Cup player
Anthony Wolfe (2017) – appeared at the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany.
Other players
Ashim Biswas (2001–2003) – won both the IndianFootball.com 'player of the Year' and 'rookie of the year' award with Tollygunge Agragami in 2003.
Hari Khadka (1996–1997) – all-time top goalscorer of Nepal.
Deepak Mondal (2017–2018) – recipient of both the Arjuna Award and AIFF Player of the Year; represented JCT from 1998 to 2000.
Honours
League
National Football League II
Champions (1): 1997–98
Calcutta Football League
Third place (7): 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2014–15
Cup
IFA Shield
Runners-up (2): 1971, 1999
All Airlines Gold Cup
Runners-up (3): 1998, 2000, 2002
McDowell's Cup
Champions (1): 1999
Libero One-Day Cup
Champions (1): 2003
Other department
Men's cricket
Tollygunge Agragami is having its men's cricket section. It is under the state jurisdiction of Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB), which is governing body of cricket in West Bengal, and competes in CAB First Division League, J.C. Mukherjee T-20 Trophy and other tournaments.
See also
Football in Kolkata
List of football clubs in Kolkata
List of football clubs in India
Notes
References
Further reading
Bibliography
Others
External links
Tollygunge Agragami FC at Soccerway
Tollygunge Agragami FC archives at arunfoot.com (Arunava about football)
Team info at Global Sports Archive
Tollygunge Agragami at WorldFootball.net
Association football clubs established in 1943
Sports clubs and teams in India
1943 establishments in India
Football clubs in Kolkata
Tollygunge Agragami FC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollygunge%20Agragami%20FC |
Federal Route 6 is a federal road around Penang Island, Malaysia.
Route background
The Federal Route 6 is the main circular trunk road that circles through the Penang Island. Its starting terminal (Kilometre Zero) and the ending terminal are located at the Penang Port Roundabout, George Town.
History
The road was constructed by the British in the 1920s.
Features
At most sections, the Federal Route 6 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h.
There are no overlaps, alternate routes, or sections with motorcycle lanes.
List of junctions
References
Malaysian Federal Roads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia%20Federal%20Route%206 |
Mountain Fork, also known as the Mountain Fork of the Little River, is a tributary of the Little River in western Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma in the United States. Via the Little and Red rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
Course
The Mountain Fork rises in the Ouachita Mountains in Le Flore County, Oklahoma, and then flows southeastwardly into Polk County, Arkansas, then southwestwardly into McCurtain County, Oklahoma, where it turns southward for the remainder of its course. It joins the Little River in McCurtain County, southeast of Broken Bow.
In its upper course, the river flows through a portion of the Ouachita National Forest. In McCurtain County, the river is dammed to form Broken Bow Lake. Nancy Branch is a tributary of the river.
Discharge
At Eagletown, the river has a mean annual discharge of .
Recreation and conservation
The Upper Mountain Fork River offers of canoeing or kayaking from near Hatfield, Arkansas to Broken Bow Lake. This part of the river has class I and II rapids. clear water, fishing for smallmouth bass and other species, and excellent scenery with pine forests covering the hills and bluffs along the river's course. Water levels in the river are generally adequate for boating year-round. On the upper portion of Broken Bow Lake is the McCurtain County Wilderness Area, an Oklahoma State-owned tract which contains the largest remaining virgin shortleaf pine/hardwood forest in the nation. Hunting is permitted in the wilderness area.
Below Broken Bow dam and lake, the of the Lower Mountain Fork is described as the "consistently flowing and best whitewater stream" in Oklahoma. Class I and II rapids are found in the upper part of this section and paddlers must navigate waterfalls with a drop. Bald cypress trees line and, in some places, grow in the river. The cool waters issuing below Broken Bow dam provide year-round habitat and fishing for rainbow and brown trout which are stocked regularly throughout the year. In 2008, a brown trout was caught by an angler in the Mountain Fork.
See also
List of Arkansas rivers
List of Oklahoma rivers
References
Columbia Gazetteer of North America
DeLorme (2004). Arkansas Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
DeLorme (2003). Oklahoma Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
External links
Mountain Fork River - Video footage of the area and a list of local activities and resources.
Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory
Rivers of Arkansas
Rivers of Oklahoma
Bodies of water of Le Flore County, Oklahoma
Bodies of water of McCurtain County, Oklahoma
Rivers of Polk County, Arkansas
Tributaries of the Red River of the South | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20Fork |
In Boolean algebra, Petrick's method (also known as Petrick function or branch-and-bound method) is a technique described by Stanley R. Petrick (1931–2006) in 1956 for determining all minimum sum-of-products solutions from a prime implicant chart. Petrick's method is very tedious for large charts, but it is easy to implement on a computer. The method was improved by Insley B. Pyne and Edward Joseph McCluskey in 1962.
Algorithm
Reduce the prime implicant chart by eliminating the essential prime implicant rows and the corresponding columns.
Label the rows of the reduced prime implicant chart , , , , etc.
Form a logical function which is true when all the columns are covered. P consists of a product of sums where each sum term has the form , where each represents a row covering column .
Apply De Morgan's Laws to expand into a sum of products and minimize by applying the absorption law .
Each term in the result represents a solution, that is, a set of rows which covers all of the minterms in the table. To determine the minimum solutions, first find those terms which contain a minimum number of prime implicants.
Next, for each of the terms found in step five, count the number of literals in each prime implicant and find the total number of literals.
Choose the term or terms composed of the minimum total number of literals, and write out the corresponding sums of prime implicants.
Example of Petrick's method
Following is the function we want to reduce:
The prime implicant chart from the Quine-McCluskey algorithm is as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! || 0 || 1 || 2 || 5 || 6 || 7 || ⇒ || A || B || C
|-
| style="a1;" | K = m(0,1) || || || || || || || ⇒ || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| style="a1;" | L = m(0,2) || || || || || || || ⇒ || 0 || || 0
|-
| style="a1;" | M = m(1,5) || || || || || || || ⇒ || || 0 || 1
|-
| style="a1;" | N = m(2,6) || || || || || || || ⇒ || || 1 || 0
|-
| style="a1;" | P = m(5,7) || || || || || || || ⇒ || 1 || || 1
|-
| style="a1;" | Q = m(6,7) || || || || || || || ⇒ || 1 || 1 ||
|}
Based on the ✓ marks in the table above, build a product of sums of the rows where each row is added, and columns are multiplied together:
(K+L)(K+M)(L+N)(M+P)(N+Q)(P+Q)
Use the distributive law to turn that expression into a sum of products. Also use the following equivalences to simplify the final expression: X + XY = X and XX = X and X+X=X
= (K+L)(K+M)(L+N)(M+P)(N+Q)(P+Q)
= (K+LM)(N+LQ)(P+MQ)
= (KN+KLQ+LMN+LMQ)(P+MQ)
= KNP + KLPQ + LMNP + LMPQ + KMNQ + KLMQ + LMNQ + LMQ
Now use again the following equivalence to further reduce the equation: X + XY = X
= KNP + KLPQ + LMNP + LMQ + KMNQ
Choose products with fewest terms, in this example, there are two products with three terms:
KNP
LMQ
Choose term or terms with fewest total literals. In our example, the two products both expand to six literals total each:
KNP expands to a'b' + bc' + ac
LMQ expands to a'c' + b'c + ab
So either one can be used. In general, application of Petrick's method is tedious for large charts, but it is easy to implement on a computer.
Notes
References
Further reading
(xiv+379+1 pages)
External links
Tutorial on Quine-McCluskey and Petrick's method
Petrick C++ implementation based on the tutorial above
Boolean algebra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrick%27s%20method |
Robert Scott Clark (born 1961) is an American Reformed pastor and seminary professor. He is the author of several books, including his most recent work, Recovering the Reformed Confession.
Biography
Clark earned a B.A. from the University of Nebraska, Master of Divinity from Westminster Seminary California, and D.Phil. from the University of Oxford. Since 1997 he has been teaching at Westminster Seminary California, where he served as academic dean from 1997 to 2001; currently he is professor of church history and historical theology. He has also taught at Wheaton College (Illinois), Reformed Theological Seminary, Jackson, and Concordia University, Irvine. He is an ordained minister in the United Reformed Churches in North America. He maintains an online journal entitled the Heidelblog, which was deleted for a time in 2011, but is now in regular production. Clark also hosts the Heidelcast podcast where he discusses various topics relevant to reformed theology.
Scott Clark has defended the Marrow Brethren.
Works
Author
Recovering the Reformed Confession: Our Theology, Piety, and Practice (Phillipsburg: P&R Publishing, 2008) ()
Caspar Olevian and the Substance of the Covenant: The Double Benefit of Christ (Edinburgh: Rutherford House, December 2005) ()
Editor and contributor
William Ames, A Sketch of the Christian's Catechism. Trans., Todd M. Rester. Classic Reformed Theology vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Reformation Heritage Press, 2008. ()
Caspar Olevianus, An Exposition of the Apostles' Creed. Trans. Lyle D. Bierma. Classic Reformed Theology vol. 2. Grand Rapids: Reformation Heritage Press, 2009. (
Covenant, Justification, and Pastoral Ministry: Essays by the Faculty of Westminster Seminary California. ed. R. Scott Clark Phillipsburg: N.J.: P&R Pub, 2007. ()
Protestant Scholasticism: Essays in Reassessment, ed., Carl Trueman and R. Scott Clark. Carlisle, UK: Paternoster, 1999. ()
Always Reformed: Essays in Honor of W. Robert Godfrey. ed., R. Scott Clark and Joel E. Kim. Escondido, CA: Westminster Seminary California, 2010. ()
Contributor
"Calvin: A Negative Boundary Marker In American Lutheran Self-Identity, 1871–1934". in Johan de Niet, Herman Paul and Bart Wallet, ed. Sober, Strict, and Scriptural: Collective Memories of John Calvin, 1800–2000. (Brill, 2009), ()
"The Benefits of Christ: Double Justification in Protestant Theology before the Westminster Assembly" in Anthony T. Selvaggio, ed. The Faith Once Delivered: Essays in Honor of Dr. Wayne R. Spear (Phillipsburg: P&R Publishing, 2007), 107-34. ()
"Election and Predestination: Sovereign Expressions of God", in David Hall and Peter Lillback, ed. A Theological Guide to Calvin’s Institutes: Essays and Analysis (Phillipsburg: P&R Publishing, 2008). ()
"Whosever Will Be Saved: Emerging Church? Meet Christian Dogma", in Gary Johnson ed., Reforming or Conforming: Post-Conservative Evangelicals and the Emerging Church (Wheaton: Crossway, 2008). ()
"Reconstructionism", in The New Dictionary of Christian Apologetics, eds Campbell Campbell-Jack, Gavin J. McGrath (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 2006). ()
"Janus, the Well-Meant Offer of the Gospel and Westminster Theology", in David VanDrunen, ed., The Pattern of Sound Words: A Festschrift for Robert B. Strimple (Phillipsburg: P&R Publishing, 2004), 149-80. ()
[with Joel R. Beeke], "Ursinus, Oxford and the Westminster Divines", in The Westminster Confession into the 21st Century: Essays in Remembrance of the 350th Anniversary of the Publication of the Westminster Confession of Faith, 3 vol. ed. Ligon Duncan (Ross-Shire, Scotland: Mentor, 2003), 2. 1-32. ()
"The Authority of Reason in the Later Reformation: Scholasticism in Caspar Olevian and Antoine de La Faye", in Protestant Scholasticism: Essays in Reassessment, ed., Carl Trueman and R. Scott Clark (Carlisle, UK: Paternoster, 1999), 111-26. ()
"Calvin as Negative Boundary Marker in American Lutheran Self-Identity", in Johan de Niet, Herman Paul, and Bart Wallet, ed., The Modern Calvin: John Calvin in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Memory Cultures (Leiden: Brill, 2009).
"The Evangelical Fall from the Means of Grace", in The Compromised Church, ed. John Armstrong (Wheaton: Crossway, 1998), 133-47. ()
Journal articles
Iustitia Imputata Christi: Alien or Proper to Luther’s Doctrine of Justification? Concordia Theological Quarterly 70 (2006): 269–310.
Baptism and the Benefits of Christ: The Double Mode of Communion in the Covenant of Grace, The Confessional Presbyterian Journal 2 (2006): 3–19.
The Catholic-Calvinist Trinitarianism of Caspar Olevian, Westminster Theological Journal 61 (1999): 15–39.
Calvin and the Lex Naturalis, Stulos Theological Journal 6 (1998): 1–22.
Footnotes
External links
Monergism.com Mp3 Library - Audio recordings of Clark on various theological subjects.
Professor Clark's Home Page - Clark's web site at Westminster Seminary California
R. Scott Clark Archives - The Heidelblog - Clark's personal website
1961 births
Living people
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
Westminster Theological Seminary alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Wheaton College (Illinois) faculty
Westminster Seminary California faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20Scott%20Clark |
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Nebraska Air National Guard
| image = 173d Air Refueling Squadron - Boeing KC-135A-BN Stratotanker 59-1495.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = A Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker of the 173d Air Refueling Squadron, landing at Lincoln ANGB. The 173d ARS is the oldest unit in the Nebraska Air National Guard, having over 60 years of service to the state and nation.
| dates = 26 July 1946 – present
| country =
| allegiance =
| branch = Air National Guard
| type =
| role = "To meet state and federal mission responsibilities."
| size = 1,002
| command_structure = Nebraska Military Department United States National Guard Bureau
| garrison = Nebraska Military Department, 1300 Military Road, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68508
| garrison_label =
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| commander1 = President Joe Biden(Commander-in-Chief)Frank Kendall III(Secretary of the Air Force)Governor Jim Pillen''(Governor of the State of Nebraska)
| commander1_label = Civilian leadership
| commander2 = Major General Daryl L. Bohac.
| commander2_label = State military leadership
| notable_commanders =
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label = Emblem of the Nebraska Air National Guard
| aircraft_tanker = KC-135R Stratotanker
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}}
The Nebraska Air National Guard (NE ANG)''' is the aerial militia of the State of Nebraska, United States of America. It is, along with the Nebraska Army National Guard, an element of the Nebraska National Guard.
As state militia units, the units in the Nebraska Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Nebraska though the office of the Nebraska Adjutant General unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States. The Nebraska Air National Guard is headquartered at Lincoln Air National Guard Base, and its commander is Brigadier General Wendy Johnson.
Overview
Under the "Total Force" concept, Nebraska Air National Guard units are considered to be Air Reserve Components (ARC) of the United States Air Force (USAF). Nebraska ANG units are trained and equipped by the Air Force and are operationally gained by a Major Command of the USAF if federalized. In addition, the Nebraska Air National Guard forces are assigned to Air Expeditionary Forces and are subject to deployment tasking orders along with their active duty and Air Force Reserve counterparts in their assigned cycle deployment window.
Along with their federal reserve obligations, as state militia units the elements of the Nebraska ANG are subject to being activated by order of the Governor to provide protection of life and property, and preserve peace, order and public safety. State missions include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires, search and rescue, protection of vital public services, and support to civil defense.
Components
The Nebraska Air National Guard consists of the following major units:
155th Air Refueling Wing
Established 26 July 1946 (as: 173d Fighter Squadron); operates: KC-135R Stratotanker
Stationed at: Lincoln Air National Guard Base, Lincoln
Gained by: Air Mobility Command
The 155th operates the KC-135R Stratotanker, which is responsible for conducting air refueling missions around the world.
170th Group
Established 7 July 2007
Stationed at: Offutt Air Force Base, Omaha
Gained by: Air Combat Command
The 170th Group administratively organizes Nebraska ANG members assigned to Offutt under the Offutt AFB Future Total Force Initiative.
History
On 24 May 1946, the United States Army Air Forces, in response to dramatic postwar military budget cuts imposed by President Harry S. Truman, allocated inactive unit designations to the National Guard Bureau for the formation of an Air Force National Guard. These unit designations were allotted and transferred to various State National Guard bureaus to provide them unit designations to re-establish them as Air National Guard units.
The Nebraska Air National Guard origins date to the formation of the 173d Fighter Squadron at Lincoln Army Airfield, Lincoln, receiving federal recognition on 26 July 1946. It was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and its mission was the air defense of the state. 18 September 1947, the Nebraska Air National Guard separated from the Army Air Corps upon the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate branch of the United States military under the National Security Act.
On 1 July 1960 the 173d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 155th Fighter-Interceptor Group was allotted by the National Guard Bureau, extended federal recognition and activated.
Today, the 155th Air Refueling Wing (155 ARW) provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps and allied nation aircraft. In 2007, the 170th Group at Offutt AFB was formed. The 170th evolved from Detachment 1, Headquarters Nebraska ANG established in June 2002. Under this initiative, highly qualified ANG instructor aircrew integrate into the 338th Combat Training Squadron to provide initial qualification, re-qualification and upgrade training to active duty and ANG aircrew members. These functional areas include requirements, weapons and tactics, intelligence, base operations, weather, and aviation resource management.
After the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, elements of every Air National Guard unit in Washington has been activated in support of the Global War on Terrorism. Flight crews, aircraft maintenance personnel, communications technicians, air controllers and air security personnel were engaged in Operation Noble Eagle air defense overflights of major United States cities. Also, Nebraska ANG units have been deployed overseas as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq as well as other locations as directed.
