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Mount Gibraltar (Aboriginal: Bowrell) is a mountain with an elevation of that is located in the Southern Highlands region, between Bowral and Mittagong, in New South Wales, Australia. Further west is .
Location and features
The mountain is locally known as 'The Gib', and is in the form of a ridge, rather than an obvious conical peak. The western extremity of the ridge is commonly pointed out as the mountain itself. 'The Gib' is primarily a residential area with a large nature reserve at its peak.
The first European to climb the mountain, in 1798, was explorer John Wilson. He learned from local Aborigines the name 'Bowrell', which meant 'a high place'. Surveyor Sir Thomas Mitchell also climbed Mount Gibraltar.
'The Gib' is thought to have been formed from a collapsed volcanic core, which pushed through the local Hawkesbury Sandstone beds about 150 million years ago.
The western slopes were previously the site of a granite quarry which mined the volcanic trachyte; the quarry closed in 1986. The site can be reached by a walking track beginning near Bowral Swimming Pool.
The peak is 863 metres above sea-level.
It is part of the range forming the watershed between the Wingecarribee/Wollondilly and Nattai rivers. The range to the north of Mt Gibraltar was formerly called the Merrigong Range and the range to the south-east, the Mittagong Range.
The peak area includes the Mount Gibraltar Reserve.
The Reserve was acquired by Alderman Joshua Stokes, in 1919. A large stone construction, bearing a memorial plaque to Stokes, is a feature of the Reserve.
The Reserve vegetation is a rare remnant of a volcanic soil community. A prominent tree species is Eucalyptus fastigata (Brown Barrel).
The Reserve has been the subject of a Landcare Bush Regeneration Program since 1994, with the aim of eliminating introduced species such as Privet, Barberry, Ivy, Honeysuckle, Banana Passionfruit, Inkweed and others.
The Landcare group has also compiled a complete Site Species List.
'The Gib' has three lookout points over Bowral and Mittagong.
On a clear day 'The Gib' can be seen from Echo Point in Katoomba which is approximately 70–80 km away, although many people confuse it with the nearby, conical Mount Jellore.
On a clear day you can make out the Sydney skyline.
The exposed, rocky area of the peak is the site of several telecommunications and broadcasting towers, including Telstra microwave transmission links.
The residential area of Mount Gibraltar includes some of the most highly priced real estate in the Southern Highlands.
The former Mount Gibraltar Trachyte Quarries Complex was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 December 2013.
Railway
The Main South Railway skirts Mount Gibraltar at its western foothills, passing through a tunnel under Evans Street, Bowral. The original tunnel was single track, but it was replaced in the 1920s by a double track tunnel.
Gallery
References
External links
Geology of area
Gibraltar Endangered Ecological Community Listing
Gibraltar
Bowral
Mittagong, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Gibraltar |
Current members (2022)
Here 1 members KC Venugopal is representing Kerala in the Rajyasabha.
Keys:
There are total TEN seats reserved for Rajasthan in Rajya Sabha. Currently INC have 6 members and Congress BJP have 4 members in Rajya Sabha from Rajasthan.
Alphabetical list since 1952
References
External links
List of Rajya Sabha Members
List of Rajya Sabha Members Statewise
Rajasthan Rajya Sabha Members | MP List Party Wise Seats
Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan
Rajasthan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Rajya%20Sabha%20members%20from%20Rajasthan |
Oregon State Beavers
Jeffrey William Monson (born January 18, 1971) is an American-born Russian mixed martial artist, boxer, and submission grappler who competes primarily in the Heavyweight division. A professional competitor since 1997, he has competed for the UFC, Strikeforce, DREAM, PRIDE, M-1 Global, Impact FC, World Victory Road, and Cage Warriors. In Brazilian jiu-jitsu and grappling, Monson is a two-time winner of the ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship and is a No Gi Brazilian jiu-jitsu World Champion.
Outside of fighting, Monson, an anarcho-communist, is known for his radical left-wing political views. In 2018, Monson was elected to the city Duma of Krasnogorsk. He is additionally the host of the multi-platform political and social commentary program Monson TV on Russian state-funded RT. In February 2023, Monson began the process of renouncing his American citizenship.
Early life
Monson was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, where he also grew up for most of his childhood. He attended Timberline High School and continued on as a Division I wrestler at Oregon State University and at the University of Illinois and was a Pac-10 champion for Oregon State. He also competed at the senior level at USA Wrestling events for a number of years.
Monson received a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Illinois and a master's degree in psychology from the University of Minnesota Duluth, where he was the assistant coach of the wrestling team.
He worked as a mental health professional for five years, both in a crisis evaluation role for Cascade Mental Health in Lewis County, Washington, as well as a child and family counselor. However, having major success in Abu Dhabi Combat Club events and at other mixed martial arts (MMA) shows, he decided to leave the mental health profession to devote himself full-time to MMA.
Martial arts background and nickname
Monson is a Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt and a two-time Abu Dhabi Combat Club Submission Wrestling World Champion. He is an MMA fighter and has also had three professional boxing bouts. His boxing record is two wins and one draw.
Monson is considered to be one of the world's top submission grapplers. He is a multiple event winner at NAGA, Grapplers Quest and FILA, among other submission tournaments. He is nicknamed "The Snowman" for his performance at the 1999 Abu Dhabi Combat Club Submission Wrestling World Championship. The Brazilian fighters at the tournament gave him the nickname because he came in as an unknown, but beat four Brazilians in a row to win the 88–98 kilogram weight class. As he went along in the tournament and continued to beat his opponents, they said he was like a snowball (white, compact, rolling and getting bigger and stronger as the tournament went on).
Mixed martial arts career
Ultimate Fighting Championship
After 14 straight MMA victories, Monson was signed by the UFC.
At UFC 57, Monson submitted Branden Lee Hinkle by north–south choke in the first round. At UFC 59, he fought Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt Marcio Cruz (ADCC veteran and longtime rival). Monson won by decision after three rounds. At UFC 61, Monson fought another Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt in Anthony Perosh, whom Monson defeated by TKO in the first round.
On November 18, 2006, at UFC 65, Monson fought Tim Sylvia for the UFC Heavyweight Championship. He lost a five-round decision and would later ask to be released from his UFC contract in the hopes of facing then-PRIDE Heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko at a BodogFIGHT event scheduled for March 2007. However, negotiations fell through and the match did not happen during that time.
PRIDE
In the main event of PRIDE 34, on April 8, 2007, Monson defeated Kazuyuki Fujita via rear-naked choke submission at 6:37 of the opening round. This was the final fight in the history of Pride Fighting Championships.
Post-PRIDE
His next fight was scheduled to be against Chris Guillen on August 17, 2007, for the Global Fighting Championships' Heavyweight Championship, but the event was canceled after four of the eight scheduled bouts were removed from the card. Monson lost against Pedro Rizzo at Art of War 3, which was held on September 1, 2007. During the bout, Monson displayed a much improved level of striking, and kept the fight standing virtually the entire time.
On September 7, 2007, Monson won two matches in the FILA World Championship in Turkey, defeating France's Zoro Piere and England's Tom Blackledge by submission. Monson was awarded the 275-pound gold medal when his final opponent Ramon Diaz suffered an injury and was forced to bow out.
Monson defeated former UFC Heavyweight Champion Ricco Rodriguez in the main event of the Mixed Fighting Alliance "There Will Be Blood" event on December 13, 2008. He avenged a loss to Rodriguez from almost seven years prior.
On March 21, 2009, Monson won a controversial decision against Roy Nelson on Roy Jones Jr.'s hybrid boxing/MMA card "March Badness." He then beat Sergej Maslobojev on a Cage Wars card on March 29, 2009. He immediately went to Japan and defeated top Russian Heavyweight Sergei Kharitonov on April 5, 2009, at Dream 8, giving him three wins in two weeks.
On September 12, 2009, at Bitetti Combat MMA 4, Monson had his seven-fight win streak snapped, losing in a rematch with Pedro Rizzo by unanimous decision.
At 5150 Combat League/Xtreme Fighting League: New Years Revolution, Monson defeated John Brown by split decision on January 16, 2010.
On March 13, 2010, Monson fought in France at 100% Fight II and defeated Francisco Nonato by submission (guillotine choke) in the first round. He lost to Travis Wiuff in a split decision at XKL Evolution 2 on April 24, 2010.
On May 14, 2010, he lost in Abu Dhabi to Shamil Abdurahimov by majority decision at the Abu Dhabi Fighting Championship in the Quarter Finals of the 2010 Openweight Grand Prix.
Monson defeated Bira Lima at Impact FC 1 in Australia on July 10, 2010, by unanimous decision.
Monson faced Jason Guida on August 21, 2010, at an event called "Fight Time 1". He defeated Jason Guida at 3:04 in the second round by a guillotine choke submission.
His next fight was scheduled to be against Neil Wain at "KnuckleUp: Kings of the North," but Neil Wain pulled out of the fight due to injuries. Stepping in to replace Wain was the very man who took him out of the fight, Dave Keeley. Monson defeated Keeley by submission (north–south choke) in the first round.
Monson defeated Sergey Shemetov at the inaugural Israel Fighting Championship event on November 9. After the fight, he said he wanted to drop down to the Light Heavyweight division for his next fight and his friend, Ricco Rodriguez, who later won his fight in the main event, said he wanted to fight Monson in the International Fighting Championships (IFC) at Light Heavyweight.
In 2011, Monson defeated Lee Mein on January 7 and Tony Lopez on April 1 in a five-round decision.
Monson's next fight was against Maro Perak where he won a three-round decision.
Monson said that after he fought in April and May, he hoped the UFC would want him back, but this time he would like to fight in the Light Heavyweight division.
Monson stepped in for injured Shane del Rosario to face prospect Daniel Cormier on the June 18 Strikeforce: Overeem vs. Werdum card in Dallas, Texas, and lost via fight via unanimous decision.
Monson defeated Paul Taylor in Birmingham, England at the Sprawl n Brawl promotion on October 9, 2011.
Monson fought Fedor Emelianenko at M-1 Global: Fedor vs. Monson on November 20, 2011, in Moscow, Russia and lost by unanimous decision.
Monson was unbeaten in his four fights after the loss against Fedor, and in June 2012 signed a four-fight deal with the Super Fight League in India.
Monson was originally announced to fight at SFL 4 on September 29 against former UFC fighter Todd Duffee but after the event was pushed back twice the SFL decided to change the structure of their shows, with weekly events replacing monthly events. Duffee and SFL agreed on his departure in September and he is currently fighting in the UFC. Following this news, the fight was canceled.
From June 2013 to April 2014, Monson would go 1–6 in seven fights, defeating Denis Komkin, and losing to notable fighters such as Alexey Oleynik, Satoshi Ishii, and Mike Hayes. After a loss to up-and-comer Chaban Ka, Monson defeated Kevin Brooks via north–south choke at Fight Time 20 on August 29, 2014.
Monson faced Dmitry Titkov on September 5, 2014, at Fight Star: Saransk vs. Penza. He lost the fight by cut TKO, after a cut opened up on Monson.
Monson then faced Mikhail Shein at Fight Star: The Battle of the Sura 2. He won the fight via rear-naked choke in the second round.
Monson faced Ivan Shtyrkov on 6 May, the promoter and him decided to do an exhibition match due to Monson having an injury that would have forced him out of a legitimate MMA match. When the match started it quickly became clear that Shtyrkov was treating it as a real fight and shortly after dropping Monson with a straight right finished him with an armbar on his injured arm.
On 12 January 2021, Monson announced his official retirement from all forms of combat sports, including both MMA and Submission Grappling.
Arnold Gracie competition incident
In 2004, when facing Márcio Cruz at the Arnold Gracie IBJJF competition, Monson allegedly attacked a referee and caused a brawl following the use of a "can opener" submission. The original attack was not caught on camera, but Monson is shown being restrained by several competition staff and coaches. As a result of this brawl the "can opener" was made illegal in IBJJF competitions. Both Monson and Pe de Pano were barred from competing at the next year's event.
Politics
Monson is an anarcho-communist. He presently hosts a multi-platform (TV/social media) political and social commentary program on Russian state-funded RT called, Monson TV.
In 2015, Monson sought Russian citizenship, citing that he felt "Russian in spirit." He was granted Russian citizenship in 2018 by President Vladimir Putin.
In April 2016, Monson expressed his desire to join the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in a video appeal to the party and praised socialism as "the only way as a human species that we’re going to survive." Soon after, he was invited to meet Communist Party of the Russian Federation leader Gennady Zyuganov in his office in the State Duma, where they discussed the future of communism in Russia and globally. Monson later led a procession across Red Square into Lenin's Mausoleum together with Zyuganov dedicated to the anniversary of Vladimir Lenin's birth. He was appointed as a special representative for international cooperation by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation's Sport Club in June 2016.
Monson was the subject of a party political advertisement released in the run-up to the 2016 State Duma Elections.
In an interview, Monson stated his political views as follows: "I am an anarchist, someone who would like to do away with all class hierarchy in society and the institutions that promote this inequality."
In solidarity, Monson is also a member of the Industrial Workers of the World.
On September 11, 2016, Monson announced on Twitter that he had become a citizen of the Luhansk People's Republic to support local people who suffered during the war in Donbas. He was made an honorary citizen of the Republic of Abkhazia in October 2016 for "supporting nations striving for self-determination."
On September 9, 2018, Monson was elected to the city duma (local city parliament) of Krasnogorsk, a city located near Moscow. Monson won the mandate as a candidate on the list of the ruling party United Russia, which nominated him without membership in the party. In order to be able to carry out the mandate, Monson had to give up his American citizenship in accordance with Russian law.
Monson has expressed explicit support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
In September 2023, Monson was elected to the 110-seat State Assembly of the Republic of Bashkortostan as a member of the ruling United Russia party following an election.
Personal life
Monson has two children from his first marriage, Michaela and Josh. He has a daughter, Willow, from his second marriage. He now has a fourth child from a Russian woman. Monson is a Christian and has said he prayed to God before every match.
In late 2008, Monson spraypainted an anarchy symbol, peace symbol, "no war", and "no poverty" on the Washington State Capitol in photographs published in ESPN The Magazine. Charged with first-degree criminal mischief, Monson pled guilty in July 2009.
On February 16, 2023, Monson declared that he was in the process of renouncing his U.S. citizenship. "This spring, I'll only have my Russian passport," he said, "I do not agree with the American foreign policy, they keep meddling in the affairs of other countries, people are suffer[ing] because of them. Yes, I have children in the United States, but I love Russia and the Russians."
Championships and accomplishments
Mixed martial arts
International Sport Karate Association
ISKA World Heavyweight Championship (One time; first)
Sprawl 'N Brawl
SB Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (One time)
Strength and Honor Championship
SHC Heavyweight Championship (One time)
Cage Warriors Fighting Championship
Cage Warriors Heavyweight Championship (One time)
Two Successful Title Defenses
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Knockout of the Night (One time) vs. Anthony Perosh
PRIDE Fighting Championships
Won the final PRIDE fight
X Fighting Championships
XFC Heavyweight Championship (One time)
SportFight
SportFight Heavyweight Championship (One time)
Submission grappling
Abu Dhabi Combat Club
2009 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championships Bronze Medalist
2005 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championships Gold Medalist
2001 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championships Silver Medalist
2000 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championships Silver Medalist
1999 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championships Gold Medalist
International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles
2012 FILA Grappling World Championships Senior No-Gi Gold Medalist
2011 FILA Grand Prix Espoir No-Gi Absolute Silver Medalist
2008 FILA Grappling World Championships Senior No-Gi Gold Medalist
2007 FILA Grappling World Championships Senior No-Gi Gold Medalist
International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation
2007 IBJJF World Jiu-Jitsu Championships Black Belt No-Gi Absolute Gold Medalist
2007 IBJJF World Jiu-Jitsu Championships Black Belt No-Gi Silver Medalist
2001 Pan American Championships Blue Belt Gold Medalist
USA Wrestling
FILA World Team Trials Senior No-Gi Winner (2007, 2008)
FILA World Team Trials Senior No-Gi Runner-up (2009)
On the Mat
2009 Submission Grappler of the year
2004 Submission Grappler of the Year
Amateur wrestling
USA Wrestling
Northwest Senior Greco-Roman Regional Championship (1998)
Northwest Senior Freestyle Regional Championship Runner-up (1998)
National Collegiate Athletic Association
Pac-10 Conference Championship (1992)
Mixed martial arts record
Professional
|-
| Draw
| align=center|
| Nikolai Savilov
| Draw
| Arta MMA: Battle For Ryzan
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Ryazan, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 61–26–1
| Alex Kardo
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Industrials Battle in Belgorod
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:30
| Belgorod, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 60–26–1
| Ivan Shtyrkov
| Submission (armbar)
| Titov Boxing Promotion: Monson vs. Shtyrkov
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:01
| Yekaterinburg, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 60–25–1
| Anton Lotkov
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Fight Stars 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:45
| Balakovo, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 59–25–1
| Donald Njatah Nya
| KO (punch)
| Mix Fight Combat
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:50
| Khimki, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 59–24–1
| Konstantin Skrelya
| Submission (north-south choke)
| OFS: Octagon Fighting Sensation 6
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:13
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 58–24–1
| Nikolay Savilov
| DQ (soccer kicks after bell)
| Shield-Peresvet 3
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:00
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 57–24–1
| Zamirbek Syrgabaev
| Decision (unanimous)
| JFC: Jashkuch Fighting Championship Fight Night
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 57–23–1
| Denis Komkin
| Decision (unanimous)
| Fightspirit Championship 5
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Kolpino, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 56–23–1
| Evgeny Erokhin
| TKO (punches)
| FEFoFP: Mayor's Cup
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:43
| Khabarovsk, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 56–22–1
| Evgeny Egemberdiev
| Decision (unanimous)
| Alash Pride FC: Royal Plaza Vol. 5
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Almaty, Kazakhstan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 56–21–1
| D.J. Linderman
| TKO (punches)
| Fight Time 24: MMA Kings
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 1:42
| Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 56–20–1
| Alexander Stolyarov
| Submission (north-south choke)
| OFS: Octagon Fighting Sensation 3
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 4:29
| Yaroslavl, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 55–20–1
| Vladimir Nepochatov
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Oplot Challenge 108
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:40
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 54–20–1
| Ilya Shcheglov
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Eurasian Fighting Championship: Altay Great Battle
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:45
| Barnaul, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 53–20–1
| Evgeniy Bykov
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Fight Alliance Promotions: Gladiator Fighting 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:16
| Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 52–20–1
| Mikhail Shein
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Fight Stars: The Battle of the Sura 2
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:05
| Penza, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 51–20–1
| Dmitry Titkov
| Decision (unanimous)
| Fight Stars: Saransk vs. Penza
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Saransk, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 51–19–1
| Kevin Brooks
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Fight Time 20
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:08
| Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 50–19–1
| Chaban Ka
| TKO (punches)
| M-1 Challenge 47
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:31
| Orenburg, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 50–18–1
| Shakhmaral Dzhepisov
| KO (punches)
| Diamond Fight
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:38
| Almaty, Kazakhstan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 50–17–1
| Mike Hayes
| TKO (head kick and punches)
| CWC 9: Cage Warrior Combat 9
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 1:21
| Kent, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 50–16–1
| Satoshi Ishii
| Decision (majority)
| M-1 Challenge 42
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| St. Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 50–15–1
| Denis Komkin
| Decision (split)
| Coliseum Fighting Championship: New History
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| St. Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 49–15–1
| Alexey Oleynik
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Oplot Challenge 54
| |
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:26
| Kharkiv, Ukraine
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 49–14–1
| Magomed Malikov
| TKO (doctor stoppage)
| M-1 Challenge 40
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:58
| Dzheyrakhsky District, Ingushetia, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 49–13–1
| Drazen Forgac
| TKO (knee injury)
| Strength & Honor Championship 7
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 0:58
| Geneva, Switzerland
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 48–13–1
| Dong Gook Kang
| Decision (unanimous)
| Road FC 10: Monson vs. Kang
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Busan, South Korea
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 47–13–1
| Alexander Emelianenko
| Submission (north-south choke)
| M-1 Challenge 35
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:17
| St. Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 46–13–1
| Denis Komkin
| Submission (north-south choke)
| M-1 Global: Fedor vs. Rizzo
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:58
| St. Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 45–13–1
| Jim York
| Decision (unanimous)
| Cage Fighting Championships 21
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 44–13–1
| Chaban Ka
| Draw
| 100% Fight 11: Explosion
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Paris, France
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 44–13
| Alexey Oleynik
| Decision (split)
| M-1 Challenge 31
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| St. Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 43–13
| Fedor Emelianenko
| Decision (unanimous)
| M-1 Global: Fedor vs. Monson
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 43–12
| Paul Taylor
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Sprawl n Brawl 8: Return of the Cyborg
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:20
| Edgbaston, Birmingham, England
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 42–12
| Daniel Cormier
| Decision (unanimous)
| Strikeforce: Overeem vs. Werdum
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Dallas, Texas, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 42–11
| Maro Perak
| Decision (unanimous)
| SHC 4: Monson vs. Perak
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Geneva, Switzerland
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 41–11
| Tony Lopez
| Decision (unanimous)
| Fight Time 4: MMA Heavyweight Explosion
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 40–11
| Lee Mein
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| CFM 1: Monson vs. Mein
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:31
| Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 39–11
| Sergey Shemetov
| Submission (americana)
| Israel FC: Genesis
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:09
| Tel Aviv, Israel
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 38–11
| Travis Fulton
| Submission (kimura)
| Fight Time 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:40
| Pompano Beach, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 37–11
| Dave Keeley
| Submission (north-south choke)
| KUMMA: Kings of the North
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:41
| Lancashire, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 36–11
| Jason Guida
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Fight Time 1
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:04
| Pompano Beach, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 35–11
| Ubiratan Marinho Lima
| Decision (unanimous)
| Impact FC 1
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Brisbane, Australia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 34–11
| Shamil Abdurakhimov
| Decision (majority)
| ADFC: Battle of the Champions
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 34–10
| Travis Wiuff
| Decision (split)
| CFX / XKL: Mayhem in Minneapolis
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 34–9
| Francisco Nonato
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| 100% Fight: 100 Percent Fight 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:27
| Paris, France
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 33–9
| John Brown
| Decision (split)
| 5150 Combat League / XFL: New Year's Revolution
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 32–9
| Pedro Rizzo
| Decision (unanimous)
| Bitetti Combat MMA 4
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 32–8
| Jimmy Ambriz
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| TC 33: Bad Intentions
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:09
| Mexico City, Mexico
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 31–8
| Sergei Kharitonov
| Submission (north-south choke)
| DREAM 8
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:42
| Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 30–8
| Sergej Maslobojev
| Submission (north-south choke)
| CW 11: Decade
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:30
| Belfast, Northern Ireland
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 29–8
| Roy Nelson
| Decision (unanimous)
| SRP: March Badness
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Pensacola, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 28–8
| Ricco Rodriguez
| Decision (unanimous)
| MFA: There Will Be Blood
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Miami, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 27–8
| Jimmy Ambriz
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Beatdown: 4 Bears Casino
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:50
| New Town, North Dakota, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 26–8
| Mark Kerr
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Vengeance Fighting Championship 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:15
| Concord, North Carolina, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 25–8
| Josh Barnett
| Decision (split)
| World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 2
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 25–7
| Hakim Gouram
| Decision (unanimous)
| PFP: Ring of Fire
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Quezon City, Philippines
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 24–7
| Pedro Rizzo
| TKO (punches)
| Art of War 3
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 2:40
| Dallas, Texas, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 24–6
| Kazuyuki Fujita
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| PRIDE 34
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 6:37
| Saitama, Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 23–6
| Tim Sylvia
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 65: Bad Intentions
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Sacramento, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 23–5
| Anthony Perosh
| TKO (punches)
| UFC 61: Bitter Rivals
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:43
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 22–5
| Márcio Cruz
| Decision (split)
| UFC 59: Reality Check
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Anaheim, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 21–5
| Branden Lee Hinkle
| Technical Submission (north-south choke)
| UFC 57: Liddell vs. Couture 3
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:35
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 20–5
| Marc Emmanuel
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| CWFC: Strike Force 4
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:58
| Coventry, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 19–5
| Devin Cole
| Decision (unanimous)
| XFC: Dome of Destruction 3
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tacoma, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 18–5
| Jay White
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| SF 12: Breakout
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:21
| Portland, Oregon, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 17–5
| Rich Wilson
| Submission (armbar)
| Extreme Wars: X-1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:56
| Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 16–5
| Tengiz Tedoradze
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| CWFC: Ultimate Force
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:59
| Sheffield, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 15–5
| Jay White
| TKO (injury)
| Euphoria: USA vs. the World
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:07
| Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 14–5
| Brian Stromberg
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| SF 8: Justice
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| Gresham, Oregon, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 13–5
| Tengiz Tedoradze
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Cage Warriors 9: Xtreme Xmas
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:51
| Sheffield, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–5
| Pat Stano
| TKO (knee to the body)
| Euphoria: Road to the Titles
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:11
| Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–5
| Carlos Clayton
| Decision (unanimous)
| AFC: Brazil 1
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–5
| Don Richards
| Submission (north-south choke)
| IHC 7: The Crucible
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:25
| Hammond, Indiana, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–5
| Joe Nye
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Mass Destruction 12
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:02
| Taunton, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–5
| Mike Delaney
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Absolute Fighting Championships 4
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:27
| Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 7–5
| Forrest Griffin
| Decision (unanimous)
| WEFC 1: Bring it On
|
| align=center| 4
| align=center| 4:20
| Marietta, Georgia, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 7–4
| Ricco Rodriguez
| TKO (punches)
| UFC 35
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:00
| Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–3
| Roman Roytberg
| Submission (north-south choke)
| AMC: Revenge of the Warriors
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| Rochester, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 6–3
| Chuck Liddell
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 29
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–2
| Tim Lajcik
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 27
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–2
| Bob Gilstrap
| Decision (unanimous)
| AMC: Return of the Gladiators 1
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Rochester, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 4–2
| David Dodd
| Submission (armbar)
| Extreme Challenge 23
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:46
| Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–1
| Roger Neff
| Decision
| Ultimate Ring Challenge
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Wenatchee, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 3–1
| Tommy Sauer
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Extreme Challenge 20
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:47
| Davenport, Iowa, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0
| John Renfroe
| TKO (submission to punches)
| Ultimate Warrior Challenge
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:45
| Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Cy Cross
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| UFCF: Night of Champions
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:47
| Lynnwood, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Luther Norberg
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFCF: Gladiators
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| No location reported
|
Exhibition
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 0–1–0
| Viacheslav Datsik
| Decision (unanimous)
| Arta MMA: Battle For Ryzan
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Moscow, Russia
|
Boxing record
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
!
!Result
!Record
!Opponent
!Method
!Round, time
!Date
!Location
!Notes
|-
|4
|Loss
|align=center|2–1–1
| Timer Nikulin
|align=center|
|align=center|4
|align=center|Oct 26, 2021
|align=left|
|-
|3
|Win
| align=center|2–0–1
| J.C. Hillard
| align=center|TKO
| align=center|2 (4),
| align=center|Nov 20, 2004
|align=left|
|
|-
|2
|Win
|align=center|1–0–1
| Kenyatta Quitman
| align=center|
| align=center|2 (4),
| align=center|May 15, 2004
|align=left|
|
|-
|1
|style="background: #B0C4DE"|Draw
|align=center|0–0–1
| Matt Ives
|align=center|
|align=center|4
|align=center|Apr 23, 2004
|align=left|
|
|-
Bare-knuckle boxing record
|-
|Loss
|align=center|0–1
| Alexander Emelianenko
|Decision (unanimous)
|Hardcore FC: Russia vs. USA
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
|Moscow, Russia
|
Submission grappling record
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:80%; text-align:left;"
|-
| colspan=8 style="text-align:center;" | 16 Matches, 9 Wins (4 Submissions), 4 Losses (0 Submissions), 3 Draws
|-
! Result
! style="text-align:center;"| Rec.
! Opponent
! Method
! Event
! Date
! Location
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|9–4–3
| Aleksey Molchakov
|Submission (Rear-naked choke)
|Kingdom Professional Fight: Selection 4
|July 18, 2020
| St. Petersburg, Russia
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|8–4–3
| Warren Brooks
|Submission (Rear-naked choke)
|Submission Underground 2
|December 10, 2016
| Portland, Oregon
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|7–4–3
| Shannon Ritch
|Submission (Kimura)
|A-Fight MMA 4
|October 9, 2016
| Nevinnomyssk, Russia
|-
|Loss
|style="text-align:center;"|6–4–3
| Levan Persaev
| Decision (Unanimous)
|Octagon Fighting Sensation 9
|October 6, 2016
| Sukhumi, Georgia
|-
|Draw
|style="text-align:center;"|6–3–3
| Eduard Kuntudaev
| Draw
|Red City Fights 6
|September 4, 2016
| Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|6–3–2
| Maxim Kiselev
| Submission (North-south choke)
|PRIDE Fighting Show 1
|April 23, 2016
| Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
|-
|Draw
|style="text-align:center;"|5–3–2
| Aleksey Budimirov
| Draw (Unanimous)
|Fight Stars: Battle on Sura 5
|April 16, 2016
| Penza, Russia
|-
|Draw
|style="text-align:center;"|5–3–1
| Isa Umarov
| Draw (Unanimous)
|Kunlun Fight 1
|January 25, 2014
| Pattaya, Thailand
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|5–3
| Gabriel Gonzaga
| Decision
|2005 ADCC Championships
|May 28, 2005
| Long Beach, California
|-
|Loss
|style="text-align:center;"|4–3
| Ryron Gracie
| Decision (Points)
|Ultimate Submission Showdown 2003
| October 11, 2003
| Torrance, California
|-
|Loss
|style="text-align:center;"|4–2
| Mark Robinson
| Decision
|2001 ADCC World Championship
| April 11, 2001
| Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|-
|Loss
|style="text-align:center;"|4–1
| Ricardo Arona
| Decision
|2000 ADCC World Championship
|March 1, 2000
| Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|4–0
| Saulo Ribeiro
| Decision
|rowspan=4|1999 ADCC World Championship
|rowspan=4|February 24, 1999
|rowspan=4| Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|3–0
| Rigan Machado
|Decision (Points)
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|2–0
| Roberto Traven
|Decision (Points)
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|1–0
| Fabiano Capoani
|Decision (Points)
|-
See also
List of Strikeforce alumni
List of male mixed martial artists
List of mixed martial artists with professional boxing records
List of people from Olympia, Washington
List of people who entered an Alford plea
References
External links
(dead link)
at MMA Fighting
Jeff Monson articles at libcom.org
1971 births
Sportspeople from Saint Paul, Minnesota
American anarchists
American communists
American Christians
Christian anarchists
Christian communists
American male sport wrestlers
American male mixed martial artists
American sportspeople in doping cases
American emigrants to Russia
Doping cases in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial artists from Minnesota
Light heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists from Washington (state)
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing collegiate wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Industrial Workers of the World members
Living people
American male boxers
Oregon State Beavers wrestlers
Mixed martial artists from Florida
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
American submission wrestlers
Submission grapplers
University of Illinois alumni
Oregon State University alumni
University of Minnesota Duluth alumni
People who entered an Alford plea
Naturalised citizens of Russia
People from Coconut Creek, Florida
Timberline High School (Lacey, Washington) alumni
Heavyweight boxers
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
World No-Gi Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Championship medalists
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs
College wrestling coaches in the United States
Russian anarchists
Russian communists
Communist Party of the Russian Federation members
United Russia politicians
Russian Christians
American expatriates in Russia
American refugees
Refugees in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Monson |
Marasuchus (meaning "Mara crocodile") is a genus of basal dinosauriform archosaur which is possibly synonymous with Lagosuchus. Both genera lived during the Late Triassic in what is now La Rioja Province, Argentina. Marasuchus contains a single species, Marasuchus lilloensis.
Marasuchus lilloensis was originally designated as Lagosuchus lilloensis in 1972. It was considered a new species of Lagosuchus, a contemporary archosaur described the previous year. However, a 1994 study argued that the original material of Lagosuchus was undiagnostic. This would mean that Lagosuchus and its original species (Lagosuchus talampayaensis) could be considered nomen dubia. Specimens of Lagosuchus stored at a museum in San Miguel de Tucuman were considered to be more diagnostic than those of L. talampayensis, and thus they were given a new genus: Marasuchus. A 2019 study redescribed the original material of Lagosuchus and concluded that it was valid and not readily distinguishable from Marasuchus lilloensis. This suggests that Marasuchus lilloensis is a junior synonym of Lagosuchus talampayensis.
Specimens referred to the genus Marasuchus possessed some, but not all of the adaptations which traditionally characterized dinosaurs. For example, its proportions indicate that it was likely bipedal as in early dinosaurs. Also, it shared certain specific characteristics with that group, most relating to the hip and the head of the femur. Nevertheless, it lacked certain dinosaur-like features such as a perforated acetabulum, and it had several plesiomorphic ("primitive") features of the ankle.
Discovery and history
Marasuchus hails from the Chañares Formation of Argentina. This formation has been dated to the early Carnian (the first stage of the Late Triassic), about 235 to 234 million years old. Many Chanares fossils, including the first known remains of Marasuchus, were unearthed as a result of a 1964-1965 paleontological expedition. This expedition was undertaken by paleontologists from the MCZ (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard) and the MLP (Museo de La Plata in La Plata, Argentina). Discoveries made during the expedition were later described in a series of papers by Alfred Romer from the MCZ. Around the same time, further expeditions by Jose Bonaparte of the PVL (Paleontología de Vertebrados, Instituto ‘Miguel Lillo’ in San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina) unearthed additional fossils from the area.
Marasuchus lilloensis is known from several specimens representing most of the animal's skeletal anatomy, although skull material remains limited. The holotype, PVL 3871, was collected by Bonaparte in 1969 and was initially known as "the Tucuman specimen". This specimen consists of large portions of the tail, left forelimb, hip, and hindlimbs. Other Marasuchus fossils are stored at the PVL as well. PVL 3870 includes skull material, the entire presacral vertebral column, and a nearly complete hip and hindlimbs. PVL 3872 is a braincase and associated cervical (neck) vertebrae. PVL 4670 and 4671 each consist of vertebrae from the base of the tail, while PVL 4672 is a sequence of cervical and dorsal (trunk) vertebrae. The referral of PVL 4670 to Marasuchus (or Lagosuchus) is uncertain due to the absence of diagnostic features clearly shared with other specimens.
Relation to Lagosuchus
When the Tucuman specimen was first described by Romer in 1972, it was placed as the type specimen of a new species, Lagosuchus lilloensis. Lagosuchus talampayensis, the type species of Lagosuchus, had been named a few papers earlier in 1971. The two species were differentiated mainly on the basis of the Tucuman specimen being larger than the type specimen of L. talampayensis. In his 1975 review of the genus, Jose Bonaparte regarded the two species as synonymous, with L. lilloensis as a junior synonym of L. talampayensis. Many other sources published between 1972 and 1994 followed this conclusion.
However, a later study by Paul Sereno and Andrea Arcucci (1994) concluded that the original type specimen of Lagosuchus was poorly preserved and undiagnostic. They argued against assigning other specimens to the genus Lagosuchus, which they regarded as a nomen dubium. They also noted that many referred PVL specimens had limb proportions and other subtle traits differing from Lagosuchus specimens stored elsewhere. On this basis, a new genus was erected to contain the PVL specimens. This new genus was called Marasuchus ("Mara crocodile"), a nod to the etymology of Lagosuchus ("Rabbit crocodile"). It was given the specific name Marasuchus lilloensis, based on Romer's species designation for the Tucuman specimen. Between 1994 and 2019, Marasuchus was considered a more diagnostic and well-described replacement name for the dinosauriform taxon known previously as Lagosuchus.
In 2019, the type specimen of Lagosuchus was re-examined by Federico Agnolin and Martin Ezcurra, who noted that the type specimen actually does share several of the diagnostic traits identified by Sereno and Arucci for Marasuchus. Furthermore, they argued that variations in size and certain features of the skeleton were either ontogenetic or individually variable. As a result, they referred the PVL specimens back to Lagosuchus. Following their conclusion, Marasuchus lilloensis could be considered a synonym of Lagosuchus talampayensis once more.
Description
In terms of proportions, Marasuchus generally resembled early theropod dinosaurs like Coelophysis. The limbs were long and slender, with the hindlimbs about twice the length of the forelimbs. These proportions meant that it was probably bipedal and had acquired the upright stance characteristic of dinosaurs. The neck was long, with an S-shaped curve as its default position, while the tail was very long and thin, though deeper at its base. The type specimen of Marasuchus (PVL 3871) had a femur which was 5.75 cm (2.26) inches in length, about 40-50% larger than the type specimen of Lagosuchus talampayensis. Nevertheless, Marasuchus was still a small and lightly built animal.
Skull
Skull material is very limited for Marasuchus, with the only preserved bones from this region being a maxilla (a toothed bone at the side of the snout) preserved in PVL 3870 and braincases preserved in PVL 3870 and 3872. The maxilla was low, with at least 12 teeth. Most of these teeth were blade-like and serrated, but some of those near the rear of the bone were less curved and more leaf-shaped. The maxilla also possessed interdental plates on its inner surface. The braincase was tall and fairly typical compared to other early archosaurs. However, in a few cases it shared specific similarities with the braincase of early dinosaurs. For example, the basipterygoid processes (a pair of plates at the bottom of the braincase which connect to the roof of the mouth) were short, blade-like, and tilted forwards. In addition, the exoccipitals (a pair of braincase bones adjacent to the foramen magnum, the main exit for the spinal cord) were wide and edged by a pronounced ridge next to the exit holes for the hypoglossal nerve. Bonaparte (1975) additionally described squamosal and quadrate bones similar to those of Euparkeria attached to PVL 3872's braincase, although these were not mentioned by later studies.
Vertebrae
Almost the entirety of the spinal column is present in Marasuchus, barring the tip of the tail. Most of Marasuchus' diagnostic features (i.e. unique or unusual traits which characterize it specifically) occur in its vertebrae. Most of the neck vertebrae were elongated and had offset front and rear ends, creating a long and curved neck like that of other avemetatarsalians (bird-lineage archosaurs). Also like avemetatarsalians, the upward projecting neural spine of the axis vertebra was expanded and trapezoidal rather than peak-like. More uniquely, the neural spines of vertebrae closer to the base of the neck leaned forwards. Vertebrae near the hip were also characteristic to Marasuchus, since their neural spines were also trapezoidal and expanded to such an extent that they contacted those of adjacent vertebrae. Two vertebrae attach to the hip, less than in most dinosaurs which typically acquire three or more in the sacrum. The tail was characteristically elongated, with vertebrae drastically increasing in length towards the tip. The chevrons (spine-like bones projecting under the tail vertebrae) were also elongated in tail vertebrae near the hip, making the tail unusually deep at its base as well.
Forelimbs
The scapulocoracoid (shoulder blade) was quite large and broad unlike most other avemetatarsalians. On the other hand, the glenoid (shoulder socket) was directed somewhat backwards (rather than sideways), as is the case with other dinosauriforms. The forelimb bones (consisting of a humerus, ulna, and radius) were very slender and shorter than the leg bones, and the forelimb as a whole was about half the size of the hindlimb. No portion of the hand was preserved.
Hip
The pelvis (hip) shared quite a few similarities with other dinosauriforms not otherwise present in earlier archosauriforms. The ilium (upper blade of the hip) was similar to that of Herrerasaurus in general shape. The pubis (front lower blade of the hip) was longer than the ischium (rear lower blade of the hip), like dinosauriforms. However, the ischium was also enlarged relative to earlier archosauriforms, as it was longer than the main portion of the ilium. Furthermore, the ischium's contact with the pubis is less extensive than in early archosauriforms and it fails to contact the ilium along the boundary of the pubis, as with silesaurids and saurischian dinosaurs. This "gap" between the ilium and ischium along the edge of the pubis becomes more developed in dinosaurs, where it becomes and open cavity that fills up the entire acetabulum (hip socket). However, this had not yet evolved in Marasuchus, which retains a bony inner wall of the acetablum. Moreover, the edge of the ischium in Marasuchus retains contact between the ilium and pubis, unlike dinosaurs. Nevertheless, a depression present in that area may be a predecessor to the more advanced condition in dinosaurs.
Hindlimbs
Modifications to the acetabulum are mirrored in the head of the femur (thigh bone), which connects to it. A distinct tab of bone known as an anterior trochanter was present on the outer edge of the femoral head, as with other dinosauriforms and to a lesser extent in other avemetatarsalians. In addition, Marasuchus also possessed a ridge of bone known as the trochanteric shelf, which branches down from the anterior trochanter and wraps around the shaft of the femur. A trochanteric shelf is also characteristic of some early dinosaurs, silesaurids, and some specimens of Dromomeron, and a similar structure is also present in aphanosaurs, albeit separate from their equivalent of the anterior trochanter. As with other dinosauriforms, the tibia (shin bone) has a longitudinal groove edged by a sharp flange at its rear outer corner, near the ankle. The tibia was also longer than the femur.
The ankle had two main bones: the larger, boxy astragalus and a smaller calcaneum attached to its outer edge. In some aspects, the ankle shared features with other dinosauriforms, such as a vertical triangular branch of the astragalus (known as an ascending process) which rises up in front of the tibia. However, in other aspects the ankle was surprisingly primitive, even compared to earlier avemetatarsalians like pterosaurs and lagerpetids. For example, the rear of the astragalus possesses a vertical groove, and the calcaneum had a knob on its rear edge known as a calcaneal tuber. Unlike lagerpetids or coelophysoids, the astragalus and calcaneum were not fused together. The five metatarsals (foot bones) were thin, elongated, and close together. The third and fourth metatarsals were the longest, followed by the second, with the first and fifth being only about half the length of the longest. Although not all of the pedal phalanges (toe bones) were preserved, the phalangeal formula (number of bones per toe) was likely 2-3-4-5-0 as with other dinosauromorphs.
Classification
Marasuchus was part of Avemetatarsalia, the branch of archosaurs closer to birds and other dinosaurs rather than to crocodilians. More specifically, it was a dinosauriform, meaning that it was closer to dinosaurs than the lagerpetids. Although it was not as close as silesaurids such as Silesaurus, Marasuchus is still one of the most completely known avemetatarsalians, assisting knowledge of the early evolution of dinosaur-like characteristics. The following is a cladogram of basal Dinosauriformes according to Nesbitt (2011), and Dinosauria according to Baron et al. (2017):
References
Prehistoric dinosauromorphs
Late Triassic reptiles of South America
Triassic Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Chañares Formation
Fossil taxa described in 1994
Taxa named by Paul Sereno | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marasuchus |
Mikhail Vasilyevich Butashevich-Petrashevsky (; – ), commonly known as Mikhail Petrashevsky, was a Russian Utopian theorist, best known for his central role in the activities of the Petrashevsky Circle, a literary discussion group in Saint Petersburg in the 1840s.
Biography
Early life
Mikhail Petrashevsky graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (1839) and Saint Petersburg State University with a degree in law (1841). He was then employed as a translator and interpreter at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Petrashevsky is known to have edited and authored most of the theoretical articles for the Pocket Dictionary of Foreign Words (1846), which popularized democratic and materialist ideas and principles of utopian socialism.
Political activism & Petrashevsky Circle
In 1844, Petrashevsky's apartment became the venue for social gatherings of intellectuals, which from 1845 took place on a weekly basis. These meetings were later dubbed pyatnitsy ("Fridays") and those attending them would be known as Petrashevtsy. The latter came to Petrashevsky's house and used his personal library, which contained banned books on materialist philosophy, utopian socialism, and history of revolutionary movements.
Among the well-known members of the young intelligentsia who participated in the Petrashevsky Circle were Fyodor Dostoevsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Schedrin, Apollon Maykov and Nikolay Speshnev.
In late 1848, Petrashevsky took part in meetings, initiated by Speshnev, that were aimed at creating a secret society. Petrashevsky, however, argued for judicial reform rather than violent methods, and did not participate in the activities of Speshnev's society.
Mock execution and exile
In 1849, Mikhail Petrashevsky was arrested and sentenced to death. Together with the other Petrashevtsy he was taken to the parade ground of the Semionovsky Regiment in Saint Petersburg, the usual place for public executions, and tied to the pole. At the last moment, the execution was stopped, and it was revealed that his sentence had been commuted to katorga for an unspecified term. He was sent to Eastern Siberia to serve his sentence.
In 1856, Petrashevsky's status was changed to that of an exile settler. He lived in Irkutsk, where he founded a newspaper, Amur, in 1860.
Later life and death
In February 1860, Petrashevsky was banished to the Minusinsk district for speaking out against the abuse of power by local officials. He died there six years later.
Political work
Petrashevsky considered himself a follower of Charles Fourier and spoke for democratisation of the Russian political system and liberation of the peasantry with their lands. He advocated long preparatory work among the masses for revolutionary struggle.
As most members of the Russian intelligentsia, their commitment to 'the people' was abstract; being unsure of individual men but loving mankind. Petrashevsky summed this up by proclaiming: 'unable to find anything in either women or men worthy of my adherence, I have turned to devote myself to the service of humanity'.
References
Bibliography
1821 births
1866 deaths
Fourierists
Politicians from Saint Petersburg
People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
Russian revolutionaries
Linguists from Russia
Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum alumni
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Russian exiles in the Russian Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail%20Petrashevsky |
In materials science, radiation-absorbent material (RAM) is a material which has been specially designed and shaped to absorb incident RF radiation (also known as non-ionising radiation), as effectively as possible, from as many incident directions as possible. The more effective the RAM, the lower the resulting level of reflected RF radiation. Many measurements in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and antenna radiation patterns require that spurious signals arising from the test setup, including reflections, are negligible to avoid the risk of causing measurement errors and ambiguities.
Introduction
One of the most effective types of RAM comprises arrays of pyramid shaped pieces, each of which is constructed from a suitably lossy material. To work effectively, all internal surfaces of the anechoic chamber must be entirely covered with RAM. Sections of RAM may be temporarily removed to install equipment but they must be replaced before performing any tests. To be sufficiently lossy, RAM can be neither a good electrical conductor nor a good electrical insulator as neither type actually absorbs any power. Typically pyramidal RAM will comprise a rubberized foam material impregnated with controlled mixtures of carbon and iron. The length from base to tip of the pyramid structure is chosen based on the lowest expected frequency and the amount of absorption required. For low frequency damping, this distance is often 60 cm (24"), while high-frequency panels are as short as 7.5–10 cm (3–4"). Panels of RAM are typically installed on the walls of an EMC test chamber with the tips pointing inward to the chamber. Pyramidal RAM attenuates signal by two effects: scattering and absorption. Scattering can occur both coherently, when reflected waves are in-phase but directed away from the receiver, or incoherently where waves are picked up by the receiver but are out of phase and thus have lower signal strength. This incoherent scattering also occurs within the foam structure, with the suspended carbon particles promoting destructive interference. Internal scattering can result in as much as 10 dB of attenuation. Meanwhile, the pyramid shapes are cut at angles that maximize the number of bounces a wave makes within the structure. With each bounce, the wave loses energy to the foam material and thus exits with lower signal strength. An alternative type of RAM comprises flat plates of ferrite material, in the form of flat tiles fixed to all interior surfaces of the chamber. This type has a smaller effective frequency range than the pyramidal RAM and is designed to be fixed to good conductive surfaces. It is generally easier to fit and more durable than the pyramidal type RAM but is less effective at higher frequencies. Its performance might however be quite adequate if tests are limited to lower frequencies (ferrite plates have a damping curve that makes them most effective between 30–1000 MHz). There is also a hybrid type, a ferrite in pyramidal shape. Containing the advantages of both technologies, the frequency range can be maximized while the pyramid remains small (10 cm).
For physically-realizable radiation-absorbent materials, there is a trade-off between thickness and bandwidth: optimal thickness to bandwidth ratio of a radiation-absorbent material is given by the Rozanov limit.
Use in stealth technology
Radar-absorbent materials are used in stealth technology to disguise a vehicle or structure from radar detection. A material's absorbency at a given frequency of radar wave depends upon its composition. RAM cannot perfectly absorb radar at any frequency, but any given composition does have greater absorbency at some frequencies than others; no one RAM is suited to absorption of all radar frequencies. A common misunderstanding is that RAM makes an object invisible to radar. A radar-absorbent material can significantly reduce an object's radar cross-section in specific radar frequencies, but it does not result in "invisibility" on any frequency.
History
The earliest forms of stealth coating were the materials called Sumpf and Schornsteinfeger, a coating used by the German navy during World War II for the snorkels (or periscopes) of submarines, to lower their reflectivity in the 20 cm radar band the Allies used. The material had a layered structure and was based on graphite particles and other semiconductive materials embedded in a rubber matrix. The material's efficiency was partially reduced by the action of sea water.
A related use was planned for the Horten Ho 229 aircraft. The adhesive which bonded plywood sheets in its skin was impregnated with graphite particles which were intended to reduce its visibility to Britain's radar.
Types of radar-absorbent material (RAM)
Iron ball paint absorber
One of the most commonly known types of RAM is iron ball paint. It contains tiny spheres coated with carbonyl iron or ferrite. Radar waves induce molecular oscillations from the alternating magnetic field in this paint, which leads to conversion of the radar energy into heat. The heat is then transferred to the aircraft and dissipated. The iron particles in the paint are obtained by decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl and may contain traces of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. One technique used in the F-117A Nighthawk and other such stealth aircraft is to use electrically isolated carbonyl iron balls of specific dimensions suspended in a two-part epoxy paint. Each of these microscopic spheres is coated in silicon dioxide as an insulator through a proprietary process. Then, during the panel fabrication process, while the paint is still liquid, a magnetic field is applied with a specific Gauss strength and at a specific distance to create magnetic field patterns in the carbonyl iron balls within the liquid paint ferrofluid. The paint then hardens with the magnetic field holding the particles in their magnetic pattern. Some experimentation has been done applying opposing north–south magnetic fields to opposing sides of the painted panels, causing the carbonyl iron particles to align (standing up on end so they are three-dimensionally parallel to the magnetic field). The carbonyl iron ball paint is most effective when the balls are evenly dispersed, electrically isolated, and present a gradient of progressively greater density to the incoming radar waves. A related type of RAM consists of neoprene polymer sheets with ferrite grains or conductive carbon black particles (containing about 0.30% of crystalline graphite by cured weight) embedded in the polymer matrix. The tiles were used on early versions of the F-117A Nighthawk, although more recent models use painted RAM. The painting of the F-117 is done by industrial robots so the paint can be applied consistently in specific layer thicknesses and densities. The plane is covered in tiles "glued" to the fuselage and the remaining gaps are filled with iron ball "glue." The United States Air Force introduced a radar-absorbent paint made from both ferrofluidic and nonmagnetic substances. By reducing the reflection of electromagnetic waves, this material helps to reduce the visibility of RAM-painted aircraft on radar. The Israeli firm Nanoflight has also made a radar-absorbing paint that uses nanoparticles. The Republic of China (Taiwan)'s military has also successfully developed radar-absorbing paint which is currently used on Taiwanese stealth warships and the Taiwanese-built stealth jet fighter which is currently in development in response to the development of stealth technology by their rival, the mainland People's Republic of China which is known to have displayed both stealth warships and planes to the public.
Foam absorber
Foam absorber is used as lining of anechoic chambers for electromagnetic radiation measurements. This material typically consists of a fireproofed urethane foam loaded with conductive carbon black [carbonyl iron spherical particles, and/or crystalline graphite particles] in mixtures between 0.05% and 0.1% (by weight in finished product), and cut into square pyramids with dimensions set specific to the wavelengths of interest. Further improvements can be made when the conductive particulates are layered in a density gradient, so the tip of the pyramid has the lowest percentage of particles and the base contains the highest density of particles. This presents a "soft" impedance change to incoming radar waves and further reduces reflection (echo). The length from base to tip, and width of the base of the pyramid structure is chosen based on the lowest expected frequency when a wide-band absorber is sought. For low-frequency damping in military applications, this distance is often 60 cm (24"), while high-frequency panels are as short as 7.5–10 cm (3–4"). An example of a high-frequency application would be the police radar (speed-measuring radar K and Ka band), the pyramids would have a dimension around 10 cm (4") long and a 5x5 cm (2"x2") base. That pyramid would set on a 5x5 cm (2"x2") cubical base that is 2,5 cm (1") high (total height of pyramid and base of about 12,5 cm or 5"). The four edges of the pyramid are softly sweeping arcs giving the pyramid a slightly "bloated" look. This arc provides some additional scatter and prevents any sharp edge from creating a coherent reflection. Panels of RAM are installed with the tips of the pyramids pointing toward the radar source. These pyramids may also be hidden behind an outer nearly radar-transparent shell where aerodynamics are required. Pyramidal RAM attenuates signal by scattering and absorption. Scattering can occur both coherently, when reflected waves are in-phase but directed away from the receiver, or incoherently where waves may be reflected back to the receiver but are out of phase and thus have lower signal strength. A good example of coherent reflection is in the faceted shape of the F-117A stealth aircraft which presents angles to the radar source such that coherent waves are reflected away from the point of origin (usually the detection source). Incoherent scattering also occurs within the foam structure, with the suspended conductive particles promoting destructive interference. Internal scattering can result in as much as 10 dB of attenuation. Meanwhile, the pyramid shapes are cut at angles that maximize the number of bounces a wave makes within the structure. With each bounce, the wave loses energy to the foam material and thus exits with lower signal strength. Other foam absorbers are available in flat sheets, using an increasing gradient of carbon loadings in different layers. Absorption within the foam material occurs when radar energy is converted to heat in the conductive particle. Therefore, in applications where high radar energies are involved, cooling fans are used to exhaust the heat generated.
Jaumann absorber
A Jaumann absorber or Jaumann layer is a radar-absorbent substance. When first introduced in 1943, the Jaumann layer consisted of two equally spaced reflective surfaces and a conductive ground plane. One can think of it as a generalized, multilayered Salisbury screen, as the principles are similar. Being a resonant absorber (i.e. it uses wave interfering to cancel the reflected wave), the Jaumann layer is dependent upon the λ/4 spacing between the first reflective surface and the ground plane and between the two reflective surfaces (a total of λ/4 + λ/4 ). Because the wave can resonate at two frequencies, the Jaumann layer produces two absorption maxima across a band of wavelengths (if using the two layers configuration). These absorbers must have all of the layers parallel to each other and the ground plane that they conceal. More elaborate Jaumann absorbers use series of dielectric surfaces that separate conductive sheets. The conductivity of those sheets increases with proximity to the ground plane.
Split-ring resonator absorber
Split-ring resonators (SRRs) in various test configurations have been shown to be extremely effective as radar absorbers. SRR technology can be used in conjunction with the technologies above to provide a cumulative absorption effect. SRR technology is particularly effective when used on faceted shapes that have perfectly flat surfaces that present no direct reflections back to the radar source (such as the F-117A). This technology uses photographic process to create a resist layer on a thin (about 0,1778 mm or 0,007") copper foil on a dielectric backing (thin circuit board material) etched into tuned resonator arrays, each individual resonator being in a "C" shape (or other shape—such as a square). Each SRR is electrically isolated and all dimensions are carefully specified to optimize absorption at a specific radar wavelength. Not being a closed loop "O", the opening in the "C" presents a gap of specific dimension which acts as a capacitor. At 35 GHz, the diameter of the "C" is near 5 mm. The resonator can be tuned to specific wavelengths and multiple SRRs can be stacked with insulating layers of specific thicknesses between them to provide a wide-band absorption of radar energy. When stacked, the smaller SRRs (high-frequency) in the range face the radar source first (like a stack of donuts that get progressively larger as one moves away from the radar source) stacks of three have been shown to be effective in providing wide-band attenuation. SRR technology acts very much in the same way that antireflective coatings operate at optical wavelengths. SRR technology provides the most effective radar attenuation of any technologies known previously and is one step closer to reaching complete invisibility (total stealth, "cloaking"). Work is also progressing in visual wavelengths, as well as infrared wavelengths (LIDAR-absorbing materials).
Carbon nanotube
Radars work in the microwave frequency range, which can be absorbed by multi-wall nanotubes (MWNTs). Applying the MWNTs to the aircraft would cause the radar to be absorbed and therefore seem to have a smaller radar cross-section. One such application could be to paint the nanotubes onto the plane. Recently there has been some work done at the University of Michigan regarding carbon nanotubes usefulness as stealth technology on aircraft. It has been found that in addition to the radar absorbing properties, the nanotubes neither reflect nor scatter visible light, making it essentially invisible at night, much like painting current stealth aircraft black except much more effective. Current limitations in manufacturing, however, mean that current production of nanotube-coated aircraft is not possible. One theory to overcome these current limitations is to cover small particles with the nanotubes and suspend the nanotube-covered particles in a medium such as paint, which can then be applied to a surface, like a stealth aircraft.
See also
Lidar
Radar cross-section (RCS)
Stealth technology
Radar jamming and deception
References
Notes
Bibliography
The Schornsteinfeger Project, CIOS Report XXVI-24.
External links
Suppliers of Radar absorbent materials
Electromagnetic compatibility
Radar
Military technology
Materials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation-absorbent%20material |
Lorraine Daphne Bayly AM (born 16 January 1937) is an Australian actress of film, television and theatre, presenter, singer, dancer, pianist and theatre director, stage manager and writer
She is perhaps best known to small screen audiences for her soap opera roles, including numerous Crawford Productions series, but. especially in the World War II period piece drama The Sullivans as matriarch Grace Sullivan, as well as roles in legal drama Carson's Law and serial Neighbours as Faye Hudson the sister of patriarch Doug Willis played by Terence Donovan.
Early life
Bayly was born in Narrandera, New South Wales. Her first performance was at age 3, playing tambourine with the Salvation Army. At ages 5–9, she wrote, directed and starred in plays in the local jail; her father being a policeman, amateur magician and ventriloquist.
At age 9–10, she had her own ventriloquist act which 35 years later she performed on The Parkinson Show in 1983, using host Michael Parkinson as her dummy.
Classical piano
At age 11–12, she played classical piano Saturday afternoons live on Radio 2UE.
Actress
Theatre
Bayly was a founder of the Ensemble Theatre at Kirribilli. She has appeared in professional theatre since 1954, her roles including Chase Me Comrade with Stanley Baxter, playing Linda Loman in Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller's The Last Yankee, Sheila in John Misto's Shoehorn Sonata, Mrs Patrick Campbell in Dear Liar, Margaret in Rough Justice, D H Lawrence's The Daughter-in-Law, David Williamson's Travelling North and Birthrights, Bella in Gaslight and The Male of The Species with Edward Woodward. In 2010 Bayly starred in the well known play Calendar Girls and more recently in David Williamson's When Dad Married Fury and The Sound of Music
Television
listed among Lorraine Bayly's many television credits: The miniseries 1915 (ABC), The Challenge playing Eileen Bond, in Grim Pickings (SAFC) as Betsy Tander and as Lindy Chamberlain's mother Avis Murchison in Through My Eyes: The Lindy Chamberlain Story. She was also a popular presenter and original cast member on the children's television show Play School from 1966 to 1978.
Bayly is perhaps best known to television audiences for her portrayal in the drama series The Sullivans (1976–1979), as the motherly Grace Sullivan dealing with life for an ordinary Australian family during the Second World War.
From 1982 to 1984, Bayly played the lead role of in another period television drama Carson's Law as progressive lawyer Jennifer Carson set in 1920s Melbourne. The episodes revolved around the cases taken on by Jennifer and the various personal intrigues of her family. The series also starred Kevin Miles as Jennifer's father-in-law Godfrey Carson and Gregg Caves, as Billy Carson. The series Carson's Law was written specifically for Bayly.
From 1991 to 1992, Bayly appeared in serial Neighbours as Faye Hudson. Faye was a "busybody" who moved in with her brother Doug Willis (Terence Donovan (actor)|Terence Donovan) and his family.
Film
Lorraine Bayly's film roles include Fatty Finn (AFI nominated), Ride a Wild Pony for Disney and The Man From Snowy River alongside acting legend Kirk Douglas.
Honours and awards (selected)
{|class="wikitable"
| Association
| Award
| Year
| Work
| Results
|-bgcolor=cream
| Australian Government
| Member of the Order of Australia
| 2001
|
|
|-bgcolor=cream
| Australian Variety
| Variety's 100 Entertainer of the Century
| 2006
| Lifetime honour
|
|-bgcolor=silver
| Logie Awards
| Silver Logie Award for Most Popular Actress
| 1978
| The Sullivans as Grace Sullivan
|
|-bgcolor=silver
| Logie Awards
| Silver Logie Award for Most Popular Actress
| 1979
| The Sullivans as Grace Sullivan
|
|- bgcolor=silver
| Logie Awards
| Silver Logie Award for Most Popular Actress
| 1983
| Carson's Law as Jennifer Carson
|
|}
She was made a Member of the Order of Australia by The Queen in the Australia Day Honours List 2001.
Bayly has won 10 awards from 14 nominations including three Silver Logies in 1978, 1979 and 1983 for Most Popular Actress in The Sullivans and Carson's Law'' respectively. She was also named in "Australian Variety's 100 Entertainers of the Century" in 2006.
Personal life
Bayly is a staunch advocate for organ donation and a supporter of the Australian Kidney Foundation. She is also a life member of the RSPCA. As of 2019 Lorraine Bayly announced she was to retire from the world of acting and performing in an over 50-year career in film, stage and theatre and will be missed by audiences around the country.
Filmography
FILM
TELEVISION
Selected theatre
source = AusStage
References
External links
Interview at stevedow.com.au
1937 births
Australian film actresses
Australian stage actresses
Australian television actresses
Members of the Order of Australia
Living people
Australian children's television presenters
Australian women television presenters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine%20Bayly |
Haplogroup A is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, which includes all living human Y chromosomes. Bearers of extant sub-clades of haplogroup A are almost exclusively found in Africa (or among the African diaspora), in contrast with haplogroup BT, bearers of which participated in the Out of Africa migration of early modern humans. The known branches of haplogroup A are A00, A0, A1a, and A1b1; these branches are only very distantly related, and are not more closely related to each other than they are to haplogroup BT.
Origin
Though there are terminological challenges to define it as a haplogroup, haplogroup A has come to mean "the foundational haplogroup" (viz. of contemporary human populations); it is not defined by any mutation, but refers to any haplogroup which is not descended from the haplogroup BT; in other words, it is defined by the absence of the defining mutation of that group (M91). By this definition, haplogroup A includes all mutations that took place between the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (estimated at some 270 kya) and the mutation defining haplogroup BT (estimated at some 140–150 kya, including any extant subclades that may yet to be discovered.
Bearers of haplogroup A (i.e. absence of the defining mutation of haplogroup BT) have been found in Southern Africa's hunter-gatherer inhabited areas, especially among the San people. In addition, the most basal mitochondrial DNA L0 lineages are also largely restricted to the San. However, the A lineages of Southern Africa are sub-clades of A lineages found in other parts of Africa, suggesting that A sub-haplogroups arrived in Southern Africa from elsewhere.
The two most basal lineages of haplogroup A, A0 and A1 (prior to the announcement of the discovery of haplogroup A00 in 2013), have been detected in West Africa, Northwest Africa and Central Africa. Cruciani et al. (2011) suggest that these lineages may have emerged somewhere in between Central and Northwest Africa.
Scozzari et al. (2012) also supported "the hypothesis of an origin in the north-western quadrant of the African continent for the A1b [ i.e. A0 ] haplogroup".
Haplogroup A1b1b2 has been found among ancient fossils excavated at Balito Bay in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, which have been dated to around 2149-1831 BP (2/2; 100%).
Distribution
By definition of haplogroup A as "non-BT", it is almost completely restricted to Africa, though a very small handful of bearers have been reported in Europe and Western Asia.
The clade achieves its highest modern frequencies in the Bushmen hunter-gatherer populations of Southern Africa, followed closely by many Nilotic groups in Eastern Africa. However, haplogroup A's oldest sub-clades are exclusively found in Central-Northwest Africa, where it (and by extension the patrilinear ancestor of modern humans) is believed to have originated. Estimates of its time depth have varied greatly, at either close to 190 kya or close to 140 kya in separate 2013 studies, and with the inclusion of the previously unknown "A00" haplogroup to about 270 kya in 2015 studies.
The clade has also been observed at notable frequencies in certain populations in Ethiopia, as well as some Pygmy groups in Central Africa, and less commonly Niger–Congo speakers, who largely belong to the E1b1a clade. Haplogroup E in general is believed to have originated in Northeast Africa, and was later introduced to West Africa from where it spread around 5,000 years ago to Central, Southern and Southeastern Africa with the Bantu expansion. According to Wood et al. (2005) and Rosa et al. (2007), such relatively recent population movements from West Africa changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous haplogroups in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a lineages. Traces of ancestral inhabitants, however, can be observed today in these regions via the presence of the Y DNA haplogroups A-M91 and B-M60 that are common in certain relict populations, such as the Mbuti Pygmies and the Khoisan.
In a composite sample of 3551 African men, Haplogroup A had a frequency of 5.4%. The highest frequencies of haplogroup A have been reported among the Khoisan of Southern Africa, Beta Israel, and Nilo-Saharans from Sudan.
North America
1 African American Male out of Lacrosse, WI USA, Moses, Ramon, A00, A00-AF8
Africa
North Africa
In North Africa, haplogroup A is largely absent. Its subclade A1 has been observed at trace frequencies among Moroccans.
Upper Nile
Haplogroup A3b2-M13 is common among the Southern Sudanese (53%), especially the Dinka Sudanese (61.5%). Haplogroup A3b2-M13 also has been observed in another sample of a South Sudanese population at a frequency of 45% (18/40), including 1/40 A3b2a-M171.
Further downstream around the Nile valley, the subclade A3b2 has also been observed at very low frequencies in a sample of Egyptian males (3%).
West Africa
Eight male individuals from Guinea Bissau, two male individuals from Niger, one male individual from Mali, and one male individual from Cabo Verde carried haplogroup A1a.
Central Africa
Haplogroup A3b2-M13 has been observed in populations of northern Cameroon (2/9 = 22% Tupuri, 4/28 = 14% Mandara, 2/17 = 12% Fulbe) and eastern DRC (2/9 = 22% Alur, 1/18 = 6% Hema, 1/47 = 2% Mbuti).
Haplogroup A-M91(xA1a-M31, A2-M6/M14/P3/P4, A3-M32) has been observed in the Bakola people of southern Cameroon (3/33 = 9%).
Without testing for any subclade, haplogroup A Y-DNA has been observed in samples of several populations of Gabon, including 9% (3/33) of a sample of Baka, 3% (1/36) of a sample of Ndumu, 2% (1/46) of a sample of Duma, 2% (1/57) of a sample of Nzebi, and 2% (1/60) of a sample of Tsogo.
East Africa
African Great Lakes
Bantus in Kenya (14%, Luis et al. 2004) and Iraqw in Tanzania (3/43 = 7.0% (Luis et al. 2004) to 1/6 = 17% (Knight et al. 2003)).
Horn of Africa
Haplogroup A is found at low to moderate frequencies in the Horn of Africa. The clade is observed at highest frequencies among the 41% of a sample of the Beta Israel, occurring among 41% of one sample from this population (Cruciani et al. 2002). Elsewhere in the region, haplogroup A has been reported in 14.6% (7/48) of an Amhara sample, 10.3% (8/78) of an Oromo sample, and 13.6% (12/88) of another sample from Ethiopia.
Southern Africa
One 2005 study has found haplogroup A in samples of various Khoisan-speaking tribes with frequency ranging from 10% to 70%.
This particular haplogroup was not found in a sample of the Hadzabe from Tanzania, a population sometimes proposed as a remnant of a Late Stone Age Khoisanid population.
Asia
In Asia, haplogroup A has been observed at low frequencies in Asia Minor and the Middle East among Aegean Turks, Palestinians, Jordanians, Yemenites.
Europe
A3a2 (A-M13; formerly A3b2), has been observed at very low frequencies in some Mediterranean islands. Without testing for any subclade, haplogroup A has been found in a sample of Greeks from Mitilini on the Aegean island of Lesvos and in samples of Portuguese from southern Portugal, central Portugal, and Madeira. The authors of one study have reported finding what appears to be haplogroup A in 3.1% (2/65) of a sample of Cypriots, though they have not definitively excluded the possibility that either of these individuals may belong to a rare subclade of haplogroup BT, including haplogroup CT.
Subclades
A00 (A00-AF6)
Mendez et al. (2013) announced the discovery of a previously unknown haplogroup, for which they proposed the designator "A00". "Genotyping of a DNA sample that was submitted to a commercial genetic-testing facility demonstrated that the Y chromosome of this African American individual carried the ancestral state of all known Y chromosome SNPs. To further characterize this lineage, which we dubbed A00, for proposed nomenclature)"; "We have renamed the basal branch in Cruciani et al. [2011] as A0 (previously A1b) and refer to the presently reported lineage as A00. For deep branches discovered in the future, we suggest continuing the nomenclature A000, and so on." It has an estimated age of around 275 kya, so is roughly contemporary with the known appearance of earliest known anatomically modern humans, such as Jebel Irhoud.
A00 is also sometimes known as "Perry's Y-chromosome" (or simply "Perry's Y"). This previously unknown haplogroup was discovered in 2012 in the Y chromosome of an African-American man who had submitted his DNA for commercial genealogical analysis. The subsequent discovery of other males belonging to A00 led to the reclassification of Perry's Y as A00a (A-L1149).
Researchers later found A00 was possessed by 11 Mbo males of Western Cameroon (Bantu) (out of a sample of 174 (6.32%). Subsequent research suggested that the overall rate of A00 was even higher among the Mbo, i.e. 9.3% (8 of 86) were later found to fall within A00b (A-A4987).
Further research in 2015 indicates that the modern population with the highest concentration of A00 is the (or Nweh), a Yemba-speaking group of Cameroon (Grassfields Bantu): 27 of 67 (40.3%) samples were positive for A00a (L1149). One Bangwa individual did not fit into either A00a or A00b.
Geneticists sequenced genome-wide DNA data from four people buried at the site of Shum Laka in Cameroon between 8000–3000 years ago, who were most genetically similar to Mbuti pygmies. One individual carried the deeply divergent Y chromosome haplogroup A00.
A0 (A-V148)
The haplogroup names "A-V148" and "A-CTS2809/L991" refer to the exact same haplogroup.
A0 is found only in Bakola Pygmies (South Cameroon) at 8.3% and Berbers from Algeria at 1.5%. Also found in Ghana.
A1a (A-M31)
The subclade A1a (M31) has been found in approximately 2.8% (8/282) of a pool of seven samples of various ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau, especially among the Papel-Manjaco-Mancanha (5/64 = 7.8%). In an earlier study published in 2003, Gonçalves et al. have reported finding A1a-M31 in 5.1% (14/276) of a sample from Guinea-Bissau and in 0.5% (1/201) of a pair of samples from Cabo Verde. The authors of another study have reported finding haplogroup A1a-M31 in 5% (2/39) of a sample of Mandinka from Senegambia and 2% (1/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali. Haplogroup A1a-M31 also has been found in 3% (2/64) of a sample of Berbers from Morocco and 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of unspecified ethnic affiliation from Mali.
In 2007, seven men from Yorkshire, England sharing the unusual surname Revis were identified as being from the A1a (M31) subclade. It was discovered that these men had a common male-line ancestor from the 18th century, but no previous information about African ancestry was known.
In 2023, Lacrosse, WI, 1 Male, A1a-M31, Moses, Ramon.
A1b1a1a (A-M6)
The subclade A1b1a1a (M6; formerly A2 and A1b1a1a-M6) is typically found among Khoisan peoples. The authors of one study have reported finding haplogroup A-M6(xA-P28) in 28% (8/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San and 16% (5/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele, and haplogroup A2b-P28 in 17% (5/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San, 9% (3/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele, 9% (1/11) of a sample of Nama, and 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama. The authors of another study have reported finding haplogroup A2 in 15.4% (6/39) of a sample of Khoisan males, including 5/39 A2-M6/M14/M23/M29/M49/M71/M135/M141(xA2a-M114) and 1/39 A2a-M114.
A1b1b (A-M32)
The clade A1b1b (M32; formerly A3) contains the most populous branches of haplogroup A and is mainly found in Eastern Africa and Southern Africa.
A1b1b1 (A-M28)
The subclade (appropriately considered as a distinct haplogroup) A1b1b1 (M28; formerly A3a) has only been rarely observed in the Horn of Africa. In 5% (1/20) of a mixed sample of speakers of South Semitic languages from Ethiopia, 1.1% (1/88) of a sample of Ethiopians, and 0.5% (1/201) in Somalis. it has also been observed in Eastern, Central and Southern of Arabia. Current results, according to FTDNA, suggest that some branches such as A-V1127 originated in Arabia. Additionally, as suggested by experts as seen in TMRCA in Yfull tree, this haplogroup must have undergone a bottleneck time when people who represent this haplogroup suffered some sort of extinction and sharply decreased in number.
