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Jinx is a comic book series published first by Caliber Comics and then Image Comics, written and drawn by Brian Michael Bendis.
Synopsis
Jinx is a prequel to the same author's A.K.A. Goldfish, telling the story of Jinx, a female bounty hunter and her relationship with David Goldfish, con-artist and wanted felon. Jinx has also crossed over with the detective series Sam and Twitch. There she helps them track down a bounty hunter that has become mentally deranged.
The story is a loose adaptation of Sergio Leone's The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, but resets it in the modern crime noir genre.
Models
D.D. Byrne as Jinx
John Skrtic as Goldfish
Brian Michael Bendis as Columbia
Mike Sangiacomo as Office Mike
David Mack as Dead Mug Number 1
James D. Hudnall as Dead Mug Number 2
Ceray Doss as Becky
Jared Bendis as Ricky Ricketts
Michael Johnson as Money B
Dan Berman as Street Loser 1
Frisco as Street Loser 2
Marc Andreyko as Reverend Peter
Curtis as Apollo
Keith Konajcik as Motormouth Mug
Tom Zjaba as Silent Mug
Jimmy Williams as Danny
Michael Hahn as Young Danny
Tia Rachten as Young Jinx
Kevin Snorteland as Rob
Genevieve Halton as the chain smokin' foul mouthed crack whore
Kyra Kester as Lauren Bacall
Film adaptation
In 2004, Charlize Theron signed on to produce and star in a film adapted from Jinx for Universal Pictures. No progress was made on the project and is presumably canceled.
References
External links
Comics characters introduced in 1995
Comics by Brian Michael Bendis
Image Comics titles
1995 comics debuts
Image Comics female characters
Crime comics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinx%20%28Image%20Comics%29 |
Rundāle Palace (; ) is one of the two major baroque palaces built for the Dukes of Courland in what is now Latvia, the other being Jelgava Palace. The palace was built in two periods, from 1736 until 1740 and from 1764 until 1768. It is situated at Pilsrundāle, in Rundāle Parish, Bauska Municipality in the Semigallia region, 12 km west of Bauska.
History
In 1735, Duke of Courland Ernst Johann von Biron bought land in Rundāle with an old medieval castle in the territory of a planned summer residence. The old castle was demolished and constructed after the design of Bartolomeo Rastrelli started in 1736. Construction proceeded slowly because part of the materials and resources were transferred to the construction of Jelgava Palace, a project which was more important for the duke. Following Biron's fall from grace in 1740, the palace stood unfinished and empty until 1762, when Biron returned from his exile. Under the supervision of Rastrelli, its construction was finished in 1768. Johann Michael Graff produced lavish stucco decorations for the palace during this time. Ernst Johann von Biron loved the palace and moved there almost immediately in 1768. He often visited the palace and spent summers there until his death in 1772.
After the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was absorbed by the Russian Empire in 1795, Catherine the Great presented the palace to Count Valerian Zubov, the youngest brother of her lover, Prince Platon Zubov. He spent his declining years there after the death of Valerian Zubov in 1804. His young widow, Thekla Walentinowicz, a local landowner's daughter, married Count Shuvalov, and the palace passed into the control of the Shuvalov family, with whom it remained until the German occupation in World War I when the German army established a hospital and a commandant's office there. During the French invasion of Russia in 1812, the palace was used as a hospital for Napoleon's army. Several soldiers who died in this hospital were buried in the park of the palace. A monument has since been built there. At the end of the 19th century, the palace and park were restored and reconstructed.
The palace suffered serious damage in 1919 during the Latvian War of Independence. During their retreat, the Bermontians partially burned the palace. In 1920, after Latvian agrarian reforms, the palace became the property of the Ministry of Agriculture. Part of the premises was occupied by the local school and part was reconstructed as flats for Latvian military veterans. Though still used as a school, Rundāle Palace was included in the list of state-protected monuments in 1924. In 1933, Rundāle Palace was taken over by the Ministry of Education and was officially reconstructed for use as a school.
The palace was dealt a serious blow after World War II, when a grain storehouse was set up in the premises in addition to the school. Later, the duke's dining room was transformed into the school's gymnasium. A school was located in the palace until 1978.
In 1963, Rundāle Palace became a branch of the Bauska local history museum. In 1965 and also in 1971, the Supreme Soviet of Latvian SSR decided to restore Rundāle Palace. In 1972, Rundāle Palace Museum was established. Latvian painter and art historian Imants Lancmanis became director of the new museum and restoration of the palace became his life's work. Extensive research and restoration work was completely funded by the state until 1992. After the restoration of Latvia's independence, the state continued to finance restoration work in part, with additional financing through private donations and later also through the Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund of the EU. In the spring of 2015, it was announced that restoration work in the Rundāle Palace was complete. Total restoration costs from 1972 until 2014 were estimated to be 8,420,495 euros.
The palace is one of the major tourist destinations in Latvia. It is also used for the accommodation of notable guests, such as the leaders of foreign nations. The palace and the surrounding gardens are now a museum.
Gallery
See also
List of Baroque residences
List of palaces and manor houses in Latvia
Baltā māja
References
External links
The Rundāle Palace Museum website.
Rundāle Palace presented by Castles on the Web photoarchive
Rundāle Palace Stock Photography
The local tourist office in Bauska
Virtual tour of the Rundale palace at Virtual Latvia project
Rundāle Parish on Rundale.lv
The Association of Castles and Museums around the Baltic Sea
Houses completed in 1740
Houses completed in 1768
Palaces in Latvia
Museums established in 1972
Baroque palaces in Latvia
Museums in Latvia
Historic house museums in Europe
Shuvalov family
1768 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Bauska Municipality
Bauske County
Semigallia
Bartolomeo Rastrelli buildings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rund%C4%81le%20Palace |
Fire was originally a two-issue creator-owned comic book mini-series written and drawn by Brian Michael Bendis and published by Caliber Comics. It was later republished as a single volume by Image Comics.
Fire was among Bendis's first works to draw critical acclaim. Its success gave him a much wider audience and helped pave the way for A.K.A. Goldfish and Jinx.
Plot synopsis
The story, a spy thriller, is centered on a young Jewish-American man named Benjamin "Ben" Furst, who is initially introduced as a college student studying political science. After passing several tests, including a fake mugging, he is recruited by a beautiful young woman named D. D. into the Central Intelligence Agency and told that he is going to be the first agent of Project Fire (hence the title of the comic), an experiment to test whether training agents out of ordinary citizens can be successful.
Ben passes and becomes an agent under the command of Linda Dagger. He is placed in England to pose as a journalist named Jake Donaldson, and he is dispatched from time-to-time to set up assassinations in places around the world ranging from Japan to Brazil. He gradually becomes disillusioned with his lifestyle and job, and he begins to suspect that he is being set up himself.
One day, D. D., who had previously always treated him coldly, has sex with him. When Ben wakes up the next day, he is attacked by contract killers; Ben kills them and then breaks into CIA headquarters. He discovers that Project Fire is not a new experimental project, but rather something that has been going on for years; each such Project Fire agent is killed once the agent's superiors decide he has become a liability. Ben attempts to escape with the information, but he is captured by Linda Dagger.
Dagger sends D. D. to kill Ben, but Ben kills D. D. instead and escapes. He tries to send the information he has to a journalist to publicize, but before he can, at the end of the comic, Dagger finds him again and informs him that he either works for her or dies.
Collected editions
The series has been collected as a trade paperback:
Project Fire Complete (114 pages, Transfuzion Publishing, 1994, )
Fire (120 pages, Image Comics, 2001, )
Film adaptation
Universal Studios have optioned the film, with Zac Efron penciled in to play the lead.
Notes
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20%28Image%20Comics%29 |
Traditionally, a linen-press (or just press) is a cabinet, usually of woods such as oak, walnut, or mahogany, and designed for storing sheets, table-napkins, clothing, and other textiles. Such linen-presses were made chiefly in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries and are now considered decorative examples of antique furniture. Early versions were often simple, with some exhibiting carving characteristic of Jacobean designs. Examples made during the 18th and 19th centuries often featured expensive veneers and intricate inlays, and were designed to occupy prominent places in early bedrooms as storage closets for clothing.
In modern houses, a linen press is often a built-in cabinet near a bedroom or bathroom, for easy access to fresh bed sheets and towels.
Analogous terms are laundry cupboard or linen cupboard.
In Ireland the term hot press describes an airing cupboard used for storing linen.
See also
Cupboard
Closet
References
Clothing containers
Cabinets (furniture) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen-press |
Haplogroup P also known as P-F5850 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-F5850 is a branch of K2b (previously Haplogroup MPS; P331), which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526).
The haplogroup K2b splits into K2b1 (haplogroup MS*) and K2b2 (haplogroup P-F580, Y-DNA P*). Basal P* (P-PF5850*) is found in Southeast Asia. The primary branches (clades) of P-F580 are P-P295 (P1a, formerly P*) which is found among South and Southeast Asians as well as Oceanians, P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) with unknown distribution, and P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1) commonly found among Siberians and Central Asians. P-M45 (P1c) is, in turn, the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207).
The major subclades of Haplogroups P-M45, Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians and Central Asians.
Origin and dispersal
Karafet et al. 2015 suggests an origin and dispersal of haplogroup P from either South Asia or Southeast Asia as part of the early human dispersal, based on the distribution of subclades now classified as P-P295 (now P1a), and more ancient clades such as K1 and K2. However, Karafet, et al. mentions that this hypothesis is "parsimonius" and it is just as likely that it originated elsewhere in Eurasia and later went extinct there. Hallast, Agdzhoyan, et al. concluded that the ancestral Eurasian haplogroups C, D, and F, either expanded from the Middle East or from Southeast Asia. Based on the modern distribution of basal lineages, the authors propose Southeast Asia as place of dispersal for all Eurasian lineages, before the split between West-Eurasian and East-Eurasian (including Oceanian) populations.
According to a study by geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descend, originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. It is likely that haplogroup P diverged somewhere in South Asia into P1 (now P1c), which expanded into Siberia and Northern Eurasia, and into P2 (now P1a), which expanded into Oceania and Southeast Asia.
Structure
The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation:
P (P-F5850)
P1 (P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231)
P1a (B253/Z33760/Z33761/Z33762/Z33763)
P1b (FT292000)
P1c (M45/PF5962)
Q (M242)
R (M207, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, L248.2, V45)
Distribution
P1(xP1c)
Because P1a, formerly P2 (P-B253) was discovered relatively recently, it is not always clear if older studies have screened for it. Therefore, cases of basal P1* (also known as P-P295*; K2b2*; PxM45, B253) reported in literature may include P1a (P2).
P1(xP1c) exists at low to moderate levels among various groups in Island South East Asia, the South West Pacific and East Asia.
P1* (perhaps P1a/P2) is found at its highest rate among members of the Aeta (or Agta), a people indigenous to Luzon who formed from various ancient groups, such as Oceanians and Austronesian peoples from Taiwan. P1 is most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia, as well as in Southern Asian at lower frequency.
Root P* (P-PF5850*) was found among a Jehai sample in Malaysia. Basal P1* was also found in one historical 19th-century Andaman islander,
P-M45 (P1c)
Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1c, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi (PxQ-M3,R1), and 35% among Nivkh males.
§ May include members of haplogroup R2.
Q
Near universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations and Selkups, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%. Also common, at 25-50% in Siberian populations such as the Siberian Tatars, Nivkh, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 30% of Turkmens.
R
The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy in the Upper Paleolithic on the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation.
R1
R2
Haplogroup R2 is most common in South Asia and south Central Asia, as well as diaspora populations, such as the Romanis.
P1a (P-B253, formerly P2)
The Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon in the Philippines have also provided the only known samples of P1a (P-B253).
Notes
References
External links
Spread of Haplogroup P, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
P | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20P%20%28Y-DNA%29 |
Johann Andreas Schmeller (6 August 1785 in Tirschenreuth – 27 September 1852 in Munich) was a German philologist who initially studied the Bavarian dialect. From 1828 until his death he taught in the University of Munich. He is considered the founder of modern dialect research in Germany. His lasting contribution is the four-volume (Bavarian Dictionary), which is currently in the process of revision by the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
Biography
In 1821, he published Die Mundarten Bayerns (Bavarian dialects). This was later supplemented by his Bayerisches Wörterbuch (Bavarian dictionary), which appeared in four volumes from 1827 to 1837. Perhaps his most notable publication was the first modern edition of the Heliand (1830).
He was also the compiler of the Carmina Burana (1847), which he named. Schmeller edited the Old High German Evangelienharmonie (1841); the Muspilli (1832); Lateinische Gedichte des 10. und 11. Jahrhunderts (1836); and Hadamar von Laber's Jagd (1850). His Cimbrisches Wörterbuch was edited by Bergmann in 1855.
Schmeller invented the schwa (Ə) for use as the reduced vowel at the end of some German words, and first used it in his 1820s works on the Bavarian dialects.
References
External links
1785 births
1852 deaths
19th-century German people
19th-century philologists
German philologists
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
People from Tirschenreuth (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Andreas%20Schmeller |
Torso is a true crime limited series graphic novel written by Brian Michael Bendis and Marc Andreyko, with art and lettering by Brian Michael Bendis. It is based on the true story of the Cleveland Torso Murderer, and the efforts of the famous lawman Eliot Ness and his band of the "Unknowns" to capture him.
Bendis was initially inspired to write the novel after reading the files about the murders. As a Cleveland native, Bendis wrote the novel to pay homage to his hometown. Together with co-writer Andreyko, they crafted the comic with various historical photographs and clippings from the era. After its release, the graphic novel was critically well received by the comic book community and elevated Bendis' career in the industry. The graphic novel was originally published by Image Comics and later reprinted under Marvel's Icon imprint. Since then, various attempts to adapt the novel into film have been proposed.
Publication history
Torso was originally published as a six-issue limited series by Image Comics. Bendis envisioned the comic as a historical true story which he turned into a graphic novel. Torso was written during Bendis' time as a struggling writer in his hometown Cleveland. His inspiration came while working as a cartoonist in the Cleveland Plain Dealer, where his editor gave him access to the Cleveland Torso Murders files. The files contained all of the visual evidences and testimonies, such as photographs, interviews and newspaper excerpts for Bendis to create the novel. His particular inspiration was that of a picture of a coroner examining a dismembered leg with a magnifying glass, which he described as "the opposite of CSI." Besides the archives, Bendis and Mark also took information from Eliot Ness' own written interviews. He surmised their work during an interview:
In creating the atmosphere of the comic, Marc used historical photographs and documents combined with his black-and-white artwork to tell a unique noir-like story. Bendis and Andreyko presented their story in a straightforward cinematic fashion, with the occasional use of silent and repeated panels and sparse dialogue to create tension. The use of photography and clippings in the comic is also focused upon, with Marc's intention of presenting it like a film comic, creating a tone of realism. Bendis also provided the art and lettering, as well as his trademark "sharp and contrast" dialogue he would later use in his future projects.
Synopsis
Torso tells the story of the real life "Torso Murderer", a serial killer who was active during 1934 to 1938. He received his nickname because he left only the torsos of his victims. Without fingerprints or dental records, these victims were very difficult to identify in a time before DNA testing. The investigator on the case was Eliot Ness, Cleveland Safety Director and former head of the Untouchables.
Collected editions
The series was collected in a trade paperback, Torso: A True Crime Graphic Novel (), in 2001, and also published by Image. Marvel Comics reformatted and reprinted the comic book in its Icon imprint in March 2012. In June 2022, Dark Horse republished the collected series as Torso: A True Crime Graphic Novel.
Reception and awards
After its release, Torso was met with critical acclaim from both critics and consumers alike. The graphic novel won the 1999 Eisner Award for "Comic Book Excellence, Talent Deserving of Wider Recognition". Torso was nominated for an International Horror Guild award for best graphic story and for 3 International Eagle Awards. The graphic novel elevated both Bendis and Marc's careers in the comic book industry, which soon led Bendis being discovered and recruited by Marvel as well as solidifying his reputation as a crime writer. Comic Book Resources called it "one of the great crime comics of the late 20th century".
Today, the graphic novel is considered one of the best of its genre. ComicsAlliance listed the graphic novel in its "8 of the Best Noir Comics", calling it "an engaging and — unsurprisingly — genuinely creepy story". Top Tenz ranked in at #4 in its list "Top 10 Crime Comics", describing it as a "stunning and chilling examination of one of America’s great unsolved crime sprees". Jesse Schedeen from IGN ranked Torso at #5 in her "9 Great Murder Mystery Comics", stating that it "used these real-world events to weave a great mystery with a dramatic climax".
Film
In January 2006, Variety reported that director David Fincher would be directing a film version of Torso for Miramax. The producers were Bill Mechanic, Don Murphy, Todd McFarlane and Terry Fitzgerald. Screenwriter Ehren Kruger was set to adapt the series. In a September 2009 unedited episode of Fanboy Radio, Bendis confirmed the Torso film has been canceled by Miramax and the rights have reverted to Bendis. The story of the failed attempt to make the film was told in Bendis's autobiographical graphic novel, Fortune and Glory.
In 2013, new plans for an adaptation was greenlit, with David Lowery hired to write and direct the film. Bendis said that while the projects had its ups and downs over the last 15 years, he's never lost belief in its cinematic potential.
In March 2017, director Paul Greengrass was hired to direct and produce Ness for Paramount Pictures with producers John Davis, Greg Goodman and John Fox producing from Davis Entertainment with David Engel from Circle of Confusion. Screenwriter Brian Helgeland was set to write the script.
Notes
References
Comics by Brian Michael Bendis
Comics by Marc Andreyko
Comic book limited series
Crime comics
True crime
Horror comics
Comics set in the 1930s
Comics based on real people
1998 comics debuts
Eisner Award winners
Comics about serial killers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torso%20%28Image%20Comics%29 |
Schmeller is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Johann Andreas Schmeller (1785–1852), Germanist
Johann Joseph Schmeller (1796–1841), German painter
(1920–1990), German-Austrian art historian, publicist
German-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmeller |
"Lady Stardust" is a song written by English singer-songwriter David Bowie that appeared on the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1972). Co-produced by Ken Scott, Bowie recorded it with his backing band the Spiders from Mars – comprising Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick Woodmansey. The song is generally interpreted as alluding to fellow glam rock icon Marc Bolan. The original demo version was entitled "He Was Alright (A Song for Marc)". A 4-track demo version of the song was sold as a picture disc single during the "David Bowie Is" exhibition in Japan in 2017.
Composition and recording
Bowie recorded "Lady Stardust" on 12 November 1971 at Trident Studios in London for inclusion on The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. Co-produced by Ken Scott, the lineup consisted of Bowie's backing band known as the Spiders from Mars—comprising guitarist Mick Ronson, bassist Trevor Bolder and drummer Mick Woodmansey. Also recorded on this day were "Soul Love", "Moonage Daydream" and a re-recording of The Man Who Sold the World track "The Supermen".
Live versions
Bowie played the song at the BBC show Sounds of the 70s with Bob Harris on 23 May 1972. This was broadcast on 19 June 1972 and in 2000 was released on the album Bowie at the Beeb.
Personnel
Personnel per Kevin Cann.
David Bowie – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Mick Ronson – piano, backing vocals
Trevor Bolder – bass guitar
Mick Woodmansey – drums
Other releases
The original demo version of the song, recorded in March 1971, was released as a bonus track on the Rykodisc CD release of Ziggy Stardust in 1990. This also appeared on the Ziggy Stardust – 30th Anniversary Reissue bonus disc in 2002.
The song appeared on the Russian compilation Starman in 1989.
A November 1996 recording of the song, which originally aired on a BBC radio broadcast in 1997, was released in 2020 on the album ChangesNowBowie.
References
Sources
David Bowie songs
1972 songs
Rock ballads
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Ken Scott
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
1970s ballads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Stardust |
Infusion was an Australian electronica band, originally from Wollongong which formed in 1995. It is best known for its ARIA Music Award-winning song "Girls Can Be Cruel" and Six Feet Above Yesterday.
Career
1995-2002: Early Days and Phrases and Numbers
Infusion founding members, Jamie Stevens and Manuel Sharrad, met in 1988 at a local high school in Wollongong. Frank Xavier also hails from Wollongong, although he did not meet the other two until they had relocated to Sydney.