See also
Nebraska State Guard
References
Gross, Charles J (1996), The Air National Guard and the American Military Tradition, United States Dept. of Defense,
Nebraska Military Department website
External links
Nebraska National Guard
Nebraska Military Department
Nebraska National Guard "Prairie Soldier" publication
United States Air National Guard
Military in Nebraska
Organizations based in Lincoln, Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska%20Air%20National%20Guard |
Nashe Radio (, Our Radio, pronounced Nashe radio) is a Russian Rock music radio station. It was designed to promote Russian rock bands, as opposed to pop and Western music. Nashe is based in Moscow and broadcast in every major Russian city as well as through the internet stream. It was founded in 1998 by former Radio Maximum producer .
Popular bands aired on Nashe include Zemfira, Aria, DDT, Kino, Splin, Bi-2, and many others, including Ukrainian and Belarusian bands, which are never considered foreign. The music style ranges from pop rock to heavy metal to folk rock and reggae, but Nashe's mainstream is 80's style classic rock and modern pop punk.
Nashe Radio chart, "Chart Dozen" (Chartova duzhina, play on "Devil's dozen", as the chart consists of 13 positions), updated weekly, is the major rock music chart in Russia. Since 2003, yearly results of chart are celebrated in annual indoor "Chart Dozen" festival. Since 2008, annual music award of the same name is presented to yearly chart winners on this festival.
Nashe Radio organize the largest annual open air rock festival in Russia, Nashestvie. It has been held since 1999, with the exceptions of 2007, 2020, 2021 and usually attracts from 50,000 to 100,000 spectators.
References
External links
Chart Dozen
Nashe Radio Fan club Moldova
Nashe Radio Fan-Club
Internet stream.
Radio stations established in 1998
Radio stations in Russia
Russian-language radio stations
Rock radio stations
Russian rock music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashe%20Radio |
Sanskriti is a Sanskrit word for "culture." It may refer to:
Sanskriti Kendra Museum, New Delhi
Sanskriti Museum & Art Gallery, Hazaribagh
Sanskriti Museums, a set of three museums housed within Sanskriti Kendra complex at Anandagram, an artist village complex on the outskirts of Delhi
Sanskriti School, a recognized integrated co-educational school in the diplomatic area of Chanakyapuri, New Delhi
Sanskriti School, Pune, a day school established in 2005
Sanskriti The Gurukul, a boarding school on the outskirts of Guwahati, in the Indian state of Assam
Sanskriti, publication of the Bangladeshi Ganotantrik Biplobi Jote political group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskriti |
Scleromochlus (from , 'hard' and , 'lever') is an extinct genus of small pterosauromorph archosaurs from the Late Triassic period. The genus contains the type and only species Scleromochlus taylori, named by Arthur Smith Woodward in 1907.
Discovery
Its fossils have been found in the Carnian Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland. The holotype was discovered around 1900 and is listed as specimen BMNH R3556, a partial skeleton preserved as an impression in sandstone, with portions of the skull and tail missing.
Description
Scleromochlus taylori was about long, with long hind legs; it may have been capable of four-legged and two-legged locomotion. Studies about its gait suggest that it engaged in kangaroo- or springhare-like plantigrade hopping; however, a 2020 reassessment of Scleromochlus by Bennett suggested that it was a "sprawling quadrupedal hopper analogous to frogs." If Scleromochlus is indeed related to pterosaurs, this may offer insight as to how the latter evolved, since early pterosaurs also show adaptations for saltatorial locomotion.
Classification
A lightly built cursorial animal, its phylogenetic position has been debated; as different analyses have found it to be either the basal-most ornithodiran, the sister-taxon to Pterosauria, or a basal member of Avemetatarsalia that lies outside of Ornithodira. In the phylogenetic analyses conducted by Nesbitt et al. (2017) Scleromochlus was recovered either as a basal member of Dinosauromorpha or as a non-aphanosaurian, non-pterosaur basal avemetatarsalian. However, the authors stressed that scoring Scleromochlus was challenging given the small size and poor preservation of the fossils, and stated that it could not be scored for many of the important characters that optimize near the base of Avemetatarsalia.
In 2020, Bennett interpreted Scleromochlus as possessing certain characteristics, including osteoderms and a crurotarsal morphology of the ankle, which suggested that Scleromochlus was not closely related to ornithodirans. Instead, he argued for a position of Scleromochlus among the Doswelliidae or elsewhere among basal members of the Archosauriformes.
However, in 2022, Foffa and colleagues reconstructed a complete skeleton using microcomputed tomographic scans of the seven specimens found to date. This enabled a new phylogenetic analysis to be undertaken, which strongly supported the hypothesis that Scleromochlus was a member of the Pterosauromorpha – either as a genus of the Lagerpetidae family (shown to be a part of Pterosauromorpha in 2020) or as the sister group to pterosaurs and lagerpetids. Previous alternative classifications were demonstrated to have been based on misinterpretations of incomplete or ambiguous anatomical features found in the fossil record.
References
Pterosauromorpha
Triassic archosaurs
Carnian genera
Late Triassic reptiles of Europe
Triassic Scotland
Fossils of Scotland
Fossil taxa described in 1907
Taxa named by Arthur Smith Woodward
Prehistoric reptile genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleromochlus |
The Canada national baseball team represents Canada in international baseball. They are overseen by Baseball Canada, the governing body of baseball in Canada.
Canada was an inaugural member of the World Baseball Classic, making its debut in the first edition. They have yet to make it past the first round.
Results and fixtures
The following is a list of professional baseball match results currently active in the latest version of the WBSC World Rankings, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.
Legend
2019
2023
Team
Current roster
The roster for the 2023 World Baseball Classic
Recent call-ups
Competitive record
World Baseball Classic
2006 WBC: Inaugural classic
In June 2005, Major League Baseball announced the formation of the World Baseball Classic (WBC), an international competition to be held in March 2006 for the first time. Canada was one of the sixteen teams invited to play in the inaugural classic. Because the event will be held in March, before the North American baseball season traditionally starts, players active in Major League Baseball or any minor league affiliates are eligible to play in the WBC, making the team markedly different from the teams which represented Canada in the 2005 World Cup or the 2004 Olympics.
Several high-profile Canadian players declined the opportunity to participate, including Ryan Dempster, Shawn Hill, Danny Klassen, Éric Gagné and Rich Harden, who were injured. Los Angeles Dodgers' prospect Russell Martin was named to the team, but pulled out in favor of reporting to Spring training. In addition, Larry Walker, who retired after the 2005 season, opted not to participate, choosing instead to serve in a coaching capacity.
Canada played in Pool B of the tournament with Mexico, South Africa and the United States.
Team Canada was heavily favoured to win their first game against South Africa, a team made up almost entirely by amateurs. However, South Africa put up a tough challenge to the Canadian team. South African starter, Carl Michaels pitched outstandingly; Canada could not get a run until the 5th inning, when they scored 3. However, the South Africans shockingly scored 4 runs of their own in the bottom of the 5th against Paul Quantrill. It was back and forth from then on. It looked like South Africa might pull off a monumental upset as they went into the 9th with an 8–7 lead. However, in the top of the 9th, the Canadians scored 4 times to win the game 11–8.
After almost being upset by a surprising South African team, Canada pulled off an upset of its own with an 8-6 victory over the star-studded United States team. Scoring in each of the first five innings, the Canadians built an 8–0 lead using a combination of timely, patient hitting, steady pitching and clutch fielding. In the bottom of the fifth, the United States threatened a comeback, exploding for 6 runs, capped off by a Jason Varitek grand slam. The Canadian team held off the US the rest of the way, as neither team crossed the plate again in the game. Adam Stern had a strong outing, going 3 for 4, a double shy of the cycle, with an inside-the-park home run, as well as making several spectacular plays in center field to keep his team ahead.
After Canada's victory over the United States, they got shocked by the Mexican team in a 9–1 resounding defeat. Unfortunately for the Canadian side, this victory would eventually cost them the trip to the 2nd round of the tournament after the United States beat South Africa 17–0 and clinched the second place in Pool B. Canada, USA, and Mexico each finished with a 2–1 record in the pool, but Canada lost the tie-breaker based on runs allowed.
2009 WBC: First classic held on home soil
Canada was placed in 2009 World Baseball Classic – Pool C hosting the United States, Italy, and Venezuela at Rogers Centre in Toronto. In their opener, Canada lost a close game against the United States by a score of 6–5. On March 9, Canada was eliminated from the tournament after losing 6–2 to underdog Italy. Canada exited the WBC with an 0–2 record and 6.35 runs allowed per 9 innings, to secure thirteenth place overall.
2013 WBC: Brawl vs Mexico
Canada qualified by winning a qualifying tournament in Armin-Wolf-Arena in Regensburg, Germany, in September 2012, that also featured the Czech Republic, Germany and Great Britain. Canada moved on to the 1st Round.
The Canadian team was placed in 2013 World Baseball Classic – Pool D against Italy, Mexico and the United States. In their opener, Canada lost to the Italian baseball team 14–4 after the game ended in the 8th inning due to the mercy rule in place after Italy scored five additional runs during the bottom of the 8th inning. On March 9, Canada faced off against Mexico. With Canada already leading the game, third baseman Luis Cruz motioned the pitcher Arnold Leon to bean the next batter, Rene Tosoni, which resulted in a bench clearing brawl. Seven players from both teams ejected from the game. Despite this, they clinched a 10–3 win over Mexico. They lost the final game against the United States 9–4, thus eliminating Canada from the tournament.
The Canadian team missed out on advancing to the next round for the third time, but still managed to claim their automatic qualification for the 2017 World Baseball Classic.
2017 WBC: Worst finish
Canada was placed in 2017 World Baseball Classic – Pool C against the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and the United States. Their performances were abysmal, even losing to surprising debutants Colombia.
After losing all three of its matches, they finished last in their group, and were forced to go through qualifiers for the 2023 World Baseball Classic.
2023 WBC
Canada automatically qualified for the 2023 tournament by playing in the 2017 World Baseball Classic.
The Canadian team was placed in 2023 World Baseball Classic – Pool C against Great Britain, United States, Columbia and Mexico. They began pool play against Great Britain. The Canadians had to overcome an early deficit, however, Tyler O’Neill and Jacob Robson had four hits each to lead Canada to an 18–8 mercy rule win In Game 2, propelled by a nine-run first inning, they lost 1–12 against the United States. In Game 3 against Columbia, Canada led 1–0 going into the eighth inning, but Otto Lopez, a Toronto Blue Jays prospect, led off the inning with a triple and was driven in by Owen Caissie's two-out RBI single to push the lead to 2–0. Lopez's three-run shot in the ninth gave Canada an even bigger cushion, which ultimately lead them to winning 5–0. Their 2–1 record setup a win-or-go-home game vs Mexico. After a good start to the game, Mexico blew the game open with a four-run sixth, keyed by Randy Arozarena’s three-run double. They would go on to win the game 10–3, ultimately eliminating Canada from the tournament.
By finishing top four in their group, Canada still managed to claim their automatic qualification spot for the 2026 World Baseball Classic.
Olympic Games
Background
Canada has qualified for two Olympic Games, in 2004 and 2008. Canadian teams also competed twice when baseball was a demonstration sport, in 1984 and 1988.
1984 Summer Olympics: Inaugural tournament
Canada was invited to participate at the 1984 Summer Olympics. They finished with a 1–2 record in pool play, and did not advance to the knockout round. They finished tied for third in their pool, the equivalent of a tie for fifth overall.
1988 Summer Olympics: Missing the knockout stage
Canada qualified for the 1988 Summer Olympics by finishing in fourth place at the 1987 Pan American Games and defeating 1987 European Baseball Championship silver medalist Italy in a playoff. They finished with a 1–2 record in pool play, and did not advance to the knockout round. They finished in seventh place overall.
2004 Summer Olympics: Fourth place finish
Canada qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics by finishing second at the Americas Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Panama. They finished with a 5–2 record in pool play, then fell to Cuba in the semifinals. Canada would ultimately lose the Bronze Medal game 11–2 to Japan.
2008 Summer Olympics: Missing the knockout round
Canada qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics by finishing first in the Final Qualifying Tournament. They finished with 2–5 record in pool play, and did not advance to the knockout round.
WBSC Premier12
2015 WBSC Premier12: Inaugural event
Canada was placed in Pool A against Cuba, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, Italy, and host Chinese Taipei. They completed a perfect 5–0 pool play to advance to the playoff stage. They ultimately lost to Mexico 4–3 in the quarter-finals, finishing in fifth place overall.
2019 WBSC Premier12: Stiffer competition
Two quota spots were allocated from the Tournament, of the spots for six baseball teams at the 2020 Olympic Games.
Canada was placed in Pool C against Australia, Cuba, and host South Korea. They compiled a 1–2 pool play record, and did not advance to the Super Round. They finished in seventh place overall
Amateur World Series and Baseball World Cup
Canada has competed at 9 World Cups and 8 more times in its predecessor the Amateur World series. Their best finish was a bronze at the 2009 World Cup and at the 2011 World Cup.
Pan American Games
Canada's first appearance at the Pan American Games came in 1967. Their first medal came in 1999, when the team won the bronze medal for their third-place finish. In 2011, Canada won the gold medal game over the United States, 2–1, to win Canada's first-ever baseball gold medal. Canada won their second consecutive gold medal in 2015, defeating the United States, 7–6 (10 innings), in the final. In 2019, Canada won the silver medal, losing to Puerto Rico in the final match.
Haarlem Baseball Week
World Port Tournament
Uniforms
See also
List of Major League Baseball players from Canada
World Port Tournament
References
External links
National Teams at Baseball Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20national%20baseball%20team |
Federal Route 7 is the main federal road in northern Peninsula Malaysia. The road connects Padang Besar, Perlis to Alor Setar, Kedah.
Route background
The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 7 starts at the Malaysia–Thailand border near Padang Besar, Perlis.
Features
At most sections, the Federal Route 7 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.
There are no overlaps, alternate routes, or sections with motorcycle lanes.
List of junctions and towns
References
Malaysian Federal Roads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia%20Federal%20Route%207 |
James Alberione, SSP () (4 April 1884 – 26 November 1971), was an Italian Catholic priest, and the founder of the Society of St. Paul, of the Daughters of St. Paul, of the Pious Disciples of the Divine Master, of the Sisters of Jesus the Good Shepherd, of the Sisters of Mary Queen of the Apostles, and other religious institutes, which form the Pauline Family. The first two groups are best known for promoting the Catholic faith through various forms of modern media.
Early life
Alberione was born on 4 April 1884, in San Lorenzo di Fossano, Cuneo, then in the Kingdom of Italy. The Alberione family, made up of Michael Alberione, Teresa Allocco and their six children, were farmers. He was the fourth son of a peasant family and had a more delicate physical constitution than his brothers. At the age of sixteen, James entered the seminary of Alba, Piedmont, financially aided by his uncle James, who was his godfather from whom his name is derived. He and his father traveled to the seminary riding in an ox-driven cart. At the seminary of Alba, his spiritual director was Canon Francesco Chiesa, who is now a "Venerable".
On the night of 31 December 1900, the night that divided the 19th and 20th centuries, he prayed for five hours before the Blessed Sacrament and contemplating the future, felt that he was called to do something for the people of the new century. Inspired by the example of Saint John Bosco (1815-1888), he was one of the first to engage in a mission to educate and evangelize exclusively through the mass media.
Founder
Alberione was ordained on 29 June 1907 (Feast of Sts. Peter and Paul), and became a parish priest in Narzole. He received his doctorate in theology, in 1908. Alberione founded a total of ten religious congregations, aggregated institutes, and lay cooperators. These congregations use modern media technology and published materials to spread the word of God and help in personal devotions.
Society of St. Paul
On August 20, 1914, he put two teenagers, Desiderio Costa and Tito Armani, to work in a small pressroom under the guidance of a printer friend of his. Thus began the "Little Printing School of Typography" now known today as The Society of St. Paul whose purpose is to "Live and to Give Jesus Master the Way, the Truth, and the Life" through the most modern means of communications, press, cinema, television, radio and other modern media.
Other congregations
After founding the "Little Printing School" (now Society of St. Paul) he gathered a group of women in 1915; together with Venerable Mother Tecla Merlo, he founded the female counterpart of the Society of St. Paul, the Daughters of St. Paul.
More congregations and institutes followed after. Thus he founded:
1924: The Pious Disciples of the Divine Master (PDDM), with Servant of God Mother Maria Scolastica Rivata, the contemplative members of the Pauline Family whose members would be especially dedicated to Eucharistic Adoration, Liturgical Preparations, and Priestly Services.
1938: The Sisters of Jesus the Good Shepherd (also known as: "Pastorelle") works in schools and parishes by providing religious instruction
1957: The Sisters of Mary Queen of Apostles works and pray for vocations for the Pauline Family and to the Religious Life
1958: The Institute of St. Gabriel the Archangel (lay consecrated men whose apostolate is also that of the Society of St. Paul)
1958: The Institute of Mary of the Annunciation (lay consecrated women whose apostolate is also that of the Society of St. Paul)
1959: The Institute of Jesus the Priest (for diocesan clergy who would like to adopt the Pauline Spirituality to their ministry),
1960: The Institute of the Holy Family (for married couples) and
1918: The Association of Pauline Cooperators
Alberione served during the Second Vatican Council as a peritus (theological expert), participating in the private sessions during which the decrees of the Council were formed and shaped, for the approval of the Council Fathers in full session.