A1b1b2a (A-M51)
The subclade A1b1b2a (M51; formerly A3b1) occurs most frequently among Khoisan peoples (6/11 = 55% Nama, 11/39 = 28% Khoisan, 7/32 = 22% !Kung/Sekele, 6/29 = 21% Tsumkwe San, 1/18 = 6% Dama). However, it also has been found with lower frequency among Bantu peoples of Southern Africa, including 2/28 = 7% Sotho–Tswana, 3/53 = 6% non-Khoisan Southern Africans, 4/80 = 5% Xhosa, and 1/29 = 3% Zulu.
A1b1b2b (A-M13)
The subclade A1b1b2b (M13; formerly A3b2) is primarily distributed among Nilotic populations in East Africa and northern Cameroon. It is different from the A subclades that are found in the Khoisan samples and only remotely related to them (it is actually only one of many subclades within haplogroup A). This finding suggests an ancient divergence.
In Sudan, haplogroup A-M13 has been found in 28/53 = 52.8% of Southern Sudanese, 13/28 = 46.4% of the Nuba of central Sudan, 25/90 = 27.8% of Western Sudanese, 4/32 = 12.5% of local Hausa people, and 5/216 = 2.3% of Northern Sudanese.
In Ethiopia, one study has reported finding haplogroup A-M13 in 14.6% (7/48) of a sample of Amhara and 10.3% (8/78) of a sample of Oromo. Another study has reported finding haplogroup A3b2b-M118 in 6.8% (6/88) and haplogroup A3b2*-M13(xA3b2a-M171, A3b2b-M118) in 5.7% (5/88) of a mixed sample of Ethiopians, amounting to a total of 12.5% (11/88) A3b2-M13.
Haplogroup A-M13 also has been observed occasionally outside of Central and Eastern Africa, as in the Aegean Region of Turkey (2/30 = 6.7%), Yemenite Jews (1/20 = 5%), Egypt (4/147 = 2.7%, 3/92 = 3.3%), Palestinian Arabs (2/143 = 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 = 1.3%, 1/22 = 4.5%), the capital of Jordan, Amman (1/101=1%), and Oman (1/121 = 0.8%).
Haplogroup A-M13 has been found among three Neolithic period fossils excavated from the Kadruka site in Sudan.
Haplogroup A-M13 was also found in a male victim of the Mt. Vesuvius eruption in Pompeii.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Initial sequencing of the human Y-chromosome had suggested that first split in the Y-Chromosome family tree occurred with the mutations that separated Haplogroup BT from Y-chromosomal Adam and haplogroup A more broadly. Subsequently, many intervening splits between Y-chromosomal Adam and BT, also became known.
A major shift in the understanding of the Y-DNA tree came with the publication of . While the SNP marker M91 had been regarded as a key to identifying haplogroup BT, it was realised that the region surrounding M91 was a mutational hotspot, which is prone to recurrent back-mutations. Moreover, the 8T stretch of Haplogroup A represented the ancestral state of M91, and the 9T of haplogroup BT a derived state, which arose following the insertion of 1T. This explained why subclades A1b and A1a, the deepest branches of Haplogroup A, both possessed the 8T stretch. Similarly, the P97 marker, which was also used to identify haplogroup A, possessed the ancestral state in haplogroup A, but a derived state in haplogroup BT. Ultimately the tendency of M91 to back-mutate and (hence) its unreliability, led to M91 being discarded as a defining SNP by ISOGG in 2016. Conversely, P97 has been retained as a defining marker of Haplogroup BT.
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic trees
The above phylogenetic tree is based on the ISOGG, YCC, and subsequent published research.
Y-chromosomal Adam
A00 (AF6/L1284)
A00a (L1149, FGC25576, FGC26292, FGC26293, FGC27741)
A00b (A4987/YP3666, A4981, A4982/YP2683, A4984/YP2995, A4985/YP3292, A4986, A4988/YP3731)
A0-T (L1085)
A0 (CTS2809/L991) formerly A1b
A1 (P305) formerly A1a-T, A0 and A1b
A1a (M31)
A1b (P108) formerly A2-T
A1b1 (L419/PF712)
A1b1a (L602, V50, V82, V198, V224)
A1b1a1 (M14) formerly A2
A1b1a1a (M6)
A1b1a1a1 (P28) formerly A1b1a1a1b and A2b
A1b1b (M32) formerly A3
A1b1b1 (M28) formerly A3a
A1b1b2 (L427)
A1b1b2a (M51/Page42) formerly A3b1
A1b1b2a1 (P291)
A1b1b2b (M13/PF1374) formerly A3b2
A1b1b2b1 (M118)
BT (M91)
See also
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
Y-DNA A subclades
References
Bibliography
as PDF
(chart highlighting new branches added to the A phylotree in March 2013)
Sources for conversion tables
External links
Family Tree DNA — Y-Haplogroup A Project
African Haplogroup project at FTDNA
Spread of Haplogroup A, from National Geographic
A | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20A%20%28Y-DNA%29 |
Warpath is a first-person shooter video game developed by Digital Extremes. The game was originally being developed as a sequel to Pariah, but since Pariah was a commercial flop, Warpath continued development as a whole new game. However, the similarities between the gameplay of both games are very apparent.
Technology
The game utilizes Unreal Engine 2 with optimizations and additions of the 2.5 Build (the same used for Unreal Championship 2 and Pariah) and the Havok physics engine.
Demo
A demo for the PC version of Warpath was released on March 1, 2006. The demo included two maps: Breach for Deathmatch and Team Deathmatch, and Rush for Capture The Flag. The Front Line Assault mode was not included. This demo is available on the disc included with April 2006 issue of PC Gamer.
A demo for the Xbox version of Warpath is available on the disc included with the June 2006 issue of Official Xbox Magazine. It was basically the same as the PC demo, though the Deathmatch/Team Deathmatch map that was included was SubZero instead of Breach.
Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. It was delayed multiple times from its original March 21, 2006, release date, and started to get better reactions from the press during its development, but it still continued to get mixed reviews. People who played the game or demo thought it was a top-notch fast-paced shooter. In the words of IGN:
"While WarPath doesn't do anything blatantly wrong, it fails to do anything new. Charging through the repetitive metallic halls of each level will feel very familiar to anyone who's played a lot of first person shooters. Even the bots on the hardest difficult suffer from noticeable A.I. issues, so if this one's to be played at all it should be online. After numerous hours of play some weapon balance issues will become apparent, especially with the Vibro Blade during close range battles. Vehicles are included, but they're generally useless as the stages are so small. A larger variety of game modes more interesting maps would have helped out, but ultimately WarPath does little too differentiate itself from the rest of the shooters out there. The upgradeable weapons are a good feature, but nothing that'll hold players' interest beyond a few hours."
References
External links
2006 video games
First-person shooters
Unreal Engine games
Video games developed in Canada
Windows games
Xbox games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games using Havok
Groove Games games
Digital Extremes games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warpath%20%28video%20game%29 |
Linda Jackson may refer to:
Linda Jackson (cyclist) (born 1958), Canadian professional cyclist
Linda Jackson (designer) (born 1950), Australian fashion designer, fashion retailer and artist
Linda Jackson (politician), former mayor of Vaughan, Ontario (2006–2010)
Linda Jackson (businesswoman), CEO of French car manufacturer Citroën | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Jackson |
Pal Zileri is an Italian luxury brand specialized in both formal and casual menswear. Pal Zileri is part of Forall Confezioni Spa. The brand was founded in Quinto Vicentino (Vicenza, Italy) and it is now headquartered in Milan. The brand is distributed via many monobrand stores and via 500 multibrand retailers worldwide.
History
Forall Confezioni SpA was founded in 1980 as a company dedicated to the traditional menswear tailoring.
In the 1980s, the company created Pal Zileri as the brand to firm its identity and position based on the Italian savoir-faire and artisanal knowledge. Pal Zileri evokes the name of "Palazzo Zileri" an ancient building in the historic centre of Vicenza. Pal Zileri worked with some of Italian designer labels to produce and distribute their menswear lines.
In 2014, Mayhoola Group acquired the majority stake of the company, and later, in 2016 gained the full ownership.
Pal Zileri pursues its sartorial craftsmanship combined with a contemporary aesthetic.
Further marking this new course, in July 2018 Marco Sanavia was appointed as Chief Executive Officer of Forall Confezioni S.p.A., owner of Pal Zileri.
Collections
Each Pal Zileri garment is made in the factory located in Quinto Vicentino or by the brand's network of selected Italian craftsmen. Pal Zileri line is designed for men and balances the Italian design tradition and innovation in terms of cut, design and materials. The collection is composed by formal menswear, casual and sportswear: suits, jackets, raincoats, overcoats, bomber jackets, pea jackets, slim fit pants, jacquard or printed shirts, leather goods, accessories (bags, backpacks, belts, etc.) and shoes.
Made to measure is a tailor-made and customized service that matches the italian handcraft tradition with a wide range of models and fabrics.
Distribution
The distribution includes the flagship store in Milan, 32 mono-brand boutiques (Moscow, Dubai, Mexico City, Lima, Baku and
Bogotá, to name only a few) and 500 multi-brand stores (Istanbul, London, Madrid, Paris, Saint Petersburg, Melbourne, and Sydney).
From 2019, the opening of Pal Zileri corners by top department stores such as Harrods and Selfridges in London, Galerie Lafayette and El Corte Ingles in Madrid.
See also
Italian fashion
Made in Italy
References
External links
Clothing companies established in 1980
Italian companies established in 1980
Clothing brands of Italy
Italian suit makers
Luxury brands
High fashion brands
Shoe companies of Italy
Fashion accessory brands
Perfume houses
Companies based in Veneto | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%20Zileri |
The Canon EOS 30D is an 8.2-megapixel semi-professional digital single-lens reflex camera, initially announced on February 21, 2006. It is the successor of the Canon EOS 20D, and is succeeded by the EOS 40D. It can accept EF and EF-S lenses, and like its predecessor, it uses an APS-C sized image sensor, so it does not require the larger imaging circle necessary for 35 mm film and 'full-frame' digital cameras.
Improvements
Changes over the 20D include a bigger LCD rear screen, improved shutter mechanism rated for 100,000 actuations, improved frame capacity, 1/3 stop increments for sensor speed and an added spot meter. This unit retains the same sensor as its predecessor; all lenses still have an angle of view crop of 1.6. Other changes include a larger 11 frame RAW / 30 frame JPEG buffer, and slightly faster 0.15 second startup. The maximum frame rate is the same (5 frame/s), but a lower-speed 3 frame/s option has been added. The 30D uses the same number of autofocus points as the 20D (nine), but has improved algorithms. The 30D's file numbering system holds 9,999 images to one folder, which was introduced with the 5D.
The EOS 30D can also accept the Canon Wireless File Transmitter WFT-E1/E1A for fast file transfer to a remote file server, either through an Ethernet cable or a Wi-Fi network. This capability expands the EOS 30D's range of applications to sports and studio set ups where real-time transfer of the images is crucial.
Resolution
The Canon EOS 30D has several resolution settings:
Raw CR2 format (3504 x 2336)
Large/Fine (3504 x 2336)
Large/Normal (3504 x 2336)
Middle/Fine (2544 x 1696)
Middle/Normal (2544 x 1696)
Small/Fine (1728 x 1152)
Small/Normal (1728 x 1152)
(There are also six resolution settings for JPEG+Raw which are the same as the first six but which also attach a Raw file in a separate .cr2 file).
Features
The Canon EOS 30D features a Mode Dial on the top which selects the shooting mode. It is divided into two sections: Creative Zone and Basic Zone. The Creative zone provides manual and semi-manual modes; it gives access to RAW format, manual exposure, aperture and ISO sensitivity.
Creative Zone
A-DEP: The camera automatically selects the aperture and shutter speed to keep most of the image in focus. (Only recommended in high light conditions as the camera tends to choose smaller f/stops)
M (Manual): The camera lets you choose manually the aperture and shutter speed.
Av (Aperture priority): The camera lets the user choose the aperture (f/) value and then automatically adjusts the shutter speed for correct exposure.
Tv (Shutter speed priority): The camera lets the user set the shutter speed and automatically sets the aperture for correct exposure.
P (Program AE): The camera automatically chooses an aperture and shutter combination for correct exposure and the user can change between one of these combinations.
Basic Zone
Auto (represented with a green rectangle): Completely automatic shooting.
Portrait: The camera attempts to create a more shallow depth of field to create more striking portraits.
Landscape: For shooting landscapes and sunsets.
Close-Up: For shooting small objects near to the camera.
Sports: For capturing fast moving objects.
Night Scene: Shoots with flash and with slow shutter so that the subject is illuminated by the flash and the background (e.g. a city) is also captured naturally in the night.
No Flash: All automatic with no flash.
The camera features (like many others) two LCDs, one monochrome at the top, which contains all information pertinent to shooting, and a full-color one at the back, which is used for picture reviewing and menu navigation. The rear display has a resolution of 320 × 240 pixel (76,800 pixels).
The Canon EOS 30D also features a large dial on its back which is used for fast scrolling over the stored pictures or over the settings in the menu. The JUMP button can also be used to reach sections of the menu easily, as well as scroll through either 10 or 100 image in playback mode. The 8 way controller above the dial is used to select one of the 9 AF points, to move around a zoomed image in playback mode, and to set custom white balance.
Its internal flash can be set to release several consecutive strobe bursts to aid focusing in dim situations, but there is no dedicated AF assist lamp. Photographers can attach an external flash with AF assist lamp like many of Canon Speedlites.
See also
Canon EOS
Canon EF lens mount
Canon EF-S lens mount
References
External links
Canon's Official 30D Product Page
30D
Cameras introduced in 2006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon%20EOS%2030D |
Philip Shanahan (27 October 1874 – 21 November 1931) was an Irish Sinn Féin politician, who was elected to the United Kingdom House of Commons in 1918 and served as a Teachta Dála (TD) in Dáil Éireann from 1919 to 1922.
He lived in Dublin, where he was a licensed vintner, maintaining an Irish pub in the notorious Monto red light district.
He was involved in the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916. This led to him having legal difficulties over the licence of his public house. Shanahan consulted the lawyer and politician Tim Healy who commented:
"I had with me to-day a solicitor with his client, a Dublin publican named Phil Shanahan, whose licence is being opposed, and whose house was closed by the military because he was in Jacob's during Easter week. I was astonished at the type of man - about 40 years of age, jolly and respectable. He said he "rose out" to have a "crack at the English" and seemed not at all concerned at the question of success or failure. He was a Tipperary hurler in the old days. For such a man to join the Rebellion and sacrifice the splendid trade he enjoyed makes one think there are disinterested Nationalists to be found. I thought a publican was the last man in the world to join a rising! Alfred Byrne, M.P., was with him, and is bitter against the Party. I think I can save Shanahan's property."
He was elected for Dublin Harbour at the 1918 general election, defeating Alfie Byrne. Like other Sinn Féin MPs he did not take his seat at Westminster, but became a member of the revolutionary Dáil. He represented Dublin Harbour in the First Dáil 1919 to 1921. He was arrested and detained in custody by the British government in April 1920 but was released in time to attend the next meeting of the Dáil on 29 June 1920.
During the war of independence, Billy Dunleavy recalls, "The IRA were the best men we ever had at that time. The Tans used to go around in the tenders with a wire over the top and if it was going by up there in Talbot Street they'd (IRA) say, 'Get out of the way, quick!' and they'd throw a hand grenade into the car. Now Phil Shanahan, he owned a pub over there on the corner, he was a great man and he used to hide them after they'd been out on a job. He had cellars and all the IRA men used to go there and hide their stuff."
In 1921 a general election was held for the House of Commons of Southern Ireland. Republicans used this as an election for the Second Dáil. Shanahan was elected unopposed for the four member Dublin Mid constituency. He was defeated at the 1922 general election to the Third Dáil, as a member of the Anti-Treaty faction of Sinn Féin (which opposed the creation of the Irish Free State in the place of the Republic declared in 1919).
He left Dublin in 1928 and returned to his home village of Hollyford, County Tipperary. He died on 21 November 1931, aged 57.
References
Sources
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Vol. III 1919-1945, edited by M. Stenton & S. Lees (The Harvester Press 1979)
Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland 1801-1922, edited by B.M. Walker (Royal Irish Academy 1978)
Early Sinn Féin TDs
Members of the 1st Dáil
Members of the 2nd Dáil
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922)
Politicians from County Tipperary
UK MPs 1918–1922
1874 births
1931 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Shanahan |
Haplogroup B (M60) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup common to paternal lineages in Africa. It is a primary branch of the haplogroup BT.
B (M60) is common in parts of Africa, especially the tropical forests of West-Central Africa. It was the ancestral haplogroup of not only modern Pygmies like the Baka and Mbuti, but also Hadzabe from Tanzania, who often have been considered, in large part because of some typological features of their language, to be a remnant of Khoisan people in East Africa.
Distribution
According to one study of the Y-DNA of populations in Sudan, haplogroup B-M60 is found in approximately 30% (16/53) of Southern Sudanese, 16% (5/32) of local Hausa people, 14% (4/28) of the Nuba of central Sudan, 3.7% (8/216) of Northern Sudanese (but only among Copts and Nubians), and 2.2% (2/90) of Western Sudanese. According to another study, haplogroup B is found in approximately 15% of Sudanese males, including 12.5% (5/40) B2a1a1a1 (M109/M152) and 2.5% (1/40) B-M60(xM146, M150, M112).
In Madagascar, haplogroup B-M60 has been found in approximately 9% of Malagasy males, including 6% (2/35) B-M60(xB2b-50f2(P)) and 3% (1/35) B2b-50f2(P).
Family Tree DNA shows a significant number of persons of Haplogroup B-M60 (B-M181) claiming origins from the Arabian Peninsula (dominantly Saudi Arabia, but also in Kuwait, Bahrain, Yemen, Qatar, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, and Oman). Sampling bias does not allow for meaningful percentages, but the presence of the haplogroup is solidly attested.
In Hormozgan Province in Iran, haplogroup B-M60 has been found in 8.2% of a sample of 49 Qeshmi people, and in 2.3% of a sample of 131 Bandari people.
In Afghanistan, haplogroup B-M60 has been found in 5.1% (3/59) of a sample of Hazara males.
In United Kingdom, haplogroup B-M60(xM218) has been found by FTDNA in 1 individual.
Subclades
B-M236
Haplogroup B-M236 has been found in 4% (2/48) of a sample of Bamileke males from southern Cameroon.
B-M146
Haplogroup B-M146 has been found in 2% (1/49) of a sample of Mossi males from Burkina Faso and in 2% (1/44) of a sample of unspecified ethnic affiliation from Mali.
B-M182
Haplogroup B-M182 has been found in 6% (3/47) of a sample of Mbuti males from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6% (2/33) of a sample of Bakola males from southern Cameroon, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama males from Namibia, and 3% (1/31) of a sample of Biaka males from Central African Republic. The vast majority of Family Tree DNA participants in Haplogroup B-M60 test positive for B-M182, with three-fourths of those participants claiming countries of the Arabian Peninsula as their ancestral land of origin, attesting to its presence in that area also.
B-M150
Haplogroup B-M150 has been found in 8% (1/12) of a sample of Mbuti males from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Haplogroup B-M150(xM152) has been observed in 11% (5/47) of a sample of Mbuti from Democratic Republic of the Congo, 11% (1/9) of a sample of Tupuri from northern Cameroon, 11% (1/9) of a sample of Luo from Kenya, 7% (4/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Baka from Central African Republic, and 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya.
Haplogroup B-M150(xM109/M152, M108.1) has been found in 3% (1/37) of a sample from Central Africa, 2% (1/44) of a sample from Mali, and 1% (1/88) of a sample from Ethiopia.
Without testing for any downstream mutation, haplogroup B-M150 has been found in 33.3% (8/24) of a sample of Ngumba from Cameroon, 20.8% (5/24) of a sample of Eviya from Gabon, 18.2% (4/22) of a sample of Bakola from Cameroon, 14.3% (6/42) of a sample of Eshira from Gabon, 14.0% (6/43) of a sample of Makina from Gabon, 14.0% (6/43) of a sample of Shake from Gabon, 8.6% (5/58) of a sample of Punu from Gabon, 8.3% (5/60) of a sample of Tsogo from Gabon, 7.0% (4/57) of a sample of Nzebi from Gabon, 6.7% (1/15) of a sample of Mbugwe from Tanzania, 4.3% (2/46) of a sample of Duma from Gabon, 4.3% (2/47) of a sample of Obamba from Gabon, 4.2% (2/48) of a sample of Benga from Gabon, 3.8% (2/53) of a sample of Kota from Gabon, 2.8% (1/36) of a sample of Ndumu from Gabon, 2.1% (1/47) of a sample of Galoa from Gabon, 2.0% (1/50) of a sample of Akele from Gabon, 1.7% (1/60) of a sample of Fang from Gabon, 1.5% (1/68) of a sample of Sandawe from Tanzania, 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Qatar, and 0.64% (1/157) of a sample from Saudi Arabia.
B-M218
Haplogroup B-M218 has been found in 17% (20/118) of a mixed sample of Nilotic ethnic groups of Karamojong, Jie and Dodos from Karamoja region in Uganda. This haplogroup has also been found by FTDNA in 1 individual from Qatar, 3 individuals from Saudi Arabia, 1 individual from Syria, 1 individual from Tunisia, 1 individual from United Kingdom.
B-M109
Haplogroup B2a1a1a1 (M109, M152, P32), previously B2a1a is the most commonly observed subclade of haplogroup B.
In Central Africa, B-M109 Y-DNA has been found in 23% (7/31) of Ngumba males from southern Cameroon, 18% (7/39) of Fali males from northern Cameroon, 5% (1/21) to 31% (4/13) of Uldeme males from northern Cameroon, 10% (3/29) of Ewondo males from southern Cameroon, 7% (1/15) of a mixed sample of speakers of various Chadic languages from northern Cameroon, 6% (1/18) of a mixed sample of speakers of various Adamawa languages from northern Cameroon, 6% (2/33) of Bakola males from southern Cameroon, 4% (1/28) of Mandara males from northern Cameroon, and 3% (1/31) to 5% (1/20) of Biaka males from Central African Republic.
In East Africa, haplogroup B2a1a1a1 Y-DNA has been found in 11% (1/9) of a small sample of Iraqw males from Tanzania, 11% (1/9) of a small sample of Luo males from Kenya, 8% (2/26) of Maasai males from Kenya, and 4.5% (4/88) of a sample of Ethiopians.
In Southern Africa, B-M109 Y-DNA has been found in 18% (5/28) of Sotho–Tswana males from South Africa, 14% (4/29) of Zulu males from South Africa, 13% (7/53) of an ethnically mixed sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans, 10% (5/49) of Shona males from Zimbabwe, and 5% (4/80) of Xhosa males from South Africa.
In North Africa, haplogroup B2a1a1a1 Y-DNA has been found in 12.5% (5/40) of Sudanese and 2% (2/92) of Egyptians.
In Eurasia, B2a1a1a1 (B-M109) has been found in 3% (3/117) of a sample of Iranians from southern Iran and 2% (2/88) of a sample from Pakistan and India.
B-G1
Haplogroup B-G1 (G1) has been found in Uganda in Nilotic speaking populations.
B-M108.1
Haplogroup B-M108.1 (M108.1) has been found in 3% (3/88) of a sample from Ethiopia.
B-M43
Haplogroup B-M43 (M43, P111) has been found in 7% (3/44) of a sample from Mali.
B-M112
Haplogroup B-M112 (M112, M192, 50f2(P)) has been found mainly among pygmy populations in Central Africa, Juu (Northern Khoisan) populations in Southern Africa, and the Hadzabe in East Africa. It also has been found occasionally in samples of groups who neighbor the aforementioned populations.
Specifically, haplogroup B2b has been observed in 67% (12/18) of a sample of Baka from Central African Republic, 52% (12/23) or 51% (29/57) of a sample of Hadzabe from Tanzania, 48% (15/31) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic, 43% (20/47) of a sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 31% (9/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San from Namibia, 28% (11/39) of a sample of the Northern Khoisan-speaking Ju|’hoansi and Sekele peoples, 25% (6/24) of a sample of Burunge from Tanzania, 14% (13/94) of a sample of Tutsi from Rwanda, 13% (9/68) of a sample of Sandawe from Tanzania, 9% (3/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele from Namibia, 5% (1/20) of a sample of Turu from Tanzania, 5% (2/43) of a sample of Wairak from Tanzania, 3% (1/29) of a sample of Zulu from South Africa, 3% (1/33) of a sample of Bakola from southern Cameroon, 3% (1/35) of a sample of Datog from Tanzania, 3% (1/35) of a sample of Malagasy, 1.4% (1/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda, 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Qatar, and 1.3% (2/157) of a sample from Saudi Arabia.
B-P6
Haplogroup B-P6 has been found in Khoisan populations of Namibia, including 24% (7/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San and 3% (1/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele.
B-M115
Haplogroup B-M115 has been found in 8% (1/12) of a sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
B-M30
Haplogroup B-M30 has been found in 22% (2/9) of a mixed sample of speakers of Central Sudanic and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon and in 5% (1/20) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic.
B-M108.2
Haplogroup B-M108.2 has been found in 25% (1/4) of a very small sample of Lissongo from Central African Republic.
B-P7
Haplogroup B-P7 has been observed most frequently in samples of some populations of pygmies from Central Africa: 67% (12/18) Baka from Central African Republic, 45% (14/31) Biaka from Central African Republic, 21% (10/47) Mbuti from Democratic Republic of the Congo. This haplogroup also has been found in an Iraqw (South Cushitic) individual from Tanzania (1/9 = 11%) and in some samples of Khoisan from Namibia (2/32 = 6% !Kung/Sekele, 2/29 = 7% Tsumkwe San).
B-MSY2.1
Haplogroup B-MSY2.1 has been found in 20% (4/20) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Original research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic trees
The phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.
B
B-M60 (M60, M181, P85, P90)
B-M236 (M236, M288)
B-M236 (M236)
B-M182 (M182)
B-M150 (M150)
B-M218 (M218)
B-M109 (M109, M152, P32)
B-G1 (G1)
B-M108.1 (M108.1)
B-P111 (P111, M43)
B-M112 (M112, M192, 50f2(P))
B-P6 (P6)
B-M115 (M115, M169)
B-M30 (M30, M129)
B-M108.2 (M108.2)
B-P7 (P7)
B-P8 (P8, P70)
B-MSY2.1 (MSY2.1, M211)
B-P112 (P112)
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA B subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
References
Sources for conversion tables
External links
African Haplogroup project at FTDNA
Y-Chromosome B Haplogroup Project at FTDNA
Spread of Haplogroup B, from National Geographic
B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20B-M60 |
Displacement ventilation (DV) is a room air distribution strategy where conditioned outdoor air is supplied at a low velocity from air supply diffusers located near floor level and extracted above the occupied zone, usually at ceiling height.
System design
A typical displacement ventilation system, such as one in an office space, supplies conditioned cold air from an air handling unit (AHU) through a low induction air diffuser. Diffuser types vary by applications. Diffusers can be located against a wall ("wall-mounted"), at the corner of a room ("corner-mounted"), or above the floor but not against a wall ("free-standing"). The cool air accelerates because of the
buoyancy force, spreads in a thin layer over the floor,
reaching a relatively high velocity before rising due to heat exchange with heat sources (e.g., occupants, computers, lights). Absorbing the heat from heat sources, the cold air becomes warmer and less dense. The density difference between cold air and warm air creates upward convective flows known as thermal plumes. Instead of working as a stand-alone system in interior space, displacement ventilation system can also be coupled with other cooling and heating sources, such as radiant chilled ceilings or baseboard heating.
History
Displacement ventilation was first applied in an industrial building in Scandinavia in 1978, and has frequently been used in similar applications, as well as office spaces, throughout Scandinavia since that time. By 1989, it was estimated that displacement ventilation comprised the 50% in industrial applications and 25% in offices within Nordic countries. Applications in the United States have not been as widespread as in Scandinavia. Some research has been done to assess the practicality of this application in U.S. markets due to different typical space designs and application in hot and humid climates, as well as research to assess the potential indoor environmental quality and energy-saving benefits of this strategy in the U.S. and elsewhere.
Applications
Displacement ventilation has been applied in many famous building such as the Suvarnabhumi International Airport in Bangkok, Thailand, the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Flight Projects Center building, and the San Francisco International Airport Terminal 2 among other applications.
General characteristics
Airflow distribution
The thermal plumes and supply air from diffusers, which determines the velocity of airflow at floor level, play an important role in DV systems. It is necessary to carefully set the airflow rate from the diffuser to avoid drafts.
Conditioning type
Due to the unique properties of thermal stratification, displacement ventilation is typically used for cooling rather than for heating. In many cases, a separate heating source, such as a radiator or baseboard, is used during heating periods.
Space requirement
Displacement ventilation is best suited for taller spaces (higher than 3 meters [10 feet]). Standard mixing ventilation may be better suited for smaller spaces where air quality is not as great a concern, such as single-occupant offices, and where the room height is not tall (e.g., lower than 2.3 meters [7.5 feet]).
Benefits and limitations
Local discomfort: vertical temperature difference and draft
Displacement ventilation systems are quieter than conventional overhead systems with better ventilation efficiency. Hence, it could enhance indoor air quality and provide desirable acoustic environment. Displacement ventilation systems are appropriate in space where high ventilation is required, such as classrooms, conference rooms, and offices.
Displacement ventilation can be a cause of discomfort due to the large vertical temperature gradient and drafts. According to Melikov and Pitchurov's research, sensations of cold caused by vertical temperature difference and draft are usually occurred at the lower leg/ ankle/ feet region, while warm sensations at the head are reported. The research also indicates, that the draft rating model could predict the draft risk with good accuracy in rooms with displacement ventilation systems.
There is a tradeoff inherent in these two issues: by increasing the flow rate (and the ability to remove greater thermal loads), the vertical temperature gradient can be reduced, but this could increase the risk of drafts. Pairing displacement ventilation with radiant chilled ceilings is an effort to mitigate this problem. According to some studies, displacement ventilation systems can only provide acceptable comfort if the corresponding cooling load is less than about 13 Btu/h-sf or 40 W/m2.
Indoor air quality
One benefit of displacement ventilation is possibly the superior indoor air quality achieved with exhausting contaminated air out of the room. Better air quality is achieved when the pollution source is also a heat source.
The effectiveness of displacement ventilation at removing particulate contaminants has been investigated recently. Small aqueous droplets containing infectious nuclei are frequently released in hospital rooms and other indoor spaces, and tend to settle through the ambient air at a speed of order 1–10 mm/s typically. In cold climates or seasons, sufficiently small droplets are extracted from the top of a displacement-ventilated space if the mean upward air speed exceeds the particle settling speed. However, laboratory experiments have shown that larger droplets may settle faster than the air moves. In this case, the large droplets are not extracted effectively from a space with upward displacement ventilation, and their concentration increases if the ventilation rate is increased. In warmer climates or seasons, large-scale instabilities in the concentration of contaminants may occur within a space with downward displacement ventilation.
Energy consumption
Some studies have demonstrated that displacement ventilation may save energy as compared to standard mixing ventilation, depending on the use type of the building, design/massing/orientation, and other factors. However, for the evaluation of energy consumption of displacement ventilation, the numerical simulation is the main method, since yearly measurements are too expensive and time consuming. Hence, whether displacement ventilation could help with saving energy is still debated. In general, displacement ventilation is attractive to the core region in a building since no heating is needed. However, the perimeter zones require high cooling energy.
Design guidelines
Different guidelines have been published to provide guidance on designing displacement ventilation systems, including:
Skistad H., Mundt E., Nielsen P.V., Hagstrom K., Railo J. (2002). Displacement ventilation in Non-Industrial Premises. Federation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Associations.
Skistad, H. (1994). Displacement ventilation. Research Studies Press, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., west Sussex. UK.
Chen, Q. and Glicksman, L. (2003). Performance Evaluation and Development of Design Guidelines for Displacement ventilation. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
Among guidelines listed above, the one developed by Chen and Glicksman are aimed specifically at fulfilling U.S. Standard. Below is a brief description of each step of their guideline.
Step 1) Judge the applicability of displacement ventilation
Step 2) Calculate summer design cooling load.
Step 3) Determine the required flow rate of the supply air for summer cooling.
Step 4) Find the required flow rate of fresh air for acceptable indoor air quality.
Step 5) Determine the supply air flow rate.
Step 6) Calculate the supply airflow rate.
Step 7) Determine the ratio of the fresh air to the supply air.
Step 8) Select supply air diffuser size and number.
Step 9) Check the winter heating situation.
Step 10) Estimate the first costs and annual energy consumption.
List of buildings using displacement ventilation
See also
Underfloor air distribution (UFAD)
References
Ventilation
Sustainable architecture
Environmental design
Low-energy building
Sustainable building | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement%20ventilation |
The East Slovak Gallery, established in 1951, was the first regional gallery in Slovakia. The mission of the Gallery is the protection and presentation of the collection and documentation of the art scene and artistic life in the region of Eastern Slovakia.
Commission
Today the Gallery houses over 7,000 works of art. Apart from a representative collection of nineteenth and twentieth century art from the region of Eastern Slovakia, the collection also provides an overview of modern and contemporary Slovak art. In addition to its extensive exhibition activities the Gallery also focuses on research and exploration of art scene in Eastern Slovakia, and especially of Košice modernism, the phenomenon associated with the 1920s characterised by the unusual development of modern art. In its vast premises, the Gallery presents a wide range of Slovak and international art. The accompanying activities such as guided tours, children´s workshops or lectures and Library with professional art literature offer great possibilities of spending leisure time directly at the gallery premises.
Fire
The day 12 January 1985 wrote the history of the East Slovak Gallery as an unfortunate event. On that day an extensive fire broke out in its storerooms and destructive flames suddenly transformed hundreds of works of art into cinders and ruin. The fire was caused by leak from a damaged street gas pipe. The fire irreversibly destroyed 1030 works of art.
The former County House / Hlavná 27
Since 1992 the Gallery has a seat in the building of the former County House. The building in a Baroque and Classicist style, designed by a Vienna-based builder, J. Langer, was completed in 1779. In the period of 1888-1889 the building underwent several alterations: the front part of the house was adjusted, courtly wings were added and the rear wing was modified. On the facade one can see the coat of arms of the Abaúj-Torna County of 1558. Upstairs, there is the assembly hall, the so-called historic hall, with illusive arcades showing the coat of arms of former Abaúj-Torna County as well as some of its towns and villages. It was here that the first cabinet meeting of the National Front of Czechs and Slovaks was held on April 5, 1945, which proclaimed the Košice government programme.
EHMK 2013
As part of the European Capital of Culture, a section of the gallery was rebuilt in 2013 and a new underground exhibition space was created to serve primarily for the presentation of contemporary art.
Alžbetina Street 22
Under the administration of the East Slovak Gallery there is also an exhibition space in the building on Alžbetina Street 22 in addition to the space on Hlavná Street 27. A baroque building from the early eighteenth century was modified in a pseudohistorical style towards the end of the nineteenth century.
References
External links
facebook/VSG.sk
Art galleries established in 1951
Art museums and galleries in Slovakia
Museums in Košice
1951 establishments in Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Slovak%20Gallery |
In New Zealand, the southern man is a stereotypical male from the more rural South Island, well used to the solitude and conditions of open mountain or hill country, and completely out of his depth in the city. He is usually depicted as wearing an oilskin duster, Swanndri and slouch hat, an image closely related to Kiwi stockmen. This stereotype is closely connected with a common trope in New Zealand fiction, the man alone.
The stereotype draws on images of high country farmers and hunters, particularly from areas such as Central Otago and the Mackenzie Basin, who work large sheep stations, often employing the horse and dog rather than mechanised transport, due to the terrain they have to cover. This archetypal New Zealand character, though strong in tradition, is one currently facing a threat to its existence in the outside world, thanks to changes in New Zealand's traditional rural ways of life.
In popular culture
The stereotype became better known through the advertising campaign of Otago's best known pale lager beer, Speight's, in a series of advertisements that have been running since the early 1990s. Speight's sponsored the production of a bronze statue personifying the stereotype, "Southern Man" by Sam Mahon, which has stood at the entrance to Dunedin International Airport since 2000.
The stereotype was later acknowledged in a song regarded as an unofficial anthem of Dunedin City and Otago in general. Written by ad agency creative director Roy Meares, and produced and sung by Murray Grindlay, this song was performed for Otago Rugby and Speight's Breweries by local musician Denis Henderson. The southern man has also been connected with stage productions such as Richard Meros salutes the Southern Man.
The semi-autobiographical novels of Barry Crump, though set in the North Island, conform strongly to the southern man stereotype. The character of Uncle Hec (played by Sam Neill) in the Taika Waititi film Hunt for the Wilderpeople — based on a Crump novel — is a big-screen personification of the southern man character.
References
New Zealand culture
South Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20man |
Raceland was a Thoroughbred racing track located in Chinnville, Kentucky, now known as Raceland, Kentucky. The race track operated from 1924 until 1928 and was founded by Jack O. Keene, who also helped develop Keeneland Race Course in Lexington, Kentucky.
Raceland made its debut on July 4, 1924, with a first-class boxing match. Over 5,000 people were in attendance. The first race, titled the "Ashland Handicap," was held on July 10, 1924, in which there were 15,000 spectators present. The inaugural Raceland Derby, according to the Daily Racing Form and Keeneland magazine, was July 28, 1924, and five horses that had been in the Kentucky Derby ran the Raceland Derby—including Black Gold, who had already won four derbies that year.
During its heyday, Raceland was known as the "Million Dollar Oval" because of its ornate appearance. The track was circled by a white fence of wood and iron, as well as rambling roses. The bridle paths and the front lawn were paved in red tapestry brick matching the club house, stewards' stand and judge's stand. The infield of the track contained a lake and several sunken gardens.
Financial difficulties forced the closure of the Raceland track in 1928.
Present condition
Notable structures still standing from the original complex include the clubhouse, the manager's house, servant quarters and two horse stables.
On May 26, 2004, a historical marker was unveiled near the clubhouse to commemorate the location and historical significance of Raceland. The marker, designed by local artist Tony Cumpton, reads:
A portion of the grand stand foundation can still be seen but it is over grown, there is also a small pond still remaining in front of the grand stand foundation.
References
Further reading
Raceland at Abandoned
Buildings and structures in Greenup County, Kentucky
Defunct horse racing venues in the United States
Horse racing venues in Kentucky
Defunct sports venues in Kentucky
1924 establishments in Kentucky
Tourist attractions in Greenup County, Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raceland%20%28race%20track%29 |
John Ssebaana Kizito (12 September 1934 - 3 July 2017) was a Ugandan businessman, economist and politician. He was the president of the Democratic Party (DP) in Uganda from 2005 to 2010. Kizito was a member of the University Council of Ndejje University. He was reported to be one of the wealthiest people in Uganda, having sizable holdings in real estate and insurance.
Background and education
Ssebaana was born in Mpande Village, Luweero District, in Uganda's Central Region on 12 September 1934. He attended Kings College Budo and was a graduate of Makerere University. In 1960, he graduated with a Master of Arts degree in economics from the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon in the U.S.
Career
Kizito'a political career began before Uganda became an independent country. He was a civil servant and politician in several of Uganda's eras of tyranny and political turmoil, including under Idi Amin, Milton Obote, and President Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Movement government.
In 1960, he served as a national executive officer. Upon returning from the U.S. in October 1962, he became an investment executive at the Uganda Development Corporation, the holding company that managed all government-owned enterprises.
After independence, he was a member of the East African Legislative Assembly, an arm of the East African Community, from 1967 until 1977. From 1977 until 1980, he served as the chairman of the National Insurance Corporation. In 1980, he was elected a member of parliament for the Kampala South Constituency, winning 90 percent of the vote. He was the shadow minister of foreign affairs between 1981 until 1985 and was acting leader of the opposition in 1983.
He served as minister of cooperatives and marketing from 1985 until 1987, as minister of regional cooperation from 1987 until 1988, and as minister of housing and urban development from 1989 until 1991.
He was a member of the Constituent Assembly that wrote the 1995 Ugandan Constitution, representing the Makindye East Constituency. From 1994 to 1995, he served as chairman of the National Caucus of Democracy.
Between 1998 and 2006, he was twice elected mayor of Kampala, Uganda's capital city, replacing Nasser Sebaggala in 1999 and being replaced by Sebaggala in 2006.
Kizito was the Democratic Party's unsuccessful candidate in the 2006 presidential election.
Business
In 1982, John Ssebaana Kizito, together with a business associate, Joseph William Kiwanuka, established Uganda's first private (non-government) insurance company, Statewide Insurance Company (SWICO), for which Ssebaana served as Chairman of the Board and Kiwanuka serves as the Managing Director.
Death
Ssebaana died on 3 July 2017 at Nakasero Hospital, in Kampala, where he was admitted two weeks prior, following a stroke.
See also
List of political parties in Uganda
Statewide Insurance Company
Politics of Uganda
List of wealthiest people in Uganda
List of Insurance Companies in Uganda
Ndejje University
References
External links
Ssebaana Celebrates 80th Birthday (Luganda)
1934 births
2017 deaths
Democratic Party (Uganda) politicians
Ganda people
Government ministers of Uganda
Mayors of Kampala
Makerere University alumni
People from Luweero District
University of Oregon alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ssebaana%20Kizito |
Black Rednecks and White Liberals is a collection of six essays by Thomas Sowell. The collection, published in 2005, explores various aspects of race and culture, both in the United States and abroad. The first essay, the book's namesake, traces the origins of the "ghetto" African-American culture to the culture of Scotch-Irish Americans in the Antebellum South. The second essay, "Are Jews Generic?", discusses middleman minorities. The third essay, "The Real History of Slavery," discusses the timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom. The last three essays discuss the history of Germany, African-American education, and a criticism of multiculturalism.
Essays
"Black Rednecks and White Liberals"
The title essay states Sowell's thesis about the origins of the "black ghetto" culture.
Sowell argues that the black ghetto culture originates in the dysfunctional white southern redneck
culture which was prominent in the antebellum South. That culture came, in turn, from the "Cracker culture" of Welsh, Highland Scots, Ulster Scots, and border English or "North Britons," who emigrated from the more lawless border regions of Britain in the eighteenth century.
"Are Jews Generic?"
In the collection's second essay, Sowell explores the origins of anti-Semitism among those harboring jealousy toward Jews for their financial and entrepreneurial successes.
Among other historically-persecuted "middlemen minorities" were Lebanese and Chinese immigrant merchants. The resentment is from a perceived "lack of added value" that the middlemen provide, as it is not easily observable.
"The Real History of Slavery"
In the collection's third essay, Sowell reviews the history of slavery. Contrary to popular impression, which blames Western society and white people as the culprits, Sowell argues that slavery was a universal institution accepted and embraced by nearly all human societies. The world's trade in slaves and then slavery itself, was abolished by the British in the 19th century, against opposition in Africa and Asia, where it was considered normal. The economic effects of slavery are also misunderstood since slaves were often a luxury item whose upkeep was a drain on the rich, and the availability of cheap slave labor nowhere resulted in wealthy societies.
"Germans and History"
The fourth essay features Sowell's argument that Germany should not be defined solely by the 12-year regime of Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945. Sowell further argues that Hitler was highly inconsistent in his views toward an unified Germany since he strenuously argued for annexation of the German-dominated Sudetenland, but German-dominated portions of Italy such as Tyrol were ignored in preference for an alliance with Benito Mussolini.
"Black Education: Achievements, Myths, and Tragedies"
The fifth essay features Sowell's discussion of the early days of Dunbar High School in Washington, DC, and its eventual deterioration from its place of prominence in early black education, which Sowell argues to be a direct consequence of the famed Brown v. Board of Education decision of the US Supreme Court.
Also Sowell argues that though W. E. B. Du Bois was more activist in his attempts to end Jim Crow laws and other forms of legal discrimination, Booker T. Washington, despite holding a more accommodating position, at times secretly funded and supported efforts to end Jim Crow laws.
"History Versus Visions"
The final essay features Sowell's criticism of the advantages that multiculturalism is supposed to confer to the society in which it is present.
Reception
A 2009 study published in Deviant Behavior by sociologists Matthew R. Lee, Shaun A. Thomas, and Graham C. Ousey found "substantial basis" to support Sowell's thesis.
In a review for National Review, Jay Nordlinger writes: "What a surprise, Thomas Sowell has written another brilliant book." He adds: "Sowell takes on no issue that is easy, always going for the hard stuff. He is a scholar and writer who chews nails. You may not agree with him — but you must reckon with him."
Washington Post columnist William Raspberry wrote: "If you've followed the writings of Sowell for as long as I have, you'll know that he's not saying anything as simple as racism accounts for today's black poverty. He's saying something much more complex and, to my mind, far more intriguing." Raspberry recommended that Sowell's analysis be read alongside Michael Eric Dyson's book Is Bill Cosby Right? and ended his review by stating "[o]ne thing seems beyond dispute: Maybe we haven't laid racism to rest, but we have reached the point where what we do matters more than what is done to us. That's great, good news."
Diana Schaub, a professor of political science, referred to the book as a "tour de force" and wrote that "Sowell shows that it is illogical to posit racism as the cause of slavery. The enslavement of vulnerable populations...existed for centuries before the advent of racist ideologies...Sowell makes a powerful case that it is the economic activity (and the misunderstanding of that activity as "parasitic"), rather than the mere fact of ethnic or religious differences, that provokes the hostility and violence against middleman minorities...The writings of Thomas Sowell, with their honesty and contrarian untimeliness, are a lesson for all of us."
A review in Publishers Weekly stated: "Many of Sowell's arguments-that the 20th-century resegregation of Northern cities was a response to the uncouthness of black rednecks migrating from the South, or that segregated black schools often succeeded by suppressing redneckism with civilized New England puritanism-will arouse controversy, but these vigorously argued essays present a stimulating challenge to the conventional wisdom."
In a review for The Journal of African American History, economist James B. Stewart criticizes Black Rednecks and Sowell's prior similar works as continuing to "explore ways to pour new wine into old bottles"; Stewart also writes that "Sowell's sloppy treatment of the nature of cultural exchanges leads him to obvious contradictions".
References
External links
.
2005 non-fiction books
Books about African-American history
Books about antisemitism
Books about Germany
Books by Thomas Sowell
Books critical of modern liberalism in the United States
Criticism of multiculturalism
Encounter Books books
Non-fiction books about American slavery
Works about White Americans
American essay collections
Antebellum South | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Rednecks%20and%20White%20Liberals |
The Little River is a tributary of the St. Francis River, about long, in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas in the United States. Via the St. Francis, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
The Little River's upper course in Missouri has been greatly altered by channelization practices. It originally collected the waters of the Castor and Whitewater rivers, but these streams' outlets have been diverted to the Mississippi River by the Headwater Diversion Channel and other drainage systems, and the Little River's course through the Missouri Bootheel has been diverted to a canal, though traces of its original course still exist. In Arkansas the river passes through the Big Lake National Wildlife Refuge and the left hand channelized chute of the river joins the St. Francis River at Marked Tree.
Little River most likely derives its name via French La Petitie Riviere on account of its small size relative to other nearby rivers.
See also
List of Arkansas rivers
List of Missouri rivers
References
Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry
DeLorme (2004). Arkansas Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
DeLorme (2002). Missouri Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
External links
Big Lake National Wildlife Refuge website
Rivers of Arkansas
Rivers of Missouri
Tributaries of the Mississippi River
Bodies of water of Mississippi County, Arkansas
Rivers of Dunklin County, Missouri
Rivers of New Madrid County, Missouri
Rivers of Pemiscot County, Missouri
Rivers of Scott County, Missouri
Rivers of Stoddard County, Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20River%20%28St.%20Francis%20River%20tributary%29 |
A laminar flow cabinet or tissue culture hood is a carefully enclosed bench designed to prevent contamination of semiconductor wafers, biological samples, or any particle sensitive materials. Air is drawn through a HEPA filter and blown in a very smooth, laminar flow towards the user. Due to the direction of air flow, the sample is protected from the user but the user is not protected from the sample. The cabinet is usually made of stainless steel with no gaps or joints where spores might collect.
Such hoods exist in both horizontal and vertical configurations, and there are many different types of cabinets with a variety of airflow patterns and acceptable uses.
Laminar flow cabinets may have a UV-C germicidal lamp to sterilize the interior and contents before usage to prevent contamination of the experiment. Germicidal lamps are usually kept on for fifteen minutes to sterilize the interior before the cabinet is used. The light must be switched off when the cabinet is being used, to limit exposure to skin and eyes as stray ultraviolet light emissions can cause cancer and cataracts.
See also
Asepsis
Biosafety cabinet
Fume hood
References
External links
NSF/ANSI Standard 49
Laboratory equipment
Microbiology equipment
Ventilation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar%20flow%20cabinet |
There have been over 1,200 rugby league footballers who have played for the Sydney Roosters in the premiership since its foundation in 1908. They are listed in order of cap number, with the first going to the club's inaugural captain, Harry “Jersey” Flegg. The Sydney Roosters are one of only two extant clubs from the League's foundation year of 1908, and are the only one to have played continuously in all seasons since, making their players' register one of the most extensive. Only first grade stats are counted and non first grade stats do not apply on this list.
List of players
NRL List updated as of the conclusion of the 2023 NRL season.
NRLW List updated as of the conclusion of the 2023 NRLW season.
Mens and womens players highlighted in yellow are contracted with the Roosters for the current 2023 NRL and NRLW seasons.
Women's
External links
Men's Honour Roll
Home - Rugby League Project
National Rugby League lists
Lists of Australian rugby league players
Sydney-sport-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sydney%20Roosters%20players |
The social positioning method (SPM) studies space-time behaviour by analysing the location coordinates of mobile phones and the social characteristics of the people carrying them. The SPM methods and experiments were developed in Estonia by Positium and Institute of Geography University of Tartu during 2003-2006.
The biggest advantage of mobile positioning-based methods is that mobile phones are widespread, positioning works inside buildings, and collection of movement data is done by a third party at regular intervals. Positioning data is digital; it is easy to trace many people at the same time and it is possible to analyse movements in real time. The disadvantage of mobile positioning today is relatively low preciseness, the boom in the generation of phones with a GPS will raise positioning accuracy.
The most important problems of SPM are related to data security, as well as concerns about non-authorized personal surveillance. These problems can be solved with further development of location-based services (LBS) and relevant legal and organisational regulation. Today mobile positioning can be applied only by obtaining participants’ personal acceptance.
References
Mobile technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20positioning%20method |
Founded June 2, 1890 as a Select Committee, the Committee to Establish a University of the United States was an initiative of the United States Senate which became a Standing Committee on March 19, 1896. During this time there was also a National University Committee outside of the Senate.
In 1897 the committee tried to pass a bill to create a University of the United States, and three years later it presented a bill to allow the Smithsonian Institution to give out degrees. Neither bill was successful. The committee was disbanded in 1921 as part of a "housecleaning" that got rid of several largely inactive or defunct committees which still officially existed.
Chairmen of the Select Committee
George F. Edmunds (1890–1891)
Redfield Proctor (1891–1893)
Eppa Hunton (1893–1895)
James Kyle (1895–1897)
Chairmen of the Standing Committee
George L. Wellington (1897–1901)
William Joseph Deboe (1901–1903)
Chester Long (1903–1905)
James A. Hemenway (1905–1909)
Simon Guggenheim (1909–1911)
Joseph F. Johnston (1911–1913)
William Paul Dillingham (1913–1919)
John Sharp Williams (1919–1921)
Establish a University of the United States
1890 establishments in the United States
1921 disestablishments
Smithsonian Institution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Senate%20Committee%20to%20Establish%20a%20University%20of%20the%20United%20States |
Spur Corporation (doing business as Spur Steak Ranches) () is a steakhouse franchise restaurant chain originating from South Africa with a focus on family dining. The head office of Spur Corporation is situated in Century City, Cape Town. Although the founding and flagship brand is the Spur steakhouse restaurants, the company owns a number of other, predominantly South African, restaurant brands. Spur Steak Ranches is a themed South African family favourite and is fondly known as "the official restaurant of the South African family"; as such, most Spur restaurants include a children's play area.
History and growth
In 1967 founder and executive chairman, Allen Ambor, opened the Golden Spur on Dean Street in Newlands, Cape Town in South Africa. Ambor started the first restaurant with R2,000 of his own money, R4,000 from his father and an additional R5,000 from a partner who was eventually bought out; amounting to a total starting capital of R11,000. The restaurant was opened on the 24 October 1967. The original restaurant moved to a new location at the corner of Dean and Main Road in the 2000s and closed in 2020.
A second Spur, the Seven Spur, was opened in Sea Point, Cape Town soon after the 1967 opening. After the success of the second Spur Ambor decided on a franchise model to facilitate the spread of the restaurants across the country.
The Spur Group consists of Spur International, Spur Steak Ranches, Panarottis Pizza Pasta, John Dory’s Fish Grill Sushi, Captain Dorego's, The Hussar Grill, RocoMamas, Spur Grill & Go, Nikos Coalgrill Greek and Casa Bella. It currently has 569 outlets worldwide, with restaurants in various parts of Africa, Mauritius, the Middle East and Australasia. In March 2018, Spur Corporation sold Captain Dorego's.
Operations
Spur Steak Ranches is a subsidiary of Spur Corporation, one of the largest restaurant companies in South Africa.
It has its headquarters in Century City, Cape Town, with regional offices in Johannesburg and Durban as well as an international office in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, supporting the company’s international operations.
Spur Steak Ranches’ contribution to Spur Corporation’s restaurant turnover is 61%.
Restaurants are owned by franchisees or directly by the company. As of 31 December 2018, Spur Steak Ranches had 323 stores located in 15 countries. The total restaurants in South Africa is 284 with 39 in other countries.
Africa and Mauritius
Botswana
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Kenya
Lesotho
Malawi
Namibia
Nigeria
South Africa
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Mauritius
Australasia
Australia
New Zealand
In 2020, the chain was forced to temporarily close all of restaurants amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Products
Spur Steak Ranches’ core product offering consists of steaks, ribs and burgers. In addition to these, the brand also sells chicken, schnitzels, seafood, wraps, sandwiches, salads, desserts, breakfasts and a dedicated children’s menu. The burgers have four options: beef, chicken, soya and rib. Furthermore, there are many plant based options available including the Beyond Burger.
Spur Steak Ranches also sells food to takeaway, delivering in some locations.
Procurement, manufacturing and distribution
Spur Steak Ranches operates a sauce manufacturing facility that supplies franchisees with the brand’s sauces. Its sauces and marinades are also retailed in major South African retailers, along with certain products, which are externally manufactured under licence, such as frozen ribs and burger patties.
Panarottis Pizza Pasta
The company also owns the Panarottis pizza and pasta restaurant chain. This chain was started in 1990 and has 84 outlets. In addition, the Spur Group purchased a 60% shareholding in John Dory’s Fish and Grill in 2004. John Dory's is a KwaZulu-Natal-based franchise with 54 outlets.
Controversies
2017 racist incident
In March 2017, a racially charged incident occurred between two customers in a South African Spur Steak Ranch restaurant when a black African family got into an expletive-filled argument with a white Afrikaner family, after the black child reportedly hit the white child. The restaurant banned the white family, but not the black family. White Afrikaners criticised and ultimately boycotted the restaurant, which was staffed by black Africans, for siding with the black family, as well as for not doing more to break up the fight. The restaurant chain also received criticism for its slow official response, which was judged inadequate.
Native American logo
The logo of the restaurant is a Native American man wearing a war bonnet. The decor of the restaurant uses tipis, totem poles, and tomahawks. Pierre Van Tonder, the chief executive of the Spur Corporation, has claimed that the theme is a show of respect for Native Americans, referring to Native Americans as "a tribe that embodies all that is noble and lives in harmony with the land and the universe." While the restaurant is popular among South Africans, the use of Native American stereotypes is considered racist by many Native Americans. Johnnie Jae (Otoe–Missouria / Choctaw), a board member of Not Your Mascots, has described the restaurant's logo as a "dehumanizing caricature of Native men" that "represents the colonial mindset that our imagery, identities, culture, and spirituality as Native people can be redefined, exploited, misappropriated and commercialized..."
See also
References
External links
Official website
Spur Corporation
Restaurants established in 1967
Companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange
Food and drink companies based in Cape Town
Restaurant franchises
Restaurant chains in South Africa
Steakhouses
1967 establishments in South Africa
Restaurants in South Africa
Newlands, Cape Town
Native American cultural appropriation
Stereotypes of Native American people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur%20Steak%20Ranches |
Haplogroup C is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup, defined by UEPs M130/RPS4Y711, P184, P255, and P260, which are all SNP mutations. It is one of two primary branches of Haplogroup CF alongside Haplogroup F. Haplogroup C is found in ancient populations on every continent except Africa and is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among males belonging to many peoples indigenous to East Asia, Central Asia, Siberia, North America and Australia as well as a some populations in Europe, the Levant, and later Japan. The haplogroup is also found with moderate to low frequency among many present-day populations of Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Southwest Asia.
In addition to the basal paragroup C*, this haplogroup now has two major branches: C1 (F3393/Z1426; previously CxC3, i.e. old C1, old C2, old C4, old C5 and old C6) and C2 (M217; the former C3).
Origins
Haplogroup C-M130 likely originates from an exodus of modern humans out of Africa, which spread east from Southwest Asia and gradually colonized South Asia, East Asia and Oceania. Research is divided as to how this migration took place; most studies support a Northern Route through Siberia while others support a Southern Route hypothesis, in which the carriers of haplogroup C migrated along the coasts of India and Southeast Asia to get to China.
Haplogroup C-M130 seems to have come into existence shortly after SNP mutation M168 occurred for the first time, bringing the modern Haplogroup CT into existence, from which Haplogroup CF, and in turn Haplogroup C, derived. This was probably at least 60,000 years ago.
Haplogroup C-M130 attains its highest frequencies among the indigenous populations of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Russian Far East, Polynesia, certain groups of Australia, and at moderate frequency in Korea and Manchu people. It is therefore hypothesized that Haplogroup C-M130 either originated or underwent its longest period of evolution in the greater Central Asian region or in Southeast Asian regions. Its expansion in East Asia is suggested to have started approximately 40,000 years ago.
Males carrying C-M130 are believed to have migrated to the Americas some 6,000-8,000 years ago, and was carried by Na-Dené-speaking peoples into the northwest Pacific coast of North America.
Asia is also the area in which Haplogroup D-M174 is concentrated. However, D-M174 is more closely related to haplogroup E than to C-M130 and the geographical distributions of Haplogroups C-M130 and D-M174 are entirely and utterly different, with various subtypes of Haplogroup C-M130 being found at high frequency amongst modern Kazakhs and Mongolians as well as in some Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Manchurians. It is also found at a medium frequency in Koreans, indigenous inhabitants of the Russian Far East, certain Aboriginal Australians groups and at moderate frequencies elsewhere throughout Asia and Oceania. Carriers of Haplogroup C among the later Jōmon people of Japan and certain Paleolithic and Neolithic Europeans carried C1a, C1b, and C1a2. Whereas Haplogroup D is found at high frequencies only amongst Tibetans, Japanese peoples, and Andaman Islanders, and has been found neither in India nor among the aboriginal inhabitants of the Americas or Oceania.
According to Sakitani et al., haplogroup C-M130 originated in Central Asia and spread from there into other parts of Eurasia and into parts of Australia. It is suggested that C-M130 was found in Eastern Eurasian hunter gatherers as well as in ancient samples of East and Southeast Asia and Europe.
Structure
C* (M130/Page51/RPS4Y711, M216)
C1 (F3393)
C1a (CTS11043)
C1a1 (M8)
C1a1a (P121)
C1a1a1 (CTS9336)
C1a1a1a (CTS6678) Japan, South Korea (Seoul)
C1a1a1b (Z1356) Japan
C1a1a2 (Z45460) China (Liaoning)
C1a2 (previously C6) - (V20)
C1a2a (V182)
C1a2a1 (V222)
C1a2a2 (Z29329)
C1a2b (Z38888) Ukraine
C1b (F1370)
C1b1 (K281)
C1b1a (B66/Z16458)
C1b1a1 (previously C5) - (M356)
C1b1a2 (B65)
C1b2 (B477/Z31885)
C1b2a (previously C2) - (M38)
C1b2a1 (M208)
C1b2a1a (P33)
C1b2a1b (P54)
C1b2b (previously C4) - (M347)
C1b2b1 (M210)
C2 (previously C3) - (M217)
C2a (M93)
C2b (L1373/F1396)
C2b1
C2b1a
C2b1a1
C2b1a1a (P39)
C2b1a2 (previously C3c) - (M48)
C2c (C-F1067)
C2c1 (F2613/Z1338)
C2c1a (Z1300)
C2c1a1
C2c1a1a
C2c1a1a1 (M407)
Other, untaxonomised subclades:
C-P343: outside C1a1 (M8), C1b2a (M38), C1b1a1 (previously C5; M356), C1b2b (previously C4; M347), and C2 (ex-C3; M217), but its relation to other branches is not yet tested.
C-P55: outside C1b2a (M38), but its relation to other branches has not yet been verified, and;
(The above phylogenetic structure of haplogroup C-M130 subclades is based on the ISOGG 2015 tree, YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.)
Distribution
The distribution of Haplogroup C-M130 is generally limited to populations of Siberia, parts of East Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. Due to the tremendous age of Haplogroup C, numerous secondary mutations have had time to accumulate, and many regionally important subbranches of Haplogroup C-M130 have been identified.
Up to 46% of Aboriginal Australian males carried either basal C* (C-M130*), C1b2b* (C-M347*) or C1b2b1 (C-M210), before contact with and significant immigration by Europeans, according to a 2015 study by Nagle et al. That is, 20.0% of the Y-chromosomes of 657 modern individuals, before 56% of those samples were excluded as "non-indigenous". C-M130* was apparently carried by up to 2.7% of Aboriginal males before colonisation; 43% carried C-M347, which has not been found outside Australia. The other haplogroups of Aboriginal Australians is similar to Papuans and other Negritos (Haplogroup S-M230 and M-P256).
Low levels of C-M130* are carried by males:
from the Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, and;
in Europe among males with the surname Llach originating from Garrotxa, Catalonia, Spain (but not males with the same surname from other areas).
Basal C1a* (CTS11043) was found in an Upper Paleolithic Europeans (Aurignacians), GoyetQ116-1 and Pestera Muerii2.
C1b was identified in prehistoric remains, dating from 34,000 years BP, found in Russia and known as "Kostenki 14".
Haplogroup C2 (M217) – the most numerous and widely dispersed C lineage – was once believed to have originated in Central Asia, spread from there into Northern Asia and the Americas while other theory it originated from East Asia. C-M217 stretches longitudinally from Central Europe and Turkey, to the Wayuu people of Colombia and Venezuela, and latitudinally from the Athabaskan peoples of Alaska to Vietnam to the Malay Archipelago. Found at low concentrations in Eastern Europe, where it may be a legacy of the invasions/migrations of the Huns, Turks and/or Mongols during the Middle Ages. Found at especially high frequencies in Buryats, Daurs, Hazaras, Itelmens, Kalmyks, Koryaks, Manchus, Mongolians, Oroqens, and Sibes, with a moderate distribution among other Tungusic peoples, Koreans, Ainus, Nivkhs, Altaians, Tuvinians, Uzbeks, Han Chinese, Tujia, Hani, and Hui. The highest frequencies of Haplogroup C-M217 are found among the populations of Mongolia and Far East Russia, where it is the modal haplogroup. Haplogroup C-M217 is the only variety of Haplogroup C-M130 to be found among Native Americans, among whom it reaches its highest frequency in Na-Dené populations.
Other subclades are specific to certain populations, within a restricted geographical range; even where these other branches are found, they tend to appear as a very low-frequency, minor component of the palette of Y-chromosome diversity within those territories:
C-M8 (C1a1), is now found regularly only with low frequency (approximately 5%; range 3.3% — 10% of all samples) in Japan. It also has been found in an academic study in one individual on Jeju Island and in commercial testing in one individual who has reported an origin in Liaoning province of China and one individual who has reported an origin in Seoul. The ancient Jōmon people had a frequency of about 30% of C1a1.
C-V20 (C1a2; previously C6) is found at low frequencies amongst Europeans. The 7,000-year-old remains of a hunter-gatherer from La Braña (modern Asturias, Spain) carried it, and C1a2 was also present in Hungary at around the same time. In 2016, a 35,000-year-old remains of a hunter gatherer from the Goyet Caves (Namur, Belgium) and a 30,000-year-old remains of a hunter gatherer from Dolni Vestonice (Vestonice16, Moravia, Czech Republic) were found with this haplogroup.
C-B66/Z16458 (C1b1a) is found at low frequencies in South Asia, Central Asia, and Southwest Asia.
C-M356 (C1b1a1; previously C5) has been detected with low frequency in samples from India, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Arabia, and northern China.
C-M38 (C1b2a; previously C2), among some local populations within Indonesia, Melanesia (especially New Guinea), Micronesia, and some islands of Polynesia, C-M38 has become the modal haplogroup, probably due to severe founder effects and genetic drift.
C-P33 (C1b2a1a): found at high frequencies among Polynesian males.
C-P55 (C1b3) is found at low frequency in the New Guinea Highlands.
C-M93 (C2a) is found sporadically in Japanese people.
C-L1373/F1396 (C2b) has been identified in Central Asia.
C-P39 (C2b1a1a) is found among several indigenous peoples of North America, including some Na-Dené-, Algonquian- and Siouan-speaking populations.
C-M48 (C2b1b; previously C3c) is found at high frequencies in northern Tungusic peoples, Kazakhs, Oirats, Kalmyks, Mongolians, Yukaghirs, Nivkhs, Koryaks, Itelmens, and Udegeys, with a moderate distribution among southern Tungusic peoples, Buryats, Tuvinians, Yakuts, Chukchi, Kyrgyz, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, and Tajiks.
C-P53.1 (C2c) is borne by about 10% of Xinjiang Sibe males, with low frequency in Mongolia and among Evenks, Ningxia Hui, Xizang Tibetan, Xinjiang Uyghur, and Gansu Han.
C-F2613/Z1338 (C2e): both Central Asia and East Asia.
C-M407 (C2e1a1a) has been found with high frequency among Barghuts, Buryats, Soyots, and Khamnigans, moderate frequency among other Mongols and Kalmyks, and low frequency in Armenian, Bai, Cambodian, Evenk, Han Chinese, Japanese, Kazakh, Korean, Manchu, Teleut, Tujia, Tuvinian, Uyghur, and Yakut populations.
C-P343 occurs at a high frequency among males from Lembata (17.4% of 92 samples), with lower frequencies in Flores, Pantar, and Timor. P343 is outside C1a1 (M8), C1b2a (M38), C2 (ex-C3; M217), C1b2b (previously C4; M347), or C1b1a1 (previously C5; M356), but its relation to other branches is not yet tested.
Unspecified instances of C-M130, which possibly may belong to one of the above subclades, include:
Kayser et al. (2006) found C-M130(xM38, 390.1del, M217) in 10.3% (4/39) of a sample of ethnic minority groups from the Philippines, 10.0% (6/60) of a sample from Arnhem Land, 6.5% (2/31) of a sample from Nusa Tenggara, 5.3% (3/57) of a sample from Sumatra, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from the Papua New Guinea coast, 2.9% (1/34) of a sample from the Moluccas, 1.9% (1/53) of a sample from Java, and 0.9% (1/107) of a sample from Fiji.
C-RPS4Y (now C-RPS4Y711) (xM38) Y-DNA is quite common among populations of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara and independent East Timor: 13/31 = 41.9% Lembata, 16/71 = 22.5% Flores, 5/43 = 11.6% Solor, 10/96 = 10.4% Adonara, 3/39 = 7.7% East Timor, 1/26 = 3.8% Alor, 1/38 = 2.6% Pantar. All C-RPS4Y(xM38) individuals except the singleton from Alor were described as Austronesian speakers.
C-RPS4Y (now C-RPS4Y711) (xM38, M217) Y-DNA occurs, according to a study published in 2010, at rather high frequencies in most populations of central Indonesia (115/394 = 29.2% Flores, 21/92 = 22.8% Lembata, 19/86 = 22.1% Borneo, 6/54 = 11.1% Mandar, 1/9 = 11.1% Timor, but only 1/350 = 0.3% Sumba). C-RPS4Y(xM38, M217) Y-DNA generally becomes rare toward the west (2/61 = 3.3% Java, 1/32 = 3.1% Malaysia, 9/641 = 1.4% Balinese, 0/38 Batak Toba, 0/60 Nias, but 10/74 = 13.5% Mentawai) and toward the east (1/28 = 3.6% Alor, 0/30 Moluccas, 1/15 = 6.7% PNG Coast, 0/33 PNG Highland, 0/10 Nasioi, 0/44 Maewo (Vanuatu), 1/16 = 6.3% Micronesia, 0/64 Polynesia).
C-RPS4Y711(xM8, M217) Y-DNA has been found in 17% (6/35) of a sample of Yao from Bama, Guangxi in south-central China, 4/35 = 11% of a sample of Hui and 2/70 = 3% of a pair of samples of Uyghur from northwestern China, and 3/45 = 7% of a sample of Hezhe and 1/26 = 4% of a sample of Ewenki from northeastern China.
C-RPS4Y711(xM8, M38, M217) has been found in 48.5% (16/33) of a sample of indigenous Australians, 20% (12/60) of a sample of Yao, 6.1% (3/49) of a sample of Tujia, 5.9% (1/17) of a sample of Micronesians, 5.5% (3/55) of a sample of eastern Indonesians, 4.0% (1/25) of a sample of western Indonesians, 3.3% (3/91) of a sample of Sri Lankans, 3.1% (1/32) of a sample of Malays, 2.5% (10/405) of a sample of Indians, 2.2% (1/46) of a sample of Papua New Guineans, 1.7% (1/58) of a sample of Miao, and 1.5% (1/67) of a sample of Uyghurs.
Zhong et al. (2010) have found C-M130(xM8, M38, M217, M347, M356, P55) Y-DNA in 9.09% (1/11) of a sample of Mulao from Guangxi, 8.20% (5/61) of a sample of Hui from Ningxia, 7.96% (9/113) of a sample of Yao from Guangxi, 7.69% (2/26) of a sample of Tujia from Hubei, 6.90% (2/29) of a sample of Shui from Guizhou, 3.28% (2/61) of a sample of Xibe from Xinjiang, 1.45% (1/69) of a sample of Zhuang from Guangxi, 0.92% (1/109) of a sample of Buyi from Guizhou, 0.87% (2/231) of a sample of Han from Guizhou, and 0.74% (1/136) of a sample of Han from Yunnan. A majority of these individuals share an identical 8-loci Y-STR haplotype: DYS19=15, DYS389I=12, DYS389b=16, DYS388=13, DYS390=21, DYS391=10, DYS392=11, DYS393=12.
Di Cristofaro et al. (2013) have found C-M130(xC2-PK2/M386, C1b1a1-M356) in 1.9% (1/53) of a sample of Pashtun from Kunduz, Afghanistan and in 1.4% (1/69) of a sample of Hazara from Bamiyan, Afghanistan.
Wang et al. (2014) have found C-M130(xM105, M38, M217, M347, M356) in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample of Horpa Qiang from Danba County of Sichuan, China and in 2.2% (1/46) of a sample of Khams Tibetans from Xinlong County of Sichuan, China. The Y-STR haplotypes of these two individuals match the modal C* haplotype from the study by Zhong et al. (2010) at every comparable locus.
"C-M216", an SNP that is now regarded as synonymous with C-M130 – (xM8, M38, M217, M210, M356) have been found in 3.9% (3/77) of a sample of the general population of Kathmandu, Nepal. Other examples of C-M216 have been reported among Mongol and Turkic peoples, including the: Jalairs, Kazakhs, Merkits, Jochids and Uzbeks;
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Notable members
One particular haplotype within Haplogroup C-M217 has received a great deal of attention for the possibility that it may represent direct patrilineal descent from Genghis Khan.
A research paper published in 2017 - "Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty" confirmed that the Aisin Gioro clan belongs to haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951, a brother branch of C3*-Star Cluster (currently named as C3b1a3a1-F3796, once linked to Genghis Khan).