In 1995, Infusion released its debut single "Smokescreen / Lux" on the Dance Pool label while primarily remixing other artists' tracks.
In 1999, he band signed with Thunk Records, an underground electronic label and released its debut studio album, Phrases and Numbers, in 2000. The trio's music evolved from the rave and club scene, widening in scope to include traditional pop song structures.
Andrew Wowk from In the Mix said the release of "Spike" was "the turning point in their career" saying "the track perfectly encapsulated the group's reinvention of their sound into an unstoppable behemoth of dark, throbbing, techy filth, which came as a fresh, subtle alternative to the over-saturation of floaty, uplifting progressive house of the time."
2003-2013: Six Feet Above Yesterday, All Night Sun Light and split
In October 2003, the group had relocated to Melbourne and signed with Sony BMG. In April 2004, Infusion released the single "Girls Can Be Cruel", which received airplay on Australia's alternative music radio station, Triple J. The song won the ARIA Award for Best Dance Release at the ARIA Music Awards of 2004. The band released Six Feet Above Yesterday in 2004, which won the Best Dance Release at the ARIA Music Awards of 2005. "Better World" and "Natural" were charting singles from the album.
Infusion's album All Night Sun Light was released on 7 July 2009 on its own independent label Futuresque. Infusion performed its last show with Leftfield at the Enmore Theatre in 2013.
Post-Infusion
Xavier produces records under the pseudonym Francis Xavier on Australian label Motorik!, and is a member of their rotating deejay collective, The Motorik Vibe Council, alongside members of The Lost Valentinos, The Bang Gang Deejays and Dreems, in addition to production credits on a plethora of tracks including Flight Facilities' debut "Crave You".
Jamie Stevens has released solo under his own name on a large variety of record labels.
2019 reformation
On 16 November 2019, after a 7-year hiatus, Manuel Sharrad & Jamie Stevens performed in Melbourne under the Infusion banner, with long time friend and collaborator Phil K in place of Frank Xavier. The trio played at a laneway festival which took place at Bourke Place in Melbourne and the nightclub La Di Da. It celebrated the 22nd event for event organisers Sunny.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Awards
ARIA Music Awards
Infusion have won two ARIA Music Awards from four nominations.
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1996
| rowspan="1"| "Smokescreen"
| Best Dance Release
|
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2001
| rowspan="1"| Phrases & Numbers
| Best Dance Release
|
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2004
| rowspan="1"| "Girls Can Be Cruel"
| Best Dance Release
|
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2005
| rowspan="1"| Six Feet Above Yesterday
| Best Dance Release
|
|-
References
External links
Infusion on MusicBrainz
Alternative dance musical groups
ARIA Award winners
Australian electronic music groups
Australian house music groups
Club DJs
Australian electronic rock musical groups
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Remixers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion%20%28band%29 |
The Cowboy Way is a 1994 American action comedy western film directed by Gregg Champion and starring Woody Harrelson and Kiefer Sutherland.
Plot
The Cowboy Way follows two championship rodeo stars and lifelong best friends, Pepper Lewis and Sonny Gilstrap as they travel from New Mexico to New York City in search of their missing friend, Nacho Salazar, who came to the city to pay for his daughter's trip to the U.S. from Cuba. When they discover that he's been murdered, the pair set out to find the killer.
Cast
In addition, Travis Tritt makes a cameo appearance.
Reception
Joe Brown of The Washington Post said, "The Cowboy Way is a weak rehashing of the Crocodile Dundee gimmick: two modern-day cowboys taming the Wild East. The tired formula may still have some life left in it, but not this 'Way'. This dud ranch is saddled with the charisma-free teaming of dumb guns Woody Harrelson and Kiefer Sutherland."
Year-end lists
5th worst – Robert Denerstein, Rocky Mountain News
Top 10 worst (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Mike Mayo, The Roanoke Times
Dishonorable mention – Dan Craft, The Pantagraph
Box office
The Cowboy Way debuted at number 5 at the US box office and went on to gross $20 million in the United States and Canada and $25 million worldwide.
Soundtrack
Good Guys Don't Always Wear White - Bon Jovi
The Cowboy Way - Travis Tritt
Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys - Gibson/Miller Band
Blue Danube Blues - Cracker
No One to Run With - The Allman Brothers Band
On Broadway - Jeff Beck & Paul Rodgers
Days Gone By - James House
Candy Says - Blind Melon
Too Far Gone - Emmylou Harris
Sonny Rides Again - George Thorogood & The Destroyers
Free Your Mind - En Vogue
Suicide Blonde - INXS
References
External links
1994 films
1994 action comedy films
1990s buddy comedy films
American action comedy films
American buddy comedy films
American Western (genre) comedy films
1994 Western (genre) films
Country music films
Films set in New Mexico
Films set in New York City
Films scored by David Newman
Films produced by Brian Grazer
Universal Pictures films
Imagine Entertainment films
Rodeo in film
1994 comedy films
Films directed by Gregg Champion
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
1990s Western (genre) comedy films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Cowboy%20Way%20%28film%29 |
Trotec Laser is an international manufacturer of advanced laser technology for laser cutting, laser engraving and laser marking. The company was founded in 1997, branching off from a research and development department within its parent company Trodat.
Trotec is headquartered in Marchtrenk, Austria, with subsidiaries around the world in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Germany, France, Netherlands, Poland, China, Japan, Russia, Australia and South Africa. The company also has an extensive network of distributors around the world serving more than 90 countries.
Laser systems
Trotec manufactures both flatbed and galvo laser systems, as well as bespoke solutions for specialist clients. Its CO2 lasers range from 12 to 500 watts and its fiber laser systems range from 10 to 50 watts.
In 2008 Trotec introduced the Rayjet, a desktop laser system aimed specifically at small and medium enterprises.
Laserable materials and Engraving Supplies
Trotec also supplies a wide range of laserable sheet materials and engravable gifts. The range includes coloured and special effect acrylics, plastic laminates called TroLase which are a modern and laserable alternative to Traffolyte, wood varieties, metals and more. In addition to the engraving materials, Trotec also supplies a range of marking solutions and pastes which can be used for laser marking metals with a laser source. In many countries, Trotec also still offers sheet materials which are suitable for mechanical engraving applications.
The materials can be purchased at Trotec's webshop.
References
External links
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Haplogroup Q or Q-M242 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It has one primary subclade, Haplogroup Q1 (L232/S432), which includes numerous subclades that have been sampled and identified in males among modern populations.
Q-M242 is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among Native Americans and several peoples of Central Asia and Northern Siberia.
Origins
Haplogroup Q-M242 is one of the two branches of P1-M45, the other being R-M207. P1, as well as R* and Q* were observed among Ancient North Eurasians, a Paleolithic Siberian population.
Q-M242 is believed to have arisen around the Altai Mountains area (or South Central Siberia), approximately 17,000 to 31,700 years ago. However, the matter remains unclear due to limited sample sizes and changing definitions of Haplogroup Q: early definitions used a combination of the SNPs M242, P36.2, and MEH2 as defining mutations.
Technical specification of mutation
The polymorphism, “M242”, is a C→T transition residing in intron 1 (IVS-866) of the DBY gene and was discovered by Mark Seielstad et al. in 2003.
The technical details of M242 are:
Nucleotide change: C to T
Position (base pair): 180
Total size (base pairs): 366
Forward 5′→ 3′:
Reverse 5′→ 3′:
Subclades
In Y chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of a haplogroup. These subclades are also defined by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique-event polymorphisms (UEPs). Haplogroup Q-M242, according to the most recent available phylogenetics has between 15 and 21 subclades. The scientific understanding of these subclades has changed rapidly. Many key SNPs and corresponding subclades were unknown to researchers at the time of publication are excluded from even recent research. This makes understanding the meaning of individual migration paths challenging.
Phylogenetic trees
There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup Q-M242. The scientifically accepted one is the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.
The 2015 ISOGG tree
The subclades of Haplogroup Q-M242 with their defining mutation (s), according to the 2015 ISOGG tree are provided below. The first three levels of subclades are shown. Additional detail is provided on the linked branch article pages.
Q-M242 M242
Q-P36.2 P36.2, L232, L273, L274 (Q1)
Q-MEH2 MEH2 (Q1a)
Q-F1096 F1096, F1215 (Q1a1)
Q-NWT01 NWT01 (Q1a1a)
Q-M120 M120, M265/N14 (Q1a1a1)
Q-M25 M25, M143 (Q1a1b)
Q-L712 L712 (Q1a1b1)
Q-M346 L56, L57, M346, L528 (Q1a2)
Q-L53 L53 (Q1a2a)
Q-L54 L54 (Q1a2a1)
Q-CTS11969 CTS11969, M930 (Q1a2a1a)
Q-M3 M3 (Q1a2a1a1)
Q-M19 M19 (Q1a2a1a1a)
Q-L804 L804 (Q1a2a1a2)
Q-CTS1780 CTS1780, M981, M971, Z780 (Q1a2a1b)
Q-L330 L330 (Q1a2a1c)
Q-F835 F835, L940 (Q1a2b)
Q-F1161 F1161
Q-L527 L527
Q-L275 L275, L314 (Q2)
Q-M378 M378/Page100, L214, L215/Page82 (Q2a)
Q-FGC1774 FGC1774, Y2016 (Q1b1a)
Q-245 L245 (Q1b1a1)
Q-Y1150 Y1150 (Q1b2) (Q1b-L68)
The Genomic Research Center draft tree
Below is a 2012 tree by Thomas Krahn of the Genomic Research Center. The first three levels of subclades are shown. Additional detail is provided on the linked branch article pages.
P-M45
Q-M242 M242
P36.2, L232, L273.1, L274.1
MEH2, L472, L528
M120, N14/M265
M25, M143, L714, L716
M346, L56, L57, L474, L892, L942
P89.1
NWT01
L275, L314, L606, L612
M378, L214, L215
The Y Chromosome Consortium tree
This is the 2008 tree produced by the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC). Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update. The first three levels of subclades are shown. Additional detail is provided on the linked branch article pages.
P-M45
Q-M242 M242
Q-P36.2 P36.2
Q-MEH2 MEH2
Q-M120 M120, N14, M265
Q-M25 M25, M143
Q-M346 L56, L57, M346
Q-P89.1 P89.1
Q-L275 L275
Q-M378 L214, L215, M378
Phylogenetic variants
The subclade (under Q-MEH2) proposed by Sharma (2007), which shows polymorphism (ss4bp, rs41352448) at 72,314 position of human arylsulfatase D pseudogene, is not represented in any current trees under Q-MEH2. The most plausible explanation for this could be an ancestral migration of individuals bearing Q-MEH2 to the Indian subcontinent followed by an autochthonous differentiation to Q-ss4bp.
Distribution
Americas
Several branches of haplogroup Q-M242 have been predominant pre-Columbian male lineages in indigenous peoples of the Americas. Most of them are descendants of the major founding groups who migrated from Asia into the Americas by crossing the Bering Strait. These small groups of founders must have included men from the Q-M346, Q-L54, Q-Z780, and Q-M3 lineages. In North America, two other Q-lineages also have been found. These are Q-P89.1 (under Q-MEH2) and Q-NWT01. They may have not been from the Beringia Crossings but instead come from later immigrants who traveled along the shoreline of Far East Asia and then the Americas using boats.
It is unclear whether the current frequency of Q-M242 lineages represents their frequency at the time of immigration or is the result of the shifts in a small founder population over time. Regardless, Q-M242 came to dominate the paternal lineages in the Americas.
North America
In the indigenous people of North America, Q-M242 is found in Na-Dené speakers at an average rate of 68%. The highest frequency is 92.3% in Navajo, followed by 78.1% in Apache, 87% in SC Apache, and about 80% in North American Eskimo (Inuit, Yupik)–Aleut populations. (Q-M3 occupies 46% among Q in North America)
On the other hand, a 4000-year-old Saqqaq individual belonging to Q1a-MEH2* has been found in Greenland. Surprisingly, he turned out to be genetically more closely related to Far East Siberians such as Koryaks and Chukchi people rather than Native Americans. Today, the frequency of Q runs at 53.7% (122/227: 70 Q-NWT01, 52 Q-M3) in Greenland, showing the highest in east Sermersooq at 82% and the lowest in Qeqqata at 30%.
Q-M242 is estimated to occupy 3.1% of the whole US population in 2010:
Mesoamerica & South America
Haplogroup Q-M242 has been found in approximately 94% of Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica and South America.
The frequencies of Q among the whole male population of each country reach as follows:
61% in Bolivia.
51% in Guatemala,
40.1% (159/397) to 50% in Peru
37.6% in Ecuador,
37.3% (181/485) in Mexico (30.8% (203/659) among the specifically Mestizo segment)
31.2% (50/160) in El Salvador,
15.3% (37/242) to 21.8% (89/408) in Panama,
16.1% in Colombia,
15.2% (25/165) in Nicaragua,
9.7% (20/206) in Chile,
5.3% (13/246 in 8 provinces in northeastern, central, southern regions) to 23.4% (181/775 in 8 provinces in central-west, central, northwest regions) in Argentina,
5% in Costa Rica,
3.95% in Brazil, and so on.
Asia
Q-M242 originated in Asia (Altai region), and is widely distributed across it. Q-M242 is found in Russia, Siberia (Kets, Selkups, Siberian Yupik people, Nivkhs, Chukchi people, Yukaghirs, Tuvans, Altai people, Koryaks, etc.), Mongolia, China, Uyghurs, Tibet, Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and so on. (For details, see below.)
North Asia
In Siberia, the regions between Altai and Lake Baikal, which are famous for many prehistoric cultures and as the most likely birthplace of haplogroup Q, exhibit high frequencies of Q-M242. In a study (Dulik 2012), Q-M242 (mostly Q-M346 including some Q-M3) has been found in 24.3% (46/189: 45 Q-M346, 1 Q-M25) of all Altaian samples. Among them, Chelkans show the highest frequency at 60.0% (15/25: all Q-M346), followed by Tubalars at 41% (11/27: 1 Q-M25, 10 Q-M346) and Altaians-Kizhi at 17% (20/120).
In a former study, Q-M242 is found in 4.2% of southern Altaians and 32.0% of northern Altaians with the highest frequency of 63.6% in Kurmach-Baigol (Baygol). The frequency reaches 13.7% (20/146) in the whole samples. In another study, the frequency rises up to 25.8% (23/89: all Q-M346) in Altaians. Based on the results of these studies, the average frequency of Q-M242 in Altaians is about 21%.
Tuva, which is located on the east side of Altai Republic and west of Lake Baikal as well as on the north side of Mongolia, shows higher frequency of Q-M242. It is found in 14%~38.0% (41/108) of Tuvans. Also, Todjins (Tozhu Tuvans) in eastern Tuva show the frequency at ≤22.2% (8/36 P(xR1))~38.5% (10/26, all Q-M346(xM3)). So, the average frequency of Q-M242 among Tuvans-Todjins in Tuva Republic is about 25%. Haplogroup Q-M242 has been found in 5.9% (3/51) of a sample of Tuvans from the village of Kanasi, 9.8% (5/51) of a sample of Tuvans from the village of Hemu, and 62.5% (30/48) of a sample of Tuvans from the village of Baihaba in northern Xinjiang near the international border with Altai Republic.
In Siberian Tatars, the Ishtyako-Tokuz sub-group of Tobol-Irtysh group has a frequency of Q-M242 at 38%.
The highest frequencies of Q-M242 in Eurasia are witnessed in Kets (central Siberia) at 93.8% (45/48) and in Selkups (north Siberia) at 66.4% (87/131). Russian ethnographers believe that their ancient places were farther south, in the area of the Altai and Sayan Mountains (Altai-Sayan region). Their populations are currently small in number, being just under 1,500 and 5,000 respectively. In linguistic anthropology, the Ket language is significant as it is currently the only surviving one in the Yeniseian language family which has been linked by some scholars to the Native American Na-Dené languages and, more controversially, the language of the Huns. (See: L. Lieti, E. Pulleybank, E. Vajda, A. Vovin, etc.)
Q-M346 is also found at lower rates in Sojots (7.1%, Q-M346), Khakassians (6.3%, Q-M346), Kalmyks (3.4%, Q-M25, Q-M346) and Khanty, and so on.
In far eastern Siberia, Q-M242 is found in 35.3% of Nivkhs (Gilyaks) in the lower Amur River, and 33.3% of Chukchi people and 39.2% of Siberian Yupik people in Chukotka (Chukchi Peninsula). It is found in 30.8% of Yukaghirs who live in the basin of the Kolyma River, which is located northwest of Kamchatka. It is also found in 15% (Q1a* 9%, Q-M3 6%) of Koryaks in Kamchatka.
East Asia
In some studies, various subgroups of Q-M242 are observed in Mongolia. Q1a2-M346 (mostly Q-L330) occupies 1.4~3.1% of Mongols (1/2~2/3 among Q samples), followed by Q1a1a1-M120 (0.25~1.25%), Q1a1b-M25 (0.25~0.63%), Q1b-M378. In another study, Q is found in 4% of Mongols. Karafet et al. (2018) found Q-L54(xM3) in 2.7% (2/75) and Q-M25 in another 2.7% (2/75) for a total of 5.3% (4/75) haplogroup Q Y-DNA in a sample of Khalkha Mongols from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Based on these studies, the average frequency of Q-M242 in Mongols is estimated to be about 4~5%.
However, most of Q-M242 people in East Asia belong to subclade Q-M120, which distributes most intensively across northern China (the provinces of which the capitals locate northern to Huai River-Qin Mountains line). Q-M242 ranged from 4~8% in northwest China (Xinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi), north China (Shanxi, Hebei), central China (Henan), and upper east China (Shandong) to 3~4% in northeast China. The average frequency of Q-M242 in northern China is around 4.5%. However, it decreases to about 2% in southern China. In a study published in 2011, researchers have found Q-M242 in 3.3% (12/361) of the samples of unrelated Han-Chinese male volunteers at Fudan University in Shanghai with the origins from all over China, though with the majority coming from east China. In another study published in 2011, Hua Zhong et al. found haplogroup Q-M242 in 3.99% (34/853, including 30/853 Q-M120, 3/853 Q-M346, and 1/853 Q-M25) of a pool of samples of Han Chinese from northern China and 1.71% (15/876, including 14/876 Q-M120 and 1/876 Q-M346) of a pool of samples of Han Chinese from southern China. Q1a1-M120 is unique to East Asians. It is not found in South east Asia except with low diversity in Y-STR among southern Han Chinese indicating it spread during the Neolithic with Han Chinese culture to southern China from northern China. Q1a3*-M346 is only found among Hui and southern Han Chinese in South East Asia in southern China but not found in non-Han indigenous peoples at all. It came from northern China (north east Asia) with the Han. Only Native Americans have Q1a3a-M3, which is a descendant haplogroup of Q1a3*-M346. The Americas was populated by migrants from Central Asia in prehistoric times. Q1a1 is attested in over 3,000 year old Han Chinese ancestral remains in the Shang and Zhou dynasties from the Hengbei archeological site. Modern northern Han Chinese Y haplogroups and mtdna match those of ancient northern Han Chinese ancestors 3,000 years ago from the Hengbei archeological site. 89 ancient samples were taken. Y haplogroups O3a, O3a3, M, O2a, Q1a1, and O* were all found in Hengbei samples.
Q-M242 has been found with notable frequency in some samples of Uyghurs: 15.38% (22/143, including 6/143 Q-M378, 5/143 Q-P36.2*, 4/143 Q-M120, 4/143 Q-M346, 1/143 Q-M25) of a sample of Uyghurs from the Turpan area (吐鲁番地区), 7.9% (6/76, including 2/76 Q1b1-L215/Page82/S325, 1/76 Q1a2-M346*, 1/76 Q1a1a1-M120, 1/76 Q1a2a1c-L330*, 1/76 Q1a2a1c1-L332) of a sample of Dolan Uyghurs (刀郎人) from Horiqol Township of Awat County, and 7.74% (37/478, including 24/478 Q-M346, 7/478 Q-P36.2*, 5/478 Q-M120) of a sample of Uyghurs from the Hotan area (和田地区). However, other studies have found haplogroup Q in much smaller percentages of Uyghur samples: 3.0% (2/67) Q-P36 Uygur, 1.6% (1/64) Q-M120 Lop Uyghur (罗布人). Haplogroup Q was not observed in a sample of 39 Keriyan Uyghurs (克里雅人) from the village of Darya Boyi, located on the Keriya River deep in the Taklamakan Desert.