Death and veneration
Alberione died of natural causes on 26 November 1971 in the Generalate House of the Society in Rome. He had received a personal visit by Pope Paul VI an hour before he died. He was buried in the sub-crypt of the Basilica of Mary Queen of the Apostles in Rome.
Alberione was declared venerable on 25 June 1996, and was beatified on 27 April 2003 by Pope John Paul II, along with five others: Marco d'Aviano, a priest and member of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin; Eugenia Ravasco, virgin and founder of the Congregations of the Daughters of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary; Maria Domenica Mantovani, virgin and co-founder of the Institute of the Little Sisters of the Holy Family; Maria Cristina of the Immaculate Conception Brando, founder of the Congregation of the Sisters, Expiatory Victims of Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament, and Giulia Salzano, virgin and founder of the Congregation of the Catechist Sisters of the Sacred Heart. The pope said, during his homily for the ceremony, said that Alberione left "a formidable heritage". According to John Paul II, Alberione "felt the need to make Jesus Christ, the Way, the Truth and the Life, known 'to all people of our time with the means of our time', as he liked to say. He was inspired by the Apostle Paul, whom he described as a 'theologian and architect of the Church', remaining ever docile and faithful to the Magisterium of the Successor of Peter, a 'beacon' of truth in a world that is so often devoid of sound spiritual references".
Legacy
Alberione used modern means of mass communication to spread his message.
References
External links
Life of Bl. James Alberione, Daughters of St. Paul website
Writings of Bl. James Alberione, Pauline Family
1884 births
1971 deaths
People from Fossano
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Italian book publishers (people)
Italian Roman Catholic writers
Catholic media
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Pauline Family
Italian beatified people
20th-century venerated Christians
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
Italian publishers (people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Alberione |
St. Paul's High School is a private Catholic primary and secondary school for boys located in the Cantonment area in Belgaum, North Karnataka, India. Founded by the Jesuits in 1856, the school is located adjacent to its sister school, St. Joseph’s Canossian Convent School and the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Family Rosary of Fatima.
History
The school was founded in 1856. Fr. Charmilliot, an Austrian Jesuit, first stepped into the compound of St Paul's as the chaplain of Our Lady of Mount Carmel chapel, that existed on these premises. From that day the Jesuits never left the premises even though their nationality might have changed. First the school had Austrian and German Jesuit fathers. They were replaced by the Portuguese Jesuits. Now Indian Jesuits of the Goa Province run the school.
Motto
The motto of the school is Induamar Arma Lucis – "Let us put on the armour of light", which means "Be a light to others, bring light to the world around you by your words, and above all by your actions."
Growth
Beginning with four classrooms and 6070 students, the school has grown to over 2000 students. Though it was started primarily for the Catholics, it has opened its doors to students of all religions, castes, ethnic backgrounds, and colour. Scholarships and help are provided to those who can't afford the tuition.
Academic standing
The school received recognition on 30 November 1868 from Bombay University as a part of Bombay Presidency. The first batch appeared in the Matriculation Examination in 1917. It was given government grant-in-aid already from 1917.
The Inspector Mr. H. Davies wrote in 1936:
The upper classes are extremely well graded and taught, the School’s record in the Matriculation Examination being one which over a long period has entitled it to respect….The percentage of passes (24 sent up and 20 passed) is therefore 83% as against the University general average of 35% and the school stands first among the English Teaching Schools of the Presidency. The best English education is given here and conversation in English is compulsory unlike some of the other schools in the city. Discipline in language, dressing and mannerisms is the priority of this rich institution. It has earned distinctions at ten times the average rate for the Presidency and has once more secured the Latin prize.
Reorienting goals
In 1974 there was rethinking about education, especially in Jesuit institutions. The boarding had for some years a supplementary section called the orphanage, which catered to destitute children whose parents had died in plagues or other epidemics. In 1974 there was a rethinking of the hostel project when the old hostel was closed. In its place the hostel reopened its doors to the boys from the villages around. Their education is highly subsidized.
Jubilees
In 1981 the school celebrated its 125th jubilee.
In 2006 the school celebrated its 150th jubilee.
In 2016 the school celebrated its
160 th jubilee
150th year celebrations
The 150th year celebrations of the school were held on 10 February 2006 along with the Passing Out parade of the SSLC jubilee batch. Throughout the year the school conducted extracurricular activities and celebrated its jubilee. There was a cultural fest in October 2006 known as the Anand Utsav. The school held the valedictory ceremony of its 150th year from 7 to 10 December. On 7 December the school held celebrations for the students and parents. In the morning there were programmes and a magic show by Junior Marcos. On 8 December there was a grand celebration for the ex-students and teachers. Prayer services and dances were held on the occasion. On 9 December the main valedictory event was held. On this occasion a skit depicted the events from the birth of man to St Paul's in its present state. On 19 December Shaan sang.
St. Paul's high School hosts an inter- College Cultural fest 'Kronos' which hosts Competitions for most schools in Belagavi.
On 17 December 2016, nearly 3638 ex students had a reunion and were successful to make a Guinness world record for the highest attendees for a school reunion
Culture
House system
Students are divided into four Houses namely Gold, Green, Blue, and Red. Each house colour is depicted on the student's uniform, either as a badge or as a coloured shirt. They are led by four house commanders with their four secretaries and a deputy commander. Two posts rank above the commanders - School Pupil Leader (SPL) and Assistant School Pupil Leader (ASPL). Competition is fostered among the houses in sports and studies alike.
Passing Out parade
The school conducts a Passing Out parade for the SSLC batch in February each year. The junior students produce dance performances for entertainment. The high school students of Std VIII and IX salute the Xth Std students. The SSLC students march for the last time with lamps, to the sound of the song "Now is the Hour". After the Passing Out parade, the students pose for photos with their friends and teachers. Till recently the passing out batch wore white shirts and black pants with a tie. Now they wear their normal school dress.
Fests
The cultural fest is "Arrupe Fest", held in early November organised by staff members.
"KRONOS" an inter-school 2 day business -cultural event is also organised by the Cabinet members with their team.
In course of this process students learn management skills in aspects of time, money, marketing, public relations etc
It was started by the SPHS Cabinet batch of 2012 and since then it is being carried forward by upcoming batches.
KRONOS is also a great platform for students of other schools to showcase their talents.
The Paulite
The school magazine, The Paulite as it came to be known later on, or the St Paul's Annual as it was known initially, was the brainchild of Fr. Claude Saldhana, S.J., who taught the matriculation class for a number of years. He published the first annual in 1941, mostly with articles by staff members and ex-students. But by the next year the main contributors were the boys.
By 1946 the senior students published the annual. It became a magazine published three to four times a year under the name Sevak. It contained articles by students as well as letters from ex-students. After that, staff members took it upon themselves to publish the magazine changing the name to The Paulite. Fr. Pat de Lima, S.J., with a little help from teachers, in particular from Fr. Thomas Ambrose, S.J., took over and published the magazine for many years until his retirement from the school.
The magazine ceased publication in 1992, then in 2004 some parents, ex-students, began publishing three or four issues a year. In jubilee year 2006, The Paulite was revived, to give students a chance to practice their skills at communication in prose and poetry.
Sports
Sports include football, hockey, cricket, and athletics. The Father Eddie Memorial Football tournament for senior boys (under 17) and the Indal Trophy (under 15) are conducted every year on St. Pauls "A" ground, while the Royceton Memorial Trophy (under 14) is conducted on "B" ground. The latter draws a large crowd with teams from Goa, Kolhapur, Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, and other cities.
Notable alumni
Reynold D'Souza, represented the Kenya Hockey team in the Olympics, 1956 to 1964
R.S.P. Dalgado, represented the Kenya Hockey team in the Olympics, 1956 to 1964
Saude George, represented the Kenya Hockey team in the Olympics, 1956 to 1964
See also
List of Jesuit schools
List of schools in Karnataka
References
External links
The Paulite Link
Jesuit secondary schools in India
Jesuit primary schools in India
Boys' schools in India
Christian schools in Karnataka
High schools and secondary schools in Karnataka
Schools in Belgaum
Educational institutions established in 1856
1856 establishments in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Paul%27s%20High%20School%2C%20Belgaum |
APTI may refer to:
Alaska Public Telecommunications, Inc.
Advanced Power Technologies, Inc.
Asociación Panameña de Traductores e Intérpretes, Panamanian member organization of the International Federation of Translators
A Passage to India, book and film
Apti, Maharashtra, a small village in Maharashtra state in Western India
Association for Preservation Technology International | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APTI |
Neft Daşları ( ) is an industrial settlement in Baku, Azerbaijan. The settlement forms part of the municipality of Çilov-Neft Daşları in the Pirallahy raion. It lies away from the Azerbaijani capital Baku, and from the nearest shore in the Caspian Sea. A full town on the sea, it was the first oil platform in Azerbaijan, and the first operating offshore oil platform in the world, incorporating numerous drilling platforms. It is featured in Guinness World Records as the world's first offshore oil platform.
The settlement began with a single path out over the water and grew into a system of paths and platforms built on the back of ships sunk to serve as the Neft Daşları's foundation. The most distinctive feature of Neft Daşları is that it is actually a functional city with a population of about 2,000 and over of streets built on piles of dirt and landfill.
Etymology
The settlement was originally named as Chernie Kamni ("Black Stones"), but was later renamed to Neft Daşları ("Oily Rocks"), replacing the allusion to the black colour of oil with a reference to the substance itself.
History
Construction of the settlement
The first large-scale geological study of the area was conducted in 1945–1948. The settlement of Neft Daşları was built after oil was discovered there on 7 November 1949, at beneath the Caspian Sea and it became the world's first offshore oil platform.
By 1951, the Neft Daşları was ready for production, equipped with all of the infrastructure needed at the time. Drilling platforms were erected, oil tanks installed, and docks with enclosures for ships were built. The first oil from the Neft Daşları was loaded into a tanker in the same year.
In 1952, the systematic construction of trestle bridges connecting the artificial islands was begun. A number of Soviet factories constructed crane assemblies especially for use on the Neft Daşları, along with a crane barge that could carry up to 100 tons of oil. The assemblies were equipped with diesel hammers used to drive piles into the sea floor.
Large-scale construction started on the settlement in 1958, which included nine-story hostels, hotels, cultural palaces, bakery factories and lemonade workshops. The mass development of Neft Daşları continued during 1976–1978 with the building of a five-story dormitory and two oil-gas compressor stations, the installation of a drinking water facility, and the construction of two underwater pipelines to the Dubendi terminal, each with a diameter of . In addition, a flyover for vehicular traffic was created. As a result, the area of the settlement grew to around in the 1960s, with the length of the steel trestle bridges joining the man-made islands exceeding .
Post-independence
In November 2009, the settlement celebrated its 60th anniversary. Over the last 60 years, the oilfields of Neft Daşları have produced more than 170 million tons of oil and 15 billion cubic metres of associated natural gas. According to present-day estimates by geologists, the volume of recoverable reserves is as high as 30 million tons. The oil platforms have gradually fallen into disrepair, and no refurbishment plans are currently underway.
Demography
The population varies from time to time in the settlement. As of 2008, the platforms have a combined population of about 2,000 men and women, who work in week-long offshore shifts. At one point 5,000 people worked there.
Oil extraction
The oil extraction is carried out from the shallow water portion of the Absheron geological trend.
Accidents
On 4 December 2015, three workers of SOCAR were reported missing after part of the living quarters fell into the sea due to a heavy storm.
In popular culture
In 2008, a Swiss documentary crew led by film director Marc Wolfensberger filmed "La Cité du Pétrole / Oil Rocks – City above the Sea" in the settlement, which was released in 2009. Vimeo
Neft Daşları is featured in a scene in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough (1999).
Neft Daşları is on the list in the Guinness Book as the oldest offshore oil platform.
References
External links
Map of the area
Photos of Oil Rocks taken in 2013
Travel guide for Oil Rocks
English Russia: Oil Stones, A Soviet City in the Middle of the Sea
Link to the film trailer Oil Rocks – City above the Sea
Further reading
Mir-Babayev M.F. The role of Azerbaijan in the World's oil industry – “Oil-Industry History” (USA), 2011, v. 12, no. 1, pp. 109–123.
Mir-Babayev M.F. Oil Rocks: the first city on the Caspian Sea – “Reservoir”, Canada, 2012, Volume 39, Issue 4, April, pp. 33–36.
Oil platforms
Coastal construction
Energy in the Soviet Union
Populated places in Baku
Populated places on the Caspian Sea
Seasteading
Energy infrastructure in Azerbaijan
Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani inventions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neft%20Da%C5%9Flar%C4%B1 |
Sauternes is a French sweet wine from the region of the same name in the Graves section in Bordeaux. Sauternes wine is made from Sémillon, sauvignon blanc, and muscadelle grapes that have been affected by Botrytis cinerea, also known as noble rot. This causes the grapes to become partially raisined, resulting in concentrated and distinctively flavored wines. Due to its climate, Sauternes is one of the few wine regions where infection with noble rot is a frequent occurrence. Even so, production is a hit-or-miss proposition, with widely varying harvests from vintage to vintage. Wines from Sauternes, especially the Premier Cru Supérieur estate Château d'Yquem, can be very expensive, largely due to the very high cost of production. Barsac lies within Sauternes and is entitled to use either name. Somewhat similar but less expensive and typically less-distinguished wines are produced in the neighboring regions of Monbazillac, Cérons, Loupiac and Cadillac. In the United States, there is a semi-generic label for sweet white dessert wines known as sauterne without the "s" at the end and uncapitalized.
History
As in most of France, viticulture is believed to have been introduced into Aquitania by the Romans. The earliest evidence of sweet wine production, however, dates only to the 17th century. While the English had been the region's primary export market since the Middle Ages, their tastes primarily ran to drier wines, starting with clairet in medieval times and eventually shifting to red claret. It was the Dutch traders of the 17th century who first developed an interest in white wine. For years, they were active in the trade of German wines, but production in Germany began to wane in the 17th century as the German lands were affected by conflict (particularly the Thirty Years' War) and as the popularity of beer increased. The Dutch saw an opportunity for a new production source in Bordeaux and began investing in the planting of white grape varieties. They introduced to the region German white wine making techniques, such as halting fermentation with the use of sulphur in order to maintain residual sugar levels. One of these techniques involved taking a candle (known as a "brimstone candle") with its wick dipped in the sulphur and burned in the barrel that the wine will be fermenting in. This would leave a presence of sulphur in the barrel that the wine would slowly interact with as it was fermenting. Being an anti-microbial agent, sulphur stuns the yeast that stimulates fermentation, eventually bringing it to a halt with high levels of sugars still in the wine. The Dutch began to identify areas that could produce grapes well suited for white wine production, and soon homed in on the area of Sauternes. The wine produced from this area was known as vins liquoreux, but it is not clear if the Dutch were actively using nobly rotted grapes at this point.
Wine expert Hugh Johnson has suggested that the unappealing thought of drinking wine made from fungus-infested grapes may have caused Sauternes producers to keep the use of Botrytis a secret. There are records from the 17th century that by October, Sémillon grapes were known to be infected by rot and vineyard workers had to separate rotted and clean berries, but they are incomplete in regard to whether the rotted grapes were used in winemaking. By the 18th century, the practice of using nobly rotted grapes in Germany and the Tokaji region of Hungary was well known. It seems that at this point the "unspoken secret" was more widely accepted and the reputation of Sauternes rose to rival those of the German and Hungarian dessert wines.
By the end of the 18th century, the region's reputation for Sauternes was internationally known: Thomas Jefferson was an avid connoisseur. Jefferson recorded that after tasting a sample of Château d'Yquem while President, George Washington immediately placed an order for 30 dozen bottles.
Climate and geography
Like most of the Bordeaux wine region, the Sauternes region has a maritime climate, which brings the viticultural hazards of autumn frost, hail and rains that can ruin an entire vintage. The Sauternes region is located southeast of the city of Bordeaux along the Garonne river and its tributary, the Ciron. The source of the Ciron is a spring which has cooler waters than the Garonne. In the autumn, when the climate is warm and dry, the different temperatures from the two rivers meet to produce mist that descends upon the vineyards from evening to late morning. This condition promotes the development of the Botrytis cinerea fungus. By midday, the warm sun will help dissipate the mist and dry the grapes to keep them from developing less favorable rot.
Wine regions
The Sauternes wine region comprises five communes— Barsac, Sauternes, Bommes, Fargues and Preignac. While all five communes are permitted to use the name Sauternes, the Barsac region is also permitted to label their wines under the Barsac appellation. The Barsac region is located on the west bank of the Ciron river, where the tributary meets the Garonne. The area sits on an alluvial plain with sandy and limy soils. In general, Barsac wine is distinguished from other Sauternes in being drier with a lighter body; currently more Barsac producers are choosing to promote the wines under their own name. In years when the noble rot does not develop, Sauternes producers will often make dry white wines under the generic Bordeaux AOC. To qualify for the Sauternes label, the wines must have a minimum 13% alcohol level and pass a tasting exam where the wines need to taste noticeably sweet. There is no regulation on the exact amount of residual sugar that the wines need to have.