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA C Subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
References
Sources for conversion tables
External links
C3-M217 FTDNA
Spread of Haplogroup C, from National Geographic
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/mintamil/k1GofGgPfXY
C-M130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20C-M130 |
John Oscar Dickshot (born John Oscar Dicksus, January 24, 1910 – November 4, 1997), nicknamed "Ugly" Johnny Dickshot, was an American professional baseball left fielder. He played in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates, the New York Giants, and the Chicago White Sox. His professional career, including the seasons he spent in Minor League Baseball, ran from 1930 to 1947. He received the nickname "Ugly" because he proclaimed himself to be "the ugliest man in baseball" during his career.
From Waukegan, Illinois, Dickshot began playing as a semi-professional and in the minor leagues in the early 1930s. He was scouted and signed by the Pirates in 1934, and they promoted him to the major leagues in 1936. The Pirates gave Dickshot a significant role in 1937, but played him sparingly in 1938. A strong season in the minor leagues in 1939 earned him a brief trial with the Giants. Dickshot played in the minor leagues until the White Sox acquired him for the 1944 and 1945 seasons. He returned to the minor leagues in 1946 and his career ended in 1947.
Early life
John Oscar Dicksus was born in Waukegan, Illinois, on January 24, 1910. He was of German and Lithuanian heritage. His father worked as a foreman in a local steel mill, where the timekeepers misheard his last name, registering him as "Dickshot". The family adopted it as their new surname. He had a sister, Martha, who also played baseball in Waukegan.
When he was young, Dickshot's skull was fractured by older children throwing bottles in his backyard; he lost consciousness for three days and doctors inserted a metal plate in his head. During his youth, Dickshot worked a number of jobs, starting with delivering newspapers when he was in grammar school. He also worked in the steel mill with his father, and spent some of his free time watching the Chicago Cubs play at Wrigley Field.
Dickshot attended Waukegan High School. He did not participate in sports until his senior year, as his father had insisted until then that he should work after school. As a senior, he lettered in baseball, football, basketball, and swimming. In football, Dickshot was named All-State as a halfback. He graduated from high school in 1928.
Career
Early career (1930–1935)
Dickshot began playing professional baseball in 1930 with the Dubuque Tigers of the Class D Mississippi Valley League. He had a .309 batting average in 19 games played with Dubuque. He did not play professionally in 1931, staying in Waukegan to work for his family in the steel mill during the Great Depression as his father had fallen ill. He played semi-professional baseball locally in 1931, and Nick Keller, the Illinois State Representative from Waukegan who also coached the team, scouted Dickshot for the Milwaukee Brewers of the Class AA American Association. The Brewers signed Dickshot to a contract in September 1931, and Dickshot attended spring training with the Brewers in 1932. The Brewers assigned him to the Fort Smith Twins of the Class C Western Association. In July, the Twins relocated to Muskogee, Oklahoma, as the Muskogee Chiefs, and a week later, the Brewers reassigned Dickshot to the Rock Island Islanders of the Mississippi Valley League. Dickshot batted .262 with 11 stolen bases in 71 games for Fort Smith / Muskogee, and batted .264 with 34 stolen bases in 66 games for Rock Island.
Milwaukee exercised its option on Dickshot after the 1932 season, and assigned him to the San Antonio Missions of the Class A Texas League at the start of the 1933 season. Though he was batting .397, the Missions released him in late April to make room on their roster for Larry Bettencourt, and he signed with the Fort Worth Cats of the Texas League. The Cats sent Dickshot to the Waco Bruins of the Class C Dixie League in late-May, but Dickshot refused to report to Waco. He returned to Waukeagan, where he played semi-professional baseball.
A free agent heading into the 1934 season, Dickshot signed with Rock Island, now in the Class A Western League. At the end of May, Dickshot was released by Rock Island, and he signed with Cedar Rapids Raiders, also of the Western League. He batted .343 with 16 home runs and 20 stolen bases for Rock Island and Cedar Rapids. While he played for Cedar Rapids, a scout for the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball's National League noticed Dickshot, and signed him. Cedar Rapids sold Dickshot to the Little Rock Travelers of the Class A Southern Association for the 1935 season, and he batted .309 for Little Rock. The Pirates recalled Dickshot to their roster after the 1935 season.
Pittsburgh Pirates (1936–1938)
Dickshot made the Pirates' Opening Day roster for the 1936 season as a reserve outfielder, as Lloyd Waner was recovering from pneumonia. He made his major league debut as a pinch hitter on April 16, and batted 2-for-9 (.222) in nine games for the Pirates. With a May 15 deadline to reduce their roster size, Pittsburgh demoted Dickshot to the Buffalo Bisons of the International League. Dickshot batted .365 for the Bisons, the third-highest average in the league behind only Phil Weintraub and Smead Jolley, and led the International League in stolen bases with 35. After the Bisons won the league's championship, the Pirates promoted Dickshot back to the major leagues. He did not appear in another game for Pittsburgh during the 1936 season.
In spring training with the Pirates in 1937, Dickshot competed with Woody Jensen to be the starting left fielder, and Pie Traynor, the Pirates' manager, chose Dickshot over Jensen. Traynor wanted Dickshot, who was right-handed, in the lineup for balance, as Jensen, Lloyd and Paul Waner, Gus Suhr, and Arky Vaughan all were left-handed batters. Dickshot struggled early in the season and was benched after he dropped a fly ball that cost the Pirates the game on May 23. He was put back in the lineup in late June. Dickshot collided with Vaughan, the shortstop, in a game in July, resulting in Vaughan tearing cartilage in his knee. When Vaughan returned to the Pirates lineup in August, he replaced Dickshot in left field. Dickshot batted .254 with three home runs, but no stolen bases, in 84 games. His .950 fielding percentage was the third-lowest in the National League, ahead of Chuck Klein and Johnny Moore.
After Dickshot's disappointing 1937 season, the Pirates acquired Johnny Rizzo to compete with Dickshot for playing time in left field. Dickshot played sparingly for Pittsburgh in 1938, batting .229 in 29 games, with three stolen bases and no home runs. After the 1938 season, the Pirates traded Dickshot and Al Todd with $30,000 to the Boston Bees for Ray Mueller.
New York Giants and minors (1939–1943)
The Bees gave Dickshot the opportunity to compete to be their starting center fielder in spring training. However, Johnny Cooney, Max West, and Debs Garms, the Bees starting outfielders in the 1938 season, returned for the 1939 season, and the Bees also acquired Al Simmons and Jimmy Outlaw during the offseason. Before the 1939 season began, Dickshot went unclaimed in waivers and the Bees sold him to the Jersey City Giants of the International League.
With Jersey City in 1939, Dickshot won the International League batting championship with a .355 average, and also led the league with 16 triples. He finished in third place in balloting for the International League Most Valuable Player Award, behind Mickey Witek and Estel Crabtree. The New York Giants promoted Dickshot to the major leagues before the end of the 1939 season, and he batted .235 in 10 games for the Giants. The Giants invited Dickshot to spring training in 1940, and he competed with Jo-Jo Moore for playing time. The Giants returned Dickshot to Jersey City for the 1940 season, and he batted .290 for Jersey City that year.
After the 1940 season, the Giants sold Dickshot and Roy Joiner to the Hollywood Stars of the Pacific Coast League (PCL) for $15,000 and the rights to Joe Hoover. Dickshot batted .298 in 1941, and batted .302 in 1942. During the 1943 season, Dickshot had a 33-game hitting streak, which earned him the Helms Athletic Foundation Athlete of the Month Award for May 1943. He finished the season with a .356 batting average, two percentage points behind Andy Pafko for the PCL batting championship. He also finished second to Pafko in the PCL Most Valuable Player Award balloting. Dickshot attributed his success in 1943 to losing during the previous offseason.
Chicago White Sox and later career (1944–1947)
In September 1943, the Chicago White Sox purchased him from Hollywood for $1,500 on a conditional contract for the 1944 season; Chicago would return Dickshot to Hollywood by May 1944 if he did not make the team. Dickshot had been classified as 4-F by the Selective Service System, ruling him ineligible for military service, due to the metal plate in his head. With outfielder Thurman Tucker set to join the United States Navy, and fellow outfielders Wally Moses and Guy Curtright eligible to be drafted, the White Sox added Dickshot, Hal Trosky, and Grey Clarke to add power hitting.
Dickshot had a .253 batting average with two stolen bases and no home runs in 62 games for the White Sox in 1944. The next season, Dickshot batted .302 with 18 stolen bases in 130 games; he also tied Curtright for the team lead with four home runs. His batting average was the third-best in the American League, behind Snuffy Stirnweiss and Tony Cuccinello. However, with major leaguers returning from military service at the end of World War II, the White Sox sold Dickshot back to Hollywood after the season, as they were reportedly looking for outfielders with better defensive skills.
With Hollywood in 1946, Dickshot batted .214 while playing in a reserve role. Hollywood sold him to Milwaukee in May 1946. Dickshot competed for the American Association batting championship with Milwaukee, and finished the season in fifth place with a .326 average. Dickshot played for Milwaukee in 1947. He batted .253 in 37 games, until they released him in June.
"Ugliest man in baseball"
Dickshot often referred to himself as the "ugliest man in baseball" during his career. According to one story told about him, a fan in Little Rock asked to shake Dickshot's hand and approach the stands with him, telling him "I want my wife to see you, so she'll appreciate me". Dickshot had a sense of humor about this, once saying: "Don't mind my looks; I've got personality". When people joked about his looks while he was with the Giants, Dickshot said, "Boys, I'm like a mountain, big, rugged and in my way – beautiful!"
Choosing the "All-Ugly Team" for each league was an annual tradition in minor league baseball, and Dickshot was named to the Southern Association's All-Ugly team in 1935. The next year, Dickshot named the members of the International League's "All-Ugly" team; he chose himself as the left fielder and team captain. When he played for Pittsburgh, the media began to call him "The Ugly Duckling". Mike Ryba named Dickshot to the International League's "All-Ugly" team in 1939. Dickshot continued the tradition in the PCL in 1941 and 1943.
Personal life
Dickshot married Julie (née Kuzmickus) of Waukegan on October 12, 1936. They had one son and four daughters. During the baseball offseasons, Dickshot continued to work in the steel mill in Waukegan. After his retirement, Dickshot operated a tavern in Waukegan called Dickshot's Dugout and organized slowpitch exhibitions.
Dickshot died in his home on November 4, 1997.
Notes
References
External links
Johnny Dickshot Photographs and Tribute Page
1910 births
1997 deaths
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Cedar Rapids Raiders players
Chicago White Sox players
Dubuque Tigers players
Fort Worth Cats players
Hollywood Stars players
Jersey City Giants players
Little Rock Travelers players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Muskogee Chiefs players
New York Giants (NL) players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Rock Island Islanders players
San Antonio Missions players
Sportspeople from Waukegan, Illinois
Baseball players from Lake County, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Dickshot |
Today, the museums of Uzbekistan store over two million artifacts, evidence of the unique historical, cultural, and spiritual life of the Central Asian peoples that have lived in the region.
The Statistical Internet Survey conducted between May 7 and August 27, 2008, found that the majority of those surveyed (39%) visit Uzbekistan due to their fascination with its architectural and historical sites. The next-largest group (24%) visited Uzbekistan to observe its culture, way of life, and customs.
Tourist activities in Uzbekistan range from outdoor activities, such as rock-climbing, to exploration of its rich archeological and religious history.
In 2019, 6.75 million tourists visited Uzbekistan. The industry earned a total of $1.68 billion. The tourism industry has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with both tourist numbers and revenue dropping heavily. Each autumn, the Uzbek travel industry holds an International Tourism Fair.
Uzbekistan is located on the Great Silk Road and many neighboring countries (including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan) promote their countries based on their location along the Great Silk Road.
The World Tourism Organization's Silk Road Office was opened in 2004 in Samarkand. This office was commissioned to coordinate the efforts of international organisations and national tourism offices of countries located on the Silk Road. Uzbekistan is a member of The Region Initiative (TRI), which is an umbrella organization for tourism-related entities across three regions. TRI functions as a link between three regions----South Asia, Central Asia, Caucasus and Eastern Europe which is also by Armenia, Bangladesh, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Tajikistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Turkey and Ukraine.
Visitors by countries
Visitors arriving to Uzbekistan were from the following countries of nationality:
Mountaineering, hiking and rock-climbing
The southeast portion of the country contains the western ends of the Tien Shan mountains. The mountains contain active forms of tourism such as mountaineering and rock climbing. Most well known for its ease of access from Tashkent is the Greater Chimgan Peak (3,309 m) of the Chatkal Range. This place serves as a starting point for many routes of hiking, climbing, horse riding, mountain skiing, and hang-gliding. Uzbekistan boasts multiple ski and mountain resorts, including Chimgan, which was constructed during the Soviet era, and a newer one called Amirsoy that opened in 2019. Both resorts are open for visitors to enjoy during seasons other than winter.
Architectural and historical sights
Samarkand with its Registan, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, Gur-Emir and Shah-i-Zinda, Bukhara with its Po-i-Kalyan Complex, Ark citadel, Samanid Mausoleum and Lyabi Khauz Ensemble, and Khiva with its intact inner city, Ichan Kala, mosques, madrasahs, minarets, walls, and gates, are sites of tourism.
The historical center of Samarkand is a World Heritage Site. Samarkand is home to numerous one-of-a-kind cultural and architectural landmarks that are preserved as exemplary works of Islamic art and architecture. The necropolis of Shah-i-Zinda is a popular tourist attraction. It underwent a controversial restoration in 2005 which replaced much of the aging terracotta and mosaic façade. The general conference of UNESCO accepted the decision of inclusion in the list of anniversaries celebrating the 2750th anniversary of Samarkand.
Tashkent contains sights as Mauso the leum of Sheikh Zaynudin Bobo and the Sheihantaur or Mausoleum of Zangiata.
Tourism in Khorezm Province and Karakalpakstan
Ancient Khiva is one of the three most important tourism centers in Uzbekistan, with historical, cultural, and ethnographic potential. The territory of the Khorezm Province and Karakalpakstan is strewn with natural, historic, architectural, and archaeological sites. The Khorezm Province itself possesses nearly 300 historic monuments.
In the last few years, the tourism potential of the region has improved with some new facilities and attractions. One of them is the Savitsky Museum in the town of Nukus, which houses a collection of works of avant-garde art. The museum also has regional collection. A number of "ecological tours" are organized to the ship cemetery located in Mthe uynak area along what was once the coastline of the Aral Sea.
In 2005, Khorezm was visited by 43,000 tourists, of whom 19,700 were foreigners. The majority of them came from countries such as France, Germany, Israel, Great Britain, Australia ,and Japan. The visitors of Khiva were mostly at the age of 50-70 (46%); about 21% of tourists were of the age 30–40. 32% of the visitors to Khorezm were independent travelers who received visa support from local travel agencies.
After the modernization of the airport at Urgench, it received international status. Now it corresponds to the first category of ICAO.
Wildlife areas in the desert and other attractions on nomadic ways
The desert fauna of Kyzyl Kum includes many kinds of rare animals. There is a Kyzyl Kum nature reserve at the flood-land (tugai) drained by the Amu-Darya. Another reserve (eco-centre) "Djeyran" is located 40 km to the south of Bukhara.
The region of the Aydar Lake has the potential for fishing, yurting and camel-back riding tourist activities
In addition to fauna common for Kyzyl Kum there are many kinds of water birds that migrate the Aral Sea and make their homes around the lake. Many species of fish were introduced to the Aydar Lake, which nowadays works as a source of industrial fishing.
Another point of interest is the Sarmish Gorge (Better known as Sarmishsay) located on the southern slopes of the Karatau mountain range, 30–40 km to the north-east of the city of Navoi (Kermine) in Uzbekistan. The area is famous for various ancient monuments of anthropogenic activity concentrated in an area of about 20 km2. This includes flint quarries, mines, old settlements, burial mounds, crypts and petroglyphs, including monuments of the Middle Ages, early Iron Age, Bronze Age and the Stone Age. There are over 4,000 petroglyphs still intact in Sarmishsay. Since ancient times the area has been a sacred zone, where locals performed their sacred ceremonies on holy days.
Religious tourism
Uzbekistan is a country with predominantly Islamic roots. More than 160 Muslim sacred relics are located in the country.
A large number of tourists have been visiting Uzbekistan because of their religious-based interest. Uzbekistan boasts numerous sites of significant importance to Islam, including the Mausoleum of Sheikh Zaynudin Bobo, Sheihantaur , and the Mausoleum of Zangiata in Tashkent, the BahauddinComplex in Bukhara, as well as the Bayan-Quli Khan Mausoleum, Saif ed-Din Bokharzi Mausoleum, and many other Sufism-related monuments.
Dental Tourism
Lately, many modern dental clinics were established in Uzbekistan. Prices in Uzbekistan are cheaper in comparison with Western and Russian clinics.
Gastronomic Tourism
Popular Uzbek cuisine includes the following:
Palov, the Uzbek version of pilaf - is an everyday dish as well as a dish for events like weddings, parties and holidays. Rice is the most important component of palov, along with certain spices, raisins, peas or quince which are added to give it extra flavor.
Bread is considered holy for the Uzbek people.
Soups are of special importance. Uzbek soup is rich with vegetables and seasonings and contains many carrots, turnips, onions and greens. Most popular is Uzbek Shurpa. Shurpa is a meat and vegetable soup.
Shashlyk, also known as kebabs, consists of skewered chunks of mutton barbecued over charcoal and served with sliced raw onions and non (round unleavened bread).
Samsa (meat pies) is a pastry pie stuffed with meat and onion or pumpkin, potato, cabbage, mushrooms or nuts baked in a tandyr. Tandyr is a traditional cylindrical clay oven, heated with coal. Skill is needed when placing the raw samsas or non onto the inside wall of the oven.
Lagman is a thick noodle soup with thinly sliced fried meat and vegetables.
Manty are large dumplings stuffed with finely chopped meat, seasoned with various spices and a large amount of onion, then steamed in a special pot.
Wine Tourism
Uzbekistan is not significantly relevant to the main wine-growing powers of the world, however, the country has a long history of winemaking and wine culture.
Tashkentvino kombinati is one of the oldest companies in the industry, founded in 1867 on the outskirts of Tashkent, near the shore of the channel Salar. Tashkentvino produces a range of quality spirits. Wine Factory become popular not only in Russia but also abroad. These wines, like "Red Tashkent", "Oporto", "Sultan", "Cahors" won gold and silver medals at the Moscow Polytechnic Exhibition in 1872 and at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1878.
Accessibility of the country
Most travel involves entering and leaving Uzbekistan through Tashkent, the capital city of Uzbekistan. The city is serviced by an international airport, a domestic airport, two Vokzals (railway stations), and numerous bus stations. Tashkent is serviced by Uzbekistan Airways, Korean Air, airBaltic, Asiana Airlines, Turkish Airlines, Transaero, Aeroflot, Czech airlines, Iran air, air Astana, S7 airlines Seven more airports have international status, these airports are Samarkand, Bukhara Urgench Namangan Airport, Andizhan Airport, Fergana Airport and Nukus Airport. Besides local flights and some regular international flights, almost exclusively to Russia along with occasional tourist charters to Samarkand, Bukhara, Nukus and Urgench. The tickets for domestic flights can be reserved or purchased outside of the country at Uzbekistan Airways offices or agencies or via a number of online websites. Uzbekistan Airways transported more than 1.7 million passengers in 2005.
At the end of 2005, the Tashkent airport had put in operation a new arrival hall for local airlines, with the new addition meeting modern requirements. Its technical equipment allows it to serve up to 600 passengers per day.
Photo gallery
See also
Visa policy of Uzbekistan
References
External links
The Region Initiative (TRI)
Tourism in Uzbekistan
Visum Usbekistan online beantragen
Ziyarat Tourism in Uzbekistan
Economy of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan
bn:উজবেকিস্তানের পর্যটন | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism%20in%20Uzbekistan |
Adolf of Denmark or Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp (25 January 1526 –1 October 1586) was the first Duke of Holstein-Gottorp from the line of Holstein-Gottorp of the House of Oldenburg.
He was the third son of King Frederick I of Denmark and his second wife, Sophie of Pomerania. King Frederick I had his son educated by Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse. He spent four years at the Landgrave's castle in Kassel.
In 1544, Adolf, his brother Johann, and their half-brother King Christian III of Denmark, divided the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. The areas were divided according to approximately equal tax proceeds. Adolf, as the youngest, was entitled to the first choice. Since he selected the part with the castle Gottorp, the line of the house Oldenburg created by him was called Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp.
Partition of Holstein and Schleswig
Until the Treaty of Speyer, concluded on 23 May 1544, Adolf's half-brother Christian III of Denmark ruled the entire Duchies of Holstein and Schleswig in the name of the then still minor Adolf and his brother John the Elder (Hans den Ældre). They determined their youngest brother Frederick was to have a career as Lutheran administrator. In 1551 Frederick became administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim.
In 1544, following negotiations between the elder three brothers and the nobility of the duchies, the brothers decided to partition the duchies of Holstein and Schleswig between themselves. The revenues of the duchies were divided into three equal shares by assigning the revenues of particular areas and landed estates to each of the elder brothers. Other general revenues, such as taxes from towns and customs duties, were levied together and then shared among the brothers.
The secular rule in the fiscally divided duchies was shared between the brothers. As dukes of Holstein and Schleswig the three brothers bore the formal title of "Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Ditmarsh and Stormarn". Adolf founded a cadet branch of the royal Danish House of Oldenburg called the House of Holstein-Gottorp.
John the Elder, the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev, produced no issue, so no branch emerged from his side. After his death in 1580, Adolf and his nephew Frederick II of Denmark halved John's share among themselves.
Adolf travelled, entrusting Johan Rantzau to manage his country. Adolf participated in the Diet of Augsburg where he witnessed Emperor Charles V at the high point of his power. In 1553 Adolf returned to his homeland. In 1556 Adolf succeeded his younger brother Frederick as Bishop of Schleswig.
Family and children
On 17 December 1564 he married Christine, daughter of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, and had the following children:
Frederick II (21 April 1568 – 15 June 1587).
Sophia (1 June 1569 – 14 November 1634), married on 17 February 1588 to John VII of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
Philip (10 August 1570 – 18 October 1590).
Christina (13 April 1573 – 8 December 1625), married on 27 August 1592 to King Charles IX of Sweden.
Elisabeth (11 March 1574 – 13 January 1587)
John Adolph (27 February 1575 – 31 March 1616), prince-bishop of Bremen, Lübeck, later duke of Holstein and duke of Schleswig.
Anna (27 February 1575 – 24 April 1625), married 28 January 1598 to Count Enno III of Ostfriesland.
Christian (29 May 1576 – 22 April 1577)
Agnes (20 December 1578 – 19 August 1627).
John Frederick (1 September 1579 – 3 September 1634), prince-bishop of Bremen, Lübeck and Verden.
In fiction
Duke Adolf is a character in Stefan Heym's 1981 book Ahasver (published in English as The Wandering Jew). Heym's depiction of the Duke is highly satyrical and unflattering. The Duke is shown in the midst of a night of lechery and drunkenness, charging Paul von Eitzen, Superintendent of the Lutheran church of the Gottorp share of Holstein and Schleswig, with creating "The Kingdom of God" in his duchy — i.e., imposing the newly minted Lutheran orthodoxy and persecuting "heretics" such as the Mennonites. At the same time the Duke, out of political expediency, also sends troops to help the efforts of the zealously Catholic Philip II of Spain to stamp out the Dutch Revolt conducted by the Duke's fellow Protestants.
Ancestry
Notes
References
Rolf Kuschert: Die frühe Neuzeit, in: Nordfriisk Instituut (Hrsg.) Geschichte Nordfrieslands, Heide Boyens & Co 1995.
External links
Bishops of Schleswig
Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp
Danish princes
Norwegian princes
Knights of the Garter
Holstein-Gottorp, Adolf of
Holstein-Gottorp, Adolf of
Danish Lutheran bishops
Sons of kings
16th-century Danish Lutheran clergy
16th-century Lutheran bishops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%2C%20Duke%20of%20Holstein-Gottorp |
Bill Miller (1931 – February 20, 2006) was an American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Southwest Texas State University now—Texas State University—from 1965 to 1978, compiling a record of 86–51–3. Miller was also the athletic director at Southwest Texas State from 1972 to 1992.
Biography
Miller was born in Goldthwaite, Texas in 1931 and graduated from Goldthwaite High School there in 1949. He served in the United States Navy during the Korean War before enrolling Southwest Texas State University now—Texas State University. Miller played for the Southwest Texas State Bobcats as a fullback and halfback in 1955 and 1956.
Miller coached high school football at Alice High School in Alice, Texas and Roy Miller High School in Corpus Christi, Texas before returning to Southwest Texas State as an assistant coach in 1961. He succeeded Milton Jowers as head football coach in 1965. Miller was head football coach for 14 seasons, the second longest tenure in program history and has the most wins with 86. Miller retired as athletics director at Texas State in 1992.
Head coaching record
References
1931 births
2006 deaths
American football fullbacks
American football halfbacks
Texas State Bobcats athletic directors
Texas State Bobcats football coaches
Texas State Bobcats football players
High school football coaches in Texas
United States Navy personnel of the Korean War
People from Goldthwaite, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Miller%20%28American%20football%20coach%2C%20born%201931%29 |
The Science and Rationalists' Association of India () is a rationalist group based in Kolkata, India.
History
The first Indian Rationalist Association was started in 1949 by M.S. Ramanathan along with M.N. Roy and C.N. Annadorai in Chennai.Later Bengali rationalists established an organisation called 'Bharater Yuktibadi Samity' on March 1, 1985, the international rationalists' day. Two years later, in 1987, it was renamed as 'Bharatiya Bigyan O Yuktibadi Samiti'. Prabir Ghosh, the author of the Aloukik Noy Loukik book, series is the founder secretary and Dr. Dhirendranath Gangopadhyay was the first president of this organisation. Eminent science communicators Amit Chakraborty, Aparajito Basu, Jugalkanti Ray, Shankar Chakraborty and others were also associated during its formation. In 1986, Ghosh published the first book of the Aloukik Noy Loukik series, debunking various superstitious beliefs. It received wide circulation among Bengali readers of both West Bengal and Bangladesh, and the Rationalists' Association gained popularity.
Activities
The main goal of the organisation is to advocate against pseudoscience, astrology and mysticism.
References
External links
Indian 'miracle lake' becomes pilgrim destination by "The Independent" Saturday 29 May 2010
Rationalist groups based in India
1985 establishments in West Bengal
Organizations established in 1985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20and%20Rationalists%27%20Association%20of%20India |
Azarov (; masculine) or Azarova (; feminine) is a Russian surname. Variants of this surname include Azarin/Azarina (/) and Ozarovsky/Ozarovskaya (/). It is derived from the given name Azary.
People with the last name
Mykola Azarov (b. 1947), Ukrainian politician, 14th Prime Minister of Ukraine
Nadezhda Azarova (b. 1983), Belarusian chess player
Sergei Azarov (b. 1983), Belarusian chess player
Svitlana Azarova (b. 1976), Ukrainian/Dutch composer of contemporary classical music
Tatyana Azarova (b. 1985), Kazakhstani athlete
Vasili Azarov, Russian footballer
Vladimir Azarov (b. 1994), Russian association football player
Yelena Azarova (b. 1973), Russian synchronized swimmer
Fictional characters
Shurochka Azarova, cavalry maiden in the 1962 Soviet musical Hussar Ballad
Nina Azarova, character from Netflix series The OA
Toponyms
Azarova, a village in Boshinsky Rural Administrative Okrug of Karachevsky District in Bryansk Oblast, Russia;
See also
Azarovo, several rural localities in Russia
References
Notes
Sources
Ю. А. Федосюк (Yu. A. Fedosyuk). "Русские фамилии: популярный этимологический словарь" (Russian Last Names: a Popular Etymological Dictionary). Москва, 2006.
Russian-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azarov |
Tessa Jane McCormick Virtue (born May 17, 1989) is a Canadian retired ice dancer. With ice dance partner Scott Moir, she is the 2010 and 2018 Olympic champion, the 2014 Olympic silver medallist, a three-time World champion (2010, 2012, 2017), a three-time Four Continents champion (2008, 2012, 2017), the 2016–17 Grand Prix Final champion, an eight-time Canadian National champion (2008–2010, 2012–2014, 2017–2018), the 2006 World Junior champion and the 2006 Junior Grand Prix gold medallists. Virtue and Moir are also the 2018 Olympic gold medallists in the team event and the 2014 Olympic silver medallists in the team event. Upon winning their third Olympic gold medal, they became the most decorated Canadian ice dance team of all time and the most decorated Olympic figure skaters of all time. Widely regarded as one of the greatest ice dance teams of all time, they are the only ice dancers in history to achieve a Super Slam, having won all major international competitions in their senior and junior careers. Virtue and Moir are holders of the world record score for the now-defunct original dance.
Virtue and Moir were paired in 1997, aged seven and nine. They are the 2004 Canadian junior champions and became Canada's top ice dance team in 2007. They are the 2008 World silver medallists and the 2009 World bronze medallists and became the first ice dance team to receive a 10.0 for a program component score under the new ISU Judging System. In 2010, they became the first ice dancers from North America to win an Olympic gold medal, ending the 34-year streak of the Europeans. Virtue and Moir are the youngest ice dance team ever to win an Olympic title, the first ice dancers to win a gold medal in their Olympic debut, and the first ice dance team to win Olympic gold on home ice.
Virtue and Moir continued to be one of the world's top ice dance teams after their first Olympic victory in 2010. They are the 2010 and 2012 World champions, the 2011 and 2013 World silver medallists, and the 2014 Olympic ice dance and team event silver medallists. After taking a two-season break from the sport, they returned to competition in the fall of 2016 and became the 2017 World champions, having an unprecedented undefeated season. At the 2018 Olympics, they became only the second ice dance team in history to have won two Olympic gold medals in the individual event.
Having skated together for over twenty years, Virtue and Moir are the longest-standing ice dance team in Canadian history. In 2018, Time magazine noted that "they've become especially beloved by new and returning spectators alike for their passionate performances and undeniable chemistry, on and off the ice". On September 17, 2019, Virtue and Moir announced that they are "stepping away" from the sport after 22 years as ice dancing partners. In 2020, Virtue and Moir were inducted to the Order of Canada "for their athletic excellence and for inspiring a new generation of figure skaters", and in 2023, they were inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
Personal life
Virtue was born and raised in London, Ontario, Canada. Born to Kate and Jim Virtue, she is the youngest of four children. She attended Holy Names High School in Windsor, Ontario, in addition to an electronic learning school called AMDEC based in Stratford, Ontario. She began skating at age six, having felt motivated to do so after a school field trip was set to take place at an ice arena. Two years into her partnership with Moir, a nine-year-old Virtue passed up the opportunity to enter the National Ballet School to devote herself to skating. As a child, Virtue was also trained in gymnastics, track and other sports. She studied psychology at the University of Windsor in 2007, and as of 2014 was completing her degree at the University of Western Ontario. Virtue began the Executive MBA program at Queen's University in the fall of 2020. She graduated with a Master of Applied Positive Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania in 2023.
In 2004, Virtue began living in Canton, Michigan, in the US, to train under Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva. After the 2014 Olympics, she moved back to London, Ontario. In 2016, she moved to Montreal, Quebec, where she and Moir were coached by Marie-France Dubreuil and Patrice Lauzon. Virtue and Moir have previously described themselves as being each other's "best friend". Virtue added, "It’s a special partnership. We both think the world of one another."
Virtue is engaged to Toronto Maple Leafs defenceman Morgan Rielly. According to Rielly, they met one another via a mutual friend.
Career
Early career
Virtue and Moir began skating together in 1997, at the ages of seven and nine respectively, paired together by his aunt Carol Moir, who had been coaching both of them individually. Early in their career, after departing from their first skating club in Ilderton, Ontario, Virtue and Moir trained in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, under Paul MacIntosh and Suzanne Killing. They were the pre-novice champions at the 2001 Canadian Championships.
In the 2001–02 season, Virtue and Moir won the bronze medal at the 2002 Canadian Championships at the novice level. The following season, they placed 7th at the 2003 Canadian Championships in the junior division.
2003–04 season: Junior Grand Prix debut
In 2003–04, Virtue and Moir made their ISU Junior Grand Prix debut on the 2003–04 ISU Junior Grand Prix. They placed 4th at the event in Croatia and 6th in Slovakia. At the 2004 Canadian Championships, they won the Junior title, qualifying them for the team to the 2004 World Junior Championships, where they placed 11th. Over the summer of 2004, Virtue and Moir moved to Canton, Michigan, and began working with Russian coaches Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva at the Arctic Edge Ice Arena.
2004–05 season
For the 2004-05 season, Virtue and Moir moved up to the national senior level but remained juniors internationally. On the 2004–05 ISU Junior Grand Prix, they won their event in China and won the silver medal at the event in France, which qualified them for their first Junior Grand Prix Final, where they won the silver medal. They made their senior national debut at the 2005 Canadian Championships and placed fourth. They were named to the team to the 2005 World Junior Championships, where they won the silver medal.
2005–06 season: Junior Grand Prix and World Junior titles
Virtue and Moir remained at the junior level internationally in the 2005–06 season. On the 2005–06 ISU Junior Grand Prix, they won both of their assigned events as well as the Junior Grand Prix Final.
At the 2006 Canadian Championships, Virtue and Moir placed 3rd and were named first alternates to the Olympic team. In spite of still being on the junior circuit, their placement led to them being named to the team to the 2006 Four Continents, their first international senior competition, where they won the bronze medal. At the 2006 World Junior Championships, they became the first Canadian ice dance team to win the title. As of this season, having gone undefeated in the international junior circuit, Virtue and Moir are the most decorated junior-level Canadian ice dancers.
2006–07 season: Grand Prix debut
In the 2006–07 season, Virtue and Moir competed solely on the senior level. They made their Grand Prix debut at the 2006 Skate Canada International, where they won the silver medal. They placed 4th at the 2006 Trophée Éric Bompard.
At the 2007 Canadian Championships, Virtue and Moir won the silver medal, and repeated their bronze medal finish at Four Continents. Their debut at the World Championships was the highest debut by any team in over two decades when they placed 6th.
2007–08 season: Four Continents title and World silver
Virtue and Moir were assigned to Skate Canada International and the NHK Trophy for the 2007–08 Grand Prix season. They won the 2007 Skate Canada International and placed second at the 2007 NHK Trophy, qualifying them for the Grand Prix Final, where they came in fourth place.
Virtue and Moir won their first Canadian national title at the 2008 Canadian Championships and thus earned spots for the Four Continents and World Championships. They won the gold medal at the 2008 Four Continents Championships, marking their first international victory as seniors. They were the silver medallists at the 2008 World Championships in Sweden, winning the free dance segment with their program to The Umbrellas of Cherbourg soundtrack.
2008–09 season
In the 2008–09 season, Virtue and Moir withdrew from both their Grand Prix events due to Virtue's medical condition; she had been diagnosed with chronic exertional compartment syndrome and underwent surgery in October 2008 to alleviate the condition. She returned to the ice at the start of December, which she later said was probably too early. At the 2009 Canadian Championships, their first competition of the season, they won their second back-to-back national title.
At the 2009 Four Continents Championships, Virtue and Moir finished second behind their friends and training partners, Americans Meryl Davis and Charlie White. At the 2009 World Championships, they won the bronze medal, after placing 3rd in the compulsory dance, 6th in the original dance, and 4th in the free skate.
2009–10 season: Olympic and World titles
Virtue/Moir started off the 2009–10 Olympic season at the 2009 Trophée Éric Bompard, finishing first by a margin of 16.07 points ahead of the silver medallists, Nathalie Péchalat and Fabian Bourzat. They also won the 2009 Skate Canada International with a combined score of 204.38 points, 19.31 points ahead of Péchalat/Bourzat. At that competition, they received the first 10.0 for ice dance under the ISU Judging System. They were second at the Grand Prix Final behind Davis and White.
In January 2010, Virtue and Moir won their third national title at the 2010 Canadian Championships, placing first in all three segments of the competition and earning 221.95 points overall, which was 37.25 ahead of silver medallists Vanessa Crone and Paul Poirier. They set Canadian records for free dance and for combined total.
Virtue and Moir competed in the ice dance competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics from February 19 through 22. They placed second in the compulsory dance, earning a new personal best score of 42.74 points, just 1.02 off the lead. They earned 68.41 points in the original dance, placing first in that segment of the competition. They scored 110.42 points in the free dance and won the gold medal overall with an insurmountable total score of 221.57, surpassing silver medallists Davis and White by 5.83 points. In the free dance, which they skated to Mahler's Symphony No. 5, they received four 10.00 marks from the judges in the program components, two for the performance execution and two for interpretation, a feat never before accomplished by a figure skater or team under the International Judging System. They became the first Canadian as well as the first North American ice dance team and the youngest dance team, at the ages of 20 (Virtue) and 22 (Moir), to win the Olympics, and the first ice dance team to win the Olympic gold on home ice. They were also the first ice dancers to win gold in their Olympic debut since the inaugural Olympic ice dance event in 1976.
Virtue/Moir competed at the 2010 World Championships and placed first in the compulsory dance with 44.13 points, improving their previous personal best. They also won the original dance with 70.27 points, a world record under the ISU Judging System. They placed second in the free dance with 110.03 points, 0.46 behind Davis and White. Overall they claimed their first World Championship title scoring 224.43 points, 1.40 ahead of the Americans. They received numerous 10.00 for program components marks in the original dance and in the free dance.
2010–11 season
For the 2010–11 Grand Prix season, Virtue and Moir were assigned to the 2010 Skate Canada International and to the 2010 Trophée Éric Bompard. Virtue underwent surgery in October 2010 to reduce the lingering pain in her shins and calves that is a result of chronic exertional compartment syndrome, leading to their withdrawal from the Grand Prix circuit. They also withdrew from the 2011 Canadian Championships because they did not have enough time to train after the surgery.
Virtue/Moir made their season debut at the 2011 Four Continents. They were in the lead following the short dance but withdrew midway through the free dance after Virtue felt tightness in her left quad muscle. Virtue stated, "The issue with my quad was actually coming from my pelvis and my back. [I]t seemed to be stemming from a particular lift we were doing, which was a split lift. Upon returning home to Michigan we changed that lift immediately, so now we do an upside-down position instead of a split." At the 2011 World Championships, they placed second overall by 3.48 points behind the American team of Meryl Davis and Charlie White.
Following the World Championships, Virtue experienced pain in her shins and calves. She decided against a third surgery and chose other methods to overcome the problem.
2011–12 season: Second Four Continents and World titles
Virtue/Moir were assigned to two Grand Prix events, 2011 Skate Canada and 2011 Trophée Éric Bompard, having declined a newly introduced option to compete in a third. They announced their music selections in August. The two won their first event of the season, 2011 Finlandia Trophy. They won both their Grand Prix events and qualified for the Grand Prix Final, where they finished second in both segments to win the silver medal. In late December 2011, the ISU acknowledged a scoring error in the free dance; had the scores been correctly calculated (+ 0.5 points), Virtue and Moir would have won that segment. The scores from the Grand Prix Final were left unchanged, however.
Virtue/Moir won their fourth national title in January 2012. In February, they competed at the 2012 Four Continents Championships. After a second place short dance, they rallied in the free dance to win their second Four Continents championships and first since 2008. It was also their first victory over training mates Davis/White since the 2010 World Championships. Virtue and Moir then competed at the 2012 World Championships and won the gold medal, finishing first in both segments ahead of silver medallists Davis and White.
Following Igor Shpilband's dismissal from the Arctic Edge Arena in June 2012, Virtue and Moir decided to remain at the rink with Marina Zueva and ended their collaboration with Shpilband.
2012–13 season
Virtue and Moir withdrew from the 2012 Finlandia Trophy due to a slight muscle strain in Moir's neck. They were assigned to two Grand Prix events, the 2012 Skate Canada International and the 2012 Rostelecom Cup. At Skate Canada, they won the short dance with a score of 65.09, only 0.01 points ahead of Anna Cappellini and Luca Lanotte of Italy. They went on to win the competition with a total score of 169.41, which was 9.35 points ahead of the Italians.
At the Grand Prix Final, Virtue and Moir took the silver medal behind Davis and White. They decided to modify their "The Waltz Goes On" short dance, simplifying the storyline. The two debuted the modified short dance at the 2013 Canadian Championships, earning a score of 79.04. They won their fifth national title with a combined score of 187.19 after their Carmen-themed free dance. Virtue and Moir placed first in the short dance at the 2013 Four Continents Championships. During their free dance, Virtue felt cramping in her legs and paused the performance; they resumed after about three minutes and finished second to Davis and White. Virtue and Moir also finished second to Davis and White at the 2013 World Championships in their hometown of London, Ontario.
2013–14 season: Two Olympic silver medals
Virtue/Moir started their season at the 2013 Finlandia Trophy and won the gold medal. They were assigned to two Grand Prix events for the season, the 2013 Skate Canada International and the 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard, and won both competitions. They finished with a world record score in the Grand Prix Final (190.00) that was beaten minutes later by Davis/White.
During the airing of the 2014 Canadian National Championships on TSN, where they won their sixth national title, Virtue and Moir stated that they could be retiring after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. At the Sochi games, they won silver in both the ice dance and team skate events. The second-place finish was coloured by controversy about the coaching and judging. The French sports publication L’Équipe alleged that the US and Russian judges had conspired to ensure gold for Russia in the team event and gold for Americans Davis and White in the ice dance competition. Notably, after the individual short dance event where Virtue and Moir were two points behind Davis and White, the creator of the Finnstep (required pattern dance that season), ice dancer Petri Kokko, spoke out on Twitter to support Virtue and Moir. In addition, coach Marina Zoueva's apparent conflict of interest in coaching both the first- and second-place ice dancers provoked questions about whether she had displayed favouritism to the Americans (especially after she chose to march in the opening ceremony with the US team) and had devoted less coaching time to the Canadians. Although Virtue and Moir later admitted concerns about the coaching, they also congratulated the American pair on their Olympic victory.
Virtue and Moir decided not to compete at the 2014 World Championships.
2016–17 season: Undefeated comeback season
On February 20, 2016, following a two-year break from the sport, Virtue and Moir announced on CBC's Road to the Olympic Games that they planned to return to competition for the 2016–17 figure skating season and that they had moved to Montreal, with former competitors Marie-France Dubreuil and Patrice Lauzon as their new coaches.
Their first assignment back during the 2016–17 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating season was the 2016 Skate Canada International where they won gold with a combined total score of 189.06. In November 2016, they set a new record total score of 195.84 (including a world record short dance mark of 79.47) at the 2016 NHK Trophy competition in Japan. They set the highest scores at a Grand Prix event. Two weeks later, they topped those scores, receiving 80.5 in the short dance and 197.22 total at the Grand Prix Final in Marseille, France, which they won for the first time in their career.
At the 2017 Canadian Figure Skating Championships in January, Virtue and Moir won their seventh national title with a combined score of 203.45, setting Canadian records in the short dance, free dance, and total points. At the 2017 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships in South Korea in February, they won their third title, setting a new personal best in the free dance with 117.20 points and earning 196.95 points overall.
Virtue and Moir broke their own world record short dance score at the 2017 World Championships in Helsinki. They received a score of 82.43 and had a huge 5.5-point lead over reigning champions and training partners Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron. They placed second behind Papadakis/Cizeron in the free dance with Moir tripping. Moir said, "I got back up and Tessa said a really funny joke to me, it automatically put me back on track and I just kept going." Overall they totaled 198.62 points, setting yet another world record and winning their third title as world champions. For the first time in their competitive career, Virtue/Moir were undefeated for an entire season.
2017–18 season: Two Olympic gold medals
For the 2017–2018 season, Virtue and Moir chose The Rolling Stones, the Eagles, and Santana for their short dance, and skated to the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack for their free dance. Virtue and Moir started their season at the Autumn Classic International in September. Their Grand Prix assignments were Skate Canada International and the NHK Trophy, and they won both competitions, scoring 199.86 and 198.64, respectively. At the 2017 Grand Prix Final, Virtue and Moir lost for the first time since their return to competition, finishing second to training mates and main rivals Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron of France, who had a half-point lead after the short dance.
Virtue and Moir competed at the 2018 Canadian National Championships. They debuted their revamped free dance, adding new choreography and music for a more dramatic performance. There, they captured their 8th national title with a combined score of 209.82, after having a nearly perfect short dance and getting a perfect score on the free dance. After the competition, they changed a "risque" lift in their Moulin Rouge routine that had involved Virtue's legs wrapped around Moir's head. At the Olympics, they performed the modified lift during the team event but went back to the original version for the individual ice dance event.
On January 16, they were named the Canadian flag bearers for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, marking the first time a Canadian man and woman carried the country's flag together into an Olympic opening ceremony. By placing first in both the short dance and free dance segments of the competition, Virtue and Moir won gold as part of Canada's team in the Olympic figure skating team event. This being their fourth Olympic medal, they tied the record for the most ever won by a figure skater. In the individual event, Virtue and Moir topped their own record score for the short dance, putting them into first place. They then placed second in the free dance, but their score was enough to win them their second individual Olympic title on February 20, 2018, exactly two years after announcing their competitive comeback. They also broke the world record for overall score, which had been set by Papadakis/Cizeron minutes before. This was Virtue and Moir's fifth Olympic medal, making them the most decorated Olympic figure skaters in history.
Non-competitive career
In October 2010, Virtue, Moir, and co-writer Steve Milton published a book about their career called Tessa and Scott: Our Journey from Childhood Dream to Gold. In late 2013, they filmed their TV show, Tessa and Scott, which focuses on their training for the Olympics. The show aired on W Network in January 2014.
Virtue and Moir toured with Stars on Ice in Canada and Japan in the offseason since 2010 and during their break from competition. They performed in ice shows such as Festa on Ice, Shall We Dance On Ice, and All That Skate. They also participated in Art on Ice in Switzerland and went on Gold Medal Plate auction trips multiple times.
She and Moir co-produced and skated in their own ice skating show, The Thank You Canada Tour in 2018. Following on from that success, they co-produced the Rock the Rink tour in 2019.
In 2015, Hillberg & Berk announced their collaboration with Tessa Virtue. In October of the same year, they launched Tessa Virtue collection of jewelry, which she helped design.
In 2017, BonLook announced a glasses collaboration with Virtue. The BonLook X Tessa Virtue collection was launched in January 2018.
Throughout Virtue and Moir's competitive skating career they have been sponsored by many Canadian companies; these include Visa, Air Canada, Acura West, Lindt, and General Mills. Virtue has been individually sponsored by companies including Adidas, Nivea (as its first Canadian brand advertiser), Colgate, and MAC Cosmetics.
Records and achievements
Shared with Moir.
Olympics
The most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history
The fourth most decorated Canadian Olympians ever
The first and only team to take ice dance gold in their Olympic debut
The youngest team to ever take ice dance gold at the Olympics
The first and only ice dance team to ever win Olympic gold on home ice
The first ice dance team from North America to take ice dance Olympic gold, breaking Europe's 34-year streak
The first former junior world champions to win Olympic gold in ice dance
The first figure skaters in 38 years to win three Olympic golds
The second ice dance team to win three Olympic medals in ice dance
The second ice dance team to win two individual Olympic gold medals and the first one to do it in nonconsecutive Olympics
The first duo to carry the Canadian flag at an Olympic opening ceremony
Record scores
The first ice dance team to receive a 10.0 for a program component score under the new ISU Judging System.
The first team to receive four 10.0s from the judges in any figure skating discipline (under the International Judging System)
The first team to break the 80-point mark in the short dance in an international competition (2016–17 Grand Prix Final).
Current record holders for the highest technical score in a short dance with 44.53 established at 2018 Winter Olympics
Historical record holders for the original dance
In general
The first and only ice dance team to achieve a Career Super Grand Slam under the current ISU judging system. They are the first and only ice dance team to win all major ISU championship titles including the Junior Grand Prix Series and Final, World Junior Championships, Grand Prix Series and Final, Four Continents Championships, World Championships, and Winter Olympic Games
The only ice dance team to win world championship titles and Olympic golds under both the old compulsory & original dance system and the new short/rhythm dance system
The most decorated Canadian ice dance team ever
The longest-standing ice dance team in Canadian history
The first and only Canadians to win the Junior Grand Prix Final
The first Canadians to win the Junior World Championship
The first and only ice dance team to win the World Championship and Grand Prix Final as both seniors and juniors
Three-time senior world champions
Seven-time senior world medallists
Eight-time Canadian senior ice dance champions
Ten-time Canadian senior ice dance medallists
Highest senior debut at worlds for an ice dance team
List of world record scores set by Virtue and Moir
Virtue and Moir have scored 20 world records in the course of their career. They were all achieved in the old +3/-3 GOE judging system, one in the original dance, eight in the short dance, four in the free dance, and seven in the combined total score.
Awards and honours
Virtue and Moir were inducted in London (ON) Sports Hall of Fame in 2010 after winning gold in the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver. It was a somewhat unusual decision because the guidelines for athletes to be considered for induction is retirement from their sport for a period of two years while Virtue and Moir were just at the beginning of their career. Furthermore, the induction event was moved into September that year so as not to interfere with the upcoming skating season.
Virtue and Moir were honoured as the Canadian Olympic athletes of the year by CBC in December 2017.
In early May 2018, Virtue and Moir were awarded Partnership of the Year, along with pairs skaters Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford, at the 45th Sports Québec gala.
Following 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic, Tessa Virtue was named one of the most famous female athletes in the world by ESPN. Virtue is the highest placed Canadian female athlete and second highest placed female winter sports athlete.
In December 2018, Virtue and Moir were inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in the Sports and Athletics category.
On October 23, 2019, Virtue, together with Moir, received a Doctor of Laws, honoris causa (LLD) from The University of Western Ontario at the university's 314th Convocation, where she attended briefly.
On November 27, 2020, Governor General of Canada named Virtue and Moir as Members of the Order of Canada.
In 2023 they were inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
Programs
Post-2018
Pre-2018
Competitive highlights with Moir
Detailed results
Senior level in +3/-3 GOE system after 2010
Senior level in +3/-3 GOE system until 2010
References
External links
Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir at Skate Canada
1989 births
Living people
Canadian female ice dancers
Skating people from Ontario
Sportspeople from London, Ontario
Writers from London, Ontario
People from Canton, Michigan
Sportspeople from Wayne County, Michigan
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Canada
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Season-end world number one figure skaters
Season's world number one figure skaters
Canadian autobiographers
Women autobiographers
Members of the Order of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa%20Virtue |
An oxidative enzyme is an enzyme that catalyses an oxidation reaction. Two most common types of oxidative enzymes are peroxidases, which use hydrogen peroxide, and oxidases, which use molecular oxygen. They increase the rate at which ATP is produced aerobically.
Oxidative enzymes are responsible for the browning of fruits like apples. When the surface of apples are exposed to the oxygen in the air, the oxidative enzymes like polyphenol oxidase and catechol oxidase oxidize the fruit (electrons are lost to the air). Such browning can be prevented by cooking the fruit or lowering the pH (which destroys, inactivates, or denatures the enzyme) or by preventing oxygen from getting to the surface (such as by covering the fruit).
See also
Oxidoreductase
References
Enzymes
EC 1.1.3
EC 1.11.1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative%20enzyme |
Haplogroup D1 or D-M174 is a subclade of haplogroup D-CTS3946. This male haplogroup is found primarily in East Asia, Magar-ethnic Nepal and the Andaman Islands. It is also found regularly with lower frequency in Central Asia and Mainland Southeast Asia, and, more rarely, in Europe and the Middle East.
Origins
Haplogroup D-M174 is believed to have originated in Asia some 60,000 years ago. While haplogroup D-M174, along with haplogroup E, contains the distinctive YAP polymorphism—which indicates their closer ancestry than C—no haplogroup D-M174 chromosomes have been found outside of Asia. Haplogroup D1 is also often associated with South Asian populations.
A 2017 study by Mondal et al. finds that the Riang people (a Tibeto-Burmese population) and the Andamanese share the same D clade (D1a3, also known as D1a2b) and have their closest lineages with other clades in East Asia. The Jarawa and Onge shared D1a2b with each other within the last ~7,000 years. The East Asian D1a2b diverged from the Japanese D1a2a lineage ~53,000 years ago. The authors conclude: "This strongly suggests that haplogroup D does not indicate a separate ancestry for Andamanese populations. Rather, haplogroup D was part of the standing variation carried by the Eastern OOA expansion, and later lost from most of the populations except in Andaman and partially in Japan and Tibet".
A 2020 genetic study by Hallast et al. on ancient and modern haplogroups using a phylogenetic analysis of haplogroup C, D, and FT sequences—including very rare deep-rooting lineages such as D0/D2, a divergent D lineage not belonging to D-M174—argues that the initial splits within haplogroup CT (an ancestor of DE) occurred in Africa. It also argues that phylogeographic analyses of ancient and present-day non-African Y chromosomes all point to East/Southeast Asia as the origin of all known surviving non-African male lineages (apart from recent migrants) soon after an initial 70,000–55,000-year-ago migration from Africa of basal haplogroup D and other basal Y-lineages. It argues that these lineages then rapidly expanded across Eurasia, diversified in Southeast Asia, and expanded westward around 55,000–50,000 years ago, replacing other local lineages within Eurasia; haplogroup D (as D-M174) then underwent rapid expansions within Eastern Eurasian populations and consists of five branches that formed about 45,000 years ago. The study finds that these haplogroups currently have their greatest diversity in Eastern Eurasia (East/Southeast Asia). Tibeto-Burmese populations of East and Southeast Asia were found to have the highest amount of diversity.
Overview
Haplogroup D-M174 is found today with high frequency among populations in Tibet, Magar-ethnic Nepal, northern Myanmar, Qinghai, the Japanese archipelago, and the Andaman Islands, though curiously not as much in the rest of India. The Ainu people of Japan and various Tibeto-Burmese people (such as the Tripuri people) are notable for possessing almost exclusively haplogroup D-M174 chromosomes. Haplogroup D-M174 chromosomes are also found at low to moderate frequencies among the Bai, Dai, Han, Hui, Manchu, Miao, Tujia, Xibe, Yao, and Zhuang peoples of China and among several minority populations of Sichuan and Yunnan that speak Tibeto-Burman languages and reside in close proximity to the Tibetans, such as the Jingpo, Jino, Mosuo, Naxi, Pumi, Qiang, and Yi.
Haplogroup D is also found in populations in China proper and in Korea, but with much lower frequency than in Tibet and Japan. A study published in 2011 found D-M174 in 2.49% (43/1729) of Han Chinese males, with frequencies tending to be higher than average toward the north and west of the country (8.9% of Shaanxi Han, 5.9% of Gansu Han, 4.4% of Yunnan Han, 3.7% of Guangxi Han, 3.3% of Hunan Han, and 3.2% of Sichuan Han). In another study of Han Chinese Y-DNA published in 2011, haplogroup D-M174 was observed in 1.94% (7/361) of a sample of unrelated Han Chinese male volunteers at Fudan University in Shanghai, with the origins of most of the volunteers being traced back to East China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Anhui).
In Korea, haplogroup D-M174 was observed in 3.8% (5/133) of a sample from Daejeon, 3.5% (3/85) of a sample from Seoul, 3.3% (3/90) of a sample from Jeolla, 2.4% (2/84) of a sample from Gyeongsang, 2.3% (13/573) of another sample from Seoul, 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Chungcheong, 1.1% (1/87) of a sample from Jeju, and 0.9% (1/110) of a third sample from Seoul-Gyeonggi. In other studies, haplogroup D-M174 has been observed in 6.7% (3/45) and 4.0% (3/75) of samples from Korea without any further specification of the area of sampling.
Little high-resolution data regarding the phylogenetic position of Han Chinese and Korean members of Y-DNA haplogroup D has been published, but the available data suggests that most Han Chinese members of haplogroup D should belong to clades found frequently among Tibetans (especially the D-M15 clade, also found among speakers of some Lolo-Burmese and Hmong-Mien languages), whereas most Korean members of haplogroup D should belong to the D-M55 clade, which is found frequently among Ainu, Ryukyuan, and Japanese people.
Haplogroup D Y-DNA has been found (albeit with low frequency) among modern populations of the Eurasian steppe, such as:
Southern Altaians (6/96 = 6.3% D-M174(xM15), 6/120 = 5.0% D-P47)
Kazakhs (1/54 = 1.9% D-M174, 6/1294 = 0.5% D)
Nogais (4/76 = 5.3% D-M174 Kara Nogai, 1/87 = 1.1% D-M174 Kuban Nogai)
Khalkhas (1/24 = 4.2% D-M174, 3/85 = 3.5% D-M174, 2/149 D-M15 + 2/149 D-P47 = 4/149 = 2.7% D-M174 total)
Zakhchin (2/60 = 3.3% D-M174)
Uriankhai (1/60 = 1.7% D-M174)
Kalmyks (5/426 = 1.2% D-M174)
It has also been found among linguistically similar (Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking) modern populations of the desert and oasis belt south of the steppe, such as Yugurs, Bao’an, Monguors, Uyghurs, and Uzbeks. In commercial testing, members have been found as far west as Romania in Europe and Iraq in Western Asia.
Unlike haplogroup C-M217, haplogroup D-M174 is not found in the New World; it is not present in any modern Native American (North, Central, or South) populations. While it is possible that it traveled to the New World like haplogroup C-M217, those lineages apparently became extinct.
Haplogroup D-M174 is remarkable for its rather extreme geographic differentiation, with a distinct subset of chromosomes being found exclusively in each of the populations that contains a large percentage of individuals whose Y-chromosomes belong to haplogroup D-M174: haplogroup D-M15 among Tibetans, as well as other East/Southeast Asian populations that display low frequencies of haplogroup D-M174 Y-chromosomes; haplogroup D-M55 among the various populations of the Japanese archipelago and with low frequency among Koreans; and haplogroup D-P99 among the inhabitants of Tibet and some other parts of central Eurasia (e.g. Mongolia and the Altai). D-M174* without positive-tested subclades D-M15 or D-M55 is found at high frequencies among Andaman Islanders, and recently an Andamanese subclade was found to be D-Y34637 (D1a2b). Another type (or types) of paragroup D-M174* without positive-tested subclades of D-M15, D-P47, or D-M55 is found at a very low frequency among the Turkic and Mongolic populations of Central Asia, amounting to no more than 1% in total. This apparently ancient diversification of haplogroup D-M174 suggests that it may perhaps be better characterized as a "super-haplogroup" or "macro-haplogroup".
In one study, the frequency of haplogroup D-M174 without positive-tested subclades found among Thais was 10%. Su et al. (2000) found DE-YAP/DYS287(xM15) in 11.1% (5/45) of a set of three samples from Thailand—including 20% (4/20) North Thai, 20% (1/5) So, and 0% (0/20) Northeast Thai—and in 16.7% (1/6) of a sample from Guam. Meanwhile, the authors found D-M15 in 15% of a pair of samples of Yao, including 30% (3/10) Yao Jinxiu and 0% (0/10) Yao Nandan; 14.3% (2/14) of a sample of Yi; 3.8% (1/26) of a sample of Cambodians; and 3.6% (1/28) of a sample of Zhuang. Dong et al. (2002) found DE-YAP Y-chromosomes in 12.5% (2/16) of a sample of Jingpo from Luxi City, Yunnan, 10.0% (2/20) of a sample of Dai from Luxi City, and 1.82% (1/55) of a sample of Nu from Gongshan and Fugong, Yunnan.
Distribution and subclades
The haplogroup D-M174 Y-chromosomes that are found among Tibeto-Burman populations as well as people of the Japanese archipelago belong to haplogroup D1a2b, D1a2a, and D1a1. D-M55 (D1a2a) is particularly distinctive, bearing a complex of at least five individual mutations along an internal branch of the haplogroup D-M174 phylogeny, thus distinguishing it clearly from the other haplogroup D-M174 chromosomes that are found among Tibetans and Andaman Islanders and providing evidence that Y-chromosome haplogroup D-M55 was the modal haplogroup in the ancestral population that developed the prehistoric Jōmon culture in the Japanese islands.
It is suggested that the majority of D-M174 Y-chromosome carriers migrated from Central Asia to East Asia. One group migrated to the Andaman Islands, thus forming or helping to form the Andamanese people. Another group stayed in modern Tibet and southern China (today Tibeto-Burman peoples), and a third group migrated to Japan, possibly via the Korean Peninsula (pre-Jōmon people).
D-Z27276 (D1a1)
Haplogroup D-Z27276 is the common ancestor of D-M15 and D-P99, which are common in Tibet (China).
D-M15 (D1a1a)
D-M15 was first reported to have been found in a sample from Cambodia and Laos (1/18 = 5.6%) and in a sample from Japan (1/23 = 4.3%) in a preliminary worldwide survey of Y-DNA variation in extant human populations.
Subsequently, Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup D-M15 has been found frequently among Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwestern China (including approximately 23% of Qiang, approximately 12.5% of Tibetans, and approximately 9% of Yi), and among Yao people inhabiting northeastern Guangxi (6/31 = 19.4% Lowland Yao, 5/41 = 12.2% Native Mien, 3/41 = 7.3% Lowland Kimmun), with a moderate distribution throughout Central Asia, East Asia, and continental Southeast Asia (Indochina).
A study published in 2011 found D-M15 in 7.8% (4/51) of a sample of Hmong Daw and in 3.4% (1/29) of a sample of Xinhmul from northern Laos.
D-P47 (D1a1b1)
This subclade is found with high frequency among Pumi, Naxi, and Tibetans, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia. According to one study, Tibetans have a frequency of about 41.31% of haplogroup D-P47.
D-Z3660 (D1a2)
For about 7,000 years, the natives of the Andaman Islands shared a common ancestry with each other. The closest lineage to the Andamanese is the Japanese haplogroup D, with which it has a very old relationship, dating back to about 53,000 years.
D-M55 (D1a2a)
Previously known as D-M55, D-M64.1/Page44.1 (D1a2a) is found with high frequency among Ainu and with medium frequency among Japanese and Ryukyuans.
Kim et al. (2011) found haplogroup D-M55 in 2.0% (1/51) of a sample of Beijing Han and in 1.6% (8/506) of a pool of samples from South Korea, including 3.3% (3/90) from the Jeolla region, 2.4% (2/84) from the Gyeongsang region, 1.4% (1/72) from the Chungcheong region, 1.1% (1/87) from the Jeju region, 0.9% (1/110) from the Seoul-Gyeonggi region, and 0% (0/63) from the Gangwon region. Hammer et al. (2006) found haplogroup D-P37.1 in 4.0% (3/75) of a sample from South Korea.
D-M116.1, which is a subclade of D-M55, has been observed in one individual in a sample from Micronesia (n=17) according to the supplementary material of a study published in 2006. D-M116.1 also has been observed in one individual in a pool of samples from West Timor (n=497); the pertinent individual is from Umaklaran, located on the north side of the island of Timor near the border with East Timor.
According to Mitsuru Sakitani, haplogroup D1 arrived from Central Asia to northern Kyushu via the Altai Mountains and the Korean Peninsula more than 40,000 years ago, and haplogroup D-M55 (D1a2a) was born in the Japanese archipelago.
D-Y34637 (D1a2b)
D1a2b (formerly one of D*) is found at high frequencies among Andaman Islanders, especially Onge (23/23 = 100%) and Jarawa (4/4 = 100%).
D-L1378 (D1b)
D1b (L1378, M226.2) has been found in commercial testing in two families from Mactan Island in the Cebu region of the Philippines, in the ethnic Rade people from Vietnam as well as an ancient sample from Malaysia.
D-M174*
D-M174 (xM15,P99,M55) is found in some Tibetan minority tribes in Northeast India (among whom rates vary from 0% to 65%).
The basal D-M174 (xM15, P47, M55) has been found in approximately 5% of Altaians. Kharkov et al. found haplogroup D*(xD-M15) in 6.3% (6/96) of a pool of samples of Southern Altaians from three different localities, particularly in Kulada (5/46 = 10.9%) and Kosh-Agach (1/7 = 14%), though they did not test for any marker of the subclade D-M55 or D-P99. Kharkov et al. also reported finding haplogroup DE-M1(xD-M174) Y-DNA in one Southern Altaian individual from Beshpeltir (1/43 = 2.3%).
In 2023 found in one Individual in North America, Ramon Moses, Lacrosse, Wi, USA. D-M174.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, major research groups came together and formed the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Research publications
The following research teams, per their publications, were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.
Phylogenetic trees
By ISOGG tree（Version 14.151):
DE (YAP) Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, Caribbean, Tibet
D (CTS3946)
D1 (M174/Page30, IMS-JST021355) East Asia, Andaman Islands, Central Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia
D1a (CTS11577)
D1a1 (F6251/Z27276)
D1a1a (M15) Tibet, Altai Republic
D1a1b (P99) Tibet, Mongol, Central Asia
D1a2(Z3660)
D1a2a (M64.1/Page44.1, M55) Japan（Yamato people、Ryukyuan people、Ainu people）
D1a2b (Y34637) Andaman Islands（Onge people、Jarawa people）
D1b (L1378) Philippines
D2 (A5580.2) Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Syria, African Americans
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA D-M174 subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
References
Sources for conversion tables
External links
Atlas of the Human Journey: Genetic Markers, Haplogroup D-M174 (M174), from The Genographic Project at National Geographic
Famous dna of Japan
D-M174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20D-M174 |
Scott Patrick Moir OLY ( ; born September 2, 1987) is a Canadian retired ice dancer and coach. With ice dance partner Tessa Virtue, he is the 2010 and 2018 Olympic champion, the 2014 Olympic silver medallist, a three-time World champion (2010, 2012, 2017), a three-time Four Continents champion (2008, 2012, 2017), the 2016–17 Grand Prix Final champion, an eight-time Canadian national champion (2008–2010, 2012–2014, 2017–2018), the 2006 World Junior champion and the 2006 Junior Grand Prix champion. Moir and Virtue are also the 2018 Olympic gold medallists in the team event and the 2014 Olympic silver medallists in the team event. Upon winning their third Olympic gold medal, they became the most decorated Canadian ice dance team of all time and the most decorated Olympic figure skaters of all time. Widely regarded as one of the greatest ice dance teams of all time, they are the only ice dancers in history to achieve a Super Slam, having won all major international competitions in their senior and junior careers. Virtue and Moir are holders of the world record score for the now-defunct original dance.
Virtue and Moir were paired in 1997, at the ages of seven and nine. They are the 2004 Canadian junior champions and became Canada's top ice dance team in 2007. They are the 2008 World silver medallists and the 2009 World bronze medallists and became the first ice dance team to receive a 10.0 for a program component score under the new ISU Judging System. In 2010, they became the first ice dancers from North America to win an Olympic gold medal, ending the 34-year streak of the Europeans. Virtue and Moir are the youngest ice dance team ever to win an Olympic title, the first ice dancers to win a gold medal in their Olympic debut, and the first ice dance team to win Olympic gold on home ice.
Virtue and Moir continued to be one of the world's top ice dance teams after their first Olympic victory in 2010. They are the 2010 and 2012 World champions, the 2011 and 2013 World silver medallists, and the 2014 Olympic ice dance and team event silver medallists. After taking a two-season break from the sport, they returned to competition in the fall of 2016 and became the 2017 World champions, having an unprecedented undefeated season. At the 2018 Olympics, they became only the second ice dance team in history to have won two Olympic gold medals in the individual event.
Having skated together for over twenty years, Virtue and Moir are the longest-standing ice dance partnership in Canadian history. In 2018, Time magazine noted that "they've become especially beloved by new and returning spectators alike for their passionate performances and undeniable chemistry, on and off the ice." On September 17, 2019, Virtue and Moir announced that they are "stepping away" from the sport after 22 years as ice dancing partners. In 2020, Virtue and Moir were inducted to the Order of Canada "for their athletic excellence and for inspiring a new generation of figure skaters", and in 2023, they were inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
Personal life
Moir was born in London, Ontario, Canada to Alma (née MacCormack) and Joe Moir, and was raised in Ilderton, Ontario. The youngest of three sons, he is the brother of Danny Moir and Charlie Moir. Moir comes from a skating family, with his mother and aunt being coaches and both of his older brothers having previously skated competitively. His cousins Sheri Moir and Cara Moir also took part in the 2007 World Synchronized Skating Championships as members of Canada's NEXXICE team. Moir attended Medway High School, in addition to an electronic learning high school called AMDEC, and eventually finished his secondary education following the 2014 Olympics. He began skating at age three, and was initially encouraged by his mother to take up figure skating as a way to improve his performance in hockey, which he played competitively well into his teens.
In 2004, Moir began living in Canton, Michigan, in the US, to train under Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva. After the 2014 Olympics, he moved back to Ilderton, Ontario. In 2016, he moved to Montreal, Quebec, where he and Virtue were coached by Marie-France Dubreuil and Patrice Lauzon for the last two seasons of their amateur career.
In August 2019, Moir confirmed his engagement to Florida-based physician assistant Jaclyn Mascarin at the Canada Walk of Fame Hometown Star Ceremony. The couple married on June 24, 2022, having previously postponed the wedding due to COVID-19 restrictions. They have one daughter.
Career
Early career
Moir began skating in 1990 and was initially paired with Jaclyn Mascarin, who he would later marry. Virtue and Moir began skating together in 1997, at the ages of seven and nine respectively, paired together by his aunt Carol Moir, who had been coaching both of them individually. Early in their career, after departing from their first skating club in Ilderton, Ontario, Virtue and Moir trained in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, under Paul MacIntosh and Suzanne Killing. They were the pre-novice champions at the 2001 Canadian Championships.
In the 2001–02 season, Virtue and Moir won the bronze medal at the 2002 Canadian Championships at the novice level. The following season, they placed 7th at the 2003 Canadian Championships in the junior division.
2003–04 season: Junior Grand Prix debut
In 2003–04, Virtue and Moir made their ISU Junior Grand Prix debut on the 2003–04 ISU Junior Grand Prix. They placed 4th at the event in Croatia and 6th in Slovakia. At the 2004 Canadian Championships, they won the Junior title, qualifying them for the team to the 2004 World Junior Championships, where they placed 11th. Over the summer of 2004, Virtue and Moir moved to Canton, Michigan, and began working with Russian coaches Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva at the Arctic Edge Ice Arena.
2004–05 season
For the 2004-05 season, Virtue and Moir moved up to the national senior level but remained juniors internationally. On the 2004–05 ISU Junior Grand Prix, they won their event in China and won the silver medal at the event in France, which qualified them for their first Junior Grand Prix Final, where they won the silver medal. They made their senior national debut at the 2005 Canadian Championships and placed fourth. They were named to the team to the 2005 World Junior Championships, where they won the silver medal.
2005–06 season: Junior Grand Prix and World Junior titles
Virtue and Moir remained at the junior level internationally in the 2005–06 season. On the 2005–06 ISU Junior Grand Prix, they won both of their assigned events as well as the Junior Grand Prix Final.
At the 2006 Canadian Championships, Virtue and Moir placed 3rd and were named first alternates to the Olympic team. In spite of still being on the junior circuit, their placement led to them being named to the team to the 2006 Four Continents, their first international senior competition, where they won the bronze medal. At the 2006 World Junior Championships, they became the first Canadian ice dance team to win the title. As of this season, having gone undefeated in the international junior circuit, Virtue and Moir are the most decorated junior-level Canadian ice dancers.
2006–07 season: Grand Prix debut
In the 2006–07 season, Virtue and Moir competed solely on the senior level. They made their Grand Prix debut at the 2006 Skate Canada International, where they won the silver medal. They placed 4th at the 2006 Trophée Éric Bompard.
At the 2007 Canadian Championships, Virtue and Moir won the silver medal, and repeated their bronze medal finish at Four Continents. Their debut at the World Championships was the highest debut by any team in over two decades when they placed 6th.
2007–08 season: Four Continents title and World silver
Virtue and Moir were assigned to Skate Canada International and the NHK Trophy for the 2007–08 Grand Prix season. They won the 2007 Skate Canada International and placed second at the 2007 NHK Trophy, qualifying them for the Grand Prix Final, where they came in fourth place.
Virtue and Moir won their first Canadian national title at the 2008 Canadian Championships and thus earned spots for the Four Continents and World Championships. They won the gold medal at the 2008 Four Continents Championships, marking their first international victory as seniors. They were the silver medallists at the 2008 World Championships in Sweden, winning the free dance segment with their program to The Umbrellas of Cherbourg soundtrack.
2008–09 season
In the 2008–09 season, Virtue and Moir withdrew from both their Grand Prix events due to Virtue's medical condition; she had been diagnosed with chronic exertional compartment syndrome and underwent surgery in October 2008 to alleviate the condition. She returned to the ice at the start of December, which she later said was probably too early. At the 2009 Canadian Championships, their first competition of the season, they won their second back-to-back national title.
At the 2009 Four Continents Championships, Virtue and Moir finished second behind their friends and training partners, Americans Meryl Davis and Charlie White. At the 2009 World Championships, they won the bronze medal, after placing 3rd in the compulsory dance, 6th in the original dance, and 4th in the free skate.