Haplogroup Q was observed in 3.2% (5/156 : 2 Q-M120, 3 Q-M346) of males in Tibet in one study and in 1.23% (29/2354) of males in Tibet in another study, but this haplogroup was not observed in a sample of males from Tibet (n=105) in a third study.
It is found in about 1.9% of South Koreans, showing the highest frequency in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province at 2.7% and decreasing ones to the south (Kim 2010). It has been found in about 0.3% of Japanese (with known examples from Shizuoka and Saitama) and in 0.3%~1.2% of Taiwanese.
Subclade Q1b-M378 is also found in China and its neighboring countries at very low frequencies. It exists throughout all Mongolia, with rare examples in Japan.
Southeast Asia
Haplogroup Q shows low frequencies in Southeast Asia. In a study, the frequencies of haplogroup Q is 5.4% (2/37) in Indonesia, 3.1% (2/64) in the Philippines, 2.5% (1/40) in Thailand. However, other studies show 0% or near 0% frequencies in those countries.
In the case of Vietnam, the frequency is 7.1% in one study of a sample of Vietnamese reported to be from southern Vietnam and 4.3% in a sample of Kinh people from Ho Chi Minh City in southern Vietnam, but 0% or under 1% in other studies in which samples have been collected in Hanoi in northern Vietnam. So, it is hard to define average frequencies. However, Macholdt et al. (2020) have tested a sample of fifty Kinh people from northern Vietnam (all but one of whom are from the Red River Delta region, and 42 of whom are from Hanoi) and found that two of them (4%) belong to Q-M120.
Only some regions and ethnic groups in the continent show high frequencies. Q-M242 is found in 2.8% (3/106, all Q-M346) in Myanmar, and all the Q samples are concentrated in 18.8% in Ayeyarwady (2/11) and 7.1% Bago (1/14) regions in southwest Myanmar. And, Q-M242 is found in 55.6% (15/27) in the Akha tribe in northern Thailand.
Central Asia
In Central Asia, the southern regions show higher frequencies of Q than the northern ones.
In the northern regions, Q-M242 is found in about 2%~6% (average 4%) of Kazakhs. A study published in 2017 found haplogroup Q Y-DNA in 3.17% (41/1294) of a large pool of samples of Kazakh tribes; however, haplogroup Q was concentrated in the members of the Qangly tribe (27/40 = 67.5%), and it was much less common among the other tribes. The Qangly tribe is related at least in name to the earlier Kankalis and probably also the Kangar union. Haplogroup Q is found in about 2% of Kyrgyz people.
In the southern regions, Q-M242 is found in 5%~6% of Tajiks (Tajikistan). Karafet et al. 2001 found P-DYS257(xQ1b1a1a-M3, R-UTY2), which should be roughly equivalent to haplogroup Q-M242(xM3), in 4/54 = 7.4% of a sample of Uzbeks, apparently sampled in Uzbekistan. Wells et al. 2001 found P-M45(xM120, M124, M3, M173), which should be roughly equivalent to a mix of Q-M242(xM120, M3) and R2-M479(xR2a-M124), in 20/366 = 5.5% of a pool of samples of Uzbeks from seven different regions of Uzbekistan. Di Cristofaro et al. 2013 found Q-M242 in 11/127 = 8.7% of a pool of samples of Uzbeks from three different provinces of Afghanistan, including 5/94 Q-M242(xM120, M25, M346, M378), 4/94 Q-M346, and 1/94 Q-M25 (10/94 = 10.6% Q-M242 total) in a sample of Uzbeks from Jawzjan Province, whose northern border abuts the southeastern corner of Turkmenistan, and 1/28 Q-M242(xM120, M25, M346, M378) in a sample of Uzbeks from Sar-e Pol Province. Wells et al. (2001) found P-M45(xM120, M124, M3, M173) in 10.0% (3/30) of a sample of Turkmens from Turkmenistan, whereas Karafet et al. (2018) found Q-M25 in 50.0% (22/44) of another sample of Turkmens from Turkmenistan, so the frequency of haplogroup Q in that country is not yet clear. However, Grugni et al. (2012) found Q-M242 in 42.6% (29/68) of a sample of Turkmens from Golestan, Iran, and Di Cristofaro et al. (2013) found Q-M25 in 31.1% (23/74) and Q-M346 in 2.7% (2/74) for a total of 33.8% (25/74) Q-M242 in a sample of Turkmens from Jawzjan, Afghanistan, so the frequency of Q-M242 may reach about 40% in Turkmens of Afghanistan and Iran who live in the areas adjacent to Turkmenistan.
Q-M242 accounts for 6.9% of Afghans in a study (Haber 2012). In another study (Cristofaro 2013) with a larger sampling, the frequency of Q rises to 8.9% (45/507). Haplogroup Q occurs at a frequency of 8% (11/136) in Afghan Pashtuns and 3% (5/142) in Afghan Tajiks. In this study(Cristofaro 2013), Turkmens of Jowzjan Province which is neighboring to Turkmenistan show the highest frequency at 33.8% (25/74: 23 Q-M25, 2 Q-M346), followed by Uzbeks at 8.7% (11/144: 6 Q*, 1 Q-M25, 4 Q-M346).
Southwest Asia
Southwest Asia exhibits high frequencies of Q in northern Iran, and gradually lowering ones to the southwest.
Q-M242 accounts for 5.5% (52/938) in Iran according to Grugni 2012, which shows a large and well allocated sampling. The Q samples (52) in the study consist of various subclades such as Q* (3), Q-M120 (1), Q-M25 (30), Q-M346 (8), Q-M378 (10). The highest frequency is at 42.6% (29/68, all Q-M25) in Turkmens of Golestan, followed by 9.1% in Isfahan (Persian people), 6.8% in Khorasan (Persian people), 6% in Lorestan (Luristan, Lurs), 4.9% in Azarbaijan Gharbi (5.1% of Assyrians and 4.8% of Azeris), 4.5% in Fars (Persian people), and so on. Turkmens are known as the descendants of Oghuz Turks who built many Turkic empires and dynasties. Other studies also show similar frequencies.
In a study (Zahery 2011), the frequency of Q is 1.9% (3/154: all Q-M378) in Iraqis (x Marsh Arabs), and 2.8% (4/143: 1 Q-M25, 3 Q-M378) in Marsh Arabs who are known as the descendants of ancient Sumerians.
Approximately 2.5% (4/157: 3 Q*, 1 Q-M346) of males in Saudi Arabia belong to haplogroup Q. It also accounts for 1.8% (3/164: 2 Q*, 1 Q-M346) in the United Arab Emirates and 0.8% (1/121: Q*) in Oman peoples.
Haplogroup Q-M242 has also been found in 1.1% (1/87, Q-P36) Syrians and 2.0% (18/914, 14 Q*, 4 Q-M25) in Lebanese.
Approximately 2% (10/523: 9 Q*, 1 Q-M25) of males in Turkey belong to haplogroup Q. In a study (Gokcumen 2008), it was found that among Turks who belong to the Afshar tribe (one of Oghuz Turks) haplogroup Q-M242 is seen with a prevalence of 13%.
South Asia
In Pakistan at the eastern end of the Iranian Plateau, the frequency of haplogroup Q-M242 is about 2.2% (14/638)~3.4% (6/176).
In a study (Sharma2007), Q-M242 is observed in 2.38% (15/630) of Indian people belonging to different regions and social categories. What is interesting is 14/15 samples do not belong to any known subgroups of Q-M242, with 4 among them showing novel (Indian-specific) ‘ss4bp’ allele under Q-MEH2. This study also reflects the results of some former studies (Sengupta 2006, Seielstad 2003). And, the accumulated result (frequency) of 3 studies is turned out to be 1.3% (21/1615), with 11 out of 21 Q samples. (For more information, see Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia)
In a regional study in Gujarat (Western India), Q-M242 was found at its highest 12% (3/25) among Nana Chaudharis while the overall percentage in Gujarat was found to be 2.8% (8/284). In another study, 2.6% of Tharus in Chitwan district and 6.1% (3/49) of Hindus in New Delhi, the capital of India were found to be Q-M242 positive.
In a study in which Q-M242 is just classified in P* group, P* (x R1, R2) accounts for 9.7% (23/237: Chakma 13/89, Marma 4/60, Tripura 6/88) in three ethnic groups of Bangladesh. In many cases, all or most of P* (x R1, R2) means Q-M242, and thus most of P* (9.7%) samples in that study can be estimated to be Q-M242.
1.2% of Nepalese people in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal and 3.2% of people from Tibet are in Q-M242.
3.3% of Sri Lankans are also in Q-M242.
Europe
Q-M242 is distributed across most European countries at low frequencies, and the frequencies decrease to the west and to the south.
Central- and Eastern Europe
In Central- Eastern Europe, Q-M242 comprises about 1.7% of males. Q-M242 is found in about 2% of Russians, 1.5% of Belarusians, 1.3% of Ukrainians 1.3% of Poles (Poland), 2% of Czechs, 1.5% of Slovaks, about 2.2% of Hungarians,{citation needed} 1.2% of Romanians, 0.8% of Moldovans, and 0.5% (4/808: 2 Q-M378, 1 Q-M346, 1 Q-M25) of Bulgarians On the other hand, 3.1% of Székelys from Transylvania (who have claimed to be descendants of Attila's Huns) turned out to be P* (xR1-M173), which virtually means Q-M242. In a related DNA Project of FT-DNA, the frequency of Q-M25 in Székelys (Szeklers) reaches 4.3%.
The Caucasus region shows a frequency at 1.2% in a study, but it may reach over 4% in Azerbaijan, in that 4.9% of the neighboring Iranian Azerbaijanis harbor Q-M242. It is 1.3% in Georgians and Armenians respectively, and Armenian subclades consist of Q-M378 (L245), Q-M346, and Q-M25.
Northern Europe
In Northern Europe, haplogroup Q comprises about 2.5% of males. According to the Swedish Haplogroup Database, 4.1% (27/664, as of Jan 2016) of Swedish males belong to Q-M242. About 2/3 of the samples analyzed subclades in detail belong to Q1a2b-F1161/L527 and about 1/3 are in Q1a2a-L804. By county, they are distributed intensively in the southern region (Götaland,: not to be confused with Gotland), and rarely to the north. If recalculated by county-population weights, the frequency of Q in Sweden reaches 4.7%.
In Norway, Q-M242 is found in about 2.6% (~4%) of males, with Q-L804 being more common than Q-F1161/L527. It is observed among 1.6% of males in Denmark, 3% in the Faroe Islands (known to be related to Vikings). In an article (Helgason et al.) on the haplotypes of Icelanders, 7.2% (13/181) of males in Iceland are labelled as R1b-Branch A, but they are actually Q-M242. On the other hand, it is 0.2% in Finland, 4.6% in Latvia, 1.1% in Lithuania, 0.5% in Estonia.
Western Europe
In Western Europe, Q-M242 is observed at very low frequencies, around 0.5% in most of the countries, such as Germany, France, United Kingdom, etc., but some regions show a little higher. It is 2.1% in Switzerland, and it reaches 5.1% in Lyon (Rhône-Alpes) region of France. It is about 4% in Shetland of northernmost Britain, with a place in it showing the highest figure at 8%. Shetland has been known to be a settlement of Vikings. And, surprisingly, Q-M242 in Shetland (also in some areas of Scandinavia, Faroe Islands, Iceland, and the United Kingdom) has turned out to be generically closely linked to the Q-M242 in Central Asia. Also, Shetland (Norse) Q-M242 is revealed to be linked to some Q-M242 of Azeris (Azerbaijan).
Southern Europe
Southern Europe also shows low frequencies of Q around 0.5%~1%, but some regions exhibits different figures. It is 1.9% in mainland Croatia, but it reaches 14.3% (13/91) in Hvar Islands and 6.1% (8/132) in Korčula. Also, it is about 0.6% in Italy, but it rises to 2.5% (6/236) in Sicily, where it reaches 16.7% (3/18) in Mazara del Vallo region, followed by 7.1% (2/28) in Ragusa, 3.6% in Sciacca, and 3.7% in Belvedere Marittimo.
On the other hand, according to a study (Behar 2004), 5.2% (23/441) of Ashkenazi Jewish males belong to haplogroup Q-P36. This has subsequently been found to be entirely the Q-M378 subclade and may be restricted to Q-L245. Also, 2.3% (4/174)~5.6% (3/53) of Sephardi Jews are in haplogroup Q.
Africa
Haplogroup Q is rarely found across North Africa. It is observed in 0.7% (1/147), of Egyptians and in 0.6% (1/156) of Algerian people. Surprisingly, it is also witnessed in 0.8% (3/381, all Q-M346) of males from Comoros which is located in between East Africa and Madagascar.
To combine the data above, Q-M242 is estimated to be in about 3.1% of males of the world.
Subclade distribution
Q (M242)
Q* — Found with low frequency in India and Pakistan. Important in Afghanistan, paragroup Q-M242 (xMEH2, xM378) was found in eight Pashtun males (3 Kabul, 4 Laghman, 1 Kapisa). Also found in one Rapanui male of Easter Island.
Q-P36.2 (P36.2) Found with low frequency in Iran.
Q-MEH2 (MEH2) Was found in Koryaks (at 10.3%), although the level of STR diversity associated with Q-MEH2 is very low, this lineage appears to be closest to the extinct Paleo-Eskimo individuals belonging to the Saqqaq culture arisen in the New World Arctic about 5.5 Ka.
Q-M120 (M120, M265/N14) — It has been found at low frequency among Han Chinese, Dungans, Vietnamese, Japanese, Kalmyks, Koreans, Mongols in Mongolia, Tibetans, and Hmong Daw in Laos. It also has been reported in samples of Bhutanese, Hazara, Bruneian Murut, and Peruvian populations.
Q-M25 (M25, M143) — Found with high frequency of 30-45% in Turkmens and Turkmenistan Confused with R1b1 because of P25. Found with high frequency in Turkmens of Golestan Province (Iran), Jawzjan ( Afghanistan), and with low to moderate frequency in Lebanon, Mongolia, and Turkey
Q-M346 (L56, L57, M346) — Found at low frequency in Europe, South Asia and West Asia. It has been found in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, India, Mongolia, Tibet, and Bali.
Q-L53 (L53, L54, L55, L213)
Q-M3 (M3) — Common in indigenous peoples of the Americas
Q-M19 (M19) — Found among some indigenous peoples of South America, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu
Q-M194 (M194) — In South America
Q-M199 (M199, P106, P292) — In South America
Q-M323 (M323) — It has been detected in Yemenite Jews.
Q-L275 (L275, L314)
Q-M378 (M378) — It is widely distributed in Europe, South Asia, West and East Asia. It is found among samples of Hazaras and Sindhis. It is also found in the Mongols, the Japanese people and the Uyghurs of North-Western China in two separate groups. The Q-M378 subclade is a branch to which Q-M242 men in some European Jewish Diaspora populations belong. Its subbranch Q-L245's subclades Q-Y2200 and Q-YP1035 are found in Ashkenazi Jews. Some Sephardic Jews carry other subclades of Q-L245, including Q-BZ3900, Q-YP745, and Q-YP1237. Q-M378 samples also have been located in Central America (Panama) and South America (Andean Region)
Y-DNA Q samples from ancient sites
South Central Siberia (near Altai)
Afontova-Gora-2, Yenisei River Bank, Krasnoyarsk (South Central Siberia of Russia), 17000YBP: Q1a1-F1215 (mtDNA R)
North America
Anzick-1, Clovis culture, western Montana, 12600YBP: Q1a2-L54* (not M3, mtDNA D4h3a)
Kennewick Man, Washington, 8500YBP: Q1a2-M3 (mtDNA X2a)
Altai (West Mongolia)
Tsagaan Asga and Takhilgat Uzuur-5 Kurgan sites, westernmost Mongolian Altai, 2900YBP-4800YBP: 4 R1a1a1b2-Z93 (B.C. 10C, B.C. 14C, 2 period unknown), 3 Q1a2a1-L54 (period unknown), 1 Q-M242 (B.C. 28C), 1 C-M130 (B.C. 10C)
Greenland
Saqqaq (Qilakitsoq), Greenland, 4000YBP: Q1a-YP1500 (mtDNA D2a1)
China
Hengbei site (Peng kingdom cemetery of Western Zhou period), Jiang County, Shanxi, 2800-3000YBP: 9 Q1a1-M120, 2 O2a-M95, 1 N, 4 O3a2-P201, 2 O3, 4 O*
In another paper, the social status of those human remains of ancient Peng kingdom(倗国) are analyzed. aristocrats: 3 Q1a1 (prostrate 2, supine 1), 2 O3a (supine 2), 1 N (prostrate) / commoners : 8 Q1a1 (prostrate 4, supine 4), 3 O3a (prostrate 1, supine 2), 3 O* (supine 3) / slaves: 3 O3a, 2 O2a, 1 O*
(cf) Pengbo (倗伯), Monarch of Peng Kingdom is estimated as Q-M120.
Pengyang County, Ningxia, 2500YBP: all 4 Q1a1-M120 (with a lot of animal bones and bronze swords and other weapons, etc.)
Heigouliang, Xinjiang, 2200YBP: 6 Q1a* (not Q1a1-M120, not Q1a1b-M25, not Q1a2-M3), 4 Q1b-M378, 2 Q* (not Q1a, not Q1b: unable to determine subclades):
In a paper (Lihongjie 2012), the author analyzed the Y-DNAs of the ancient male samples from the 2nd or 1st century BCE cemetery at Heigouliang in Xinjiang – which is also believed to be the site of a summer palace for Xiongnu kings – which is east of the Barkol basin and near the city of Hami. The Y-DNA of 12 men excavated from the site belonged to Q-MEH2 (Q1a) or Q-M378 (Q1b). The Q-M378 men among them were regarded as hosts of the tombs; half of the Q-MEH2 men appeared to be hosts and the other half as sacrificial victims.
Xiongnu site in Barkol, Xinjiang, all 3 Q-M3
In L. L. Kang et al. (2013), three samples from a Xiongnu) site in Barkol, Xinjiang were found to be Q-M3 (Q1a2a1a1). And, as Q-M3 is mostly found in Yeniseians and Native Americans, the authors suggest that the Xiongnu had connections to speakers of the Yeniseian languages. These discoveries from the above papers (Li 2012, Kang et al., 2013) have some positive implications on the not as yet clearly verified theory that the Xiongnu were precursors of the Huns.
Mongolian noble burials in the Yuan dynasty, Shuzhuanglou Site, northernmost Hebei China, 700YBP: all 3 Q (not analysed subclade, the principal occupant Gaodangwang Korguz (高唐王=趙王 阔里吉思)’s mtDNA=D4m2, two others mtDNA=A)
(cf) Korguz was a son of a princess of Kublai Khan (元 世祖), and was the king of the Ongud tribe. He died in 1298 and was reburied in Shuzhuanglou in 1311 by his son. (Do not confuse this man with the Uyghur governor, Korguz who died in 1242.) The Ongud tribe (汪古部) was a descendant of the Shatuo tribe (沙陀族) which was a tribe of Göktürks (Western Turkic Khaganate) and was prominent in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China, building three dynasties. His two queens were all princesses of the Yuan dynasty (Kublai Khan's granddaughters). It was very important for the Yuan dynasty to maintain a marriage alliance with Ongud tribe which had been a principal assistant since Genghis Khan's period. About 16 princesses of the Yuan dynasty married kings of the Ongud tribe.