Unlike the red wines of the Médoc, which received five degrees (from Premier Cru to Cinquième Cru), the Sauternes and Barsac wines were classified in two: Premiers Crus and Deuxièmes Crus. In order to recognize the special prestige and extremely high price of the wines from the Château d'Yquem winery, its wines were classified as Premier Cru Supérieur. No other winery in the Bordeaux wine area, whether red or sweet, has received the classification of Supérieur. Currently, there are eleven Premiers Crus and fifteen Deuxièmes Crus wineries. The commune of Barsac has the most cataloged wineries with ten, followed by Bommes and Sauternes with six each, Fargues with three and Preignac with two.
Among the outstanding wineries in the Sauternes region, it is worth mentioning the Château d'Yquem, the Guiraud, the Filhot, the Rayne-Vigneau, the Climens, the Coutet, and La Tour Blanche. In addition to the classified wines, there are numerous unclassified Sauternes-Barsac designation of origin wineries, such as Château de Villefranche or Château Cantegril. Many wineries also carry second brands of inferior wines, usually with names based on the château, such as La Chartreuse de Coutet (from Coutet), or Petit Vedrines (from Doisy-Védrines).
Wine areas close to Sauternes, such as Cérons, Loupiac and Cadillac (and the further Monbazillac area) also tend to produce sweet botrified-style wines under their own appellation of origin, although these wines are considered to be of much lower quality than those from Sauternes.
Wine style and serving
Sauternes are characterized by the balance of sweetness with the zest of acidity. Some common flavor notes include apricots, honey, peaches but with a nutty note, which is a typical characteristic of noble Sémillon itself (cf. Australian noble (late-harvest) Sémillon). The finish can resonate on the palate for several minutes. Sauternes are some of the longest-lived wines, with premium examples from exceptional vintages properly kept having the potential to age well even beyond 100 years. A Sauternes typically starts out with a golden, yellow color that becomes progressively darker as it ages. Some wine experts believe that only once the wine reaches the color of an old copper coin has it started to develop its more complex and mature flavors.
Most Sauternes are sold in half bottles of 375 ml though larger bottles are also produced. The wines are typically served chilled at , but wines older than 15 years are often served a few degrees warmer. Sauternes can be paired with a variety of foods. Foie gras is a classic match.
References
External links
Bordeaux AOCs
Noble rot wines
Dessert wine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauternes%20%28wine%29 |
LeRoy Martin Satrom (February 4, 1919 – September 8, 2004) was an American politician and engineer in Portage County, Ohio. He served as county engineer, city engineer, city councilman, and mayor. Satrom is most remembered for his 1970–1972 tenure as mayor of Kent, Ohio, specifically for his request for National Guard assistance in the events leading up to the May 4, 1970 Kent State shootings, where four students were killed and nine wounded. He later served four terms as Portage County engineer, and retired in 1988.
Early life and career
Satrom was born in Galesburg, North Dakota. After graduating from high school he worked on the third lock project for the Panama Canal before he joined the United States Army in 1943 and served in Europe during World War II. At the conclusion of his military service in 1946, he attended Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland (now Case Western Reserve University), and graduated in 1947. He first served in Portage County, Ohio, government in 1947 as deputy engineer, a position he held until 1952, and moved to Portage County in 1951. Satrom was first elected to Kent City Council in 1963 after having also served as city engineer for Kent and neighboring Ravenna.
Mayor
Satrom, a Democrat, was elected in 1969 as the first full-time mayor of Kent, taking office in early 1970. Five months later, after a night of rioting in the downtown area of Kent on May 1–2, 1970, he called Ohio Governor James A. Rhodes and requested that the National Guard be sent to the campus of Kent State University to deal with the unrest, which was mainly in response to April 29, 1970, announcement of the United States' invasion of Cambodia in the Vietnam War. The Guard was deployed to the campus on May 3 and the city was placed under martial law that evening. On May 4, while breaking up a mid-day protest on the campus, the Guardsmen shot into the crowd, killing four students and wounding nine others. The university was closed immediately and the city of Kent was placed under a 5:00 PM curfew with all entrances to the city blocked off.
Satrom seldom appeared at events that placed significance on his role in the Kent State shootings. He stated, however, that he never regretted calling the Guard into Kent, but was "shocked and saddened" by the events that transpired at Kent State. He said in 1990: "It was a very trying time. No one wanted to see people killed. We didn't expect that at all. We wanted them (the Guard) to keep the peace."
During his tenure as Mayor of Kent, he also oversaw the transition of the Kent Fire Department from a volunteer force to a full-time force. He was also part of several infrastructure improvements made in Kent during the 1970s, including construction of what became Haymaker Parkway, completed in 1975. He was elected Portage County engineer in 1972 and began his term there in 1973.
Later career
Satrom subsequently served four terms as Portage County engineer (1973-1988) and remained active in the county political party. In 2004, he donated his papers to Kent State University, which has since put much of the material online. Satrom died September 8, 2004, in Ravenna, Ohio at the age of 85.
References
1919 births
2004 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Mayors of places in Ohio
Military personnel from North Dakota
Ohio Democrats
Ohio city council members
People from Kent, Ohio
People from Traill County, North Dakota
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeRoy%20Satrom |
Horace Albert "Bones" McKinney (January 1, 1919 – May 16, 1997) was an American professional basketball player and coach.
A 6'6" small forward who played at both North Carolina State University (2 seasons) and the University of North Carolina (1 season, after U.S. Army service during World War II interrupted his college career), McKinney had a six-year playing career in the NBA, most of them with the now-defunct Washington Capitols. He also played for the Boston Celtics. His final year with the Capitols (in the 1950–51 season), McKinney was a player-coach; the team folded midway through the season.
McKinney, known for his sideline antics, would later coach the Wake Forest University Demon Deacons, leading them to two Atlantic Coast Conference titles and an appearance in the Final Four in 1962.
McKinney also coached Carolina Cougars of the American Basketball Association from 1969 through 1971. He coached them to a 42–42 record during the 1969–70 season, good for third place in the East Division. The Cougars then lost in the first round of the 1970 ABA playoffs to the Indiana Pacers, 4 games to 0. As the 1970–71 season got under way, McKinney was named a vice president of the team. After a 17–25 start, halfway through the season McKinney was replaced as head coach by his assistant coach Jerry Steele. Steele also went 17-25 for the remainder of the season for a 34–50 record that failed to get the Cougars into the 1971 ABA playoffs. During the 1970–71 season, McKinney provided color commentary for the television broadcast of the 1971 ABA All Star Game. Subsequently, McKinney would have a long and successful career as a color analyst for television broadcasts of ACC basketball games.
McKinney's picture hangs in the North Carolina History Museum's North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame and one of his basketball jerseys is also displayed there. He was also a graduate of Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary and an ordained minister of the Southern Baptist Convention.
BAA/NBA career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
Head coaching record
College
See also
List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Bones McKinney (as coach)
BasketballReference.com: Bones McKinney (as player)
1919 births
1997 deaths
20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
20th-century Christians
American Basketball Association announcers
American Basketball Association executives
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Baptists from North Carolina
Basketball coaches from North Carolina
Basketball players from North Carolina
Boston Celtics players
Carolina Cougars coaches
NC State Wolfpack men's basketball players
North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball players
People from Pamlico County, North Carolina
Player-coaches
Small forwards
Southern Baptist ministers
Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's basketball coaches
Washington Capitols coaches
Washington Capitols players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bones%20McKinney |
Teresa Ann Savoy, FRSA (18 July 1955 – 9 January 2017) was a British actress who appeared in a number of Italian films.
Biography
Savoy was 18 years old when she appeared in the Italian adult magazine Playmen (October 1973), using an alias of "Terry". "Terry", who fled from home at 16, was living in a hippie community in Sicily and soon became an attention of the press.
In 1974, her acting career began when film director Alberto Lattuada (who discovered Federico Fellini and Silvana Mangano) gave her first role in the film Le farò da padre aka La bambina, playing an intellectually disabled girl named Clotilde.
Her next film was Private Vices, Public Pleasures (Vizi privati, pubbliche virtù) (1975) directed by the Hungarian director Miklós Jancsó. The film told the story of the Crown Prince Rudolf, son of the Austrian-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph and his rebellion against his father. Teresa played the baroness Mary Vetsera, Rudolf's lover, but in Jancso's vision, she appears as an intersex person.
In 1975 Savoy met Tinto Brass and they worked together in the successful film Salon Kitty (1976). In the film she played a young BDM girl (League of German Maidens, a female Nazi youth organization) who becomes a spy that poses as a prostitute for the SS Nazi paramilitary organization. In 1979 Brass directed her again as Drusilla in the controversial film Caligula.
In 1977 Savoy played Jamilah in the Italian film made for TV Sandokan alla riscossa! (Sandokan to the Rescue) based on the Sandokan novels by Emilio Salgari.
Savoy made a return to cinema in 1981 with La disubbidienza by Aldo Lado, where she played Edith, an attractive Jewish governess. The film covered events under the reign of the Republic of Salò. In the same year, director Miklós Jancsó worked with her again in the film A zsarnok szíve, avagy Boccaccio Magyarországon (The Tyrant's Heart) in which she played alongside Ninetto Davoli.
At this point the stardom of Teresa had faded and she was relegated to supporting roles in obscure movies and TV Series. In 1982, she had a cameo in the TV mini-series (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1982), directed by Mauro Bolognini. In 1984, she was a terrorist in the low budget movie Il ragazzo di Ebalus (The Boy from Ebalus) alongside Saverio Marconi. In 1986, she took the part of Maria di Gallese, the first wife of the writer and poet Gabriele D'Annunzio (played by Robert Powell), in the film D'Annunzio, directed by Sergio Nasca. Still in 1986, she appeared in La Donna del Traghetto, directed by Amedeo Fago.
In 2000, she made her last film appearance in La fabbrica del vapore, the first Italian digital movie.
She received the title of Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1989.
Death
Savoy died of cancer on 9 January 2017 in Milan, where she lived with her husband and two children.
Legacy
In 2021 spanish journalist and writer Martín Llade published on Editorial Berenice the novel "Lo que nunca sabré de Teresa" in which he reconstructs Savoy's life and career.
Filmography
References
3. "Teresa Ann Savoy, la niña a la que se tragó el cine erótico". larazon.es. 18 september 2021.
External links
1955 births
2017 deaths
English film actresses
Actresses from London
English expatriates in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa%20Ann%20Savoy |
Achacachi is a town on the Altiplano plateau in the South American Andes in the La Paz Department in Bolivia. It is the capital of the Omasuyos Province.
History of Achacachi
Achacachi, as an establishment, existed before the arrival of the Spaniards, as shown by descriptions that were made on "cronicas" and "relaciones" (official papers written by authorities) by royal or ecclesiastical Spanish authorities. Achacachi was the capital of a colla "señorio" called Pacasa, in the "Umasuyus" (from Aymara: "shore side") region, which was located alongside the East of Lake Intikjarka (Titicaca) in the Peru-Bolivian plateau.
Location
Achacachi is at an elevation of 3,854 m or 12.647 feet amsl on the Achacachi peninsula on the eastern shores of Lake Titicaca, northwest of the capital La Paz.
Partner city
Rome, Italy
References
www.ine.gov.bo
External links
Achacachi municipality: population data and map
Populated places in La Paz Department (Bolivia)
it:Achacachi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achacachi |
The Saline River is an tributary of the Little River in southwestern Arkansas in the United States. Via the Little and Red rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
It rises in the Ouachita Mountains in southeastern Polk County, in the Ouachita National Forest, and flows generally south through Howard County and along Howard County's boundary with Sevier County, through Dierks Lake, which is formed by a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dam. It enters the Little River as part of Millwood Lake, which is formed by another USACE dam on the Little River.
See also
List of Arkansas rivers
References
Notes
Sources
DeLorme (2004). Arkansas Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
External links
Millwood Lake website
Rivers of Arkansas
Bodies of water of Howard County, Arkansas
Rivers of Polk County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Sevier County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Hempstead County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Little River County, Arkansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline%20River%20%28Little%20River%20tributary%29 |
The 1972 Major League Baseball strike was the first players' strike in Major League Baseball history. The strike occurred from April 1 to 13, 1972.
Baseball resumed when the owners and players agreed on a $500,000 increase in pension fund payments. Owners agreed to add salary arbitration to the Collective Bargaining Agreement. The 86 total games that were missed over the 13-day period were not rescheduled, because the league refused to pay the players for the time they were on strike. As a result, the Houston Astros and San Diego Padres each played only 153 games, nine fewer than normal, and no team played more than 156 games.
One major effect of the uneven schedule was that the Detroit Tigers played one more game than the Boston Red Sox, which enabled Detroit (with a record of 86–70) to win the American League East as Boston (with a record of 85–70) finished game behind. Detroit won the division on the next-to-last day of the season when they beat Boston, 3–1, at Tiger Stadium.
See also
1972 Major League Baseball season
References
External links
Google Search (timeline)
Jan–Jun, 1972
1970s strikes in the United States
Major League Baseball Strike, 1972
Strike
Major League Baseball labor disputes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%20Major%20League%20Baseball%20strike |
The Lutheran Women's Missionary League (LWML) is the official women's auxiliary of The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.
The national organization publishes the Lutheran Woman's Quarterly four times a year, and districts usually have their own newsletters.
Since 1998, the LWML has also been known as Lutheran Women in Mission.
LWML Districts
Wisconsin - Southern Wisconsin
Chesapeake - Maryland, Delaware, Virginia and parts of Pennsylvania, West Virginia and North Carolina, Utah-Idaho
External links
LWML website
The Lutheran Church — Missouri Synod
LWML Facebook page
Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
Religious service organizations
Women's organizations based in the United States
Christian women's organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran%20Women%27s%20Missionary%20League |
The Mormyridae, sometimes called "elephantfish" (more properly freshwater elephantfish), are a superfamily of weakly electric fish in the order Osteoglossiformes native to Africa. It is by far the largest family in the order, with around 200 species. Members of the family can be popular, if challenging, aquarium species. These fish have a large brain size and unusually high intelligence.
They are not to be confused with the marine and brackish-water callorhinchid elephantfish (family Callorhinchidae) of Southern Hemisphere oceans.
Description and biology
The elephantfish are a diverse family, with a wide range of different sizes and shapes. The smallest are just in adult length, while the largest reach up to . They do, however, have a number of unique features in common. Firstly, their cerebellum is greatly enlarged, enabling them to interpret complex bio-electrical signals, and to the large size of the valve. Secondly, an auditory vesicle (a small bladder) is present inside the labyrinth of the left and right inner ears. This vesicle, together with a bag with an otolith (sacculum containing the otolith sagitta), itself communicating to the lagena (containing the otolith asteriscus), is in fact unique among vertebrates, completely independent of the other organs; it is neither connected to the labyrinth to which only one otolith bag (the utriculus containing the otolith lapillus) is attached, nor is it connected to the swim bladder (except in embryos) of which it has the same histological structure, nor is it therefore related to the pharynx.
Some species possess modifications of their mouthparts to facilitate electrolocating and feeding on small invertebrates buried in muddy substrates. The shape and structure of these leads to the popular name "elephant-nosed fish" for those species with particularly prominent mouth extensions. The extensions to the mouthparts usually consist of a fleshy elongation attached to the lower jaw. They are flexible, and equipped with touch, and possibly taste, sensors. The mouth is not protrusible, and the head (including the eyes), the dorsum, and belly are covered by a thin layer of skin that is perforated with small pores leading to electroreceptors.
The retina is called a "grouped retina", an eye structure seen in mormyrids and a few other fishes. Instead of being smooth, their retina is composed of tiny cups, acting like parabolic mirrors. Because of the murky waters they inhabit, the cones in their eyes have adapted to see only red light. The cups are made of four layers of light-reflecting proteins, funneling red light to areas of cones, intensifying its brightness 10-fold, while the rods are hit by light from other wavelengths. Only a single gonad is present, located on the left side of their body. The Mormyridae and the closely related genus Gymnarchus are also unique in being the only vertebrates where the male sperm cell does not have a flagellum.
Electric fields
Elephantfish possess electric organs that generate weak electric fields, and electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini, knollenorgans, and Mormyromasts) that detect small variations in these electric fields caused by the presence of prey or other objects of different conductivities. This allows them to sense their environment in turbid waters where vision is impaired by suspended matter.
Electric fish can be classified into two types: pulse fish or wave fish. Pulse-type discharges are characterized by long intervals between electric discharges, whereas wave-type discharges occur when the interval between consecutive pulses is so brief that the discharges fuse together to form a wave. The electric discharge is produced from an electric organ that evolved from muscle, as can also be seen in gymnotiform electric fish, electric rays, and skates. The convergent evolution between the South American gymnotiforms and the African Mormyridae is remarkable, with the electric organ being produced by the substitution of the same amino acid in the same voltage-gated sodium channel despite the two groups of fish being on different continents and the evolution of the electric sense organ being separated in time by around 60 million years. Convergent changes to other key transcription factors and regulatory pathways in both Gymnotiforms and Mormyridae also contributed to the evolution of the electric sense organ.