2009–10 season: Olympic and World titles
Virtue/Moir started off the 2009–10 Olympic season at the 2009 Trophée Éric Bompard, finishing first by a margin of 16.07 points ahead of the silver medallists, Nathalie Péchalat and Fabian Bourzat. They also won the 2009 Skate Canada International with a combined score of 204.38 points, 19.31 points ahead of Péchalat/Bourzat. At that competition, they received the first 10.0 for ice dance under the ISU Judging System. They were second at the Grand Prix Final behind Davis and White.
In January 2010, Virtue and Moir won their third national title at the 2010 Canadian Championships, placing first in all three segments of the competition and earning 221.95 points overall, which was 37.25 ahead of silver medallists Vanessa Crone and Paul Poirier. They set Canadian records for free dance and for combined total.
Virtue and Moir competed in the ice dance competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics from February 19 through 22. They placed second in the compulsory dance, earning a new personal best score of 42.74 points, just 1.02 off the lead. They earned 68.41 points in the original dance, placing first in that segment of the competition. They scored 110.42 points in the free dance and won the gold medal overall with an insurmountable total score of 221.57, surpassing silver medallists Davis and White by 5.83 points. In the free dance, which they skated to Mahler's Symphony No. 5, they received four 10.00 marks from the judges in the program components, two for the performance execution and two for interpretation, a feat never before accomplished by a figure skater or team under the International Judging System. They became the first Canadian as well as the first North American ice dance team and the youngest dance team, at the ages of 20 (Virtue) and 22 (Moir), to win the Olympics, and the first ice dance team to win the Olympic gold on home ice. They were also the first ice dancers to win gold in their Olympic debut since the inaugural Olympic ice dance event in 1976.
Virtue/Moir competed at the 2010 World Championships and placed first in the compulsory dance with 44.13 points, improving their previous personal best. They also won the original dance with 70.27 points, a world record under the ISU Judging System. They placed second in the free dance with 110.03 points, 0.46 behind Davis and White. Overall they claimed their first World Championship title scoring 224.43 points, 1.40 ahead of the Americans. They received numerous 10.00 for program components marks in the original dance and in the free dance.
2010–11 season
For the 2010–11 Grand Prix season, Virtue and Moir were assigned to the 2010 Skate Canada International and to the 2010 Trophée Éric Bompard. Virtue underwent surgery in October 2010 to reduce the lingering pain in her shins and calves that is a result of chronic exertional compartment syndrome, leading to their withdrawal from the Grand Prix circuit. They also withdrew from the 2011 Canadian Championships because they did not have enough time to train after the surgery.
Virtue/Moir made their season debut at the 2011 Four Continents. They were in the lead following the short dance but withdrew midway through the free dance after Virtue felt tightness in her left quad muscle. Virtue stated, "The issue with my quad was actually coming from my pelvis and my back. [I]t seemed to be stemming from a particular lift we were doing, which was a split lift. Upon returning home to Michigan we changed that lift immediately, so now we do an upside-down position instead of a split." At the 2011 World Championships, they placed second overall by 3.48 points behind the American team of Meryl Davis and Charlie White.
Following the World Championships, Virtue experienced pain in her shins and calves. She decided against a third surgery and chose other methods to overcome the problem.
2011–12 season: Second Four Continents and World titles
Virtue/Moir were assigned to two Grand Prix events, 2011 Skate Canada and 2011 Trophée Éric Bompard, having declined a newly introduced option to compete in a third. They announced their music selections in August. The two won their first event of the season, 2011 Finlandia Trophy. They won both their Grand Prix events and qualified for the Grand Prix Final, where they finished second in both segments to win the silver medal. In late December 2011, the ISU acknowledged a scoring error in the free dance; had the scores been correctly calculated (+ 0.5 points), Virtue and Moir would have won that segment. The scores from the Grand Prix Final were left unchanged, however.
Virtue/Moir won their fourth national title in January 2012. In February, they competed at the 2012 Four Continents Championships. After a second place short dance, they rallied in the free dance to win their second Four Continents championships and first since 2008. It was also their first victory over training mates Davis/White since the 2010 World Championships. Virtue and Moir then competed at the 2012 World Championships and won the gold medal, finishing first in both segments ahead of silver medallists Davis and White.
Following Igor Shpilband's dismissal from the Arctic Edge Arena in June 2012, Virtue and Moir decided to remain at the rink with Marina Zueva and ended their collaboration with Shpilband.
2012–13 season
Virtue and Moir withdrew from the 2012 Finlandia Trophy due to a slight muscle strain in Moir's neck. They were assigned to two Grand Prix events, the 2012 Skate Canada International and the 2012 Rostelecom Cup. At Skate Canada, Virtue and Moir won the short dance with a score of 65.09, only 0.01 points ahead of Anna Cappellini and Luca Lanotte of Italy. They went on to win the competition with a total score of 169.41, which was 9.35 points ahead of the Italians.
At the Grand Prix Final, Virtue and Moir took the silver medal behind Davis and White. They decided to modify their "The Waltz Goes On" short dance, simplifying the storyline. The two debuted the modified short dance at the 2013 Canadian Championships, earning a score of 79.04. They won their fifth national title with a combined score of 187.19 after their Carmen-themed free dance. Virtue and Moir placed first in the short dance at the 2013 Four Continents Championships. During their free dance, Virtue felt cramping in her legs and paused the performance; they resumed after about three minutes and finished second to Davis and White. Virtue and Moir also finished second to Davis and White at the 2013 World Championships in their hometown of London, Ontario.
2013–14 season: Two Olympic silver medals
Virtue/Moir started their season at the 2013 Finlandia Trophy and won the gold medal. They were assigned to two Grand Prix events for the season, the 2013 Skate Canada International and the 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard, and won both competitions. They finished with a world record score in the Grand Prix Final (190.00) that was beaten minutes later by Davis/White.
During the airing of the 2014 Canadian National Championships on TSN, where they won their sixth national title, Virtue and Moir stated that they could be retiring after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. At the Sochi games, they won silver in both the ice dance and team skate events. The second-place finish was coloured by controversy about the coaching and judging. The French sports publication L’Équipe alleged that the US and Russian judges had conspired to ensure gold for Russia in the team event and gold for Americans Davis and White in the ice dance competition. Notably, after the individual short dance event where Virtue and Moir were two points behind Davis and White, the creator of the Finnstep (required pattern dance that season), ice dancer Petri Kokko, spoke out on Twitter to support Virtue and Moir. In addition, coach Marina Zoueva's apparent conflict of interest in coaching both the first- and second-place ice dancers provoked questions about whether she had displayed favouritism to the Americans (especially after she chose to march in the opening ceremony with the US team) and had devoted less coaching time to the Canadians. Although Virtue and Moir later admitted concerns about the coaching, they also congratulated the American pair on their Olympic victory.
Virtue and Moir decided not to compete at the 2014 World Championships.
2016–17 season: Undefeated comeback season
On February 20, 2016, following a two-year break from the sport, Virtue and Moir announced on CBC's Road to the Olympic Games that they planned to return to competition for the 2016–17 figure skating season and that they had moved to Montreal, with former competitors Marie-France Dubreuil and Patrice Lauzon as their new coaches.
Their first assignment back during the 2016–17 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating season was the 2016 Skate Canada International where they won gold with a combined total score of 189.06. In November 2016, they set a new record total score of 195.84 (including a world record short dance mark of 79.47) at the 2016 NHK Trophy competition in Japan. They set the highest scores at a Grand Prix event. Two weeks later, they topped those scores, receiving 80.5 in the short dance and 197.22 total at the Grand Prix Final in Marseille, France, which they won for the first time in their career.
At the 2017 Canadian Figure Skating Championships in January, Virtue and Moir won their seventh national title with a combined score of 203.45, setting Canadian records in the short dance, free dance, and total points. At the 2017 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships in South Korea in February, they won their third title, setting a new personal best in the free dance with 117.20 points and earning 196.95 points overall.
Virtue and Moir broke their own world record short dance score at the 2017 World Championships in Helsinki. They received a score of 82.43 and had a huge 5.5-point lead over reigning champions and training partners Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron. They placed second behind Papadakis/Cizeron in the free dance with Moir tripping. Moir said, "I got back up and Tessa said a really funny joke to me, it automatically put me back on track and I just kept going." Overall they totaled 198.62 points, setting yet another world record and winning their third title as world champions. For the first time in their competitive career, Virtue/Moir were undefeated for an entire season.
2017–18 season: Two Olympic gold medals
For the 2017–2018 season, Virtue and Moir chose The Rolling Stones, the Eagles, and Santana for their short dance, and skated to the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack for their free dance. Virtue and Moir started their season at the Autumn Classic International in September. Their Grand Prix assignments were Skate Canada International and the NHK Trophy, and they won both competitions, scoring 199.86 and 198.64, respectively. At the 2017 Grand Prix Final, Virtue and Moir lost for the first time since their return to competition, finishing second to training mates and main rivals Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron of France, who had a half-point lead after the short dance.
Virtue and Moir competed at the 2018 Canadian National Championships. They debuted their revamped free dance, adding new choreography and music for a more dramatic performance. There, they captured their 8th national title with a combined score of 209.82, after having a nearly perfect short dance and getting a perfect score on the free dance. After the competition, they changed a "risque" lift in their Moulin Rouge routine that had involved Virtue's legs wrapped around Moir's head. At the Olympics, they performed the modified lift during the team event but went back to the original version for the individual ice dance event.
On January 16, they were named the Canadian flag bearers for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, marking the first time a Canadian man and woman carried the country's flag together into an Olympic opening ceremony. By placing first in both the short dance and free dance segments of the competition, Virtue and Moir won gold as part of Canada's team in the Olympic figure skating team event. This being their fourth Olympic medal, they tied the record for the most ever won by a figure skater. In the individual event, Virtue and Moir topped their own record score for the short dance, putting them into first place. They then placed second in the free dance, but their score was enough to win them their second individual Olympic title on February 20, 2018, exactly two years after announcing their competitive comeback. They also broke the world record for overall score, which had been set by Papadakis/Cizeron minutes before. This was Virtue and Moir's fifth Olympic medal, making them the most decorated Olympic figure skaters in history.
Non-competitive career
In October 2010, Moir, Virtue and co-writer Steve Milton published a book about their career called Tessa and Scott: Our Journey from Childhood Dream to Gold. In late 2013, they filmed a reality TV show, Tessa and Scott, which focused on their training for the Olympics. The show aired on W network in January 2014.
Virtue and Moir toured with Stars on Ice in Canada and Japan in the offseason since 2010 and during their break from competition. They performed in ice shows such as Festa on Ice, Shall We Dance On Ice, and All That Skate. They also participated in :de:Art on Ice in Switzerland and went on Gold Medal Plate auction trips multiple times.
He and Virtue co-produced and skated in their own ice skating show, The Thank You Canada Tour in 2018. Following on from that success, they co-produced the Rock the Rink tour in 2019.
Throughout Virtue and Moir's competitive skating career, they have been sponsored by many companies, including:
Visa
Air Canada
Acura West
Lindt
General Mills
Coaching career
Following the end of his competitive career, Moir initially worked part-time as a consultant coach with teams such as Lajoie/Lagha, and developed choreography for a number of teams, including Fournier Beaudry/Sørensen and Hubbell/Donohue, and singles skater Nicolas Nadeau.
On February 2, 2021, it was announced that Moir had been appointed Head Coach and Managing Director of the new Ice Academy of Montreal campus in Southwestern Ontario, to be located in London, Ontario. Days later, it was announced that the American team of Christina Carreira and Anthony Ponomarenko would be moving to train under Moir, leaving Moir's former coach Igor Shpilband.
On June 16, 2021, the Ice Academy of Montreal announced that Canadian ice dancers Haley Sales and Nikolas Wamsteeker would be the second team to be coached by Moir.
Records and achievements
(with Virtue)
Olympics:
The most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history
The fourth most decorated Canadian Olympians ever
The first and only team to take ice dance gold in their Olympic debut
The youngest team to ever take ice dance gold at the Olympics
The first and only ice dance team to ever win Olympic gold on home ice
The first ice dance team from North America to take ice dance Olympic gold, breaking Europe's 34-year streak
The first former junior World champions to win Olympic gold in ice dance
The first figure skaters in 38 years to win three Olympic golds
The second ice dance team to win two individual Olympic gold medals and the first one to do it in nonconsecutive Olympics
The first duo to carry the Canadian flag at an Olympic opening ceremony
Record scores:
The first ice dance team to receive a 10.0 for a program component score under the new ISU Judging System.
The first team to receive four 10.0s from the judges in any figure skating discipline (under the International Judging System)
The first team to break the 80-point mark in the short dance in an international competition (2016–17 Grand Prix Final).
Current record holders for the highest technical score in a short dance with 44.53 established at 2018 Winter Olympics
Historical record holders for the original dance
In general:
The first and only ice dance team to achieve a Career Super Grand Slam under the current ISU judging system. They are the first and only ice dance team to win all major ISU championship titles including the Junior Grand Prix Series and Final, World Junior Championships, Grand Prix Series and Final, Four Continents Championships, World Championships, and Winter Olympic Games
The only ice dance team to win World titles and Olympic gold medals under both the old compulsory & original dance system and the new short/rhythm dance system
The most decorated Canadian ice dance team ever
The longest-standing ice dance team in Canadian history
The first and only Canadians to win the Junior Grand Prix Final and Junior World Championship
The first and only ice dance team to win the World Championships and Grand Prix Final as both seniors and juniors
Three-time senior World champions
Seven-time senior World medallists
Eight-time Canadian senior ice dance champions
Ten-time Canadian senior ice dance medallists
List of world record scores set by Virtue/Moir
Awards and honours
Virtue and Moir were inducted in London (ON) Sports Hall of Fame in 2010 after winning gold in 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic. It was a somewhat unusual decision because the guidelines for athletes to be considered for induction is retirement from their sport for a period of two years while Virtue and Moir were just at the beginning of their career. Furthermore, the induction event was moved into September that year so as not to interfere with the upcoming skating season.
Virtue and Moir were honoured as the Canadian Olympic athletes of the year by CBC in December 2017.
In early May 2018, Virtue and Moir were awarded Partnership of the Year, along with pairs skaters Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford, at the 45th Sports Québec gala.
In December 2018, Virtue and Moir were inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in the Sports and Athletics category.
On October 23, 2019, Moir, together with Virtue, received a Doctor of Laws, honoris causa (LLD) from the University of Western Ontario at the university's 314th Convocation.
On November 27, 2020, Governor General of Canada named Scott Moir and Tessa Virtue as Members of the Order of Canada.
Programs
Post-2018
Pre-2018
Competitive highlights with Virtue
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
Detailed results
Senior level in +3/-3 GOE system after 2010
Senior level in +3/-3 GOE system until 2010
References
External links
Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir at Skate Canada
1987 births
Living people
Canadian male ice dancers
Skating people from Ontario
Sportspeople from London, Ontario
Writers from London, Ontario
People from Canton, Michigan
Sportspeople from Wayne County, Michigan
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Canada
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Season-end world number one figure skaters
Season's world number one figure skaters
Canadian autobiographers
Members of the Order of Canada
People from Middlesex County, Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Moir |
Frederick or Fred Halliday is the name of:
Fred Halliday (1946–2010), British academic writer, particularly on the Middle East
Fred Halliday (footballer) (1880–1953), English footballer and manager
Sir Frederick James Halliday (1806–1901), First Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal
Sir Frederick Loch Halliday, Police Commissioner of Kolkata and later first Commissioner of the Greek Cities Police | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Halliday |
Suomy (pronounced su-oh-mee) is an Italian brand of motorcycle helmets.
Since its foundation in 1997, the activity of the Italian company has been strictly oriented towards the racing world, which offers valuable insights and information for the development and creation of helmets.
In 2000, Suomy signed a partnership agreement with Ducati, one of the leading motorcycle manufacturers in the racing world. Thanks to this collaboration, the most talented Ducati riders engaged in the Superbike World Championship start using Suomy helmets.
In 2001 Suomy achieved the first important result, winning the first World Title with Troy Bayliss, a legend of the SBK World Championship. He confirmed his World Title in 2006 and 2008 too. During the same years Suomy sponsors riders of the caliber of Troy Corser, Aaron Slight, Ben Bostrom , Scott Russell and Ruben Xaus. Subsequently, Neil Hodgson in 2003 and James Toseland in 2004 and 2007 will be proclaimed SBK World Champions.
In 2003 Suomy became the lead actor in the 250 GP Championship with Manuel Poggiali‘s World victory. The 2000s are also characterized by Suomy’s debut in the MotoGP World Championship thanks to the sponsorship of two icons of the worldwide motorcycling: Loris Capirossi and Max Biaggi. And the “Corsaro”, during his long history as a Suomy ambassador, won two SBK World Championships in 2010 and 2012.
Thanks to both these victories and the recognizability of its racing graphics, Suomy immediately becomes a premium brand synonymous with reliability and high performance, recognized by both professional riders and motorcycle enthusiasts.
The Italian brand continues its growth, making progress with important technological investments and developing a top-notch Design and R&D department based in Italy.
And, while Suomy’s wall of fame continues to fill up with unforgettable successes in the racing world by winning more than 20 World Titles, year by year the helmets’ collection gets enlarged and improved, enriching itself with a wide range of models, from the track to off-road, passing through sport touring and jets.
2014 is a fundamental year for Suomy, which is acquired by a prestigious private investment fund that takes ownership of the brand.
Thus the collaboration between SUOMY and KYT, top brand of an important Indonesian production group that holds 70% of the Asian market, takes shape. This is how new growth prospects are born, triggered by a two-way exchange of information between the two companies.
The production department moves overseas, but the Design, R&D, marketing and sales departments, as well as a large part of the raw materials and components of the helmets, remain Made In Italy.
The company’s growth is increasingly tangible and new sponsorship projects are born in all the racing sectors, from MotoGP to Isle of Man TT, from MXGP to Dakar.
The modern history of Suomy Riders boasts talents as Andrea Dovizioso, Francesco Bagnaia in MotoGP, Peter Hickman and Gary Johnson in the road racing.
2018 has been announced as the new Suomy Era.
Suomy introduced on the worldwide market SR-GP, the racing helmet that raises the bar of high performance, taking known standards to new levels.
The design, a synthesis of a deep and integrated study aimed at achieving ultimate performance, was done with crucial contribution of the top level MotoGp and Road Racing riders since the concept phases.
In 2019 Matteo Ferrari and in 2020 Enea Bastianini respectively won the MotoE and Moto2 world championships wearing SR-GP.
In July 2022 Suomy Helmets has the great pleasure to announce the return of a true champion, Troy Bayliss, as Suomy Ambassador, who wears SR-GP.
In November 2022 Suomy Helmets gets on top of the world as Francesco Bagnaia conquers the title of MotoGP World Champion by wearing SR-GP.
References
External links
Suomy Helmets official web site
Motorcycle helmet manufacturers
Manufacturing companies of Italy
Italian brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomy |
Haplogroup E-M96 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is one of the two main branches of the older and ancestral haplogroup DE, the other main branch being haplogroup D. The E-M96 clade is divided into two main subclades: the more common E-P147, and the less common E-M75.
Origins
Underhill (2001) proposed that haplogroup E may have arisen in East Africa. Some authors as Chandrasekar (2007), accept the earlier position of Hammer (1997) that Haplogroup E may have originated in West Asia, given that:
E is a clade of haplogroup DE, with the other major clade, haplogroup D, being exclusively distributed in Asia.
DE is a clade within M168 with the other two major clades, C and F, considered to have already a Eurasian origin.
However, several discoveries made since the Hammer articles are thought to make an Asian origin less likely:
Underhill and Kivisild (2007) demonstrated that C and F have a common ancestor meaning that DE has only one sibling which is non-African.
DE* is found in both Asia and Africa, meaning that not only one, but several siblings of D are found in Asia and Africa.
Karafet (2008), in which Hammer is a co-author, significantly rearranged time estimates leading to "new interpretations on the geographical origin of ancient sub-clades". Amongst other things this article proposed a much older age for haplogroup E-M96 than had been considered previously, giving it a similar age to Haplogroup D, and DE itself, meaning that there is no longer any strong reason to see it as an offshoot of DE which must have happened long after DE came into existence and had entered Asia.
Kohl et al. (2009) presumed a West African origin for haplogroup E, stating: "From the 20 main haplogroups in the Y-chromosomal haplogroup tree, only 5 were detected in the analysed Amharic population in Ethiopia. Haplogroup A is near the roots of the tree and is only found among males on the African continent. The major haplogroup detected was E. Haplogroup E has its origin in West Africa. Due to immigration haplogroup A, which originally dominated in Ethiopia, has been partly replaced."
In 2015, Poznik & Underhill et al. claimed haplogroup E arose outside Africa, arguing that, "This model of geographical segregation within the CT clade requires just one continental haplogroup exchange (E to Africa), rather than three (D, C, and F out of Africa). The timing of this putative return to Africa, between the emergence of haplogroup E and its differentiation within Africa by 58 kya, is consistent with proposals, based on non–Y chromosome data, of abundant gene flow between Africa and Arabia 50–80 kya."
In 2015, Trobetta et al. suggested an East African origin for haplogroup E, stating: "our phylogeographic analysis, based on thousands of samples worldwide, suggests that the radiation of haplogroup E started about 58 ka, somewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, with a higher posterior probability (0.73) for an eastern African origin."
Cabrera et al. (2018) hypothesizes a Eurasian center of origin and dispersal for haplogroup E based on the similar age of the clade's parent haplogroup DE and the mtDNA haplogroup L3. According to this hypothesis, after an initial Out-of-Africa migration of early anatomically modern humans around 125 kya, haplogroup DE diversified around the Himalayas and in or westward of the Tibet, after which E-carrying males are proposed to have back-migrated from the paternal haplogroup's place of origin in Eurasia around 70 kya along with females bearing the maternal haplogroup L3, which the study also hypothesizes to have originated in Eurasia, into Africa. These new Eurasian lineages were then suggested to have largely replaced the old autochthonous male (such as haplogroup B-M60) and female African lineages.
Haber et al. (2019) study proposed an African origin for haplogroup E based on an analysis of the Y-chromosomal phylogenetic structure, haplogroup divergence times, and the recently discovered haplogroup D0 found in three Nigerians, an additional branch of the DE lineage diverging early from haplogroup D. The authors support an African origin for haplogroup DE, and the immigration of haplogroups C, D and FT out of Africa around 50,300–81,000 ybp. The early divergence dates found in the study for DE, E, and D0 (all dated to about 71-76 kya), which are determined to predate the migration out-of-Africa of the ancestors of Eurasians (dated to ca. 50-60 kya), are also considered by the authors to support an African origin for those haplogroups.
Ancient DNA
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B remains from the Levant were found to have carried haplogroup E (1/7; ~14%).
At Nyarindi Rockshelter, in Kenya, there were two individuals, dated to the Later Stone Age (3500 BP); one carried haplogroup L4b2a and another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-P162).
At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1.
Distribution
Most members of haplogroup E-M96 belong to E1, while haplogroup E2-M75 is rare. Haplogroup E1a is split into to main branches: E1a1 (E-M44) which has been mostly found in Europe, West Asia and among Ashkenazi Jews; and E1a2 (E-Z958) which has been exclusively identified in Sub-Saharan Africa. Haplogroup E-M2 is the most prevalent subclade of E in Sub-Saharan Africa and is strongly associated with expansion of Bantu speakers.
E-M215 is found at high frequencies in North Africa, West Asia, East Africa and Europe. E-M215 is most common among Afro-Asiatic speakers in the Near East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa, and it has also been reported among some Nilo-Saharan and Niger–Congo speakers in North East Africa and Sudan. E-M215 is far less common in West, Central, and Southern Africa, though it has been observed among some Khoisan speakers and among Niger–Congo speakers in Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Namibia, and South Africa.
Subclades
E-M96*
Paragroup E-M96* refers to lineages belonging to the E clade but which cannot be classified into any known branch. E(xE1-P147, E2-M75) - that is, E which has tested negative for both P147 and M75 - has been reported in 3 males from Lebanon, 2 Amharas from Ethiopia, 2 males from Syria, 2 males from Saudi Arabia, and in a single Bantu-speaking male from South Africa. E(xE1a-M33, E1b1-P2, E2-M75) was reported among several Southern African populations and in an Egyptian man; E(xE1a-M33, E1b1a1-M2, E1b1b-M215, E2-M75) has also been observed amongst pygmies and Bantu from Cameroon and Gabon; and also in Burkina Faso and a Fulbe man from Niger.
Recently it was discovered that 3 East African men previously classified only as E*-M96 could be assigned to a new branch, E-V44, which is a sister branch to E1-P147; E-P147 and E-V44 share the V3725 mutation, making E2-M75 and E-V3725 the two known primary branches of E. Two Saudi private testers from Mecca and Jizan were also found to belong to this elusive and rare branch. It is not known whether or not some (or all) other E*(xE1,E2) in previous studies would fall into V44 as well.
E-P147
E-P147 (also known as E1) is by far the most numerous and widely distributed branch of E-M96. It has two primary branches: E-M132 (E1a) and E-P177 (E1b).
Haplogroup E1a is split into two branches: E1a1 (E-M44) which has been mostly found in Europe, West Asia and among Ashkenazi Jews; and E1a2 (E-Z958) which has been exclusively identified in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Haplogroup E-P2 (E1b1) is the most frequent variant of E-M96 and the most common Y-DNA lineage in Africa with two main descendants: E-V38 (E1b1a) and E-M215 (E1b1b). Haplogroup E (xE3b,E3a) - that is, E tested negative for both M35 and M2, has been reported in 11 males from Morocco in Zalloua et al. (2008b).
Haplogroup E-V38 is the ancestor of E-M2 (E1b1a1) which is the most common subclade of E in the entirety of Sub-Saharan Africa, and is strongly associated with the expansion of Bantu speakers throughout Central and Southern Africa. Another descendant of E-V38, E-M329 (E1b1a2), has been observed in an Ethiopian hunter-gatherer from 4,200 ybp, and is mostly found in males from the Horn of Africa and Arabian Peninsula.
On the other hand, haplogroup E-M215 (E1b1b) is distributed in high frequencies throughout North Africa, Western Asia, East Africa and Europe. Haplogroup E-Z827 was found in Natufian samples (E-Z830+) dated to 10,000 ybp from Palestine, and is commonly found throughout West Asia, North Africa, Europe and Ethiopia. Haplogroup E-V68 is also commonly observed in North Africa and West Asia, and has been found in Iberomaurusian remains dating to 15,000 ybp from Morocco, with its prolific downstream descendant E-V32 dominating male lineages in Horn of Africa.
E-M75
E-M75 (also known as E2) is present throughout Subequatorial Africa, particularly in the African Great Lakes and Central Africa. The highest concentration of the haplogroup has been found among the Alur (66.67%), Hema (38.89%), Rimaibe (27.03%), Mbuti (25.00%), Daba (22.22%), Eviya (20.83%), Zulu (20.69%), and Kenyan Bantus (17.24%).
Haplogroup E-M75(xM41,M54) has been found in 6% (1/18) of Dama from Namibia, 4% (1/26) of Ganda from Uganda, 3% (1/39) of Mandinka from Gambia/Senegal, and 2% (1/49) of Shona from Zimbabwe.
Private commercial DNA testing at Family Tree DNA shows numerous E-M75 males originating from the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates), and among Ashkenazi Jews. E-M75 has also been identified in a Lebanese male.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.
Phylogenetic trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) Tree, the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree, and subsequent published research.
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA E subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
References
Sources for conversion tables
Further reading
Also see Supplementary Data.
. Published online April 2, 2008. See also Supplementary Material.
. Published online 9 March 2005
External links
Phylogenetic tree and distribution maps of Y-DNA haplogroup E
Y-DNA Haplogroup E and Its Subclades from ISOGG 2008
Map of E1b1b1 distribution in Europe
Distribution of E1b1a/E3a in Africa
Frequency Distributions of Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its subclades - with Video Tutorial
Projects
Haplogroup E-V38 Y-DNA Project at FTDNA
E-M243 Y-DNA Project at FTDNA
Haplozone::The E-M35 Phylogeny Project (former E3b Project)
Jewish E-M243 Project at FTDNA
E | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20E-M96 |
Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham (KYS, ) is a rationalist organization based in Kerala, India. The organization says it stands for rationalism and humanism. It is the initiator of the umbrella organization for rationalism and humanism, Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations.The Rationalist Movement in Kerala had started with the Sahodara Sangham (Fraternity Forum), formed by K. Ayyappan on May 29, 1917 at Cherai, in Ernakulam. This fraternity forum propagated 'Mishra Bhojanam' (feasting without caste discrimination), which was unthinkable as well as very revolutionary at the time. These movements paved way for a rationalist organization (Yukthivadi Sangham) which started functioning in 1967. Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham is the continuation of this parent avatar. The organization started functioning in 1967. It has units in all the districts in Kerala and in the Union Territorial district of Mahi. Yukthirekha, a monthly in Malayalam, is the official magazine of Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham, which has been in circulation since 1983. KYS has a youth wing, Humanist Youth Movement, and a parallel wing, Kerala Misra Vivahavedi, a sub-organisation for the cause of inter-religious and inter-caste married lives. KYS also manages A T Kovoor Trust and Pavanan Institute. KYS is an associate organization of International Humanist Ethical Union, now Humanist International, headquartered in London.
History
Kerala rationalist movement is a continuation of Sri Narayana Movement. Sahodaran Ayyappan a favorite disciple of Sri Narayana Guru, changed the Guru's slogan Oru Jati, Oru Matham, Oru Daivam Manushyanu (One Caste, One Religion, One God for Human-beings) to Jati Venda, Matham Venda, Daivam Venda Manushyanu (No Caste, No Religion, No God for Human-beings). Ayyappan organized the Sahodara Sangham (The Brotherhood Association), and started two magazines “Sahodaran” and “Yukthivadi”.
In 1935 a Yukthivadi Sangham was registered at Cochin M. C. Joseph as secretary and Panampilly Govinda Menon as treasurer. M. C. Joseph managed Yukthivadi magazine without any interruption For forty five years until June 1974.
The existing Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham (KYS) was formed at Kozikode in 1969 May Adv. M. Prabha as president and P.S. Raman Kutty as Secretary. Yukthi Darsanam is the philosophical text of KYS. Many militant rationalists like MBK, Joseph Edamaruku, P.V. Velayudhan Pilla, U.Kalanadhan, Pavanan, Johnson Eyeroor, Padmanabhan Pallath, Gangan Azikode, Rajagopal Vakathanam, Dhanuvachapuram Sukumaran, Sabhari Girish, Adv. Anil Kumar etc. had led the KYS in different times.
The organization publishes a monthly magazine, Yukthirekha in Malayalam and a quarterly The Secular Humanist in English. The well-known rationalist Pavanan was founder and editor of Yukithirekha and was president of the organization for several years. Other presidents have included U. Kalanathan.
Like many rationalist organizations in India they conduct demonstrations to expose god men as frauds. They also support those who defy fundamentalist taboos and support inter-caste marriages. They have also been involved in public debate over school textbooks.
The organization claims over 3,000 members across Kerala.
See also
Maharashtra Rationalist Association
Sapiens Foundation
Ex-Muslim activism in Kerala
References
External links
Campaign Against Superstition
Rationalist groups based in India
1969 establishments in Kerala
Organisations based in Kerala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala%20Yukthivadi%20Sangham |
Charles Lallemant (or Lalemant), (November 17, 1587 – November 18, 1674) was a French Jesuit. He was born in Paris in 1587 and later became the first Superior of the Jesuit Missions amongst the Huron in Canada. His letter to his brother, dated 1 August 1626, inaugurated the series Relations des Jésuites de la Nouvelle-France about the missionary work in the North American colonies of New France.
Biography
Born in Paris to an official of the criminal court, Lalemant entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus at Rouen on 29 July 1607. Following this period, he studied philosophy at the Jesuit college in La Flèche (1609–12). For the subsequent formation period of his regency, he taught the lower classes at the college in Nevers (1612–15), then studied theology at La Flèche (1615–19). After this, his spent his period of tertianship, a third probationary year, in Paris (1619–20). He then served as a teacher of logic and physics at the college in Bourges (1620–22), and from October 1622 to March 1625 was principal of the boarding school at the Collège de Clermont.
Lalement was made responsible for setting up a mission of the Society of Jesus in New France, and in April 1625 he left Dieppe with Fathers Énemond Massé and Jean de Brébeuf, accompanied by two lay brothers. He arrived in Quebec City in June. Neither the directors of the Compagnie de Montmorency nor the settlers, among whom the pamphlet Anti-Coton was then circulating, had any liking for the Jesuits. But the Recollets received them with great kindliness and gave them hospitality until they could have their own house. Lalemant was quick to realize that the progress of the colony was being impeded by the very people who ought to have promoted it, the de Caëns, who were interested exclusively in the fur trade. A change was imperative. Therefore, as soon as Jesuit Father Philibert Noyrot arrived in 1626 he was ordered, because of the good standing that he enjoyed at the court, to take ship again for France, with the object of advancing the welfare of the colony. One result of this move was the revocation of the Edict of Nantes so far as New France was concerned.
Noyrot had arranged for supplies to be sent to his colleagues in Quebec City, but they never reached their destination. According to Father Chrestien Le Clercq, they were seized at Honfleur by Raymond de La Ralde and Guillaume de Caën. Thwarted by the Trading Company at Quebec in his efforts to evangelize the Indians, Lallemant sailed to France in order to lodge a protest. Attempting to return to New France, his vessel was captured by Kirke who was then blockading the Saint Lawrence River. Lallemant and Father Francis Ragueneau S.J. were sent as prisoners to England but subsequently released at the request of Queen Henrietta Maria.
A second attempt in 1629 to travel to Canada resulted in shipwreck off Cape Canso, and on his way back to France he was wrecked a second time on the coast of Spain. Back in France, he was made rector of the College at Eu. He finally reached New France in 1632, after Quebec was restored to the French.
Lallemant returned again to France in 1638, where he became procurator of the Canadian missions, Vice Provincial Superior of the French Province of the Society and superior of the Jesuit house in Paris. He obtained the concession of the Island of Montreal for the colony of Dauversière, and he also recruited Maisonneuve and Jeanne Mance to engage in the undertaking. When there was question of appointing the first Bishop of Quebec, his candidacy was urged.
Lallemant was the author of a spiritual work entitled La vie cachée de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ. He is not to be confused with Louis Lallemant, author of Les Conferences Spirituelles.
Lallemant had two close relatives in the Jesuit missions: Jérôme Lalemant, his brother, and Gabriel Lalemant, a nephew, who was murdered by the Iroquois and is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church.
Gallery
References
External links
Internet Archive
1587 births
1674 deaths
Clergy from Paris
17th-century French Jesuits
Jesuit missionaries in New France
French Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Lallemant |
The Catalão Microregion is a statistical microregion created by IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) in south-eastern Goiás state, Brazil. A region of rolling hills and flatlands with extensive cattle raising and soybean plantations. The regional center, Catalão, is growing fast with important industries being installed in the area. The GDP of this region represented almost 5% of the state GDP in 2003.
Municipalities
The microregion consists of the following municipalities:
Population figures are from 2007.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Microregions of Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microregion%20of%20Catal%C3%A3o |
The Sony Ericsson K610i is a 3G phone that Sony Ericsson announced at the 3GSM World Congress on February 13, 2006. It was promoted as the smallest and lightest 3G phone available. It has been succeeded by the K530.
Features
The K610 is a successor to the Sony Ericsson K600i. Its features include a fixed-focus 2 megapixel digital camera with 2.5× digital zoom (zoom only available when set to the VGA quality setting), Bluetooth v2.0 and support of Sony's new proprietary memory card format, Memory Stick Micro (M2). It has a slightly bigger 1.9 inch, 262,000 colour, 176×220 pixel TFT LCD screen, built-in email client, WAP and HTML browser and a D-pad for navigation. The K610i also supports many music formats including MP3/AAC/M4A/WMA.
Design
The K610 is a small candybar style phone which is comparable in size to the K750, which is only 2 mm shorter, 0.8 mm wider and 3.6 mm thicker. It features larger and more ergonomic buttons than the K600/K608. Comparing the phone to current 3G phones available these days, it seems that the K610 is far smaller and slimmer than even some recent 2G phones.
Navigation is provided by the central D-pad which is used for navigation of menus. The two soft keys provide greater flexibility whilst navigating and the popular activity button and web browser buttons are still included in the minimalist design.
The camera is located on the reverse side of the phone and in accordance to Sony Ericsson's dual front design philosophy, common to most Sony Ericsson camera phones, the phone is held in a horizontal position when taking pictures. In this position, a small button on the right bottom side of the phone functions as the shutter release.
K618/V630
The base hardware for the K610i has been transferred into two similar phones, the K618 and the V630. Both share a similar design different to that of the original K610i yet have identical features, the only difference being a 2g mass difference and the ability to 'Photoblog' on the V630.
The V630 is specifically aimed at Vodafone users, with case branding, simlocking and a red oriented interface with unique Vodafone icons, similar to that across the range of Vodafone branded phones.
Reviews
Although being relatively small for a phone with its features, the K610 was criticized for not including several common features found in other contemporary mobile phones, namely its lack of an FM radio, IrDA, and LED lights for taking pictures in low lighting conditions, as well as its sub-par photo quality.
Modding
Since K610i and W660i have relatively similar hardware specifications and a similar mainboard, soft modifications are available to convert a K610i to a W660i by using flashing software and the firmware files of the W660i model. Such modified phone will be able to use the Walkman feature which is available to W series phones only however will be unable to use the radio function of the Walkman phone due to the lack of radio tuner in the original K610i.
This modification will revoke any remaining warranty for the phone.
See also
List of Sony Ericsson products
References
External links
Official website
mobile-review.com
K610
Mobile phones introduced in 2006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony%20Ericsson%20K610i |
Ma Shi Chau (, literally "Horse Dung Island") is an island of Hong Kong, under the administration of Tai Po District. It is located in Tolo Harbour in the northeast New Territories (near Sam Mun Tsai). It is connected with another island, Yim Tin Tsai, by a tombolo traversable at low tide.
It was previously known as No Kot Chai and No Kot Choi ().
Geography
Ma Shi Chau has an area of 0.61 km2. It is part of the Ma Shi Chau Special Area, as it exhibits tombolo and tide features rarely seen in Hong Kong. It is the largest island of the four in the Special Area, the others being Yeung Chau, Centre Island and an unnamed island near Yim Tin Tsai.
It has sedimentary rock dating back to the Permian period that is protected by its Special Area status.
See also
Tidal island
References
External links
Ma Shi Chau - Travel Blog
Uninhabited islands of Hong Kong
Tai Po District
Tidal islands
Hong Kong UNESCO Global Geopark
Tombolos
Islands of Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%20Shi%20Chau |
Haplogroup E-V38, also known as E1b1a-V38, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-V38 is primarily distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. E-V38 has two basal branches, E-M329 and E-M2. E-M329 is a subclade mostly found in East Africa. E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in some parts of North Africa, West Asia, and Southern Europe.
Origins
The discovery of two SNPs (V38 and V100) by Trombetta et al. (2011) significantly redefined the E-V38 phylogenetic tree. This led the authors to suggest that E-V38 may have originated in East Africa. V38 joins the West African-affiliated E-M2 and the Northeast African-affiliated E-M329 with an earlier common ancestor who, like E-P2, may have also originated in East Africa. The downstream SNP E-M180 may have originated in the humid south-central Saharan savanna/grassland of North Africa between 14,000 BP and 10,000 BP. According to Wood et al. (2005) and Rosa et al. (2007), such population movements changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern, and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous haplogroup frequencies (haplogroups A and B-M60) in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a1 lineages. Traces of earlier inhabitants, however, can be observed today in these regions via the presence of the Y DNA haplogroups A1a, A1b, A2, A3, and B-M60 that are common in certain populations, such as the Mbuti and Khoisan. Shriner et al. (2018) similarly suggests that haplogroup E1b1a-V38 migrated across the Green Sahara from east to west around 19,000 years ago, where E1b1a1-M2 may have subsequently originated in West Africa or Central Africa. Shriner et al. (2018) also traces this migration via sickle cell mutation, which likely originated during the Green Sahara period.
Ancient DNA
Gad et al. (2021) indicates that the ancient Egyptian mummies of Ramesses III and Unknown Man E, possibly Pentawere, carried haplogroup E1b1a.
At Cabeço da Amoreira, in Portugal, an enslaved West African man, who may have been from the Senegambian coastal region of Gambia, Mauritania, or Senegal, and carried haplogroups E1b1a and L3b1a, was buried among shell middens between the 16th century CE and the 18th century CE.
Distribution
E-V38's frequency and diversity are highest in West Africa. Within Africa, E-V38 displays a west-to-east as well as a south-to-north clinal distribution. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.
Subclades
E-M2
E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. E-M2 is a diverse haplogroup with many branches.
E-M329
E1b1a2 is defined by the SNP mutation M329. E-M329 is mostly found in East Africa. E-M329 is also frequent in Southwestern Ethiopia, especially among Omotic-speaking populations.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.
Phylogenetic trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 2008 Tree, the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup E Tree, and subsequent published research.
E1b1a (L222.1, V38, V100)
E1b1a1 (DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, V95, Z1101, Z1107, Z1116, Z1120, Z1122, Z1123, Z1124, Z1125, Z1127, Z1130, Z1133)
E1b1a2 (M329)
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA E subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
Notes
References
Sources for conversion tables
External links
Haplogroup E1b1a FTDNA Project
Distribution of E1b1a/E3a in Africa
Spread of Haplogroup E3a, from National Geographic
E1b1a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20E-V38 |
The Anápolis Microregion is a microregion of central Goiás state, Brazil. More than sixty percent of the population is concentrated in Anápolis, the regional center.
The land is fertile and well-watered. The towns are small and comparatively prosperous. The largest cities are Anápolis, Inhumas, Jaraguá, and Itaberaí. The most populous municipality is Anápolis with 325,544 inhabitants. The least populous is Jesúpolis with 2,201 inhabitants.
The largest municipality in land area is Jaraguá with 1,895.6 km2. The smallest is Damolândia with 84.9 km2.
The area is slightly smaller than Puerto Rico or slightly less than three times the size of the American state of Rhode Island.
Municipalities in the Anápolis Microregion
The microregion consists of the following municipalities:
See also
Microregions in Goiás
References
Microregions of Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microregion%20of%20An%C3%A1polis |
Tom King (14 August 1835 – 3 October 1888) also known as "The Fighting Sailor" was an English boxer who fought both bare-knuckle and with gloves. Strong, fast, and durable he was a skilled pugilist. One of his quirkier pre-fight rituals was to drink a tot of gin before every bout. He retired from the ring in 1863, as the Heavyweight Champion of England, following his defeat of the reigning champion Jem Mace and American contender John C. Heenan.
Early life
King was born on Silver Street, Stepney, East London and at an early age joined the Royal Navy, journeying several times to the coast of Africa. While in the service he learned to box, both with and without gloves. Retiring from the navy while still a young man, he became a docker, rising to the position of foreman, where his skills with his fists earned him respect and some limited notoriety, following several brawls with colleagues.
Boxing career
King's brawling bought him to the attention of the retired boxing champion Jem Ward who began to train him in earnest. During this period, prize-fighting was illegal in England, and likely to be broken up by the police with resulting arrests. Matches were arranged by word of mouth and often held at remote sites, the location being suddenly changed with little notice. The illegality of the sport did not stop spectators attending from a broad spectrum of society, from dockers to the highest echelons of the aristocracy.
King's first professional victory was over Bill Clamp, an accomplished dockyard fighter in 1859.
He then met Thomas Truckle around 28 November 1860 at the Kentish Marshes for a purse of £300 to be split. King had about a fifteen-pound weight and three inch height advantage. He took an early lead in the fighting and though the bout went 49 rounds before Truckle's seconds ended the contest, there was little doubt that King would prevail. King next had a 43-round victory over William Evans, known as Young Broome, on 21 October 1861 at two separate locations, Farnborough and Surrey. King's fourteen pound weight, and three inch height advantage led him to take a lead using his left in the 20th round when police broke up the bout, and when the match resumed in Surrey, King took a commanding lead in the fighting until Broome's seconds ended the bout in the 43rd round. Broome was later treated for internal injuries and a fracture to the principle bone of his left hand.
These victories led to his first attempt to attain the English heavyweight crown from Jem Mace on 28 January 1862 before a crowd of around 400. He trained carefully for his bouts with Young Broome and Mace under the tuteledge of boxer Nat Langham. His first title bout, staged in Godstone, England, was fought bare knuckle under London Prize Ring Rules and lasted for 43 rounds and 68 minutes. For the first 30 rounds King fought evenly with the reigning champion, but in the second half of the fight Mace took control, and despite being nearly blinded in both eyes, finished King with a crushing blow to the throat in the final round. In the 40th, Mace downed King with two uppercuts to the jaw, and fell upon him. In the 43rd Mace landed another uppercut to the jaw prior to several close in blows, and then threw King who collapsed and was unable to rise. Mace's most prominent injuries were to the left side of his face and eye.
English heavyweight champion, 1862
Mace and King met on the banks of the River Medway, twenty-eight miles from London for a rematch less than a year later on 26 November 1862 for £200 a side. King was four years younger than Mace, roughly four inches taller, and approximately twenty pounds heavier. Mace seemed to dominate the infighting, though the pace of King's blows may have been faster, and he appeared to have won the thirteenth. In the opinion of several ringside reporters, Mace had a moderate lead up until the 20th round, when he landed a left to King's face. At this point, Mace still led the betting at 4–1. About to administer a similar blow, his foot slipped slightly and King administered a strong right under his eye on the left side of his nose, sending him to the ground and nearly causing a knockout. In the 21st, King administered the same blow with his right, knocking Mace to the grass, causing Mace's seconds to concede the match after 28 minutes of fighting. King took the heavyweight crown, and Mace and his seconds fully conceded the loss.
Defence of the championship
King's next fight was a defence of the English heavyweight championship and took place on a sunny morning at 10 am on 10 December 1863 for the exceptional sum of £1000 a side against John C Heenan. Heenan was an American who had fought the British boxer Thomas Sayers to a controversial draw for the heavyweight title in 1860. Heenan had been unofficially acclaimed the heavyweight champion, so King and his seconds knew the importance of taking the bout to defend the title. Thomas Sayers acted as Heenan's second, appearing in a boxing ring for the last time before his early death in 1865. The bout was held at Cockmounts Farm, Wadhurst, East Sussex and was fought with bare-knuckles using London Prize Ring Rules. According to Heenan's 19th-century biographer, the fight lasted 35 minutes and 25 rounds. In the first round, Heenan put King in a headlock and beat his head with his opposite hand until forced to stop from the blows administered by King on his back. Called "fibbing" at the time, holding an opponent by the neck and striking him was a move usually allowed under London Prize Ring Rules. In the second, Heenan again tried to hug and strike King but with less success, so he threw King to the ground. Heenan attempted a hold again in the third and threw King into the ropes, throwing him to the ground with force in the sixth. In the sixteenth, King was again dashed to the ground, thrown by Heenan. For the first 17 rounds the fighting appeared close with a lead by Heenan, but in the 18th round King seemed to gain the advantage with blows to Heenan's face, and went on to win the match. King dominated the last three rounds, and Heenan's face was pummeled brutally, showing considerable injury. In the 23rd, King downed Heenan with a right. Heenan came to scratch in the 24th, but was downed again near his corner by King, curling up in a heap. He was unable to answer in the 25th and when his second "threw up the sponge", the fight was called. Heenan received dreadful injuries to his face, and several reporters present at the fight felt it should have been called in the 21st.
King now became very selective of his opponents refusing to meet Mace in the ring again. Mace was frustrated and angry at not being given the opportunity to regain his heavyweight title, and in order to prompt a match deliberately set out to pick a fight with King in the street. King still refused to fight him and retired allowing the heavyweight title to fall vacant, though subsequently many unofficially claimed it.
Retirement
Having acquired and defended the heavyweight title, King turned to other sources of income.
He found recognition as a rower or sculler, defeating Tom May of Lambeth around 1864, and James Percy of Newcastle-on-Tyne. He met his first defeat in February 1865, against the rower Caffin after a foul was called by the referee and the race was run a second time. After his loss, he withdrew from the sport. Unlike many of his contemporaries who relied on the charity and munificence of their former patrons and fans for support, King prospered as a bookmaker, primarily at horse tracks, often as an agent for Lord Hastings. It is believed he once made £4000 as a commission agent betting on the horse Melton at the Liverpool Autumn Cup in 1886, retiring from bookmaking not long after. With his acquired wealth and notoriety, at least one championship horse was named in his honor. During his boxing retirement, he married the daughter of a wealthy ship owner.
He died on 4 October 1888 of bronchitis at his home in Clarence House, Clapham, London at the age of 53. He left a wife, Jane, and married daughter Emily Standridge. With the dowry of his wealthy wife and her estate, his personal estate was assessed at £54,472 at the time of his death, a fortune of over £4 million in today's currency. He is buried at London's old and historically significant West Norwood Cemetery. He was inducted into the Ring Boxing Hall of Fame in 1977 and the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1992.
Selected fights
|-
| align="center" colspan=8|6 Wins, 1 Loss
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent(s)
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Duration
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|-
| Win
| Bill Clamp
| 1859
| -
| 1 round
| Clamp was a fellow docker
|-
| Win
| Brighton Bill
| 1860
| Plaistow Marshes, England
| 1 round
|
|-
| Win
| Tom Truckle
| 27 November 1860
| Kentish Marshes, England
| 49 rounds, 62 minutes
|
|-
| Win
| Young Broome
| 21 October 1861
| Farnborough, then Surrey, England
| 43 rounds, 42 minutes
| Held in two locations on the same datePolice intervened at the first location
|-
| Loss
| Jem Mace
| 28 January 1862
| Godstone, England
| 23 rounds, 68 minutes
| Attempted English Heavyweight Championship
|-
| Win
| Jem Mace
| 26 November 1862
| Medway, England
| 21 rounds, 38 minutes
| Won English Championship
|-
| Win
| John C. Heenan
| 10 December 1863
| Wadhurst, England
| 24 rounds, 35 minutes
| Retained English Championship
Notes
References
Thomas Seccombe, King, Thomas (1835–1888) rev. Julian Lock, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004 (subscription required)
See also
List of bare-knuckle boxers
King, Tom
King, Tom
King, Tom
King, Tom
King, Tom
Kind, Tom
Boxers from Greater London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20King%20%28boxer%29 |
Ook, OoK or OOK may refer to:
Ook Chung (born 1963), Korean-Canadian writer from Quebec
On-off keying, in radio technology
Toksook Bay Airport (IATA code OOK), in Alaska
Ook!, an esoteric programming language based on Brainfuck
Ook, the mascot and name for Northern Alberta Institute of Technology sports teams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ook |
Viktor Mikhaylovich Gusev (; 30 January 1909 – 23 January 1944) wrote lyrics to accompany several patriotic Soviet military tunes, including 'Polyushko Pole' and 'March of the Artillerymen'.
He wrote the play Spring in Moscow, which was the first Soviet musical theatre, staged by New Theatre under Nikolay Akimov in the early 1950s. It was later made into a film of the same name.
References
1909 births
1944 deaths
Writers from Moscow
People from Moskovsky Uyezd
Russian male poets
Soviet male poets
Soviet poets
Soviet screenwriters
20th-century Russian poets
Russian male screenwriters
Soviet dramatists and playwrights
Soviet translators
20th-century translators
Moscow State University alumni
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Members of the Polish Ethnological Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor%20Gusev |
Michael McGuane (born 29 December 1967) is a former Australian rules footballer who represented and in the Australian Football League (AFL) during the 1980s and 1990s.
Playing career
Early years (1987–1990)
McGuane showed great promise for his local club Sebastopol in the Ballarat Football League. He made his senior debut for the club in 1985 while still a teenager and was a member of the side that lost heavily in the Grand Final to North Ballarat. Ignored by , who had the Ballarat region in their recruiting zone, were quick to pounce, and signed McGuane to their Under 19s squad for the 1986. McGuane made his senior debut 1987 with and showed great skills as a running midfielder. In 1988 he finished second to Peter Daicos in the Copeland Trophy count. In 1990 he was one of five Magpies - others being captain Tony Shaw, Scott Russell, Graham Wright and Darren Millane - to accumulate over 500 disposals over the season. He was one of Collingwood's best players in their drought-breaking Grand Final victory over , acquiring 22 disposals and kicking a goal.
Copeland Trophy era (1991–1994)
McGuane won consecutive Copeland Trophies in 1992 and 1993, and also won All-Australian selection in 1992. His career was at its peak and he was regarded among the elite in AFL Football, and part of his hard work was due to Darren Millane's trainer, who was asked by Mick to help his fitness. In 1994 he kicked an amazing running goal against Carlton at the MCG, which saw him run from the centre-square along the wing and half-forward flank, closing to 30m and kicking it through the middle. He bounced the ball 7 times during the famous run, and was deemed as one of the greatest goals of all-time.
Later career and injuries (1995–1997)
McGuane's final years as a player were blighted by injury and exacerbated by ongoing alcohol and gambling problems; in 1991 he had lost his driving licence for 19 months after he was caught drink-driving. Calf injuries were his main concern in 1995, where he played only 13 games. In 1996 he had a life-threatening bladder infection, and resulted in a ruptured urethra. The injury came upon a kick to the groin in the annual ANZAC Day clash against Essendon. At the end of all seasons from 1992–1997, McGuane experienced some kind of surgery.
In 1996 he left Collingwood for a fresh start, and was traded to Carlton for a 1st and 4th round draft selections in the 1996 AFL Draft. Coach Tony Shaw of Collingwood did offer McGuane a two-year contract deal, but was refused. He had calf problems at Carlton, causing him only to manage a disappointing 3 games with the rival club. His off-field incidents were also frequent, and included another alcohol problem, as well as a fight with Carlton teammate Matthew Hogg at training. McGuane then returned to Collingwood and worked in the club's marketing department.
Coaching career
In 2000, McGuane took up his first coaching appointment with Tasmanian club Burnie. In 2001, he led them through an undefeated season, culminating in a premiership. McGuane then returned to Victoria to coach Gisborne in the Bendigo Football League for the 2002, 2003 and 2004 seasons. In 2002 all three teams he coached (Under 18s, Reserves and Seniors) won their Grand Final. The seniors won again in 2003.
In 2005, McGuane was appointed a part-time scout at by coach Terry Wallace, but jumped to the following year after securing a full-time coaching appointment under Grant Thomas. After Thomas was sacked at the end of the season, McGuane decided to quit.
McGuane then coached the Balwyn Tigers seniors team in the Eastern Football League Division 1 in 2007. He came to the club at a tough time as they move into the highly rated EFL competition 1st Division. McGuane's coaching saw Balwyn into the finals in their first year in the competition.
In 2008, McGuane was appointed as senior coach of the Keilor Football Club. In his inaugural season, he led the club's Essendon District Football League A Grade side to a grand final victory, followed by premierships in 2016 and 2019.
References
External links
1967 births
Carlton Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club premiership players
Victorian State of Origin players
Copeland Trophy winners
All-Australians (AFL)
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
People educated at St Patrick's College, Ballarat
VFL/AFL premiership players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick%20McGuane |
The Society of Saint Paul () abbreviated SSP and also known as the Paulines, is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of pontifical right for men founded on 20 August 1914 at Alba, Piedmont in Italy by Giacomo Alberione and officially approved by the Holy See on 27 June 1949. Its members add the nominal letters SSP. after their names to indicate membership in the congregation.
History
In 1912 Alberione began publication of the magazine Vita pastorale, and the following year assumed direction of the diocesan weekly Gazzetta d`Alba. In August 1914, he opened the “Little Workers” Typographical School, which would develop into the future Society of St Paul (SSP). In 1926, Alberione sent his associate, Giuseppe Giaccardo, to establish a house in Rome. (Giaccardo was beatified in 1989.) The society was canonically erected in 1927 in Alba. Foundations were established in Brazil, Argentina and the United States in 1931.
The constitutions were approved in 1941 and the society was approved officially by the Holy See on 27 June 1949, with the mission to "evangelize with the modern tools of communications".
In 1969, Pope Paul VI honoured Alberione and the Society of Saint Paul with the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice award.
Apostolate
Its members are known as the Paulines—a name also applied to the much older Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit. Faithful to the mission assigned them by their founder, they communicate the Christian message with the use of all means that technology puts at the disposition of modern man.
The society is based in Rome and is present in about 32 countries. Members are active in several fields: editorial and bookstores, journalism, cinematography, television, radio, audiovisual, multimedia, telematics; centres of studies, research, formation, animation.
In the USA, the congregation has a publishing house based in Staten Island, New York. ST PAULS is the leading Catholic online bookstore in the Philippines, carrying bibles, books, religious statues, rosaries, etc. In India, the congregation manages two media colleges – St Paul's Institute of Communication Education (SPICE) in Mumbai and St Paul's College in Bangalore.
The society is one of ten religious and lay institutes founded by the priest Giacomo Alberione, who was proclaimed Blessed by Pope John Paul II on 20 December 2002. Members of the Pauline family included the Daughters of St. Paul and the Sisters of Jesus the Good Shepherd.
See also
Pauline Family
Paulist Fathers, separate order
Paulists, separate orders
Nippon Cultural Broadcasting (Founded by Society of Saint Paul)
References
External links
Society of St Paul website
Society of St Paul Institute of Communication Education
ADDRESS OF HIS HOLINESS POPE FRANCIS TO PARTICIPANTS IN THE GENERAL CHAPTER OF THE SOCIETY OF SAINT PAUL
Catholic orders and societies
Christian organizations established in 1914
Catholic religious institutes established in the 20th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20of%20Saint%20Paul |
Vincent Joseph Boryla (March 11, 1927 – March 27, 2016) was an American basketball player, coach and executive. His nickname was "Moose". He graduated from East Chicago Washington High School in 1944. He played basketball at the University of Notre Dame and the University of Denver, where he was named a consensus All-American in 1949. Boryla was part of the U.S team that won the gold medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.
Boryla played for the New York Knicks in the early 1950s. In 1951, Boryla scored nine points in the inaugural NBA All-Star Game and played in the NBA Finals in 1951 and 1953. Boryla did not participate in the 1952 playoffs. He later became the Knicks' coach from 1956 to 1958, and had an 80–85 record with them.
Later in his career, Boryla became the general manager of the American Basketball Association's Denver Nuggets early in their history when they were first the Kansas City ABA team and then the Denver Larks. He was also the general manager of the ABA's Utah Stars. Boryla later rejoined the Nuggets when the franchise joined the NBA. He won the NBA Executive of the Year Award with the Nuggets in 1985.
His son Mike was a quarterback in the National Football League; Vince served as his agent.
Boryla was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame, and in 1984 into the National Polish-American Hall of Fame. Boryla died in Denver, Colorado, on March 27, 2016, from complications of pneumonia, aged 89.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
References
External links
Vince Boryla (as coach) Statistics at Basketball-Reference.com
National Polish-American Sports HOF profile
1927 births
2016 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
Amateur Athletic Union men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Indiana
Basketball players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Indiana
Denver Pioneers men's basketball players
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association executives
New York Knicks head coaches
New York Knicks players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball players
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
Power forwards (basketball)
Small forwards
Sportspeople from East Chicago, Indiana
United States men's national basketball team players
Utah Stars executives
Deaths from pneumonia in Colorado
American people of Polish descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince%20Boryla |
Pavel Sergeyevich Grachev (; 1 January 1948 – 23 September 2012), sometimes transliterated as Grachov or Grachyov, was a Russian Army General and the Defence Minister of the Russian Federation from 1992 to 1996; in 1988 he was awarded Hero of the Soviet Union gold star. As Defence Minister, Grachev gained notoriety because of his military incompetence displayed during the First Chechen War and the persistent allegations of involvement in enormous corruption scandals.
Life and career
In the Soviet Union
Grachev, born in 1948 in Tula Oblast, RSFSR, joined the Soviet Army's airborne troops in 1965 and finished the Ryazan Guards Higher Airborne Command School. In 1972, he joined the Soviet Communist Party. After commanding parachute platoons, companies and battalions in the 1970s, he attended the Frunze Military Academy and the General Staff Academy, graduating in 1981. During the Soviet–Afghan War, Grachev commanded the 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment from 1982 to 1983, and was in command of the 103rd Guards Airborne Division in Afghanistan in the last years of the Soviet involvement from 1985 to 1988.
In December 1990, he was appointed commander of the Soviet airborne troops. In August/December 1991, Grachev became the Soviet Union's First Deputy Minister of Defence during its break-up.
In the Russian Federation
For a period of time, in the early-to-mid-1990s, Grachev was a close friend of the President of Russia Boris Yeltsin, and held the post of the Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation from May 1992 to June 1996. Grachev took part in the Soviet coup attempt of 1991 and the events of the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, during which he supported Yeltsin. In November 1994 Yeltsin called Grachev "the best defense minister of the decade."
Grachev was involved in the case of corruption in the Western Group of Forces in 1993-1994. Accusations were repeatedly made against Grachev in the Russian media in the illegal acquisition of imported Mercedes cars, which were issued with the help of the command of the Western Group of Forces. None of these accusations was disputed by Grachev in court, but he was also not held accountable.
In late 1994 through 1996, Grachev played a key role in initiating and leading the First Chechen War. He was one of authors of the idea to use force to "restore constitutional order" in the breakaway republic of Chechnya and publicly promised to swiftly crush the Chechen separatist forces "in a couple of hours with a single airborne regiment." He was rumoured to have launched the disastrous storming of Grozny while drunk during the celebrations of his 1 January birthday. As TIME commented in 1995: "Grachev had remarked recently that only an 'incompetent commander' would order tanks into the streets of central Grozny, where they would be vulnerable (...) Yet at the end of December he did it." Eventually, in July 1996, following his re-election, Yeltsin sacked the disgraced Grachev. The First Chechen War soon ended with more than 100,000 soldiers and civilians having lost their lives.
Grachev was suspected of being involved in the murder of Dmitry Kholodov, a Moskovsky Komsomolets journalist, in October 1994. At a criminal trial in a military court, where the defendants were officers of the 45th Guards Spetsnaz Brigade, in 2001 the ex-minister was forced to testify as a witness. The process ended with the acquittal of all defendants, the crime remained unsolved.
In December 1997, Grachev was appointed a senior military adviser to Rosvooruzhenie State Corporation, the Russian arms export monopoly. On 25 April 2007, Grachev was fired from this position.
Grachev died on 23 September 2012 of acute meningoencephalitis, in the Vishnevsky Military Hospital in Krasnogorsk. He was 64.
Popular culture
The archival footage of Grachev saying "tank regiments are commanded by total idiots; you send in the infantry first, then the tanks" is shown on TV in the 2002 film House of Fools.
Further reading
Ostrovsky, Alexander (2011). Глупость или измена? Расследование гибели СССР. (Stupidity or treason? Investigation of the death of the USSR) М.: Форум, Крымский мост-9Д, 2011. — 864 с. ISBN 978-5-89747-068-6.
Ostrovsky, Alexander (2014). Расстрел «Белого дома». Чёрный октябрь 1993 (The shooting of the "White House". Black October 1993) — М.: «Книжный мир», 2014. — 640 с. ISBN 978-5-8041-0637-0
References
External links
Grachev: Here for a While, The Moscow Times, 13 July 1995.
Pavel Grachev: Disgraced but Indispensable, The Jamestown Foundation, 3 May 1996.
Pavel Grachev, RusNet, 03.12.2003.
1948 births
2012 deaths
People from Tula Oblast
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Defence ministers of Russia
Generals of the army (Russia)
Soviet colonel generals
Soviet military personnel of the Soviet–Afghan War
People of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
People of the Chechen wars
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Commanders of the Soviet Airborne Forces
Ryazan Guards Higher Airborne Command School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel%20Grachev |
Haplogroup F, also known as F-M89 and previously as Haplogroup FT, is a very common Y-chromosome haplogroup. The clade and its subclades constitute over 90% of paternal lineages outside of Africa.
The vast majority of individual males with F-M89 fall into its direct descendant Haplogroup GHIJK (F1329/M3658/PF2622/YSC0001299). in addition to GHIJK, haplogroup F has three other immediate descendant subclades: F1 (P91/P104), F2 (M427/M428), and F3 (M481). These three, with F* (M89*), constitute the paragroup F(xGHIJK). They are primarily found throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia.
Haplogroup GHIJK branches subsequently split into two direct descendants: G (M201/PF2957) and HIJK (F929/M578/PF3494/S6397). HIJK in turn splits into H (L901/M2939) and IJK (F-L15). The descendants of the haplogroup IJK include the clades I, J, K, and, ultimately, several major haplogroups descended from Haplogroup K, namely: haplogroups M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, L, and T.
Origins
It is estimated that the SNP M89 appeared 38,700–55,700 years ago, and most likely originated in South Asia or Southeast Asia It has also been suggested by previous research that F-M89 most likely first appeared in the Arabian Peninsula, Levant or North Africa, about 43,800–56,800 years ago. It has also been speculated that the possible location of this lineage's first expansion and rise to prevalence appears to have been in the Indian Subcontinent, or somewhere close to it, and most of the descendant subclades and haplogroups appear to have radiated outward from South Asia and/or neighbouring parts of the Middle East and Southeast Asia.
Some lineages derived from Haplogroup F-M89 appear to have back-migrated into Africa from South Asia, during prehistory. For example, subclades of F-M89 were discovered in ancient DNA samples from Sudan, which were associated with both Meroitic and Post-Meroitic burials.
Distribution
The vast majority of living individuals carrying F-M89 belong to subclades of GHIJK. By comparison, cases of the paragroup F(xG,H,I,J,K) – that is, either basal F* (M89) or the primary subclades F1 (P91; P104), F2 (M427; M428) and F3 (M481) – are relatively rare worldwide.
F(xG,H,I,J,K)
A lack of precise, high resolution testing in the past makes it difficult to discuss F*, F1, F2* and F3* separately. ISOGG states that F(xG,H,I,J,K) has not been well studied, occurs "infrequently" in modern populations and peaks in South Asia, especially Sri Lanka. It also appears to have long been present in South East Asia. However, the possibility of misidentification is considered to be relatively high and some cases may in fact belong to misidentified subclades of Haplogroup GHIJK. This was, for instance, the case with the subclade Haplogroup H2 (P96), which was originally named "F3", i.e. – a name that has since been reassigned to F-M481.
F(xF1,F2,F3) has been reported among 10% of males in Sri Lanka, 5.2% of males across India (including up to 10% of males in South India), 5% in Pakistan, as well as lower levels among the Tamang people (Nepal), and in Iran.
Men originating in Indonesia have also been reported to carry F(xG,H,I,J,K) – especially F-M89* – at relatively significant levels. It has been reported at rates of 4-5% in Sulawesi and Lembata. One study, which did not comprehensively screen for other subclades of F-M89 (including some subclades of GHIJK), found that Indonesian men with the SNP P14/PF2704 (which is equivalent to M89), comprise 1.8% of men in West Timor, 1.5% of Flores 5.4% of Lembata 2.3% of Sulawesi and 0.2% in Sumatra. F1 (P91), F2 (M427) and F3 (M481; previously F5) are all highly rare and virtually exclusive to regions/ethnic minorities in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, South China, Thailand, Burma, and Vietnam.
In Central Asia, examples of F(xG,H,I,J,K) have been reported in individuals from Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
Kutanan et al. (2020) have found F*-M89 in 50.0% (8/16) of a sample of Red Lahu, 47.1% (8/17) of a sample of Black Lahu, and 6.7% (1/15) of a sample of Lisu in Mae Hong Son Province of Thailand. All these Loloish-speaking members of F*-M89 in northwestern Thailand have been found to be quite closely related in the paternal line, with the TMRCA of their Y-DNA estimated to be 584 years before present. However, the aforementioned Y-chromosomes are only distantly related to instances of F*-M89 observed in samples of other populations of Thailand, including 5.6% (1/18) of a sample of Phuan from Central Thailand, 11.8% (2/17) of a sample of Soa from Northeast Thailand, and 29% (2/7) of a sample of Saek from Northeast Thailand. The TMRCA of the Loloish cluster from North Thailand and the Y-DNA of the Phuan individual from Central Thailand has been estimated to be 12,675 years before present. The TMRCA of the F*-M89 cluster from Northeast Thailand has been estimated to be 6,492 years before present. The TMRCA of all these F*-M89 individuals from Thailand has been estimated to be 16,006 years before present.
There is also evidence of westward Paleolithic back-migration of F(xG,H,I,J,K) from South Asia, to Iran, Arabia and North East Africa, as well as subclades of haplogroup K to South-East Europe.
Neolithic migration into Europe from Southwest Asia, by first wave of farmers in Europe has been put forward as the source of F and G2a found in European Neolithic remains, dating from circa 4000 BCE. These remains, according to Herrerra et al. (2012) showed a "greater genetic similarity" to "individuals from the modern Near East" than to modern Europeans. F(xG,H,I,J,K) may have been found in Bronze Age remains from Europe, namely the individuals known as DEB 20 and DEB 38, who lived about 7,000–7,210 BP, and were found at the Derenburg Meerenstieg II site in Germany.
Three less certain cases, which have not been tested for all subclades of GHIJK, have been found among Neolithic remains in Europe. I0411 (Troc 4), who lived 7,195–7,080 years BP, was found in the Els Trocs cave, near Bisaurri (modern Spain) – while haplogroups G, I1 (I-M450; I-S247) J, L1b2, Q1b1, Q1a2a, R1a1a1 (R-L449), R1b1a2b1a (R-M35) and T were ruled out, I2a1b1 and R1b1a2 were found in other remains from the same site (Troc 5 and Troc 2). Similarly, three sets of remains from Hungary were not tested for all subclades of GHIJK: BAM 17, BAM 26 (both from Alsónyék Bátaszék, circa 7,850–7,675 years BP) and TOLM 3 (7,030–7,230 BP, found in Tolna-Mözs). (An individual known to scholars as "Oase 1", who lived circa 37,800 years BP in Eastern Europe, was initially classified as belonging either to paragroup F(xGHIJK) or within K. However, subsequent research has revealed that Oase 1 belonged to K2a*.)
Some cases reported amongst modern populations of Europeans, Native Americans and Pacific Islanders may be due to migration and admixture of F(xG,H,I,J,K), as a result of contact with South and/or South East Asia, during the early modern era (16th–19th Century).
Such examples include:
low levels in Polynesia;
some individuals among Seminole and Boruca Native Americans;
rare cases in the Netherlands;
two cases in Portugal.
F* (M89*)
Basal F-M89* has been reported among 5.2% of males in India. A regional breakdown was provided by Chiaroni et al. (2009): 10% in South India; 8% in Central India; about 1.0% in North India and Western India, as well as 5% in Pakistan; 10% in Sri Lanka; 4% among the Tamang people of Nepal; 2% in Borneo and Java; 4-5% in Sulawesi and Lembata in Southeast Asia.
In Iran, 2.3% of Bandari males from Hormozgan Province have been found to carry basal F-M89.
Haplogorup F* has been found in only 11.67% of Yunnan Han Chinese tested. Xi'an (1/34),
Haplogroup F-M89 has also been observed in Northeast Africa among two Christian period individuals, who were excavated on the Nile's Fourth Cataract and on Meroe Island.
The remains of the Bacho-Kiro cave prehistoric individual F6-620 / AA7-738, from Initial Upper Paleolithic, dated to between 45,930 and 42,580 calibrated years before present, carry also the basal lineage of the Y chromosome haplogroup F-M89.
F1 (P91)
This subclade is defined by the SNP P91. It is most common in Sri Lanka.
F2 (M427)
F2 Y-chromosomes have been reported among minorities from the borderlands of South China (Yunnan and Guizhou), Thailand, Burma, and Vietnam, namely the Yi and Kucong or Lahu Shi ("Yellow Lahu"), a subgroup of the Lahu.
F3 (M481)
The newly defined and rare subclade F3 (M481; previously F5) has been found in India and Nepal, among the Tharu people and in Andhra Pradesh. F-M481 should not be confused with Haplogroup H2 (L279, L281, L284, L285, L286, M282, P96), which was previously misclassified under F-M89, as "F3".
Haplogroup GHIJK
Basal GHIJK has never been found, either in living males or ancient remains.
Subclades – including some major haplogroups – are widespread in modern populations of the Caucasus, Middle East, South Asia, Europe, South East Asia, Pacific Islands and Native Americans.
Phylogenetics
In Y-chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of haplogroups. These subclades are also defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique event polymorphisms (UEPs).
Phylogenetic trees
There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup F-M89. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.