See also
Populations
Y-DNA Q-M242 subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
References
Bibliography
*
External links
Spread of Haplogroup Q, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
The India Genealogical DNA Project
British Isles DNA Project
Q-M242
Natural history of the Americas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20Q-M242 |
Nawabganj may refer to:
Bangladesh
Nawabganj Town, administrative centre of Chapai Nawabganj District, Bangladesh
Chapai Nawabganj District
Nawabganj Upazila, Dhaka
Nawabganj Upazila, Dinajpur
India
Uttar Pradesh
Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao District
Nawabganj, Barabanki, a tehsil
Nawabganj, Bareilly
Nawabganj, Gonda
Nawabganj, Unnao
West Bengal
Nawabganj, North 24 Parganas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawabganj |
A crash simulation is a virtual recreation of a destructive crash test of a car or a highway guard rail system using a computer simulation in order to examine the level of safety of the car and its occupants. Crash simulations are used by automakers during computer-aided engineering (CAE) analysis for crashworthiness in the computer-aided design (CAD) process of modelling new cars. During a crash simulation, the kinetic energy, or energy of motion, that a vehicle has before the impact is transformed into deformation energy, mostly by plastic deformation (plasticity) of the car body material (Body in White), at the end of the impact.
Data obtained from a crash simulation indicate the capability of the car body or guard rail structure to protect the vehicle occupants during a collision (and also pedestrians hit by a car) against injury. Important results are the deformations (for example, steering wheel intrusions) of the occupant space (driver, passengers) and the decelerations (for example, head acceleration) felt by them, which must fall below threshold values fixed in legal car safety regulations. To model real crash tests, today's crash simulations include virtual models of crash test dummies and of passive safety devices (seat belts, airbags, shock absorbing dash boards, etc.). Guide rail tests evaluate vehicle deceleration and rollover potential, as well as penetration of the barrier by vehicles.
History
In the years 1970 attempts were made to simulate car crash events with non-linear spring-mass systems after calibration, which require as input the results of physical destructive laboratory tests, needed to determine the mechanical crushing behavior of each spring component of the modeled system. "First principle" simulations like more elaborate finite element models, however, need only the definition of the structural geometry and the basic material properties (rheology of car body steel, glass, plastic parts, etc.) as an input to generate the numerical model.
The origins of industrial first principle computerized car crash simulation lies in military defense, outer space, and civil nuclear power plant applications. Upon presentation of a simulation of the accidental crash of a military fighter plane into a nuclear power plant on May 30, 1978, by ESI Group in a meeting organized by the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) in Stuttgart, car makers became alerted to the possibility of using this technology for the simulation of destructive car crash tests (Haug 1981).
In the following years, German car makers produced more complex crash simulation studies, simulating the crash behavior of individual car body components, component assemblies, and quarter and half car bodies in white (BIW). These experiments culminated in a joint project by the Forschungsgemeinschaft Automobil-Technik (FAT), a conglomeration of all seven German car makers (Audi, BMW, Ford, Mercedes-Benz, Opel, Porsche, and Volkswagen), which tested the applicability of two emerging commercial crash simulation codes. These simulation codes recreated a frontal impact of a full passenger car structure (Haug 1986) and they ran to completion on a computer overnight. Now that turn-around time between two consecutive job-submissions (computer runs) did not exceed one day, engineers were able to better understand the crash behavior and make efficient and progressive improvements to the analyzed car body structure.
Computer-aided engineering (CAE) software became lately a norm in the crash test simulation. The combination of Machine learning and CAE tools allowed a much better acceleration of the simulation software. Engineers used ML to predict:
The dummy chest acceleration
The forward displacement of the dummy
The maximum chest acceleration and the Head injury criterion.
Application
Crash simulations are used to investigate the safety of the car occupants during impacts on the front end structure of the car in a "head-on collision" or "frontal impact", the lateral structure of the car in a “side collision” or “side impact”, the rear end structure of a car in a "rear-end collision" or “rear impact”, and the roof structure of the car when it overturns during a "rollover". Crash simulations can also be used to assess injury to pedestrians hit by a car.
Benefits
A crash simulation produces results without actual destructive testing of a new car model. This way, tests can be performed quickly and inexpensively in a computer, which permits optimization of the design before a real prototype of the car has been manufactured. Using a simulation, problems can be solved before spending time and money on an actual crash test. The great flexibility of printed output and graphical display enables designers to solve some problems that would have been nearly impossible without the help of a computer.
Analysis
Large number of crash simulations use a method of analysis called the Finite Element Method. The complex problems are solved by dividing a surface into a large but still finite number of elements and determining the motion of these elements over very small periods of time. Another approach to crash simulations is performed by application of Macro Element Method. The difference between two mentioned above methodologies is that the structure in case of Macro Element Method consists of smaller number of elements. The calculation algorithm of structure deformation is based on experimental data rather than calculated from partial differential equations.
Pam-Crash started crash simulation and together with LS-DYNA is a software package which is widely used for application of Finite Element Method. This method allows detailed modeling of a structure, but the disadvantage lies in high processing unit requirements and calculation time.
The Visual Crash Studio uses Macro Element Methodology. In comparison with FEM it has some modeling and boundary condition limitations but its application does not require advanced computers and the calculation time is incomparably smaller. Two presented methods complement each other. Macro Element Method is useful at early stage of the structure design process while Finite Element Method performs well at its final stages.
Structural analysis
In a typical crash simulation, the car body structure is analyzed using spatial discretization, that is, breaking up the continuous movement of the body in real time into smaller changes in position over small, discrete time steps. The discretization involves subdividing the surface of the constituent, thin, sheet metal parts into a large number (approaching one million in 2006) of quadrilateral or triangular regions, each of which spans the area between "nodes" to which its corners are fixed. Each element has mass, which is distributed as concentrated masses and as mass moments of inertia to its connecting nodes. Each node has 6 kinematic degrees of freedom, that is, one node can move in three linear directions under translation and can rotate about three independent axes. The spatial coordinates (x), displacement (u), velocity (v), and acceleration (a) of each node is mostly expressed in a three-dimensional rectangular Cartesian coordinate system with axes X,Y, and Z.
If the nodes move during a crash simulation, the connected elements move, stretch, and bend with their nodes, which causes them to impart forces and moments to their nodal connections. The forces and moments at the nodes correspond to the inertia forces and moments, caused by their translational (linear) and angular accelerations and to the forces and moments transmitted by the resistance of the structural material of the connected elements as they deform. Sometimes, additional external structural loads are applied, like gravity loads from the self weight of the parts, or added loads from external masses.
The forces and moments of all nodes are collected into a column vector (or column matrix), and the time dependent equations of motion (in dynamic equilibrium) can be written as follows.
where vector (mass times acceleration vector) collects the inertia forces at the nodes, collects the external nodal loads, and collects the internal resisting forces from the deformation of the material. M is a diagonal matrix of the nodal masses. Each vector (u, v, a, F, etc.) has dimension 6 times the total number of nodes in the crash model (about 6 million “degrees of freedom” for every 1 million "nodes" in 3-D thin shell finite element models).
Time analysis
A crash simulation uses time discretization as well to separate the continuous changes in time into very small, usable segments. The dynamic equations of motion hold at all times during a crash simulation and must be integrated in time, t, starting from an initial condition at time zero, which is just prior to the crash. According to the explicit finite difference time integration method used by most crash codes, the accelerations, velocities, and displacements of the body are related by the following equations.
In these equations the subscripts n±1/2, n, n+1 denote past, present, and future times, t, at half and full-time intervals with time steps and , respectively.
Solution
The above system of linear equations is solved for the accelerations, , the velocities, , and the displacements, , at each discrete point in time, t, during the crash duration. This solution is trivial, since the mass matrix is diagonal. The computer time is proportional to the number of finite elements and the number of solution time steps. The stable solution time step, , is limited for numerical stability, as expressed by the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition (CFL), which states that “in any time-marching computer simulation, the time step must be less than the time for some significant action to occur, and preferably considerably less." In a crash simulation, the fastest significant actions are the acoustic signals that travel inside the structural material.
The solid elastic stress wave speed amounts to
where is the initial elastic modulus (before plastic deformation) of the material and is the mass density. The largest stable time step for a given material is therefore
,
where is the smallest distance between any two nodes of the numerical crash simulation model.
Since this distance can change during a simulation, the stable time step changes and must be updated continually as the solution proceeds in time. When using steel, the typical value of the stable time step is about one microsecond when the smallest discrete node distance in the mesh of the finite element model is about 5 millimeters. It needs then more than 100,000 time intervals to solve a crash event that lasts for one tenth of a second. This figure is exceeded in many industrial crash models demanding optimized crash solvers with High-Performance Computing (HPC) features, such as vectorization and parallel computing.
See also
Finite element method in structural mechanics
Finite element analysis
Crash test
References
Haug, E. (1981) "Engineering safety analysis via destructive numerical experiments", EUROMECH 121, Polish Academy of Sciences, Engineering Transactions 29(1), 39–49.
Haug, E., T. Scharnhorst, P. Du Bois (1986) "FEM-Crash, Berechnung eines Fahrzeugfrontalaufpralls", VDI Berichte 613, 479–505.
Automotive safety
Simulation
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash%20simulation |
In computer science, storage virtualization is "the process of presenting a logical view of the physical storage resources to" a host computer system, "treating all storage media (hard disk, optical disk, tape, etc.) in the enterprise as a single pool of storage."
A "storage system" is also known as a storage array, disk array, or filer. Storage systems typically use special hardware and software along with disk drives in order to provide very fast and reliable storage for computing and data processing. Storage systems are complex, and may be thought of as a special purpose computer designed to provide storage capacity along with advanced data protection features. Disk drives are only one element within a storage system, along with hardware and special purpose embedded software within the system.
Storage systems can provide either block accessed storage, or file accessed storage. Block access is typically delivered over Fibre Channel, iSCSI, SAS, FICON or other protocols. File access is often provided using NFS or SMB protocols.
Within the context of a storage system, there are two primary types of virtualization that can occur:
Block virtualization used in this context refers to the abstraction (separation) of logical storage (partition) from physical storage so that it may be accessed without regard to physical storage or heterogeneous structure. This separation allows the administrators of the storage system greater flexibility in how they manage storage for end users.
File virtualization addresses the NAS challenges by eliminating the dependencies between the data accessed at the file level and the location where the files are physically stored. This provides opportunities to optimize storage use and server consolidation and to perform non-disruptive file migrations.
Block virtualization
Address space remapping
Virtualization of storage helps achieve location independence by abstracting the physical location of the data. The virtualization system presents to the user a logical space for data storage and handles the process of mapping it to the actual physical location.
It is possible to have multiple layers of virtualization or mapping. It is then possible that the output of one layer of virtualization can then be used as the input for a higher layer of virtualization. Virtualization maps space between back-end resources, to front-end resources. In this instance, "back-end" refers to a logical unit number (LUN) that is not presented to a computer, or host system for direct use. A "front-end" LUN or volume is presented to a host or computer system for use.
The actual form of the mapping will depend on the chosen implementation. Some implementations may limit the granularity of the mapping which may limit the capabilities of the device. Typical granularities range from a single physical disk down to some small subset (multiples of megabytes or gigabytes) of the physical disk.
In a block-based storage environment, a single block of information is addressed using a LUN identifier and an offset within that LUN known as a logical block addressing (LBA).
Metadata
The virtualization software or device is responsible for maintaining a consistent view of all the mapping information for the virtualized storage. This mapping information is often called metadata and is stored as a mapping table.
The address space may be limited by the capacity needed to maintain the mapping table. The level of granularity, and the total addressable space both directly impact the size of the meta-data, and hence the mapping table. For this reason, it is common to have trade-offs, between the amount of addressable capacity and the granularity or access granularity.
One common method to address these limits is to use multiple levels of virtualization. In several storage systems deployed today, it is common to utilize three layers of virtualization.
Some implementations do not use a mapping table, and instead calculate locations using an algorithm. These implementations utilize dynamic methods to calculate the location on access, rather than storing the information in a mapping table.
I/O redirection
The virtualization software or device uses the metadata to re-direct I/O requests. It will receive an incoming I/O request containing information about the location of the data in terms of the logical disk (vdisk) and translates this into a new I/O request to the physical disk location.
For example, the virtualization device may :
Receive a read request for vdisk LUN ID=1, LBA=32
Perform a meta-data look up for LUN ID=1, LBA=32, and finds this maps to physical LUN ID=7, LBA0
Sends a read request to physical LUN ID=7, LBA0
Receives the data back from the physical LUN
Sends the data back to the originator as if it had come from vdisk LUN ID=1, LBA32
Capabilities
Most implementations allow for heterogeneous management of multi-vendor storage devices within the scope of a given implementation's support matrix. This means that the following capabilities are not limited to a single vendor's device (as with similar capabilities provided by specific storage controllers) and are in fact possible across different vendors' devices.
Replication
Data replication techniques are not limited to virtualization appliances and as such are not described here in detail. However most implementations will provide some or all of these replication services.
When storage is virtualized, replication services must be implemented above the software or device that is performing the virtualization. This is true because it is only above the virtualization layer that a true and consistent image of the logical disk (vdisk) can be copied. This limits the services that some implementations can implement or makes them seriously difficult to implement. If the virtualization is implemented in the network or higher, this renders any replication services provided by the underlying storage controllers useless.
Remote data replication for disaster recovery
Synchronous Mirroring where I/O completion is only returned when the remote site acknowledges the completion. Applicable for shorter distances (<200 km)
Asynchronous Mirroring where I/O completion is returned before the remote site has acknowledged the completion. Applicable for much greater distances (>200 km)
Point-In-Time Snapshots to copy or clone data for diverse uses
When combined with thin provisioning, enables space-efficient snapshots
Pooling
The physical storage resources are aggregated into storage pools, from which the logical storage is created. More storage systems, which may be heterogeneous in nature, can be added as and when needed, and the virtual storage space will scale up by the same amount. This process is fully transparent to the applications using the storage infrastructure.
Disk management
The software or device providing storage virtualization becomes a common disk manager in the virtualized environment. Logical disks (vdisks) are created by the virtualization software or device and are mapped (made visible) to the required host or server, thus providing a common place or way for managing all volumes in the environment.
Enhanced features are easy to provide in this environment:
Thin Provisioning to maximize storage utilization
This is relatively easy to implement as physical storage is only allocated in the mapping table when it is used.
Disk expansion and shrinking
More physical storage can be allocated by adding to the mapping table (assuming the using system can cope with online expansion)
Similarly disks can be reduced in size by removing some physical storage from the mapping (uses for this are limited as there is no guarantee of what resides on the areas removed)
Benefits
Non-disruptive data migration
One of the major benefits of abstracting the host or server from the actual storage is the ability to migrate data while maintaining concurrent I/O access.
The host only knows about the logical disk (the mapped LUN) and so any changes to the meta-data mapping is transparent to the host. This means the actual data can be moved or replicated to another physical location without affecting the operation of any client. When the data has been copied or moved, the meta-data can simply be updated to point to the new location, therefore freeing up the physical storage at the old location.
The process of moving the physical location is known as data migration. Most implementations allow for this to be done in a non-disruptive manner, that is concurrently while the host continues to perform I/O to the logical disk (or LUN).
The mapping granularity dictates how quickly the meta-data can be updated, how much extra capacity is required during the migration, and how quickly the previous location is marked as free. The smaller the granularity the faster the update, less space required and quicker the old storage can be freed up.
There are many day to day tasks a storage administrator has to perform that can be simply and concurrently performed using data migration techniques.
Moving data off an over-utilized storage device.
Moving data onto a faster storage device as needs require
Implementing an Information Lifecycle Management policy
Migrating data off older storage devices (either being scrapped or off-lease)
Improved utilization
Utilization can be increased by virtue of the pooling, migration, and thin provisioning services. This allows users to avoid over-buying and over-provisioning storage solutions. In other words, this kind of utilization through a shared pool of storage can be easily and quickly allocated as it is needed to avoid constraints on storage capacity that often hinder application performance.
When all available storage capacity is pooled, system administrators no longer have to search for disks that have free space to allocate to a particular host or server. A new logical disk can be simply allocated from the available pool, or an existing disk can be expanded.
Pooling also means that all the available storage capacity can potentially be used. In a traditional environment, an entire disk would be mapped to a host. This may be larger than is required, thus wasting space. In a virtual environment, the logical disk (LUN) is assigned the capacity required by the using host.
Storage can be assigned where it is needed at that point in time, reducing the need to guess how much a given host will need in the future. Using Thin Provisioning, the administrator can create a very large thin provisioned logical disk, thus the using system thinks it has a very large disk from day one.
Fewer points of management
With storage virtualization, multiple independent storage devices, even if scattered across a network, appear to be a single monolithic storage device and can be managed centrally.
However, traditional storage controller management is still required. That is, the creation and maintenance of RAID arrays, including error and fault management.
Risks
Backing out a failed implementation
Once the abstraction layer is in place, only the virtualizer knows where the data actually resides on the physical medium. Backing out of a virtual storage environment therefore requires the reconstruction of the logical disks as contiguous disks that can be used in a traditional manner.
Most implementations will provide some form of back-out procedure and with the data migration services it is at least possible, but time consuming.
Interoperability and vendor support
Interoperability is a key enabler to any virtualization software or device. It applies to the actual physical storage controllers and the hosts, their operating systems, multi-pathing software and connectivity hardware.
Interoperability requirements differ based on the implementation chosen. For example, virtualization implemented within a storage controller adds no extra overhead to host based interoperability, but will require additional support of other storage controllers if they are to be virtualized by the same software.
Switch based virtualization may not require specific host interoperability — if it uses packet cracking techniques to redirect the I/O.
Network based appliances have the highest level of interoperability requirements as they have to interoperate with all devices, storage and hosts.
Complexity
Complexity affects several areas :
Management of environment: Although a virtual storage infrastructure benefits from a single point of logical disk and replication service management, the physical storage must still be managed. Problem determination and fault isolation can also become complex, due to the abstraction layer.
Infrastructure design: Traditional design ethics may no longer apply, virtualization brings a whole range of new ideas and concepts to think about (as detailed here)
The software or device itself: Some implementations are more complex to design and code network based, especially in-band (symmetric) designs in particular — these implementations actually handle the I/O requests and so latency becomes an issue.
Metadata management
Information is one of the most valuable assets in today's business environments. Once virtualized, the metadata are the glue in the middle. If the metadata are lost, so is all the actual data as it would be virtually impossible to reconstruct the logical drives without the mapping information.
Any implementation must ensure its protection with appropriate levels of back-ups and replicas. It is important to be able to reconstruct the meta-data in the event of a catastrophic failure.
The metadata management also has implications on performance. Any virtualization software or device must be able to keep all the copies of the metadata atomic and quickly updateable. Some implementations restrict the ability to provide certain fast update functions, such as point-in-time copies and caching where super fast updates are required to ensure minimal latency to the actual I/O being performed.
Performance and scalability
In some implementations the performance of the physical storage can actually be improved, mainly due to caching. Caching however requires the visibility of the data contained within the I/O request and so is limited to in-band and symmetric virtualization software and devices. However these implementations also directly influence the latency of an I/O request (cache miss), due to the I/O having to flow through the software or device. Assuming the software or device is efficiently designed this impact should be minimal when compared with the latency associated with physical disk accesses.
Due to the nature of virtualization, the mapping of logical to physical requires some processing power and lookup tables. Therefore, every implementation will add some small amount of latency.
In addition to response time concerns, throughput has to be considered. The bandwidth into and out of the meta-data lookup software directly impacts the available system bandwidth. In asymmetric implementations, where the meta-data lookup occurs before the information is read or written, bandwidth is less of a concern as the meta-data are a tiny fraction of the actual I/O size. In-band, symmetric flow through designs are directly limited by their processing power and connectivity bandwidths.
Most implementations provide some form of scale-out model, where the inclusion of additional software or device instances provides increased scalability and potentially increased bandwidth. The performance and scalability characteristics are directly influenced by the chosen implementation.
Implementation approaches
Host-based
Storage device-based
Network-based
Host-based
Host-based virtualization requires additional software running on the host, as a privileged task or process. In some cases volume management is built into the operating system, and in other instances it is offered as a separate product. Volumes (LUN's) presented to the host system are handled by a traditional physical device driver. However, a software layer (the volume manager) resides above the disk device driver intercepts the I/O requests, and provides the meta-data lookup and I/O mapping.
Most modern operating systems have some form of logical volume management built-in (in Linux called Logical Volume Manager or LVM; in Solaris and FreeBSD, ZFS's zpool layer; in Windows called Logical Disk Manager or LDM), that performs virtualization tasks.
Note: Host based volume managers were in use long before the term storage virtualization had been coined.