Classification
The roughly 221 species of elephantfish are grouped into two subfamilies, the Mormyrinae and Petrocephalinae. The latter has only a single genus:
Family Mormyridae
Subfamily Mormyrinae
Boulengeromyrus Taverne & Géry, 1968
Brevimyrus Taverne 1971
Brienomyrus Taverne, 1971
Campylomormyrus Bleeker, 1874
Cryptomyrus J. P. Sullivan, Lavoué & C. D. Hopkins, 2016
Cyphomyrus Pappenheim, 1906
Genyomyrus Boulenger, 1898
Gnathonemus Gill, 1863
Heteromormyrus Steindachner, 1866
Hippopotamyrus Pappenheim, 1906
Hyperopisus Gill, 1862
Isichthys Gill, 1863
Ivindomyrus Taverne & Géry, 1975
Marcusenius Gill, 1862
Mormyrops J. P. Müller, 1843
Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758
Myomyrus Boulenger, 1898
Oxymormyrus Bleeker, 1874
Paramormyrops Taverne, Thys van den Audenaerde & Heymer, 1977
Pollimyrus Taverne, 1971
Stomatorhinus Boulenger, 1898
Subfamily Petrocephalinae
Petrocephalus Marcusen, 1854
In culture
The Medjed was a sacred fish in Ancient Egypt. At the city of Per-Medjed, better known as Oxyrhynchus, whose name means "sharp-nosed" after the fish, archaeologists have found fishes depicted as bronze figurines, mural paintings, or wooden coffins in the shape of fishes with downturned snouts, with horned sun-disc crowns like those of the goddess Hathor. The depictions have been described as resembling members of the genus Mormyrus.
References
External links
Detailed research paper on the sensory and central nervous systems in Gnathonemus petersi
Mormyrids in the aquarium
Mormyridae - African weakly electric fishes (including interactive checklist)
Mormyridae
Fish of Africa
Ray-finned fish families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormyridae |
Shane Carruth (born 1972) is an American filmmaker, screenwriter, composer, and actor. He is the writer, director, and co-star of the prize-winning science-fiction film Primer (2004), which was his debut feature. His second film, Upstream Color (2013), was an experimental science-fiction film which he wrote, directed, produced, edited, designed, and starred in. He also composed the scores for both films. In recognition of Carruth's idiosyncratic and, at times, bizarre filmmaking technique, director Steven Soderbergh told Entertainment Weekly, "I view Shane as the illegitimate offspring of David Lynch and James Cameron."
Early life
Carruth was born in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina in 1972. He attended Stephen F. Austin State University as a mathematics major. Before becoming a filmmaker, he worked as a developer of flight-simulation software.
Career
Primer
For his independent film Primer, Carruth wrote, directed, produced, and performed one of the two main roles; he also composed the score. The film was honored at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival with the Grand Jury Prize and the Alfred P. Sloan Award. Carruth, a former software engineer with an undergraduate degree in mathematics, used his technical knowledge extensively on the project.
Upstream Color
On January 21, 2013, Carruth premiered his film Upstream Color at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival in the U.S. Dramatic Competition category. Carruth, Johnny Marshall, and Pete Horner won the U.S. Dramatic Special Jury Award for Sound Design for the film. Keith Kimbell wrote that it was the "most anticipated (and most difficult to describe) film in competition", and "most critics couldn't stop talking about it". The film was released via VHX on April 5, 2013. Some of Carruth's music from Upstream Color was featured in the 2016 documentary Tickled.
Unrealized or upcoming work
In 2009, David Sullivan, one of the leads in Primer, tweeted that "Shane Carruth's next project, A Topiary, is in the early stages of pre-production". Filmmaker Rian Johnson tweeted that it would feature a "mind-blowing sci-fi script." In 2010, several news sources reported that A Topiary was in the works and that the script had been written. There was already a website for the movie which, according to Carruth in an interview to io9, "The website for now is just a place mark as financing has yet to be completed. I'm cautiously optimistic that this can happen soon and couldn't be happier with the filmmakers that have committed to the project so far." However, the film (which Entertainment Weekly described as "a sci-fi epic about a group of kids who build a giant, animal-like creature") stalled, and in early 2013, Carruth told EW that it was "the thing I basically wasted my whole life on." Carruth no longer pursues the project; some VFX test footage of the film is visible in Upstream Color in a scene when a character is examining the video for technical flaws.
In 2014, Carruth announced a new film, The Modern Ocean, based on international shipping and the lives of those involved. On August 12, 2015, it was reported that the film was in pre-production, and its ensemble cast was announced in November 2015; it would include Jeff Goldblum, Anne Hathaway, Keanu Reeves, Tom Holland, Daniel Radcliffe, Chloë Grace Moretz, Asa Butterfield, and Abraham Attah. In an interview in 2018, Carruth noted that the film is "not gonna happen anytime soon". Irrfan Khan was also scheduled to star as the lead captain of the ship, before his death on April 29, 2020. On June 17, 2020, Carruth posted the entire script for The Modern Ocean on Twitter, along with some of the original score.
In 2019, in an interview Carruth claimed he was working on "a massive thing" and would leave the film industry once that project concludes.
Consulting
Carruth was rumored to have consulted on time-travel sequences for filmmaker Rian Johnson's Looper, though it was later revealed that those sequences were deemed too expensive to shoot.
Acting
In 2018, Carruth starred in the psychological thriller The Dead Center about a hospital psychiatrist whose own sanity is pushed to the edge when a frightened amnesiac patient insists that he has died and brought something terrible back from the other side.
Personal life
In 2019, when asked about his religious beliefs, he stated that he was raised Christian, but fell away from it, before later saying that he still prays from time to time and finds some comfort from the Bible.
Legal issues
From 2011 to 2018, Carruth was in a relationship with Amy Seimetz. The couple became engaged in 2013. Seimetz obtained temporary restraining orders against Carruth in 2018 and 2020 and a permanent restraining order in 2020, citing years of domestic and emotional abuse and harassment. Carruth has denied these allegations.
On January 13, 2022, Carruth was arrested at the home of another ex-girlfriend on allegations of domestic assault and vandalism. He was released four days later on a $50,000 bond.
Filmography
Television
Acting roles
Other credits
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Interviews
A Primer Primer , By Dennis Lim Tuesday, October 5, 2004, New York – Village Voice
Interview with Primer director Shane Carruth , October 3, 2004, sffworld.com
1972 births
Living people
American male film actors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
Science fiction film directors
People from Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
Sundance Film Festival award winners
Alfred P. Sloan Prize winners
Stephen F. Austin State University alumni
Film directors from South Carolina
Screenwriters from South Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane%20Carruth |
Ask the Dust is the most popular novel of American author John Fante, first published in 1939 and set during the Great Depression era in Los Angeles. It is one of a series of novels featuring the character Arturo Bandini as Fante's alter ego, a young Italian-American from Colorado struggling to make it as a writer in Los Angeles.
The novel is widely regarded as an American classic, regularly on college syllabi for American literature. The book is a roman à clef, much of it rooted in autobiographical incidents in Fante's life. The novel influenced Charles Bukowski significantly. In 2006, screenwriter Robert Towne adapted the novel into a film, Ask the Dust, starring Salma Hayek and Colin Farrell.
Publication
Initial publication of the novel followed Fante's successful publication of Wait Until Spring, Bandini and his short stories in prominent publications such as The American Mercury. Only 2,200 copies of the first edition of the novel were printed. Although sales were not extensive, a paperback edition was issued by Bantam in 1954. The novel's popularity did not reach its peak until poet Charles Bukowski led the reissue of the novel by Black Sparrow Press in 1980, alongside a foreword by Bukowski.
Synopsis
Arturo Dominic Bandini is a struggling writer living in a residential hotel in Bunker Hill, a rundown section of Downtown Los Angeles. Living off oranges, he unconsciously creates a picture of Los Angeles as a modern dystopia during the Great Depression era. His published short story "The Little Dog Laughed" impresses no one in his seedy boarding house except for one 14-year-old girl, Judy. Destitute, he wanders into the Columbia Buffet where he meets Camilla Lopez, a waitress.
Bandini falls in love with Lopez, who is herself in love with her co-worker Sammy. Sammy despises Camilla, telling Bandini that he has to treat Camilla poorly if he wants to win her over. Bandini struggles with his own poverty, his Catholic guilt, and with his love for an unstable and deteriorating Camilla. Camilla is eventually admitted to a mental hospital and moved to a second one before escaping. Bandini looks for her, only to find her waiting for him in his apartment. He decides to take her away from Los Angeles, and arranges to live in a house on the beach. He buys her a little dog and they rent a place in Laguna Beach. He leaves her there to retrieve his belongings from his Los Angeles hotel room, only to find the house empty when he returns. He receives a telegram from Sammy, who requests that he come and retrieve Camilla, as she has shown up at the desert shack he has been living in and is getting on his nerves. By the time Bandini gets there, Sammy has thrown Camilla out and she has wandered into the desert. Bandini looks for her with an agonizing fear that he won't find the woman he loves, a fear that is soon realized. He returns to Sammy's shack and looks out at the empty desert land. He takes a copy of his first novel that has recently been published, dedicates it to Camilla, and throws it into the desert.
Themes
Fante's most popular novel by far, the semi-autobiographical Ask the Dust is the third book in what is now referred to as "The Saga of Arturo Bandini" or "The Bandini Quartet". Bandini served as his alter ego in a total of four novels: Wait Until Spring, Bandini (1938), The Road to Los Angeles (chronologically, this is the first novel Fante wrote but it was unpublished until 1985), Ask the Dust (1939) and, finally, Dreams from Bunker Hill (1982). The last Fante dictated to his wife, Joyce, towards the end of his life after complications from diabetes brought about blindness and the amputation of both legs. Fante's use of Bandini as his alter ego can be compared to Charles Bukowski's character, Henry Chinaski.
Recurring themes in Fante's works are poverty, Catholicism, family life, Italian-American identity, sports, and the life of a writer. Ask the Dust has been referred to over the years as a monumental Southern California/Los Angeles novel by many (Carey McWilliams, Charles Bukowski, and Los Angeles Times Book Review). More than sixty years after it was published, Ask the Dust appeared for several weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list.
Reception
Initial reception of the novel was mixed, resulting in poor sales. Distribution was hampered because Fante's publisher was embroiled in a legal dispute over publication of an unauthorized version of Adolf Hitler's biography Mein Kampf that left it short of funds.
Legacy
Fante was one of the first writers to portray the tough times faced by many people in Depression-era Los Angeles. Robert Towne has called Ask the Dust the greatest novel ever written about Los Angeles.
The American author Charles Bukowski cites John Fante's work as a significant influence on his own writing, in particular Ask the Dust, which he had stumbled upon in the public library as a young writer. Bukowski's enthusiasm for the novel helped ensure that the novel didn't fall into obscurity in the 1970s. Bukowski, who befriended the older author towards the end of Fante's life, wrote a foreword to this novel for the Black Sparrow Press reprint edition. Bukowski states in this foreword: "Fante was my god". Bukowski chronicled their relationship in his short story "I Meet the Master", although in the story, the author is referred to as "John Bante" and his book is called Sporting Times? Yeah?.
Ask the Dust contains thematic similarities to Knut Hamsun's 1890 novel Hunger. Fante was a great admirer of Hamsun. The title Ask the Dust derives from Knut Hamsun's novel Pan from 1894, in which Lt. Glahn tells the story about the girl in the tower:
"The other one he loved like a slave, like a crazed and like a beggar. Why? Ask the dust on the road and the falling leaves, ask the mysterious God of life; for no one knows such things. She gave him nothing, no nothing did she give him and yet he thanked her. She said: Give me your peace and your reason! And he was only sorry she did not ask for his life."
In David Foster Wallace's 1987 novel The Broom of the System, Lavache "Stoney" Beadsman has a wooden leg with a hidden drawer in which he keeps marijuana cigarettes and other illegal substances. Chapter 4 of Ask the Dust refers to a character named Benny Cohen, who "had a wooden leg with a little door in it. Inside the door were marijuana cigarettes. He sold them for fifteen cents apiece."
References
Further reading
External links
Short radio script from Ask the Dust at the California Legacy Project.
An annual festival honoring John Fante is held in his father's birthplace, Torricella Peligna, Italy
1939 American novels
American novels adapted into films
Italian-American novels
Novels set in Los Angeles
Novels set in deserts
Novels about writers
Novels by John Fante
Roman à clef novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ask%20the%20Dust |
Muhammed Necati Şaşmaz (born 15 December 1971) is a Turkish actor, best known for playing the lead role of Polat Alemdar in the popular television series Kurtlar Vadisi (Valley of the Wolves) and its movie spin-offs, including Kurtlar Vadisi Irak (Valley of the Wolves Iraq).
Life and carrer
Necati Şaşmaz was born to a family of Kurd-Zaza origin in Harput, Elazığ, Turkey, as the oldest son of Abdülkadir Şaşmaz. He studied Tourism and Hotel Management, both in Turkey and in Canada. He lived in the United States for six years before returning to Turkey for a visit to his parents.
In Istanbul, Necati Şaşmaz met renowned Turkish director Osman Sınav, who offered him the leading role in the Valley of the Wolves. He played the fictional character Polat Alemdar in the series and in the movie. He currently plays in another spin-off of the original series titled Kurtlar Vadisi: Pusu (Valley of the Wolves: Ambush).
He married Nagehan Kaşıkçı in 2012, but filed for divorce in 2019. Their divorce was finalized in 2021.
Filmography
Cinema
2006: Valley of the Wolves: Iraq () as Polat Alemdar.
2011: Valley of the Wolves: Palestine () as Polat Alemdar.
2017: Valley of the Wolves: Homeland () as Polat Alemdar
TV
2003–2005: Valley of the Wolves () as Polat Alemdar.
2005: Ekmek Teknesi as Polat Alemdar (guest appearances).
2007 Valley of the Wolves: Terror () as Polat Alemdar.
2007–2016: Valley of the Wolves: Ambush () as Polat Alemdar.
2010: Halil İbrahim Sofrası as Necati Şaşmaz (guest appearances).
2012: Kurt Kanunu as Ismail Enver (guest appearances).
2015: Kara Kutu as the producer.
References
External links
Necati Şaşmaz Biography
Profile of Necati Şaşmaz a.k.a. Polat Alemdar & Murad Alamdar
Necati Şaşmaz at Instagram
Necati Şaşmaz at Twitter
1971 births
Living people
Zaza people
Turkish male film actors
Turkish male television actors
People from Elazığ
Male actors from Istanbul
21st-century Turkish male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necati%20%C5%9Ea%C5%9Fmaz |
Chempu (SH-15, Kochi-Kumarakom road) is a village near Vaikom in Kottayam, Kerala, India. It is bounded by the shores of the Lake Vembanad, and is crossed by various distributaries of the River Muvattupuzha.
Demographics
It is inhabited by people of all communities including Arayans, Christians, Dhewars, Ezhavas, Muslims, Nairs and Namboothiris.
Etymology
The story behind the origin of name of the place is interesting. This place was an area of fishers and most of the population led their livelihood through fishing. The Brahmins who lived here were used to call the fish as 'Champa', consequently developed as Chempu.
History
Chempu is a historically important place, as it is the birthplace of Chempil Arayan. He was the captain of the army of Veluthampi Dalawa, the Travancore king. He was the first martyr from Tranvancore in the Indian Independence Movement. t
The "Illi fort", which starts from the north-western corner of Brahmamangalam to the east owns a key role in the history of the Travancore kingdom. This fort was built during the construction of the Travancore kingdom by Marthandavarma between 1742 and 1756.The fort was used to determine the boundary between the Kochi kingdom and thereby to ensure the protection of Travancore. This was under the supervision of Ramayyan Dalawa, who was the minister of Marthandavarma.
Geography
It lies at the north-western corner of Kottayam district and the Vaikom Taluk. The village is divided into three sections: Chempu, Kattikkunu, and Brahmamangalam. The North of the village is covered by Udayamperoor and Amballoor, the East by Velloor, South with Maravanthuruthu, and the West with Vembanad lake. Murinjapuzha in an intermediator between Chempu and Kattikkunnu.
Although Chempu is not an island, it is considered as a peninsula the Vembanad and Muvattupuzha river cover Chempu. Murinjapuzha bridge as the bridge which connects Kattikkunnu with Murinjapuzha (Chempu) Its distance from Kottayam is 38.4 km and from Vaikom, 6.5 km.
Distance to Chempu
Topography
Chempu has cool climatic conditions. The presence of the river and lake make the soil more fertile and yielding. The main crops here are coconut, mango, etc. The topography of Brahmamangalam is entirely different from that of Chempu and Kattikkunnu. This area has more resemblance to Kottayam topography. Here the main crop is Rubber.
The average temperature here is around 27 °C and the humidity is 81%. The wind here blows from the west with an average velocity of 6 kmph
Notable people
Notable people from Chempu includes warrior Chempil Arayan, archbishop Mar Augustine Kandathil, writer Chempil John, Vinod Narayanan, and the film actor Mammootty.
References
Villages in Kottayam district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chempu |
Prize Cases, 67 U.S. (2 Black) 635 (1863), was a case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1862 during the American Civil War. The Supreme Court's decision declared the blockade of the Southern ports ordered by President Abraham Lincoln constitutional. The opinion in the case was written by Supreme Court Justice Robert Cooper Grier.
Background
Facing the secession of several states from the Union and the possibility of open hostilities, Abraham Lincoln did not ask Congress to declare war on the Confederate States of America, as he believed that doing so would be tantamount to recognizing the Confederacy as a nation. Instead, Lincoln instituted a naval blockade, which had important legal ramifications because nations do not blockade their own ports; rather, they close them. By ordering a blockade, Lincoln essentially declared the Confederacy to be belligerents instead of insurrectionists.