The Genomic Research Center draft tree
The Genomic Research Center's draft tree for haplogroup F-M89 is as follows. (Only the first three levels of subclades are shown.)
F-M89 P14, M89, M213, P133, P134, P135, P136, P138, P139, P140, P141, P142, P145, P146, P148, P149, P151, P157, P158, P159, P160, P161, P163, P166, P187, P316, L132.1, L313, L498
F-P91 P91, P104
F-M427 M427, M428
F-P96 P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, L286
F-L280 L280
G-M201 M201, P257, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, L1258, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23, U33
H-M69 M69, M370, PAGES00049
IJK L15, L16
YCC/ISOGG tree
This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008. Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update.
CF
F (L132.1, M89/PF2746).
F1 (P91, P104)
F2 (M427, M428)
F3 (M481)
Macrohaplogroup GHIJK (F1329/M3658/PF2622/YSC0001299).
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
See also
Genetics
Backbone Tree
References
External links
F* | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20F-M89 |
Pandro Samuel Berman (March 28, 1905July 13, 1996), also known as Pan Berman, was an American film producer.
Early life
Berman was born to a Jewish family in Pittsburgh in 1905. His father Henry was general manager of Universal Pictures during Hollywood's formative years.
Career
Berman was an assistant director during the 1920s under Mal St. Clair and Ralph Ince. In 1930, he was hired as a film editor at RKO Radio Pictures, then became an assistant producer. When RKO supervising producer Henry Hobart walked out during production of the ill-fated The Gay Diplomat (1931), Berman took over Hobart's responsibilities and remained in the post until 1939.
When David O. Selznick became chief of production at RKO in October 1931, Berman managed to survive Selznick's firing of most of the staff. Selznick named him producer for the adaptation of Fannie Hurst's short story Night Bell, a tale of a Jewish doctor's rise out of the Lower East Side ghetto to become a Park Avenue physician, which Selznick personally retitled Symphony of Six Million. He ordered Berman to have references to ethnic life in the Jewish ghetto restored. The movie was a box-office and critical success, and Selznick and Berman were proud of it. Berman later said it was the "first good movie" he produced.
The Fred Astaire/Ginger Rogers musicals were in production during the Berman regime, Katharine Hepburn rose to prominence, and such RKO classics as The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Gunga Din (both 1939) were completed.
Berman's brother Henry, a film editor, became his assistant at RKO.
MGM
Upset when an RKO power-play diminished his authority, Berman left for MGM in 1940, where he oversaw such productions as Ziegfeld Girl (1941), National Velvet (1944), The Bribe (1949), Father of the Bride (1950), Blackboard Jungle (1955) and BUtterfield 8 (1960). His brother Henry also moved to MGM to continue to work with him.
He had a partnership with the director Richard Thorpe in the 1950s, with whom he made several films, including Ivanhoe (1952), The Prisoner of Zenda (1952), Knights of the Round Table (1953), All the Brothers Were Valiant (1953) and The Adventures of Quentin Durward (1955).
He survived several executive shake-ups at MGM and remained there until 1963, then went into independent production, closing out his career with the unsuccessful Move (1970).
Awards
Berman was the winner of the 1976 Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. Six of his films were nominated for Academy Award for Best Picture: The Gay Divorcee (1934), Alice Adams and Top Hat (both 1935), Stage Door (1937), Father of the Bride (1950), and Ivanhoe (1952).
Personal life and death
In 1937, Berman and his wife, Viola, hired architect Roland Coate to design a house for them in Beverly Hills, California. The sixteen-room, Cape Cod-inspired mansion cost $50,000 to build and included a screening room. Berman had three children with his first wife Viola - Susan Berman Moshay, Cynthia Berman Schaffel, and Michael Berman. His marriage to Viola ended in divorce. In 1960, Berman married Kathryn Hereford.
Berman died of congestive heart failure on July 13, 1996, in his Beverly Hills home, aged 91.
Selected filmography
Stocks and Blondes (1928)
Phantom of the Range (1928)
Fangs of the Wild (1928)
The Texas Tornado (1928)
Symphony of Six Million (1932)
Morning Glory (1933)
One Man's Journey (1933)
The Little Minister (1934)
The Gay Divorcee (1934)
Where Sinners Meet (1934)
Wednesday's Child (1934)
Of Human Bondage (1934)
Alice Adams (1935)
Top Hat (1935)
Roberta (1935)
Swing Time (1936)
Mary of Scotland (1936)
Shall We Dance? (1937; uncredited)
Stage Door (1937)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939)
Ziegfeld Girl (1941)
Rio Rita (1942)
Dragon Seed (1944)
National Velvet (1944)
Song of Russia (1944; uncredited)
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945)
If Winter Comes (1947)
The Three Musketeers (1948)
The Bribe (1949)
Madame Bovary (1949)
Father of the Bride (1950)
Ivanhoe (1952)
The Prisoner of Zenda (1952)
Knights of the Round Table (1953)
The Long, Long Trailer (1954)
Blackboard Jungle (1955)
Bhowani Junction (1956)
Tea and Sympathy (1956)
Jailhouse Rock (1957)
The Brothers Karamazov (1958)
The Reluctant Debutante (1958)
BUtterfield 8 (1960)
Sweet Bird of Youth (1962)
A Patch of Blue (1965)
References
External links
Pandro S. Berman Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research
1905 births
1996 deaths
Film producers from California
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
Film people from Beverly Hills, California
Burials at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery
20th-century American businesspeople
Film producers from Pennsylvania
20th-century American Jews
Deaths from organ failure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandro%20S.%20Berman |
The Reverend Stephanus Jacobus du Toit (; 9 October 1847 – 29 May 1911) was a controversial South African nationalist, theologian, journalist and failed politician. In his younger years Du Toit did much to promote the Afrikaans language as a symbol of Afrikaner nationalism. Apart from the years 1882-8 when he was Superintendent of Education in the South African Republic, he lived in or near the town of Paarl in the Cape Colony. Disillusionment with the Kruger regime led him, in later years, to moderate his views. He was instrumental in initiating the translation of the Bible into Afrikaans and was a proponent of the Afrikaans language. He died an outcast.
Early years
He was born in 1847 near Paarl in the Cape Colony at Plaas Kleinbos, a farm that had been in the family's possession since their arrival in the Cape as Huguenot refugees in 1688. He was educated at Paarl Gimnasium and studied theology at the Theological Seminary at Stellenbosch, completing his studies in 1872 and was ordained as a minister in the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (Dutch Reformed Church) (NGK) the same year. Theologically his view were much influenced by Abraham Kuyper the Dutch Neo-Calvinist thinker. This made many congregations reluctant to invite him to be their minister. In 1875, he became the minister of a new congregation based close to the family farm – that of North Paarl, a post that he held until 1881.
Promoting the Afrikaans language
At the time, the better-educated Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony regarded the Afrikaans language as a patois that was used by the less-educated. Du Toit however regarded the Afrikaans language as a symbol of Afrikaner Nationalism.
In the early 1870s two Dutch schoolteachers, Arnoldus Pannevis and C.P. Hoogenhout made a number of pleas in De Zuid-Afrikaan newspaper that, for the benefit of the Cape Coloured community and also for the lesser-educated Afrikaner community, the Bible should be translated into Afrikaans. In 1874, Pannevis addressed his concerns to the British and Foreign Bible Society while Du Toit's articles in De Zuid-Afrikaan added support to Pannevis and Hoogenhout.
On 14 August 1875, Hoogenhout, Du Toit and others established the Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners (Society of True Afrikaners) which has as its objectives the promotion of the Afrikaans language, nation and country. Initially this was to be achieved by the publication of a monthly journal and as soon as was possible, a dictionary and grammatical rules (spraakkuns). Du Toit was elected president of the association and within a year had compiled a set of grammatical rules.
In 1876, he launched the first Afrikaans language newspaper Die Afrikaanse Patriot. Initially the paper, a monthly publication, had 50 subscribers, in its second year of publication 400 and by 1881 3000 subscribers, having in 1877 become a weekly publication. Although Du Toit could not openly control Die Afrikaanse Patriot without the consent of his church council, he was the driving force behind the paper, while his brother D.F. du Toit (known as Oom Lokomotief) was officially the paper's editor.
The British annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 caused considerable anger among the Dutch community in all of Southern Africa. Die Afrikaanse Patriot published a scathing attack and Du Toit proposed a boycott of British goods and services, and in October 1880 Die Patriot argued that the time had come for decisive action-—many Transvaal leaders state that this was the trigger for the start of the First Boer War which led, in 1881, to the Transvaal regaining its independence.
In 1879, Du Toit proposed the formation of the Afrikaner Bond, an anti-British organisation in which all Afrikaners could feel at home. Die Patriot urged a boycott of British products. Jan Hofmeyr, who had founded the Zuidafrikaansche Boeren Beschermings Vereeniging (South African Farmers' Protection Association) as a vehicle of protest against a proposed excise duty on wine agreed to merge the two organisations and by skilful manoeuvring gained control of the merged organization.
Later years
In 1882, after the Transvaal (now the South African Republic) regained its independence, its president Paul Kruger invited Du Toit to become Superintendent of Education, a post that he held until 1889. He assisted in drawing up the Republic's education law of 1882 which embodied Christian national principles. While he was secretary of state both the number of schools and the number of children attending school increased substantially. In 1883–4, he was part of Kruger's delegation to Europe and helped negotiate the London Convention. In 1875, while in the Transvaal, he was appointed official translator of the Bible by the GRA, a task for which he received official encouragement from the government of the South African Republic.
He resigned in 1888 due to a personality clash with Willem Johannes Leyds, a newly appointed advisor to Kruger. After his resignation, he returned to the Cape Colony and publicly took over the post of editor of Die Patriot, breaking with his brother and other members of the Afrikaner Bond. He was personally bankrupt, having lost money in speculation while in the Transvaal. Under his editorship Die Patriot adopted a much more conciliatory stance towards the British Government, possibly as a result of financial backing he received from Cecil Rhodes, though this is disputed.
He continued his translation of the Bible into Afrikaans, following the principals of translation laid down by the Synod of Dordrecht requiring the use of the original Hebrew or Greek where appropriate. He succeeded in translating the Book of Genesis, the Psalms, the Songs of Solomon, Book of Joshua, the Gospel according to Matthew, the Gospel according to Mark, the Acts of the Apostles and the Book of Revelation. Du Toit's translation program was not well received—neither the synod of the NGK in Orange Free State in 1885 nor the synod of the NGK in the South African Republic in 1886 supported Du Toit's efforts. By 1890 the Eerste Taalbeweging (first language movement) was all but dead.
His son Jakob Daniël du Toit, known by the pen name Totius, a member of the Tweede Taalbeweging (second language movement), completed the translation in 1933 with assistance from his own son Stephanus du Toit (1905–1982).
The Jameson Raid of 1896 caused the Afrikaner Bond to break with Rhodes. Du Toit broke with the Afrikaner Bond and through Die Afrikaanse Patriot backed Rhodes both in the Jameson Raid and in the Second Anglo-Boer War. He stood for the Cape Parliament in 1898 but failed to get elected. In 1904, following financial problems DF du Toit & Co, the company that owned Die Afrikaanse Patriot was sold and the paper was succeeded by the Paarl Post.
Du Toit died on 25 May 1911 as a result of injuries sustained in August the previous year when the cart in which he was travelling overturned while he was journeying to Calvinia to visit one of his congregations.
Legacy
Du Toit was a prolific writer – the anonymous author of the epitaph on his tombstone described him as "The father of the Afrikaans language", though this honour has also be given to Pannevis, to Hoogenhout or to all three. His contributions to Afrikaans literature included:
1876 – Erste Beginsels van die Afrikaanse Taal [Fundamentals of the Afrikaans language] (A joint work of which Du Toit was the main contributor).
1877 – (With Hoogenhout and Malherbe) Die Geskiedenis van ons Land in die Taal van ons Volk [The history of our country and the language of our people].
1889 – Die Bybel in Afrikaans [The Bible in Afrikaans] (A brochure with a translation of the first three chapters of the Book of Genesis).
1893 – Genesis (translation of the Book of Genesis)
1895 – Mattheus (translation of the Gospel according to St Mathew)
1898 – Openbaring (translation of the Book of Revelation)
1902 – Patriot woordeboek: Afrikaans-Engels [Patriot dictionary: Afrikaans-English]
1907 – Die Psalms (translation of the Psalms)
Sources
This Day in South African History
Encyclopædia Britannica
References
Afrikaner people
South African politicians
Translators of the Bible into Afrikaans
Afrikaner nationalists
1847 births
1911 deaths
Cape Colony people
South African journalists
19th-century South African politicians
19th-century translators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus%20Jacobus%20du%20Toit |
Landala is a district in central Gothenburg, Sweden with about 4,500 inhabitants (2005). Originally a traditional labour district with a large poorhouse, today Landala is home to some important educational institutes in Western Sweden, such as Chalmers University of Technology, Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet and Vasa Komvux. Also LGA has its origin in Landala.
Landala is also famous for its housing projects and social engineering in the 1960s. Almost the whole area was demolished (a church was moved some and concrete apartment blocks were built instead. However, some single houses from the 19th century were spared.
References
Gothenburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landala |
Haplogroup H (Y-DNA), also known as H-L901/M2939 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.
The primary branch H1 (H-M69) and its subclades is one of the most predominant haplogroups amongst populations in South Asia, particularly its descendant H1a1 (M52). A primary branch of H-M52, H1a1a (H-M82), is found commonly among the Roma, who originated in South Asia and migrated into the Middle East and Europe, around the beginning of the 2nd millennium CE and the Khmer people who got under influence from Indian populations. The much rarer primary branch H3 (Z5857) is also concentrated in South Asia.
However, the primary branch H2 (P96) seems to have been found in sparse levels primarily in Europe and West Asia since prehistory. Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, dating to years ago has been found in remains also the later Linear Pottery culture and Neolithic Iberia. H2 likely entered Europe during the Neolithic with the spread of agriculture. Its present distribution is made up of various individual cases spread out throughout Europe and West Asia today.
Structure
H-L901/M2939 is a direct descendant of Haplogroup GHIJK. There are, in turn, three direct descendants of H-L901/M2939 – their defining SNPs are as follows:
H1 (L902/M3061)
H1a previously haplogroup H1 (M69/Page45, M370)
H1b B108, Z34961, Z34962, Z34963, Z34964
H2 previously haplogroup F3, (P96, L279, L281, L284, L285, L286, M282)
H2a FGC29299/Z19067
H2b Z41290
H2c Y21618, Z19080
H3 (Z5857)
H3a (Z5866)
H3b (Z13871)
Ancient distribution
H-L901/M2939 is believed to have split from HIJK 48,500 years before present. Its probable site of introduction is South Asia, since it is highly concentrated there.
H1a
With limited ancient DNA testing in South Asia, accordingly there is a limited amount of ancient samples for H1a, despite it being a populous and well distributed haplogroup today. The first set of ancient DNA from South Asia was published in March 2018. 65 samples were collected from the Swat Valley of northern Pakistan, 2 of which belonged to H1a.
H2
The earliest sample of H2 is found in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture of the Levant 10,000 years ago. From ancient samples, it is clear that H2 also has a strong association with the spread of agriculture from Anatolia into Europe, and is commonly found with haplogroup G2a. H2 was found in Neolithic Anatolia, as well as in multiple later Neolithic cultures of Europe, such as the Vinča culture in Serbia, and the Megalith culture of Western Europe.
The 2021 study "Using Y-chromosome capture enrichment to resolve haplogroup H2 shows new evidence for a two-path Neolithic expansion to Western Europe" found that while H2 is less than 0.2% in modern-day western European populations it was more common during the Neolithic, between 1.5 and 9%. They identified two major clades H2m and H2d. With respect to the current ISOGG nomenclature, H2m appears to be defined by a mix of H2, H2a, H2a1 and H2c1a SNPs while H2d appears to be defined by two H2b1 SNPs, and four additional SNPs which were previously undetected. They estimated TMRCA for H2d and H2m was ~15.4 kya with H2m and H2d estimated TMRCAs of ~11.8 and ~11.9 kya respectively. H2 diversity probably existed in Near-Eastern hunter-gatherers and early farmers, and subsequently spread via the Neolithic expansion into Central and Western Europe. H2d was found along the inland/Danubian route into central Europe, but most H2m individuals are found along the Mediterranean route into Western Europe, the Iberian Peninsula and ultimately, Ireland.
There were also two occurrences of H2a found in the Neolithic Linkardstown burials in the southeast Ireland. More Neolithic H2 samples have been found in Germany and France.
Modern distribution
H1a
South Asia
H-M69 is common among populations of Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, with lower frequency in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The highest frequency of Halpogroup H found in tribal groups such as 87% among Koraga, 70% among Koya and 62% among Gond. The high frequencies of H-M69 are in India, in both Dravidian and Indo Aryan castes (32.9%)., in Bangladesh (35.71%), and H-M52 among Kalash (20.5%) in Pakistan.
Haplogroup H is typically found among Indo-Aryan, Dravidian and Tribal (Indian as well as Pakistani Kalash) populations in the Indian subcontinent. In Europe it is mostly found among Roma, who belong predominantly (between 7% and 50%) to the H1a (M82) subclade.
Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in:
Bangladesh - 35.71% (15/42).
Maharashtra - 33.3% of a sample of (68/204).
Gujarat - 20.69% (12/58)among Gujaratis in USA. 13.8% (4/29) among unspesified Gujaratis in India. 26% (13/50)among Dawoodi Bohra. 27.27 (6/22) among Bhils.
North India - According to a study(Trivedi2007) it is found 24.5% (44/180) in both Caste and tribal population of North India. Most frequently found : 20.7% (6/29) among Rajputs, 44.4% (8/18) among Chamar, 16.13% (5/31) among UP Brahmins, 10.53% (2/19) among Himachal Brahmin, 10.2% (5/49) in J&K Kashmiri Gujars, 9.8% (5/51) in J&K Kashmiri Pandits, 18.3% (9/49) among New Delhi Hindus, 14.81% (4/27) among Bihar Paswan.
Sri Lanka – in 25.3% (23/91) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition and in 10.3% (4/39) of a sample of Sinhalese.
Nepal – one study has found Haplogroup H-M69 in approximately 12% of a sample of males from the general population of Kathmandu (including 4/77 H-M82, 4/77 H-M52(xM82), and 1/77 H-M69(xM52, APT)) and 6% of a sample of Newars (4/66 H-M82). In another study, Y-DNA that belongs to Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 25.7% (5/37 = 13.5% H-M69 from a village in Morang District, 9/57 = 15.8% H-M69 from a village in Chitwan District, and 30/77 = 39.0% H-M69 from another village in Chitwan District) of Tharus in Nepal.
Pakistan – in 4.1% Burusho, 20.5% Kalash, 4.2% Pashtun, and 6.3% in other Pakistanis. Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in approximately 8% (3/38) of a sample of Burusho (also known as Hunza), including 5% (2/38) H-M82(xM36, M97, M39/M138) and 3% (1/38) H-M36.
Afghanistan – in 6.1% Pashtun, in 7.1% Tajik.
Roma people
Haplogroup H-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the Roma, especially Balkan Roma, among whom it accounts for approximately as high as 60% of males. A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Roma populations living in Bulgaria, Spain, and Lithuania. High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H-M82 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001).
Important studies show a limited introgression of the typical Roma Y-chromosome haplogroup H1 in several European groups, including approximately 0.61% in Gheg Albanians, 2.48% in Tosk Albanians.
Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia & Middle East
Haplogroup H1a is found at much lower levels outside of the Indian subcontinent and the Roma populations but is still present in other populations:
Europe - 2% (1/57) H-M82 in a sample of Macedonian Greeks, 1% (1/92 H-M82) to 2% (1/50 H-M69) of Ukrainians, H1a2a in 1.3% (1/77) of a sample of Greeks.
Caucasus- 2.6% (1/38) H-M82 in a sample of Balkarians,
Central Asia - 12.5% (2/16) H-M52 in a sample of Tajiks from Dushanbe, 5.19% (7/135) H-M69 in a sample of Salar from Qinghai, 5.13% (2/39) H (including 1/39 H(xH1,H2) and 1/39 H1) in a sample of Uyghurs from Darya Boyi Village, Yutian (Keriya) County, Xinjiang, 4.65% (6/129) H-M69 in a sample of Mongols from Qinghai, 4.44% (2/45) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Samarkand, 3.56% (17/478) H-M69 and 0.84% (4/478) F-M89(xG-M201, H-M69, I-M258, J-M304, L-M20, N-M231, O-M175, P-M45, T-M272) in a sample of Uyghurs from the Hotan area, Xinjiang, 2.86% (2/70) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Xorazm, 2.44% (1/41) H-M52 in a sample of Uyghurs from Kazakhstan, 1.79% (1/56) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Bukhara, 1.71% (3/175) H-M69 in a sample of Hui from the Changji area, Xinjiang, 1.59% (1/63) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley, 1.56% (1/64) H1 in a sample of Uyghurs from Qarchugha Village, Yuli (Lopnur) County, Xinjiang, 1.32% (1/76) H2 in a sample of Uyghurs from Horiqol Township, Awat County, Xinjiang, 0.99% (1/101) H-M69 in a sample of Kazakhs from the Hami area, Xinjiang.
West Asia- 6% (1/17) H-M52 in a sample of Turks, 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of Syrians, 4% (2/53) H-M52 in a sample of Iranians from Samarkand, 2.6% (3/117) H-M82 in a sample from southern Iran, 4.3% (7/164) of males from the United Arab Emirates, 2% of males from Oman, 1.9% (3/157) of males from Saudi Arabia, 1.4% (1/72 H-M82) of males from Qatar, and 0.6% (3/523) H-M370 in another sample of Turks.
East & South-East Asia
At the easternmost extent of its distribution, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in Thais from Thailand (1/17 = 5.9% H-M69 Northern Thailand; 2/290 = 0.7% H-M52 Northern Thai; 2/75 = 2.7% H-M69(xM52) and 1/75 = 1.3% H-M52(xM82) general population of Thailand), Balinese (19/551 = 3.45% H-M69), Tibetans (3/156 = 1.9% H-M69(xM52, APT)), Filipinos from southern Luzon (1/55 = 1.8% H-M69(xM52)), Bamars from Myanmar (1/59 = 1.7% H-M82, with the relevant individual having been sampled in Bago Region), Chams from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (1/59 = 1.7% H-M69), and Mongolians (1/149 = 0.7% H-M69). The subclade H-M39/M138 has been observed in the vicinity of Cambodia, including one instance in a sample of six Cambodians and one instance in a sample of 18 individuals from Cambodia and Laos. A genome study about Khmer people resulted in an average amount of 16,5% of Khmer belonging to y-DNA H.
H1b
H1b is defined by the SNPs - B108, Z34961, Z34962, Z34963, and Z34964. Only discovered in 2015, H1b was detected in a single sample from an individual in Myanmar. Due to only being classified recently, there are currently no studies recording H1b in modern populations.
H2
H2 (H-P96), which is defined by seven SNPs – P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, and L286 – is the only primary branch found mainly outside South Asia. Formerly named F3, H2 was reclassified as belonging to haplogroup H due to sharing the marker M3035 with H1. While being found in numerous ancient samples, H2 has only been found scarcely in modern populations across West Eurasia.
H3
H3 (Z5857) like H1, is also mostly centered in South Asia. albeit at much lower frequencies.
Like other branches of H, due to it being newly classified it is not explicitly found in modern population studies. Samples belonging to H3 were likely labeled under F*. In consumer testing, it has been found principally among South Indians and Sri Lankans, and other areas of Asia such as Arabia as well.
The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for the subclades H1a1a (H-M82) and H2 (H-P96), formerly F3, showing its distribution in different part of the world.
See also
References
External links
The India Genealogical Project
H-M69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20H%20%28Y-DNA%29 |
Anthroponymy (also anthroponymics or anthroponomastics, from Ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos / 'human', and ὄνομα onoma / 'name') is the study of anthroponyms, the proper names of human beings, both individual and collective. Anthroponymy is a branch of onomastics.
Researchers in the field of anthroponymy are called anthroponymists. Since the study of anthroponyms is relevant for several other disciplines within social sciences and humanities, experts from those disciplines engage in anthroponymic studies, including researchers from the fields of anthropology, history, human geography, sociology, prosopography, and genealogy.
Anthroponymists are required to follow certain principles, rules and criteria when researching anthroponyms. The methods used for research are divided into two major categories: the collecting of anthroponymic information and the analysis and interpretation of anthroponyms. The collection of anthroponymic information includes: inscriptions, documents, onomastics-tax records, dictionaries, phone books, monographs, and websites, which are used afterward for mapping purposes. The analysis and interpretation of anthroponyms take into account the processing of the collection of the information gathered, which consists of linguistic analysis, comparative-historical method, geographical method, and statistical method.
Anthroponymy of individual and family names
Anthroponymy of individual and family names, and their mutual correlations, includes the study of:
Anthroponyms of individuals can also be classified according to gender. Names of human males are called andronyms (from Ancient Greek ἀνήρ / man, and ὄνομα / name), while names of human females are called gynonyms (from Ancient Greek γυνή / woman, and ὄνομα / name).
Anthroponymy of group and population names
Anthroponymy of group and population names includes the study of demonyms (names of localized populations), ethnonyms (names of ethnic groups), as well as tribal names and clan names.
Anthroponymy and culture
Anthroponymy is a socio-cultural tool that can be used to find out about an individual's culture. Through the name of a person, their nationality, as well as their history, can be traced. Anthroponyms have both a national and cultural significance as they guarantee the preservation of linguistics, cultural, and historical information.
Related terms and processes
There are several specific terms and processes related to anthroponymy, like:
anthroponymization, a process when an anthroponym is formed from an apellative, like when a surname is created from the name of ones occupation, thus forming an occupational surname. Such surnames are common in most languages, including English: Smith (from smith), Miller (from miller), Thatcher (from thatcher), Shepherd (from shepherd), or Potter (from potter).
deanthroponymization, a process when an anthroponym becomes an apellative, like when the surname of the inventor Louis Braille was used to create a name for the writing system for the visually impaired persons (braille).
transonymization of anthroponyms into toponyms, a process when a human proper name is used to form a toponym (proper name of a locality; place name), thus creating an anthropotoponym, like when the name of Alexander the Great was used to create several astionyms (city names), including name for the newly created city of Alexandria in the ancient Hellenistic Egypt, or when the surname of Christopher Columbus was used to create several choronyms (region names), including names for Southamerican state of Colombia, and Canadian province of British Columbia.
transonymization of toponyms into anthroponyms, a process when toponyms (place names) are used to form human names (anthroponyms), thus creating various topoanthroponyms. Many surnames are created in that way, and they are known as toponymic surnames. Most demonyms (names for localized populations) are topoanthroponyms by formation, since they are usually created from toponyms, and also some ethnonyms are topoanthroponyms too (those that are formed from toponyms, and thus referred to as topoethnonyms). For example, geographic designations for the region of Black Mountain (Montenegro) and frontier region of Ukraina (Ukraine) were used to create not only demonyms for general populations for those regions, but also ethnonyms for modern ethnic Montenegrins and ethnic Ukrainians.
See also
References
Sources
Onomastics
Human names
Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroponymy |
Achille Van Acker (8 April 1898 – 10 July 1975) was a Belgian politician who served three terms as the prime minister of Belgium between 1946 and 1958. A moderate from Flanders, Van Acker was a member of the Belgian Socialist Party (PSB–BSP) and played an important role in the creation of the Belgian welfare state after World War II.
Biography
Early life
Achille Honoré Van Acker was born into a working class family in Bruges, Belgium in 1898 as the youngest of 12 children. He only attended school until the age of 11. Despite entering the workforce, Van Acker read widely and joined several social associations in Bruges. At the outbreak of World War I, he was refused by the Belgian Army because he suffered from astigmatism. While the Germans occupied most of Belgium, Van Acker fled into the small section of unoccupied territory behind the Yser Front where he worked in various menial capacities. Mixing with Belgian soldiers during the war, Van Acker became involved in socialist politics, developing a distinctive ideology based on moderate social democracy. After the end of the war, he returned to Bruges and joined the Belgian Labour Party (Belgische Werkliedenpartij, POB–BWP) and became active in socialist groups, trade unions, and cooperatives.
In 1926, Van Acker was elected to a position in Bruges' city council and, in 1927, became a POB–BWP member of the Chamber of Representatives aged 29. In his early years in parliament, Van Acker developed particular expertise in social security legislation.
In May 1940, Belgium was invaded by Nazi Germany. Following the Belgian surrender and the start of the German occupation, the head of the POB–BWP Henri de Man announced the dissolution of the socialist party as part of a policy of collaborationism. Van Acker retreated from public life. In 1941, however, he rejoined the illegal socialist party and underground trade union movement under the nom de guerre "Monsieur André" and travelled around the country making contact with party sections. At the Liberation of Belgium in September 1944, Van Acker emerged as the head of the POB–BWP's successor party, the Belgian Socialist Party (Belgische Socialistische Partij, PSB-BSP).
In December 1944, while serving as a government minister, Van Acker implemented Belgium's social security system.
Prime Minister
After the Second World War, Van Acker became Prime Minister of Belgium in four different cabinets and served as Minister of Labour and Social Services, Minister of Public Health, Minister of Mobility and Minister of Mining (which led to his nickname). From 1961 until 1974 he served as President of the Chamber of Representatives. He was named Minister of State in 1958. During Van Acker's first premiership, compulsory disability insurance and compulsory health insurance for manual and non-manual workers was introduced in March 1945 and from January 1946 onwards health insurance funds earmarked a special contribution that covered the costs of preventive open-air cures. With regard to work accidents, the Decree-Law of the 20th September 1945 extended the law to domestic workers, while the Decree-Law of the 13th of December 1945 “legally ratifies the regulations for road accidents that have existed since 1942.” In addition, as noted by one study, “In the first organic unemployment scheme (decree of the Regent of 26 May 1945) the principle of a generalized right to unemployment was registered, without taking into account the possible needy situation of the unemployed person held.”
To improve health and safety in mines, a decree was introduced in December 1945 provididing for the compulsory use in dusty places of devices “capable of allaying or suppressing coal and stone dust.” A number of laws were also passed from April 1945 onwards that liberalized entitlement to allowances for deportees of foreign nationality.
An Order of October 1945 issued general regulations for the medical control of workers in industrial and commercial undertakings, public services and public utilities. Another order introduced that same month issued general regulations concerning personal equipment for health protection. Following a 1940 law that enabled homeowners wishing to begin reconstruction of their properties to apply for a “repair loan at a low rate of interest, an Act was passed in December 1945 that enabled them to acquire an interest-free advance on their compensation. That same month, a Supreme Council for Hygiene in Mines was established with the aim of furthering the progress of industrial hygiene. In February 1946, the formation of safety and hygiene committees was made compulsory. Titles I and II of general regulations for the protection of labour, dated 11 February 1946, “which constitute a codification of the Belgian labour protection legislation, were approved by an Order of the Regent on 11 February 1946.” In September 1945, workers’ compensation was extended to household maids, and for accidents to and from work in December 1945. A Legislative Order of January 1946 regulating annual holidays covered all persons “bound by contracts for the hiring of services or by contracts of apprenticeship,” and laid down the essential principles for the grant of paid holidays, “leaving scope for their adaptation to the special needs of the various branches of industrial activity.”
The first three cabinets led by Van Acker were short-lived because of the crisis pertaining to Leopold III which held Belgium in its grip from 1944 to 1951.
Initiatives were taken by Van Acker's fourth cabinet to expand social spending on pensions, housing, employment, and education. Steps were also taken to reduce the workweek and to reduce the term of compulsory military service from 21 to 18 months. A 45-hour workweek was introduced in 1955, and a law was passed in 1956 that doubled holiday leave entitlement from 6 to 12 days. Earnings-related pension schemes were introduced for manual workers (1955), seamen (1956), and white-collar workers (1957). As noted by one study, “The laws of May 21, 1955 (workers) and July 12, 1957 (clerks) take over the principles of the 1953 law with an extension. Every pensioner is entitled to a pension calculated according to the length of his career and at 60 per cent. (single persons) or 75 pc. (family pension) of the gross revalued earned wages.” Allowances were introduced in 1955 to cover demolition and rehousing while pension contributions were made obligatory in 1956. An Act of June 1954 increased the minimum pension and introduced index-lining of for pension benefits, while an Act of July 1957 introduced a wage-related pension formula for white-collar workers. Under the 1955 Collard Act, municipalities could admit private schools only “after they had created public-sector ones and only where there a need for them was felt.” New schools were also built, and in the 1956 budget, provision was made (for the first time) the purchase by the state of school supplies for “the benefit of pupils in primary and nursery-infant sections attached to state secondary education establishments." In addition, a law of March 1958 made public authorities responsible for the cost of transporting (where necessary) abnormal and similarly handicapped children to special schools. In 1957, an age allowance was introduced, and a law of April the 28th 1958 (which was later replaced by a law of April 16, 1963) established a social rehabilitation scheme for the disabled.
Altogether, the various social reforms realised under Van Acker's fourth cabinet led him to be known as the father of Belgian social security.
Later life and death
Van Acker died on 11 July 1975, at the age of 77.
Authography
Moederweelde (Bruges, 1926).
Drie Sterren (Bruges, 1962).
Puntdichten en Grafschriften (Tielt, 1968).
Honours
Belgium: Minister of state, By royal decree of 23 December 1958.
Belgium: Grand Cordon in the Order of Leopold.
Belgium: Knight Grand cross in the Order of the Crown.
Belgium: Knight in the Order of Leopold II.
Knight Grand cross in the Order of Orange-Nassau.
Knight Grand cross in the Legion of Honour.
Knight Grand cross in the Order of the Oak Crown.
Knight Grand cross in the Order of the White Rose of Finland.
References
Bibliography
External links
Why April 11, 1954 Is Statistically The Most Boring Day Ever Video that mentions Van Acker's 1954 election to Prime Minister as probably the most important event that happened that day.
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1898 births
1975 deaths
Belgian Ministers of State
Belgian Socialist Party politicians
Politicians from Bruges
Presidents of the Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)
Prime Ministers of Belgium
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille%20Van%20Acker |
Flinsberg is a suburb of Heilbad Heiligenstadt, district of Eichsfeld, Thuringia, Germany.
Flinsberg is the geographical centre of Germany.
Towns in Thuringia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinsberg |
Steers is a South African quick-service restaurant brand, serving burgers and chips. Other menu items include chicken burgers, ribs as well as ice cream, milkshakes and chicken & salads among other things.
History
The history of the company revolves around the Halamandaris family, whose members are still part of the executive team today, with extensive experience in the food and franchising industries.
Steers founder, George Halamandress, created the original Milky Lane ice cream parlours, followed in quick succession by the first South African steakhouse (the Rosebank Golden Spur), the Seven Steers steakhouse in Highlands North and the Black Steer in Yeoville in the early 1960s. He was also one of the first entrepreneurs to bring the franchising concept to South Africa.
After Uncle George died in 1984, leadership of the chain passed to his nephews Peter, Theo, and their brother, Perry, as well as to Uncle George's youngest son, John. The three brothers had all been operating their own franchises and John was operating the manufacturing business, supplying Steers outlets and other retailers. Together, they re-engineered the brand and actively sought new franchisees. The early 1980s saw the opening of Steers in Sandton City, which attracted interest from would-be franchisees, and this encouraged the team behind Steers to launch their franchise programme.
There seemed to be no shortage of prospective franchisees wanting to buy into their franchise model, and more than 15 Steers outlets had opened within two years, with this number growing to 250 stores 10 years later.
By the end of the 1990s, Steers started expanding it's business beyond South Africa, and outlets opened in Swaziland (now Eswatini), Botswana, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Mauritius, Zambia, Tanzania and Ivory Coast. The name Steers evolved over the years too, starting with Golden Spur, then changing to Seven Steer, followed by Branded Steer and Longhorn Steer, before becoming Steers.
Steers Holdings listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange in November 1994, and in 2001 changed its name to Famous Brands Limited. This reflected the diversity of the Famous Brands group portfolio, although Steers remained the icon brand within the group.
The brand has continued to prosper and currently has over 600 Steers restaurants worldwide. By attracting new consumers as well as increasing the consumption frequency of existing customers, Steers succeeded in reaching their target of double-digit system-wide sales growth in 2012.
In the late 80s the Comitis family, who owned the Steers rights in the Western Cape, continued to grow the brand throughout Southern Africa. After decades of growth Steers became the most prominent fast food company in Southern Africa and the Comitis family sold the share equity back to the Famous Brands parent company.
Background
Franchise
In 1983, Steers launched a new franchise programmer. The owners placed a single advertisement in a local newspaper inviting franchisees to apply, and since then Steers has never had a shortage of prospective franchisees seeking to buy into the franchise. Within two years there were more than 15 outlets opened, and this number grew to 250 stores ten years later. By the end of the 90s Steers started expanding beyond South Africa’s borders, with outlets in Eswatini, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Mauritius, Zambia, Tanzania and Ivory Coast. There are over 500 franchises across Africa. A Steers restaurant opened on Lavender Hill, Battersea, London, UK in late July 2013. Although as of 2022, this has now been closed
Achievements
For 17 years in a row, Steers has been recognized by well-known Johannesburg listing magazine, Leisure Options, for serving the Best Hamburger in the QSR industry. Steers has also won ‘best chips’ for 13 years running.
Steers Holdings Limited was, later renamed Famous Brands Limited.
Slogans
Flame-Grilled, It Just Tastes Better (current)
Real Burgers
Real Food Made Real Good
Countries with Steers restaurants
See also
References
Fast-food hamburger restaurants
Fast-food franchises
Fast-food chains of South Africa
Restaurants in South Africa
Companies based in Johannesburg
South African brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steers%20%28restaurant%29 |
The 1995 NCAA Division I-A football season was the first year of the Bowl Alliance.
Tom Osborne led Nebraska to its second straight national title with a victory over Florida in the Fiesta Bowl.
This matchup was only possible because of the new Bowl Alliance. Under the old system, Nebraska would have been tied to the Orange Bowl and Florida to the Sugar Bowl. The Bowl Alliance created a national championship game which would rotate between the Orange, Sugar, and Fiesta Bowls free of conference tie-ins and featuring the No. 1 and No. 2 teams as chosen by the Bowl Alliance Poll. The Pac-10 and Big Ten chose not to participate, keeping their tie-ins with the Rose Bowl.
Nebraska was a football dynasty, playing in its third consecutive national title game, and became the first school to claim back-to-back titles since the 1970s. This was a dominant Nebraska team, averaging 52 points per game and a 39-point average margin of victory, including a 62–24 victory over Florida. This lopsided victory came after Florida was picked by many sportswriters to win the game.
Ohio State almost created a national title controversy, going into its final regular season game against Michigan undefeated and ranked No. 2. Had they finished the season No. 2 the Bowl Alliance would have been unable to pit No. 1 vs. No. 2 as the Big Ten champ was tied to the Rose Bowl. However, Michigan upset Ohio State. Buckeye running back Eddie George still won the Heisman Trophy.
Things were lively in the state of Florida, where the Florida Gators won their third straight SEC championship. Florida State started the season No. 1, but lost an ACC game for the first time ever when Virginia stopped a last-minute drive a few inches from the end zone, knocking them out of the national title race.
However, Northwestern was able to steal the show as the year's Cinderella story. Its only regular season loss came against Miami-OH. Northwestern began the season with an upset of Notre Dame and went on to defeat Michigan and Penn State later in the season. Undefeated in the Big Ten after decades as a doormat, the Wildcats went on to face USC in the Rose Bowl. However, the Wildcats lost to the Trojans in what was a see-saw game until USC pulled away in the fourth quarter.
Miami and Alabama had to sit the post season out, as they were on NCAA probation.
The Southwest Conference played its final game ever, an 18–17 Houston win over Rice. Four of its members would join the Big 8 to form the Big 12; the other four were split between the WAC and the newly formed Conference USA.
The Hall of Fame Bowl, originally played in Birmingham, then moved to Tampa, Florida gained corporate sponsorship, and was now known as the Outback Bowl. The Freedom Bowl was discontinued and the Holiday Bowl absorbed its WAC tie-in.
The first ever Division I-A overtime game was played during the 1995 bowl season, the Las Vegas Bowl between Toledo and Nevada. Overtime would be adopted permanently for all games in 1996. Due to the adoption of overtime, the season-ending 3–3 game between Wisconsin and Illinois on November 25 is the last tied game in Division I-A.
Rule changes
Overtime was introduced for bowl games only in Division I-A. The system is similar to one used in lower division postseason games; Each team gets one possession at the defense's 25 yard line per overtime period and continues until the tie is broken.
Unsportsmanlike conduct penalties will be assessed on any player who removes his helmet in the field of play other than due to injury.
A player who receives two unsportsmanlike conduct penalties in the same game is automatically disqualified.
Officials were instructed to strictly enforce anti-taunting and anti-showboating rules passed in the 1991 season and amended in the 1993 season.
The home team is allowed to wear white jerseys if they receive written permission from the visiting school in advance, rescinding the 1983 rule requiring the visitors to wear white. This rule was personally lobbied by new LSU coach Gerry DiNardo, since the Bayou Bengals wore white at home from the late 1950s through 1982. The Southeastern Conference adjusted the rule in 1997 for conference games, when it stated the home team would receive first choice of jersey color, regardless of the visiting team's wishes.
Conference and program changes
One team upgraded from Division I-AA prior to the season. As such, the total number of Division I-A schools increased to 108.
Pacific decided to drop their football team after the completion of the 1995 season.
Regular Season
August–September
Florida State was the top-ranked team in the preseason AP Poll, with defending champion Nebraska at No. 2 followed by No. 3 Texas A&M, No. 4 Penn State, and No. 5 Florida.
August 31-September 2: No. 1 Florida State opened their season with a 70-26 blowout of Duke. No. 2 Nebraska was just as dominant, winning 64–21 at Oklahoma State. No. 3 Texas A&M defeated LSU 33–17. No. 4 Penn State had not started their schedule. No. 5 Florida beat Houston 45–21. The top five remained the same in the next poll.
September 9: No. 1 Florida State won 45–26 at Clemson, and No. 2 Nebraska visited Michigan State for a 50–10 victory. No. 3 Texas A&M was idle. No. 4 Penn State struggled against Texas Tech, winning 24–23 on a field goal with four seconds left. No. 5 Florida beat Kentucky 42–7 in Lexington. No. 6 Auburn overwhelmed Chattanooga 76-10 and moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Texas A&M, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Auburn.
September 16: No. 1 Florida State and No. 2 Nebraska continued their dominant performances, respectively defeating North Carolina State 77-17 and Arizona State 77–28. No. 3 Texas A&M also piled on the points, beating Tulsa 52–9, and No. 4 Florida showed similar firepower with a 62–37 win over No. 8 Tennessee. In contrast, No. 5 Auburn found themselves in a defensive struggle at LSU, and the Bayou Bengals prevailed 12–6. No. 6 USC beat Houston 45-10 and moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Texas A&M, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 USC.
September 23: No. 1 Florida State defeated Central Florida 46–14, and No. 2 Nebraska beat Pacific 49–7. No. 3 Texas A&M lost 29–21 at No. 7 Colorado even after Buffaloes quarterback Koy Detmer was sidelined with a torn ACL. No. 4 Florida was idle, and No. 5 USC won 31–10 at No. 25 Arizona. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Colorado, and No. 5 USC.
September 30: No. 1 Florida State was idle. After winning all their previous games by 40 points or more, No. 2 Nebraska had “only” a two-touchdown margin of victory in their 35–21 defeat of Washington State. No. 3 Florida beat Mississippi 28–10, No. 4 Colorado won 38–17 at No. 10 Oklahoma, No. 5 USC shut out Arizona State 31–0, and No. 7 Ohio State defeated No. 15 Notre Dame 45–26. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Florida, and No. 4 Colorado, with USC and Ohio State tied at No. 5.
October
October 7: No. 1 Florida State defeated Miami 41–17. No. 2 Nebraska was idle. No. 3 Florida won 28–10 at No. 21 LSU, but No. 4 Colorado fell 40–24 to No. 24 Kansas. No. 5 Ohio State made a late comeback to beat No. 12 Penn State 28–25, while fellow No. 5 USC was a 26-16 winner at California. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Ohio State, and No. 5 USC.
October 14: No. 1 Florida State dropped 70 points on an opponent for the third time in six games, winning 72–13 over Wake Forest. No. 2 Nebraska kept up the pace with a 57–0 shutout of Missouri. No. 3 Florida visited No. 7 Auburn and won 49–38. No. 4 Ohio State made another fourth-quarter comeback to ensure a 27–16 win at No. 21 Wisconsin, their fifth ranked opponent in six games. No. 5 USC defeated Washington State 26–14. The top five remained the same in the next poll.
October 21: No. 1 Florida State beat Georgia Tech 42–10, while No. 2 Nebraska defeated No. 8 Kansas State 49–25. No. 3 Florida was idle. No. 4 Ohio State shut out Purdue 28–0, but No. 5 USC fell 38–10 at No. 17 Notre Dame. No. 6 Tennessee was idle but moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Ohio State, and No. 5 Tennessee.
October 28: No. 1 Florida State was idle. No. 2 Nebraska won 44–21 at No. 7 Colorado, No. 3 Florida visited Georgia for a 52–17 victory, No. 4 Ohio State beat No. 25 Iowa 56–35, and No. 5 Tennessee defeated South Carolina 56–21. After two straight blowouts of highly rated opponents, Nebraska moved to the top spot in the next poll: No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Florida State, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Ohio State, and No. 5 Tennessee.
November–December
November 2–4: No. 1 Nebraska overwhelmed Iowa State 73–14. The biggest upset of the season occurred in Charlottesville, where No. 24 Virginia hosted No. 2 Florida State. The Seminoles had dominated the ACC ever since they joined the league in 1992; in fact, they had not lost a single conference game in their three and a half years of membership. However, the streak came to an end with a 33-28 Cavaliers victory, as Florida State's Warrick Dunn fell just short of a game-winning touchdown as time ran out. No. 3 Florida defeated Northern Illinois 58–20, No. 4 Ohio State won 49–21 at Minnesota, and No. 5 Tennessee shut out Southern Mississippi 42–0. No. 6 Northwestern, a surprise contender for the Big Ten title, beat No. 12 Penn State 21-10 and moved into the top five: No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Ohio State, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Tennessee, and No. 5 Northwestern.
November 11: No. 1 Nebraska visited No. 10 Kansas and won 41–3 to sew up the Big 8 title. No. 2 Ohio State defeated Illinois by the same 41-3 margin. No. 3 Florida won 63–7 at South Carolina to clinch a spot in the SEC Championship Game. No. 4 Tennessee was idle, and No. 5 Northwestern beat Iowa 31–20. The top five remained the same in the next poll.
November 18: No. 1 Nebraska was idle. No. 2 Ohio State won 42–3 over Indiana, and No. 3 Florida defeated Vanderbilt 38–7. No. 4 Tennessee needed a fourth-quarter comeback to edge Kentucky 34–31, while No. 5 Northwestern had an easier time of it with a 23–8 victory at Purdue. The Wildcats moved ahead of the Volunteers in the next poll: No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Ohio State, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Northwestern, and No. 5 Tennessee.
November 24–25: No. 1 Nebraska put an exclamation point on their dominant regular season with a 37–0 shutout of rival Oklahoma. An even bigger rivalry game took place the next day, when No. 2 Ohio State visited No. 18 Michigan. For the second time in three years, the Wolverines spoiled the Buckeyes’ shot at an undefeated season, as 313 rushing yards by Tim Biakabutuka and two second-half interceptions by Charles Woodson led to a 31-23 Michigan win. No. 4 Northwestern, who had finished their regular-season schedule, received the Rose Bowl berth which would have gone to Ohio State if the Buckeyes had defeated their nemeses. Meanwhile, No. 3 Florida beat No. 6 Florida State 35-24 and No. 5 Tennessee won 12–7 over Vanderbilt. The next poll featured No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Florida, No. 3 Northwestern, No. 4 Tennessee, and No. 5 Ohio State.
December 2: No. 2 Florida was heavily favored to defeat No. 23 Arkansas in the SEC Championship Game, and the Gators did not disappoint, blowing out the Razorbacks 34–3 to complete an undefeated regular season. The final pre-bowl AP Poll featured No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Florida, and No. 3 Northwestern, with Tennessee and Ohio State tied at No. 4.
As the only two undefeated teams in the country, No. 1 Nebraska and No. 2 Florida were the obvious choices for the national championship game, and they would square off in the Fiesta Bowl to decide the title. The Rose Bowl featured its traditional Big Ten/Pac-10 matchup with No. 3 Northwestern and No. 17 USC. Other major bowl pairings included the two teams tied at No. 4 (Tennessee and Ohio State) facing each other in the Citrus Bowl, No. 6 Notre Dame against No. 8 Florida State in the Orange Bowl, No. 7 Colorado meeting No. 12 Oregon in the Cotton Bowl, and No. 9 Texas (champion of the SWC in that conference's last year of existence) versus Big East-winning No. 13 Virginia Tech in the Sugar Bowl.
Conference standings
No. 1 and No. 2 progress
+Ohio State, a Big Ten school, was not part of the Bowl Alliance. Florida was No. 3 during weeks 11 through 13.
Bowl games
Fiesta Bowl: No. 1 Nebraska 62, No. 2 Florida 24
Rose Bowl: No. 17 Southern California 41, No. 3 Northwestern 32
Sugar Bowl: No. 13 Virginia Tech 28, No. 9 Texas 10
Orange Bowl: No. 8 Florida State 31, No. 6 Notre Dame 26
Cotton Bowl Classic: No. 7 Colorado 38, No. 12 Oregon 6
: No. 18 Virginia 34, Georgia 27
: No. 4 Tennessee 20, No. 4 Ohio State 14
Outback Bowl: No. 15 Penn State 43, No. 16 Auburn 14
: North Carolina 20, No. 24 Arkansas 10
Sun Bowl: Iowa 38, No. 20 Washington 18
: Syracuse 41, No. 23 Clemson 0
Alamo Bowl: No. 19 Texas A&M 22, No. 14 Michigan 20
: Texas Tech 55, Air Force 41
Holiday Bowl: No. 10 Kansas State 54, Colorado State 21
: East Carolina 19, Stanford 13
: No. 11 Kansas 51, UCLA 30
: LSU 45, Michigan State 26
Las Vegas Bowl: No. 25 Toledo 40, Nevada 37 (OT)
Final AP Poll
Nebraska
Florida
Tennessee
Florida State
Colorado
Ohio State
Kansas State
Northwestern
Kansas
Virginia Tech
Notre Dame
USC
Penn State
Texas
Texas A&M
Virginia
Michigan
Oregon
Syracuse
Miami-FL
Alabama
Auburn
Texas Tech
Toledo
Iowa
Final Coaches Poll
Nebraska
Tennessee
Florida
Colorado
Florida St.
Kansas St.
Northwestern
Ohio St.
Virginia Tech
Kansas
Southern California
Penn St.
Notre Dame
Texas
Texas A&M
Syracuse
Virginia
Oregon
Michigan
Texas Tech
Auburn
Iowa
East Carolina
Toledo
LSU
Heisman Trophy voting
The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player
Other major awards
Maxwell Award (College Player of the Year) - Eddie George, Ohio State
Walter Camp Award (Back) - Eddie George, Ohio State
Davey O'Brien Award (Quarterback) - Danny Wuerffel, Florida
Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Senior Quarterback) - Tommie Frazier, Nebraska
Doak Walker Award (Running Back) - Eddie George, Ohio State
Fred Biletnikoff Award (Wide Receiver) - Terry Glenn, Ohio State
Bronko Nagurski Trophy (Defensive Player) - Pat Fitzgerald, Northwestern
Dick Butkus Award (Linebacker) - Kevin Hardy, Illinois
Lombardi Award (Lineman or Linebacker) - Orlando Pace, Ohio State
Outland Trophy (Interior Lineman) - Jonathan Ogden, OT, UCLA
Jim Thorpe Award (Defensive Back) - Greg Meyers, Colorado State
Lou Groza Award (Placekicker) - Michael Reeder, TCU
Paul "Bear" Bryant Award - Gary Barnett, Northwestern
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20NCAA%20Division%20I-A%20football%20season |
Freyburg may refer to:
Germany
Freyburg, Germany
United States
Freyburg, Ohio
Freyburg, Texas
See also
Freiberg (disambiguation)
Freiburg (disambiguation)
Freyberg
Friberg
Fribourg (disambiguation)
Fryeburg (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyburg |
Technology trajectory refers to a single branch in the evolution of a technological design of a product/service, with nodes representing separate designs. With Technology trajectory referring to a single branch we do expect the development of new technologies to precede recent uses and advance future technologies. The development of future technologies allows for the innovation of new ideas, research, and much more.
It also can be defined as the paths by which innovations in a given field occur.
Movement along the technology trajectory is associated with research and development. Due to the institutionalization of ideas, markets, and professions, technology development can get 'stuck' (locked-in) within one trajectory, and firms and engineers are unable to adapt to ideas and innovation from the outside. Technological trajectory/development may break- out of trajectory and can cause three understandings 1. when technology will lock in into a trajectory, 2.) when technology may break out of lock-in, and 3.) when competing technologies may co-exist in a balance. A lock-in is when a certain technology develops along a certain trajectory allowing the development to get stuck due to certain circumstances. Not all trajectories are permanently locked into a trajectory. Let us take for example the Technological Advancement/Trajectory of Increasing Resource use. In 1929 after a man who worked for the USGS wanted to make sure there were enough materials and technological advancements after the war on metal production. He considered 4 important factors to make sure metal production would be made: Geology, Technology, Economics, and Politics. There are technical factors that go into mining, treatment, and refining. “The history of sulfur extraction and production technology also reflects continuous improvement upon processes developed from other industries to meet changing materials use requirements and societal needs". The process of sulfur extraction is found deep underground or underwater. The Clean Air Act of 1970 made rules for getting sulfur from oil refining, processing of sulfide, ores, and even the combustion of electricity generation. This required technologies to be made in order to coincide with the Clean Air Act.
The continuous improvement of sulfur extraction over the years shows how this technological trajectory/ advancement has developed over the years.
Technology Trajectory doesn't just focus on firms or engineers but it can deal with healthcare, schools, the daily life of everyone, and much more. Technology Trajectory also poses the question of whether innovations are integrated into systems nationally, regionally, or sectorally. This then makes you wonder about the environmental issues and the structure of how Technology trajectory affects everyone. Technology in this day in age is all around us and with that being said we must have a Technology Trajectory of where we want to advance to maintain our ability to take technology beyond our imagination. Technology is shaping how we learn, gather information, move forward, and change. Technology is like a policy because it tells us how we are supposed to do things, and makes some ways of doing things more rational and practical than others.
See also
Innovation
Thomas Samuel Kuhn
Social shaping of technology
Technological paradigm
References
Further reading
Technological change
Science and technology studies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology%20trajectory |
Thomas August Darnell Browder (born August 12, 1950), known professionally as August Darnell and under the stage name Kid Creole, is an American musician, singer and songwriter. He co-founded Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band and subsequently formed and led Kid Creole and the Coconuts.
Early life and career
Darnell was born in The Bronx in 1950. His mother was from South Carolina with Caribbean and Italian parents and his father from Savannah, Georgia. As an adult, Thom Browder began going by his two middle names, August Darnell. Claims from some sources that he was born in Montréal in Canada, are erroneous; according to Darnell they stem from the fictitious back-story behind the Kid Creole character.
Growing up in the multicultural area of the Bronx, Darnell was exposed early on to all kinds of music. Darnell began his musical career in a band named The In-Laws with his half-brother, Stony Browder Jr., in 1965. The band disbanded so Darnell could pursue a career as an English teacher. He taught at Alverta B. Gray Schultz Middle School in Hempstead, New York after studying English and drama at Hofstra University. He later claimed that he established a musical career because he was a "frustrated actor".
In 1974, again with Stony Browder, he formed Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band, becoming its lyricist and bass player. The band combined swing and Latin music with disco rhythms and had its biggest hit in 1976 with "Cherchez La Femme". Their self-titled debut release was a Top 40-charting album which was certified gold and was nominated for a Grammy.
Kid Creole
In 1979, Darnell left Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band. He joined the band Machine, and co-wrote their best known song "There But for the Grace of God Go I". He also began producing for other artists, such as Don Armando's Second Avenue Rhumba Band and Gichy Dan's Beachwood No.9, before adopting the name Kid Creole (adapted from the Elvis Presley film King Creole) in 1980. Darnell described the persona of Kid Creole as "a flamboyant, devil-may-care bon vivant".
With his band and backing singers (including Darnell's then-wife, Adriana Kaegi), collectively known as Kid Creole and the Coconuts, he established an exuberant musical style drawing on such influences as big bands, notably that of Cab Calloway, salsa, jazz, pop music and disco. Darnell wrote the lyrics, which "satirised the high life at a time when America was ravaged by recession". The group released three albums, Off the Coast of Me (1980), Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places (1981) and Tropical Gangsters (1982), that became especially popular and successful in Europe. Darnell also worked as a producer with acts on ZE Records. However, the band was much less successful in the U.S., and was eventually dropped by Sony.
In 1983, Darnell formed a new swing big band, Elbow Bones and the Racketeers, and gained the hit "A Night in New York".
Later life
Darnell moved to England in the 1980s, and later lived in Denmark, Sweden, and Maui, and occasionally tours Kid Creole and the Coconuts with his European band. Darnell's daughter Savanna appeared as a contestant on the 2018 series of Love Island, while his son Dario 'Youngr' Darnell appeared as the opening act on the second episode of Simon Cowell's new music competition for ITV called Walk the Line (13 December 2021). In 2019 Darnell married his girlfriend of 10 years, Eva Tudor-Jones in Maui. Eva has been a big part of the band's empire for 23 years, starting off as Mama Coconut in 1997 to now managing the band. Darnell and Eva share a daughter, born in Maui.
References
1950 births
Living people
Musicians from the Bronx
Kid Creole and the Coconuts members
Hofstra University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%20Darnell |
Leon Polk Smith (1906–1996) was an American painter. His geometrically oriented abstract paintings were influenced by Piet Mondrian and he is a follow er of the Hard-edge school. His best-known paintings constitute maximally reduced forms, characterized by just two colors on a canvas meeting in a sharply delineated edge, often on an unframed canvas of unusual shape. His work is represented in many museums in the United States, Europe, and South America. Thanks to a generous bequest from the artist, the Brooklyn Museum has 27 of his paintings on permanent display.
Early life
Smith was born near Chickasha, a year before Oklahoma became a state. His parents, William and Samantha Smith, had arrived in present-day Oklahoma from Tennessee at the end of the 19th century, and had settled on land with the Chickasaw Nation and Choctaw Nation in Indian Territory. Smith was the eighth of nine children and labored on his parents' modest homestead throughout an impecunious childhood. After high school, he worked as a ranch-hand in Oklahoma, then built roads and constructed telephone systems in Arizona. During this period Smith sent money home to help his parents with the mortgage on their land, but even the aggregate of the family's funds proved insufficient to avoid foreclosure.
After the foreclosure, and released from the burden of familial financial support, Smith enrolled at Oklahoma State College (now East Central University), in Ada, Oklahoma, with the intention of becoming a teacher. Following graduation, he moved to New York City (1936), where he attended the Columbia University Teacher's College. Smith's artistic development was set in motion during his first semester at Columbia, when one of his teachers took him to see the Gallatin Collection, then at New York University. The sight of paintings by Mondrian and sculpture by Constantin Brâncuși and Jean Arp was a formative experience.
Career
Art
Smith had his first show in New York City at the Uptown Gallery in 1941. In the decade that followed, Smith moved through preliminary explorations of neo-plasticism and began to paint in a more hard-edge style, typified by geometric lines, curving shapes of color, and the use of tondo (disk-shaped) canvases. A review for a 1956 solo show at the Camino Gallery noted Smith as a Geometric painter, who had "extended De Stijl principles to include tonal variations and nonrectilinear elements." Smith acknowledged his debt to the De Stijl movement and to Mondrian, but stated that he was looking in his work to take the road beyond: "people said [Mondrian] had hit a dead end, or a stone wall and I said I don't think so."
As late as 1962, he continued to receive notifications for derivative influence: the "flawlessly executed" bas-reliefs of his exhibition for Eleanor Ward at the Stable Gallery were typified as "Arpish."
But with the support of prominent gallerists in the late 1950s, by the mid-60s Smith had found an audience for his work as an independent voice. His artwork was included in two important group exhibitions, The Responsive Eye at the Museum of Modern Art (1965) and Systemic Painting at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (1966). His two important series of the period, Correspondences and Constellations impressed reviewers with their interplay of form, color, and space.
He introduced his Constellation series at the Galerie Chalette in 1969.
In 1995, the Brooklyn Museum curated Leon Polk Smith: American Painter, a retrospective exhibition of Smith's career.<ref>Leon Polk Smith papers, 1938-1997: Biographical Note,"] Archives of American Art, The Smithsonian, Washington, DC. Retrieved 2020-3-22</ref>
He was affiliated with numerous other prominent dealers, including Sidney Janis, Charles Egan, Betty Parsons, Galerie Chalette, and Denise René.
Teaching
From 1939 to 1948, Smith supported himself via teaching and teaching administration. He was State Supervisor of Art Education in Delaware, Assistant Professor of Art at the TC University System of Georgia, and accepted university teaching positions at Rollins College in Florida, New York University, and Mills College of Education in New York.
Legacy
Smith died in Manhattan in 1996, with an acknowledged position in the development of American geometric abstraction. He had arrived at geometry before others and remained steadfastly loyal to its principles, cultivating aspects of scale and simplicity that presaged the Hard-Edge and Minimal painting styles of the late 1950s and '60s. Younger painters like Ellsworth Kelly, Jack Youngerman and Al Held visited his studio and came away inspired. But he cultivated a maverick attitude as a New York outsider that resisted definition as part of any single contemporary movement on the arts scene. This challenged his reviewers, as they looked for soundbites to describe his status and his work. When asked for his inspirations at a post-commencement speech roundtable, Smith cited the two professors of English who opened his mind to the beauty of Middle-English and Poetry, rather than name-dropping his contemporaries or artistic mentors.
The Leon Polk Smith Foundation was established by the artist before his death to "preserve and promote the art and legacy of Leon Polk Smith."
Exhibitions
GroupThe Responsive Eye at the Museum of Modern Art (1965)Systemic Painting at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (1966)
SoloPaintings & Sculpture, the Stable Gallery (1962)Torn Drawings, Galerie Chalette (1965)Constellations, Galerie Chalette, (1969)Leon Polk Smith: Retrospective, Galerie Denise Rene, (1975)Recent Work, Washburn Galleries, Uptown & Downtown (1981)Leon Polk Smith: American Painter, the Brooklyn Museum (1995)
PosthumousLeon Polk Smith, Joan T. Washburn Gallery (2005)Leon Polk Smith: Hiding in Plain Sight, Heard Museum (2021)Leon Polk Smith: Big Form, Big Space, Contemporary Art Gallery (Vancouver) (2021)
Quotations"It is very important that the dealer understands the artist's work and [has the ability to talk about it intelligently. I have heard dealers say: 'I know what I like and I think that is enough.' Enough for a cow but not a dealer."References
Further reading
Rapaport, Brooke Kamin, et al. Leon Polk Smith: American Painter. The Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY, (1995).
Yau, John. Leon Polk Smith.'' Lisson Gallery, New York, NY (2017).
External links
Leon Polk Smith interview from Artdeal Magazine
Leon Polk Smith - Leon Polk Smith in the Arithmeum
Article about Leon Polk Smith
Art Department Scholarships - Leon Polk Smith Scholarship
Leon Polk Smith Foundation
Lisson Gallery Artist page
1906 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Minimalist artists
Modern painters
Abstract painters
Modern sculptors
Abstract sculptors
People from Grady County, Oklahoma
Painters from Oklahoma
East Central University alumni
20th-century American male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Polk%20Smith |
Savery is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Constance Savery (1897-1999), English author
Gil Savery (1917-2018), American journalist
Henry Savery (1791–1842), Australian novelist
Jan Savery (1589–1654), Flemish painter
Joe Savery (born 1985), baseball pitcher
Nigel Savery (21st century), geneticist
Roelant Savery (1576–1639), Flanders-born Dutch baroque painter
Thomas Savery (circa 1650–1715), English inventor
Uffe Savery (born 1966), Danish percussionist
See also
Savery Hotel, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Des Moines, Iowa, United States
Savery Pond (Plymouth, Massachusetts), United States
Savory (disambiguation)
Savery, Wyoming, United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savery |
National Lampoon's Senior Trip is a 1995 American comedy film for the National Lampoon magazine franchise, directed by Kelly Makin. It marked Jeremy Renner's film debut.
Plot
At Fairmount High School, Ohio in the suburbs of Dayton, a group of teenage students begin their school day with an assembly featuring a band called "High on Life". As the band continues to play onstage, Mark "Dags" D'Agastino and Reggie Barry decide to sabotage the assembly by exposing the band for lip syncing. After a typing class (during which the teacher suffers a heart attack and dies), the seniors cut school and throw a party at Principal Moss' house. Moss finds out about the party from student body president Steve Nisser. He returns home and catches them, then gives the group detention, during which he forces them to write a letter to the President of the United States, explaining what is wrong with the education system.
The next day various newspaper station vans show up at the school with the announcement that the President, amazingly, enjoyed their letter, and has invited them to Washington, D.C. to discuss it. In reality, the invitation is a plot devised by the corrupt U.S. Senator Lerman to humiliate the President.
The trip underway, the bus stops at a convenience store, where Dags and Reggie lock Moss in a flooded washroom, and they steal alcoholic beverages. They are pursued by Travis, a crazed Star Trek fan and crossing guard, who hitches a ride with an Asian family. Principal Moss falls into a deep sleep after taking pills given to him by bus driver Red. With Moss passed out, the students throw a party on the bus, and Carla Morgan, the school slut, applies makeup to the unconscious Moss.
The next day, as the bus is pursued by Travis and the police, Red, the driver, dies from an apparent drug overdose, and the bus nearly plows into a lake. Dags manages to stop the bus in time, but the pursuers' car lands in the water and Travis escapes.
Arriving at Washington, the group checks into a hotel and decides to take a class photo at a cemetery. Miosky uses lights a fart on J. Edgar Hoover's flame to distract Travis. That night, the seniors secretly lace a box of chocolates with tequila and give it to the chaperone, Miss Milford. Under the influence, Milford seduces Moss. The students seize this opportunity to crash a party at the hotel next door. When Steve Nisser threatens to blow the whistle, Dags orders Miosky to "take care of him". While the other students enjoy the party, Lisa Perkins takes Dags to the rooftop where she seduces him. The next day, she discovers the plot to use the students to embarrass the President.
Senator Lerman surprises Moss and Milford, who wake up, shocked at finding themselves in a room together. When they go to collect the group for their meeting with the President, they find only a trussed-up Steve Nisser. Moss and Milford locate the missing students, and are informed of Lerman's plot. The senator kidnaps Miosky and takes him to the White House with the others in hot pursuit. At the White House, when the senator makes insulting remarks about the seniors, Principal Moss, in spite of everything, unexpectedly stands up for them. The senator's plot is exposed, and the seniors return home. The film ends with a montage of the characters, telling where they end up in later life.
Cast
Reception
Box office
The film opened to $2,184,901 from 1,397 theaters with an average of $1,563 per site. The United States generated $3,686,337, 78% of the total gross of the film. The overseas gross was $1,000,600, bringing the worldwide total to $4,686,937.
Critical response
The film received overwhelmingly negative reviews, earning a 0% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes website, but it currently holds a B grade at Yahoo! Movies.
References
External links
1995 films
1990s adventure comedy films
1990s comedy road movies
American adventure comedy films
American comedy road movies
1990s English-language films
Films about alcoholism
Films set in Ohio
Films set in Washington, D.C.
National Lampoon films
1990s teen comedy films
Films scored by Steve Bartek
1995 comedy films
Films directed by Kelly Makin
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Lampoon%27s%20Senior%20Trip |
Christine of Hesse (29 June 1543 – 13 May 1604) was Duchess consort of Holstein-Gottorp as the spouse of Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp. She exerted some political influence as a widow after 1586.
Biography
Christine was born in Kassel as a daughter of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse and his spouse Christine of Saxony. She was given a strict Protestant upbringing by her aunt Elizabeth, Dowager Duchess of Saxony.
Christine received a proposal from King Eric XIV of Sweden, but this did not come about. Her wedding celebration resulted in a scandal, when the guests at the wedding reception consumed too much alcohol. In 1565, the Gottorf Castle was destroyed by fire, which cost her her personal possessions.
As duchess, Christine supported churches and schools and scholarships to poor students in theology. She was interested in medicine, and also manufactured her own medicines.
As a widow after 1586, Christine defended the rights of her son Philip against the council.
Christine composed the psalm-book Geistliche Psalmen und Lieder (1590).
Family and children
On 17 December 1564 Christine was married to Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp and had the following children:
Frederick II (21 April 1568 – 15 June 1587).
Sophia (1 June 1569 – 14 November 1634), married on 17 February 1588 to John VII, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
Philip (10 August 1570 – 18 October 1590).
Christina (13 April 1573 – 8 December 1625), married on 27 August 1592 to King Charles IX of Sweden.
John Adolph (27 February 1575 – 31 March 1616).
Anna (27 February 1575 – 24 April 1625), married 28 January 1598 to Count Enno III of Ostfriesland.
Christian, died young in 1577.
Agnes (20 December 1578 – 1627).
John Frederick, prince-bishop of Bremen, Lübeck and Verden, (1 September 1579 – 3 September 1634).
Through her daughters Sophia and Anna, she is an ancestor of British Monarch Charles III.
Ancestors
External links
Article in the ABD
|-
1543 births
1604 deaths
16th-century German women writers
16th-century German writers
17th-century German people
17th-century philanthropists
17th-century German women
Duchesses of Holstein-Gottorp
German Protestant hymnwriters
German philanthropists
German women philanthropists
House of Holstein-Gottorp
Patrons of schools
German women writers
Women hymnwriters
Daughters of monarchs
Mothers of monarchs
17th-century women philanthropists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%20of%20Hesse |
Roelant Savery (or Roeland(t) Maertensz Saverij, or de Savery, or many variants; 1576 – buried 25 February 1639) was a Flanders-born Dutch Golden Age painter.
Life
Savery was born in Kortrijk. Like so many other artists, he belonged to an Anabaptist family that fled north from the Spanish-occupied Southern Netherlands when Roelant was about 4 years old and settled in Haarlem around 1585. He was taught painting by his older brother Jacob Savery (c. 1565 – 1603) and Hans Bol.
After his schooling, Savery traveled to Prague around 1604, where he became court painter of the Emperors Rudolf II (1552–1612) and Mathias (1557–1619), who had made their court a center of mannerist art. Between 1606 and 1608 he traveled to Tyrol to study plants. Gillis d'Hondecoeter became his pupil.
Before 1616 Savery moved back to Amsterdam, and lived in the Sint Antoniesbreestraat. In 1618 he settled in Utrecht, where he joined the artist's guild a year later. His nephew Hans would become his most important assistant.
In 1621 Savery bought a large house on the Boterstraat in Utrecht. The house had a large garden with flowers and plants, where a number of fellow painters, like Adam Willaerts were frequent visitors. Savery had kept his house in Amsterdam, and had one child baptized in Nieuwe Kerk (Amsterdam).
Savery was friends with still life painters like Balthasar van der Ast and Ambrosius Bosschaert. In the 1620s he was one of the most successful painters in Utrecht, but later his life got troubled, perhaps because of heavy drinking. Though he would have pupils until the late 1630s, amongst which Allaert van Everdingen and Roelant Roghman, he went bankrupt in 1638 and died in Utrecht half a year later.
Works
Savery primarily painted landscapes in the Flemish tradition of Gillis van Coninxloo, often embellished with many meticulously painted animals and plants, regularly with a mythological or biblical theme as background. He also painted multiple flower still lifes; bouquets in stone niches, sometimes with lizards such as Flowers with Two Lizards, insects or fallen petals and regarded as his best work.
His unique style of painting, related to the then reigning Mannerism, has been highly popular with collectors and can be found in many museums in Europe and North America. His preparatory drawings are also valued highly.
Among his best-known works are several depictions of the now-extinct dodo painted between 1611 and 1628. His nephew Hans a.k.a. Jan Savery was also known for his paintings of the dodo (including a famous 1651 illustration currently held at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History), which he probably copied from his uncle's work.
Savery's dodos
Savery is famous for being the most prolific and influential illustrator of the extinct dodo, having made at least ten depictions, often showing it in the lower corners. A famous painting of his from 1626, now called Edwards' Dodo as it was once owned by the ornithologist George Edwards, has since become the standard image of a dodo. It is housed in the Natural History Museum, London. This and his other images are the source for many other dodo illustrations.