Pros
Simple to design and code
Supports any storage type
Improves storage utilization without thin provisioning restrictions
Cons
Storage utilization optimized only on a per host basis
Replication and data migration only possible locally to that host
Software is unique to each operating system
No easy way of keeping host instances in sync with other instances
Traditional Data Recovery following a server disk drive crash is impossible
Specific examples
Technologies:
Logical volume management
File systems, e.g., (hard links, SMB/NFS)
Automatic mounting, e.g., (autofs)
Storage device-based
Like host-based virtualization, several categories have existed for years and have only recently been classified as virtualization. Simple data storage devices, like single hard disk drives, do not provide any virtualization. But even the simplest disk arrays provide a logical to physical abstraction, as they use RAID schemes to join multiple disks in a single array (and possibly later divide the array it into smaller volumes).
Advanced disk arrays often feature cloning, snapshots and remote replication. Generally these devices do not provide the benefits of data migration or replication across heterogeneous storage, as each vendor tends to use their own proprietary protocols.
A new breed of disk array controllers allows the downstream attachment of other storage devices. For the purposes of this article we will only discuss the later style which do actually virtualize other storage devices.
Concept
A primary storage controller provides the services and allows the direct attachment of other storage controllers. Depending on the implementation these may be from the same or different vendors.
The primary controller will provide the pooling and meta-data management services. It may also provide replication and migration services across those controllers which it is .
Pros
No additional hardware or infrastructure requirements
Provides most of the benefits of storage virtualization
Does not add latency to individual I/Os
Cons
Storage utilization optimized only across the connected controllers
Replication and data migration only possible across the connected controllers and same vendors device for long distance support
Downstream controller attachment limited to vendors support matrix
I/O Latency, non cache hits require the primary storage controller to issue a secondary downstream I/O request
Increase in storage infrastructure resource, the primary storage controller requires the same bandwidth as the secondary storage controllers to maintain the same throughput
Network-based
Storage virtualization operating on a network based device (typically a standard server or smart switch) and using iSCSI or FC Fibre channel networks to connect as a SAN. These types of devices are the most commonly available and implemented form of virtualization.
The virtualization device sits in the SAN and provides the layer of abstraction between the hosts performing the I/O and the storage controllers providing the storage capacity.
Pros
True heterogeneous storage virtualization
Caching of data (performance benefit) is possible when in-band
Single management interface for all virtualized storage
Replication services across heterogeneous devices
Cons
Complex interoperability matrices limited by vendors support
Difficult to implement fast meta-data updates in switched-based devices
Out-of-band requires specific host based software
In-band may add latency to I/O
In-band the most complicated to design and code
Appliance-based vs. switch-based
There are two commonly available implementations of network-based storage virtualization, appliance-based and switch-based. Both models can provide the same services, disk management, metadata lookup, data migration and replication. Both models also require some processing hardware to provide these services.
Appliance based devices are dedicated hardware devices that provide SAN connectivity of one form or another. These sit between the hosts and storage and in the case of in-band (symmetric) appliances can provide all of the benefits and services discussed in this article. I/O requests are targeted at the appliance itself, which performs the meta-data mapping before redirecting the I/O by sending its own I/O request to the underlying storage. The in-band appliance can also provide caching of data, and most implementations provide some form of clustering of individual appliances to maintain an atomic view of the metadata as well as cache data.
Switch based devices, as the name suggests, reside in the physical switch hardware used to connect the SAN devices. These also sit between the hosts and storage but may use different techniques to provide the metadata mapping, such as packet cracking to snoop on incoming I/O requests and perform the I/O redirection. It is much more difficult to ensure atomic updates of metadata in a switched environment and services requiring fast updates of data and metadata may be limited in switched implementations.
In-band vs. out-of-band
In-band, also known as symmetric, virtualization devices actually sit in the data path between the host and storage. All I/O requests and their data pass through the device. Hosts perform I/O to the virtualization device and never interact with the actual storage device. The virtualization device in turn performs I/O to the storage device. Caching of data, statistics about data usage, replications services, data migration and thin provisioning are all easily implemented in an in-band device.
Out-of-band, also known as asymmetric, virtualization devices are sometimes called meta-data servers. These devices only perform the meta-data mapping functions. This requires additional software in the host which knows to first request the location of the actual data. Therefore, an I/O request from the host is intercepted before it leaves the host, a meta-data lookup is requested from the meta-data server (this may be through an interface other than the SAN) which returns the physical location of the data to the host. The information is then retrieved through an actual I/O request to the storage. Caching is not possible as the data never passes through the device.
File based virtualization
File-based virtualization is a type of storage virtualization that uses files as the basic unit of storage. This is in contrast to block-based storage virtualization, which uses blocks as the basic unit. It is a way to abstract away the physical details of storage and allow files to be stored on any type of storage device, without the need for specific drivers or other low-level configuration.
File-based virtualization can be used for a variety of purposes, including storage consolidation, improved storage utilization, and disaster recovery. This can simplify storage administration and reduce the overall number of storage devices that need to be managed.
File-based virtualization can also improve storage utilization by allowing files to be stored on devices that are not being used to their full capacity. For example, if a file server has a number of hard drives that are only partially filled, file-based virtualization can be used to store files on those drives, thereby increasing the utilization of the storage devices.
Finally, file-based virtualization can be used for disaster recovery purposes. By replicating files across a variety of storage devices, it is possible to recover in case of a storage device failure.
File-based virtualization can be used to create a virtual file server (or virtual NAS device), which is a storage system that appears to the user as a single file server but which is actually implemented as a set of files stored on a number of physical file servers.
See also
Archive
Automated tiered storage
Storage hypervisor
Backup
Computer data storage
Data proliferation
Disk storage
Information lifecycle management
Information repository
Magnetic tape data storage
Repository
Spindle
References
Storage virtualization
Virtualization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage%20virtualization |
Brookfield is a rural residential suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the , Brookfield had a population of 3,640 people.
Geography
Brookfield is located approximately west of the Brisbane CBD. Brookfield lies approximately north of the Brisbane River. Moggill Creek flows through Brookfield and joins the Brisbane River at Kenmore.
Brookfield is a rural residential suburb consisting primarily of large acreage properties and luxury homes. Although there are a small number of farms, the vast majority of property is residential.
Moggill Road passes through the southernmost tip of the suburb and Moggill Creek marks part of the suburb's eastern boundary. North of Brookfield are the forested hills and mountains in D'Aguilar National Park.
The centre of Brookfield is on the intersection of Brookfield Road and Boscombe Road. The Brookfield General Store, Brookfield Public Hall, Brookfield Showground, Brookfield Cemetery, Brookfield Recreation Reserve, Anglican Church and Brookfield State School are all in this area. The Brookfield Horse & Pony Club operates out of the showgrounds.
History
Brookfield is believed to have been named by Lucinda Brimblecombe (née Logan) due to the course of Moggil Creek through the area.
Development in the Brookfield area began in 1869, when the area was opened for logging and farming.
A Bible Christian Church congregation (a denomination of Methodism) was established in 1869. In January 1870 a committee was formed to raise funds to construct a church.
Brookfield State School opened on 27 March 1871 on a site donated by Mr J. W. Barnett. In 1874, a teacher's residence was built for the school. In 2021, the school celebrated its 150th anniversary. The original school building is still in use.
In 1872, a site was reserved for recreation.
Brookfield Post Office opened on 12 August 1876, but was downgraded to a receiving office in mid 1914. It was upgraded to a post office in 1919-1920, but closed in March 1924. It opened again in 1947, but closed in 1974.
In 1885, was reserved for a public hall. The Bible Christian church building was relocated to the site to be used as the hall.
Brookfield Cemetery was opened in 1886.
In October 1892, the Anglican parish of Indooroopilly purchased land for a church on the north-east corner of Brookfield Road and Boscombe Road for £20 from the owner, William Thomas Gee. The Anglican Church of the Good Shepherd cost £220 to build and was consecrated on Easter Monday 2 April 1893 by Anglican Bishop of Brisbane, William Webber.
The first Brookfield Show was held on Wednesdy 20 July 1910.
Gold Creek Provisional School opened in 1919, becoming Gold Creek State School on 1 October 1926. It closed circa 1936. It was located at 528 Gold Creek Road ().
The town hall was moved from Darra to Brookfield in 1931.
In 1932, the school teacher's residence was too small for a teacher with nine children, so a new building was constructed. The old building was bought by the Brookfield Hall trustees and relocated it where it became the Brookfield General Store.
In 1932 Father Robert Bartlett Bates, the rector of All Saints Anglican Church at Wickham Terrace purchased a house at 139 Brookfield Road to establish St John's Home for Aged Men, which subsequently relocated to West Toowong (where it continues to operate as St John's Residential Aged Care Home). On 12 May 1934 the Anglican Church opened St Christopher's Lodge, a home for boys. It was officially opened by James Francis Maxwell, the Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Toowong. It was a farm school which operated until circa 1959. Around this time, of the site was sold to the Presbyterian Church (now the Uniting Church in Australia) to develop an aged care centre. It was subsequently used a friary used by the Society of Saint Francis, a centre for contemplative spirituality and other community purposes. It is now within the suburb of Kenmore Hills and is listed on the Brisbane Heritage Register. In 2019 the site was sold by the Anglican Church to the Uniting Church on the condition that community could continue to use the site.
In 1957, Rita O'Hanlan offered riding lessons at the showgrounds, which evolved into the Brookfield Horse and Pony Club.
Demographics
In the , Brookfield had a population of 3,524 people. The median age of the Brookfield population was 46 years of age, 8 years above the Australian median. 68.3% of people were born in Australia., compared to the national average of 66.7%; were England 6.7% and South Africa 4.5%. 85.5% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 26.7%, Catholic 21.5% and Anglican 19.1%.
In the , Brookfield had a population of 3,640 people.
Heritage listings
Brookfield has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Brookfield State School, 24 Boscombe Road
Brookfield General Store & Former Teacher's Residence, 546 Brookfield Road ()
Brookfield Public Hall & Showgrounds, 550 Brookfield Road ()
Anglican Church of the Good Shepherd, 615 Brookfield Road
Brookfield Cemetery, 665 Brookfield Road ()
The Rafting Ground, 2328 Moggill Road ()
Moon Memorial Tree Reserve, 46 Nioka Street ()
Brookfield Uniting Church, 2 Upper Brookfield Road
Gramenz Farmhouse & Dairy, 7 Upper Brookfield Road ()
Education
Brookfield State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 36 Boscombe Road (). It includes a special education program. In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 506 students with 43 teachers (33 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (13 full-time equivalent).
There is no secondary school in Brookfield. The nearest secondary school in Kenmore State High School in neighbouring Kenmore to the south-east.
Amenities
The Anglican Church of the Good Shepherd is at 615 Brookfield Road (corner Boscombe Road, ).
Brookfield Uniting Church is at 2 Upper Brookfield Road (corner Rafting Ground Road, ). It is the former Brookfield Methodist Church.
The Brookfield branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at Brookfield Uniting Church hall.
Brookfield Cemetery is still in use and is operated by the Brisbane City Council.
Events
Every year the Brookfield Show is held over three days. The 2006 Brookfield show attracted almost 22,000 visitors. A formal ball is held annually in Brookfield. The 2005 Show Ball had 550 attendees, 2006, 2007 and 2008 attracted 800 people.
References
External links
Suburbs of the City of Brisbane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield%2C%20Queensland |
Akuji the Heartless is an action-adventure video game developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Eidos Interactive exclusively for the PlayStation.
Gameplay
Akurji the Heartless is a free-roaming 3D action game. The player character, Akuji, can attack enemies with retractable claws or use spells to light enemies on fire, summon demons, and possess the bodies of enemies.
Plot
The game centres on the voodoo priest and warrior Akuji, who had his heart ripped out on his wedding day, and through the use of voodoo magic is now cursed to wander the Underworld. Kesho, his would-be bride, finds him in hell and speaks to him in soul form: she informs him that it was Orad, Akuji's own brother, who orchestrated his murder. She begs Akuji to escape and stop him, as their families are preparing for war, and Orad is preparing to sacrifice her to the gods.
Upon traveling through the first level of the Underworld and consulting loa Baron Samedi, Akuji discovers he has a chance for redemption: if he traverses hell and collects the souls of his ancestors, which the Baron despises for their evil, then he will grant Akuji safe passage out of the underworld. On his way through, he must also defeat the wardens of each of the vestibules of hell, which will enable him to advance on his quest for the souls.
After Akuji retrieves the Seal of Sadiki on the Baron's request, the Baron steals it from him and reveals he tricked Akuji into purging the souls of his ancestors so it would allow him to break free of his own imprisonment in the Underworld and exact his revenge on the mortal world while also making Kesho his servant once he sacrifices her. Kesho further confirms that the Baron had orchestrated Akuji's murder by possessing Orad and had also earlier used her voice to lead Akuji to him. Akuji engages the Baron in one last battle and succeeds, rescuing Kesho who in turn restores Akuji's heart, sending them back to the mortal world.
Development
Akuji the Heartless was built on the Gex: Enter the Gecko game engine. The game's titular character is voiced by actor Richard Roundtree.
Reception
Next Generation reviewed the PlayStation version of the game, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "Crystal Dynamics has certainly provided gamers with a solid action title with enough imagination to please those who possess a penchant for the macabre. Yet the rough controls and animations keep Akuji from truly stepping into the genre's limelight."
The game received mixed reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings.
Notes
References
External links
1999 video games
Action-adventure games
Crystal Dynamics games
Eidos Interactive games
Square Enix franchises
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games featuring black protagonists
Single-player video games
Fiction about Voodoo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuji%20the%20Heartless |
U-233 may refer to:
, a German Type X submarine used in World War II
Uranium-233 (U-233 or 233U), an isotope of uranium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-233 |
The is a supermini/subcompact hatchback or a mini MPV manufactured and marketed worldwide by Nissan. Introduced in 2004, the first-generation Note was primarily marketed in Japan and Europe, and was produced in Japan and the United Kingdom. The second-generation model was sold in other regions, including North America where it was manufactured in Mexico and marketed as the Versa Note, and Thailand, where it serves as one of the B-segment hatchback offered by the brand alongside the smaller March/Micra under the Eco Car tax scheme.
In 2017, the second-generation Note was replaced by the French-built K14 Micra for the European market. The Versa Note was discontinued in North America in 2019 due to the decreasing demand for subcompact hatchbacks in the region. It continued to be produced and sold in Japan up to the introduction of the third-generation Note in late 2020.
The Note was introduced with a series hybrid drivetrain in late 2016 as the Note e-Power. Due to its popularity and the push of electrification, the third-generation Note is only available with the e-Power drivetrain, which consumes 29.5km/l (69m/USg).
First generation (E11; 2004)
Tone concept (2004)
Nissan Note was developed to replace the unpopular Almera Tino which has proved to be a failure in Europe, with only 200,000 cars sold in 7 years. The main rival of Almera Tino, Renault Scénic, had 1,400,000 cars sold just in two years after the introduction of the second-generation model. Renault will later also introduce their mini-MPV named Modus, which will also become best-seller by late 2005. The development of what would become Note started around summer 2002. As a result, the Nissan Tone concept was created. It was unveiled at the 2004 Paris Motor Show. While similar to production model in general, the concept has some unique features such as U-shaped panoramic roof, and a large dashboard screen inside. The concept was equipped with automatic gearbox and always had its rear doors locked. Chris Lee, Nissan's product manager, says that many millions of dollars were invested in development and that Note was meant to be sold with pricetag under €13,000.
Production model (2005)
The production version was unveiled and went on sale on 20 January 2005 in Japan. The European model was unveiled at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show, followed by the 2006 Geneva Motor Show. Retail models went on sale in Europe in early 2006. The United Kingdom was the first market to have the Note launch, being released on 1 March 2006. The car shares some of its underpinnings with the Renault Modus, and manufactured at Nissan's plant in Washington, England. Early models included a choice of four engines, which are 1.4-litre and 1.6-litre petrol; and two options of 1.5-litre diesel. It is an indirect successor to the conventional medium-sized Almera hatchback for the region.
The trim levels for the European market were the S, SE and SVE, while later it is replaced by Visia, Visia+, Acenta, Acenta R and Tekna. In Russia/CIS region, Nissan sold Note with Comfort, Luxury and Tekna trim levels. Cars made for this market before 2009 have standard OBDII diagnostics especially software disabled by Nissan.
Japanese version
European version
Safety
The 2006 Nissan Note, 1.4 Acenta (SE), five-door hatchback passed, July 2006, passed the Euro NCAP car safety tests with these ratings:
Adult occupant =
Pedestrian =
Production
Production of European model of Nissan Note began in January 2006 at Sunderland plant in the UK.
Nissan Note was produced in Nissan's Oppama Plant.
Marketing
A CD single called 'C'mon Everybody Note&Pencils' was released by Pony Canyon on 9 August 2006, which included Eddie Cochran's C'mon Everybody (original, DJ UTO remix, instrumental) used in the Nissan Note commercial premiered on 12 May 2006. The CD cover shows a Marine Blue Note 15S V package drawing on a 50m x 40m notebook with blue tire tracks. The Note commercial was performed by Toshihiro Yashiba of JFCT INC.
2007 facelift EU-made models
In 2007, Nissan slightly facelifted Note. Both bumpers become fully painted. Radio antenna moved to the rear of the roof. Headlamp washer lost its dedicated button and become fully automatic which lead to excessive cleaner fluid consumption. New radio models were offered and some less significant and invisible changes were made.
2008 update (only Japanese made models)
Nissan Note, +Plus navi HDD, Note Rider, Note Rider performance spec (2008–)
Changes to Nissan Note include:
redesigned head lamp, engine hood, front grille, front bumper coloured/gun metallic front grille on G/X series models,smoke plated front grille on sporty series models,3 new colours (blue turquoise titan pearl metallic, frost green titan metallic, amethyst grey pearl metallic) for total of 10 body colour choices,new seat and door trim options sand beige, black, carbon black (with red stitching),sand beige interior includes colour scheme change,2-link meter (LCD odometer, trim trip meter with fuel consumption display) as standard equipment,sporty series (15RX/15RS) includes white meter,dimpled leather-wrapped 3-spoke steering wheel with red stitching (standard in 15RX),rear centre arm rest with 2 cup holders (standard in 15G, 15G FOUR, 15RX) water spray seats (standard in 15G, 15G FOUR),cold terrain vehicles include 4-wheel drive as standard equipment,driver seat seat belt reminder as standard equipment,2-wheel drive models with HR15DE engine and Xtronic CVT transmission passed JC08 model fuel consumption and emission tests.
Japanese models went on sale on 16 January 2008. Early models include 15X F package, 15X, 15G, 15RS, 15RX, 15X FOUR F package, 15X FOUR, 15G FOUR.
European model was unveiled at the 2008 Paris Motor Show. The 1.5-litre dCi engine models went on sale in September 2008, followed by 1.4-litre petrol engine models in October 2008.
2010 Nissan Note update (EU made models only)
European second facelift/restyle models went on sale in the late 2010 as 2011 model year vehicles. As for early models Nissan provided choice of 3 engines (1.5-litre dCi turbo diesel engine (N/A in CIS/Russia), 1.4-litre with 65 kW (88 hp) and a 1.6-litre with 81 kW (110 hp) petrol), choice of 10 body colours (a metallic red and a metallic grey - added to replace three outgoing colours; two solid colours and 8 metallics).
On second facelift many changes were made in exterior and interior. Lights, bumpers, grille and dashboard were significantly changed. Nissan Connect Radio/Navi offered as option for high trim levels. AT software was tuned to stay on the safe side while ATF is not warm enough. There are variety of less significant changes.
Nissan Note 15X SV +Plasma, 15X FOUR SV +Plasma (2011-2012 Japanese made models only)
They are versions of Nissan Note 15X SV and 15X FOUR SV for the Japanese market, with intelligent air conditioning system with 1-touch clean switch.
The vehicles went on sale on 30 June 2011.