The Confederate States were mostly agrarian, and almost all of their machined and manufactured goods were imported. At the beginning of the war there was only one significant steel mill and manufactory in the South, the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia. Moreover, the Southern economy depended on the export of cotton, tobacco, and other crops. The blockade of the South resulted in the capture of dozens of American and foreign ships, both those attempting to run the highly efficient blockade and smuggle goods and munitions to the South as well as those attempting to smuggle exports from the South.
Decision
The question before the court dealt with the seized ships, but it reached widely into the legality of wars against acts of belligerence, whether or not officially declared. It rose through the lower Federal courts through lawsuits by Northern merchants whose ships were seized by U.S. Navy warships enforcing the blockade. In admiralty, a ship captured during war may be kept as a prize. If there is no formal war, capturing ships and impounding them is piracy. Plaintiffs contended that the blockade was not legal because a war had not been declared, thus making it perfectly legal to run the blockade and sell war materiel in the blockaded Southern ports. The government's case was argued by U.S. Attorney Richard Henry Dana Jr., the author of Two Years Before the Mast. On March 10, 1863, the Court ruled that the states of the Southern Confederacy were in insurrection and at war against the United States by acts of belligerency on April 12 and April 17, 1861, to wit: the firing upon Fort Sumter and the Privateering Act proclaimed by Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Lincoln's Proclamation of Blockade was made on April 19, 1861, [Navy Official Records, Series 1, Volume 5, page 620] two days after Davis's call for privateers and it was founded upon acting against privateers, not an open policy of warfare as was later recommended by the ranking General of the Army, Winfield Scott.
In making its decision, the Court looked to recent British interpretations of international law, and concluded that the Southern Confederacy was indeed a belligerent, but a belligerent did not have to be a nation and furthermore that the Civil War was a war, whether declared or not. Justice Robert Grier wrote the 5–4 majority opinion, stating, "[I]t is not necessary to constitute war, that both parties should be acknowledged as independent nations or sovereign States." While the court acknowledged that the United States Congress had, in July 1861, adopted a law ratifying and approving the President's proclamation after the fact, as well as other actions taken since then to prosecute the war, that was not the point. Grier further wrote, "The President was bound to meet it [the war] in the shape it presented itself, without waiting for Congress to baptize it with a name." By this decision, the Supreme Court upheld the President's executive powers to act in accordance with the Presidential oath of office, "to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States" and to act expediently as the Commander-in-Chief in time of war—a de facto war existing since April 12, 1861.
Dissent by Justice Nelson
The dissenting opinion by the Court noted that the President is not given authority by the Constitution to declare war; the power to declare war lies with Congress. The Civil War did not exist until it was declared so by Congress. Lincoln ordered the blockade before Congress had declared a war. As such, Nelson and the minority believed that the blockade was unconstitutional. They further contend that even had Lincoln been granted the authority for the blockade, he would need to provide the neutral parties with a proper notice of seizure.
See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 67
References
External links
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Taney Court
United States admiralty case law
1862 in United States case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize%20Cases |
Allan Katz (born in Chicago, Illinois) is an American writer, producer, actor, and director.
He began his writing career as an advertising copywriter. In 1970 he created the original award-winning campaign for the popcorn snack Screaming Yellow Zonkers which was the first major product to be packaged in a predominantly black box. Every panel of the box was covered by absurd copy and illustrations. Katz wrote the copy on the first several boxes, and wrote and produced the TV and radio campaign.
Katz was hired to be one of the youngest writers on Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In and moved to Los Angeles. While working on Laugh-In, he also wrote episodes of Sanford and Son, All in the Family, and The Mary Tyler Moore Show.
He went on to both write and produce other series including M*A*S*H (TV series), The Cher Show, Rhoda, and Roseanne.
In 1989 Katz wrote and starred in the film Big Man on Campus (Originally titled, The Hunchback of UCLA, released in the UK as The Hunchback Hairball of L.A.).
Katz wrote the libretto for the musical Zapata (music by Harry Nilsson) the multiple award-winning Off-Broadway musical, Song of Singapore, and the comedy, Partners starring Alan Rosenberg.
Katz is also an essayist who has been published in The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times and has taught writing at UCLA Extension Writers' Program and at Lawrence University in Appleton, WI, where recently, in conjunction with their film studies program, he completed directing his feature "Bucky and the Squirrels" which had a limited theatrical release in February 2018.
Married November 30, 1985 (Ancestry.com) to Catherine B Bergstrom (actress) who played Peg Hunnicutt in M*A*S*H (TV series)
References
External links
Television producers from Illinois
American television writers
American male television writers
Living people
Male actors from Chicago
Screenwriters from Illinois
1941 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Katz |
John David "Honey" Russell (May 31, 1902 – November 15, 1973) was an American basketball player and coach who was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1964. He turned professional after his sophomore year of high school, and for the next 28 years he played for numerous early 20th century pro teams, including many in the American Basketball League. His career included over 3,200 pro games (a number that would take a modern NBA player 30–40 years to equal). He was the first coach of the NBA's Boston Celtics (1946–1948).
Russell coached basketball at Seton Hall University from 1936 to 1943 and again from 1949 to 1960. His teams won 294 games and lost 137. In 1940 and 1941, Seton Hall ran its winning streak to 43 games, a national record at the time. The 1952–53 team won the National Invitation Tournament at Madison Square Garden in New York City. That team won 31 games, including 27 in a row, while only losing 2 games.
Russell also was a scout in professional baseball, working for the Atlanta Braves, Montreal Expos and Chicago White Sox. Of the many players he signed, 23 made it to the major leagues, including the Joe and Frank Torre, Don McMahon, and Earl Williams.
Head coaching record
NCAA
BAA
|-
| align="left" |Boston
| align="left" |1946–47
| 60||22||38||||align="center" |5th in Eastern||—||—||—||—|| align="center" |Missed playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Boston
| align="left" |1947–48
| 58||20||38||||align="center" |3rd in Eastern||3||1||2|||| align="center" |Lost in Quarterfinals
|-
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="center" colspan="2"|Total
| 118||42||76|||| ||3||1||2||||
References
External links
John Russell @ basketball-reference.com
Honey Russell @ ProBasketballEncyclopedia.com
1902 births
1973 deaths
American Basketball League (1925–1955) coaches
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Atlanta Braves scouts
Basketball coaches from New York (state)
Boston Celtics head coaches
Chicago Bruins coaches
Chicago Bruins players
Chicago White Sox scouts
Cleveland Rosenblums players
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Manhattan Jaspers men's basketball coaches
Milwaukee Braves scouts
Montreal Expos scouts
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
New York University alumni
Original Celtics players
Paterson Crescents players
Player-coaches
Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball coaches
Seton Hall University alumni
Basketball players from Brooklyn
Wilkes-Barre Barons players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey%20Russell |
A poor box, alms box, offertory box, or mite box is a box that is used to collect coins for charitable purposes. They can be found in most Christian churches built before the 19th century and were the main source of funds for poor relief before societies decided to organize the process and make the public authorities responsible for this.
Contemporary mite boxes are usually made of cardboard and given out to church congregations during the Lenten season. The mite boxes are collected by the church, and the donations are given to the poor. Mite boxes are popular with children because they can fill them with small change, teaching them the principle of giving alms to the poor. The Mite box promotes the spirit of contributing based on the intent to help others, and not on the monetary amount.
History
The origin of the mite box is very old. In 2 Kings 12:9, the priest Jehoiada bored a hole in the lid of a chest and placed it near the first altar, however this was to fund maintenance rather than alms.
Pope Innocent III, at the end of the twelfth century, allowed some mite boxes to be placed in churches so that the faithful people could at any time dispose their alms.
Many Catholic parish churches in Ireland have two collection boxes, one "for the church" and the other "for the poor". The Irish lower courts also have a court poor box, where a judge can direct a defendant to make a donation to a charity in lieu of a conviction.
Mite
The term mite, according to the dictionary, is defined as any of the following:
a very small contribution or amount of money, such as a widow's mite.
a very small object, creature, or particle.
a coin of very small value, especially an obsolete British coin worth half a farthing.
An alms box is a strong chest or box often fastened to the wall of a church to receive offerings for the poor.
The etymology of the word mite comes through Middle English and Middle Dutch from the Middle Low German mīte, a small Flemish coin or tiny animal. In biblical times, a mite or lepton was a small coin of almost no worth.
See also
Coinage of Alexander Jannaeus, King of Judea
Lesson of the widow's mite
Lutheran Women's Missionary League
Tzedakah box
References
Alms in Christianity
Containers
de:Gotteskasten | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor%20box |
The Sitcom Trials is a stage and TV show devised, produced, and presented by Kev F. Sutherland. Beginning in Bristol in 1999, it showcases new sitcoms and comedy items in a head-to-head format. The audience then vote for the one they like best and only see the ending of the winner.
History
The Sitcom Trials began life on stage in Bristol and London in 1999, its original venues being The Comedy Box in Bristol and the Comedy Pub (main venue 1999–2006) in London. Other London venues have included The Camden Head, Ophelia Dalston, the Leicester Square Theatre, the Canal Cafe Theatre, Finborough Theatre, Soho Theatre, Ealing Studios, The Green Room Club, and the Hen and Chickens Theatre.
The Sitcom Trials debuted at the Gilded Balloon venue at the Edinburgh Fringe in 2001, with a show starring Miranda Hart, returning in 2002 & 2004. The first TV series was a Carlton production for ITV/HTV, broadcast live from Bristol over eight weeks in 2003. The first Hollywood Sitcom Trials took place in 2005.
In 2008 the Sitcom Trials won the Fringe Report Award for Best Encourager of New Talent.
In 2013 and 2016 The Sitcom Trials returned to the Gilded Balloon at the Edinburgh Fringe as part of the So You Think You're Funny competition. Heats took place in London, Bristol, Cardiff, Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow, and Edinburgh
.
The stage show has been produced by Kev F Sutherland (99-present), Simon Wright & Declan Hill (07-09), James Parker (09-10), Vince Stadon (Bristol 2012–present) Lisa Parker, Michelle Ashton and Sean Mason (Manchester 09-present), Aaron Twitchen (Birmingham) and Colin McQuaid (Glasgow). The 2003 TV show was produced by Mark Ashton.
In 2010 Declan Hill and Simon Wright, who produced the Sitcom Trials in 2007 and 2009 launched a similar event called The Sitcom Mission.
At the 2004 Edinburgh Fringe The Sitcom Trials auctioned on eBay the chance to have your script in the show. This was won by Liam Mullone who starred in his own sitcom, along with Isy Suttie, Duncan Edwards, Ed Petrie and Andy Bone.
Performers who have appeared in The Sitcom Trials over the years include Miranda Hart, Neil Mullarkey, Richard Vranch, Suki Webster, Tony Robinson (Baldrick), Wanda Opalinska, Gerard Foster, Charity Trimm, Dominic Frisby, Waen Shepherd, Laura Solon, James Holmes, Justin Lee Collins, Russell Howard, Mark Olver, Aaron Barschak, Emily Lloyd, Danny Robins, Dan Tetsell, The Scottish Falsetto Sock Puppet Theatre, Rosie Holt, Lucy Porter, Nick Ewans, Louisa Gummer, Anne-Marie Draycott, Dan March, Rich Johnston, Anna Bennetts, Simon Treves, Steve McNeil and Sam Pamphilon.
Having written and appeared with Kev F. Sutherland in the predecessor of the Trials, Situations Vacant in 1996 (clip can be found on YouTube), Inbetweeners writer Iain Morris went on to name one of the main characters in the series (Neil's dad) Kevin Sutherland.
Miranda
Miranda Hart's eponymous sitcom, now on BBC 2, first appeared as part of The Sitcom Trials at the Edinburgh Fringe in 2001. It featured Miranda, working in a joke shop that sells penis pasta, with a diminutive blonde sidekick, originally played by Charity Trimm, and the love interest in the café, played then by Gerard Foster. The camp character played in 01 by Dan Clegg went on to be played in the TV series by James Holmes who, coincidentally, was the star of the 2002 Edinburgh Fringe Sitcom Trials.
Competition seasons
The Sitcom Trials has run a number of competition seasons, with heats and a grand final, in 2007, 2009, 2013 and 2016. 2013 and 2016's's seasons were part of the So You Think You're Funny competition, with heats in London, Manchester, Bristol (13), Cardiff (16), Birmingham (16) and Glasgow (16) and a grand final at the Edinburgh Fringe. 2013's final was won by Rosie Holt's sitcom Never Better, and 2016's final by Like-A-Looks by Kate Bowes-Renna and Vanessa-Faye Stanley.
The winner of the 2009 10th Anniversary Season was End To End by Steve McNeil & Sam Pamphilon. Spring 2009's winner was Riga To Rotherham by Dean Hardman. Autumn 07's winner was New Zealand team sitcom Sweet As.
Judges at the 2009 10th Anniversary Sitcom Trials in London included David Quantick, Iain Morris, Bill Dare, Katie Tyrell, David Schneider, Laura Lawson, Ashley Blaker, Daniel Maier, Nev Fountain, Carrie Quinlan, Michelle Farr, Marc Blake and Tom Price..
Reviews for the show have ranged from the Leicester Mercury's "We were screaming with laughter... move over Friends", through the London Evening Standard's "We're not watching stand-up, we're watching comedy history", to Chortle's "The Sitcom Trials are performing a vital service". There was also Metro's notorious review of the 2002 Edinburgh Fringe show: "I would happily have voted to have my own eyes gouged out with hot spoons rather than endure another moment."
Episode guide TV series 1
Episode 1 – "Policevets in Casualty vs Do You Think They'll Cotton On?"
Police comedy by Stephen Dinsdale, vs Brian Meenagh's behind the scenes TV producers. All episodes hosted by Kev F Sutherland.
Episode 2 – "Go Wild in the Country vs The Client"
Divorcee returns to school reunion, by Jane Simon, vs office romance & ructions by Harris, Blakewill & Wainwright
Episode 3 – "Cardinal Sin vs Nemesis"
Two historical costume comedies by Andrew Barclay and Sam Elsden
Episode 4 – "Improv Special"
The Comedy Store Players Neil Mullarkey, Suki Webster, Niall Ashdown & Richard Vranch present two contrasting sitcoms from audience suggestions.
Episode 5 – "What An Anchor vs A Producers Tale"
Behind the scenes with an anchorman, by Adrian Peck & John Kelly, and a dysfunctional producer, by Roland Moore
Episode 6 – "Jimmy James vs on the Job"
A solo writer-performed sitcom with multiple characters by James Holmes, vs HTV's Television Workshop's group creation
Episode 7 – "Perfect 10 vs Football R For Revenge"
Political shenanigans at No 10 by Rich Johnston, vs terror on the terrace by Matt Bowdler & Ben Manning
Episode 8 – "The public vs the public"
Two scripts selected from entries sent in by the viewers, head to head
The Sitcom Mission
Declan Hill and Simon Wright, who produced the Sitcom Trials in 2007 and 2009 launched a similar event called The Sitcom Mission, the first Grand Final of which was in the New Diorama Theatre on Monday 31 May 2010. In Feb 2011 Hat Trick Productions announced their support of the 2011 Sitcom Mission season
References
External links
ITV comedy
Television series by ITV Studios
2003 British television series debuts
2003 British television series endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sitcom%20Trials |
(born September 27, 1965) better known under his ring name is a Japanese professional wrestler currently signed to Action Advance Pro Wrestling, where he also runs the day-to-day operations. He is perhaps best known for his time with Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW), where he wrestled between the promotion's early days in 1990 until the promotion's closure in 2002, making him the longest-tenured wrestler in the company's history.
Fuji initially joined FMW as a mid-carder, who initially teamed and feuded with the promotion's founder Atsushi Onita on several occasions. He was a part of many groups including Team Canada and Lethal Weapon during the mid-1990s while also achieving success in the company's junior heavyweight division, winning the AWA World Light Heavyweight Championship and the Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship once each.
Professional wrestling career
Early career
Masanori Morimura started training in the NJPW Dojo in 1984, but left the dojo because he was "young and dumb". While at the NJPW Dojo, he wanted to be a UWF fighter instead. When he failed to join UWF, he realized he ruined his chances at beginning his career in Japan. He then left Japan in January 1987 for a training expedition in Canada, where he was trained in the Dungeon by Stu Hart and his right-hand man, Mr. Hito. During his time training in Calgary, he suffered a couple major injuries, including a brain hemorrhage, which he fully recovered from. During his training, he would befriend other Japanese stars like Hiroshi Hase and his former NJPW Dojo mates Keiichi Yamada and Shinya Hashimoto.
Canada (1988–1990)
On June 28, 1988, Morimura made his professional wrestling debut in Stampede Wrestling against Hart's son, Ross, under the name Tiger Mask (not the same as Satoru Sayama), at a show in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. After a couple of matches, he evolved into Black Tomcat. In August 1988, Black Tomcat was one of many wrestlers cut from Stampede, and joined the North Western Wrestling Federation and later won the promotion's Junior Heavyweight Championship, his first title, after defeating Steve Gillespie.
In March 1989, Black Tomcat left the NWWF for the Canadian Independent Wrestling Federation, ran by Les Thornton. After losing a loser leaves town match to Kid Chaos in June 1989, he unmasked and started wrestling under the ring name Ricky Fuji and adopted a rock star gimmick. During his time in the CIWF, he was scouted by the World Wrestling Federation after Bruce Hart introduced him to his brother Bret, but no deal was ever finalized, as they didn't know how to bring him in. Later that year, he would become the promotion's final Junior Heavyweight Champion, before the promotion folded by the end of 1989. In January 1990, Fuji returned to Japan and trained with former NJPW star Masanobu Kurisu and was offered a spot in the upstart promotion Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling by Atsushi Onita, which he accepted.
Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling
Debut (1990)
Upon debuting for FMW in May 1990, Fuji quickly became over with the fans, particularly among female fans, due to his Shawn Michaels-inspired gimmick and promo skills. He debuted for FMW by defeating The Shooter on May 12, 1990. He quickly established himself as an arrogant villain and entered a rivalry with FMW owner Atsushi Onita, as Fuji and Masanobu Kurisu lost to the team of Onita and Tarzan Goto in a match, a day later on May 13, marking Fuji competing in a FMW main event, just in his second match with the company. On June 2, Fuji competed in his first deathmatch, a stretcher street fight against Tarzan Goto, which Fuji lost. On June 6, Fuji received his first title shot in FMW as he unsuccessfully challenged Lee Gak Soo for the AWA World Light Heavyweight Championship. Tarzan Goto would soon enter a feud with Onita and Fuji formed an alliance with Onita's rivals Tarzan Goto and Mr. Pogo in the summer of 1990. On July 22, Fuji participated in a thirteen-man battle royal, which took place in a ring placed in the Miyazaki Nichinan Sea. Fuji went on to win the battle royal by last eliminating Kim Hyun Hwan.
At Summer Spectacular, Fuji was paired with Mr. Pogo and Katsuji Ueda as the trio defeated Kim Hyun Han, Lee Gak Soo and Sambo Asako in a six-man tag team match. Fuji received another shot against Lee Gak Soo for the World Light Heavyweight Championship on August 18 but failed to win the title. On August 20, Fuji and Pogo lost a street fight to Atsushi Onita and Sambo Asako, after which Fuji turned into a fan favorite for the first time in his career as he teamed with Onita on the following day against Pogo and Gran Mendoza in a losing effort. In September, Fuji entered a tournament for the vacant World Light Heavyweight Championship, defeating Jang Yong Wow in the quarter-final before losing to eventual winner Katsuji Ueda in the semi-final. On October 26, Fuji participated in Japan's first intergender tag team match, teaming with Megumi Kudo in a loss to Tarzan Goto and his wife Despina Montagas. At the promotion's 1st Anniversary Show in November, Fuji teamed with Akihito Ichihara against The Shooter and Billy Mack in a losing effort.
World Light Heavyweight Champion and teaming with Sambo Asako (1991–1992)
In January 1991, Fuji teamed with Tarzan Goto to participate in a tag team tournament, in which the team qualified for the knockout stage by scoring three points in the round-robin stage. They were eliminated from the knockout stage by losing to Atsushi Onita and Sambo Asako in the quarter-final on January 15. He continued to team with Goto and Onita to wrestle Mr. Pogo and his allies in several matches. On May 29, Fuji was booked to win his first title in FMW by defeating Jimmy Backlund to capture the World Light Heavyweight Championship. He began feuding with Mark Starr after successfully defending the title against Starr in his first title defense on June 21. On August 17, Fuji entered the Barbed Wire Deathmatch Tournament, in which he defeated Starr in the quarter-final round before losing to eventual winner Atsushi Onita via forfeit in the semi-final. Fuji dropped the World Light Heavyweight Championship to Starr on August 24.
At the 2nd Anniversary Show in September, Fuji was paired with Sambo Asako against Big Titan and The Gladiator in a street fight, which Fuji's team lost. In the fall of 1991, Fuji and Asako participated in the World's Strongest Tag Team Tournament for the newly created WWA World Martial Arts Tag Team Championship. They qualified for the play-off by scoring seven points in the round-robin stage and lost to the eventual winners Atsushi Onita and Tarzan Goto in the play-off. At 3rd Anniversary Show, Fuji teamed with Sambo Asako and The Great Punk against Big Titan, The Gladiator and Horace Boulder in a stretcher street fight in a losing effort.
Team Canada (1993–1994)
On January 12, 1993, Ricky Fuji turned on his teammates The Great Punk, Mr. Gannosuke and Tarzan Goto in an elimination tag team match against the team of Big Titan, Dr. Luther, The Gladiator and The Sheik, which led to Fuji turning into a villain. He formed a faction with Titan, Luther and Gladiator called Team Canada, based on Fuji's own time in Canada in the past. Sheik would eventually depart the group to form an alliance with Atsushi Onita. Team Canada quickly became FMW's top villainous group and feuded with the likes of Onita, Tarzan Goto, Mr. Gannosuke, The Sheik and Sabu among others.
At 4th Anniversary Show, Fuji teamed with his Team Canada stablemates Big Titan and The Gladiator, defeating Katsuji Ueda, The Great Punk and Tarzan Goto in a Captain's Fall Losing Captain Leaves Town No Rope Barbed Wire Tornado Street Fight Deathmatch. Fuji then defeated Mercurio in his next major match at Summer Spectacular. In September, Fuji entered a tournament for the new Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship, in which he lost to Atsushi Onita, Jr. in the opening round. At Year End Spectacular, the team of Fuji, Titan and Gladiator defeated Sambo Asako, Katsuji Ueda and Grigory Verichev in a street fight.
In early 1994, Fuji participated in a tournament for the new Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship, in which he was paired with Terry Simms, losing to Jinsei Shinzaki and Masaru Toi in a barbed wire street fight in the first round, leading to Fuji and Simms being demoted to Loser's Block B, where they ended up losing to Hideki Hosaka and Hisakatsu Oya in a barbed wire deathmatch. In April, Fuji entered the inaugural Super J-Cup tournament, where he defeated Negro Casas in the first round, but lost to Jushin Thunder Liger in the quarter-final round. The following month, in May, Fuji teamed with his Team Canada stablemates Big Titan and The Gladiator to take on WAR's Fuyuki-Gun (Hiromichi Fuyuki, Jado and Gedo) in an interpromotional six-man tag team match at 5th Anniversary Show. During the match, a miscommunication took place between Titan and Gladiator. Gladiator won the match for his team but then abandoned Fuji and Titan after the match.
Fuji toured a few events for Michinoku Pro Wrestling (MPW) in June, where he won the vacant Canadian Rocky Mountain Wrestling's (CRMW) North American Mid-Heavyweight Championship by defeating Terry Boy on June 16. Fuji then returned to FMW, defeating Mach Hayato at Summer Spectacular. Shortly after, Team Canada disbanded after the departure of Big Titan from FMW in December.
Independent World Junior Heavyweight Champion and Lethal Weapon (1994–1996)
On December 20, 1994, Fuji defeated The Great Sasuke to win the Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship. He successfully defended the title against Battle Ranger Z in his first title defense on January 6, 1995. He lost the title to Hideki Hosaka in his second title defense on February 6. Soon after the title loss, Fuji formed a new faction called Lethal Weapon with Tarzan Goto and Hisakatsu Oya, although Goto would soon after leave FMW in April 1995.
At 6th Anniversary Show, Fuji and Oya defeated Mr. Pogo and Yukihiro Kanemura of the W*ING Alliance to capture the Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship and their tag team was named Love Guns, Lethal Weapon's resident tag team. Following the departure of Tarzan Goto, Fuji and Oya would later recruit The Gladiator, Mr. Pogo and Horace Boulder into Lethal Weapon. The group would briefly takeover W*ING Alliance as the top villainous faction in FMW. Fuji and Oya lost the Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship four months later to Daisuke Ikeda and Yoshiaki Fujiwara on September 5. During the fall of 1995, Lethal Weapon began transitioning into fan favorites after W*ING Alliance betrayed both FMW and Lethal Weapon during a tag team match. Lethal Weapon would then side with FMW to feud with W*ING. Fuji headlined December's Year End Spectacular event by teaming with Super Delfin and Taka Michinoku against the team of Hayabusa, The Great Sasuke and Koji Nakagawa in a losing effort.
Fuji participated in the first WarGames match in FMW history on February 23, 1996, by teaming with Masato Tanaka and Tetsuhiro Kuroda to defeat W*ING Alliance members Hido, W*ING Kanemura and Mitsuhiro Matsunaga, thus ending the feud of FMW and Lethal Weapon against W*ING. The match was followed by the debut of the new group Puerto Rican Army, which took over as FMW's new villainous group by luring away several key members of W*ING and Lethal Weapon. At 7th Anniversary Show, Fuji teamed with The Rock 'n' Roll Express (Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson) to defeat the team of Crypt Keeper, Boogie Man and Freddy Krueger. On July 31, Fuji, Oya and Gladiator unsuccessfully challenged Koji Nakagawa, Masato Tanaka and Tetsuhiro Kuroda for the World Street Fight 6-Man Tag Team Championship. On September 15, Fuji's tag team partners Horace Boulder and The Gladiator turned on Fuji after the trio lost a match to Hideki Hosaka, Hido and Taka Michinoku. The entire Lethal Weapon group turned on Fuji to join Puerto Rican Army, thus forcing Lethal Weapon to disband.
Various rivalries (1997–2002)
Following Lethal Weapon's disbandment, Fuji aligned himself with Hayabusa and began competing as a mid-card wrestler on the FMW side, often assisting him in his rivalries with Mr. Gannosuke and Kodo Fuyuki. Fuji competed in the opening match of the 8th Anniversary Show, teaming with Ricky Morton to defeat Hido and Dragon Winger. At Shiodome Legend, Fuji successfully defended the CRMW North American Middleweight Championship against Hayato Nanjyo. He lost the title to Gedo on August 31. At Fall Spectacular, Fuji participated in a twelve-man Royal Rumble match, where he lasted until the final two when he was eliminated by Tetsuhiro Kuroda. His success dwindled in FMW and was relegated to mid-card matches. He balanced competing in singles, tag team, and six-man tag team matches.
On January 7, 1998, Fuji wrestled a special match under the ring name Morimura on a ZEN-produced show, defeating Sunao Gosaku and El Pandita in a three-way dance. Fuji competed at FMW's first pay-per-view event 9th Anniversary Show, where he teamed with John Kronus in a loss to Jado and Gedo on April 30. On August 15, he resurrected his masked Black Tomcat persona from his days in Canada, for one night only on a Michinoku Pro Wrestling card, in which he lost to Super Delfin. Later that year, he joined Hayabusa's Team Phoenix to feud with Team No Respect. In the fall of 1998, Fuji participated in an Over the Top Tournament to determine the #1 contender for the FMW Double Championship (the unified Brass Knuckles Heavyweight Championship and the Independent Heavyweight Championship), where he lost to Masao Orihara in the opening round at ECW/FMW Supershow I.
On May 5, 1999, Fuji took on Minoru Tanaka in a match for the vacant Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship, which Tanaka won. In the summer of 1999, Fuji began feuding with the FMW President Shoichi Arai after Arai turned on FMW to join Team No Respect, leading to a match between the two at Haunted House, which Arai won after Giant Steele made his FMW debut and attacked Fuji. Fuji would eventually gain revenge by teaming with Masato Tanaka to defeat Kodo Fuyuki and Shoichi Arai at Hayabusa Graduation Ceremony on August 23. At the Last Match pay-per-view on August 25, Fuji teamed with Naohiko Yamazaki in a loss to Super Leather and Chris Youngblood.
At 10th Anniversary Show on November 23, Fuji teamed with Chocoball Mukai and Flying Kid Ichihara to defeat Team No Respect members Koji Nakagawa, Jado and Gedo in a ladder match to win the vacant WEW 6-Man Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Nakagawa, Jado and Gedo on December 11, ending their reign at eighteen days. In April 2000, Fuji entered the 2000 Super J-Cup, where he defeated Sasuke the Great in the first round, but lost to Gran Hamada in the quarterfinals. The following month, Fuji defeated Crazy Boy in the opening match of the 11th Anniversary Show. Later that year, Fuji gained a victory over former tag team partner Chocoball Mukai in the opening match of the Deep Throat pay-per-view.
At 12th Anniversary Show, Fuji teamed with Makita to defeat Morita and Yoshihito Sasaki in a tag team match. On May 22, 2001, Fuji reunited with former Lethal Weapon member Hisakatsu Oya and Flying Kid Ichihara to defeat Azusa Kudo, Shinjuku Shark and Naohiko Yamazaki for the vacant WEW 6-Man Tag Team Championship, winning the title for a second time. They held the title for two months until losing to Kodo Fuyuki, Mr. Gannosuke and Kintaro Kanemura on July 30. On February 3, 2002, Fuji wrestled his last FMW match, in which he teamed with Shinjuku Shark against GOEMON and Hisakatsu Oya in a losing effort. A day later, on February 4, FMW held its last event and Shoichi Arai closed the company due to bankruptcy on February 15.
Freelance (2002–2012)
Since FMW's closing, Fuji has been wrestling as a freelancer for various Japanese independent promotions, including Wrestling Marvelous Future, Apache Pro-Wrestling, and FREEDOMS.
On September 17, 2011, Fuji teamed with Bambi and Yuji Hino to win the Chiba Six Man Tag Team Championship after defeating Little Galaxy (Hiro Tonai, Shiori Asahi and Yuki Sato). The championship is Fuji's first in a major promotion since May 2001. On October 2, Fuji, Bambi and Hino were successful in their first title defense after defeating Daigoro Kashiwa, Marines Mask II and Tigers Mask.
Kaientai Dojo/Action Advance Pro Wrestling (2012–present)
On January 4, 2012, Kaientai Dojo confirmed that they signed Ricky Fuji for one year; he has remained with the promotion ever since.
On February 5, 2012, Fuji had a chance to win the Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship at a Freedoms show against Hiroki, but failed. After the match, he got on the microphone and announced his goal of winning the belt by the end of the year, after looking at the "FMW" letters still engraved on the belt.
On January 26, 2013, after nearly a year after his announced his intentions, Fuji finally won the Independent World Junior Heavyweight title from Hiroki, ending his nearly 15-month reign. He would hold onto the title for nearly four months, before losing the title to Nanjyo Hayato. On June 16, Fuji and Daigoro Kashiwa defeated Hiroki and Yuji Hino to win the vacant Strongest-K Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Kazma Sakamoto and Kengo Mashimo on September 16.
Upon Taka Michinoku's departure and the renaming of the company to Action-Advance Pro Wrestling (2AW) in 2019, Fuji was chosen to run the day-to-day operations, as well as being in the active roster. In January 2020, Fuji announced that 2AW is now the Japanese affiliate for Allied Independent Wrestling Federations.
Return to FMW (2015–present)
On March 4, 2015, it was confirmed by Flying Kid Ichihara and Choden Senshi Battle Ranger that Ricky Fuji is confirmed as one of the seven FMW originals to rejoin FMW. On April 21, 2015, Fuji defeated Battle Ranger in the opening match of the promotion's first show in 13 years.
Personal life
Outside of wrestling, Fuji runs his own gym in Chiba called Endo's Gym, and also plays in two rock bands, Crazy Crew (which includes The Great Sasuke and Ken45°) and The Heavyweighters.
On September 7, 2022, Fuji collapsed at his home in Chiba. He was taken to a nearby hospital, where it was revealed that he had suffered a stroke. He underwent a successful cerebral angiography, placing a cerebrovascular catheter in his brain. Fuji's condition is stable, but the left side of his body is currently paralyzed. He has since made a speedy recovery and was released from the hospital on November 29.
Championships and accomplishments
Canadian Independent Wrestling Federation
CIWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time, last champion)
Canadian Rocky Mountain Wrestling
CRMW North American Mid-Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
DDT Pro-Wrestling
Greater China Unified Zhongyuan Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with The Great Sasuke
Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling / World Entertainment Wrestling
AWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
FMW Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Hisakatsu Oya
FMW Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
WEW 6-Man Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Flying Kid Ichihara and Chocoball Mukai (1) and Flying Kid Ichihara and Hisakatsu Oya
Kaientai Dojo
Chiba Six Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bambi and Yuji Hino
Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Strongest-K Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Daigoro Kashiwa
WEW Hardcore Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Nasu Banderas
NMC Pro/Pro Wrestling Nightmare
NMC Wrestle Brain Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
North Western Wrestling Federation
NWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
References
External links
1965 births
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Chiba (city)
Stampede Wrestling alumni
Independent World Junior Heavyweight Champions
FMW Brass Knuckles Tag Team Champions
AWA World Light Heavyweight Champions
WEW Hardcore Tag Team Champions
WEW 6-Man Tag Team Champions
Chiba Six Man Tag Team Champions
Strongest-K Tag Team Champions
1988 professional wrestling debuts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky%20Fuji |
Dirigent proteins are members of a class of proteins which dictate the stereochemistry of a compound synthesized by other enzymes. The first dirigent protein was discovered in Forsythia intermedia. This protein has been found to direct the stereoselective biosynthesis of (+)-pinoresinol from coniferyl alcohol monomers:
Lignan biosynthesis is catalysed by oxidative enzymes. In the test tube the reaction results in a heteregenous mixture of dimeric compounds. When a dirigent protein is present during the reaction, one stereoisomer of one compound is highly enriched. Dirigent proteins appear to possess no oxidative radical forming activity of their own; in the absence of oxidative enzyme, no reaction will occur.
Recently, a second, enantiocomplementary dirigent protein was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, which directs enantioselective synthesis of (-)-pinoresinol.