Sources
External links
Savery at WGA
Savery at the Artcyclopedia
Whale on the beach (1614)
Tyrolean landscape
Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Drawings and Prints, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which includes material on Roelant Savery (see index)
1576 births
1639 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Flemish Baroque painters
Dutch bird artists
Dutch still life painters
People from Kortrijk
Artists from Utrecht
Painters from Utrecht
Sibling artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roelant%20Savery |
Haplogroup K or K-M9 is a genetic lineage within human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A sublineage of haplogroup IJK, K-M9, and its descendant clades represent a geographically widespread and diverse haplogroup. The lineages have long been found among males on every continent except Antarctica.
The direct descendants of K-M9 are Haplogroup K2 (formerly KxLT; K-M526) and Haplogroup K1 (L298 = P326, also known as LT).
Origins and distribution
Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 47,000-50,000 years ago. According to geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K or the Eurasian clan, originated in the Middle East (perhaps Iran) or Central Asia. It is likely that its descendant haplogroup P diverged somewhere in South Asia into P1, which expanded into Siberia and Northern Eurasia, and into P2, which expanded into Oceania and Southeast Asia.
Basal K* is exceptionally rare and under-researched; while it has been reported at very low frequencies on many continents it is not always clear if the examples concerned have been screened for subclades. Confirmed examples of K-M9* now appear to be most common amongst some populations in Island South East Asia and Melanesia.
Primary descendants of haplogroup LT are L (M20), also known as K1a, and T (M184), also known as K1b.
The descendants of haplogroup K2 include:
K2a (detected in paleolithic specimens Oase1 and Ust'-Ishim), the subclades of which include the major haplogroups N and O, and;
K2b – the ancestor of haplogroups M, P, Q, R, S.
Structure
Haplogroup K-M9 tree
References
External links
Spread of Haplogroup K, from National Geographic
K-M9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20K-M9 |
Asin (sometimes stylized as ASIN) is a Pinoy folk rock band from the Philippines. They started as a trio in the late 1970s before becoming a quartet, and was originally known as the Salt of the Earth. "Asin" means salt in Filipino language.
History
Formation and early success
ASIN was formed in late 1976, the nucleus of which was the duo of Mike Pillora Jr. of Negros Occidental and Cesar Bañares Jr. of South Cotabato, who were playing at folk joints and pub houses in Manila as 'Mike and Cesar'. A year later, Lolita Carbon was recruited by the duo to fill in the missing middle voice and eventually became the third member. Pillora named the trio 'Salt of the Earth' after the song recorded originally by The Rolling Stones and later by Joan Baez, written and composed by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. Other than the song title, Pillora also based the name of the group from the Biblical metaphor salt of the earth which represents the humble and sincere masses.
In 1978, the trio (who were all songwriters, composers and arrangers) signed their first recording contract and localized their name 'Salt of the Earth' into 'Asin ng Lupa'. They ultimately became known simply as ASIN. The members also adopted handles (sobriquets) for themselves based on local style nicknames and they became known to their fans as Nonoy, Saro and Nene.
In the same year, their eponymous debut LP "Asin" was released, giving birth to an alternative form of music which was different and distinct from what was mainstream. Their songs conveyed a message that roused a social-awareness among the vast majority of Filipinos becoming a rallying call for social and political aspirations.
In the last quarter of 1979, they launched another album called Himig ng Pag-ibig ("Hymn of Love"). The group's break-up abruptly followed. However, their absence from the music scene did not hamper their growing popularity.
The group was not heard from until 1983. In the summer of the same year, AIESEC (Association Internationale des Etudiants en Sciences Economiques et Commerciales), a students’ business organization based in the island of Cebu, made a project to reunite the group. Nonoy was summoned and was tasked to reunite his band. This resulted in a jam-packed reunion concert of the group at Cebu Coliseum, Cebu City. From that time on, ASIN, with their manager Dindo, rolled into a series of performances in Mindanao, sporadic shows in the Visayan Region, and marathon concerts in Luzon.
This culminated in the creation and launch of their third album Himig ng Lahi ("Hymn of the Race") in the same year. Through Nonoy, Fred Aban Jr., the session bass player known by the name Pendong, was adopted by the trio and became the fourth member of the group although he had not been a songwriter ("Mga Limot na Bayani", "Siglo", "Pag-asa", among others were written by Pendong Aban Jr.). Since everybody in the group was a "junior" (each one was carrying their father's first name), Nene also proclaimed herself a "junior".
In early 1984, the group released an experimental album called Ang mga Awitin ng Bayan kong Pilipinas, an adaptation of traditional and contemporary songs from various regions of the Philippine archipelago.
In November 1985, they came out with another original compilation that Nonoy called ASIN...Sa Atubiling Panahon ("Asin...In A Doubtful Time"). This was unfolded by the roll of events that happened in the beginning of the following year, among which was the EDSA Revolution that toppled the ruling Marcos regime. ASIN called it "atubiling panahon" (doubtful time) and the group split for a second time.
In 1988, they decided to regroup again hoping to come up with new material to make another album that would speak of the time. Instead they were urged by their new manager into making an adaptation of outdated songs and came out with a double album called Himig Kayumanggi and Sinta.
Later on, various intrigues led to the expulsion of Nonoy. The disgruntled Nonoy went to Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, Greece, Israel and Egypt to "look for his soul". Back home, the dream of making a new album was not fulfilled. Soon after, Saro and Nene, together with the name (ASIN), joined the band known as Lokal Brown.
In 1990, the remaining members of Asin (who were under the leadership of a clique headed by their new manager) disbanded. Saro went back to his home province of South Cotabato, Nene formed 'Nene Band', and Pendong formed 'Grupong Pendong'.
In 1992, a concert promoter gathered the three original members, Nonoy, Saro and Nene for a reunion concert. Pendong, according to the promoter, was not included because of issues with scheduling. The concert was staged at the Folk Arts Theater. However, it was nothing more than a one night gig and each member went back again to their ways after the concert.
Death of Bañares
At around 9:00 p.m. on March 18, 1993, Cesar "Saro" Bañares was at a karaoke bar in his hometown of Koronadal when a brawl erupted among several customers. A single gunshot was fired which hit Bañares on the forehead. He was brought to the hospital but eventually died.
After a seven-year trial, lawyer Gualberto Cataluña Jr. and brothers Joelito and Joel Castracion were found guilty for the murder of Bañares and were sentenced to life imprisonment. They were also ordered to pay Bañares' family more than ₱1 million in damages. According to the prosecution's witnesses, Cataluña and the Castracion brothers assaulted Bañares over a misunderstanding. Cataluña allegedly started the fight by throwing a beer bottle at Bañares forehead. While the Castracion brothers were assaulting Bañares, Cataluña passed a handgun to Joelito Castracion who then shot Bañares. The three served their sentences at New Bilibid Prison. However, on June 1, 2007, Cataluña was released after a successful appeal that downgraded his conviction from murder to homicide. The court considered his sentence served after spending 7 years in detention and another 7 years incarcerated. Cataluña later resumed his law practice.
Later years
Between the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nene or Asin as she is known among her fans in Cagayan province up north, frequented her friend Willi Catral for some gigs. Her frequent visit to Tuguegarao has help her establish contacts with environment groups like the Sierra Madre Outdoor Club.
In 2000, Craig Burrows, MBE, originally from England but a long term resident of the Philippines, came up with the idea to bring together the remaining members of the group and make an album. He first spoke with Nonoy who eagerly agreed and later brought Nene and Pendong to Nonoy's island residence. The three had a few meetings wherein Nonoy came up with the concept for the album which the two eagerly accepted. However, the album was not released.
Nonoy's concept was never realized, but in 2002, with the support of Burrows, Nene and Pendong made the album Pag-ibig, Pagbabago, Pagpapatuloy. Later, Pendong shared his stories with the media, of how Nonoy had finally decided to put down his guitar and settle into a peaceful life; and of the band's beginnings, of how together with Nonoy and Saro, he met Nene at a folk rock club called Kola House and then decided to form their own musical group, naming it 'Salt of the Earth'. This he claimed was the beginning of the group ASIN.
Nonoy continued to perform with a new partner named Ginji, known together as 'Noyginji Interaktiv'. They distributed CDs with new compositions, such as "...Ang Karugtong" ("...The Continuation").
In mid-2006, Nene and Pendong parted ways. Pendong and his family emigrated to USA where he continued playing as Grupong Pendong. During the last quarter of the same year, Nonoy and his family moved to Israel and continued to perform as Noyginji Interaktiv. Nene stayed in the Philippines and played as a soloist.
On July 14, 2010, Nonoy and Nene reunited as ASIN to pay tribute to their fallen colleague Saro Bañares Jr. in Koronadal, South Cotabato. Their performance marked the opening of the 44th T’nalak Festival, a yearly celebration showcasing dances and crafts of the tribal communities as well as the produce of South Cotabato. The following day, they were invited by Manny Pacquiao to play in his home province Saranggani before a large crowd. On the third day, they casually played for invited guests of the mayor of Lake Sebu in Surallah, South Cotabato.
ASIN Won as MYX Magna Award in the recent 16th MYX Music Awards 2021 last August 6 via virtual online during the COVID 19 Pandemic and also contributing their excellence in OPM folk rock music industry.
Legacy of Asin
Asin was the first group to incorporate Filipino indigenous instruments into pop/rock music. They also studied Filipino tribal music and did what they could to be true to the origins of the music. Instead of plagiarizing the indigenous music, they set about educating people about respecting the origins of the music and representing it with agreement from the tribal sources.
Although Asin admittedly did not set out to be a political band, their songs most of which have themes of loneliness and longing, reflected the tumultuous undercurrent of the seventies in the Philippines under President Ferdinand Marcos. Sometimes their recordings were deemed subversive and confiscated, while other times they were considered patriotic and the band is occasionally invited to play at the Presidential Palace.
Members
Current
Mike "Nonoy" Pillora Jr. (1976–present)
Lolita "Nene" Carbon (1978–present)
Touring and session members
Henry "Douggy" Jamisola (1976-1978) - drummer
Benjamin "Ben" Abcede (1983-1987) - session drummer
Former members
Cesar "Saro" Bañares Jr. (1976–93; died in 1993)
Fred "Pendong" Aban Jr. (1983-1990; 2002-2006)
Note: There are only 4 official members of ASIN, all other backup players are session musicians.
References to Asin in popular culture
"Balita"
The Tagalog lyrics of The Black Eyed Peas' "The Apl Song" is based on "Balita" (Tagalog for News), one of Asin's songs. This song depicts the tragedies that are happening in the conflicts in Mindanao. The final chorus of the song is a mixture of Hiligaynon in the first two lines, and Cebuano in the last two lines, translated from the Tagalog chorus of the song. "The Apl Song" tells about the hardships of Allan Pineda, member of the Black Eyed Peas, that he experienced during his childhood in Angeles City. He chose "Balita" because he grew up listening to Asin. His next song from the album Monkey Business, entitled "Bebot", sampled the guitar riff of "Ang Bayan Kong Sinilangan (Cotabato)", another song by Asin. "Balita" is also sampled on the sixth track of Gloc-9's 2009 album Matrikula, which features Gabby Alipe of Urbandub.
"Masdan Mo ang Kapaligiran"
This song was in dedication to the Pasig River. It was used as the closing credits for the movie Engkanto starring Janice de Belen, Roderick Paulate, Vilma Santos and the late OPM hip hop King Kiko, the movie was released in 1993 by OctoArts Films.
"Himig Ng Pag-Ibig"
In 2010, Yeng Constantino covered the song as the theme for the ABS-CBN TV series Dyosa, arranged by Paolo Zarate. The original version was sampled by hiphop artist Pio featuring Lolita Carbon, released by Viva Records in 2012. The song was also covered by actress Glaiza de Castro for the Cinemalaya film Liway (2018). This has also been a cover soundtrack for the film "Adan" starring Cindy Miranda and Rhen Escaño.
The song's melody was referenced by British rock band Coldplay for their song Let Somebody Go, featuring American singer Selena Gomez. It appears as the fifth track from the band's ninth studio album, Music of the Spheres. Several mash up of the two songs have been covered by independent artists on Youtube and TikTok.
The 2021 film Whether the Weather Is Fine used the song in a climactic sequence.
Discography
Albums
Asin (Vicor Music, 1978)
Himig ng Pag-ibig (Vicor Music, 1979)
Himig ng Lahi (Ivory Music, 1983)
Ang Mga Awitin ng Bayan Kong Pilipinas (Ivory Music, 1984)
Asin sa Atubiling Panahon (Ivory Music, 1986)
Himig Kayumanggi (Vicor Music, 1987)
Sinta (Vicor Music, 1988)
Pag-ibig, Pagbabago, Pagpapatuloy (Vicor Music, 2002)
Compilation albums
Mga Ginintuang Awitin ng Asin (Vicor Music, 1984)
Masdan Mo ang Kapaligiran (Vicor Music, 1994)
Ang Bayan Kong Sinilangan: Paglalakbay sa mga Awitin ng Asin (Vicor Music 40th Anniversary) (Vicor Music, 2005)
18 Greatest Hits (Vicor Music, 2009)
Singles
"Masdan Mo Ang Kapaligiran" (Vicor Music, 1978)
"Pagbabalik" (Vicor Music, 1978)
"Ang Bayan Kong Sinilangan" (Vicor Music, 1978)
"Itanong Mo Sa Mga Bata" (Vicor Music, 1979)
"Ang Buhay Ko" (Vicor Music, 1979)
"Himig ng Pag-ibig" (Vicor Music, 1979) (Re-recorded by original Asin lead singer Lolita Carbon Feat. hip hop artist Pio in 2012)
"Balita" (Vicor Music, 1979) (sampled by Black Eyed Peas as "The APL Song" in 2005)
"Gising Kaibigan" (Vicor Music, 1979)
"Usok" (Vicor Music, 1979)
"Lupa" (Vicor Music, 1984) (Original by the late Rico J. Puno)
Album appearances
Ugat: The Best Of OPM Folk Rock Vol. 1 (Vicor Music, 2008)
Ugat: The Best Of OPM Folk Rock Vol. 2 (Vicor Music, 2010)
Awards
Best Folksong of the Year for "Orasyon" – AWIT Awards 1984
Best Album of the Year for Himig ng Lahi – AWIT Awards 1984
Album of the Year for Himig ng Lahi – Jingle Magazine Awards 1984
Best Vocal Arrangement for Group in "Lupa" – Cecil Awards 1986
Department of Environment and Natural Resources Likas Yaman Award for Masdan Mo and Kapaligiran 1991
For Lolita Carbon – Best Rock Recording for "Paraisong Liku-liko", AWIT Awards 1990
For Pendong Aban, Jr. – Best World Music Album for Ang Grupong Pendong – Dito Sa Lupa
Album – Katha Music Awards 1995
Best Folksong for "Pagbabalik" – Aliw Awards 1979
Nominated as Best Rock Recording for "Usok" in the 1st Cecil Awards
Best Musical Arrangement for Dalawang Dekada ng Asin (Overture), AWIT Awards 2002
Environmental Champions 2004 - DENR/WORLD BANK Publication - Environmental Monitor 2004, given June 20, 2005
Winner, MYX Magna Award, MYX Music Awards 2021
See also
Juan de la Cruz Band
Mike Hanopol
Pinoy rock
Sampaguita
References
External links
Filipino rock music groups
Filipino folk music groups
Manila sound groups
Musical groups from Metro Manila
Musical groups established in 1976
Tagalog-language singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asin%20%28band%29 |
Spitz is a type of domestic dog.
Spitz may also refer to:
Places
Spitz, Austria, a market town
Spitz (Liechtenstein), a mountain
Spitz Ridge, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica
Arts and entertainment
Spitz (band), a Japanese rock band
Spitz (album), 1991
The Spitz, a former music venue in London, England
Spitz Prize, a award for books on liberal and/or democratic theory
Spitz, a character in the video game series Wario
Other uses
Spitz (surname), including a list of people with the name
Spitz (protein), a protein in fruit flies
SL-C3000 (Spitz), a model of the Sharp Zaurus personal digital assistant
Spitz Stadium, Alberta, Canada, used primarily for baseball
Vancil Spitz S1, an American homebuilt aircraft
See also
Spitz nevus, a skin lesion
Spitzer (bullet) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitz%20%28disambiguation%29 |
J. C. Tran (born Justin Cuong Van Tran January 20, 1977 in Vietnam) is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player, based in Sacramento, California.
Tran is a two-time World Series of Poker bracelet winner, a World Championship of Online Poker (WCOOP) Main Event champion, has made eight World Poker Tour (WPT) final tables, winner of a WPT title, won at the World Poker Challenge and is the WPT Player of the Year of their fifth season. Tran was the chip leader coming into the final table of the 2013 WSOP Main Event November Nine. He ended up finishing in 5th place for $2,106,893 for the biggest cash of his career.
Early life
Tran was born in Vietnam, and is the youngest of eight children of Vietnamese parents. When he was two years old, his family moved to the United States, where he later received a degree in Business Management Information Systems from California State University at Sacramento.
Tran built his bankroll playing the $9/$18 game at Capitol Casino in Sacramento, California. Tran has since noted that it had become too much of an action game to eke out a positive gain.
Poker career
Tran has finished in the money at numerous poker tournaments, finishing 5th at the 2004 World Poker Finals and on the television bubble of the 2004 L.A. Poker Classic and 2005 Borgata Poker Open. He also finished 5th in the 2006 L.A. Poker Classic. All of these events were televised on the World Poker Tour (WPT).
Tran has made 3 final tables in the World Series of Poker (WSOP) and cashed in the $10,000 no limit hold'em main event in both 2004 and 2005, finishing 117th both years. Tran also finished 2nd in a World Series of Poker circuit event, winning $251,920.
On October 2, 2006, Tran won the main event at PokerStars' WCOOP, winning $670,000.
On March 2, 2007, Tran finished 2nd in the 2007 L.A. Poker Classic, winning $1,177,010. On March 28 he won his first WPT title, the World Poker Challenge, earning $683,473. He was also the World Poker Tour's Player of the Year.
Notable victories include:
2003 Heavenly Hold'em, $300 limit hold'em: $74,150
2005 Rio Las Vegas Poker Festival, $1,500 no limit hold'em: $97,470
2006 WCOOP Main event, $2,500 no limit hold'em: $670,000
On June 30, 2008 Tran won his first bracelet at the 2008 World Series of Poker in Event 49, $1,500 No Limit event besting a field of 2718. Tran took home $631,170 in winnings. In all, Tran cashed in 7 events at the 2008 WSOP, good for $896,392 in total winnings and a 6th-place finish in the 2008 WSOP Player of the Year.
In November 2008, Tran won The PartyPoker.com Premier League III by beating Tony G in heads-up play. Tran took home $300,000 for winning first place at the final table.
In June 2009, during the 40th Annual World Series of Poker, Tran won his second bracelet for winning the $2,500 Pot-limit Omaha event.
As of 2010, his total live tournament winnings amount to $7,996,635. His 28 cashes as the WSOP account for $1,694,280 of those winnings.
He has made the November 9 final table of the 2013 WSOP main event, where he started as chip leader but finished in 5th place.
Tran used all his poker knowledge and experience to overcome a short stack and with the major support of his friends and family, he won the latest WPT event held at the Thunder Valley Casino Resort on Mar 15–19, 2014.
As a result of his second WPT title, he became only the 20th player in history to win multiple WPT events. Overall, he cashed in almost $11 million while playing live tournament, according to Hendon Mob Database.
Awards
ALL IN Magazine 2007 Poker Player of the Year
World Series of Poker Bracelets
References
External links
World Poker Tour profile
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
1977 births
American poker players
Living people
World Poker Tour winners
Vietnamese poker players
American people of Vietnamese descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20C.%20Tran |
Anwar Masood (, ; born 8 November 1935) is a Pakistani poet and educationist known for his comic poetry. However, his works include other genres as well. He writes in Punjabi, Urdu, and Persian languages.
His poetry is known for the unique use of everyday, commonplace phrases and wording that is instantly relatable for masses in the region. Numerous of his Punjabi lines and phrases have actually become figures of speech in everyday conversations. The most prominent feature of his expression is the poignancy buried deep under the humor making his poetry one of its kind. The nuance of tragedy in his poems is a reflection of social injustice, discriminations, and personal misfortunes of his characters. This is why he himself commented: "قہقہ وہ ہے جسے نچوڑیں تو آنسو ٹپکیں" (Real laughter is one that sheds tears when squeezed).
He was awarded the Hilale Imtiaz Civil in 2023.
He was awarded the Pride of Performance in 1999.
Early life and education
Anwar Masood was born on 8 November 1935 into an Arain family in Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. He received his elementary education in Gujrat and Lahore, Pakistan. His father Muhammad Azeem moved to Lahore a few years before the partition in 1947. After his elementary education in Gujrat and Lahore, he attended Watan High School on Brandreth Road, Lahore. Just before partition, the family moved back to Gujrat. It was here in the Public High School, Gujrat that Masood took his matriculation examination and passed his Secondary School Examination with distinction in 1952.
Conceding to the parents’ will to become a doctor, he took admission in FSc. Pre-Medical in Zamindaar College, Gujrat. However, science was not his area of interest. So two years later, he again started his FA and earned a scholarship. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1958, with distinction, topping the college and earning a scholarship and winning a spot on the Roll of Honor list. His subjects in BA were History, Urdu Literature, Persian and English.
Due to domestic problems, he could not start his master's degree program right away and started teaching at Government Islamia High School in Kunjah, Punjab. He finally finished his master's degree from the Oriental College, Punjab University in 1961.
In fact, he became a gold medalist in MA Persian and topped in University of the Punjab exams. He retired from the teaching profession in 1996.
Masood married his former classmate Qudrat Ilahi Siddiqa in 1965. His wife also taught Persian at Government College, 6th Road Rawalpindi. Together they have five children: three sons and two daughters: Muhammad Aqib, Muhammad Ammar Masood, Muhammad Jawad Azfar, Adeela Rashid, and Leenah Hashir.
Poetry
Masood is a multilingual poet of Urdu, Persian, and Punjabi. His poetry gives the message of the original and pure culture of Pakistan. Masood is a unique poet who is popular among the masses. The way he has described the different aspects of life and culture in his poetry have never been described before. Some of his poems are so popular that wherever he goes in the world, people like to listen to them again and again. Some of his famous poems are "Anar Kali Diyan Shanan", "Aj Kee Pakaeay", "Banyan", "Juma Bazaar", "Jehlum Dey Pul Tey", "Hun Ki Karye", "Mela Akhian Da", "Ambri" and many others. Masood has performed and given live recitations of his poetry among many international communities and is popular worldwide.
A poem reviewer once said about him, "He is a poet that has the rare gift of being able to take a very serious subject and make it light and entertaining". He is a great command of covering all aspects of the topic or subject.
Famous poems
چاء تے لسی (Tea and curd milk, it is a metaphor for two different civilizations)
اج کی پکائیے (What should we cook today)
امبڑی (Mother, a heart touching story of a student who used to beat his mother)
جہلم دا پُل (Jehlum bridge)
Books and publications
Mela Akhiyan Da (Punjabi poetry, includes "Ambri", published in 1974)
Hun Ki Kariye (Punjabi poetry)
Qataa Kalami (Urdu poetry)
Ek Dareecha, Ek Chiragh (Urdu poetry)
Shaakh-e-Tabassum (Essays on humorous poets)
Darpesh (Humorous Poetry)
Taqreeb (Anthology of essays presented in various ceremonies)
Ghuncha Phir Laga Khilnay (Humorous poetry)
Siddiqa Anwar ke naam (Collection of letters addressed to his wife)
Saif-ul-Muluk (Urdu Translation in prose)
Meli Meli Dhoop (Poetry on environment)
Baat Se Baat (Compilation of radio talks)
Bariyaab (Collection of Naats in Urdu, Punjabi and Persian)
Kuch Urdu Kuch Punjabi (Urdu and Punjabi poetry)
Payan Safar Neest (Persian poetry)
Farsi Adab Ke Chand Goshay (Research work)
See also
List of Pakistani poets
List of Urdu language poets
References
External links
Audio-recorded poetry of Anwar Masood on Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNA) website
1935 births
Pakistani poets
Urdu-language poets from Pakistan
Punjabi-language poets
Living people
Punjabi people
People from Gujrat District
Pakistani educators
Poets from Lahore
Academic staff of the Government College University, Lahore
Oriental College alumni
Recipients of the Pride of Performance
Multilingual poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar%20Masood |
The Deserter is a British First World War poem, written in 1916 by Winifred M. Letts (1882–1972). It tells the story of a young British soldier who is shot for desertion. It has been included in several anthologies of First World War poems. The poem is used as one of many in Opening Lines, a GCSE English book. It is written in iambic tetrameter.
World War I poems
1916 poems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Deserter%20%28poem%29 |
Hinter Gittern – Der Frauenknast (English: "Behind bars - The Women's Prison", in short: HG or HiGi) was a German television series in the form of a soap opera and told the dramaturgically oversubscribed-life in a prison for women. The series was broadcast from 22 September 1997 until 13 February 2007 at the private broadcaster RTL. The acts played in the fictional prison for women, Reutlitz in Berlin and included lesbian love affairs, drug deals, escape attempts, conflicts with sadistic prison guards, as well as crimes such as murder.
RTL decided to cancel the long running drama after 16 seasons and 403 episodes. The last nine episodes were transmitted during the night at 01.05 AM.
A Turkish adaption, Parmaklıklar Ardında (Behind Bars) is filmed in Sinop.
References
External links
1997 German television series debuts
2007 German television series endings
German-language television shows
German television soap operas
German LGBT-related television shows
Lesbian-related television shows
Prison television series
RTL (German TV channel) original programming
Imprisonment and detention of women
1990s prison television series
2000s prison television series
1990s LGBT-related drama television series
2000s LGBT-related drama television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinter%20Gittern%20%E2%80%93%20Der%20Frauenknast |
Wirral Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club based in Thornton Common Road, Clatterbridge, Wirral, England. It has many mini, junior teams from under-7s upwards, and runs colts and four senior men's teams, a ladies team (Wirral Warriors) and girls age group teams. The club was formed in 1937 and was based at the school in Hooton, and since 1967, at its present ground. The first team play in Regional 1 North West, a fifth level league in the English league system. The team used to be called the "Old Wirralians" due to its historical association with Wirral Grammar School. A former notable player is Matt Cairns who played for England against South Africa in the first test of 2007.
Honours
South Lancs/Cheshire 2 champions: 2001–02
Cheshire Plate winners: 2003
Cheshire Vase winners (2): 2009, 2018
South Lancs/Cheshire 1 champions: 2009–10
North 1 West champions: 2013–14
Papa Johns National Community Cup winners: 2023
References
External links
Wirral RUFC
Rugby union teams in England
1937 establishments in England
Rugby clubs established in 1937
Sport in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Rugby union in Merseyside | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirral%20RFC |
Concordia Tornados is the soccer team of the Concordia University Texas in the capital of Texas, Austin. It is affiliated with the American Southwest Conference of NCAA Division III.
The Tornados appeared in their first American Southwest Conference tournament in 2015, winning a quarterfinal versus the University of the Ozarks before losing a semifinal match to the University of Texas at Dallas. The Tornados started the 2015 season with a school-record seven game winning streak en route to a first-ever winning season, finishing the year with a record of 12–3–1. In 2021, the Tornados won their first American Southwest Conference championship, defeating Hardin-Simmons University 4–3 in a penalty shootout following a 1–1 draw.
See also
Concordia Tornados women's soccer
External links
Concordia men's soccer webpage
References
College men's soccer teams in the United States
Men's | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia%20Tornados%20men%27s%20soccer |
Drass may refer to
Places
Drass, Ladakh; a town in India
Drass river, Drass valley; a river in India
Drass Field at Scott D. Miller Stadium, Wesley College, Delaware, USA
Other uses
Drass (company), an Italian submarine and swimmer delivery vehicle manufacturer
Mike Drass (1961–2018), American football coach
See also
Dras (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drass |
General elections were held in South Africa on 30 November 1977. The National Party, led by John Vorster won a landslide victory in the House of Assembly. The newly formed Progressive Federal Party, led by Colin Eglin became the official opposition. The New Republic Party, successor to the United Party, won only 10 seats, all but one of them in Natal Province. Once again, the Herstigte Nasionale Party failed to win any seats.
In the 1977 elections, the National Party received its best-ever result with support of 65% of the vote and (after a by-election) 135 seats in parliament out of 165. Vorster, however resigned as Prime Minister for alleged health reasons on 28 September 1978.
Background
On 11 February 1975 four liberal MPs led by Harry Schwarz broke away from the United Party and created the Reform Party. The party merged with the Progressive Party on 25 July 1975 to form the Progressive Reform Party. In 1977 another group of United Party members left the party to form the Committee for a United Opposition, which then joined the Progressive Reform Party to form the Progressive Federal Party. This proved to realign the opposition in Parliament, as the PFP became the official opposition party.
Results
Due to the death of the National Party candidate in the Springs constituency, one seat was left vacant until a by-election was held, which was won by the NP.
References
General elections in South Africa
South Africa
General
Events associated with apartheid
South African general election
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%20South%20African%20general%20election |
General elections were held in South Africa on 29 April 1981. The National Party, under the leadership of P. W. Botha since 1978, lost some support, but achieved another landslide victory, winning 131 of 165 directly elected seats in the House of Assembly.
Meanwhile, the Progressive Federal Party – led since 1979 by Frederik van Zyl Slabbert, an Afrikaner – increased its representation to 26 seats, thereby consolidating its position as the official opposition. The Herstigte Nasionale Party (HNP) now under the leadership of Jaap Marais and representing right-wing Afrikaner conservatives, received 14.1% of the vote. The HNP's tally marked a historic result; twice that of the former official opposition NRP, and within a touching distance of the liberal PFP, but failed to win a seat under the first-past-the-post system due to splitting its voter base with the NP in more liberal areas and being decisively defeated in the Afrikaner heartlands. In 1985, under the same parliament, HNP candidate Louis Stofberg managed a win in a by-election for Sasolburg, but the success was soon overrun by the Conservative Party under NP renegade Andries Treurnicht.
Despite divisions among the opposition, the NP lost three seats compared to its record 1977 result.
Background
The 1981 elections were the first since the abolition of the Senate and ongoing constitutional changes meant to bring in a more presidential system. The House of Assembly had become the sole chamber of Parliament.
The elections were also the last to be held under the then 1961 constitution, under which South Africa had become a republic, while retaining a Westminster-style parliamentary system. In foreign policy, the Lancaster House Agreement and the shift to black majority rule and a ZANU–PF government in newly independent Zimbabwe the preceding year, was likely to have affected the results, including boost for the HNP and increased white wariness of the government's policy. The Angolan War and Border Wars had also raged on without obvious results, with a South Africa-backed UNITA in fierce opposition to the government of the MPLA in Luanda. Exceeding costs, and failure to accomplish strategic goals would have alienated both liberal and more hawkish voters dissatisfied with developments in a continent which, a decade earlier, South Africa would have dominated militarily. The 1976 Soweto uprising and following sanctions and boycotts still affected the South African economy, causing stagnant wages, unemployment and psychological alienation driving increased voter dissatisfaction.
Although technically a Westminster system, Botha's initial reforms of the House of Assembly now included twelve additional members, four of whom were appointed by the State President and eight were indirectly elected by the directly elected members. These reforms secured the NP's existing majority, which became even more important with the planned introduction of the Tricameral Parliament in 1984, with the NP's majority role becoming more fragile with the introduction of Coloured and Indian representatives, albeit in different chambers. The elected additional members were chosen by means of proportional representation, by means of the single transferable vote.
Results
Of the twelve appointed and indirectly elected members, 11 were National Party representatives and one was from the Progressive Federal Party.
By province
See also
18th South African Parliament
References
General elections in South Africa
South Africa
Events associated with apartheid
South Africa
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%20South%20African%20general%20election |
The Dublin and Belfast Inter-City Cup was an association football competition that ran for eight seasons in Ireland between 1941 and 1949.
Each season's competition consisted of six teams from each of the two jurisdictions on the island of Ireland (Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), and their respective governing bodies (the Irish Football Association and the Football Association of Ireland).
Format
Played in knock out format, the matches were played on a two-legged basis. Dalymount Park, Dublin was used as the home venue by all the League of Ireland clubs. For the second round of the competition, the six first round winners were joined by the two best losers. It was an extremely popular competition, adding variety to the restricted war-time football diet and generated much needed and significant revenues to the competing clubs.
List of finals
Key:
Performance by club
Notes
See also
Setanta Sports Cup
Champions Cup (All-Ireland) sponsored by Unite the Union
External links
Dublin and Belfast Inter-City Cup at the Irish Football Club Project
All-Ireland Cross-Border Cup Competitions history
Irish League Archive - Dublin and Belfast Inter-City Cup
Defunct all-Ireland association football cup competitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin%20and%20Belfast%20Inter-City%20Cup |
Jeremy Lee Renner (born January 7, 1971) is an American actor. He began his career by appearing in independent films such as Dahmer (2002) and Neo Ned (2005), then supporting roles in bigger films, such as S.W.A.T. (2003) and 28 Weeks Later (2007). Renner gained Academy Award nominations for Best Actor for his performance as a soldier in The Hurt Locker (2009) and for Best Supporting Actor for playing a hot-headed robber in The Town (2010).
Renner has played Clint Barton / Hawkeye in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, including in The Avengers (2012) and in the Disney+ miniseries Hawkeye (2021). He also appeared in the action films Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011), The Bourne Legacy (2012), Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters (2013) and Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015); and the dramas American Hustle (2013), Arrival (2016), and Wind River (2017). Since 2021, he has starred in the Paramount+ crime thriller series Mayor of Kingstown.
Early life
Renner was born in Modesto, California, to mother Valerie Cearley ( Tague) and father Lee Renner, who managed McHenry Bowl, a Modesto bowling alley, in the 1980s. His parents married as teenagers and divorced when he was ten. He is the oldest of seven siblings, the youngest of whom was born in 2011. He is of Irish and German descent.
Renner graduated from Fred C. Beyer High School in Modesto in 1989. He attended Modesto Junior College, where he studied computer science and criminology, before he took a drama class as an elective and decided to pursue acting.
Career
Early work
Renner made his film debut as an underachieving student in the 1995 comedy National Lampoon's Senior Trip. Although the film was critically panned, he went on to guest star on two television shows, Deadly Games and Strange Luck, and had a minor role in the television film A Friend's Betrayal as the friend of Paul Hewitt (Brian Austin Green). Over the next few years, Renner had guest roles in Zoe, Duncan, Jack and Jane (1999), The Net (1999), The Time of Your Life (1999), and Angel (2000). In 2001 Renner had a small role in an episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. Renner worked as a makeup artist during this period to help make ends meet.
Early success: 2002–2008
In 2002, Renner starred in Dahmer as the eponymous serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer. He found the non-fiction role a challenge to cope with after he had finished shooting the film, knowing that Dahmer had murdered seventeen victims. His performance was well received, and he gained a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Male. He also appeared in Pink's 2003 music video for her song "Trouble" as a Bad Boy Sheriff. Renner went on to appear in S.W.A.T. as the former police partner of Colin Farrell's character in 2003 and The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things in 2004.
In 2005, Renner starred with Julia Stiles and Forest Whitaker in A Little Trip to Heaven, with roles in North Country and 12 and Holding. He next starred as a neo-Nazi skinhead who is admitted into a psychiatric hospital in Neo Ned with Gabrielle Union. The film won awards at multiple film festivals, including the Palm Beach International Film Festival Award for Best Actor. Renner also had a small (though uncredited) role in skateboard film Lords of Dogtown as the manager of Emile Hirsch's character. In 2006, he starred with Ginnifer Goodwin in Love Comes to the Executioner.
In 2007 Renner had supporting roles in the critically acclaimed The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford as Wood Hite, the cousin of outlaw Jesse James (portrayed by Brad Pitt), and as Sergeant Doyle in 28 Weeks Later. He starred with Minnie Driver in Take and guest-starred as a patient (a reckless rock musician) in an episode of House. Renner had a role in the pilot of The Oaks, but the series was not picked up.
2009–2012: critical and commercial breakout
After starring with Dallas Roberts in the comedy-drama Ingenious and starring in the short-lived television series The Unusuals, Renner portrayed U.S. Army bomb disposal expert Sergeant First Class William James in the 2009 Iraq war thriller The Hurt Locker (directed by Kathryn Bigelow). The role earned him several awards in the Best Actor category and his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor as well a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination.
In 2010, Renner's performance in Ben Affleck's The Town alongside Jon Hamm, Blake Lively, Slaine and Michael Yebba received extremely positive reviews and earned Renner's second Academy Award nomination, for Best Supporting Actor. He also gained his first Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actor and his second Screen Actors Guild nomination. The Hollywood Reporter named Renner as one of the young male actors who are "pushing – or being pushed" into taking over Hollywood as the new "A-List".
In 2011, Renner had an uncredited cameo appearance as Hawkeye in Thor for familiarity with his character for The Avengers, which was released in May 2012. The same year, he also starred in the fourth film in the Bourne franchise, The Bourne Legacy, which was written and directed by Tony Gilroy. Renner played a new lead character, Aaron Cross, in place of Jason Bourne, who was played by Matt Damon in the first three films. Renner has expressed interest in doing a Bourne film with Damon in the future, stating that "[it] would be kick-ass. I love Matt".
2013–present: continued work
Renner starred in the action horror film Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters (released in January 2013), in which he and Gemma Arterton played Hansel and Gretel, respectively. The 3-D film was set 15 years after Hansel and Gretel killed the witch who kidnapped them. Renner was also featured in the ensemble cast of David O. Russell's dramedy American Hustle, based on the controversial FBI ABSCAM operation of the late 1970s and early 1980s. The film, which was released in December 2013, also starred Christian Bale, Bradley Cooper, Amy Adams and Jennifer Lawrence in principal roles. The film earned much critical acclaim, including the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture. In October 2014, Renner starred as journalist Gary Webb in the Focus Features film Kill the Messenger, based on Webb's book Dark Alliance. Renner also co-produced the film. In December 2014, Crackle aired The Throwaways, a film for which Renner served as executive producer.
In 2015, Renner reprised his role as Hawkeye in Avengers: Age of Ultron, the sequel to The Avengers. He returned to the Mission: Impossible franchise in Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation, released in July 2015. In 2016, Renner played Hawkeye again in the summer blockbuster film Captain America: Civil War, and starred with Amy Adams in the sci-fi film Arrival. Renner is a producer of the 2016 film The Founder starring Michael Keaton as Ray Kroc. In 2015, his production company The Combine signed a deal with PalmStar Media.
In 2016, Renner was an executive producer on History's historical drama Knightfall. In 2017, while working on the film Tag (2018), Renner fractured his right elbow and his left wrist. He also appeared in the film Wind River with his MCU co-star Elizabeth Olsen.
Renner filmed scenes as Hawkeye for Avengers: Infinity War (2018) but ultimately did not appear in the film, with his scenes instead moved to Avengers: Endgame (2019), where he had a starring role. Because of scheduling conflicts resulting from the filming of Infinity War and Endgame, he was unable to reprise his role as William Brandt in Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018). In July 2018, Renner was announced to play Twitch Williams in Todd McFarlane's Spawn reboot. He reprised his role as Hawkeye in the eponymous 2021 Disney+ series. In the same year, Renner starred in the Paramount+ series Mayor of Kingstown, which was renewed for a second season set to broadcast in 2023.
Music
Renner is also a singer-songwriter, guitarist, keyboardist, and drummer. Early in his acting career, he performed in the Sons of Ben. He has performed songs on several film soundtracks: "I Drink Alone" for North Country, "American Pie" for Love Comes to the Executioner, and "Good Ole Rebel" for The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford. He also appeared in music videos for "Trouble" by P!nk and "Scenes on Sunset" by Brother Sal.
He was featured in Sam Feldt's 2018 single, "Heaven (Don't Have a Name)".
He released his first extended play, The Medicine, in March 2020.
Mobile app
Renner released a mobile app called "Jeremy Renner" (Android) and "Jeremy Renner Official" (iOS) in March 2017. The app was created by Escapex, a company that specializes in monetized apps for celebrities. Fast Company wrote extensively about Renner's app in April 2019, calling it "a surprising new kind of social media".
The community developed to include memes, selfies, and a "Happy Rennsday" event on Wednesdays. As early as October 2017, there were claims of censorship, bullying, and "contest-rigging". In September 2019, comedian Stefan Heck publicized his discovery of the fact that replies through the app appear as if they were sent by Renner himself in push notifications. After several users abused this feature, Renner asked Escapex to shut down the app.
Personal life
Renner married Canadian model Sonni Pacheco on January 13, 2014. Renner and Pacheco have a daughter. On December 30, 2014, Pacheco filed for divorce from Renner, citing irreconcilable differences. They share custody of their daughter. Pacheco and their daughter made cameo appearances in the film American Hustle.
Since 2014, Renner has lived in Washoe County, Nevada, near Nevada State Route 431 and the Mount Rose ski resort. He has a house-renovating business with his best friend and fellow actor, Kristoffer Winters. He has studied Arnis and Muay Thai martial arts as preparation for his roles in the Mission: Impossible and Avengers franchises.
Renner is a fan of the San Francisco 49ers. He narrated the NFL Network documentary series The Timeline episode "A Tale of Two Cities", which chronicles the history of the team's rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys, and the introductory video for the grand opening of Levi's Stadium.
On January 1, 2023, Renner was hospitalized after an accident in which he suffered blunt chest trauma and 30 broken bones from being hit and run over by his snowplow at home. The snowplow was an extremely large snowcat weighing . Renner was flown by helicopter to Renown Regional Medical Center (the region's only trauma center). Renner underwent surgery and remained in the intensive care unit in critical condition. By January 17, Renner was released from the hospital and had returned home to continue his recovery. Doctors who treated him said that Renner's physicality and health likely helped him survive the accident, and added that ten weeks after the accident, Renner was beginning to regain enough strength to walk with a cane.
Filmography
Film
Television
Discography
Extended plays (EPs)
The Medicine (2020)
Live For Now (2020)
Singles
"Main Attraction" (2019)
Awards and nominations
References
Further reading
External links
1971 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American musicians
American make-up artists
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
Film producers from California
Living people
Male actors from Modesto, California
Modesto Junior College alumni
Musicians from Modesto, California
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy%20Renner |
Haplogroup L-M20 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, which is defined by SNPs M11, M20, M61 and M185. As a secondary descendant of haplogroup K and a primary branch of haplogroup LT, haplogroup L currently has the alternative phylogenetic name of K1a, and is a sibling of haplogroup T (a.k.a. K1b).
The presence of L-M20 has been observed at varying levels throughout South Asia, peaking in populations native to Balochistan (28%), Northern Afghanistan (25%), and Southern India (19%). The clade also occurs in Tajikistan and Anatolia, as well as at lower frequencies in Iran. It has also been present for millennia at very low levels in the Caucasus, Europe and Central Asia. The subclade L2 (L-L595) has been found in Europe and Western Asia, but is extremely rare.
Phylogenetic tree
There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup L-M20. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.
This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup L-M20:
L-M20 M11, M20, M61, M185, L656, L863, L878, L879
L-M22 (L1) M22, M295, PAGES00121
L-M317 (L1b) M317, L655
L-L656 (L1b1) L656
L-M349 (L1b1a) M349
L-M274 M274
L-L1310 L1310
L-L1304 L1304
L-M27 (L1a1) M27, M76, P329.1, L1318, L1319, L1320, L1321
L-M357 (L1a2) M357, L1307
L-PK3 PK3
L-L1305 L1305, L1306, L1307
L-L595 (L2) L595
L-L864 L864, L865, L866, L867, L868, L869, L870, L877
Origins
L-M20 is a descendant of Haplogroup LT,<ref>[http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNATreeTrunk.html International Society of Genetic Genealogy, 2015, Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015] (30 May 2015).</ref> which is a descendant of haplogroup K-M9. According to Dr. Spencer Wells, L-M20 originated in the Eurasian K-M9 clan that migrated eastwards from the Middle East, and later southwards from the Pamir Knot into present-day Pakistan and India. These people arrived in India approximately 30,000 years ago. Hence, it is hypothesized that the first bearer of M20 marker was born either in India or the Middle East. Other studies have proposed either a West Asian or South Asian origin for L-M20 and associated its expansion in the Indus valley to neolithic farmers. Genetic studies suggest that L-M20 may be one of the haplogroups of the original creators of the Indus Valley Civilisation. McElreavy and Quintana-Murci, writing on the Indus Valley Civilisation, state that
Sengupta et al. (2006) observed three subbranches of haplogroup L: L1-M76 (L1a1), L2-M317 (L1b) and L3-M357 (L1a2), with distinctive geographic affiliations. Almost all Indian members of haplogroup L are L1 derived, with L3-M357 occurring only sporadically (0.4%). Conversely in Pakistan, L3-M357 subclade account for 86% of L-M20 chromosomes and reaches an intermediate frequency of 6.8%, overall. L1-M76 occurs at a frequency of 7.5% in India and 5.1% in Pakistan, exhibiting peak variance distribution in the Maharashtra region in coastal western India.
Geographical distribution
In India, L-M20 has a higher frequency among Dravidian castes, but is somewhat rarer in Indo-Aryan castes. In Pakistan, it has highest frequency in Balochistan.
It has also been found at low frequencies among populations of Central Asia and South West Asia (including Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, and Yemen) as well as in Southern Europe (especially areas adjoining the Mediterranean Sea).
Preliminary evidence gleaned from non-scientific sources, such as individuals who have had their Y-chromosomes tested by commercial labs, suggests that most European examples of Haplogroup L-M20 might belong to the subclade L2-M317, which is, among South Asian populations, generally the rarest of the subclades of Haplogroup L.
South Asia
India
It has higher frequency among Dravidian castes (ca. 17-19%) but is somewhat rarer in Indo-Aryan castes (ca. 5-6%). The presence of haplogroup L-M20 is quite rare among tribal groups (ca. 5,6-7%) (, , and ). However, the Korova tribe of Uttara Kannada in which L-M11 occurs at 68% is an exception.
L-M20 was found at 38% in the Bharwad caste and 21% in Charan caste from Junagarh district in Gujarat. It has also been reported at 17% in the Kare Vokkal tribe from Uttara Kannada in Karnataka. It is also found at low frequencies in other populations from Junagarh district and Uttara Kannada. L-M20 is the single largest male lineage (36.8%) among the Jat people of Northern India and is found at 16.33% among the Gujar's of Jammu and Kashmir. It also occurs at 18.6% among the Konkanastha Brahmins of the Konkan region and at 15% among the Maratha's of Maharashtra. L-M20 is also found at 32.35% in the Vokkaligas and at 17.82% in the Lingayats of Karnataka. L-M20 is also found at 48% among the Kallar (caste), 26% among the Saurashtra people, 20.7% among the Ambalakarar, 16.7% among the Iyengar and 17.2% among the Iyer castes of Tamil Nadu. L-M11 is found in frequencies of 8-16% among Indian Jews. L-M20 has an overall frequency of 12% in Punjab. 2% of Siddis have also been reported with L-M11. Haplogroup L-M20 is currently present in the Indian population at an overall frequency of ca. 7-15%.
Pakistan
The greatest concentration of Haplogroup L-M20 is along the Indus River in Pakistan where the Indus Valley civilization flourished during 3300–1300 BC with its mature period between 2600–1900 BCE. L-M357's highest frequency and diversity is found in the Balochistan province at 28% with a moderate distribution among the general Pakistani population at 11.6% ). It is also found in Afghanistan ethnic counterparts as well, such as with the Pashtuns and Balochis. L-M357 is found frequently among Burusho (approx. 12% ) and Pashtuns (approx. 7% ),
L1a and L1c-M357 are found at 24% among Balochis, L1a and L1c are found at 8% among the Dravidian-speaking Brahui, L1c is found at 25% among Kalash, L1c is found at 15% among Burusho, L1a-M76 and L1b-M317 are found at 2% among the Makranis and L1c is found at 3.6% of Sindhis according to Julie di Cristofaro et al. 2013. L-M20 is found at 17.78% among the Parsis. L3a is found at 23% among the Nuristanis in both Pakistan and Afghanistan.
L-PK3 is found in approximately 23% of Kalash in northwest Pakistan .
Middle East and Anatolia
L-M20 was found in 51% of Syrians from Raqqa, a northern Syrian city whose previous inhabitants were wiped out by Mongol genocides and repopulated in recent times by local Bedouin populations and Chechen war refugees from Russia . In a small sample of Israeli Druze haplogroup L-M20 was found in 7 out of 20 (35%). However, studies done on bigger samples showed that L-M20 averages 5% in Israeli Druze, 8% in Lebanese Druze, and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze. Haplogroup L-M20 has been found in 2.0% (1/50) to 5.25% (48/914) of Lebanese .
Central Asia
Afghanistan
A study on the Pashtun male lineages in Afghanistan, found that Haplogroup L-M20, with an overall frequency of 9.5%, is the second most abundant male lineage among them. It exhibits substantial disparity in its distribution on either side of the Hindu Kush range, with 25% of the northern Afghan Pashtuns belonging to this lineage, compared with only 4.8% of males from the south. Specifically, paragroup L3*-M357 accounts for the majority of the L-M20 chromosomes among Afghan Pashtuns in both the north (20.5%) and south (4.1%). An earlier study involving a lesser number of samples had reported that L1c comprises 12.24% of the Afghan Pashtun male lineages. L1c is also found at 7.69% among the Balochs of Afghanistan. However L1a-M76 occurs in a much more higher frequency among the Balochs (20 to 61.54%), and is found at lower levels in Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uzbek and Turkmen populations.
East Asia
Researchers studying samples of Y-DNA from populations of East Asia have rarely tested their samples for any of the mutations that define Haplogroup L. However, mutations for Haplogroup L have been tested and detected in samples of Balinese (13/641 = 2.0% L-M20), Han Chinese (1/57 = 1.8%), Dolgans from Sakha and Taymyr (1/67 = 1.5% L-M20) and Koreans (3/506 = 0.6% L-M20).
Europe
An article by O. Semino et al. published in the journal Science (Volume 290, 10 November 2000) reported the detection of the M11-G mutation, which is one of the mutations that defines Haplogroup L, in approximately 1% to 3% of samples from Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Calabria (Italy), and Andalusia (Spain). The sizes of the samples analyzed in this study were generally quite small, so it is possible that the actual frequency of Haplogroup L-M20 among Mediterranean European populations may be slightly lower or higher than that reported by Semino et al., but there seems to be no study to date that has described more precisely the distribution of Haplogroup L-M20 in Southwest Asia and Europe.
Subclade distribution
L1 (M295)
L-M295 is found from Western Europe to South Asia.
The L1 subclade is also found at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands.
L1a1 (M27)
L-M27 is found in 14.5% of Indians and 15% of Sri Lankans, with a moderate distribution in other populations of Pakistan, southern Iran and Europe, but slightly higher Middle East Arab populations. There is a very minor presence among Siddi's (2%), as well.
L1a2 (M357)
L-M357 is found frequently among Burushos, Kalashas, Jats, and Pashtuns, with a moderate distribution among other populations in Pakistan, Georgia, Chechens, Ingushes, northern Iran, India, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia.
A Chinese study published in 2018 found L-M357/L1307 in 7.8% (5/64) of a sample of Loplik Uyghurs from Qarchugha Village, Lopnur County, Xinjiang.
L-PK3
L-PK3, which is downstream of L-M357, is found frequently among Kalash.
L1b (M317)
L-M317 is found at low frequency in Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and Europe.
In Europe, L-M317 has been found in Northeast Italians (3/67 = 4.5%) and Greeks (1/92 = 1.1%).
In Caucasia, L-M317 has been found in Mountain Jews (2/10 = 20%), Avars (4/42 = 9.5%, 3%), Balkarians (2/38 = 5.3%), Abkhaz (8/162 = 4.9%, 2/58 = 3.4%), Chamalals (1/27 = 3.7%), Abazins (2/88 = 2.3%), Adyghes (3/154 = 1.9%), Chechens (3/165 = 1.8%), Armenians (1/57 = 1.8%), Lezgins (1/81 = 1.2%), and Ossetes (1/132 = 0.76% North Ossetians, 2/230 = 0.9% Iron).
L-M317 has been found in Makranis (2/20 = 10%) in Pakistan, Iranians (3/186 = 1.6%), Pashtuns in Afghanistan
(1/87 = 1.1%), and Uzbeks in Afghanistan (1/127 = 0.79%).
L1b1 (M349)
L-M349 is found in some Crimean Karaites who are Levites. Some of L-M349's branches are found in West Asia, including L-Y31183 in Lebanon, L-Y31184 in Armenia, and L-Y130640 in Iraq. Others are found in Europe, such as L-PAGE116 in Italy, L-FT304386 in Slovenia, and L-FGC36841 in Moldova.
L2 (L595)
L2-L595 is extremely rare, and has been identified by private testing in individuals from Europe and Western Asia.
Two confirmed L2-L595 individuals from Iran were reported in a 2020 study supplementary. Possible but unconfirmed cases of L2 include 4% (1/25) L-M11(xM76, M27, M317, M357) in a sample of Iranians in Kordestan and 2% (2/100) L-M20(xM27, M317, M357) in a sample of Shapsugs, among other rare reported cases of L which don't fall into the common branches.
Ancient DNA
Three individuals from Maykop culture c. 3200 BCE were found to belong to haplogroup L2-L595.
Three individuals who lived in the Chalcolithic era (c. 5700–6250 years BP), found in the Areni-1 ("Bird's Eye") cave in the South Caucasus mountains (present-day Vayots Dzor Province, Armenia), were also identified as belonging to haplogroup L1a. One individual's genome indicated that he had red hair and blue eyes. Their genetic data is listed in the table below.
Narasimhan et al. (2018) analyzed skeletons from the BMAC sites in Uzbekistan and identified 2 individuals as belonging to haplogroup L1a. One of these specimens was found in Bustan and the other in Sappali Tepe; both ascertained to be Bronze Age sites.
Skourtanioti et al. (2020) analyzed skeletons from the Alalakh sites in Syria and identified one individual (ALA084) c. 2006-1777 BC as belonging to haplogroup L2-L595.
One Iron Age individual from Batman in Upper Mesopotamia (present-day Southeastern Turkey) belonged to haplogroup L2-L595.
An ancient Viking individual that lived in Öland, Sweden circa 847 ± 65 CE was determined to belong to L-L595.
Chalcolithic South Caucasus
Nomenclature
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
The Y-Chromosome Consortium tree
This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008. Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update.
Original research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
See also
Footnotes
References
Sources
Web-sources
Sources for conversion tables
÷
External links
ISOGG,
Spread of Haplogroup L, from National Geographic''
The India Genealogical Project
Y Haplogroup L
L-M20 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20L-M20 |
Liquid metal embrittlement (also known as LME and liquid metal induced embrittlement) is a phenomenon of practical importance, where certain ductile metals experience drastic loss in tensile ductility or undergo brittle fracture when exposed to specific liquid metals. Generally, a tensile stress, either externally applied or internally present, is needed to induce embrittlement. Exceptions to this rule have been observed, as in the case of aluminium in the presence of liquid gallium. This phenomenon has been studied since the beginning of the 20th century. Many of its phenomenological characteristics are known and several mechanisms have been proposed to explain it. The practical significance of liquid metal embrittlement is revealed by the observation that several steels experience ductility losses and cracking during hot-dip galvanizing or during subsequent fabrication. Cracking can occur catastrophically and very high crack growth rates have been measured.
Similar metal embrittlement effects can be observed even in the solid state, when one of the metals is brought close to its melting point; e.g. cadmium-coated parts operating at high temperature. This phenomenon is known as solid metal embrittlement.
Characteristics
Mechanical behavior
Liquid metal embrittlement is characterized by the reduction in the threshold stress intensity, true fracture stress or in the strain to fracture when tested in the presence of liquid metals as compared to that obtained in tests. The reduction in fracture strain is generally temperature dependent and a “ductility trough” is observed as the test temperature is decreased. A ductile-to-brittle transition behaviour is also exhibited by many metal couples. The shape of the elastic region of the stress-strain curve is not altered, but the plastic region may be changed during LME. Very high crack propagation rates, varying from a few centimeters per second to several meters per second are induced in solid metals by the embrittling liquid metals. An incubation period and a slow pre-critical crack propagation stage generally precede final fracture.
Metal chemistry
It is believed that there is specificity in the solid-liquid metals combinations experiencing LME. There should be limited mutual solubilities for the metal couple to cause embrittlement. Excess solubility makes sharp crack propagation difficult, but no solubility condition prevents wetting of the solid surfaces by liquid metal and prevents LME. Presence of an oxide layer on the solid metal surface also prevents good contact between the two metals and stops LME. The chemical compositions of the solid and liquid metals affect the severity of embrittlement. Addition of third elements to the liquid metal may increase or decrease the embrittlement and alters the temperature region over which embrittlement is seen. Metal combinations which form intermetallic compounds do not cause LME. There are a wide variety of LME couples. Most technologically important are the LME of aluminum and steel alloys.
Metallurgy
Alloying of the solid metal alters its LME. Some alloying elements may increase the severity while others may prevent LME. The action of the alloying element is known to be segregation to grain boundaries of the solid metal and alteration of the grain boundary properties. Accordingly, maximum LME is seen in cases where alloy additions elements have saturated the grain boundaries of the solid metal. The hardness and deformation behaviour of the solid metal affect its susceptibility to LME. Generally, harder metals are more severely embrittled. Grain size greatly influences LME. Solids with larger grains are more severely embrittled and the fracture stress varies inversely with the square root of grain diameter. Also the brittle to ductile transition temperature is increased by increasing grain size.
Physico-chemical properties
The interfacial energy between the solid and liquid metals and the grain boundary energy of the solid metal greatly influence LME. These energies depend upon the chemical compositions of the metal couple.
Test parameters
External parameters like temperature, strain rate, stress and time of exposure to the liquid metal prior to testing affect LME. Temperature produces a ductility trough and a ductile to brittle transition behaviour in the solid metal. The temperature range of the trough as well as the transition temperature are altered by the composition of the liquid and solid metals, the structure of the solid metal and other experimental parameters. The lower limit of the ductility trough generally coincides with the melting point of the liquid metal. The upper limit is strain rate sensitive. Temperature also affects the kinetics of LME.
An increase in strain rate increases the upper limit temperature as well as the crack propagation rate. In most metal couples LME does not occur below a threshold stress level.
Testing typically involves tensile specimens but more sophisticated testing using fracture mechanics specimens is also performed.
Mechanisms
Many theories have been proposed for LME. The major ones are listed below;
The dissolution-diffusion model of Robertson and Glickman says that absorption of the liquid metal on the solid metal induces dissolution and inward diffusion. Under stress these processes lead to crack nucleation and propagation.
The brittle fracture theory of Stoloff and Johnson, Westwood and Kamdar proposed that the adsorption of the liquid metal atoms at the crack tip weakens inter-atomic bonds and propagates the crack.
Gordon postulated a model based on diffusion-penetration of liquid metal atoms to nucleate cracks which under stress grow to cause failure.
The ductile failure model of Lynch and Popovich predicted that adsorption of the liquid metal leads to weakening of atomic bonds and nucleation of dislocations which move under stress, pile-up and work harden the solid. Also dissolution helps in the nucleation of voids which grow under stress and cause ductile failure.
All of these models, with the exception of Robertson, utilize the concept of an adsorption-induced surface energy lowering of the solid metal as the central cause of LME. They have succeeded in predicting many of the phenomenological observations. However, quantitative prediction of LME is still elusive.
Mercury embrittlement
The most common liquid metal to cause embrittlement is mercury. The embrittling effects of mercury were first recognized by Pliny the Elder circa 78 AD. Mercury spills present especially significant danger for airplanes. The aluminium-zinc-magnesium-copper alloy DTD 5050B is especially susceptible. The Al-Cu alloy DTD 5020A is less susceptible. Spilled elemental mercury can be immobilized and made relatively harmless by silver nitrate.
On 1 January 2004, the Moomba, South Australia, natural gas processing plant operated by Santos suffered a major fire. The gas release that led to the fire was caused by the failure of a heat exchanger (cold box) inlet nozzle in the liquids recovery plant. The failure of the inlet nozzle was due to liquid metal embrittlement of the train B aluminium cold box by elemental mercury.
Popular culture
Liquid metal embrittlement plays a central role in the novel Killer Instinct by Joseph Finder.
In the film Big Hero 6, Honey Lemon, voiced by Genesis Rodriguez, uses liquid metal embrittlement in her lab.
See also
Embrittlement
Hydrogen embrittlement
References
Building defects
Materials degradation
Fracture mechanics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20metal%20embrittlement |
"My Baby Just Cares for Me" is a jazz standard written by Walter Donaldson with lyrics by Gus Kahn. Written for the film version of the musical comedy Whoopee! (1930), the song became a signature tune for Eddie Cantor who sang it in the movie. A stylized version of the song by American singer and songwriter Nina Simone, recorded in 1957, was a top 10 hit in the United Kingdom after it was used in a 1987 perfume commercial and resulted in a renaissance for Simone.
Recordings
Ted Weems, (vocal by Art Jarrett) – this reached the charts of the day in 1930
Jack Payne (1930)
Isham Jones (1930)
Harry James (1946)
Nat King Cole (1949)
Mel Tormé
Dean Martin (1952)
The Hi-Lo's – this briefly reached the Billboard charts in 1954.
Tony Bennett (1955)
Somethin' Smith and the Redheads (1955)
Bing Crosby (1956) for use on his radio show and it was subsequently included in the box set The Bing Crosby CBS Radio Recordings (1954–56) issued by Mosaic Records (catalog MD7-245) in 2009.
Jane Powell (1957)
Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers (1957)
Gene Kelly (1957)
Nina Simone (1957), reissued in 1985, and after re-entering the UK charts in 1987 it hit #5 (UK)
Tommy Dorsey (1958)
Pat Boone (1958)
Marlene Dietrich (1961)
Count Basie (vocalist Joe Williams) (1962)
Al Hirt and Ann-Margret (1963)
Vic Damone (1963)
Julie London (1964)
Frank Sinatra (1966)
Cornell Campbell (1975)
Frighty & Colonel Mite (1990)
The Temperance Seven "The Writing On The Wall" album (1992)
Edward Norton (1996) in the musical film Everyone Says I Love You
Alex Chilton (1997)
Indigo Swing (1998)
George Michael (1999)
Katharine Whalen's Jazz Squad (1999)
Natalie Cole (2002)
Cyndi Lauper (2003)
Sophie Milman (2004)
Delicatessen (2009)
Renee Olstead (2009)
Florence Welch and Jools (2009)
Jimmy Barnes (2010)
Andrea Motis and Joan Chamorro (2011)
Ana Cañas (2012)
Aga Zaryan (2013)
Harmony Keeney (2014)
Usher (2015)
Katie Noonan (2015)
Michael Bublé (2016)
Haley Reinhart (2018)
Nina Simone recording
Simone recorded the song in late 1957 for her debut album, Little Girl Blue, released in February 1959. The track remained relatively obscure until 1987, when it was used in a UK television commercial for Chanel No. 5 perfume. To follow up this exposure, the track was released as a single by Charly Records, entering the UK Singles Chart on and becoming, after a peak at number 5, one of Simone's biggest hits some 18 years after her previous chart entry. This single also made the top 10 in several European single charts and peaked at number one in the Dutch Top 40.
The Simone version of the song was featured on the soundtrack for the 1992 film Peter's Friends, the 1994 film Shallow Grave, and the 1996 film Stealing Beauty.
Music video
In 1987 a claymation music video was produced for "My Baby Just Cares for Me" by Aardman Animations and directed by Peter Lord. The video prominently features live action footage showing details of a piano, brushes on a snare drum, and a double bass as they play the song. The two focal characters are represented by a singing cat in a club and the cat who is in love with her.
Charts
Certifications
References
External links
1930 songs
1958 singles
1985 singles
1987 singles
Songs with music by Walter Donaldson
Songs with lyrics by Gus Kahn
Eddie Cantor songs
Nina Simone songs
UK Independent Singles Chart number-one singles
Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
Pop standards
Animated music videos
Music videos by Aardman Animations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Baby%20Just%20Cares%20for%20Me |
Mule is a lightweight enterprise service bus (ESB) and integration framework provided by MuleSoft. The platform is Java-based but can act as broker for interactions between other platforms such as .NET using web services or sockets.
The architecture is a scalable, distributable object broker that can manage interactions across legacy systems, in-house applications, and modern transports and protocols.
Supporting tools
Design and development tools
Anypoint Studio: An Eclipse-based graphical development environment for designing, testing, and running Mule flows. It consists of two types of editors for development: Visual editor and an XML editor.
Anypoint Enterprise Security: A suite of security-related features for secure access and transactions to Mule applications.
Mule Healthcare Toolkit: Provided to process HL7 standard messages used in healthcare organizations.
Mule IDE (now deprecated): A set of Eclipse plug-ins for developing, deploying, and managing Mule projects.
Management tools
Mule Management Console: A user interface that provides a run-time management facility for deployment to the Mule Repository and clusters.
Mule has an integration engine, but the community edition lacks support for Advanced Management interfaces. MuleSoft offers an Enterprise Edition of Mule that provides a management console, a Service registry, and higher availability.
Cloudhub
Cloudhub is Mulesoft's Cloud-based integration platform as a service (iPaaS) to connect apps, data, and devices with integration connectors (like one to Twitter, etc.).
Mule ESB and messaging
AMQP support
AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) support is based on the RabbitMQ Java Client and supports AMQP up to 0.9.1.
JMS support
JMS (Java Message Service) is a Message-oriented middleware API provided by Oracle for communication between different components of an application. This provides reliable, loosely coupled, and asynchronous message-based communication, supporting two models: point-to-point (queues) and publish-subscribe (topics). Mule supports all functionality of JMS specification versions 1.0.2b and 1.1, and provides an endpoint for the same.
WMQ support
WMQ or Websphere MQ is IBM Message Oriented Middleware product for communication for distributed systems. Mule also provides support for WMQ called Mule WMQ Transport which works with 7.0, 7.1, and 7.5 versions and provides an endpoint for the same.
Universal Message Object
The Universal Message Object Application Programming Interface is part of high-level design methodologies used to describe and define aspects of a data object used in conjunction with the Mule ESB. The idea is to, by staged events, wrap the work into sensible bundles and process it in stages that can conform to models of transaction-based processing that are useful in time or mission-critical applications such as financial transactions, where subsequent successful outcomes are required to permit the desired outcome. But if the user fails to supply needed data or a run-time error occurs, then the model will allow for state-full back-off, meaning "no harm done", the user may then complete a transaction without losing too much work or cancelling an entire transaction.
Universal Message Object defines the parameters that the program will use for internal messaging communications and its components to set and get variables based upon the user's needs and the program's functionality.
References
Further reading
Tijs Rademakers and Jos Dirksen, "Open-Source ESBs in Action" (Manning Publications: Oct 2008, ; )
Peter Delia and Antoine Borg, "Mule 2: A Developer’s Guide" (Apress: Nov 2008, ; ),
David Dossot and John D'Emic, "Mule in Action" (Manning Publications: Apr 2009, ; )
Getting Started with Mule Cloud Connect (O'Reilly Media: Dec 2012, Print ; ; Ebook ; )
David Dossot, John D'Emic and Victor Romero, "Mule in Action, Second Edition" (Manning Publications, Early Access Program)
External links
Java enterprise platform
Message-oriented middleware | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule%20%28software%29 |
Doug Barwick (born 6 February 1962) is a former Australian rules footballer who represented Fitzroy and Collingwood in the Australian Football League.
Recruited from East Launceston, Barwick made his debut in Round 1 of the 1984 VFL season against Geelong at Kardinia Park. A strong mark and a long kick for his size, Barwick was a tough half-forward who was a handy goalkicker. He played 76 games for Fitzroy before moving to Collingwood in 1988. Barwick played in the Magpies' 1990 drought-breaking premiership, kicking two goals. He retired in 1991 at the age of 29, with 147 games and 217 goals to his name, along with a premiership medallion. He also represented Victoria in 1987 and Tasmania in 1990 and 1991.
He was named a life member of the Collingwood in 2010.
References
External links
1962 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Launceston, Tasmania
Collingwood Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club premiership players
Dandenong Football Club players
East Launceston Football Club players
Fitzroy Football Club players
VFL/AFL premiership players
South Launceston Football Club players
Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Tasmanian State of Origin players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Barwick |
Haplogroup M, also known as M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 and 47,000 years ago .
M-P256 is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in West Papua and western Papua New Guinea . It is also found in neighbouring parts of Melanesia, Indonesia and among indigenous Australians.
It and Haplogroup S (B254) are the only primary subclades of K2b1, also known as haplogroup MS.
Phylogenetic structure
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based primarily on the trees published by ISOGG in 2016 and YCC in 2008.
M* (P256)
M1 (M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35)
M1a(P34_1, P34_2, P34_3, P34_4, P34_5)
M1a1 (P51)
M1a2 (P94)
M1b (P87)
M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2)
M1b1a (M16)
M1b1b (M83)
M2 (M353, M387)
M2a (M177/SRY9138)
M3 (P117, P118)
Distribution
M* (M-P256*)
The paragroup M-P256* is found at low incidences in New Guinea (6.3%) and Flores (2.5%).
M1 (M-M4)
Found frequently in New Guinea and Melanesia, with a moderate distribution in neighboring parts of Indonesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.
Una 100%
Ketengban 100%
Awyu 100%
Citak 86%
Asmat 75%
West Papua
lowlands/coast 77.5%
highlands 74.5%
Kombai/Korowai 46%
Papua New Guinea
coast 29%
highlands 35.5%
Tolai (New Britain) 31%
Trobriand Islands 30%
Maluku (Moluccas) 21%
Torres Strait Islanders (Australia): up to 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% of samples, when 45% of the total were deemed to be "non-indigenous".
An extreme geographical outlier was apparently identified in a 2012 study, which reported a Hazara individual from Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan, with M1 among a sample of 60 males from Mazar-e Sharif.. The Hazara individual carried the SNP M186 (which is believed to be equivalent to M4).
M1a (M-P34)
M1a (M-P34) is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in Western New Guinea. It is also found with moderate frequency in neighboring parts of Indonesia (Maluku, Nusa Tenggara) and throughout Papua New Guinea, including offshore islands ( and ).
M1b (M-P87)
M1b M-P87(xM104/P22) has been found in approximately 18% (20/109) of a pool of samples from New Ireland, approximately 12% (5/43) of a sample of Lavongai from New Hanover, approximately 5% (19/395) of a pool of samples from New Britain (and, in particular, in about 24% (15/63) of Baining from East New Britain), in one Saposa individual from northern Bougainville, and in another individual from the north coast of Papua New Guinea .
The subclade M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2) is found frequently in populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island, with a moderate distribution in New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, East Futuna, and Samoa. ( and ).
M2 (M-M353)
Found at a low frequency in Fiji and East Futuna .
The subclade M2a (M-M177 a.k.a. M-SRY9138) is found in one Nasioi individual from the eastern coast of Bougainville and in one individual from Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands .
Historic names for M-SRY9138 (a.k.a. M-M177) from peer reviewed literature.
M3 (M-P117)
M3 (P117, P118) is found frequently in populations of New Britain, and also observed occasionally in northern Bougainville, Fiji, and East Futuna ( and ).
Previous phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Sources
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M-M4 (defined by the M4 marker) previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M-P256; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.
References
Footnotes
Works cited
Sources for conversion tables
External links
Spread of Haplogroup M, from National Geographic
See also
Genetic genealogy
Haplogroup
Haplotype
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Molecular phylogeny
Paragroup
Subclade
Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia
M-P256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20M-P256 |
Haplogroup N (M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup defined by the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker M231.
It is most commonly found in males originating from northern Eurasia. It also has been observed at lower frequencies in populations native to other regions, including parts of the Balkans, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Origins
Haplogroup NO-M214 – its most recent common ancestor with its sibling, haplogroup O-M175 – is estimated to have existed about 36,800–44,700 years ago.
It is generally considered that N-M231 arose in East Asia approximately 19,400 (±4,800) years ago and populated northern Eurasia after the Last Glacial Maximum. Males carrying the marker apparently moved northwards as the climate warmed in the Holocene, migrating in a counter-clockwise path, to eventually become concentrated in areas as far away as Fennoscandia and the Baltic . The apparent dearth of haplogroup N-M231 amongst Native American peoples indicates that it spread after Beringia was submerged , about 11,000 years ago.
Distribution
Haplogroup N has a wide geographic distribution throughout northern Eurasia, and it also has been observed occasionally in other areas, including Central Asia and the Balkans.