Autech Note Rider Blackline (2011-2012 Japanese made models only)
It is a version of the Nissan Note Rider 15X SV (2WD 1.5L) and 15X FOUR SV (e･4WD 1.5L) for the Japanese market, with exclusive dark chrome front grille, dark chrome bumper grille, exclusive dark emblem (Rider/AUTECH), intelligent air conditioning system, exclusive sports muffler (by FUJITSUBO) and exclusive pumper finisher (from Note Rider Autech option), choice of 2 body colors (white pearl (3 coat pearl), super black (pearl)).
The vehicles went on sale on 19 October 2011.
Marketing
As part of the 2008 Nissan Note launch in Japan, a series of television commercials based on The World of GOLDEN EGGS characters was produced. The corresponding web site <http://note-notte.com/> opened on 21 December 2007, followed by the 1st television commercial premiere in January 2008, and the opening of a special Nissan Note web site with The World of GOLDEN EGGS characters.
As part of the 2009 Nissan Note market launch in Japan, a series of animated commercials were premiered on 20 May 2009. The commercial was inspired by the Heidi, Girl of the Alps animated series, featuring Junichi Koumoto and Tomochika (as Heidi). The series was produced by studio crocodile inc.
2012 update (EU models only)
UK models included:
Acenta model includes new 'diamond cut' two-tone 16-inch alloy wheels, replacing the original 15-inch units, Colour coded door mirror covers, chrome front fog light surrounds, new seat fabric with blue stitching, climate control, automatic headlights, rain-sensitive wipers became standard equipment,N-TEC model includes darkened rear privacy glass, touch screen 'Connect' satellite navigation system. N-TEC+ model includes rear parking sensors, choice of 1.4, 1.6 petrol and 1.5 dCi engines.
UK models went on sale in February 2012.
Since beginning of 2012 and till the end of E11 production in 2013 at least in Russian marketed models/trims Nissan silently excluded seat belt pretensioners without any prior notes. Furthermore, seat belt pretensioners was listed in all the dealer offers and contracts while some people found no installed pretensioners on their places upon seat dismount. Later NM Russia acknowledged the lack of pretensioners in Nissan Note 2012–2013.
Nissan Connect
Nissan Connect is an auto entertainment system offered with many Nissan cars. There are a few different models of NC for different cars. It is an inexpensive CD/USB audio player with a built-in 4-channel amplifier, 5" LCD, resistive touchscreen and GPS receiver. The only navigation software is built into the firmware. No user apps could be installed on the device. Maps could only be updated using Nissan DRM protected SD cards ($150+). Cellular communications are not supported by hardware. Audio/amplifier quality can be assumed as acceptable. System was developed by Bosch Portugal as stated on stickers and is Linux based. Sources of firmware were not published which does definitely violate Linux open source license.
Production
, Nissan has sold 940,000 units of Nissan Note.
Note inspired by adidas (2005)
It is a version of the Nissan Note inspired by multi-sports brand adidas, with user-changeable treatment on the front/rear bumpers; fabrics and rubber materials used on dashboard, door trim, etc.
The vehicle was unveiled at the 2005 Tokyo Motor Show.
Autech Note Rider (2006)
The vehicle was unveiled at the 2006 Tokyo Auto Salon.
Second generation (E12; 2012)
Invitation Concept
Showcased in 2012 at the 82nd Geneva Motor Show, the Invitation Concept is a hatchback concept built on the V platform, designed to be sold alongside Nissan Micra and Nissan Juke. It featured a swage line at the side body panel, independent front MacPherson struts with coil springs, torsion beam rear axle, Around View Monitor (AVM) safety technology, Nissan Safety Shield System.
Initial release
The second generation Nissan Note was based on the Nissan INVITATION concept.
The vehicle was unveiled at the Osanbashi venue in Yokohama, followed by Nissan Gallery on 28 August 2012.
The European model was unveiled at the 83rd Geneva Motor Show.
The Latin American model was unveiled at the Port of Cartagena de Indias in Colombia.
It would replace the Nissan Livina for other countries' markets (except China and parts of Asia) within 2013.
Japanese models went on sale on 3 September 2012. Early Note models include a choice of HR12DE (S, X, X FOUR) and HR12DDR (S DIG-S, X DIG-S, MEDALIST) engines, Xtronic CVT transmission. Early Note Rider models include a choice of HR12DE (X, X FOUR) and HR12DDR (X DIG-S) engines, Xtronic CVT transmission. The width dimension is kept under 1700mm on all international models so that versions in Japan will be in compliance with Japanese Government dimension regulations with engine displacement kept under 2000cc so that Japanese versions will offer Japanese buyers annual road tax savings for smaller engines.
Hong Kong models went on sale on 21 September 2012. Early models included DIG-S with HR12DDR engine, XTRONIC CVT transmission, ISS idle mode.
Latin American models went on sale in July 2013. Early models included Sense (manual and CVT) and Advance (manual and CVT).
European models went on sale in summer 2013, with deliveries beginning in autumn 2013. Early models include a choice of 3 engines (1.2-litre 80PS petrol, 1.2-litre 98PS DIG-S petrol, 1.5-litre 90PS turbo diesel), manual or CVT transmission, 3 trim levels (Visia, Acenta and Tekna).
Nissan said the drag coefficient is 0.298. The frontal area is 2.13 m2, making the drag area CdA to be at 0.639 m2.
Note Medalist
It is a version of the Nissan Note for the Japanese market, with plated door handles, exclusive Beatnic Gold body color, suede-like cloth seats and artificial leather, piano-like center cluster finisher and genuine leather-wrapped steering wheel. The highest grade "MEDALIST" is also a model that inherits the concept of Tidus and comes from Laurel's grade of the same name.
Versa Note (2013–2019)
The Versa Note is a version of the Note for the US market, as a replacement of the outgoing Versa hatchback.
The vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 North American International Auto Show.
US model went on sale in mid-2013 as 2014 model year vehicle. Early models include 1.6-liter DOHC 4-cylinder engine with dual fuel injection and Twin CVTC (Continuously Variable Timing Control), 5-speed manual or Xtronic CVT transmission, 5 grade levels (S, S Plus, SV, SL). A sporty SR model has been added to the 2015 lineup. New for 2017 a facelift with a new front bumper cover as well as rear (previously only available on the SR model), wheels and color choices.
Nissan discontinued the Versa Note in late 2019, while the Versa sedan continued to be offered for the 2020 model year onwards.
Engines
Production
The Japanese model of Nissan Note is manufactured at Nissan Motor Kyushu, while European models of Nissan Note were developed at Nissan Technical Centre Europe (NTCE) in both the UK and Spain and produced in Nissan Manufacturing UK in Sunderland.
Both the North American Nissan Versa Note and Latin American models of the Nissan Note are built in Nissan Mexicana SA de CV in Aguascalientes, Mexico.
, Japanese dealers have received 21,880 market orders of Nissan Note.
Marketing
As part of Nissan Note's market launch in Japan, Nissan Note's Japan website featured a flip book animation.
DRLs
Nissan Note uses PS19W DRLs in Argentine and European models.
2014 model year update
Nissan Note, Emergency Brake Package, Note MEDALIST, Autech Note AXIS, Autech Note Rider (Black Line), Driver Seat Mighty Grip (2013-)
Changes include:
HR12DDR and HR12DE engines include emission reduction,Addition of Emergency Brake Package (Emergency Brake, Lane Departure Warning (LDW), VDC, Emergency Assist for Pedal Misapplication (optional)).,Addition of Moving object detection for Around View Monitor (optional in X, X DIG-S, X FOUR, X FOUR Aero Style, X Emergency Brake Package, X FOUR Aero Style Emergency Brake Package),Super UV-blocking green glass (standard in all but S, S DIG-S),standard rear centre seat headrest
The vehicle was unveiled at the 43rd Tokyo Motor Show in 2013.
Japanese model went on sale on 25 December 2013.
Engines
On 24 October 2016, Renault-Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn revealed at the Nissan Note factory in Japan the facelifted MY2017 Note model, with a special powertrain called e-Power. It uses only an electric motor to move the car, while a petrol engine is used as a generator producing electricity that goes directly into propelling the electric motor or, when electricity is in excess, to charge the batteries (similar to BMW's REX).
2017 model year update – e-Power
Nissan unveiled a new hybrid powertrain in Note e-Power on 2 November 2016 in Japan.
The company's new e-Power series hybrid system consists of a small 1.2-liter, three-cylinder gasoline engine (HR12DE) and an electric traction motor (EM57), which is shared with the Nissan Leaf, pairs with a much smaller battery (1.5 kWh) than the Leaf's. Unlike typical power-split parallel hybrid vehicles, in the series hybrid scheme, the small engine only charges the battery, and the electric motor is the sole source of traction with no plug-in capability. The motor power output rating is and torque.
As of 2017, the Nissan Note is being sold only in Asia and Americas. UK production for European and Argentine markets ended in March that year to increase capacity for Qashqai.
Third generation (E13; 2020)
The third-generation Note was revealed in Japan on 24 November 2020 and went on sale on 23 December 2020. It is based on the CMF-B platform. For this generation, the Note is only available with an e-Power series hybrid 2WD or 4WD drivetrain (introduced later in 2021), in which one electric motor powering the front axle and another motor powering the rear axle.
Japanese models went on sale in December 2020. Initial models included the e-Power, followed by e-Power AWD in 2021.
Note Aura
An upmarket version called the Note Aura was introduced and went on sale in June 2021. It features a redesigned front and rear fascia, wider body, and a and torque electric motor. Initial models include G, G leather edition, G Four, G Four leather edition.
Note Autech Crossover
The Note Autech Crossover went on sale in October 2021 in Japan. It is a version of the Note with crossover body, with exclusive blue signature LEDs, metal-finish door mirrors, 25 mm of increased ground clearance via retuned suspension and larger diameter tyres. Initial grades include X and X Four.
Powertrain
Reception
In 2013, the Note won the RJC Car of the Year award, beating out the Suzuki Wagon R and the Mazda CX-5. Five years later, it became the top-selling compact car in Japan for 2018 and won the Japanese environmental award on the same year.
References
External links
Note
Cars introduced in 2004
2010s cars
2020s cars
Mini MPVs
Hatchbacks
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Hybrid electric cars
Partial zero-emissions vehicles
Production electric cars
Euro NCAP superminis
Vehicles with CVT transmission | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan%20Note |
KAMAZ () is a Russian football club based in Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia. The club plays in the second-tier Russian First League.
Colours are (Home) all white. (Away) Light blue shirts, white shorts.
History
The club was founded on 11 November 1981 at the KAMAZ plant under the name Trud-PRZ. The team played in local tournaments until 1988, when they entered Soviet Second League.
KAMAZ stayed in this league until 1992, when following the collapse of the Soviet Union they were entitled to play in the Russian First League. They won the Centre Zone tournament and were promoted into the Top League.
The best result achieved by KAMAZ in the Top League was a 6th position in 1994. It allowed the club to participate in the Intertoto Cup, where KAMAZ reached the semifinals, defeating München 1860 in the group stage.
KAMAZ stayed in the top flight from 1993 to 1997, when the financial troubles of their owner, KAMAZ plant, forced them into the First Division and into the Second Division a year later. The team played in the Ural Zone of the Second Division from 1999 to 2003, where they earned promotion.
KAMAZ became one of the leaders of the First Division in the 2000s, finishing 4th in 2004, 2006, 2007, and 2010 and 3rd in 2005 and 2008. They were relegated back to the third-tier at the end of the 2015–16 season.
On 15 June 2021, the club secured first place in their PFL group and promotion back to FNL.
The club has been known as Trud-PRZ (1981–1987), Torpedo (1988–1989), and KAMAZ-Chally (1995–2000).
The club has won 4 Second Division titles and 1 First Division title.
KAMAZ finished the 2021–22 Russian Football National League in a relegation spot, but was not relegated due to other clubs failing to obtain the 2022–23 season license.
KAMAZ in Europe
1996 UEFA Intertoto Cup
Group 8
Semi-finals (27–28 & 31 July)
FC KAMAZ 2–0, 0–4 En Avant Guingamp
League history
Soviet Union
Russia
Current squad
As of 14 September 2023, according to the First League website.
Out on loan
Reserve squad
KAMAZ's reserve squad played professionally as FC KAMAZ-d Naberezhnye Chelny (Russian Second League in 1993, Russian Third League in 1994) and as FC KAMAZ-Chally-d Naberezhnye Chelny (Russian Third League in 1995–1997).
Notable players
Had international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for KAMAZ.
Soviet Union
Ivan Yaremchuk
Akhrik Tsveiba
Anton Bober
Soslan Dzhanayev
Vladislav Ignatyev
Ruslan Nigmatullin
Andrei Novosadov
Yevgeni Varlamov
Armenia
Barsegh Kirakosyan
Azerbaijan
Ruslan İdiqov
Belarus
Alyaksandar Lukhvich
Yuri Shukanov
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Zajko Zeba
Georgia
Iuri Gabiskiria
Revaz Gotsiridze
Mikheil Jishkariani
Kazakhstan
Oleg Kapustnikov
Maksim Shevchenko
Sergei Zhunenko
Lithuania
Valdemaras Martinkenas
Aidas Preikšaitis
Tomas Ražanauskas
Giedrius Žutautas
Malawi
Essau Kanyenda
Moldova
Nicolae Josan
Alexandru Onica
Jordan
Badran Al-Shagran
Adnan Awad
References
External links
Official website
Association football clubs established in 1981
KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny
KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny
1981 establishments in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20KAMAZ%20Naberezhnye%20Chelny |
Michael Andre (born August 31, 1946) is a Canadian, disc jockey, poet, critic and editor living in New York City.
Andre was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, to a civil engineer doing wartime work on a military hospital. His mother's father was a newspaperman, Eyton Warburton; he died when Andre was an infant. Andre was raised in Kingston, Ontario. He studied at McGill University (Honors English, B.A., 1968), the University of Chicago (M.A., 1969) and Columbia University (PhD, English and Comparative Literature, 1973).
Andre hosted radio shows in Chicago and New York. He interviewed, published, and occasionally socialized with W. H. Auden and Eugene McCarthy, Beats like Gregory Corso, William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, and homosexual esthetes like John Cage and Andy Warhol. He is divorced from Erika Rothenberg, an artist, and Jane Adler, a flautist and sign-language interpreter; he has a son, Benjamin Eyton Andre. Papers may be found at the University of Tulsa and at Yale University.
Andre is the editor of Unmuzzled OX, an occasional magazine of poetry, art and politics which began in 1971 as a quarterly and has produced 16 volumes. Andre edited and published two books by Gregory Corso, Earth Egg and Writings from OX. His opera, Orfreo, with music by Elodie Lauten, premiered at Merkin Hall in 2004. The two also collaborated on Sex and Pre-anti-post-modernism and S.O.S. W.T.C. He has two widely available anthologies of selected poems: Studying the Ground for Holes (1978) and Experiments in Banal Living (1998). He has worked as a critic for The Montreal Gazette, Art News, Art in America and The Village Voice. His autobiographical essay was published in 1991 by Gale.
In addition to being a poet and editor, Andre was involved with social issues beginning in Paris in 1967 and sometimes appears as a Catholic homme de gauche. "A jackrabbit, if it could read [Andre's poetry]", according to Daniel Berrigan, poet and Catholic Worker, "would jump for glee. And if it could talk to itself, wd. undoubtedly be heard saying, 'Demme, wish I'd thought of that!'"
Andre has recited his poetry in London, Frankfurt and Paris, at various venues in New York including the Public Theater, St. Mark's Poetry Project, and the Bowery Poetry Club as well as at numerous universities and galleries throughout Canada and the United States. Since 1992, Andre has written a column called "New York Letter" for the Small Press Review.
Interviews
Interviews with W. H. Auden, Denise Levertov, Robert Creeley, James Wright, Allen Ginsberg, James Dickey, and Corso with scholarly commentary were accepted as his doctoral dissertation at Columbia in 1973. The interviews with Levertov, Creeley and Corso have been reprinted in a number of different periodicals. The Levertov interview first appeared in The Little Magazine; the others first appeared in Unmuzzled OX. Warhol interviews appeared in Small Press Review, ART News and Unmuzzled OX. The Berrigan interview was commissioned by Warhol for his magazine, then rejected for its political content, and appeared in Unmuzzled OX. Tapes of radio broadcasts with Patti Smith, Charles Bukowski and others are at the University of Tulsa. An interview about Jackie Curtis is in Superstar in a Housedress, the HBO documentary and subsequent Penguin book.
Poetry
1974: Xmas Present. New York: Mimeo
1975: My Regrets. Minneapolis: Pentagram
1978: Studying the Ground for Holes. New York: Release
1979: Letters Home. Montreal: Cross Country
1981: Jabbing the Asshole is High Comedy. New York: Print Center
1990: It as It. New York: Money for Food
1998: Experiments in Banal Living. Montreal: Empyreal
2004: Unmuzzled in Paris. Paris: Lalande Digital
2006: Scratched Lens. Key West, FL: Cycle
External links
Andre's art and music blog John Cage Shoes
Andre's film blog Elizabeth Taylor's Ego
University of Tulsa McFarlin Library's inventory of the Unmuzzled Ox archive housed in their special collections department.
Notes
For the milieu and the contretemps with Warhol, see: "Ezra Pound's Interview" Unmuzzled OX (Volume XII, Number 3, 1988) p. 95
Robert Creeley "43 Poems in 4 Sections, with 18 poems in couplets, written between 1968 and 1978" (Release Press, Brooklyn, 1979)
1946 births
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male poets
Living people
Writers from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Writers from Kingston, Ontario
Writers from New York City
McGill University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
21st-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Andre |
Richard Tauwhare (; born 1 November 1959) was the tenth Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands, serving from 11 July 2005 to 16 July 2008. He succeeded Governor Jim Poston.
Originally from Woking, United Kingdom, Mr Tauwhare has held several government posts around the world. Educationally, he attended Abingdon School and obtained an MA in History from Cambridge University. He can speak the Swahili language.
Mr Tauwhare is married and has three children.
See also
List of Old Abingdonians
References
External links
Profile and photo from official government web site
1959 births
Living people
Governors of the Turks and Caicos Islands
People educated at Abingdon School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Tauwhare |
Haplogroup Q-M3 (Y-DNA) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup Q-M3 is a subclade of Haplogroup Q-L54. Haplogroup Q-M3 was previously known as Haplogroup Q3; currently Q-M3 is Q1b1a1a below Q1b-M346.
In 1996 the research group at Stanford University headed by Dr. Peter Underhill first discovered the SNP that was to become known as M3. At the time, it was called DYS191. Later studies completed the genetic bridge by determining that Q-M3 was related to Q-M242-bearing populations who traveled through Central Asia to East Asia.
Origin and distribution
Haplogroup Q-M3 is one of the Y-Chromosome haplogroups linked to the indigenous peoples of the Americas (over 90% of indigenous people in Meso & South America). Today, such lineages also include other Q-M242 branches (Q-M346, Q-L54, Q-P89.1, Q-NWT01, and Q-Z780), haplogroup C-M130 branches (C-M217 and C-P39), and R-M207, which are almost exclusively found in the North America. Haplogroup Q-M3 is defined by the presence of the (M3) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Q-M3 occurred on the Q-L54 lineage roughly 10-15 thousand years ago as the migration into the Americas was underway. There is some debate as to on which side of the Bering Strait this mutation occurred, but it definitely happened in the ancestors of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
The Americas
Populations carrying Q-M3 are widespread throughout the Americas. Since the discovery of Q-M3, several subclades of Q-M3 bearing populations have been discovered in the Americas as well. An example is in South America where some populations have a high prevalence of SNP M19 which defines subclade Q-M19. M19 has been detected in 59% of Amazonian Ticuna men and in 10% of Wayuu men. Subclades Q-M19 and Q-M199 appear to be unique to South American populations and suggests that population isolation and perhaps even the establishment of tribes began soon after migration into the Americas.
The Kennewick Man has a Y chromosome that belongs to the most common sub-clade Q1b1a1a-M3 while the Anzick's Y chromosome belongs to the minor Q1b1a2-M971 lineage.
Asia
Q-M3 is present in some Siberian populations in Asia. It is unclear whether these are remnants of the founding lineage or evidence of back-migrations from Beringia to East Asia.
Europe
The Q-M3 lineage has not been detected in the European population.
Subclade distribution
Q-M19 M19 This lineage is found among Indigenous South Americans, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu. Origin: South America approximately 5,000 to 10,000 years ago.