Activity
In lignan biosynthesis, oxidative enzymes perform proton coupled electron transfer to remove a hydrogen atom from monolignols, forming a radical intermediate. These intermediates then couple in a radical termination reaction to form one of a variety of dimers, known as lignans. In vitro reactions of coniferyl alcohol (a common monolignol) in the presence of oxidative enzymes produce a wide variety of different dimers at varying concentrations. When dirigent protein from "Forsythia intermedia" is present, production of (+)-pinoresinol is greatly enriched, and other products are far less abundant. Because this enrichment is so pronounced, the enzyme is hypothesized to produce (+)-pinoresinol exclusively, and to compete with the non-protein-mediated coupling reaction, which produces a heterologous mix of products. This has been confirmed by analyzing the various mixtures produced with different concentrations of dirigent proteins present. The mechanism by which this stereoselectivity is achieved is not well understood at this time. However, since no reaction proceeds in the absence of oxidative enzymes, dirigent protein does not itself appear to catalyze the oxidation of coniferyl alcohol to form radicals.
The activity of dirigent protein from Forsythia intermedia is specific to coniferyl alcohol. When other monolignols, such as p-coumaryl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, are reacted in vitro with oxidative enzymes in the presence of dirigent protein, they produce a heterologous mixture of products indistinguishable from identical experiments in the absence of dirigent protein.
Structure
Circular dichroism experiments have shown that the secondary structure of dirigent protein from Forsythia intermedia is composed primarily of β-pleated sheets and loop structures. The tertiary structure has not been solved, but the protein has been confirmed to be dimeric. Each dimer has a single binding site for coniferyl alcohol, for a total of two binding sites. One coniferyl alcohol can bind to each site, so that the reaction geometry between the two is confined, increasing the production of (+)-pinoresinol and inhibiting the production of other products.
Biological importance
In the absence of dirigent protein, pinoresinol is a relatively minor product of lignan biosynthesis. When dirigent protein is present, it becomes the major product. The biological significance of (+)-pinoresinol in plants is not fully understood, but it has been found to be effective as a feeding deterrent against ants in caterpillars of the cabbage butterfly, which obtain the compound from their diet. It may serve a similar defensive purpose in Forsythia intermedia.
References
Proteins by function
Enzymes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirigent%20protein |
The Solids are a power pop band from Middletown, Connecticut. The band consists of Carter Bays (vocals, guitar), Craig Thomas (drums), Patrick Butler (keyboards), Doug Derryberry (lead guitar) and Josh Suniewick (bass). They have been writing, recording, and performing music since 1996. The Solids first became popular for their song "The Future Is Now," which was the theme song for the Fox television program Oliver Beene. A 12-second clip from their song "Hey, Beautiful" is the theme song for another show, the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother which was created by band members Bays and Thomas.
The band was formed in the summer of 1996 by Bays and Thomas. They were joined by Patrick Butler and Nick Coleman and played their first show September 28, 1996, at the Alpha Delta Phi chapter house located at 185 High Street, in Middletown, Connecticut, on the campus of Wesleyan University, where they all studied.
Following the exposure Oliver Beene granted the band, the official website of The Solids became somewhat popular among alternative music fans. Along with "The Future Is Now", various mp3 files were offered for free, including demos and live performances.
Their song "Clowns Like Candy" was featured on an episode of NBC's Ed. It was also charted as #10 in "Top Alternative Internet Downloads" for issue #825 of Rolling Stone magazine, as well as an "Editor's Pick" for Rolling Stone Online.
The band released its self-titled album on January 24, 2008. They reside and perform in Los Angeles.
One of their songs is on How I Met Your Music (Deluxe).
References
External links
Official website
American musical quartets
American power pop groups
Rock music groups from Connecticut
Musical groups established in 1996
Wesleyan University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Solids |
Gliding ants are arboreal ants of several different genera that are able to control the direction of their descent when falling from a tree. Living in the rainforest canopy like many other gliders, gliding ants use their gliding to return to the trunk of the tree they live on should they fall or be knocked off a branch. Gliding was first discovered for Cephalotes atratus in the Peruvian rainforest.
At least five genera in the subfamilies Myrmicinae, Pseudomyrmecinae, and Formicinae (mostly Camponotus) display gliding of various degrees, in an example of parallel evolution. All species in the genus Cephalotes (within Myrmicinae) tested to date show this ability, as do many species within Pseudomyrmecinae. Unique among gliding animals, Cephalotes (Myrminae) and Pseudomyrmecinae ants glide abdomen first. Formicinae ants glide in the more conventional head first manner, though.
Gliding ants have been shown to have an 85%" chance of landing successfully on the same tree, as opposed to 5% if they were simply parachuting like normal ants. This adaptation helps to keep ants from getting lost or killed on the forest floor, away from their treetop nests. During a fall, gliding ants use visual cues to locate tree trunks. Specifically, they orient to light-colored columnar objects that sharply contrast the darker background of foliage in the forest. Tropical trees often have light-coloured bark and frequently are covered with white lichens, thus they provide the most conspicuous targets.
In a typical fall a descent by a gliding ant is "J-shaped". The ant will first randomly descend in free fall, then visually lock on to the tree trunk it wishes to land on. The glide ant then, while exhibiting a sort of parachuting behaviour to slow its fall, uses its flattened head, hind legs and abdomen like wings or a parachute to make a rapid adjustment to point its abdomen (or head) towards the tree trunk. The ant then turns upside down and lands on the trunk, head facing the earth. The period of free fall is thought to be used by the ants to slow down to a minimum viable glide velocity, to allow them to successfully direct their descent towards the tree. This explains why smaller ants have been observed to reach their trees sooner than do larger ants. A smaller body mass makes it easier to slow to the minimum viable glide velocity, allowing smaller ants to gain control of their falls more quickly. Many ants use long, flattened legs and wide, flanged heads to act as parachutes to control the direction of their descent, although controlled descent has also been observed in species of Pseudomyrmecinae that have more cylindrical bodies.
Gliding is not observed in all arboreal ants. Some characteristics that may be evolutionarily correlated with gliding are:
Arboreal nesting
Frequent foraging at branch tips
Heavily armoured individuals
Wide range of abdominal movement
Good vision
Diurnal activity
Evolutionary origins in flooded forests
See also
Flying and gliding animals
References
Further reading
Ants
Gliding animals
Insect common names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliding%20ant |
Neil Bedford Lucas PSM, JP (born 10 August 1945) was the Administrator of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. He served in the office from January 2006 to October 2009, when he was replaced by Brian Lacy.
He was formerly the CEO for the City of Berwick, the Mayor of Casey, the State Member for Eumemmerring Province from 1996–2002, representing the Liberal Party, Parliamentary Secretary to the Leader of the Victorian Legislative Council and consultant to the Victorian Ministers for Local Government and Planning.
He was appointed a Justice of the Peace (JP) upon taking the position of Mayor of Casey.
In recognition of his significant contributions over the years Mr Lucas was awarded the Public Service Medal (PSM) in 1995 for outstanding public service to local government.
References
External links
Official press release
Parliament of Victoria - Lucas, Neil Bedford
Living people
1945 births
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council for Eumemmerring Province
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Mayors of places in Victoria (state)
Christmas Island administrators
Recipients of the Public Service Medal (Australia) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Lucas |
A merry-go-round train, often abbreviated to MGR, is a block train of hopper wagons which both loads and unloads its cargo while moving. In the United Kingdom, they are most commonly coal trains delivering to power stations. These trains were introduced in the 1960s, and were one of the few innovations of the Beeching cuts, along with investment from the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) and the NCB (National Coal Board) into new power stations and loading facilities.
History and description
West Burton Power Station was used as a testing ground for the MGR system but the first power station to receive its coal by MGR was Cockenzie in Scotland in 1966. It was estimated at the time that the 80 MGR hoppers needed to feed Cockenzie would replace up to 1,500 conventional wagons.
A 1.2 GW power station, such as Cockenzie, receives up to 3 million tons of coal a year, whereas a larger 2 GW plant, like West Burton, up to 5 million tons per year. By the end of 1966 there were about 900 wagons carrying 53,000 tons a week to four power stations. Power stations that were built to handle the new MGR traffic were Aberthaw, Drax, Didcot, Eggborough, Ferrybridge C, Fiddlers Ferry and Ratcliffe, of which only the last is still open for traffic. Many of the older power stations were gradually converted to MGR operation.
Merry-go-round operation was also adopted for the Immingham Bulk Terminal built in the early 1970s to supply iron ore to the Scunthorpe Steelworks from the Port of Immingham.
The MGR hopper wagons
There were 11,162 MGR hoppers built. The numbering ranges were 350000-359571, 365000-366129 and 368000-368459
The two prototype wagons, 350000 and 350001, were built at Darlington works in 1964 and 1965 respectively, following which several large batches were constructed at the nearby Shildon works. With the exceptions of the two prototypes built at Darlington and the 160 wagons built at Ashford, all 10,702 HAA wagons and 460 HDA wagons were built there. Most of the early wagons (up to 355396) were originally lettered with B prefix numbers but these were later removed.
While the majority of the wagons were built as HAAs, the final batch (built in 1982 as 368000-368459) were coded as HDA to indicate their ability to operate at up to 60 mph when empty instead of the standard 45 mph. This was achieved through modifications to the design of the brakes. Another variation, which did not initially result in a change of TOPS code, was the fitting of top canopies to increase the load volume. Many of the early wagons had these but then lost them and for some years canopied hoppers were only common in Scotland.
When MGR services were first introduced, British Rail designed an all-new wagon with air brakes and a capacity for 33 tonnes of pulverised coal. The prototype was a 32-ton unit and was built at Darlington and tested in 1964. Before the introduction of TOPS these wagons were referred to by the telegraphic code name "HOP AB 33", this was an abbreviation of Hopper Air Brake 33 tonne.
With the coming of privatisation to Britain's railways, new wagon types have been introduced by EWS (HTA), GB Railfreight (HYA), Freightliner Heavy Haul (HHA and HXA) and Jarvis Fastline (IIA). These new wagons have increased tonnage and air-operated doors that do away with the need for the "Dalek" release mechanism at the power station end of the trip.
MGR wagon variants
With the introduction of TOPS in 1973, the wagons were given the code "HAA", and with modifications to the wagons other codes have been allocated over the years, including HDA and HMA.
From the early 1990s, further TOPS codes were introduced to show detail differences, such as canopies and modified brakes. Many HAAs became HFAs, while all of the HDAs became HBAs, this code now being available since all the original HBA hoppers had been rebuilt as HEAs. Later codes used were HCA, HMA and HNA.
MGR wagon liveries
The livery of these wagons was of unpainted metal hoppers and black underframes. The hopper support framework was originally brown, then red with the introduction of the new Railfreight image in the late 1970s. When Railfreight re-invented itself in 1987, a new livery with yellow framework and a large coal sector logo on the hopper side was introduced. Under EWS the framework is now painted maroon. Merry-go-round hoppers were worked hard however, and the typical livery included a coating of coal dust. Some of the terminals served used stationary shunters to move the wagons forward at low speed. These often featured tyred wheels that gripped the wagon sides, resulting in horizontal streaks on the hopper sides.
The balloon loop and the Daleks
Merry-go-round trains are associated with the construction of balloon loops at the origin and destination so that the train doesn't waste time shunting the engine from one end of the train to the other. However, whilst power stations such as Ratcliffe, West Burton and Cottam had balloon loops, few if any colliery/loading points had them, and thus true merry-go-round operation never really existed.
"Dalek" was the nickname given to the automatic door opening/closing equipment located on the path to and from the bunker in the power station. The nickname was derived from its appearance. Two have been preserved by The National Wagon Preservation Group from Hope Cement Works. They arrived at Barrow Hill on Friday 28 August 2015.
Locomotive control
Locomotives used on the MGR trains needed to be fitted with electronic speed control known as Slow Speed Control, so that the driver could engage the system and the train could proceed at a fixed very slow speed under the loading and unloading facilities. The system was originally fitted to some members of Class 20, Class 26 and Class 47. Later, some members of Class 37 were also fitted, while the system was fitted to all members of classes 56, 58, 59, 60 and 66. Additionally, all Class 50s were originally fitted, although the system was later removed due to non-use.
The Class 47 locomotives were replaced by the class 56s in 1977 with an increase of the number of wagons in a train, in most cases to around 30 to 34. This was followed by the Class 58s and the Class 60s. Two of the class 60s were named in honour of the men behind the MGR system, 60092 Reginald Munns and 60093 Jack Stirk. A small number of other locomotives were modified for working MGRs. In Scotland the class 26 and some class 20s and in South Wales some class 37s.
In 1985, Driver Only Operation (DOO) was introduced after a short training session on the wagons which mostly showed how to isolate a defective brake. MGR trains in the Worksop and Shirebrook areas to West Burton and Cottam started running. These trains initially had a yellow painted tail lamp to identify that the train was DOO. As the system rapidly developed, the use of these yellow tail lamps was discontinued on all trains.
MGR hopper decline and re-use
The decline in the UK mining industry from the 1980s onwards made many of these wagons redundant. More of the type were replaced when EWS introduced a new batch of 1144 high-capacity bogie coal hoppers (HTA) from 2001. The last location to have coal delivered by MGR wagons was the Hope Cement Works in August 2010.
Although many HAAs were scrapped for being worn out, over 1,000 have donated their underframes to be rebuilt as MHA lowsided box spoil wagons for infrastructure and general use. Conversions have been undertaken since 1997 and the new vehicles have been numbered in the 394001-394999 and 396000-396101 ranges.
A batch of fifteen HAAs were rebuilt as china clay hoppers with a canvas roof (CDA), all but one of which were renumbered in the 375124-375137 range and the other being extant 353224 which is listed below.
There were fourteen HAAs modified as MSA Scrap Hoppers in 2004 and renumbered in the 397000-397013 range. They proved to be a short-lived idea though, as the light alloy bodies took too much damage from rough use and were withdrawn and scrapped after only a few weeks of use.
Extant examples
There are now only four MGR hoppers still remaining on the network, excluding the examples that were successfully converted into china clay covered hoppers
Scrapped Examples
Whilst there were over 10,000 of the MGR wagons to begin with, there was only one notable scrapping after their official withdrawal in 2009 due to the wagon being scrapped in error at Newport Docks. The wagon was used as a static buffer on the main dock, however the scrap merchant cut up the wagon in error. This example would have been in line for preservation.
Converted Examples
The CDA was introduced in 1987-88 for English China Clay trains in Cornwall, with 124 wagons being built at Doncaster Works. These were given the design code CD002A and were largely based on the design of the HAA coal hopper wagon.
A prototype was converted from a HAA, number 353224, which the National Wagon Preservation Group are custodians of, in 1987 by G Nevilles Ltd and given the design code CD001A.
A further 15 were rebuilt from HAA hoppers in 1989, of which three still survive to this day, as detailed in the table below
Preservation
Several examples have been preserved.
The first MGR to be preserved was the Darlington-built prototype, HAA 350000, in October 1995 by the National Railway Museum (NRM).
In 2011, The NRM secured the last-built MGR hopper (HDA 368459) and it was appropriately moved to its Shildon outpost in May of the same year.
Notably, in 2014 an appeal was set up called The MGR Appeal to try and preserve another example, this being in the form of HMA 355798. After a successful appeal, it was saved for preservation from DB Schenker. It was formerly stored at their Immingham depot in Lincolnshire. In July 2015, the MGR Appeal was officially formed as National Wagon Preservation Group
In May 2015, The Chasewater Railway secured three MGR hoppers from Mossend Yard (DBS) and moved them to Brownhills West station. In their statement, it was advised that these three MGRs were the "arrival of the first half of our HAA wagon fleet". The other three likely candidates are the three withdrawn in the Newport Docks area. Since then however, No.353934 which was stored off the tracks was cut up by accident, however the group is still intending to preserve the remaining two examples. The Chasewater and NWPG came together to create Project:MGR which is a collaborative effort to host the MGR wagons and run demonstration trains regularly to the public.
As of 2023, the NWPG and Chasewater Railway have collectively acquired nine MGR wagons, of which eight are at the Chasewater in Brownhills, Staffordshire with 351500 at the Midland Railway Centre undergoing extansive repairs and a repaint.
See also
British carriage and wagon numbering and classification
Kincardine power station
References
External links
National Wagon Preservation Group
Rail freight transport
Rail freight transport in the United Kingdom
Trains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry-go-round%20train |
The Glover River is a tributary of the Little River in the Ouachita Mountains of southeastern Oklahoma in the United States. Via the Little and Red rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
The Glover River flows for its entire length in McCurtain County. It is formed by the confluence of its East Fork, long, and its West Fork, long; both forks rise near the northern boundary of McCurtain County. It joins the Little River southeast of Wright City.
Conservation and recreation
The Glover River is remote and little known, but has Class I and II rapids, good scenery, and canoeing and kayaking except in summer when water levels are often too low for floating. Its course is through a heavily forested area bordered by steep bluffs on each side of the river.
The Glover flows through the Three Rivers Wildlife Management Area, owned by the Weyerhaeuser Company and mostly planted in Loblolly Pine plantations. A permit is required to access Weyerhaeuser lands.
See also
List of Oklahoma rivers
References
DeLorme (2003). Oklahoma Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
Rivers of Oklahoma
Bodies of water of McCurtain County, Oklahoma
Tributaries of the Red River of the South | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glover%20River |
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