It has been found with greatest frequency among indigenous peoples of Russia, including Finnic peoples, Mari, Udmurt, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Nganasans, Turkic peoples (Yakuts, Dolgans, Khakasses, Tuvans, Tatars, Chuvashes, etc.), Buryats, Tungusic peoples (Evenks, Evens, Negidals, Nanais, etc.), Yukaghirs, Luoravetlans (Chukchis, Koryaks), and Siberian Eskimos, but certain subclades are very common in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and other subclades are found at low frequency in China (Yi, Naxi, Lhoba, Han Chinese, etc.). Especially in ethnic Finnic peoples and Baltic-speaking peoples of northern Europe, the Ob-Ugric-speaking and Northern Samoyed peoples of western Siberia, and Turkic-speaking peoples of Russia (especially Yakuts,,but also Altaians, Shors, Khakas, Chuvashes, Tatars, and Bashkirs). Nearly all members of haplogroup N among these populations of northern Eurasia belong to subclades of either haplogroup N-Tat or haplogroup N-P43.
Y-chromosomes belonging to N1b-F2930/M1881/V3743, or N1*-CTS11499/L735/M2291(xN1a-F1206/M2013/S11466), have been found in China and sporadically throughout other parts of Eurasia. N1a-F1206/M2013/S11466 is found in high numbers in Northern Eurasia.
N2-Y6503, the other primary subclade of haplogroup N, is extremely rare and is mainly represented among extant humans by a recently formed subclade that is virtually restricted to the countries making up the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro), Hungary and Austria. Other members of N2-Y6503 include a Hungarian with recent ancestry from Suceava in Bukovina, a Slovakian, a few British individuals, and an Altaian.
N* (M231)
Y-chromosomes that display the M231 mutation that defines Haplogroup N-M231, but do not display the CTS11499, L735, M2291 mutations that define Haplogroup N1 are said to belong to paragroup N-M231*.
N-M231* has been found at low levels in China. Out of a sample of 165 Han males from China, two individuals (1.2%) were found to belong to N*.. One originated from Guangzhou and one from Xi'an.
Among the ancient samples from the Baikal Early Neolithic Kitoi culture, one of the Shamanka II samples (DA250), dated to c. 6500 BP, was analyzed as NO1-M214.
N1 (CTS11499, Z4762, CTS3750)
In 2014, there was a major change in the definition of subclade N1, when LLY22g was retired as the main defining SNP for N1 because of reports of LLY22g's unreliability. According to ISOGG, LLY22g is problematic because it is a "palindromic marker and can easily be misinterpreted." Since then, the name N1 has been applied to a clade marked by a great number of SNPs, including CTS11499, Z4762, and CTS3750. N1 is the most recent common ancestor of all extant members of Haplogroup N-M231 except members of the rare N2-Y6503 (N2-B482) subclade. The TMRCA of N1 is estimated to be 18,000 years before present (16,300–19,700 BP; 95% CI).
Since the revision of 2014, the position of many examples of "N1-LLY22g" within haplogroup N have become unclear. Therefore, it is better to check yfull and ISOGG 2019 in order to understand the updated structure of N-M231.
However, in older studies, N-LLY22g has been reported to reach a frequency of up to 30% (13/43) among the Yi people of Butuo County, Sichuan in Southwest China (, , and ). It is also found in 34.6% of Lhoba people (). N1-LLY22g* has been found in samples of Han Chinese, but with widely varying frequency:
6.8% (3/44) Han from Xi'an ( and )
6.7% (2/30) Han from Lanzhou
3.6% (3/84) Taiwanese Han
2.9% (1/34) Han from Chengdu
2.9% (1/35) Han from Harbin
2.9% (1/35) Han from Meixian District
0% (0/32) Han from Yining City
Other populations in which representatives of N1*-LLY22g have been found include:
Hani people (4/34 = 11.8%)
Sibe people (4/41 = 9.8%)
Tujia people (2/49 = 4.1%)
Manchu people (2/52 = 3.8% to 2/35 = 5.7%
Bit people (1/28 = 3.6%)
Uyghurs (2/70 = 2.9% to 2/67 = 3.0%)
Tibetan people (3/105 = 2.9% to 3/35 = 8.6% )
Koreans (0/106 = 0.0% – 2/25 = 8% (, , and )
Vietnamese people (2/70 = 2.9%)
Japanese people (0/70 Tokushima – 2/26 = 7.7% Aomori)
Manchurian Evenks (0/26 = 0.0% to 1/41 = 2.4%)
Altai people (0/50 Northern to 5/96 = 5.2% Southern, or 0/43 Beshpeltir to 5/46 = 10.9% Kulada),
Shors (2/23 = 8.7%)
Khakas people (5/181 = 2.8%)
Tuvans (5/311 = 1.6%)
Southern Borneo (1/40 = 2.5%)
Forest Nenets (1/89 = 1.1%)
Yakuts (0/215 – 1/121 = 0.8%)
Turkish people (1/523 = 0.2%) In Turkey, the total of subclades of haplogroup N-M231 amounts to 4% of the male population.
One individual who belongs either to N* or N1* has been found in a sample of 77 males from Kathmandu, Nepal (1/77 = 1.3% N-M231(xM128,P43,Tat))
N1(xN1a,N1c) was found in ancient bones of Liao civilization:
Niuheliang (Hongshan Culture, 6500–5000 BP) 66.7%(=4/6)
Halahaigou (Xiaoheyan Culture, 5000–4200 BP) 100.0%(=12/12)
Dadianzi (Lower Xiajiadian culture, 4200–3600 BP) 60.0%(=3/5).
N-CTS4309: two people identified with this subgroup in Iraq. Very rare.
N1a (F1206/M2013/S11466)
The N1a2-F1008/L666 clade and N1a1-M46/Page70/Tat are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor in N1a-F1206/M2013/S11466 approximately 15,900 [95% CI 13,900 <-> 17,900] years before present or 17,621 [95% CI 14,952 <-> 20,282] years before present.
N1a1 (M46/Page70/Tat, L395/M2080)
All M46 in Yfull database are M178, being a quarter younger than separation from F1139.
The mutations that define the subclade N-M46 are M46/Tat and P105. This is the most frequent subclade of N. It probably arose in a Northeast Asian population, because the oldest ancient samples comply with this genetic profile.
N has experienced serial bottlenecks in Siberia and secondary expansions in eastern Europe . Haplogroup N-M46 is approximately 14,000 years old.
In Siberia, haplogroup N-M46 reaches a maximum frequency of approximately 90% among the Yakuts, a Turkic people who live mainly in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. However, N-M46 is present with much lower frequency among many of the Yakuts' neighbors, such as Evenks and Evens. It also has been detected in 5.9% (3/51) of a sample of Hmong Daw from Laos , 2.4% (2/85) of a sample from Seoul, South Korea , and in 1.4% (1/70) of a sample from Tokushima, Japan .
The haplogroup N-M46 has a low diversity among Yakuts suggestive of a population bottleneck or founder effect . This was confirmed by a study of ancient DNA which traced the origins of the male Yakut lineages to a small group of horse-riders from the Cis-Baikal area .
N-Tat has been observed with greatly varying frequency in samples from Sweden. Karlsson et al. (2006) found N-Tat in 44.7% (17/38) of a sample of Saami nomads from Jokkmokk, 19.5% (8/41) of a sample from Västerbotten, 14.5% (8/55) of a sample from Uppsala, 10.0% (4/40) of a sample from Gotland, 9.5% (4/42) of a sample from Värmland, 7.3% (3/41) of a sample from Östergötland/Jönköping, 2.4% (1/41) of a sample from Blekinge/Kristianstad, and 2.2% (1/45) of a sample from Skaraborg.
Lappalainen et al. (2008) found N-Tat in 14.4% (23/160) of a sample from Sweden.
Lappalainen et al. (2009) found N-Tat in 15.4% (4/26) of a sample from Södermanland, 12.5% (3/24) of a sample from Västmanland, 12.1% (4/33) of a sample from Uppsala, 7.8% (4/51) of a sample from Gothenburg, 7.0% (3/43) of a sample from Norrbotten, 6.8% (5/73) of a sample from Skåne, 6.6% (15/228) of a sample from Stockholm, 6.3% (3/48) of a sample from Sydnorrland, 6.3% (2/32) of a sample from Västerbotten, 6.3% (2/32) of a sample from Örebro, 5.9% (3/51) of a sample from Värmland/Dalarna, 5.4% (2/37) of a sample from Östra Götaland, and 5.1% (2/39) of a sample from southeastern Sweden (Kalmar, Gotland, Kronoberg, and Blekinge). They did not find any instance of N-Tat in their samples from Jönköping (0/28), Malmö (0/29), Halland (0/34), or Västra Götaland (0/75).
N1a1a (M178)
The subclade N-M178 is defined by the presence of markers M178 and P298. N-M178* has higher average frequency in Northern Europe than in Siberia, reaching frequencies of approximately 60% among Finns and approximately 40% among Latvians, Lithuanians & 35% among Estonians ( and ).
Miroslava Derenko and her colleagues noted that there are two subclusters within this haplogroup, both present in Siberia and Northern Europe, with different histories. The one that they labelled N3a1 first expanded in south Siberia and spread into Northern Europe. Meanwhile, the younger subcluster, which they labelled N3a2, originated in south Siberia (probably in the Baikal region) .
N-M178 was also found in two Na-Dené speaking Tłı̨chǫs in North America.
Neolithic samples from Baikal area have yielded plenty of yDNA N specimens, and one sample from Fofonovo, Buryatia, 5000-4000 BC is among the first Tat samples in the ancient record.
Earliest samples of N1a1a-L708 were found in Trans-Baikal (brn008, N1a1a1*-L708; brn003, N1a1a1a1*-M2126) between 8,000 and 6,000 YBP. Downstream samples were found in Yakutia (N4b2, N1a1a1a1a*-Z1979) and Krasnoyarsk Krai (kra001, N1a1a1a1a*-L392), between 5,000 and 4,000 YBP.
N1a2 (F1008/L666)
N1a2a-M128 and N1a2b-B523/P43 are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor in N1a2-F1008/L666 approximately 8,600 [95% CI 7,500 <-> 9,800] years before present, 9,200 years before present, or 9,314 [95% CI 7,419 <-> 11,264] years before present.
At least three of six tested male specimens from the Early Neolithic (ceramic-using hunter-gatherer of approximately 7200–6200 years ago) layer at the Shamanka archaeological site near the southern end of Lake Baikal have been found to belong to N1a2-L666.
N1a2a-M128
This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker M128. N-M128 was first identified in a sample from Japan (1/23 = 4.3%) and in a sample from Central Asia and Siberia (1/184 = 0.5%) in a preliminary survey of worldwide Y-DNA variation. Subsequently, it has been found with low frequency in some samples of the Manchu people, Sibe people, Evenks, Koreans, Han Chinese, Hui, Tibetans, Vietnamese, Bouyei people, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Uyghurs, Salars, Tu, Mongols, the Buzava tribe of Kalmyks, Khakas, and Komis.
A number of a Han Chinese, an Ooled Mongol, a Qiang, and a Tibetan were found to belong to a sister branch (or branches) of N-M128 under paragroup N-F1154*.
A neolithic sample brn002 (~5,940 BP) in Trans-Baikal was discovered to be an early offshoot upstream of N-M128.
As a genetic testing result of Yelü clan, a royal family of the Liao Dynasty and Khitan descents, it was found to belong to N-F1998, a downstream of N-M128.
N1a2b (P43)
Haplogroup N-P43 is defined by the presence of the marker P43. It has been estimated to be approximately 4,000 to 5,500 years old (TMRCA 4,510 years, TMRCA 4,700 [95% CI 3,800 <-> 5,600] ybp, or 4,727 [95% CI 3,824 <-> 5,693] years before present). It has been found very frequently among Northern Samoyedic peoples, speakers of Ob-Ugric languages, and northern Khakassians, and it also has been observed with low to moderate frequency among speakers of some other Uralic languages, Turkic peoples, Mongolic peoples, Tungusic peoples, and Siberian Yupik people.
The highest frequencies of N-P43 are observed among north-west Siberian populations: 92% (35/38) in a sample of Nganasan, 78% (7/9) in a sample of Enets, 78% (21/27) in a sample of Khants, 75% (44/59) in a sample of Tundra Nenets, 69% (29/42) in another sample of Nenets, 60% (15/25) in a sample of Mansi, 57% (64/112) in another sample of Khants, 54% (27/50) in another sample of Nganasan, 45% (40/89) in a sample of Forest Nenets, 38% (18/47) in a third sample of Khants, and 25% (7/28) in a fourth sample of Khants. In Europe, the N-P43 types have their highest frequency of 20% among Volga-Uralic populations. The extreme western border of the spread of N-P43 is Finland, where this haplogroup occurs only at marginal frequency – 0.4%. Yet N-P43 is quite frequent among Vepsas (17.9%), a small Finnic population living in immediate proximity to Finns, Karelians and Estonians.
Haplogroup N-P43 also has been observed with very high frequency (26/29 = 89.7% of a sample from the settlement of Topanov and 19/22 = 86.4% of a sample from the settlement of Malyi Spirin) in samples of Kachins, a Turkic-speaking ethnic group or territorial subgroup of the Khakas people, from Shirinsky District of northern Khakassia. There appears to be a cline through the Sagai (another Turkic-speaking ethnic group that is now considered to be a constituent of the Khakas people), with 46.2% (55/119) of Sagai sampled from Ust'–Es', Esino, Ust'–Chul', and Kyzlas settlements of Askizsky District of central Khakassia belonging to haplogroup N-P43 vs. only 13.6% (11/81) of Sagai sampled from Matur, Anchul', Bol'shaya Seya, and Butrakhty settlements of Tashtypsky District of southern Khakassia belonging to this haplogroup. However, other researchers' samples of Khakas people have exhibited only moderate frequencies of N-P43 or potential N-P43. Derenko et al. (2006) examined a sample of Khakassians (n=53) collected in the settlements of Askiz, Shirinsk, Beisk and Ordzhonikidzevsk districts of Khakass Republic and found that 15 of them (28.3%) belonged to N-LLY22g(xTat). Rootsi et al. (2007) examined a sample of Khakas (n=181) and found that 31 of them (17.1%) belonged to N-P43; retested 174 of the individuals in this sample and found that 27 of them (15.5%) belonged to the N-B478 (Asian/northern Samoyedic) subclade of N-P43 and 2 of them (1.1%) belonged to the N-L1419 (European/Volga Finnic and Chuvash) subclade of N-P43 for a total of 29 (16.7%) N-P43.
Haplogroup N-P43 forms two distinctive subclusters of STR haplotypes, Asian and European, the latter mostly distributed among Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples and related populations .
N1a2b1-B478
The TMRCA of N-B478 has been estimated to be 3,007 [95% CI 2,171 <-> 3,970] years before present. It is one of the most prevalent Y-DNA haplogroups among indigenous populations of northwestern Siberia: 69.0% (29/42) Nenets, 50.0% (25/50) Nganasan, 22.2% (12/54) Dolgan from Taymyr, 7.0% (3/43) Selkup, 1.6% (1/63) Ob-Ugrian. It is also quite prevalent among populations of Central Siberia, Southern Siberia, and Mongolia: 17.9% (17/95) Tuvan, 15.5% (27/174) Khakas, 13.0% (6/46) Tozhu Tuvans, 8.7% (2/23) Shor, 8.3% (2/24) Even, 8.2% (5/61) Altaian, 5.3% (3/57) Evenk, 5.0% (19/381) Mongol, 4.9% (3/61) Sart-Kalmak (partial descendants of Oirat Mongols in Kyrgyzstan), 4.2% (9/216) Yakut, 2.1% (1/47) Torgut (Mongolia), 1.4% (1/69) Derbet (Kalmykia), 0.9% (1/111) Buryat. A geographically outlying member has been found in a sample of Chuvash (1/114 = 0.88%).
Karafet et al. (2018) observed N-P63, which appears to be roughly phylogenetically equivalent to N-B478, in 91.2% (31/34) Nganasan, 63.8% (30/47) Tundra Nenets, 42.7% (35/82) Forest Nenets, 14.0% (8/57) Dolgan, 7.0% (9/129) Selkup, 3.3% (3/91) Evenk, 2.7% (2/75) Mongol, 2.6% (2/78) Komi, 2.5% (2/80) Buryat, and 2.0% (2/98) Altai Kizhi. This haplogroup was not observed in samples of Yukaghir (0/10), Koryak (0/11), Teleut (0/40), Ket (0/44), Yakut (0/62), or Khanty (0/165) populations.
N1b (F2930)
Haplogroup N1b has been predominantly found in the Yi people, a Tibeto-Burman speaking ethnic group in southwestern China who originated from ancient Qiang tribes in northwestern China. However, it also has been found in people all over China and in some samples of people from Poland, Belarus, Russia, Mongolia, Korea, Japan and Vietnam.
N2 (Y6503)
N2 (Y6503/FGC28528; B482/FGC28394/Y6584) – a primary branch of haplogroup N-M231, is now represented mainly by a subclade, N-FGC28435, that has spread probably some time in the first half of the second millennium CE and that has been found in individuals from Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Turkey (Istanbul).
N-Y7310 (or N-F14667) subsumes N-FGC28435 and likewise probably descends from a common ancestor who has lived some time in the first half of the last millennium. However, members of N-Y7310(xFGC28435) exhibit a greater geographic range, including an individual from Rostov Oblast of Russia and a Romanian Hungarian individual with ancestry from Suceava, Bukovina.
Other branches of N-P189 include members from Turkey, Russia (Moscow Oblast), France (Charente-Maritime), and England (Devon). The most recent common ancestor of all the aforementioned extant N-P189 lineages has been estimated to be 4,900 (95% CI 5,700 <-> 4,100) years before present. An archaeological specimen attributed to the Botai culture of northern Kazakhstan and dated to the latter half of the fourth millennium BCE belongs to N-P189*, being basal to present-day European members of N-P189.
Lineages that belong to N-Y6503(xP189) and are only distantly related (with a time to most recent common ancestor estimated to be greater than 10,000 years before present) to the aforementioned members of N-P189 have been found in an individual from the present-day Altai Republic and probably also in an archaeological specimen attributed to the Iron Age Mezőcsát culture of what is now Hungary (approx. 2,900 years before present) and in an archaeological specimen attributed to the Kitoi culture of ceramic-using foragers of the area around Lake Baikal (approx. 6,700 years before present).
Ancient peoples
A sample excavated at the Houtaomuga site in the Yonghe neighborhood of Honggangzi Township, Da'an, Jilin, China dating back to 7430–7320 years ago (Phase II of the Early Neolithic) has been found to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup N and mtDNA haplogroup B4c1a2. This sample is autosomally identical with the Neolithic Amur River Basin populations, of which Nivkh people are the closest modern representative. As the paper detected this ancestry in terminal Pleistocene USR1 specimen in Alaska, it is therefore, postulated that there was gene flow from Amur to America of a population belonging to a hypothetical Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Nivkh linguistic family.
N has also been found in many samples of Neolithic human remains exhumed from Liao civilization in northeastern China, and in the circum-Baikal area of southern Siberia. It is suggested that yDNA N, reached southern Siberia from 12 to 14 kya. From there it reached southern Europe 8-10kya.
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic tree
In the following tree the nomenclature of three sources is separated by slashes: ISOGG Tree 10 December 2017 (ver.12.317)
NO-M214
N-M231/Page91, M232/M2188
N1-Z4762/CTS11499/L735/M2291
N1a-L729
N-Z1956
N-Y149447 China (Shaanxi)
N1a1-M46/Page70/Tat
N1a1a-M178
N1a1a1-F1419
N1a1a1a-L708
N1a1a1a1-P298/M2126 China (Urumqi, Kashgar Prefecture, Turpan, Aksu Prefecture, Xianyang, Jincheng, Kaifeng, Qiqihar)
N1a1a1a1a-L392
N1a1a1a1a1-CTS10760
N1a1a1a1a1a-CTS2929/VL29 Found with high frequency among Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, northwestern Russians, Swedish Saami, Karelians, Nenetses, Finns, and Maris, moderate frequency among other Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Poles, and low frequency among Komis, Mordva, Tatars, Chuvashes, Dolgans, Vepsa, Selkups, Karanogays, and Bashkirs
N1a1a1a1a1a1-Z4908
N-Y46443
N-Y46443* Russia (Moscow Oblast)
N-BY33095 Russia (Samara Oblast)
N1a1a1a1a1a1a-L550/S431
N-L550* Sweden (Kronoberg County)
N-Y9454 Sweden (Västra Götaland County, Örebro County), Finland, Russia
N-Y20911 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
N-Y7795
N-Y7795* Sweden (Norrbotten County, Södermanland County)
N-Y29766 Norway (Hedmark)
N-Y20918 Sweden (Östergötland County, Västerbotten County), Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y28771
N-Y61225 Sweden (Södermanland County, Uppsala County)
N-Y30126
N-Y30126* Sweden (Östergötland County)
N-Y29764
N-Y29764* Sweden (Stockholm County)
N-Y30123 Sweden (Västerbotten County), Finland
N-S9378
N-S9378* Sweden (Västra Götaland County)
N-S18447 Sweden (Södermanland County, Uppsala County)
N-Y36282
N-Y36282* Finland (Southern Finland Province), Estonia (Ida-Virumaa)
N-BY21957 Poland (Kujawsko-pomorskie), Sweden (Stockholm County), Russia (Pskov Oblast), Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-FGC14542
N-FGC14542* Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-BY21938 Norway (Hedmark), Sweden (Dalarna County)
N-Y17113 United Kingdom (Suffolk, Scotland), Canada (Manitoba), Norway (Vestfold, Buskerud), Sweden (Västra Götaland County)
N-Y4341
N-BY21874 Sweden (Södermanland County), Finland
N-Y4338
N-Y4338*
N-Y4339 Sweden (medieval Sigtuna)
N-Y12104
N-Y12104* Sweden (Östergötland County)
N-Y12103 Finland (Western Finland Province), Sweden, Norway (Hedmark)
N-Y19111
N-Y57577 Sweden (Skåne County)
N-Y22774 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y5611
N-Y5611* England
N-Y21546 Sweden (Stockholm County, Västmanland County)
N-F1983 Sweden (Gävleborg County), Russia (Lipetsk Oblast)
N-Y10932
N-Y85136 Sweden (Uppsala County)
N-Y10931 Russia
N1a1a1a1a1a1a1-L1025/B215 Highest frequency among Lithuanians, significant in Latvians and Estonians and lesser frequency in Belarusians, Ukrainians, South-West Russians, and Poles. With exception of Estonians, L1025 has highest share among N-M231 clades in previously mentioned populations. Also observed in Finland and Sweden, with sporadic instances in Norway, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom, the Azores, Czech Republic, and Slovakia.
N-L1025* Russia (Kursk Oblast)
N-BY30389 Sweden (Västernorrland County), Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y13982
N-Y13982* Portugal (Azores)
N-Y31236 Lithuania (Marijampolė County, Vilnius County)
N-A11940
N-Y140872 Sweden (Södermanland County, Norrbotten County), Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-Y143451 Russia (Bashkortostan)
N-Y5580
N-Y93996 Lithuania (Šiauliai County), Poland (Podlaskie)
N-BY158 Russia (Voronezh Oblast, Smolensk Oblast, Tatarstan), Belarus (Vitebsk Region), Lithuania (Vilnius County, Šiauliai County, Panevėžys County), Poland (Podlaskie), Ukraine (Poltava Oblast), Kazakhstan (Jambyl Region)
N-Z16975
N-VL69 Belarus (Minsk Region), Russia (Bryansk Oblast), Kazakhstan (Kostanay Region)
N-Z16976
N-Z16976* Belarus (Grodno Region), Ukraine (Khmelnytskyi Oblast)
N-Y13475 Poland, Lithuania
N-Y21578 Lithuania (Kaunas County, Telšiai County), Russia (Smolensk Oblast)
N-Y6129 Poland (Warmińsko-mazurskie), Lithuania
N-Y19113 Poland (Warmińsko-mazurskie), Lithuania (Tauragė County)
N-Y134492 Belarus (Grodno Region, Minsk Region, Mogilev Region), Lithuania, United States (Illinois)
N-L551
N-L551* Lithuania (Vilnius County)
N-Y15251 Lithuania (Alytus County), Poland (Podlaskie)
N-Y46313 Latvia
N-Y86578 Russia (Belgorod Oblast)
N-Y14152
N-BY21911 Poland, Latvia (Krāslava District), Ukraine (Kyiv Oblast), Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-Y13979 Lithuania, Russia (Ryazan Oblast), Germany
N-Y4706
N-Y4706* Sweden (Stockholm County, Södermanland County, Västra Götaland County), Germany (Lower Saxony), Finland (Southern Finland Province), Russia (Tatarstan)
N-A705 Sweden (Kalmar County, Östergötland County)
N-BY21893 Poland (Wielkopolskie)
N-Y139030 Sweden (Västerbotten County), Norway (Østfold)
N-Y183040 Russia (Vologda Oblast, Tatarstan)
N-Y4707 Finland (Western Finland Province, Åland, Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province)
N-Z16981
N-A2358 England, Finland, Latvia (Daugavpils apriņķis)
N-CTS8173 Estonia (Lääne-Virumaa)
N-BY32524 Estonia (Järvamaa), Finland (Oulu Province)
N-FGC39882 Lithuania (Telšiai County)
N-A11470 Russia (Tyumen Oblast), Lithuania (Panevėžys County), Finland (Southern Finland Province), Netherlands (South Holland, North Brabant)
N-Y15922 Finland (Southern Finland Province), Estonia (Ida-Virumaa, Pärnumaa), Latvia (Valmiera, Liepāja, Talsu apriņķis), Russia (Pskov Oblast), Poland (Pomorskie)
N-Y6075 Poland (Małopolskie, Mazowieckie), Ukraine (Lviv Oblast), Slovakia, Czech Republic (Moravian-Silesian Region), United States (New Jersey)
N-Y11882
N-Y11882* Russia (Tatarstan)
N-ZS11617 Russia (Yaroslavl Oblast), Lithuania
N-Y24601 Latvia
N-Y94659 Lithuania, Belarus (Minsk Region)
N-Y32725
N-FT96305 Latvia (Krāslava District), Estonia (Viljandimaa)
N-Y33333 Ukraine (Sumy Oblast), Belarus (Brest Region)
N1a1a1a1a1a2-CTS9976
N-L1022
N-Y19098
N-Y19098* Sweden (Västernorrland County)
N-A12258 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-BY117178 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y5004
N-Y7300
N-A17632
N-Y128024 Sweden (Östergötland County)
N-A16017
N-A16017* Estonia (Raplamaa)
N-A16526
N-FT216144 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y95406 Estonia (Tartumaa), Russia (Leningrad Oblast)
N-Y7297 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Lapland Province)
N-Y15813
N-Y15813* Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y49008 Finland (Western Finland Province, Oulu Province)
N-Y46886 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y15812
N-A14187 Finland (Western Finland Province), Estonia (Läänemaa)
N-Y24617 Finland (Western Finland Province), Sweden (Dalarna County), Russia (Kursk Oblast)
N-Y23576
N-Y23576* Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y15615
N-BY100801 Sweden (Dalarna County), Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-A17838 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province), Sweden (Stockholm County)
N-Y23179 Finland (Western Finland Province, Oulu Province)
N-Y5005
N-Y22106
N-Y47789 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y79341 Finland (Western Finland Province), Sweden (Västra Götaland County, Värmland County)
N-Y10756
N-A13656 Finland (Western Finland Province, Lapland Province), Sweden (Dalarna County)
N-PH2196
N-CTS11122 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-A17277 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
N-PH547 Finland (Lapland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province), Sweden (Västerbotten County, Norrbotten County)
N-Y5003
N-Y5003* Estonia (Hiiumaa), Finland (Southern Finland Province), United Kingdom (Westminster)
N-BY22001 Estonia (Läänemaa), Finland (Western Finland Province), Sweden (Norrbotten County)
N-BY6007 Russia (Lipetsk Oblast)
N-Y132182 Sweden (Värmland County), Estonia (Viljandimaa)
N-Y20917 Sweden (Kronoberg County), Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
N-Y24502 United Kingdom (Scottish Borders, Calderdale, Kirklees)
N-Y18420 Finland (Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province)
N-Z35267 Finland (Western Finland Province, Åland Province, Southern Finland Province), Estonia (Pärnumaa)
N-Y6599 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Southern Finland Province), Estonia (Jõgevamaa, Hiiumaa), Russia (Tula Oblast)
N-Y24000
N-Y24001 Sweden (Västerbotten County), Norway (Troms)
N-A17082 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province), Estonia
N-Y16503 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province), Sweden (Gävleborg County)
N-BY6010 United States (Virginia)
N-CTS3451
N-CTS3451* Russian
N-Y3667
N-BY33087
N-BY33087* Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-BY33088 Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Russia (Novgorod Oblast)
N-CTS657
N-CTS657* Finland, Russia (Republic of Karelia, Novgorod Oblast)
N-BY70437 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-BY6024 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y45925 Russia (Republic of Karelia)
N-Y26750
N-Y26750* Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast)
N-A16653 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-PH3568 Finland (Oulu Province, Eastern Finland Province)
N1a1a1a1a1b-PH1266/Y28526/F4134
N-Y46746 Russia
N-Y32732
N-Y32732* Russia (Saint Petersburg)
N-Y192174
N-Y32731 Russia (Komi Republic), Sweden
N1a1a1a1a1c-B479 Nanai, Ulchi
N1a1a1a1a2-Z1936,CTS10082 Found with high frequency among Finns, Vepsa, Karelians, Swedish Saami, northwestern Russians, Bashkirs, and Volga Tatars, moderate frequency among other Russians, Komis, Nenetses, Ob-Ugrians, Dolgans, and Siberian Tatars, and low frequency among Mordva, Nganasans, Chuvashes, Estonians, Latvians, Ukrainians, and Karanogays
N1a1a1a1a2a1c-PH3340/Y13850
N1a1a1a1a2a1c1-L1034
N-Y28538
N-Y28538* Russia (Khantia-Mansia)
N-L1032 Russia (Khantia-Mansia), Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region)
N-L1442 Hungary
N-FT12605 Russia (Lipetsk Oblast), Greece (Arkadia)
N-Y23732 Russia (Bashkortostan)
N-Y24222
N-Y24222* Russia (Tatarstan)
N-Y62987 Russia (Bashkortostan, Samara Oblast)
N1a1a1a1a2a1c2-Y24361
N-Y24361*
N-Y24360 Russia (Tatarstan)
N1a1a1a1a2a-Z1934
N-Y159520
N-Y159520* Russia (Tambov Oblast)
N-BY184755 Russia (Novgorod Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Moscow)
N-Y18421
N-Y18421* Russia (Tambov Oblast)
N-Y19110
N-Y180247
N-Y180247* Russia (Tatarstan)
N-FT52835 Russia (Tula Oblast, Moscow)
N-Y19108
N-Y19108* Russia (Tatarstan, Kirov Oblast)
N-Y19453
N-Y19453* Russia (Tatarstan)
N-Y19451 Finland (Western Finland Province), Russia (Republic of Karelia, Tver Oblast)
N-Z1928/CTS2733
N-YP6091
N-YP6091* Russia (Irkutsk Oblast)
N-YP6094
N-Y129131
N-Y129131* Russia (Kostroma Oblast)
N-A25107 Russia (Kirov Oblast, HGDP Russian)
N-YP6092
N-YP6092* Russia (Vologda Oblast)
N-B195
N-B195* Russia (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
N-Y62142 Russia (Republic of Karelia, Arkhangelsk Oblast)
N1a1a1a1a2a-Z1925
N-Z1925* Sweden (Norrbotten County)
N-Y29767 Sweden (Norrbotten County)
N-Y62904 Finland (Western Finland Province, Oulu Province)
N1a1a1a1a2a2a1a1-Z1926
N-Y20920
N-Y20920* Finland (Western Finland Province), Norway (Nord-Trøndelag)
N-Y21699 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
N-Z1927
N-Y22108 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province), Sweden (Stockholm County, Örebro County)
N-Z1933
N-CTS4329
N-Y22091
N-Y22091* Norway (Nordland), Finland (Lapland Province)
N-Y47623
N-Y47623* Finland (Lapland Province)
N-Y106419 Norway (Finnmark)
N-Y31247
N-Y31247* Russia (Tver Oblast)
N-Y31249
N-Y90283 Finland (Lapland Province)
N-Y31244 Finland (Western Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province)
N-YP6269
N-YP6269* Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y151660
N-Y151660* Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-BY149208 Sweden (Norrbotten County)
N-CTS8565
N-BY18114 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-BY30394 Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Russia (Udmurt Republic)
N-Y30513
N-Y30513* Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-Y29759
N-Y29759* Finland (Lapland Province)
N-Y29758 Sweden (Norrbotten County)
N-Z4998
N-Z4998* Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-FGC65190 Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y18414 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y20910 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-BY194138 Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-Y28547 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-BY22141 Finland (Western Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province), United States (Washington)
N-FT5834 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
N-BY190112 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
N-Y19097 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province, Oulu Province)
N-CTS3223 Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Western Finland Province, Oulu Province, Lapland Province), Sweden (Norrbotten County, Västerbotten County, Dalarna County, Värmland County, Skåne County), Russia (Leningrad Oblast)
N-VL62 Russia (Altai Krai, Kostroma Oblast), Estonia (Harjumaa), Finland
N-VL62* Russia (Chelyabinsk Oblast), Finland
N-VL60
N-VL60* Russia (Kurgan Oblast)
N-Y63781 Russia (Vladimir Oblast, Arkhangelsk Oblast)
N-VL72
N-VL72* Russia (Republic of Karelia)
N-BY30470 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y20915 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Z1939
N-Y132561
N-Y132565 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y152012
N-Y152012* Finland
N-Y152010 Russia (Leningrad Oblast)
N-Z2445
N-Z35031 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Western Finland Province), Sweden (Västra Götaland County, Västmanland County)
N-BY28931
N-Y125841 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Western Finland Province)
N-Y11631 Finland (Western Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Oulu Province), Russia (Leningrad Oblast), Sweden (Norrbotten County)
N-CTS7189
N-BY142665 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y37149 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y23568 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y80226 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-FT20730 Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Russia (Republic of Karelia)
N-BY62666 Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Norway (Oslo), United States (Virginia, Arkansas)
N-Y24218
N-Y24218* Finland (Lapland Province, Oulu Province, Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y24217 Finland (Western Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province), Russia (Bashkortostan)
N-BY22038 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province)
N-Y13974 Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Western Finland Province)
N-Y135981 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province), Norway (Finnmark)
N-Z4747
N-Y17790 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province)
N-Z1941
N-BY22090 Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y21575 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Lapland Province), Russia (Leningrad Oblast, Moscow, Tatarstan)
N-Z1940 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Lapland Province), Russia (Leningrad Oblast), Sweden (Värmland County)
N1a1a1a1a3-B197/Y16323
N1a1a1a1a3a-F4205 Found with high frequency among Buryats and Tsaatans, moderate frequency among Karanogays, Tuvans, Todjins, and Mongols, and low frequency among Altaians, Siberian Tatars, Kazakhs, Evenks, Crimean Tatars, Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, and Ukrainians
N-F4205* China (Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Henan, etc.)
N-Y16221
N-Y16221* China (Inner Mongolia)
N-Y16220
N-Y16220* Ukraine (Luhansk Oblast)
N-F22331 Turkey (Mersin), Poland (Małopolskie), Kazakhstan (Pavlodar Region ca. 1680 ybp)
N-Y63966 Kazakhstan, Turkey, Uzbekistan
N-Y226011
N-Z35331 China (Ordos City, Haidong, Chengdu)
N-B199 Russia (Buryatia), China (Huasai from Hulunbuir)
N-FT411781 China (Inner Mongolia)
N-Y16312/F2288
N-Y16312* Uzbekistan, China (Xibo from Shenyang, Chaoyang, Tangshan, Beijing, Nanjing, Chifeng, Xianyang, Tacheng Prefecture)
N-Y16320 Kazakhstan, China (Inner Mongolia)
N1a1a1a1a3b-B202 Found with high frequency among Chukchis, Koryaks, and Siberian Eskimos
N1a1a1a1b-M2019/M2118 Estonia, China (Hami, Yan'an, Xi'an, Lüliang, Changzhi, Xilingol League, Chifeng, Cangzhou, Songyuan)
N-M2058 China (Shandong, Liaoning, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, etc.)
N-M2016 China (esp. Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia)
N-M1993
N-FT411801 China (Inner Mongolia)
N1a1a1a1b1-M2038/M1995
N-M1932 Yakutia (Yakuts, Even)
N-M1991
N-M1988 Yakutia (Yakuts)
N-Y25011 Yakutia (Yakut, Evenki)
N1a1a1a1b2-A9408 China (Hebei, Shandong, Henan, etc.), Lebanon
N-Y70200 China (Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, etc.)
N-Y60223 Korean, China (Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, etc.)
N-PH1612 China (Yulin, Shangqiu, Dezhou, Tangshan, Shenyang)
N-A9407/A9411 China (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture)
N-A9416 Hungary (Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg), Croatia (Zadar County), Russia (Chuvash Republic)
N-PH1896 Hungary (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén), Turkey (Hatay), China (Xinjiang, Shandong, Anhui, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Ningxia, Guizhou)
N1a1a1a2-B211 (Y9022) Udmurt, Komi, Chuvash, Ob-Ugrians, Mari, Mordva, Altaian, Belarusian, Karanogay, Karelian, Bashkir, Tatar, Russian, Khakas
N1a1a1a2a-B181
N-Y182299 Russia (Kirov Oblast, etc.)
N-Y23788 Russia (Bashkortostan, Komi Republic, etc.)
N1a1a1a2b-Y23181
N-Y23183 Russia (Tatarstan, Mordovia, Penza Oblast)
N-Y143277 Russia (Tatarstan, Bashkortostan)
N-Y24317
N-Y24317*(xB187) India (Andhra Muslim)
N1a1a1b-B187 Khakas, Shors, Altaians, Tuvinians, Tozhu Tuvan, Tatar, Bashkir
N1a1a2-Y23747 Japan (Sado Island)
N1a1a2a-Y23749 Japan (Aichi, Hokkaidō)
N1a1a2b-Y125664
N-Y125664* Shanghai
N-MF16376
N1a1a2b1-MF38607 Anhui, Hunan
N1a1a2b2-F22150 Hebei, Suzhou
N-FT281705 China (Shandong, Liaoning, etc.)
N-MF200125 China (Linyi, Changchun)
N-MF43738 China (Tonghua, Handan, Anyang, Qingdao, Weinan, Suzhou, Shanghai, Shaoxing, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture)
N-MF82671
N-MF124520 China (Henan, Zhejiang, Anhui, Shanxi, etc.)
N-MF58064/F19130 China (Hulunbuir, Daur, Oroqen, Hinggan League)
N-MF15288/MF15344 China (esp. Jiangsu, but also Henan, Fujian, Shanghai, Heilongjiang, etc.), South Korea
N-MF55680 China (Hebei, Beijing, Hubei, etc.)
N-MF37603 China (Jiangsu, etc.)
N-F21121 China (Shigatse (Tibetan), Tai'an)
N-MF48201 South Korea, China (Linfen, Baoji)
N-F1360
N-F1360* China (Shaanxi)
N1a2-F1008/L666
N-F1101
N-F1101* China (Shandong)
N-F1154
N-F1154* China (Liaoning)
N-Y23741
N-Y23741* China
N1a2a-M128
N-M128* Japan (Fukui)
N-Y23738 Vietnam
N-CTS1350
N-CTS1350* China (Liaoning, Tianjin)
N-F1998
N-F1998* China (Beijing Han, Henan), Japan (Kumamoto)
N-MF1633 China (Guangdong, Zhejiang)
N-MF41795 Korea (North Jeolla Province)
N-Y71703
N-Y71703* Japan (Saitama, Hyōgo)
N-Y173843
N-Y173843* South Korea
N-Y174089 China (Shandong)
N1a2b-B523（P43）
N1a2b-Y126204, VL67/Z35079, BY29083
N-VL67/Z35079
N1a2b1-B478 (P63) Nenets, Nganasans, Dolgans, Tuvans, Todzhins, Khakasses, Shorians, Evens, Altaians, Selkups, Evenks, Mongols (Sart-Kalmak, Torgut, Derbet, Buryat), Yakuts, Ob-Ugrians, Chuvashes
N1a2b1a-B168 Evens
N1a2b1b-B169
N1a2b1b1-B170 Nenets, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Inner Mongolia
N1a2b1b2-B175 Tuvinians, Mongols, Evenks, Yakuts, Tomsk Oblast
N1a2b3-B525 Turkey, Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Mongols (Xinjiang Kalmyk, Mongolian Torgut), Slovakia, Bulgaria, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians
N-B525* Afghanistan, Arab
N-BY173686 Russia (Voronezh Oblast)
N-VL83 Turkey
N-Y136502 Russia (Tatarstan), Bulgaria (Dobrich)
N-Y37153
N-Y37153* Russia (Tatarstan)
N-BY29131
N-BY29131* Turkey (Konya), Slovakia (Žilina Region)
N-BY30476 Russia (Tatarstan, Penza Oblast)
N1a2b2-FGC10872/Y3195
N1a2b2a-FGC10847/Y3185 (L1419) Vepsas, Maris, Russians (Arkhangelsk Oblast), Komis, Perm Krai, Komi Republic, Ob-Ugrians, Chuvashes, Tatars, Bashkirs, Karelians, Western Finland Province, Tuvans, Buryats, Khakasses, Nganasans, Asian Eskimos
N1a2b2b-Y23786
N1a2b2b* Mansis
N1a2b2b1-B528/Y24384 Udmurts, Komis, Khanties, Tatars, Asian Eskimos, Kirov Oblast, Perm Krai, Medny Island
N1b-F2905
N1b1-CTS582 China (esp. Jiangsu, Yunnan, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Heilongjiang)
N1b1a-Y6374/Z8029
N1b1a1-CTS7324 Beijing
N1b1a2-L727
N1b1a2*-L727 Beijing
N1b1a2a-L732 Belarus
N1b1a2a1-F839 China (esp. Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Henan)
N-F18335 China (Shandong, Beijing)
N-F16160 China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Xinjiang Han)
N-Y137601 China (esp. Zhejiang, Hebei, Liaoning)
N1b1a2a2-Y15972
N-F21018/MF105942 Found all over China but especially in Zhejiang, Sichuan, Anhui, Shanghai, Guangdong, Shandong, Henan, and Jiangsu
N-Y62279 China (esp. Fujian and Guangdong, but also Sichuan, Zhejiang, etc.), Taiwan
N-MF155949 China (esp. Zhejiang, but also Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, and Beijing)
N-L733 Hong Kong, mainland China (esp. Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Beijing, Jiangsu, and Sichuan)
N-Y154812 China (Shanxi)
N-Y16106 China (esp. Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Anhui), Poland
N-Y232856 China (esp. Henan, but also Shaanxi, Guangdong, etc.)
N-Y15965 Poland (Pomorskie)
N1b1b-Y23789/CTS4309 Iraq
N1b1b*-Y23789 Beijing (Han), Fujian
N1b1b1-Y60861 Guangxi
N1b2-M1819/N-M1897/CTS12473/F1173 China, Russian Federation
N-M1897* ancient DNA from Pingliangtai, Henan (ca. 4,063 [95% CI 3,974 <-> 4,151] ybp)
N-M1845
N-M1845* China (Sichuan, Shanghai)
N-M1928
N-M1928* Sichuan (Han)
N-Y125475
N-Y63516 China (Chongqing), Korea (South Pyongan Province, South Chungcheong Province)
N-Y193396 China (Ningxia), Singapore
N-CTS4714
N-CTS4714* China (Naxi, Yunnan Hui)
N-F2407
N-Y24191
N-Y24191* China (Shandong)
N-Y24193
N-Y24193* China (Hebei)
N-Y24190 China (Henan), Japan (Hokkaido)
N-M1877
N-M1877* Shigatse (Tibetan)
N-F1486 Chongqing
N-F1486* United Kingdom (Telugu),Biobank of the Coriell Institute for Medical Research Mongolia
N-M1812
N-F1260
N-F1260* Hubei (Han)
N-Y62067
N-Y62067* Guangdong
N-Y62132 Hong Kong, China
N-M1823
N-M1823* Chongqing
N-M1811
N-M1811* Beijing (Han), Guangxi
N-Y24355
N-Y24355* China, Macau, Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
N-Y64234 Guangdong
N2-Y6503
N2-Y6503* Altai Republic
N2a-P189.2
N2a1-Y6516
N2a1-Y6516*
N2a1a-Y7310
N2a1a-Y7310* Romania (Hungarian from Suceava)
N2a1a1-Y7313
N2a1a1-Y7313*
N2a1a1a-BY35494 Russia (Rostov Oblast)
N2a1a1b-FGC28435
N2a1a1b-FGC28435* Turkey (Istanbul), Serbia, Montenegro (Plužine), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska), Croatia
N2a1a1b1-FGC28483 Serbia
N2a2-Y111068
N2a2a-FT352925 France (Charente-Maritime), Turkey
N2a2b-Y101945 United Kingdom (Devon), Russia (Moscow Oblast)
History of phylogenetic nomenclature
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Sources
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Unreliable mutations (SNPs and UEPs)
The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the Y-chromosome appears to have occurred independently on at least four different occasions. Therefore, this deletion should not be taken as a unique event polymorphism defining this branch of the Y-chromosome tree .
Links to genetics concepts
Y-DNA N subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
In this article, the "Southern Han" sample of Karafet and Hammer's research group is described as originating from Guangdong, and the "Northern Han" sample is described as originating from Shaanxi.
Websites
Sources for conversion tables
Further reading
ISOGG 2019/2020: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ju7oNjHjMrgMUB1xXmr0EaaL-RctJJ8FreUPM2DzuBY/edit#gid=692817756
Phylogenetics
External links
Spread of Haplogroup N, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
N North Eurasian YDNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA
N Y-DNA Haplogroup Project at FamilyTreeDNA
N1c1 Y-DNA Haplogroup Project at FamilyTreeDNA
Y-chromosome haplogroup N dispersals from south Siberia to Europe
Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA
Russian Nobility DNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA
N | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20N-M231 |
Haplogroup O, also known as O-M175, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It also is found in various percentages of populations of the Russian Far East, South Asia, Central Asia, Caucasus, Crimea, Ukraine, Iran, Oceania, Madagascar and the Comoros. Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214.
The O-M175 haplogroup is very common amongst males from East and Southeast Asia. It has two primary branches: O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122). O1 is found at high frequencies amongst males native to Southeast Asia, Taiwan, the Japanese Archipelago, the Korean Peninsula, Madagascar and some populations in southern China and Austroasiatic speakers of India. O2 is found at high levels amongst Han Chinese, Tibeto-Burman populations (including many of those in Yunnan, Tibet, Burma, Northeast India, and Nepal), Manchu, Mongols (especially those who are citizens of the PRC), Koreans, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Thais, Polynesians, Miao people, Hmong, the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan, Kazakhs in the southeast of Altai Republic, and Kazakhs in the Ili area of Xinjiang.
Origins
Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO-M214, and first appeared according to different theories either in Southeast Asia (see , , , and ) or East Asia (see ) approximately 40,000 years ago (or between 31,294 and 51,202 years ago according to Karmin et al. 2015).
Haplogroup O-M175 is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other is Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.
Distribution
This haplogroup appears in high to moderate frequencies in most populations in both East Asia and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: It is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, most of Africa, India and the Americas, where its presence may be the result of recent migrations. However, certain O subclades do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of Central Asia, South Asia, and Oceania. For example, one study found it at a rate of 65.81% among the Naimans, a tribe in Kazakhstan, even though the rate among Kazakhs in general is believed to be only about 9% . It has been estimated that 25% of the entire male population of the world carries different subclades of O. Karafet et al. (2015) have assigned the Y-DNA of 46.2% (12/26) of a sample of Papuan from Pantar Island to haplogroup NO-M214; considering their location in the Malay Archipelago, all or most of these individuals should belong to haplogroup O-M175.
An association with the spread of Austronesian languages in late antiquity is suggested by significant levels of O-M175 among island populations of the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, including the East African littoral. For example, Haplogroup O-M50 has even been found in Bantu-speaking populations of the Comoros along 6% of O-MSY2.2(xM50), while both O-M50 and O-M95(xM88) occur commonly among the Malagasy people of Madagascar with a combined frequency of 34%. O-M175 has been found in 28.1% of Solomon Islanders from Melanesia. 12% of Uyghurs , 6.8% of Kalmyks (17.1% of Khoshuud, 6.1% of Dörwöd, 3.3% of Torguud, 0% of Buzawa), 6.2% of Altaians , 4.1% of Uzbeks on average but Uzbeks from Bukhara 12.1%, Karakalpaks (Uzbekistan) 11.4%, Sinte (Uzbekistans) 6.7% and 4.0% of Buryats. In the Caucasus region it has been found in the Nogais 6% but 5.3% in the Karan Nogais, it is also found in the Dargins of Dargwa speakers at 2.9%. In the Iranic population, it is found in Iranian (Esfahan) at 6.3% (), 8.9% of Tajiks in Afghanistan 4.2% in the Pathans in Pakistan () but 1% in Afghanistan, 3.1% in Burusho ().
Haplogroup O-M175 ranges in various moderate to high frequencies in the ethnic minorities of South Africa. The frequency of this haplogroup is 6.14% in the Cape colored population. 18% in Cape Coloured Muslim, 38% in Cape Indian Muslims and 10% in other Cape Other Muslim. It's found 11.5% in the Réunion Creole. Haplogroup O-M175 had also been found in Latin America and Caribbean as a result of massive Chinese male migration from the 19th century. It was found in the Jamaicans at 3.8, Cubans 1.5%
Haplogroup O-M175 has been found in 88.7% of Asian American. 1.6% in Hispanic American, White Americans 0.5%, and 0.3% in African American. Another study gives 0.5% African American.
Among the sub-branches of haplogroup O-M175 are O-M119(O1a), O-M268(O1b), and O-M122(O2).
O-M175*
A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) in 31% (14/45) of a sample of Koreans and in smaller percentages of Crimean Tatars (1/22 = 4.5%), Tajiks (1/16 = 6.25% Dushanbe, 1/40 = 2.5% Samarkand), Uyghurs (2/41 = 4.9%), Uzbeks (1/68 = 1.5% Surxondaryo, 1/70 = 1.4% Xorazm), and Kazakhs (1/54 = 1.9%) . However, nearly all of the purported Korean O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes may belong to Haplogroup O-M176, and later studies do not support the finding of O-M175* among similar population samples (, ). The reported examples of O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong to Haplogroup O-M268*(xM95,M176) or Haplogroup O-M176 (O1b2).
A study published in 2013 found O-M175(xM119, M95, M176, M122) Y-DNA in 5.5% (1/18) Iranians from Teheran, 5.4% (2/37) Tajiks from Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan, and 1/97 Mongols from northwest Mongolia, while finding O-M176 only in 1/20 Mongols from northeast Mongolia.
O-F265 (O1)
O1a-M119 and O1b-M268 share a common ancestor, O1-F265 (a.k.a. O-F75) approximately 33,181 (95% CI 24,461 to 36,879) YBP. O1-F265, in turn, coalesces to a common ancestor with O2-M122 approximately 33,943 (95% CI 25,124 to 37,631) YBP. Thus, O1-F265 should have existed as a single haplogroup parallel to O2-M122 for a duration of approximately 762 years (or anywhere from 0 to 13,170 years considering the 95% CIs and assuming that the phylogeny is correct) before breaking up into its two extant descendant haplogroups, O1-MSY2.2 and O1b-M268.
O-M119 (O1a)
O-M119 (which was known briefly as O-MSY2.2, until the SNP MSY2.2 was found to be unreliable) is found frequently in Austronesian-speaking people, with a moderate distribution in southern and eastern Chinese and Kra-dai peoples.
O-M268 (O1b)
O-K18 Naxi
O-CTS4040
O-MF56251 Observed sporadically in China (Guangxi,Phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup O at 23mofang Guangdong, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Beijing), Thailand (Phuan, Yuan, Central Thai), Vietnam (Nùng, Tày)
O-Page59/CTS10887 Found among North Han Chinese (5%), East Han Chinese (4%), South Han Chinese (3%)
O-F4070
O-MF106398 Observed sporadically in China (Guangdong, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Shandong)
O-F779/F993/F3135 China, Vietnam (Lahu), Qatar
O-MF107014 Observed sporadically in China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Heilongjiang)
O-CTS5160/MF61620 China (Han, mostly Guangdong or Fujian)
O-F2064/F1759 China (Han from Fujian, Shandong), Singapore, Vietnam (Sila, Hanhi, Kinh), Korea
O-PH2797/CTS1127 China (especially Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Hebei, Anhui, Beijing, Henan, and Shanghai)
O-MF66989 Observed sporadically in China (Zhejiang, Guizhou, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Shanxi)
O-PH2506 China (Beijing), Japan
O-Y148532 China (Shandong, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Sichuan, Beijing, Shaanxi), Afghanistan (Hazara)
O-Y239146/MF31164 Singapore, Taiwan
O-Y47392/MF17288 China (Zhejiang)
O-BY182144/Y157814 China (Shandong, Gansu), Taiwan
O-MF16472/MF148514 China (Guangdong, Shandong, Henan, Beijing, Hunan, Jiangsu, etc.)
O-MF184575 China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Jilin Korean)
O-ACT3266/Y149401 China (Shandong, Jiangsu)
O-PH4822 China (Beijing, Jiangsu)
O-F417/M1654/CTS469 Japan (Tokyo)
O-F840/F1247/F1378
O-Y185784 Singapore
O-CTS250
O-F2760 China (Beijing, Dai)
O-FGC30081 China (Hubei, Guangdong)
O-CTS1451 Korea, China (Hubei, Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Jiangsu, Chongqing, Guangdong, Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Beijing, etc.)
O-CTS9996/PF4341 Philippines
O-PF4341* Hunan (Han)
O-CTS298 China (esp. Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Shanghai, and Liaoning)
O-F16308 China (esp. Hunan)
O-MF2931 China (esp. Zhejiang)
O-MF14344 China (esp. Shaanxi and Anhui)
O-F1356 China (Shandong, Beijing), Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City), South Korea
O-PK4
O-F838 Found in about 1.4% of Han Chinese (and esp. in Hunan, Chongqing, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou)
O-CTS3857
O-F714
O-F2081 Shaanxi (Han)
O-F3357
O-F977 Liaoning
O-F1199 Beijing, Sichuan
O-ACT7133 Chongqing Liwutu, Jiangxi
O-Y168698 Sichuan, Anhui
O-CTS4052/CTS5664 Hunan (Han)
O-Y155291 Anhui , medieval Turk (fl. ca. 600 - 900 CE) from the oasis of Otrar
O-CTS2452 Guangxi, Hunan
O-F15640/F11242 Fujian, Singapore, Spain (Burgos)
O-F16212
O-F21414 Fujian
O-F15452
O-F15300 Chongqing, Guizhou, Anhui
O-F14826 Hunan [Yong zhou Tang family]
O-MF45275 Guangxi
O-Y34152
O-MF43808 Sichuan, Hunan
O-MF37500 Hunan
O-MF43192 Sichuan, Hunan
O-M95
O-CTS350 China (Ningxia, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Hunan, Shaanxi, Anhui, etc.)
O-CTS350* Japan (Aichi)
O-CTS10007/CTS926 China (esp. Hunan and Guangdong)
O-M1310
O-Y172653/Y172877 Found in China (esp. Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing) and Japan
O-F1803/M1348 China (Zhejiang, Shandong, Beijing, Guangdong, Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Shanghai, etc.)
O-ACT721/ACT1038 Found sporadically in China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hainan, Tianjin, Beijing, Liaoning, Heilongjiang)
O-F789/M1283 Found in China (Blang, Palaung, Wa, Dai, Yi, Naxi), Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore (Malay), Java, Borneo, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India (Tripura, Ho, Konda Dora, Gond)
O-M1283* Lao Isan
O-MF600645 Gansu (Hui, Dongxiang), Sichuan (Chengdu), Hunan (Yiyang)
O-M1368 Singapore
O-M1361
O-MF611153 Found sporadically in China (Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Guangxi, Jiangxi)
O-A22938 Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City), China (Hong Kong, Qinzhou, Chongqing, Lijiang)
O-F2194 China (esp. Guangxi, with a few members in Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, etc.)
O-BY189914 China (mostly Guangdong, Guangxi)
O-F16163 China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Hubei, etc.), Taiwan
O-F20644 China (Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Gansu, Hunan, Sichuan, etc.)
O-SK1646 China (mostly Sichuan, but also Gansu, Yunnan, Guizhou, etc.)
O-Y9322 China (Dai in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, Chongqing, Guangdong, Sichuan, etc.)
O-Y9325
O-Z39485 China (Dai, Yi)
O-Z39490
O-Z39490* Indonesia (Yogyakarta, Lebbo), Singapore (Malay)
O-B421 Sichuan, Singapore (Malay), Java (Dieng), Madhya Pradesh (Gond), Saudi Arabia (ar-Riyāḍ)
O-Y9033/B426 Laos (Laotian), Thailand (Blang, Khmu, Lawa, Htin, Padaung Karen, Tai Dam, Suay, Khmer, Mon, Lao Isan, Soa, Shan, Phutai, Nyaw, S'gaw Karen, Thai, Khon Mueang), Vietnam (Mang from Mường Tè District, Ede from Krông Buk District and Tuy An District, Kinh from Hoàng Mai District, Gia Lâm District, and Yên Phong District, Thái from Điện Biên Phủ, Giarai from Ayun Pa)
O-Y9033* Indonesia (Jawa Tengah), India (Tripura, Konda Dora), Bangladesh
O-M6661 Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City
O-YP3930 Cambodia, Thailand (Mlabri, S'gaw Karen, Pwo Karen, Tai Yuan), Laos (Laotian in Vientiane)
O-F1252
O-SK1630/F5504 China (esp. Sichuan and Guizhou, accounting for about 0.25% of the entire Chinese population)
O-ACT5802
O-MF92614
O-F16061
O-MF286118 Found in two Han Chinese from Guangdong
O-F19607
O-SK1636 China (esp. Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing, Gansu, and Henan)
O-MF206811 China (Shaanxi, Sichuan, Henan)
O-MF91645 China (Han from Mianyang, Tujia from Zhangjiajie)
O-Y68888 Russia (Ryazan Oblast)
O-F5506 Hmong (Hunan)
O-F2924
O-CTS5854
O-Z23810
O-CTS7399
O-Y85641 China (esp. Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang)
O-Y14024/FGC19706 Japan (Tokyo)
O-FGC19713/Y14026 Laos (Laotian in Vientiane and Luang Prabang), Thailand (Tai Dam, Tai Lue, Nyah Kur, Thai, Eastern Lawa), Vietnam (Thái from Bá Thước District and Tủa Chùa District, Hà Nhì from Mường Tè District)
O-FGC19707
O-MF14427 China (esp. Jiangsu, Gansu, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Shaanxi)
O-FGC19716 China (Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hunan, Chongqing)
O-FGC19718 China (esp. Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Guangdong), Philippines (Capiz)
O-Z23849 China (Chongqing Han, Xishuangbanna Dai, Guangxi Zhuang, Guangdong, Shandong, Tianjin)
O-CTS651/CTS10484 Thailand (Tai Khün, Phuan, Tai Lue, Khon Mueang, Eastern Lawa, Lao Isan, Thai), Laos (Laotian in Vientiane), Vietnam (Dao and Nùng from Hoàng Su Phì District, Tày from Krông Pắk District, Hà Quảng District, and Đình Lập District)
O-CTS10484* China (Guangxi)
O-PH4310 China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Beijing), Singapore
O-Z1018 China (Hunan, Xishuangbanna Dai, Guangxi)
O-Z23781 China (Henan)
O-F4229 Singapore
O-F809 China (Xishuangbanna Dai, Guangdong, Chongqing)
O-Z23795 China (esp. Zhejiang)
O-MF223122 China (Linyi, Mianyang)
O-A22937
O-BY50703
O-MF169272 China (Daurs, Qiqihar, Harbin, Heihe, Hulunbuir, Xilingol League, Beijing)
O-MF226417 China (Beijing, Hangzhou)
O-MF61630 China (Baoji, Hanzhong, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Yantai, Shaoxing)
O-F2517 China (Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, etc.)
O-MF5664
O-Z23790
O-M111/M88 Found frequently among Vietnamese, Tai peoples (Bouyei, Zhuang, Nùng, Tày, Thái people in Vietnam, Lao, Northeastern Thai, Northern Thai, general population of Bangkok), Lachi, Lô Lô, Hani-Akha, Bunu, She people, Cambodians, Kuy, Bru, and Htin, with a moderate distribution among Qiang, Bai, Yi, Bamar, Jingpo, Lahu, Tujia, Han Chinese, Miao, Pathen, Yao, Hlai, Taiwanese aborigines (especially Bunun), the Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Kalimantan (Banjarmasin), Java, Chamic-speaking peoples (Cham from Bình Thuận, Ede, Jarai), and Kiribati
O-M111/M88* Northern Thailand (Htin, Lawa), Cambodia (Jarai, Brao, Kachac, Khmer, Lao, Lun), Yunnan (De'ang)
O-F2524
O-F2524* Jiangsu
O-F2346
O-F2890 Thailand (Khon Mueang, Phuan, Shan, Htin, Tai Dam, Thai, Lawa, Lao Isan, Mon), Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District, Tày from Lục Yên District)
O-F2890* Ho Chi Minh City
O-Z24048
O-F18990 Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Xishuangbanna (Dai)
O-Z24050
O-Z24050* Xishuangbanna (Dai)
O-ACT7172 Guangdong
O-Y151536
O-Z22028 Hunan, Anhui, Guangdong
O-Y151537
O-Y151537* Hunan
O-ACT523
O-ACT505 Guangdong
O-ACT502 Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi
O-F2758 Vietnam (Kinh, Lahu, Dao, Pathen, Tày, Thái, Ede, Giarai), Cambodia (Kuy, Tampuan, Khmer), Thailand (Phutai, Bru, Tai Khün, Phuan, Tai Dam, Shan, Khon Mueang, Mon, Lao Isan, Tai Lue, Htin, Lawa, Khmu, Kaleun, Nyaw, Suay, Thai), Laos (Laotian in Luang Prabang), Yunnan (Bulang, De'ang)
O-F2758* China (Miao, Hunan)
O-Z24083
O-Z24083* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-Z24089
O-SK1627/Z24091 Vietnam (Lô Lô from Mèo Vạc District, La Chí and Nùng from Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Nhì from Mường Tè District, Tày from Chợ Đồn District and Đăk Mil District, Ede from Ea Kar District, Kinh from Nghĩa Hưng District), Thailand (Soa, Saek, Phutai, Suay, Tai Dam, S'gaw Karen, Nyah Kur, Khmer, Lawa, Lao Isan, Mon, Thai), Laos (Laotian in Vientiane)
O-Z24091* China (Hebei, Xishuangbanna Dai), Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City)
O-Y26364
O-Y26364* Thailand (Phutai from Sakon Nakhon Province)
O-Y26370 China (Tujia), Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City)
O-F923
O-F923* Xishuangbanna (Dai), Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-Z24154 Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-CTS2022
O-CTS2022* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-F3053 Thailand (Tai Lue, Khon Mueang)
O-F3053* Cambodian
O-F4383/F1399 Vietnam (Nùng from Hoàng Su Phì District)
O-F4383/F1399* China (Han from Chongqing), Singapore
O-F14994 Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City), Singapore
O-F2415 Thailand (Tai Lue, Khon Mueang, Lao Isan, Mon, Thai), China (Dai from Xishuangbanna, Yongbei Zhuang from Guangxi, Han from Hunan)
O-M176
O-K4: Found frequently among Koreans and with a moderate distribution among Japanese, Ryukyuans, Daurs, Evenks, Hezhe, Manchus, and Sibe. Also found sporadically (<1%) among Han Chinese, Hui, Micronesians, Mongols, Thais, Uyghurs, Vietnamese, etc.
O-47z: Found frequently among Japanese and Ryukyuans and with a moderate distribution among Koreans. Found sporadically (<1%) among Manchus, Mongols, Han Chinese, Hui, Tujia, Vietnamese, etc.
O-M122 (O2)
Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia .
O-M122
O-CTS1754 East & Southeast Asia
O-F953/F1886 Philippines
O-F953* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-F1024
O-F1024* Guangxi
O-Y29790 Liaoning, Fujian
O-M324
O-L465
O-CTS727
O-F915
O-F915* Shanxi
O-Y14462
O-Y14462* Guangdong
O-CTS1936 Beijing, Ho Chi Minh City
O-A18267
O-A18029 China
O-ACT6559 Hebei
O-CTS3709
O-CTS11209
O-CTS11209* Han from Hunan
O-L599 Han from Hunan, Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Tujia
O-F2640
O-F2640* Beijing
O-CTS11210
O-CTS11210* Han from Hunan
O-CTS2432 Han from Hunan
O-JST002611/CTS2483
O-CTS2483* China, Japan, Philippines
O-CTS10573 Beijing, Sichuan, Henan, Jiangsu
O-CTS10573* Beijing, Dai from Xishuangbanna
O-MF7367
O-MF7367* Dai
O-MF9367 South Korea, Japan (Kōchi)
O-F18
O-CTS498 China, Japan (Tokyo)
O-F449 Azerbaijan
O-F1266, F2016, F4267 Beijing, Jilin, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Guangdong
O-F238
O-FGC62457
O-CTS679 Hubei, Fujian (Han)
O-MF19356 Guizhou, Chongqing, Jiangxi
O-F134
O-F134*
O-F1894 Beijing, Shanghai, Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong
O-F1894* Hunan (Han), Beijing
O-MF18144
O-MF18144* Shandong
O-F18567 South Korea, Japanese
O-MF8794
O-MF8794* China (Han)
O-MF1155
O-MF1155* Anhui, Myanmar (Mandalay)
O-MF1157 Guangdong, Jiangxi, Russia (Moscow Oblast)
O-F117
O-F117* Fujian
O-F11
O-F11* Gansu, Japanese
O-F930 Beijing, Armenia, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Zhejiang, Hubei
O-F2685 Beijing, Shanghai, Fujian, Guangdong
O-BY169374
O-BY169374* Zhejiang
O-SK1692
O-SK1692* Guangdong
O-MF55116 Pakistan (Hazaras)
O-F539 Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan
O-F539*
O-F319 Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City), Hunan
O-CTS12877
O-F16635
O-F16635* South Korea
O-ACT3882 Hubei, Hunan (Han)
O-CTS257 Zhejiang, Shanghai, Guangdong, Beijing, Fujian, Heilongjiang, Hunan
O-CTS257* South Korea, Japan (Tokyo)
O-F16834
O-F16834* Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City)
O-Y166692 Lahu, Yi
O-Y29837
O-Y29837* Hebei, Fujian (Han)
O-MF8526
O-MF8526* Sichuan, Zhejiang
O-Y135777 China
O-BY36917 Japan
O-F270 Beijing, Hebei, Shandong
O-F270* Hezhen
O-F1272 Jiangsu
O-F4062 Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang
O-Y15976 China, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Vietnam
O-Y15976* Zhejiang, Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City)
O-Y26383
O-Y26383* Hubei
O-SK1686
O-SK1686* Pakistan (Brahui)
O-Y46851 South Korea
O-FGC54474
O-FGC54474* Skeleton exhumed from a mass grave (2083 +- 27 YBP uncal) located in Nomgon, Ömnögovi, Mongolia
O-FGC54505 China, Japan (Okinawa)
O-MF8460 Anhui
O-MF9523 South Korea
O-F971 Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei, Guangdong
O-F971* Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Japan
O-Y23813
O-Y23813* Guangdong
O-Y23809
O-Y23809* Guangdong
O-BY170727
O-Y23907 Guangdong
O-F632
O-F632* Beijing
O-F16340 Zhejiang
O-F133 China, Bulgaria
O-F133* Beijing
O-Y20951
O-Y20951* Anhui
O-Y20932 Anhui, Beijing
O-F17
O-F377 China, France
O-CTS7789 Han Chinese (Beijing, Shanghai, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Sichuan)
O-CTS7789* Beijing, Guangdong
O-F1095
O-F1095* Fujian (Han)
O-Z25097
O-Z25097* Hunan (Han)
O-Z7776 Hunan (Han), Guangdong
O-CTS7501
O-CTS7501* Zhejiang, Hunan (Han)
O-CTS1621
O-CTS1621* Hubei, Hunan (Han)
O-Y147084 Jiangxi
O-F793 Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Hubei, Sichuan, Guangdong
O-F793* Sichuan, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, French Polynesia, She, North China (Han)
O-Y150436
O-Y150436* Jiangxi
O-Y150331 Jiangxi, Yunnan
O-Y141213 Jilin, Liaoning, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu
O-P201
O-M188
O-M188* Korea
O-CTS800
O-CTS800* Beijing, Japan
O-CTS1602 Han from Fujian
O-CTS445
O-CTS201 Korea
O-M159 China (about 0.79% of the national male population), Taiwan, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore
O-FTA21663/O-MF22947 China (Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Henan, Hebei, etc.; accounts for about 0.06% of the male population in China at present), Saudi Arabia (al-Qaṣīm)
O-CTS3994
O-MF125236 China
O-Z25482
O-Z25518 China (mainly distributed in Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi at present, accounting for about 0.63% of the national male population)
O-Z35182
O-Z35182* China (Han)
O-MF2541 Fujian, Taiwan (Chiayi City), Cambodia (Siem Reap)
O-CTS5032
O-CTS5032* Hunan (Han)
O-CTS10690 Hunan (Han)
O-MF18110/FGC50590 China (esp. Guangdong, Zhejiang, Hunan, Shandong, and Guangxi)
O-MF109844
O-MF106775 China (esp. Shandong, Jiangsu, and Henan)
O-MF106730 China (esp. Guangdong and Guangxi)
O-FGC50661 China (esp. Jiangsu and Hunan)
O-MF56709
O-MF213370 Found sporadically in Yangzhou, Shanghai, Liangshan
O-MF56898 China (esp. Hunan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Shanghai)
O-FGC50643/MF15475 China (Shandong, Hebei, Hubei, Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, etc.)
O-MF56474 China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Jilin, Shandong, etc.)
O-FGC50649
O-Y169670/O-MF14256 China (esp. Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, and Shanghai)
O-MF50824
O-MF106512 China (observed in a few individuals from Changzhou, Taizhou, and Togtoh County)
O-MF88959/O-Y150315 South Korea, China (Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Guangdong)
O-MF14135/O-Z12303 China (currently accounts for about 0.44% of the total male population)
O-MF238642
O-MF37094 China (Zhejiang, Jiangsu)
O-Y169696/O-MF15693 China (Jiangsu, Fufeng County, Beijing, Tangshan, Feidong County, Chifeng, Xi County, Min County, Laizhou, Rushan, Harbin, Yanji, Dancheng County)
O-MF18577/O-MF18626 China (currently accounts for about 0.23% of all males in China, especially in Jiangsu [1.08%], Shanghai [0.69%], Ningxia [0.39%], Shandong [0.38%], Anhui [0.33%], Heilongjiang [0.32%], Zhejiang [0.31%], and Jilin [0.26%]), Kazakhstan, Thailand
O-FGC50558 Japan, Korea
O-FGC50558* Korea, Japanese
O-Y165513 Korea
O-FGC50535 Korea
O-M7 Found frequently among human remains associated with the Neolithic Daxi culture and modern Hmong–Mien, Katuic, and Bahnaric peoples, with a moderate distribution among Han Chinese , Buyei , Bai , Mosuo , Tibetans , Qiang , Oroqen , Tujia , Thai , Orang Asli , western Indonesians ( and ), Malaysians , Vietnamese , and Atayal .
O-MF106687 China (Jinghu District, etc.)
O-Z25245
O-MF9858/O-Z6157 China (approximately 0.08% of all males in present-day China), Thailand (Central Thai in Central Thailand)
O-MF9896 China (Tongxiang, Ningbo, Zhengzhou, Zigong, Suining, Jingdezhen, etc.)
O-PH204 China (Wuhan, Xianning, Huanggang, Wuxi, Wuhu, Tongling, Ganzhou, Fuzhou, Meizhou, Huizhou, Heyuan, Baotou, etc.), Taiwan
O-Y26422
O-Y26395/O-SK1713 Taiwan (Amis)
O-F21738 Philippines, Malaysia (1505 - 1653 CE Kinabatagan, Sabah), Indonesia (30 BCE - 10 CE Topogaro, Sulawesi), Taiwan (Hanben 3734 from the Hanben site, Yilan County, Late Iron Age, 300 - 450 CE)
O-F1276
O-F1863
O-MF107102 China (Tongchuan District)
O-MF56735 China (Haiyan County, Suzhou, Wuxi, Shanghai, etc.)