Q-M194 It has only been found in South American populations.
Q-M199 This lineage has only been found in South American populations.
Q-PAGES104 This lineage was discovered by the research group at the Whitehead Institute headed by Dr. David C. Page. Only limited demographic information is known.
Q-PAGES131 This lineage was discovered by the research group at the Whitehead Institute headed by Dr. David C. Page. Only limited demographic information is known.
Q-L663 This lineage was discovered by citizen scientists. It is linked to indigenous populations in Central Mexico and has been associated with the Otomies (Hñähñús, as they self-identify) from Hidalgo, Mexico (Gómez et al, 2021). Q-L663's paternal line was formed around 550 BCE. The man who is the most recent common ancestor of this line is estimated to have been born around 1250 CE. Extensive research on this haplogroup is being conducted by members of the New Mexico Genealogical Society, with at least 16 NGS Y-DNA tests as of 2023. The earliest known genealogical records for a Q-L663 descendant were for a man named Nicolás de Espinosa, a native of the Villa de los Lagos, Nueva Galicia, Mexico, who was born circa 1673.
Gómez, R., Vilar, M.G., Meraz-Ríos, M.A., Véliz, D., Zúñiga, G., Hernández-Tobías, E.A., Figueroa-Corona, M., Owings, A.C., Gaieski, J.B., Schurr, T.G., (2021). Y chromosome diversity in Aztlan descendants and its implications for the history of Central Mexico, iScience, 24 (5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102487
Q-SA01 This lineage was discovered by the research group headed by Dr. Theodore G. Schurr.
Q-L766 This lineage was discovered by citizen scientists. It may be linked to indigenous populations in the Southwestern United States and Mexico.
Q-L883 This lineage was discovered by citizen scientists.
Q-L888 This lineage was discovered by citizen scientists.
Associated SNPs
Q-M3 is defined by the SNPs M3 and L341.2.
Q-M3 Phylogeny and Subgroups
Current status of the polygentic tree for Q-M3 is published by pinotti et al. in the article Y Chromosome Sequences Reveal a Short Beringian Standstill, Rapid Expansion, and early Population structure of Native American Founders (2018). Calibrated phylogeny of Y haplogroup for Q-M3 and its relation to the branches within Q-L54.
L54
Q-L330
Q-MPB001 (18.9 kya)
Q-CTS1780
Q-M930 (15.0-17.0 kya) Ancient Beringians
Q-L804 (Scandinavian)
Q-M3 (Native American, 15.0 kya)
Q-Y4308
Q-M848 (14.9 kya)
Q-B48
Q-CTS11357
Q-M825
Q-MPB073
Q-MPB015
Q-MPB115
Q-Z6658
Q-Z5906
Q-Z19357
Q-MPB139
Q-MPB138
Q-M848*
In 2013 Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's made the following phylogentic Proposed Tree for haplogroup Q-M3.
L54
M3, L341.2
M19
M194
M199, P106, P292
PAGES104, PAGES126
PAGES131
L663
SA01
L766, L767
L883, L884, L885, L886, L887
L888, L889, L890, L891
Popular culture
American actress Jessica Alba's father, who is of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup Q-M3. Her father partook in Henry Louis Gates' genealogy series Finding Your Roots.
See also
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Y-DNA Q-M242 subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
References
External links
The Y-DNA Haplogroup Q1a3a American Indian Project
The Y-DNA Haplogroup Q Project
Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q
Q-M3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20Q-M3 |
Auckland Animal Action (AAA) is an animal rights advocacy organisation, based in Auckland, formed in August 1996, by a small group of people seeing the need for a grassroots activist group that promoted direct action against all forms of animal abuse. Since then, AAA has run campaigns against all forms of animal abuse, most notably the Fur Free Auckland campaign.
Factory Farming
AAA has also been active against factory farming. Actions have included investigations into alleged factory farms, protests outside these farms and campaigns against companies, including Tegel Foods Limited.
AAA also promotes and organises the media coverage for investigations carried out by underground groups. In January 2007 AAA received nationwide media coverage for an investigation and release of animals carried out by the Animal Liberation Front.
Civil Disobedience
In 2003 AAA used Civil Disobedience in their campaign against Harpers Fashion's sale of fur products. Members of AAA chained themselves to the door of the Hartley's store in High Street.
Possum Fur Campaign
AAA oppose possum fur marketed as eco-friendly. This policy was accompanied by protests at the 2005 New Zealand Fashion Week. Rochelle Rees from AAA believes: "...the promotion of possum fur would lead to an unsustainable demand, as it had with rabbits and foxes." In 2005 Auckland Animal Action launched a campaign against possum fur.
Criticism of AAA's anti-possum fur policy comes from David Farrar who says, "I see the Auckland Animal Action Group justify their opposition to use of possum fur, because "to wear a dead animal's skin is disrespectful to the animal". Well killing our trees is disrespectful also, and the possums started it!"
See also
Animal welfare in New Zealand
References
External links
An AAA Site
AAA main site
Newmarket Terrorists Article
Organisations based in Auckland
Animal rights organizations
Animal welfare organisations based in New Zealand
Anti-vivisection organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland%20Animal%20Action |
is a rare creature from the folklore of Amakusa in Kumamoto prefecture that lives in the mountain passes of Kumamoto.
Mythology
This spirit, which surprises people on the Kusazumigoe mountain pass, is thought to be the ghost of a human who stole oil and fled into the woods.
In the days before electricity, oil was a very valuable commodity, necessary for lighting and heating a house. As such, it was thought that the theft of oil, particularly from temples and shrines, could lead to punishment via reincarnation as a yōkai.
In many stories an old grandmother walking a mountain pass with her grandchildren will say, “You know, a long time ago, an abura sumashi used to live in these parts,” and a mysterious voice will call out in reply, “I still do!” Or on rare occasions the abura sumashi will appear to the travelers, materializing out of thin air.
In modern media the abura-sumashi is often depicted as, "a squat creature with a straw-coat covered body and a potato-like or stony head," an appearance inspired by the artwork of Shigeru Mizuki.
References
Yōkai | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abura-sumashi |
Haplogroup R1, or R-M173, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A primary subclade of Haplogroup R (R-M207), it is defined by the SNP M173. The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R is Haplogroup R2 (R-M479).
Males carrying R-M173 in modern populations appear to comprise two subclades: R1a and R1b, which are found mainly in populations native to Eurasia (except East and Southeast Asia). R-M173 contains the majority of representatives of haplogroup R in the form of its subclades, R1a and R1b (, ).
Structure
Origins
R1a and its sibling clade R2 (R-M79) are the only immediate descendants of Haplogroup R (R-M207). R is a direct descendant of Haplogroup P1 (P-M45), and a sibling clade, therefore, of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242). The origins of haplogroup R1 cannot currently be proved. According to the SNP-Tracker (, as of may 2023) it evolved around 25 000 BP/23 000 BC in western Siberia between the southern Urals and Lake Balkhash.
No examples of the basal subclade, R1* have yet been identified in living individuals or ancient remains. However, the parent clade, R* was evidently present in upper paleolithic-era individuals (24,000 years BP), from the Mal'ta-Buret' culture, in Siberia. The autosomal DNA of the Mal'ta-Buret' people is a part of a group known to scholars of population genetics as Ancient North Eurasians (ANE). The first major descendant haplogroups of R1*, R1a and R1b, appeared subsequently in mesolithic Central Asia and Eastern Europe, with genotypes derived, to varying degrees, from ANE.
General distribution
Eurasia
Haplogroup R1 is very common throughout all of Eurasia except East Asia and Southeast Asia. Its distribution is believed to be associated with the re-settlement of Eurasia following the Last Glacial Maximum. Its main subgroups are R1a and R1b. One subclade of haplogroup R1b (especially R1b1a2), is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan , while a subclade of haplogroup R1a (especially haplogroup R1a1) is the most common haplogroup in large parts of South Asia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Western China, and South Siberia.
Individuals whose Y-chromosomes possess all the mutations on internal nodes of the Y-DNA tree down to and including M207 (which defines Haplogroup R) but which display neither the M173 mutation that defines haplogroup R1 nor the M479 mutation that defines Haplogroup R2 are categorized as belonging to group R* (R-M207). R* has been found in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample of Burusho and 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Kalash from northern Pakistan .
Americas
The presence of haplogroup R1 among Indigenous Americans groups is a matter of controversy. It is now the most common haplogroup after the various Q-M242, especially in North America in Ojibwe people at 79%, Chipewyan 62%, Seminole 50%, Cherokee 47%, Dogrib 40% and Tohono O'odham 38%.
Some authorities point to the greater similarity between haplogroup R1 subclades found in North America and those found in Siberia (e.g. Lell and Raghavan ), suggesting prehistoric immigration from Asia and/or Beringia.
Africa
One subclade, now known as R1b1a2 (R-V88), is found only at high frequencies amongst populations native to West Africa, such as the Fulani, and is believed to reflect a prehistoric back-migration from Eurasia to Africa.
Subclade distribution
R1a (R-M420)
The split of R1a (M420) is computed to ca 25,000 years ago (95% CI: 21, 300–29, 000 BP), or roughly the last glacial maximum. A large study performed in 2014 (Underhill et al. 2015), using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded that there was compelling evidence that "the initial episodes of haplogroup R1a diversification likely occurred in the vicinity of present-day Iran."
The subclade M417 (R1a1a1) diversified ca. 5,800 years ago. The distribution of M417-subclades R1-Z282 (including R1-Z280) in Central- and Eastern Europe and R1-Z93 in Asia suggests that R1a1a diversified within the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region. The place of origin of these subclades plays a role in the debate about the origins of the Indo-Europeans.
High frequencies of haplogroup R1a are found amongst West Bengal Brahmins (72%), and Uttar Pradesh Brahmins, (67%), the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Panjikent (64%), the Kyrgyz population of Central Kyrgyzstan (63.5%), Sorbs (63.39%), Bihar Brahmins (60.53%), Shors (58.8%), Poles (56.4%), Teleuts (55.3%), South Altaians (58.1%), Ukrainians (50%) and Russians (50%) (, , , and ).
R1b (R-M343)
Haplogroup R1b probably originated in Eurasia prior to or during the last glaciation. It is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan. It may have survived the last glacial maximum, in refugia near the southern Ural Mountains and Aegean Sea..
It is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe, with higher diversity than in western Europe, suggesting an ancient migration of haplogroup R1b from the east. Haplogroup R1b is also found at various frequencies in many different populations near the Ural Mountains and Central Asia, its likely region of origin.
There may be a correlation between this haplogroup and the spread of Centum branch Indo-European languages in southern and western Europe. For instance, the modern incidence of R1b reaches between 60% and 90% of the male population in most parts of Spain, Portugal, France, Britain and Ireland. The clade is also found at frequencies of up to 90% in the Chad Basin, and is also present in North Africa, where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria.
Although it is rare in South Asia, some populations show relatively high percentages for R1b. These include Lambadi showing 37%(). Hazara 32% , and Agharia (in East India) at 30% . Besides these, R1b has appeared in Balochi (8%), Bengalis (6.5%), Chenchu (2%), Makrani (5%), Newars (10.6%), Pallan (3.5%) and Punjabis (7.6%) (, , and ). In Southeast Asia, it is present in the Philippines due to Spanish and American colonization where different studies vary as to its frequency; from 3.6% of the male population, in a year 2001 study conducted by Stanford University Asia-Pacific Research Center had European Y-DNA R1b to 13% in an Public Y-DNA Library.
R-M343 (previously called Hg1 and Eu18) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe. It is an offshoot of R-M173, characterised by the M343 marker. An overwhelming majority of members of R-M343 are classified as R-P25 (defined by the P25 marker), the remainder as R-M343*. Its frequency is highest in Western Europe (and due to modern European immigration, in parts of the Americas). The majority of R-M343-carriers of European descent belong to the R-M269 (R1b1a2) descendant line.
See also
History of Eurasia
Genetics
Y-DNA R-M207 subclades
References
Works cited
. Also
M173
Human evolution
R | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20R1 |
Ernst Wilhelm Oskar Windisch (4 September 1844, Dresden30 October 1918, Leipzig) was a German classical philologist and comparative linguist who specialised in Sanskrit, Celtic and Indo-European studies.
In his student days at the University of Leipzig, he became friends with Friedrich Nietzsche. One of his teachers was Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl. In 1867 he obtained his PhD in classical philology, afterwards teaching at the Thomasschule of Leipzig (1867–1870). In the meantime, he completed his habilitation in Sanskrit and comparative linguistics at the university (1869).
In 1870–71 he worked as a staff member of the India Office Library in London. Later on, he became a professor of comparative linguistics at Heidelberg University (1872) and the University of Strasbourg (1875). In 1877 he returned to his alma mater in Leipzig as a professor of Sanskrit and director of the Indo-Europeanist institute. In the academic year of 1895/96, he served as rector. Among his students were Friedrich Delitzsch as well as Anna Leonowens who attended his Sanskrit lectures from 1897 to 1901. In 1883 he was appointed full member of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Royal Saxon Society of Sciences in Leipzig). He became a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in 1905. In the same year, Windisch published his translation of the Old Irish epic Táin Bó Cúailnge into German.
In 1873 he married Berta Roscher, daughter of economist Wilhelm Roscher. The couple had five children, including the theologist Hans Windisch (1881–1935).
Works
Irische Texte, 4 vols. (1880-1909) with Whitley Stokes
[Vol. 1] • Wikisource
"Compendium of Irish Grammar" (1883 English translation).
Zwölf Hymnen des Rigveda, mit Sayana's Commentar (1883)
Māra und Buddha, Leipzig 1895.
Buddhas Geburt und die Lehre von der Seelenwanderung, Leipzig 1908 – Buddha's birth and the doctrine of the transmigration of souls.
Iti-Vuttaka, editor
Das keltische Britannien bis zu Kaiser Arthur, Leipzig 1912 – Celtic Britain up to the time of King Arthur.
Festschrift (1914).
Geschichte der Sanskrit-Philologie und indischen Altertumskunde, 2 vols, Leipzig 1917–1920 – History of Sanskrit philology and Indian archaeology.
Kleine Schriften (2001) edited by Karin Steiner and Jörg Gengnagel.
External links
Pictures
References
1844 births
1918 deaths
Celtic studies scholars
German Sanskrit scholars
German Indologists
Indo-Europeanists
Linguists of Indo-European languages
German classical philologists
Translators of the Táin Bó Cúailnge
Translators from Old Irish
Writers from Dresden
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
19th-century translators
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
19th-century philologists
German male non-fiction writers
Academic staff of Leipzig University
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
Rectors of Leipzig University
Leipzig University alumni
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Windisch |
Weapons-grade nuclear material is any fissionable nuclear material that is pure enough to make a nuclear weapon or has properties that make it particularly suitable for nuclear weapons use. Plutonium and uranium in grades normally used in nuclear weapons are the most common examples. (These nuclear materials have other categorizations based on their purity.)
Only fissile isotopes of certain elements have the potential for use in nuclear weapons. For such use, the concentration of fissile isotopes uranium-235 and plutonium-239 in the element used must be sufficiently high. Uranium from natural sources is enriched by isotope separation, and plutonium is produced in a suitable nuclear reactor.
Experiments have been conducted with uranium-233 (the fissile material at the heart of the thorium fuel cycle). Neptunium-237 and some isotopes of americium might be usable, but it is not clear that this has ever been implemented. The latter substances are part of the minor actinides in spent nuclear fuel.
Critical mass
Any weapons-grade nuclear material must have a critical mass that is small enough to justify its use in a weapon. The critical mass for any material is the smallest amount needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. Moreover, different isotopes have different critical masses, and the critical mass for many radioactive isotopes is infinite, because the mode of decay of one atom cannot induce similar decay of more than one neighboring atom. For example, the critical mass of uranium-238 is infinite, while the critical masses of uranium-233 and uranium-235 are finite.
The critical mass for any isotope is influenced by any impurities and the physical shape of the material. The shape with minimal critical mass and the smallest physical dimensions is a sphere. Bare-sphere critical masses at normal density of some actinides are listed in the accompanying table. Most information on bare sphere masses is classified, but some documents have been declassified.
Countries that have produced weapons-grade nuclear material
At least ten countries have produced weapons-grade nuclear material:
Five recognized "nuclear-weapon states" under the terms of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): the United States (first nuclear weapon tested and two bombs used as weapons in 1945), Russia (first weapon tested in 1949), the United Kingdom (1952), France (1960), and China (1964)
Three other declared nuclear states that are not signatories of the NPT: India (not a signatory, weapon tested in 1974), Pakistan (not a signatory, weapon tested in 1998), and North Korea (withdrew from the NPT in 2003, weapon tested in 2006)
Israel, which is widely known to have developed nuclear weapons (likely first tested in the 1960s or 1970s) but has not openly declared its capability
South Africa, which also had enrichment capabilities and developed nuclear weapons (possibly tested in 1979), but disassembled its arsenal and joined the NPT in 1991
Weapons-grade uranium
Natural uranium is made weapons-grade through isotopic enrichment. Initially only about 0.7% of it is fissile U-235, with the rest being almost entirely uranium-238 (U-238). They are separated by their differing masses. Highly enriched uranium is considered weapons-grade when it has been enriched to about 90% U-235.
U-233 is produced from thorium-232 by neutron capture. The U-233 produced thus does not require enrichment and can be relatively easily chemically separated from residual Th-232. It is therefore regulated as a special nuclear material only by the total amount present. U-233 may be intentionally down-blended with U-238 to remove proliferation concerns.
While U-233 would thus seem ideal for weaponization, a significant obstacle to that goal is the co-production of trace amounts of uranium-232 due to side-reactions. U-232 hazards, a result of its highly radioactive decay products such as thallium-208, are significant even at 5 parts per million. Implosion nuclear weapons require U-232 levels below 50 PPM (above which the U-233 is considered "low grade"; cf. "Standard weapon grade plutonium requires a Pu-240 content of no more than 6.5%." which is 65,000 PPM, and the analogous Pu-238 was produced in levels of 0.5% (5000 PPM) or less). Gun-type fission weapons would require low U-232 levels and low levels of light impurities on the order of 1 PPM.
Weapons-grade plutonium
Pu-239 is produced artificially in nuclear reactors when a neutron is absorbed by U-238, forming U-239, which then decays in a rapid two-step process into Pu-239. It can then be separated from the uranium in a nuclear reprocessing plant.
Weapons-grade plutonium is defined as being predominantly Pu-239, typically about 93% Pu-239. Pu-240 is produced when Pu-239 absorbs an additional neutron and fails to fission. Pu-240 and Pu-239 are not separated by reprocessing. Pu-240 has a high rate of spontaneous fission, which can cause a nuclear weapon to pre-detonate. This makes plutonium unsuitable for use in gun-type nuclear weapons. To reduce the concentration of Pu-240 in the plutonium produced, weapons program plutonium production reactors (e.g. B Reactor) irradiate the uranium for a far shorter time than is normal for a nuclear power reactor. More precisely, weapons-grade plutonium is obtained from uranium irradiated to a low burnup.
This represents a fundamental difference between these two types of reactor. In a nuclear power station, high burnup is desirable. Power stations such as the obsolete British Magnox and French UNGG reactors, which were designed to produce either electricity or weapons material, were operated at low power levels with frequent fuel changes using online refuelling to produce weapons-grade plutonium. Such operation is not possible with the light water reactors most commonly used to produce electric power. In these the reactor must be shut down and the pressure vessel disassembled to gain access to the irradiated fuel.
Plutonium recovered from LWR spent fuel, while not weapons grade, can be used to produce nuclear weapons at all levels of sophistication, though in simple designs it may produce only a fizzle yield. Weapons made with reactor-grade plutonium would require special cooling to keep them in storage and ready for use. A 1962 test at the U.S. Nevada National Security Site (then known as the Nevada Proving Grounds) used non-weapons-grade plutonium produced in a Magnox reactor in the United Kingdom. The plutonium used was provided to the United States under the 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement. Its isotopic composition has not been disclosed, other than the description reactor grade, and it has not been disclosed which definition was used in describing the material this way. The plutonium was apparently sourced from the military Magnox reactors at Calder Hall or Chapelcross. The content of Pu-239 in material used for the 1962 test was not disclosed, but has been inferred to have been at least 85%, much higher than typical spent fuel from currently operating reactors.