O-MF36531 China (Han in Yanping District)
O-Y13816
O-MF109664 China (Kazakh in Minqin County, Kazakh in Tacheng City, Han in Zizhong County, Han in Furong District)
O-MF36502 Guangdong (Kaiping, Yangjiang, Foshan, Lianjiang, etc.)
O-F1134
O-MF35799/O-Y94171 Thailand (Mon in Central Thailand), China (observed sporadically in Pingyang County, Yunan County, Siming District, Longyao County, Shanwei, etc.)
O-F1262/O-Y173492 China (accounts for about 0.15% of the male population in China at present and is relatively concentrated in Zhejiang, Taiwan, Anhui, Jiangxi, etc.; also observed in individuals from Zhenjiang, Hejian, and Langfang)
O-FT303223/O-MF106843/O-F15314/O-F20756 China (Changsha, Chancheng District, Wanzhou District, Chaoyang District, Dongying, Chifeng, Liaoyuan, Harbin, Han in Zhengzhou, Dai in Xishuangbanna), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Northern Thailand, Black Tai in Loei Province)
O-Z25288/O-Z25293 Vietnam (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Nam Dinh, and Lao Cai, Giarai in Gia Lai, Tày in Thai Nguyen)
O-CTS6489
O-MF106428/O-Y94472/O-FTB23660 Thailand (Phayao, Phutai, Lao Isan, Tai Lue, Phuan, Shan, Khon Mueang/Tai Yuan, Khmer, Mon), Vietnam (Tày in Lào Cai), China (Dai in Xishuangbanna, Achang in Yunnan; accounts for about 0.05% of all males in China at present, mainly distributed in Guangxi and Guangdong)
O-F1275 Guangxi (Dushan 4-1 ca. 7024 - 6643 BCE)
O-MF15199/O-FTA25885
O-F20472
O-FTB23785 Thailand, Vietnam
O-F17410/O-F18833/O-MF122643/O-BY177553 Thailand (Lao Isan in Northeast Thailand)
O-MF106415/O-MF111486/O-BY122399 Thailand (Shan in Mae Hong Son Province), China (observed sporadically in individuals from Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong)
O-Y127482/O-F15988 Thailand (Nyahkur and Lao Isan in Northeast Thailand)
O-F23936 Thailand (Central Thai in Western Thailand, Khmer in Northeast Thailand), Singapore
O-FTB24349/O-FTB25408 Thailand (Sgaw Karen in North Thailand)
O-F26466 Thailand (Central Thai in North/Central Thailand)
O-F15259/O-Y238116 Singapore
O-F19496
O-F19315 Singapore
O-F14817 Singapore, Thailand (Central Thai in Western Thailand and Eastern Thailand), Indonesia
O-MF6534/O-MF58872/O-BY27925/O-Y23477 Thailand (Central Thai in Central Thailand, Phuan in Central Thailand, Khon Mueang in North Thailand, White Hmong in Chiang Rai Province), Singapore, China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong)
O-CTS6579
O-CTS123/O-F22573/O-MF48275 China (Hunan Han; accounts for about 0.13% of the male population in China at present, mainly distributed in Jiangxi, Hunan and other south-central provinces and cities)
O-F14832/O-F15788/O-Y208219 China (accounts for about 0.22% of the male population in China at present, mainly distributed in the northern region), Thailand (Mon in Western Thailand, Tai Lue in Northern Thailand)
O-Z25411
O-ACT1126/O-Y140772/O-F1289 China (relatively concentrated in northern China at present, accounting for about 0.24% of the national male population; also found in Fujian), Thailand (Lisu)
O-Z25398
O-F22005/O-Z25400 Thailand (Black Hmong in North Thailand), Vietnam (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City), China (currently distributed mainly in Guangxi, Sichuan, Guangdong and other places, accounting for about 0.10% of the national male population)
O-F1100/O-Y37861 Hunan
O-MF17697 Laos, Thailand, China (Jiangsu, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Yunnan, Fujian, Sichuan, Hong Kong, Chongqing, Henan, Liaoning)
O-F1234/O-Y37855
O-Y185160/O-MF36985 Hebei, Beijing, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Shandong, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Jiangxi (currently accounts for approximately 0.13% of the Chinese male population)
O-FGC71370
O-MF193618 Sichuan, Zhejiang, Shandong, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Fujian (currently accounts for about 0.08% of the male population in China, mainly distributed in Guangdong, Hunan, Anhui and other provinces and cities), Philippines
O-F14904/N5 Ningxia, Hmong (Northern Thailand), She, Iu Mien (Phayao Province), Quebec. Huang et al. (2022) found that this is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among many Hmongic-speaking ethnic groups (including Guangxi Miao, Hunan Miao, Hunan Pa-hng, and Thailand Hmong), with a frequency of 47.1% among the Guangxi Miao.
O-P164
O-F996/F3237
O-A16433 Heilongjiang
O-MF56976 Anhui
O-Y125645
O-Y149134 Anhui, Henan
O-PF5573
O-PF5573* Guangdong
O-Y101407 Korea
O-MF14338
O-MF14338* Tatarstan
O-Y153434
O-Y153434* Shandong
O-MF76414 Chongqing, Skeleton exhumed from a mass grave (2083 +- 27 YBP uncal) located in Nomgon, Ömnögovi, Mongolia
O-F871
O-F706 Philippines, China, Cambodia, Thailand (Bru in Sakon Nakhon Province)
O-F1010 Thailand (Eastern Lawa, Blang, Palaung, Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province)
O-F1010* Zhejiang
O-Y170907
O-Y170907* South Korea
O-Y171445 Zhejiang, Japan (Mie)
O-AM01750/AM01861/B451 Singapore (Malay), Indonesia (Bajo), Philippines (Batak)
O-AM01861* Spain
O-B450 Philippines, Indonesia (Bajo), Singapore (Malay)
O-BY157019 Mexico (Jalisco), Micronesia
O-A16139 Philippines (Cebu), USA (California)
O-F2472
O-F4110 Thailand (Pray)
O-F4110* Fujian
O-MF1510
O-MF1510* Tonga (ʻEua)
O-ACT3918 Zhejiang
O-F4124
O-F15739
O-F14875 Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City), Xinjiang (Han)
O-F26088/JST008425p6 Japan, Hunan (Tujia, HGDP01102)
O-A16609
O-MF1232 Henan, Fujian (Han)
O-M134: Found frequently among speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages, among members of the Kazakh Naiman tribe with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia.
O-Y20/PAGES00125 Poland
O-F1725
O-F1725* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-Y31255
O-FGC61200
O-FGC61200* Henan (Han)
O-FGC61168 Sichuan
O-A16615/CTS11009
O-Y85894
O-Y85894* Fujian
O-Y19010 Shandong
O-CTS682/CTS2272
O-BY146675 Korean
O-BY161237 Japan (Tokyo, Kanagawa)
O-Y12/F314
O-Y12* Beijing (Han)
O-CTS2643/CTS11192
O-CTS53
O-CTS53* China
O-CTS6373 Hunan (Han), Xishuangbanna (Dai)
O-F876
O-F876* Henan, Shaanxi
O-Y29829 Liaoning
O-F275
O-F275* Henan, Shandong
O-F14411/CTS1011 Japan
O-Z2037 Beijing (Han)
O-CTS2815
O-CTS2815* South Korea
O-F700
O-F700* Hunan, Liaoning, Japan (Tokyo)
O-F14475 Hunan (Han)
O-F2505
O-F2505* Hebei
O-MF194 Korean, Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-F634
O-F634* Shandong
O-F209 Beijing (Han)
O-F1391
O-F1391* Zhejiang
O-F4117 Jiangxi, Sichuan (Han)
O-A5034
O-MF357
O-ACT1039
O-MF308 Korean
O-CTS4266
O-F14839 Henan (Han)
O-Z26108
O-Y30135
O-Y30135* Beijing (Han)
O-F2173
O-F2173* Sichuan (Han)
O-F1458 Shandong, Anhui
O-Z26156
O-Z26156* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-BY102696
O-BY102696* Korean
O-BY61500 Guangdong
O-CTS3776/F2887
O-CTS3776* Beijing (Han), Fujian (Han), Japan
O-CTS3763
O-CTS4601 Fujian
O-Y7110
O-Y13527
O-Y13527* Beijing (Han)
O-FGC16888/Z38720 Taiwan
O-MF805 Guizhou, South Korea
O-Y22112
O-FGC16885/FGC16887 Kazakhstan
O-Y7111
O-MF13415 China
O-F4249/SK1769 China, South Korea
O-F4249* Jiangsu
O-FGC23868
O-FGC23868* Mongol (Hulunbuir)
O-FGC23859 Jiangsu
O-CTS335 Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Gansu
O-CTS335* Japan (Tokyo), Xibo
O-Y142071
O-Y142071* Anhui
O-CTS3856
O-CTS3856* Beijing (Han)
O-CTS5741
O-CTS1174 Hunan (Han)
O-F15948 Jiangxi, Thailand
O-M117/PAGE23
O-MF1380/CTS4960 China, Korea, Japan, Indonesia
O-MF1388
O-MF1388* North China (Han), Japan (Akita)
O-Y139283 Anhui, Guangdong
O-MF2636
O-MF2636* Chongqing
O-CTS374 Jiangsu, Beijing (Han)
O-M133/M1706 Shandong
O-M1706* Japan (Tokyo)
O-YP4864
O-YP4864* Korean
O-Z44076 Shandong, Philippines (Cebu)
O-CTS7634
O-CTS7634* Fujian (Han), Beijing (Han), Mongolia (Selenge), Russia
O-F2188
O-MF23641
O-MF23641* China
O-Y169190 Fujian
O-Y29861 Henan, Fujian, Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-F3039 Shandong, Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh), Philippines (Cebu)
O-M1726
O-A9457
O-A9457*
O-MF15246 Zhejiang, Korean
O-F17158
O-F15367
O-F15367* Guangdong
O-Y174543 Hunan, Japan (Tokyo)
O-CTS9678
O-CTS9678* Tianjin
O-M1513
O-M1513* Shandong
O-F18746 Fujian (Han)
O-Z39663 Russia, Liaoning, Shandong, Fujian (Han)
O-A9459
O-F6800
O-F6800* Shanxi
O-Y8389
O-Y8389* Japan (Tokyo)
O-Y9144
O-Y9144* Guangdong
O-Y8387
O-Y8387* Shanghai, Chongqing
O-CTS5481 Japan (Tokyo), Korean
O-F14249
O-F14249* Liaoning
O-ACT4506 Mongol (Hulunbuir), Guangdong
O-Y81597 South Korea, North Korea (North Hamgyong Province)
O-F14347
O-F14347* Beijing (Han)
O-CTS5063
O-CTS5063* Sichuan, Jiangxi, Fujian
O-Z44927
O-Z44927* Anhui
O-MF21798 Zhejiang, Xishuangbanna (Dai)
O-CTS1154
O-CTS1154* Fujian, Guangxi
O-Z25902
O-Z25902* Hebei, Fujian
O-Z42620 Fujian, Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-F438 Japan (Tokyo)
O-F438* Hunan (Han)
O-Y17728
O-Y17728* Beijing (Han), Shandong
O-Y170157 Shandong, Korean
O-F1754
O-F1754* Beijing (Han)
O-F2137
O-F2137* Jiangsu
O-F1123 Jilin, Zhejiang
O-F316
O-F316* Anhui
O-CTS1304
O-CTS1304* Jiangsu, Shandong
O-F813
O-F813* Shandong, Jiangxi, Guangdong
O-Y138426 Shandong, Chongqing
O-Y154488 Hunan
O-Y20928 Henan
O-Y20928* Inner Mongolia, Beijing (Han), Shandong, Anhui
O-Y174105
O-Y174105* Henan
O-Y137637 Shandong, Jiangsu
O-CTS1642
O-CTS1642* Bangladesh
O-CTS5308
O-CTS5308* Beijing (Han)
O-F20067
O-F20067* Shannan (Tibetan)
O-M3873 Gansu, Shigatse (Tibetan)
O-Y34065
O-Y34065* Northeast India (Riang)
O-F16227 Shigatse (Sherpa), Xishuangbanna (Dai)
O-MF1012
O-MF1012* Nyingchi (Tibetan)
O-Y67478
O-Y67478*
O-CTS5672 Japanese
O-F14408
O-Y101264 Shigatse (Tibetan), Northeast India (Riang)
O-F14422
O-F14422* Northeast India (Riang), Myanmar (Yangon)
O-A9463
O-A9463* Bangladesh
O-Y34067 Northeast India (Riang)
O-F14665 Xishuangbanna (Dai), Naxi
O-Y7080
O-Y7080* Xishuangbanna (Dai), Guangdong
O-ACT1169 Guangdong, Fujian
O-Z26030
O-Z26030* Guangxi
O-F14479 Guangdong, Xishuangbanna (Dai), Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-M324 (O2a)
O-F742 (O2b)
Language families and genes
Haplogroup O is associated with populations which speak Austric languages.
The following is a phylogenetic tree of language families and their corresponding SNP markers, or haplogroups, sourced mainly from and . This has been called the "Father Tongue Hypothesis" by George van Driem . It does not appear to account for O-M176, which is found among Japanese, Korean, and Manchurian males.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Original Research Publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic trees
ISOGG 2017 tree (ver. 12.244).
O (M175)
O1 (F265/M1354, CTS2866, F75/M1297, F429/M1415, F465/M1422)
O1a (M119)
O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)
O1a1a1 (F446)
O1a1a1a (F140)
O1a1a1a1 (F78)
O1a1a1a1a (F81)
O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (A12439)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482)
O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168)
O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553)
O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266)
O1a1a1a1a1a1c1 (Y31261)
O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441)
O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071)
O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074)
O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585)
O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075)
O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)
O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)
O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387)
O1a1a1a2a1a (B388)
O1a1a1a2b (SK1555)
O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420)
O1a1a1b1 (M101)
O1a1a1b2 (Z23392)
O1a1a1b2a (Z23442)
O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571)
O1a1a2 (CTS52)
O1a1a2a (CTS701)
O1a1a2a1 (K644/Z23266)
O1a1b (CTS5726)
O1a2 (M110)
O1a2a (F3288)
O1a2a1 (B392)
O1a2a1a (B393)
O1a3 (Page109)
O1b (M268)
O1b1 (F2320)
O1b1a (M1470)
O1b1a1 (PK4)
O1b1a1a (M95)
O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)
O1b1a1a1a (F1252)
O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)
O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)
O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (F2415)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24131)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (Z24100)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b (SK1627/Z24091)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (Z39410)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24088)
O1b1a1a1a1a2 (F2890)
O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048)
O1b1a1a1a1a2a1 (Z24050)
O1b1a1a1a1a2b (Z24014)
O1b1a1a1a1b (CTS5854)
O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)
O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)
O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)
O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)
O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a1 (FGC61038)
O1b1a1a1a1b1b (CTS651)
O1b1a1a1a1b1b1 (CTS9884)
O1b1a1a1a1b2 (F4229)
O1b1a1a1a1b2a (F809)
O1b1a1a1a1b2a1 (F2517)
O1b1a1a1a2 (SK1630)
O1b1a1a1a2a (SK1636)
O1b1a1a1b (F789/M1283)
O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)
O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)
O1b1a1a1b1a1 (FGC29907/YP3930)
O1b1a1a1b1a2 (B427/Z23680)
O1b1a1a1b1b (Z39485)
O1b1a1a1b1c (B418)
O1b1a1a1b2 (SK1646)
O1b1a1a2 (CTS350)
O1b1a1a3 (Page103)
O1b1a1b (F838)
O1b1a1b1 (F1199)
O1b1a2 (Page59)
O1b1a2a (F993)
O1b1a2a1 (F1759)
O1b1a2a1a (CTS1127)
O1b1a2b (F417/M1654)
O1b1a2b1 (F840)
O1b1a2b1a (F1127)
O1b1a2b2 (CTS1451)
O1b1a2c (CTS9996)
O1b2 (P49, M176)
O1b2a (F1942/Page92)
O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
O1b2a1a (F1204)
O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)
O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)
O1b2a1a1a1 (CTS10682)
O1b2a1a1b (Z24598)
O1b2a1a1c (CTS203)
O1b2a1a2 (F2868)
O1b2a1a2a (L682)
O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)
O1b2a1a2a1a (CTS7620)
O1b2a1a2a1b (A12446)
O1b2a1a2a1b1 (PH40)
O1b2a1a2b (F940)
O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687)
O1b2a1a3a (CTS1215)
O1b2a1b (CTS562)
O1b2a2 (Page90)
O2 (M122)
O2a (M324)
O2a1 (L127.1)
O2a1a (F1876/Page127)
O2a1a1 (F2159)
O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)
O2a1a1a1 (F852)
O2a1a1a1a (F2266)
O2a1a1a1a1 (L599)
O2a1a1a1a1a (Z43961)
O2a1a1a1a1a1 (Z43963)
O2a1a1a1b (F854)
O2a1a1a1b1 (Z43966)
O2a1a1a1c (Page130)
O2a1a1b (F915)
O2a1a1b1 (F1478)
O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)
O2a1a1b1a1 (CTS1936)
O2a1a1b1a1a (Z43975)
O2a1a1b1a2 (FGC33994)
O2a1b (M164)
O2a1c (IMS-JST002611)
O2a1c1 (F18)
O2a1c1a (F117)
O2a1c1a1 (F13)
O2a1c1a1a (F11)
O2a1c1a1a1 (F632)
O2a1c1a1a1a (F110/M11115)
O2a1c1a1a1a1 (F17)
O2a1c1a1a1a1a (F377)
O2a1c1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)
O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a (F856)
O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a1 (F1418)
O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z25097)
O2a1c1a1a1a1a2 (CTS7501)
O2a1c1a1a1a1b (F793)
O2a1c1a1a1a2 (Y20951)
O2a1c1a1a1a2a (Y20932)
O2a1c1a1a2 (F38)
O2a1c1a1a3 (F12)
O2a1c1a1a4 (F930)
O2a1c1a1a4a (F2685)
O2a1c1a1a5 (F1365/M5420/PF1558)
O2a1c1a1a5a (Y15976)
O2a1c1a1a5a1 (Y16154)
O2a1c1a1a5a1a (Y26383)
O2a1c1a1a5a1a1 (SK1686)
O2a1c1a1a5b (FGC54486)
O2a1c1a1a5b1 (FGC54507)
O2a1c1a1a6 (CTS12877)
O2a1c1a1a6a (F2527)
O2a1c1a1a6a1 (CTS5409)
O2a1c1a1a6a2 (F2941)
O2a1c1a1a7 (F723)
O2a1c1a1a8 (CTS2107)
O2a1c1a1a9 (SK1691)
O2a1c1a1b (PH203)
O2a1c1b (F449)
O2a1c1b1 (F238)
O2a1c1b1a (F134)
O2a1c1b1a1 (F1273)
O2a1c1b1a2 (F724)
O2a1c1b2 (F1266)
O2a1c1c (CTS498)
O2a1c2 (FGC3750/SK1673)
O2a2 (IMS-JST021354/P201)
O2a2a (M188)
O2a2a1 (F2588)
O2a2a1a (CTS445)
O2a2a1a1 (CTS201)
O2a2a1a1a (M159/Page96)
O2a2a1a2 (M7)
O2a2a1a2a (F1276)
O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)
O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)
O2a2a1a2a1a1 (M113)
O2a2a1a2a1a2 (N5)
O2a2a1a2a1a3 (Z25400)
O2a2a1a2a2 (F1863)
O2a2a1a2a2a (F1134)
O2a2a1a2a2a1 (F1262)
O2a2a1a2b (Y26403)
O2a2a1b (F1837)
O2a2a2 (F879)
O2a2a2a (F1226)
O2a2a2a1 (F2859)
O2a2b (P164)
O2a2b1 (M134)
O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)
O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
O2a2b1a1a (M133)
O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539)
O2a2b1a1a1a1a1 (Y20928)
O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754)
O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442)
O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a (F1123)
O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a1 (F1369)
O2a2b1a1a1a2a2 (A16636)
O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907)
O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469/Z25852)
O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
O2a2b1a1a2a1a (F1531)
O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634)
O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039)
O2a2b1a1a3a2 (Y29861)
O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488)
O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853)
O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
O2a2b1a1a4a1a (Z42620)
O2a2b1a1a4a2 ( F20963)
O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707)
O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663)
O2a2b1a1a5a2 (M1513)
O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457)
O2a2b1a1a5b1 (F17158)
O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658)
O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308)
O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928)
O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)
O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030)
O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010)
O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462)
O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456)
O2a2b1a1a7 (YP4864)
O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)
O2a2b1a1a7a1 (F5525/SK1748)
O2a2b1a1a7b (Z44071)
O2a2b1a1a8 (Z44091)
O2a2b1a1a8a (Z44092)
O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960)
O2a2b1a2 (F114)
O2a2b1a2a (F79)
O2a2b1a2a1 (F46/Y15)
O2a2b1a2a1a (FGC16847/Z26091)
O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)
O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152)
O2a2b1a2a1a1a1 (F2505)
O2a2b1a2a1a1b (CTS3149)
O2a2b1a2a1a2 (F242)
O2a2b1a2a1a2a (CTS4266)
O2a2b1a2a1a2a1 (Z26108)
O2a2b1a2a1a2a1a (F2173)
O2a2b1a2a1a3 (F2887)
O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607)
O2a2b1a2a1a3a1 (F3525)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b (CTS3763)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b1 (A9472)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2 (FGC16863/Y7110)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1 (FGC16889)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b (SK1768/Y7112/Z26257)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1a (FGC23868)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b2 (CTS335)
O2a2b1a2a1b (CTS53)
O2a2b1a2a1b1 (CTS6373)
O2a2b1a2a1b1a (A9473)
O2a2b1a2a1c (F3386)
O2a2b1a2a1d (Y29828)
O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)
O2a2b1a2a1d1a (FGC34973)
O2a2b1a2a1d1b (F1739)
O2a2b1a2b (F743)
O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)
O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)
O2a2b1a2b1a1 (A16629)
O2a2b1a2b1a2 (CTS682)
O2a2b1a2b2 (F748)
O2a2b1a2b2a (F728)
O2a2b1a2c (Page101)
O2a2b2 (AM01822/F3223)
O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)
O2a2b2a1 (N7)
O2a2b2a1a (F4110)
O2a2b2a1a1 (F4068)
O2a2b2a1a2 (SK1780)
O2a2b2a1b (F4124)
O2a2b2a1b1 (IMS-JST008425p6)
O2a2b2a1b2 (BY15188)
O2a2b2a1b2a (F16411)
O2a2b2a2 (AM01845/F706)
O2a2b2a2a (F717)
O2a2b2a2a1 (F3612)
O2a2b2a2a2 (SK1783)
O2a2b2a2b (AM01847/B451)
O2a2b2a2b1 (A17418)
O2a2b2a2b2 (AM01756)
O2a2b2a2b2a (B450)
O2a2b2a2b2b (AM00472/B452)
O2a2b2a2b2b1 (F18942)
O2a2b2a2b2c (A16427)
O2a2b2b (A16433)
O2a2b2b1 (A16438)
O2a2b2b1a (SK1775)
O2a2b2b1a1 (SK1774)
O2a2b2b1b (A16440)
O2a3 (M300)
O2a4 (M333)
O2b (F742)
O2b1 (F1150)
O2b1a (F837)
O2b1a1 (F1025)
O2b2 (F1055)
O2b2a (F3021)
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA O subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
Notes
References
Sources for conversion tables
Further reading
External links
Spread of Haplogroup O, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
Y-DNA Phylogenetic Tree of Haplogroup O (DNAHaplogroups.org)
Migration patterns of early Humans and the full size map
China DNA at Family Tree DNA
O-M175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20O-M175 |
Philip "Pip" Williams (born 7 October 1947), sometimes spelt Phillip, is an English record producer, arranger, and guitarist. He is best known for producing albums for Status Quo and The Moody Blues, but has also worked with a large number of well-known musicians. He has also supervised the orchestra parts and orchestra arrangements for the Finnish metal band Nightwish.
Williams teaches music technology at the University of West London.
Early life
Philip (or Phillip) Williams was born on 7 October 1947 in Hillingdon, Middlesex.
He became inspired to play the guitar after listening to records by The Shadows and Buddy Holly, and trained as a musician.
Career
Williams produced more than 170 recordings, in many genres of music, including successful collaborations with Status Quo (band) and The Moody Blues.
Williams started his musical career as a guitarist and session musician in 1962, playing in Hamburg, Germany. He worked with American soul singer Jimmy Ruffin, as his musical director. He became lead guitarist of west London touring band, The Sovereigns, formed in mid-1965. In late 1966, The Sovereigns were signed to King Records and cut one 45 rpm record, released in January 1967. This included Williams' and Freddie Tillyer's "Bring Me Home Love". After this Williams became lead guitarist for The Fantastics. then with Jimmy James and the Vagabonds in July 1969.
Progressing from performer to session musician in the early 1970s under the patronage of Sweet producer Phil Wainman, he became one of the most in-demand session guitarists of the era, playing on early hit records for Sweet including "Funny Funny", "Co-Co", "Poppa Joe" and "Little Willy", and on The Walker Brothers' hit "No Regrets".
He moved into record production in the late 1970s. His work for Graham Bonnet attracted the attention of Status Quo, who hired him to produce their album Rockin' All Over the World. He produced a further nine albums for the group, including In Search of the Fourth Chord.
He is also known for producing The Moody Blues albums Long Distance Voyager and The Present, the former being a huge hit in the United States. The album took two months to record, and both Justin Hayward and John Lodge attributed much of its success to Williams.
He produced Kiki Dee's 1981 album Perfect Timing, which included her duet with Elton John, "Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever", and a hit single, "Star". In 1983 he produced Ring of Changes for Barclay James Harvest.
In 1984 he produced "I Should Have Known Better" for Jim Diamond, which topped the UK Singles Chart. Other collaborators include Shirley Bassey, Richard O'Brien, Dr. Feelgood, , Bucks Fizz, Kevin Ayers, Geordie, and Uriah Heep (Sonic Origami). He also produced and co-wrote a number of tracks on Sweet's 1980 album, Waters Edge, and worked with their singer, Brian Connolly, on a number of his solo efforts.
Williams is also a prolific arranger, from the string arrangements for the Moody Blues and Colin Blunstone, to the oriental ostinato patterns on Carl Douglas' "Kung Fu Fighting". Other collaborators in this field include Barbara Dickson, Ringo Starr, The Sensational Alex Harvey Band ,and The Kinks. More recent work in this field was with the Finnish symphonic metal group Nightwish, having contributed orchestral arrangements for their 2004 album, Once, its 2007 follow up Dark Passion Play; their 2011 album Imaginaerum; their 2015 album, Endless Forms Most Beautiful; and its 2020 follow up Human. :II: Nature.. He also worked on the band's leader's first solo album, Music Inspired by the Life and Times of Scrooge.
Williams recorded, produced and mixed a live album for the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, Wrestle Poodles...And Win. He also orchestrated several songs for Indica on their 2010 album A Way Away.
Since 2004 Williams has been a course leader teaching music technology at University of West London, Ealing, London.
Personal life
Williams married in 1969.
References
External links
Pip Williams on Allmusic
1947 births
Living people
English record producers
Academics of the University of West London
People from Hillingdon
English pop guitarists
English male guitarists
Status Quo (band)
English session musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip%20Williams |
Larsen may refer to:
People
Larsen (surname)
Geography
Larsen Bay, in Alaska, United States
Larsen Channel, in Antarctica
Larsen Ice Shelf, in Antarctica
Larsen Islands, in Antarctica
Cape Larsen and Larsen Bay in American Samoa
Other
"Larsen", song by Zazie
Larsen effect, special kind of feedback which occurs when a loop exists between an audio input and an audio output
Larsen syndrome, a rare congenital disorder of affecting joints and facial features
Larsen & Toubro, an Indian engineering and construction conglomerate
See also
Larson (disambiguation)
Larsson
Distinguish from
Larceny, a form of theft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larsen |
Haplogroup O-M122 (also known as Haplogroup O2 (formerly Haplogroup O3)) is an Eastern Eurasian Y-chromosome haplogroup. The lineage ranges across Southeast Asia and East Asia, where it dominates the paternal lineages with extremely high frequencies. It is also significantly present in Central Asia, especially among the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs.
This lineage is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup O-M175.
Origins
Researchers believe that O-M122 first appeared in Southeast Asia approximately 25,000-30,000 years ago or roughly between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago according to more recent studies (Karmin et al. 2015, Poznik et al. 2016, YFull January 4, 2018). In a systematic sampling and genetic screening of an East Asian–specific Y-chromosome haplogroup (O-M122) in 2,332 individuals from diverse East Asian populations, results indicate that the O-M122 lineage is dominant in East Asian populations, with an average frequency of 44.3%. Microsatellite data show that the O-M122 haplotypes are more diverse in Southeast Asia than those in northern East Asia. This suggests a southern origin of the O-M122 mutation to be likely.
It was part of the settlement of East Asia. However, the prehistoric peopling of East Asia by modern humans remains controversial with respect to early population migrations and the place of the O-M122 lineage in these migrations is ambivalent.
Distribution
Although Haplogroup O-M122 appears to be primarily associated with ethnic Tibeto-Burman speaking groups inhabiting the Seven Sister States of north eastern India, it also forms a significant component of the Y-chromosome diversity of most modern populations of the East Asian region.
East Asia
Haplogroup O-M122 is found in approximately 53.29% of all modern Chinese males (with frequency ranging from 30/101=29.7% among Pinghua-speaking Hans in Guangxi to 110/148=74.3% among Hans in Changting, Fujian ), about 40% of Manchu, Chinese Mongolian, Korean, and Vietnamese males, about 33.3% to 62% ( and ) of Filipino males, about 10.5% to 55.6% of Malaysian males, about 10% (4/39 Guide County, Qinghai) to 45% (22/49 Zhongdian County, Yunnan) of Tibetan males, about 20% (10/50 Shuangbai, northern Yunnan) to 44% (8/18 Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan) and of Yi males, about 25% of Zhuang and Indonesian males, and about 16% to 20% of Japanese males. The distribution of Haplogroup O-M122 stretches far into Asia (approx. 40% of Dungans, 30% of Salars, 28% of Bonan, 24% of Dongxiang, 18% to 22.8% of Mongolian citizens in Ulaanbaatar, 11%-15.4% of Khalkha Mongolians (Yamamoto et al. 2013) but also as high as 31.1% (Kim et al. 2011), 12% of Uyghurs, 9% of Kazakhs but in the Naiman of Kazakhs 65.81%, 6.8% of Kalmyks (17.1% of Khoshuud, 6.1% of Dörwöd, 3.3% of Torguud, 0% of Buzawa), 6.2% of Altaians, 5.3% of Kyrgyz, 4.1% of Uzbeks, and 4.0% of Buryats.
Modern northern Han Chinese Y haplogroups and mtdna match those of ancient northern Han Chinese ancestors 3,000 years ago from the Hengbei archeological site. 89 ancient samples were taken. Y haplogroups O3a, O3a3, M, O2a, Q1a1, and O* were all found in Hengbei samples. Three men who lived in the Neolithic era are the ancestors of 40% of Han Chinese, with their Y haplogroups being subclades of O3a-M324 and they are estimated to have lived 6,800 years ago, 6,500 years ago and 5,400 years ago.
The East Asian O3-M122 Y chromosome Haplogroup is found in large quantities in other Muslims close to the Hui people like Dongxiang, Bo'an and Salar. The majority of Tibeto-Burmans, Han Chinese, and Ningxia and Liaoning Hui share paternal Y chromosomes of East Asian origin which are unrelated to Middle Easterners and Europeans. In contrast to distant Middle Eastern and Europeans whom the Muslims of China are not related to, East Asians, Han Chinese, and most of the Hui and Dongxiang of Linxia share more genes with each other. This indicates that native East Asian populations converted to Islam and were culturally assimilated to these ethnicities and that Chinese Muslim populations are mostly not descendants of foreigners as claimed by some accounts while only a small minority of them are.
South Asia
Haplogroup O-M122 is restricted among tribal groups of Northeast India where it is found at very high frequencies. In Arunachal Pradesh, it is found at 89% among Adi, 82% among Apatani, and 94% among Nishi, while the Naga people show it at 100% (). In Meghalaya, 59.2% (42/71) of a sample of Garos and 31.7% (112/353) of a sample of Khasis have been found to belong to O-M122. In Nepal, Tamang people present a very high frequency of O-M122 (39/45 = 86.7%), while much lower percentages of Newar (14/66 = 21.2%) and the general population of Kathmandu (16/77 = 20.8%) belong to this haplogroup. A study published in 2009 found O-M122 in 52.6% (30/57, including 28 members of O-M117 and two members of O-M134(xM117)) of a sample of Tharus from a village in Chitwan District of south-central Nepal, 28.6% (22/77, all O-M117) of a sample of Tharus from another village in Chitwan District, and 18.9% (7/37, all O-M117) of a sample of Tharus from a village in Morang District of southeastern Nepal. In contrast, the same study found O-M122 in only one individual in a sample of non-Tharu Hindus collected in Chitwan District (1/26 = 3.8% O-M134(xM117)), one tribal individual from Andhra Pradesh, India (1/29 = 3.4% O-M117), and one individual in a sample of Hindus from New Delhi, India (1/49 = 2.0% O-M122(xM134)).
Southeast Asia
Among all the populations of East and Southeast Asia, Haplogroup O-M122 is most closely associated with those that speak a Sinitic, Tibeto-Burman, or Hmong–Mien language. Haplogroup O-M122 comprises about 50% or more of the total Y-chromosome variation among the populations of each of these language families. The Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman language families are generally believed to be derived from a common Sino-Tibetan protolanguage, and most linguists place the homeland of the Sino-Tibetan language family somewhere in northern China. The Hmong–Mien languages and cultures, for various archaeological and ethnohistorical reasons, are also generally believed to have derived from a source somewhere north of their current distribution, perhaps in northern or central China. The Tibetans, however, despite the fact that they speak a language of the Tibeto-Burman language family, have high percentages of the otherwise rare haplogroups D-M15 and D3, which are also found at much lower frequencies among the members of some other ethnic groups in East Asia and Central Asia.
Haplogroup O-M122 has been implicated as a diagnostic genetic marker of the Austronesian expansion when it is found in populations of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania. It appears at moderately high frequencies in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Its distribution in Oceania is mostly limited to the traditionally Austronesian culture zones, chiefly Polynesia (approx. 25% to 32.5% ). O-M122 is found at generally lower frequencies in coastal and island Melanesia, Micronesia, and Taiwanese aboriginal tribes (18% to 27.4% of Micronesians, and 5% of Melanesians, albeit with reduced frequencies of most subclades.
Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes, which are not defined by any identified downstream markers, are actually more common among certain non-Han Chinese populations than among Han Chinese ones, and the presence of these O-M122* Y-chromosomes among various populations of Central Asia, East Asia, and Oceania is more likely to reflect a very ancient shared ancestry of these populations rather than the result of any historical events. It remains to be seen whether Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes can be parsed into distinct subclades that display significant geographical or ethnic correlations.
Subclade Distribution
Paragroup O-M122*
Paragroup O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA is quite rare, having been detected only in 2/165 = 1.2% of a sample of Han Chinese in a pool of samples from mainland China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia (n=581), 8/641 = 1.2% of a sample of Balinese in a pool of samples from western Indonesia (n=960), and 7/350 = 2.0% of a sample of males from Sumba in a pool of samples from eastern Indonesia (n=957). In the same study, O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA was not observed in a pool of samples from Oceania (n=182).
A paper published by a group of mainly Chinese geneticists in the American Journal of Human Genetics in 2005 reported the detection of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 1.6% (8/488) of a pool of seven samples of Han Chinese (3/64 = 4.7% Sichuan, 2/98 = 2.0% Zibo, Shandong, 1/60 = 1.7% Inner Mongolia, 1/81 = 1.2% Yunnan, 1/86 = 1.2% Laizhou, Shandong, 0/39 Guangxi, 0/60 Gansu). O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA also was detected in the following samples of ethnic minorities in China: 5.9% (1/17) Jingpo from Yunnan, 4.3% (2/47) Zhuang from Yunnan, 4.1% (2/49) Lisu from Yunnan, 3.2% (1/31) Wa from Yunnan, 2.6% (1/39) Zhuang from Guangxi, 2.5% (2/80) Bai from Yunnan, 2.4% (1/41) Hani from Yunnan, 2.3% (2/88) Lahu from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/47) Yi from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/48) Miao from Yunnan, 1.5% (2/132) Dai from Yunnan, 1.0% (1/105) Miao from Hunan, and 0.9% (2/225) Yao from Guangxi.
O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA has been found as a singleton (1/156 = 0.6%) in a sample from Tibet. It also has been found as a singleton in a sample of nineteen members of the Chin people in Chin State, Myanmar.
In a paper published in 2011, Korean researchers have reported finding O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in the following samples: 5.9% (3/51) Beijing Han, 3.1% (2/64) Filipino, 2.1% (1/48) Vietnamese, 1.7% (1/60) Yunnan Han, 0.4% (2/506) Korean, including 1/87 from Jeju and 1/110 from Seoul-Gyeonggi. In another study published in 2012, Korean researchers have found O-M122(xM324) Y-DNA in 0.35% (2/573) of a sample from Seoul; however, no individual belonging to O-M122(xM324) was observed in a sample of 133 individuals from Daejeon.
In 2011, Chinese researchers published a paper reporting their finding of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 3.0% (5/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China (defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Anhui) and in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in their sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China (n=129).
In a paper published in 2012, O2*-M122(xO2a-P200) Y-DNA was found in 12% (3/25) of a sample of Lao males from Luang Prabang, Laos. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in this study's samples of Cham from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (n=59), Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam (n=76), or Thai from northern Thailand (n=17).
Trejaut et al. (2014) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 6/40 (15.0%) Siraya in Kaohsiung, 1/17 (5.9%) Sulawesi, 1/25 (4.0%) Paiwan, 2/55 (3.6%) Fujian Han, 1/30 (3.3%) Ketagalan, 2/60 (3.3%) Taiwan Minnan, 1/34 (2.9%) Taiwan Hakka, 1/38 (2.6%) Siraya in Hwalien, 5/258 (1.9%) miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, and 1/75 (1.3%) in a sample of the general population of Thailand.
Brunelli et al. (2017) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 5/66 (7.6%) Tai Yuan, 1/91 (1.1%) Tai Lue, and 1/205 (0.5%) Khon Mueang in samples of the people of Northern Thailand.
O-M324
O-M121
O2a1a1a1a1-M121 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1b-M164 and O2a1c-JST002611.
In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M121 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos and in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China.
In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially Southwest China), O-M121/DYS257 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% (1/14) of a sample of Cambodians and in 1.0% (1/98) of a sample of Han Chinese from Zibo, Shandong.
In a study published in 2011, O-M121 Y-DNA was found in 1.2% (2/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China, defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, and in 0.8% (1/129) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China. O-M121 was not detected in this study's sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China (n=65).
O-L599 (considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to O-M121) also has been found in one individual in the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Han Chinese from Hunan, China (n=37), one individual in the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, one individual in the Human Genome Diversity Project sample of Tujia, an individual from Singapore, and an individual from the Jakarta metropolitan area. According to 23mofang, O-L599 currently accounts for about 0.79% of the male population in China and is concentrated in Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang and other provinces and cities; it appears to have undergone explosive population growth between about 2600 and 2300 years ago.
O-M164
O2a1b-M164 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1a1a1a1-M121 and O2a1c-JST002611.
In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M164 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos.
In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially Southwest China), O2a1b-M164 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% (1/14) of a sample of Cambodians.
According to 23mofang, O-M164 is a recent branch (TMRCA 2120 years) downstream of O2a1c-JST002611 rather than parallel to it. Out of fourteen members total, six are from Guangdong, five are from Fujian, one is from Nantong, one is from Wenzhou, and one is from Taiwan.
O-JST002611
Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 is derived from O2-M122 via O2a-M324/P93/P197/P199/P200 and O2a1-L127.1/L465/L467. O2a1c-JST002611 is the most commonly observed type of O2a1 Y-DNA, and, more generally, represents the majority of extant O2-M122 Y-DNA that does not belong to the expansive subclade O2a2-P201.
Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 was first identified in 3.8% (10/263) of a sample of Japanese (Nonaka et al. 2007). It also has been found in 3.5% (2/57) of the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project, including one member of the rare and deeply divergent paragroup O2a1c1-F18*(xO2a1c1a1-F117, O2a1c1a2-F449). Subsequently, this haplogroup has been found with higher frequency in some samples taken in and around China, including 12/58 = 20.7% Miao (China), 10/70 = 14.3% Vietnam, 18/165 = 10.9% Han (China & Taiwan), 4/49 = 8.2% Tujia (China). O-002611 also has been found in a singleton from the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%), but it has not been detected in samples from Malaysia (0/32), Taiwanese Aboriginals (0/48), She from China (0/51), Yao from China (0/60), Oceania (0/182), eastern Indonesia (0/957), or western Indonesia (0/960). Haplogroup O2a1c‐JST002611 is prevalent in different
ethnic groups in China and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam (14.29%), Sichuan of southwestern China (Han, 14.60%; Tibetan in Xinlong County, 15.22%), Jilin of northeastern China (Korean, 9.36%), Inner Mongolia (Mongolian, 6.58%), and Gansu of northwestern China (Baima, 7.35%; Han, 11.30%). Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup O-JST002611 has been observed in 10.6% (61/573) of a sample collected in Seoul and 8.3% (11/133) of a sample collected in Daejeon, South Korea.
According to 23mofang, haplogroup O-IMS-JST002611 currently accounts for approximately 14.69% of the entire male population of China, and its TMRCA is estimated to be 12,770 years.
O-P201
O2a2-JST021354/P201 has been divided into primary subclades O2a2a-M188 (TMRCA 18,830 ybp, accounts for approximately 4.74% of all males in present-day China) and O2a2b-P164 (TMRCA 20,410 ybp, accounts for approximately 30.4% of all males in present-day China). Among the various branches of O2a2a-M188, O-M7 (TMRCA 14,510 ybp, accounts for approximately 2.15% of all males in present-day China) is notable for its relatively high frequency over a wide swath of Southeast Asia and southern China, especially among certain populations that currently speak Hmong-Mien, Austroasiatic, or Austronesian languages. Other branches of O2a2a-M188, such as O-CTS201 (TMRCA 16,070 ybp, accounts for approximately 1.76% of all males in present-day China), O-MF39662 i.e. O-F2588(xCTS445), and O-MF109044 i.e. O-M188(xF2588) (TMRCA 9,690 ybp, accounts for approximately 0.4% of all males in present-day China) have been found with generally low frequency in China; however, the O-CTS201 > O-FGC50590 > O-MF114497 subclade is fairly common among males in Korea and Japan. O2a2b-P164 has been divided cleanly into O2a2b1-M134 (TMRCA 17,450 ybp, accounts for approximately 27.61% of all males in present-day China), which has been found with high frequency throughout East Asia and especially among speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages, and O2a2b2-AM01822 (TMRCA 16,000 ybp, accounts for approximately 2.79% of all males in present-day China), which has been found with relatively low frequency but high diversity throughout East Asia and with high frequency in Austronesia.
O2a2-P201(xO2a2a1a2-M7, O2a2b1-M134) Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in many samples of Austronesian-speaking populations, in particular some samples of Batak Toba from Sumatra (21/38 = 55.3%), Tongans (5/12 = 41.7%), and Filipinos (12/48 = 25.0%). Outside of Austronesia, O2a2-P201(xO2a2a1a2-M7, O2a2b1-M134) Y-DNA has been observed in samples of Tujia (7/49 = 14.3%), Han Chinese (14/165 = 8.5%), Japanese (11/263 = 4.2%), Miao (1/58 = 1.7%), and Vietnam (1/70 = 1.4%) ( and ).
O-M159
O2a2a1a1a-M159 is a subclade of O2a2-P201 and O2a2a1a1-CTS201. In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M159 was detected only in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China.
Unlike its phylogenetic siblings, O-M7 and O-M134, O-M159 is very rare, having been found only in 2.9% (1/35) of a sample of Han males from Meixian, Guangdong in a study of 988 males from East Asia.
In a study published in 2011, O-M159 was detected in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O-M159 was not detected in the same study's samples of Han Chinese with origins in East China (n=167) or Northern China (n=129).
Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M159 in 5.0% (3/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 4.2% (1/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 3.88% (10/258) miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, 3.6% (2/55) Han in Fujian, 3.24% (12/370) Plains Aborigines in Taiwan (mostly assimilated to Han Chinese), 1.04% (2/192) Western Indonesia (1/25 Kalimantan, 1/26 Sumatra), and 0.68% (1/146) Philippines (1/55 South Luzon).
Kutanan et al. (2019) found O-M159 in 1.6% (2/129) of their samples of Thai people from Central Thailand.
According to 23mofang, the TMRCA of haplogroup O-M159 is estimated to be 8,900 years. It is currently distributed mainly in southern China, accounting for about 0.80% of the total male population of China.
O-M7
Haplogroup O2a2a1a2-M7 Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in some samples of populations who speak Hmong-Mien languages, Katuic languages, or Bahnaric languages, scattered through some mostly mountainous areas of southern China, Laos, and Vietnam.
O-M7 has been noted for having a widespread but uneven distribution among populations that speak Hmong-Mien languages, such as She (29/51 = 56.9% She, 10/34 = 29.4% She, 14/56 = 25.0% Northern She from Zhejiang), Miao (21/58 = 36.2% Miao from China, 17/51 = 33.3% Hmong Daw from northern Laos, 6/49 = 12.2% Yunnan Miao, 2/49 = 4.1% Guizhou Miao, 4/100 = 4.0% Hunan Miao), and Yao (18/35 = 51.4% Yao from Liannan, Guangdong, 29/60 = 48.3% Yao from Guangxi, 12/35 = 34.3% Yao from Bama, Guangxi, 12/37 = 32.4% Zaomin from Guangdong, 5/36 = 13.9% Bunu from Guangxi, 1/11 = 9.1% Top-Board Mien, 3/41 = 7.3% Native Mien, 2/31 = 6.5% Southern Mien from Guangxi, 1/19 = 5.3% Flowery-Headed Mien from Guangxi, 1/20 = 5.0% Mountain Straggler Mien from Hunan, 1/28 = 3.6% Blue Kimmun from Guangxi, 1/31 = 3.2% Pahng from Guangxi, 1/47 = 2.1% Western Mien from Yunnan, 0/11 Thin Board Mien, 0/31 Lowland Yao from Guangxi, 0/32 Mountain Kimmun from Yunnan, 0/33 Northern Mien, and 0/41 Lowland Kimmun from Guangxi).
Cai et al. 2010 have reported finding high frequencies of O-M7 in their samples of Katuic (17/35 = 48.6% Ngeq, 10/45 = 22.2% Katu, 6/37 = 16.2% Kataang, 3/34 = 8.8% Inh (Ir), 4/50 = 8.0% So, 1/39 = 2.6% Suy) and Bahnaric (15/32 = 46.9% Jeh, 17/50 = 34.0% Oy, 8/32 = 25.0% Brau, 8/35 = 22.9% Talieng, 4/30 = 13.3% Alak, 6/50 = 12.0% Laven) peoples from southern Laos. However, O-M7 has been found only with low frequency in samples of linguistically related Khmuic populations from northern Laos (1/50 = 2.0% Mal, 1/51 = 2.0% Khmu, 0/28 Bit, 0/29 Xinhmul), Vietic peoples from Vietnam and central Laos (8/76 = 10.5% Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam, 4/50 = 8.0% Kinh from northern Vietnam, 2/28 = 7.1% Bo, 4/70 = 5.7% Vietnamese, 0/12 Muong, 0/15 Kinh, 0/38 Aheu), Palaungic peoples from northwestern Laos and southwestern Yunnan (2/35 = 5.7% Lamet, 0/29 Ava, 0/52 Blang), and Pakanic peoples from southeastern Yunnan and northwestern Guangxi (0/30 Palyu, 0/32 Bugan).
Haplogroup O-M7 has been found with notable frequency in some samples of Austronesian populations from the central part of the Malay Archipelago (17/86 = 19.8% Indonesians from Borneo, 4/32 = 12.5% Malaysia, 7/61 = 11.5% Java (mostly sampled in Dieng), 6/56 = 10.7% Sumatra, 4/53 = 7.5% Java, 1/17 = 5.9% Malaysia), but the frequency of this haplogroup appears to drop off very quickly toward the east (1/48 = 2.1% Philippines, 5/641 = 0.8% Balinese, 0/9 Timor, 0/28 Alor, 0/30 Moluccas, 0/31 Nusa Tenggaras, 0/33 Moluccas, 0/37 Philippines, 0/40 Borneo, 0/48 Taiwanese Aboriginals, 0/54 Mandar from Sulawesi, 0/92 Lembata, 0/350 Sumba, 0/394 Flores) and toward the west (0/38 Batak Toba from Sumatra, 0/60 Nias, 0/74 Mentawai). O-M7 has been found in 14.8% (4/27) of a sample of Giarai from southern Vietnam, 8.3% (2/24) of a sample of Ede from southern Vietnam, and 5.1% (3/59) of a sample of Cham from Binh Thuan, Vietnam. These Chamic-speaking peoples inhabit southern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia, but their languages are related to those of the Acehnese and Malays. O-M7 also has been found in 21.1% (8/38) of a small set of samples of highlanders of northern Luzon (including 1/1 Ifugao, 1/2 Ibaloi, 4/12 Kalangoya, and 2/6 Kankanaey).
In the northern fringes of its distribution, O-M7 has been found in samples of Oroqen (2/31 = 6.5%), Tujia from Hunan (3/49 = 6.1%), Qiang (2/33 = 6.1%), Han Chinese (2/32 = 6.3% Han from Yili, Xinjiang, 4/66 = 6.1% Han from Huize, Yunnan, 2/35 = 5.7% Han from Meixian, Guangdong, 1/18 = 5.6% Han from Wuhan, Hubei, 6/148 = 4.1% Han from Changting, Fujian, 20/530 = 3.8% Han Chinese from Chongming Island, 2/63 = 3.2% Han from Weicheng, Sichuan, 18/689 = 2.6% Han Chinese from Pudong, 2/100 = 2.0% Han from Nanjing, Jiangsu, 3/165 = 1.8% Han Chinese, 1/55 = 1.8% Han from Shanghai), Manchus (1/50 = 2.0% Manchu from Liaoning), and Koreans (2/133 = 1.5% Daejeon, 1/300 = 0.3% unrelated Korean males obtained from the National Biobank of Korea, 1/573 = 0.2% Seoul).
According to 23mofang, O-M7 has a TMRCA of approximately 14,510 years and is currently relatively common among many ethnic groups in Sichuan and Yunnan, as well as among the Zhuang, Austroasiatic, and Austronesian groups. O-M7 now accounts for about 2.15% of the total male population in China. The O-N5 subclade (TMRCA 4,230 ybp) by itself accounts for about 0.40% of the total male population in China at present, with its proportion among Hmong-Mien-speaking populations in Southwest China being rather high; in regard to geography, it is found mainly in Guizhou (3.52% of the total provincial population), Hunan (1.63%), Chongqing (1.05%), Sichuan (0.83%), Guangxi (0.76%), Fujian (0.44%), Yunnan (0.35%), Guangdong (0.28%), Jiangxi (0.26%), Hubei (0.26%), Shaanxi (0.20%), and Ningxia (0.18%).
O-M134
O-M134*
Paragroup O-M134(xM117) has been found with very high frequency in some samples of Kim Mun people, a subgroup of the Yao people of southern China (16/32 = 50.0% Mountain Kimmun from southern Yunnan, 11/28 = 39.3% Blue Kimmun from western Guangxi). However, this paragroup has been detected in only 3/41 = 7.3% of a sample of Lowland Kimmun from eastern Guangxi. This paragroup also has been found with high frequency in some Kazakh samples, especially the Naiman tribe (102/155 = 65.81%)() Dulik hypothesizes that O-M134 in Kazakhs was due to a later expansion due to its much more recent TMRCA time.
The general outline of the distribution of O-M134(xM117) among modern populations is different as that of the related clade O-M117. In particular, O-M134(xM117) occurs with only low frequency or is nonexistent among most Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, Northeast India, and Nepal, who exhibit extremely high frequencies of O-M117. This paragroup also occurs with very low frequency or is non-existent among most Mon-Khmer population of Laos, who exhibit much higher frequencies of O-M117. In Han Chinese, the paragroup is found in approximately the same percentage as O-M117, but has a higher distribution in northern Han Chinese than Southern Han Chinese.
According to 23mofang, the TMRCA of O-M134 is estimated to be 17,450 years, and O-M134(xM117) can be divided into two subsets: O-F122 (TMRCA 17,420 years), which is subsumed alongside O-M117 in an O-F450 clade (TMRCA 17,430 years), and O-MF59333 (TMRCA 13,900 years, currently distributed mainly in southern China and accounting for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.03% of the total male population of China), which is derived from O-M134 but basal to O-F450. O-F122 in turn is divided into O-MF38 (TMRCA 4,680 years, currently distributed mainly in northern China and accounting for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.02% of the total male population of China) and O-F114 (TMRCA 15,320 years, accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 11.29% of the total male population of China). The O-F46 (TMRCA 10,050 years) subclade of O-F114 by itself accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 10.07% of the total male population of present-day China.
In a study of Koreans from Seoul (n=573) and Daejeon (n=133), haplogroup O-M134(xM117), all members of which have been found to belong to O-F444 (phylogenetically equivalent to O-F114), has been found in 9.42% of the sample from Seoul and 10.53% of the sample from Daejeon.
In a study of Japanese (n=263), haplogroup O-M134(xM117) has been observed in nine individuals, or 3.4% of the entire sample set. The Japanese members of O-M134(xM117) in this study have originated from Shizuoka (3/12 = 25%), Tokyo (2/52 = 3.8%), Toyama (1/3), Ishikawa (1/4), Tochigi (1/5), and Ibaraki (1/5), respectively.
O-M117
Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 (also defined by the phylogenetically equivalent mutation Page23) is a subclade of O2a2b1-M134 that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries, especially among Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples.
O-M117 has been detected in samples of Tamang (38/45 = 84.4%)，Tibetans (45/156 = 28.8% or 13/35 = 37.1%), Tharus (57/171 = 33.3%), Han Taiwanese (40/183 = 21.9%), Newars (14/66 = 21.2%), the general population of Kathmandu, Nepal (13/77 = 16.9%), Han Chinese (5/34 = 14.7% Chengdu, 5/35 = 14.3% Harbin, 4/35 = 11.4% Meixian, 3/30 = 10.0% Lanzhou, 2/32 = 6.3% Yili), Tungusic peoples from the PRC (7/45 = 15.6% Hezhe, 4/26 = 15.4% Ewenki, 5/35 = 14.3% Manchu, 2/41 = 4.9% Xibe, 1/31 = 3.2% Oroqen), Koreans (4/25 = 16.0% Koreans from the PRC, 5/43 = 11.6% Koreans from South Korea), Mongols (5/45 = 11.1% Inner Mongolian, 3/39 = 7.7% Daur, 3/65 = 4.6% Outer Mongolian), and Uyghurs (2/39 = 5.1% Yili, 1/31 = 3.2% Urumqi) (, , and ).
Like O-M7, O-M117 has been found with greatly varying frequency in many samples of Hmong-Mien-speaking peoples, such as Mienic peoples (7/20 = 35.0% Mountain Straggler Mien, 9/28 = 32.1% Blue Kimmun, 6/19 = 31.6% Flower Head Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Top Board Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Thin Board Mien, 11/47 = 23.4% Western Mien, 6/33 = 18.2% Northern Mien, 5/31 = 16.1% Lowland Yao, 5/35 = 14.3% Yao from Liannan, Guangdong, 5/37 = 13.5% Zaomin, 5/41 = 12.2% Lowland Kimmun, 3/41 = 7.3% Native Mien, 2/31 = 6.5% Southern Mien, 2/32 = 6.3% Mountain Kimmun, but 0/35 Yao from Bama, Guangxi), She (6/34 = 17.6% She, 4/56 = 7.1% Northern She), and Hmongic peoples (9/100 = 9.0% Miao from Hunan, 4/51 = 7.8% Hmong Daw from northern Laos, 3/49 = 6.1% Miao from Yunnan, 1/49 = 2.0% Miao from Guizhou, but 0/36 Bunu from Guangxi) ( and ).
In a study published by Chinese researchers in the year 2006, O-M117 has been found with high frequency (8/47 = 17.0%) in a sample of Japanese that should be from Kagawa Prefecture according to the geographical coordinates (134.0°E, 34.2°N) that have been provided. However, in a study published by Japanese researchers in the year 2007, the same haplogroup has been found with much lower frequency (11/263 = 4.2%) in a larger sample of Japanese from various regions of Japan. More precisely, the Japanese members of O-M117 in this study's sample set have originated from Tokyo (4/52), Chiba (2/44), Gifu (1/2), Yamanashi (1/2), Hiroshima (1/3), Aichi (1/6), and Shizuoka (1/12).
In Meghalaya, a predominantly tribal state of Northeast India, O-M133 has been found in 19.7% (14/71) of a sample of the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Garos, but in only 6.2% (22/353, ranging from 0/32 Bhoi to 6/44 = 13.6% Pnar) of a pool of eight samples of the neighboring Khasian-speaking tribes.
O-M300
O-M333
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic History
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Original Research Publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic Trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.
O-M122 (M122, P198)
O-P93 (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
O-M121 (M121, P27.2)
O-M164 (M164)
O-P201 (P201/021354)
O-002611 (002611)
O-M300 (M300)
O-M333 (M333)
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA O Subclades
Y-DNA Backbone Tree
References
Citations
Sources
Journal articles
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Websites
Sources for conversion tables
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Further reading
External links
Spread of Haplogroup O-M122, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
China DNA interest group at Facebook
China DNA Project Website at Family Tree DNA
O-M122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20O-M122 |
Line engraving is a term for engraved images printed on paper to be used as prints or illustrations. The term is mainly used in connection with 18th- or 19th-century commercial illustrations for magazines and books or reproductions of paintings. It is not a technical term in printmaking, and can cover a variety of techniques, giving similar results.
Steel engraving is an overlapping term, for images that in fact are often mainly in etching, mostly used for banknotes, illustrations for books, magazines and decorative prints, often reproductive, from about 1820 to the early 20th century, when the technique became less used. Copperplate engraving is another somewhat outdated term for engravings. With photography long established, engravings made today are nearly all artistic ones in printmaking, but the technique is not as common as it used to be; more than other printmaking techniques, engraving requires great skill and much practice, even for an experienced artist.
Technique
Engraving for the purpose of printmaking creates plates for intaglio printing. Intaglio engravings are made by carving into a plate of a hard substance such as copper, zinc, steel, or plastic. Afterward ink is rubbed into the carved areas and away from the flat surface. Moistened paper is placed over the plate and both are run through the rollers of an intaglio press. The pressure exerted by the press on the paper pushes it into the engraved lines and prints the image made by those lines. In an intaglio print, the engraved lines print black.
Wood engraving is a relief printing technique, with the images made by carving into fine-grained hardwood blocks. Ink is rolled onto the surface of the block, dry paper is placed on top of the block and it is printed either by rolling both through a press, or, by hand, using a baren to rub the ink from the surface of the block onto the paper. In a relief print, the engraved lines show white.
Early history
The art of engraving has been practiced from the earliest ages. The prehistoric Aztec hatchet given to Alexander von Humboldt in Mexico was just as truly engraved as a modern copper-plate which may convey a design by John Flaxman; the Aztec engraving may be less sophisticated than the European, but it is the same art form. Jewelry and many types of fine metal works frequently are engraved as well as furniture. Engraving often is used as an embellishment of knives, swords, guns, and rifles.
Niellos
The important discovery which made line engraving one of the multiplying arts was the accidental discovery of how to print an incised line. This method was known for some time before its real utility was realized. The goldsmiths of Florence in the middle of the 15th century ornamented their works by means of engraving, after which they filled up the hollows produced by the burin with a black enamel-like substance made of silver, lead, and sulfur. The resulting design, called a niello, was much higher in contrast and thus, much more visible.
As this enamel was difficult to remove, goldsmiths developed alternate means of viewing their work while still in progress. They would take a sulfur cast of the work on a matrix of fine clay, and fill up the lines in the sulfur with lampblack, producing the desired high-contrast image.
Beginnings of European printmaking
It was discovered later that a proof could be taken on damped paper by filling the engraved lines with ink and wiping it off the surface of the plate. Pressure was then applied to push the paper into the hollowed lines and draw the ink out of them. This was the beginning of plate printing.
This convenient way of proofing a niello saved the effort of producing a cast, but further implications went unexplored. Although goldsmiths continued to engrave nielli to ornament plates and furniture, it was not until the late 15th century that the new method of printing was implemented.
Early style
In early Italian and German prints, the line is used with such perfect simplicity of purpose that the methods of the artists are as obvious as if we saw them actually at work. In all these figures the outline is the primary focus, followed by the lines which mark the leading folds of the drapery. These are always engravers' lines, such as may be made naturally with the burin, and they never imitate the freer line of the pencil or etching needle.
Shading is used in the greatest moderation with thin straight strokes that never overpower the stronger organic lines of the design. In early metal engraving the shading lines are often cross-hatched. In the earliest woodcuts they are not. The reason being that when lines are incised, they may as easily be crossed, as not. Whereas when they are reserved, the crossing involves much non-artistic labor.
Italy
The early style of Italian engravers differs greatly from that of a modern chiaroscurist. Mantegna, for example, did not draw and shade at the same time. He got his outlines and the patterns on his dresses all very accurate initially. Then he added a veil of shading with all the lines being straight and all the shading diagonal. This is the primitive method, its peculiarities being due to a combination of natural genius with technical inexperience.
Marcantonio, the engraver trained by Raphael, first practiced by copying German woodcuts into line engravings. Marcantonio became an engraver of remarkable power and through him, the pure art of line-engraving reached its maturity. He retained much of the simple early Italian manner in his backgrounds. His figures are modeled boldly in curved lines, crossing each other in the darker shades, but left single in the passages from dark to light and breaking away in fine dots as they approach the light itself, which is of pure white paper. A new Italian school of engraving was born, which put aside minute details for a broad, harmonious treatment.
Germany
The characteristics of early metal engraving in Germany are demonstrated in the works of Martin Schongauer (d. 1488) and Albrecht Dürer (d. 1528). Schongauer used outline and shade as a unified element, and the shading, generally in curved lines. His skill is far more masterly than the straight shading of Mantegna. Dürer continued Schongauer's curved shading, with increasing manual delicacy and skill, and over-loaded his plates with quantities of living and inanimate objects. He applied the same intensity of study to every art form he explored.
Peter Paul Rubens and the engravers he employed, made marked technical developments in the field of engraving. Instead of his finished paintings, Rubens provided his engravers with drawings as guides, allowing them to discard the Italian outline method and in its place substitute modeling. They substituted broad masses for the minutely-finished detail of the northern schools, and adopted a system of a dark and light characteristic of engraving, which reportedly Rubens stated, rendered the detail as more harmonious.
17th and 18th centuries
In the 17th and 18th centuries, line engraving made no new development. Instead, it flourished around the established techniques and principles. English and French artists began to use the technique, with the English learning primarily from the Germans (led by Rubens), and the French from the Italians (Raphael). There was, however, a good deal of cross-influence among all involved traditions.
Sir Robert Strange, as many other English engravers, made it his study to soften and lose the outline, specifically in figure-engraving. Meanwhile, Gerard Audran (d. 1703) led the Renaissance school in perfecting the art of modeling with the burin.
19th century
In the 19th century, line engraving was both helped and hindered. Help came from the growth of public wealth, increasing interest in art, and the increase in the commerce of art—as exemplified by the career of such art dealers as Ernest Gambart—and the growing demand for illustrated books. Hindrance to line engraving came from the desire for cheaper and more rapid methods – a desire satisfied in various ways, but especially, by etching and various kinds of photography.
The history of the art of line engraving during the last quarter of the 19th century, is one of continued decay. By the beginning of the 20th century, pictorial line engraving in England was practically non-existent. The disappearance of the art is due to the fact that the public refused to wait for several years for proofs (some important proofs took as long as 12 years to create) when they could obtain their plates more quickly by other methods. The invention of steel-facing S copper plate enabled the engraver to proceed more quickly; but even in this case he can no more compete with the etcher than the mezzotint engraver can keep pace with the photogravure manufacturer.
Line-engraving flourished in France until the early 20th century, only through official encouragement and intelligent fostering by collectors and connoisseurs. The class of the work changed, however, partly through the reduction of prices paid for it, partly through the change of taste and fashion, and partly, again, through the necessities of the situation. French engravers were driven to simplify their work in order to satisfy public impatience. To compensate for loss of color, the art developed in the direction of elegance and refinement.
In Italy, line engraving decayed just as it had in England, and outside Europe, line engraving seems to have been almost nonexistent. There were still a few who could engrave a head from a photograph or drawing, or a small engraving for book illustration or for book plates; there were more who were highly proficient in mechanical engraving for decorative purposes, but the engraving-machine was quickly superseding this class.
Style
Nineteenth-century line engraving, compared with previous work, had a more thorough and delicate rendering of local color, light and shade, and texture. Older engravers could draw just as correctly, but they either neglected these elements or admitted them sparingly, as opposed to the spirit of their art, but there is a certain sameness in pure line engraving that is more favorable to some forms and textures than to others.
In the well-known prints from Rosa Bonheur, for example, the tone of the skies is achieved by machine-ruling, as is much undertone in the landscape. The fur of the animals is all etched, as are the foreground plants; the real burin work is used sparingly where most favorable to texture. Even in the exquisite engravings after J. M. W. Turner, which reached a degree of delicacy in light and shade far surpassing the work of the old masters, the engravers had recourse to etching, finishing with the burin and dry point. Considered as important an influence upon engraving as Raphael and Rubens, Turner contributed much to the field in the direction of delicacy of tone.
The new French school of engraving had several distinctive characteristics, including the substitution of exquisite greys for the rich blacks of old and, simplicity of method coupled with extremely high elaboration. Their object is, as always, to secure the faithful transcript of the painter they reproduce while readily sacrificing the power of the old method, which, whatever its force and beauty, was easily acquired by mediocre artists of technical ability. The Belgian school of engraving elaborated an effective "mixed method" of graver-work and dry-point. The Stauffer-Bern method of using many fine lines to create tone had a certain advantage in modeling.
Modern and contemporary art
Although dwindled to a rarity, modern engravers continue to practice in the art world, most prominently Andrew Raftery. His choice of subjects is comparable to Hogarth, and his style the French school of elegant and geometrical form.
Tools of the trade
The most important of the tools used in line-engraving is the burin, or graver, a bar of steel with one end fixed in a handle, somewhat resembling a mushroom with one side cut away. The burin is shaped so that the sharpened, cutting end takes the form of a lozenge, and points downward. The burin acts exactly as a plough in the earth: it makes a furrow and turns out a shaving of metal in the same way a plough turns the soil of a field. The burin, unlike a plough, is pushed through the material. This particular characteristic separates it from other instruments employed in the arts of design such as pencils, brushes, pens, and etching needles.
Example of burin engraving
The elements of engraving with the burin are evident in the engraving of letters, specifically, the capital letter B. This letter consists of two perpendicular straight lines and four distinct curves. The engraver scratches these lines, reversed, very lightly with a sharp point or stylus. Next, the engraver cuts out the blacks (not the whites, as in wood engraving) with two different burins. First, the vertical black line is ploughed with the burin between the two scratched lines, then similarly, some material is removed from the thickest parts of the two curves. Finally, the gradations from the thick middle of the curve to the thin points touching the vertical are worked out with a finer burin.
The hollows are then filled with printing ink, the surplus ink is wiped from the smooth surface of the metal, damped paper is laid upon the surface and driven into the hollowed letter by the pressure of a revolving cylinder. The paper draws out the ink, and the letter B is printed in intense black.
When the surface of a metal plate is sufficiently polished to be used for engraving, the slightest scratch upon it will print as a black line. An engraved plate from which visiting cards are printed is a good example of some elementary principles of engraving. It contains thin lines and thick ones, as well as a considerable variety of curves. An elaborate line engraving, if it is a pure line engraving and nothing else, will contain only these simple elements in different combinations.
See also
Engraving
Old master print
Printmaking
Steel engraving
Notes
References
External links
Comprehensive Links to online images of prints, and other information.
Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on line engraving
Engraving | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20engraving |
B.T.R. is a Bulgarian metal band, founded in 1984.
History
Formation & Early Years (1984 - 1993)
B.T.R. was established in 1984 and broke up in 1986. During its early years nearly thirty musicians played with the band. B.T.R. played live for the first time at a rock festival in Troyan, Bulgaria in 1990. In their first album, the band consisted of Hristo Angov (vocals), Valentine Guevski (guitar), Kiril Bozhkov (guitar), Ivan Kalfov (bass), and Georgi Milev (drums). Their first album was released by Riva Sound as a live album, with a performance which took place at the Valentin Andreev Hall on January 29,1992. In 1993 B.T.R. released their first studio album, "Bending the Rules". The album consisted of powerful heavy metal tracks and melodic ballads. It was distributed by Unison - RTM and became one of Bulgaria's best-selling albums in 1993.
New members & International Success (1993 - 2004)
Since 1993 B.T.R. consisted of Kiril Bojkov (guitar), Ivan Kalfov (vocals, bass guitar), Ilian Dikov (drums), Slavcho Nikolov (guitar, vocals) and Atanas "Nasko" Penev (vocals). Their first album with this lineup was "Feel the Life" and it consisted of traditional heavy metal tracks. Following extensive promotion in small clubs and concert halls, the band made an impression in France and had positive reception amongst the French fans. B.T.R.'s arrival in Nice coincided with the soccer victory of Bulgaria over France, and the band was later invited to play soccer with the semi-professional University of Nice soccer team.
In 1994 the band was invited to play in F.R.A.C.A, a large musical forum in Southern France in which over 20 bands perform. A year later, the band opened for Iron Maiden in Sofia.
Mainstream success
In 1997, "B.T.R. '97" was released, which was a significant step forward for the band. The album was actually recorded in 1996, but not released until a year after. Amongst the songs was perhaps one of B.T.R.'s most recognized songs, "Elmaz i Staklo" (Diamond and Glass). Following the critical success of "'97", the band was again invited to perform in the French festival "Cosmopoliten", featuring various international acts.
1998 marked the release of the hit single Salvation, their most acclaimed song to date. The song became an anthem of the anti-drug movement in Bulgaria and received considerable airtime on radio stations all over the country. December of the same year the album 7 Ballads was released, which includes Salvation and various songs from Feel The Life, but all in Bulgarian. The album was also the first Bulgarian Enhanced Audio CD and features music videos for Salvation and Elmaz i Staklo, as well as interviews from all the band members.
In 1999 the band recorded Dreams. It differs from previous albums in style, and features more complex compositions, as well as a more melodic style, with more developed lyrics. Their first single Flower from the Moon was an instant success. Both the album and the single reached the number one spot in many different billboards across the country. The album followed with extensive touring, different sponsors (over 30 gigs), and many of the venues being sold out.
In the year 2000 the band continued their touring and opened in the Romanian festival Golden Stag with bands INXS and UB40. At the end of the year, the band also made another appearance in China.
In 2002 they released The Game, followed by their most well-known performance, in the National Palace of Culture with a special guest Glenn Hughes, the bass player of Deep Purple. Together they played some of Deep Purple's biggest hits, such as Stormbringer and Mistreated. The concert also featured a symphonic orchestra for two of their songs.
From 2003 onwards, the band has played countless shows in many countries, and has also played in Beijing, recording Meet in Beijing. B.T.R. also visited Vietnam where a recorded show of the band was watched by over 50 million Vietnamese people.
New Developments
In 2008 the band released Deja Vu, which contains covers of famous Bulgarian rock songs. They are also chosen as band of the year by Bulgarian audiences.
In 2009 they toured in over 13 cities in Bulgaria.
On March 15, 2014 the band played a concert in Toronto, Canada.
Discography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.T.R.%20%28band%29 |
Fugleman (from the German Flügelmann, the man on the Flügel or wing; wingman), properly a military term for a soldier who is selected to act as guide, and posted generally on the flanks with the duty of directing the march in the required line, or of giving the time, etc., to the remainder of the unit, which conforms to his movements, in any military exercise. The word is then applied to a ringleader or one who takes the lead in any movement or concerted movement.
These days it is used for a person who is a staunch advocate, a cheerleader, a publicist, or a mouthpiece.
Fugalman is an alternative, archaic and potentially regional spelling variant used in Australia in the early 19th century.
References
Military specialisms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugleman |
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