Occasionally, low-burnup spent fuel has been produced by a commercial LWR when an incident such as a fuel cladding failure has required early refuelling. If the period of irradiation has been sufficiently short, this spent fuel could be reprocessed to produce weapons grade plutonium.
References
External links
Reactor-Grade and Weapons-Grade Plutonium in Nuclear Explosives, Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility
Nuclear weapons and power-reactor plutonium , Amory B. Lovins, February 28, 1980, Nature, Vol. 283, No. 5750, pp. 817–823
Nuclear weapons
Nuclear materials
Plutonium
Uranium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons-grade%20nuclear%20material |
General elections were held in South Africa on 20 October 1915 to elect the 130 members of the House of Assembly. This was the second Union Parliament. The governing South African Party (SAP) of General Louis Botha emerged from the elections as the largest party, but did not receive an overall majority.
Botha formed a minority government, which survived with some parliamentary support from the official opposition Unionist Party.
Delimitation of electoral divisions
The South Africa Act 1909 had provided for a delimitation commission to define the boundaries for each electoral division. The representation by province, under the second delimitation report of 1913, is set out in the table below. The figures in brackets are the number of electoral divisions in the previous (1910) delimitation. If there is no figure in brackets then the number was unchanged.
Nominations
Since the last general election, the National Party (NP) had split away from the South African Party (SAP). The formal foundation of the new party had been in 1914.
Eight of the 130 seats were uncontested. There were unopposed returns for 5 Unionist Party, 2 SAP and 1 NP candidates.
In the 122 contested constituencies, the candidates nominated included 86 SAP, 83 NP, 39 Unionist and 49 Labour.
Party attitudes
General Botha stood for a policy of conciliation between Afrikaans and English speaking white people. The SAP was mostly supported by moderates of both races. General Hertzog led a republican party which supported a two streams policy – the two white races developing separately. The Unionists were anxious to maintain the imperial connection. The Unionists accordingly preferred the continuation in power of the SAP to the prospect of an NP government.
Results
The vote totals in the table below may not give a complete picture of the balance of political opinion, because of unopposed elections (where no votes were cast) and because most contested seats were not fought by a candidate from all major parties.
The 27 NP candidates elected represented three of the four provinces - 7 from Cape Province, 16 from the Orange Free State and 4 from Transvaal.
References
The Rise of the South African Reich, by Brian Bunting (first published by Penguin Africa Library in 1964 and revised in 1969) accessed on an ANC website 3 August 2010
South Africa 1982 Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa, published by Chris van Rensburg Publications
The South African Constitution, by H.J. May (3rd edition 1955, Juta & Co)
General elections in South Africa
South Africa
General
South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915%20South%20African%20general%20election |
The Peter Crimmins Medal is an Australian rules football award given to the player(s) from the Hawthorn Football Club deemed best and fairest for the season. Peter Crimmins was a rover for Hawthorn, playing from 1966 to 1975. He died of cancer just days after the club's 1976 premiership win. The voting system, as of the 2022 AFL season, consists of six coaches and assistants awarding votes after each match; players can receive a maximum of 12 votes per game.
Recipients
Multiple winners
References
General
Specific
Australian Football League awards
Hawthorn Football Club
Australian rules football-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Crimmins%20Medal |
Erast Pavlovich Garin (; – 4 September 1980) was a Soviet and Russian actor, director and screenwriter. He was, together with Igor Ilyinsky and Sergey Martinson, one of the leading comic actors of Vsevolod Meyerhold's company and of the Soviet cinema. He was named People's Artist of the USSR in 1977.
Garin was born in Ryazan as Erast Gerasimov. He started his acting career in 1919 in an amateur theatre of the Ryazan military district. In 1926 he finished his education in the experimental theatrical workshops of the People's Commissariat for Education. He always looked up upon Meyerhold and Michael Chekhov as his mentors, rejecting naturalistic acting techniques propagated by Konstantin Stanislavski and paying utmost importance to voice and gesture.
Garin worked with Meyerhold in his theatre until its dissolution in 1936. Among his triumphs was the part of Khlestakov in the 1926 production of The Government Inspector. The trance-like quality of his "grotesquely anxious" performances in Meyerhold's productions could be attributed to an expressionistic acting style.
Nikolay Akimov's Theatre of Comedy was the next theatre he worked in. In 1946 he gave up stage performances and concentrated on film acting. In 1941, he was awarded the Stalin Prize for the role of Tarakanov in the film Musical Story. Half-blindness prevented him from playing any major roles in the 1960s and 1970s.
Together with his wife Khesya Lokshina he was director of several films, for which he also contributed scripts. They adapted Mikhail Zoshchenko's novel Respected Comrade in 1930. Garin's memoirs, entitled With Meyerhold, appeared in 1974.
Filmography
As actor
Lieutenant Kijé (Поручик Киже, 1934) - Adjutant
Marriage (Женитьба, 1936) - Podkolesin
Bezhin Meadow (Бежин луг, 1937)
On the Frontier (На границе, 1938) - Volkov - Saboteur
Musical story (Музыкальная история, 1940) - Cabbie Tarahkanov
Boyevoy kinosbornik 7 (1941) - German soldier (segment "Eleksir bodrosti")
Shveik readies for Battle (Швейк готовится к бою, 1942) - Francua
The Wedding (Свадьба, 1944) - Epaminond Maksimovich Aplombov - the fiance
Ivan Nikulin, Russian Sailor (Иван Никулин — русский матрос, 1945) - Tikhon Spiridonovich
Blue Mountain Land (Синегория, 1946)
Cinderella (Золушка, 1947) - King
Encounter at the Elbe (Встреча на Эльбе, 1949) - Tommy, a captain
The Inspector-General (Ревизор, 1952) - Postmaster Ivan Kuzmich Shpekin
Dzhambul (1953)
Nesterka (1955) - Skolyar Samokhvalskiy
Unfinished Story (Неоконченная повесть, 1955) - Koloskov
The Enchanted Boy (Заколдованный мальчик (озвучивание), 1955, Short) - Martin (voice)
The Twelve Months (1956) - The Professor (voice, uncredited)
The Girl Without an Address (Девушка без адреса, 1958) - Grandfather
Soldiers Were Going (Шли солдаты, 1958)
The Witch (Ведьма, 1958)
Tayna Dalekogo Ostrova, (1958) - Professor
Beloved Beauty (Краса ненаглядная, 1959) - Tsar (voice)
The Adventures of Buratino (1959) - Toad Feldsher (uncredited)
Russian Souvenir (Русский сувенир, 1960) - John Peebles, American philosopher
Aquatic (Водяной, 1961)
Alyonka (Аленка, 1962) - Konstantin Venyaminovich
Dikie lebedi (Аленка, 1962) - The Bishop (voice)
Neobyknovennyy gorod (1963)
An Optimistic Tragedy (Оптимистическая трагедия, 1963) - Vozhachok
Kain XVIII (Каин XVIII, 1963) - King Kain XVIII
A Little Frog Is looking for His Father (Лягушонок ищет папу (озвучивание), 1965, Short) - (voice)
The Ordinary Miracle (Обыкновенное чудо, 1965) - King
Rasplyuev's Days of Fun (Весёлые расплюевские дни, 1966) - Kandid Tarelkin
Two Days of Miracles (Два дня чудес, 1970)
The Twelve Chairs (1971)
Gentlemen of Fortune (Джентльмены удачи, 1971) - Nikolai Grigorevich Maltsev, archeologist
If you are a Man (Если ты мужчина..., 1971)
Yesli ty muzhchina... (1972) - Ulyanych
Winnie-the-Pooh and a Busy Day (Винни-Пух и день забот (озвучивание), 1972, Short) - Eeyore (voice)
Much Ado About Nothing (Много шума из ничего, 1973) - Verges
Nylon 100% (Нейлон 100%, 1973) - Tamer
Trading a Dog for a Steam Locomotive (Меняю собаку на паровоз, 1975)
Olden times of Poshekhon (Пошехонская старина, 1975)
Poshekhonskaya starina (1977)
As director
Marriage (Женитьба, 1936), based on the eponymous play by Nikolay Gogol.
Doctor Kalyuzhnyy (Доктор Калюжный, 1939)
Prince and the Pauper (Принц и нищий, 1942)
Sinogeria (Синегория, 1946)
An Ordinary Miracle (Обыкновенное чудо, 1964), on the eponymous play by Evgeny Schwartz.
Rasplyuev's Days of Fun (Весёлые расплюевские дни, 1966), based on Alexander Sukhovo-Kobylin's play Tarelkin's Death.
As script writer
Marriage (Женитьба, 1936)
An Ordinary Miracle (Обыкновенное чудо, 1964)
Rasplyuev's Days of Fun (Весёлые расплюевские дни, 1966)
References
External links
Biography
Filmography
Garin in the Encyclopedia of Saint Petersburg
1902 births
1980 deaths
People from Ryazan
People from Ryazansky Uyezd
Male screenwriters
20th-century Russian male writers
Soviet film directors
Soviet male film actors
Soviet male voice actors
Soviet screenwriters
Soviet theatre directors
Actors with disabilities
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the USSR
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Burials at Vagankovo Cemetery
Soviet people with disabilities
Film directors with disabilities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erast%20Garin |
General elections were held in South Africa on 10 March 1920 to elect the 134 members of the House of Assembly. This was for the third Union Parliament.
The National Party (NP) won the largest number of seats, but not a majority. The South African Party (SAP) minority government continued in office, with Unionist Party support in Parliament. This was the third successive term of SAP government, but only the second period with General Jan Smuts as Prime Minister. The first SAP premier (General Louis Botha) had died in office in 1919, during the previous Parliament.
The National Party became the official opposition for the first time.
Delimitation of electoral divisions
The South Africa Act 1909 had provided for a delimitation commission to define the boundaries for each electoral division. The representation by province, under the third delimitation report of 1919, is set out in the table below. The figures in brackets are the number of electoral divisions in the previous (1913) delimitation. If there is no figure in brackets then the number was unchanged.
Results
The vote totals in the table below may not give a complete picture of the balance of political opinion, because of unopposed elections (where no votes were cast) and because contested seats may not have been fought by a candidate from all major parties.
References
South Africa 1982: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa, published by Chris van Rensburg Publications
General elections in South Africa
South Africa
General
South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920%20South%20African%20general%20election |
The Strangeloves were a band created in 1964 by the New York-based American songwriting and production team of Bob Feldman, Jerry Goldstein, and Richard Gottehrer. They initially pretended to be from Australia. The Strangeloves' most successful singles were "I Want Candy," "Cara-Lin", and "Night Time".
History
Before the invention of The Strangeloves, Feldman and Goldstein had been working together as songwriters since 1959, and recorded a couple of non-charting singles as the duo Bob & Jerry in 1961-62. From 1959-61 they were members of various non-charting studio-based recording groups such as Bobbi and the Beaus, Ezra and the Iveys, and The Kittens. They linked up with Gottehrer in 1962, formed FGG Productions, and scored hits for other artists including 1963's "My Boyfriend's Back" by The Angels. By 1964, the girl group sound in which FGG Productions specialized was going out of fashion, due to the prevalence of British Invasion-style beat groups. To keep up with market trends, FGG decided to create a ready-made foreign beat group themselves.
Deciding that they could not convincingly fake British accents, they opted to pretend to be Australians. According to the press releases and publicity material issued about the group, The Strangeloves were three brothers named Giles, Miles, and Niles Strange, who were raised on an Australian sheep farm. The brothers' fictional backstory involved getting rich with the invention of a new form of sheep crossbreeding (the long-haired "Gottehrer" sheep allegedly registered with the Feldman-Goldstein Company of Australia) which allowed them the time and financial freedom to form a band. In publicity photographs, the three posed in zebra-striped vests and with African drums, Gottehrer later commenting: "Nobody in the US in 1965 really knew any Australians." The story did not exactly capture the public's imagination, but The Strangeloves' singles still performed respectably well, especially in the United States. Similarly in 1969, Crazy Elephant was promoted in Cash Box magazine as allegedly being a group of Welsh coal miners.
The Strangeloves' first single, as the Strange Loves, "Love, Love (That's All I Want from You)", only reached No. 122 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The group's subsequent releases were as The Strangeloves.
When their second single, "I Want Candy", written and produced in collaboration with Bert Berns at Bang Records, became a hit in the middle of 1965, The Strangeloves found themselves in the unfamiliar and uncomfortable position of performing live. This short-lived experience was followed by a road group composed of four session musicians who had helped to record The Strangeloves' songs. The musicians in the initial road group were bassist/vocalist John Shine, guitarist Jack Raczka, drummer Tom Kobus, and saxophonist/vocalist Richie Lauro.
In early 1966, the road lineup was replaced by a trio of FGG studio musicians that more closely adhered to the founding concept: guitarist Jack Raczka (Giles Strange), drummer/vocalist Joe Piazza (Miles Strange), and keyboardist/vocalist Ken Jones (Niles Strange). In 1968, bass player Greg Roman became an integral part of the band. All studio material continued to be performed by Feldman, Goldstein and Gottehrer, with additional session musicians as required.
While performing on the road in Ohio in 1965 as The Strangeloves, Feldman, Goldstein, and Gottehrer came upon a local band, Ricky Z and the Raiders, led by Rick Derringer (who was Rick Zehringer at the time). Recognizing their raw talent, the producers immediately brought the band to New York, recorded Derringer's voice over an existing music track from The Strangeloves' album, I Want Candy, and released "Hang On Sloopy" as a single under the name The McCoys.
The Strangeloves' only LP, I Want Candy, was released in 1965 on Bang Records, with several of the album tracks having been released as singles. Other singles by The Strangeloves appeared on Swan Records and Sire Records.
The Strangeloves continued recording singles, with moderate American success, through 1968. In their "home" country of Australia, they only scraped the very bottom of the singles charts, but a real Australian group, Johnny Young & Kompany, had a hit in Australia in 1966 with a cover of the Strangeloves' "Cara-Lin" (retitled "Cara-Lyn").
The FGG trio also collaborated on a charting 1965 single credited to The Beach-Nuts, and took on the guise of The Sheep for two charting singles in 1966. Feldman and Goldstein (without Gottehrer) also recorded charting hits in 1966 as Rome & Paris, and in 1969 as The Rock & Roll Dubble Bubble Trading Card Co. of Philadelphia 19141. On his own, Goldstein wrote, produced and arranged a 1966 solo single, "Watch The People Dance," under the name Giles Strange, which failed to chart. Feldman and Gottehrer also issued a non-charting 1970 single ("Right On" b/w "Shakey Jakes") as The Strange Bros. Show.
The following credit appeared on most Strangeloves records (as well as several other records produced by FGG): "arranged and conducted by Bassett Hand." In fact, there is no Bassett Hand; it was a tongue-in-cheek pseudonym for the band's creators. Two instrumental singles credited to Bassett Hand were released around the time The Strangeloves were getting started: "In Detroit" (1964) and "The Happy Organ Shake" (1965). Neither single charted nationally, although "In Detroit" appeared on a Chicago top-40 list as an "Up 'N' Coming" song in October 1964.
In December 2018, after a gap of 53 years, Feldman, Goldstein and Gottehrer sang together, backed by the band Yo La Tengo, at a surprise show at the Bowery Ballroom in New York City.
Post-Strangeloves careers
Their songs have been recorded by David Bowie, Bauhaus, The J. Geils Band, The Fleshtones, Aaron Carter, George Thorogood, and Bow Wow Wow.
Gottehrer went on to later fame as a record producer of early CBGB performers including Richard Hell and the Voidoids, The Fleshtones, and Blondie, as well as being the co-founder of Sire Records along with Seymour Stein. He also worked with Robert Gordon, who was one of many who revitalized rockabilly in the late 1970s, and produced the critically acclaimed first album by Marshall Crenshaw. In the 1980s he continued with successful albums by The Bongos, their frontman Richard Barone, The Go-Go's and many others. He later founded the influential independent distribution company, The Orchard.
In his role as a producer and manager, Goldstein also continued to have an effect on the music world. He suggested to the band Nightshift that they team up with Eric Burdon, which became War, and had the Circle Jerks on his Far Out Productions management company and LAX record label.
All three members of The Strangeloves appeared in interviews in the feature documentary film BANG! The Bert Berns Story, which was co-directed by Bert Berns' son Brett Berns, together with Bob Sarles.
Bob Feldman died on August 23, 2023, nine days after his 83rd birthday.
Discography
LPs
I Want Candy (1965 - Bang Records)
Charted singles
References
External Links
American pop music groups
Garage rock groups from New York (state)
Musical groups established in 1964
Musical groups disestablished in 1968
Musical groups from New York City
Bands with fictional stage personas
Bang Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Strangeloves |
Cracticus is a genus of butcherbirds native to Australasia. They are large songbirds, being between in length. Their colour ranges from black-and-white to mostly black with added grey plumage, depending on the species. They have a large, straight bill with a distinctive hook at the end which is used to skewer prey. They have high-pitched complex songs, which are used to defend their essentially year-round group territories: unlike birds of extratropical Eurasia and the Americas, both sexes sing prolifically.
Taxonomy
The genus Cracticus was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot in 1816 with the hooded butcherbird (Cracticus cassicus) as the type species. The name is from the Ancient Greek kraktikos meaning "noisy" or "clamorous".
Together with three species of currawong (Strepera) and two species of Peltops, the black butcherbird (Melloria quoyi), and the Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen), they form the subfamily Cracticinae within the family Artamidae.
The genus contains six species:
The black butcherbird, Melloria quoyi, is sometimes called Cracticus quoyi.
Biology
They are insect eaters for the most part, but will also feed on small lizards and other vertebrates. They get their name from their habit of impaling captured prey on a thorn, tree fork, or crevice. This "larder" is used to support the victim while it is being eaten, to store prey for later consumption, or to attract mates.
They are the ecological counterparts of the shrikes, mainly found in Eurasia and Africa, which are only distantly related, but share the "larder" habit; shrikes are also sometimes called "butcherbirds". They live in a variety of habitats from tropical rainforest to arid shrubland. Like many similar species, they have adapted well to urbanisation and can be found in leafy suburbs throughout Australia. They are opportunistic, showing little fear and readily taking food offerings to the point of becoming semi-tame.
Females lay between two and five eggs in a clutch, with the larger clutch sizes in more open-country species. Except in the rainforest-dwelling hooded and black butcherbirds, cooperative breeding occurs, with many individuals delaying dispersal to rear young. The nest is made from twigs, high up in a fork of a tree. The young will remain with their mother until almost fully grown. They tend to trail behind their mother and "squeak" incessantly while she catches food for them.
References
External links
Butcherbird videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Bird genera
Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracticus |
Real value may refer to:
Real versus nominal value: real values are the actual values of something while nominal values are the stated values of something
Real versus nominal value (economics): nominal values are the face value of currency over long periods of time (years), whereas real values have been corrected for
A mathematical value that is a real number | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20value |
Pierre Marie Arthur Morelet (26 August 1809 – 9 October 1892) was a French naturalist, born in Lays, Doubs. He was a member of the Commission to Algeria, primarily as a natural artist, drawing any natural findings. He collected specimens in the Canary Islands, Guatemala and Mexico.
He had a particular interest in molluscs and was recognised as a leading expert in the field.
Morelet married Noémie de Folin, sister of Léopold de Folin. Morelet died of natural causes in 1892, in Dijon.
Taxa described
Morelet described various taxa, including:
Cyclophorus horridulum (Morelet, 1882) - a species of land snail
Crocodylus moreletii (Morelet, 1850) - a crocodile
Taxa named in his honour
Taxa named in honour of Arthur Morelet include:
Agalychnis moreletii (A.M.C. Duméril, 1853) – Morelet's Treefrog
Crocodylus moreletii (A.H.A. Duméril & Bibron, 1851) – Morelet's Crocodile
Mesaspis moreletii (Bocourt, 1871) – Morelet's alligator lizard
Ommatoiulus moreletii (Lucas, 1860) – Portuguese millipede
Sporophila morelleti (Bonaparte, 1850) – Morelet's seedeater
Gastropods:
Clavator moreleti Crosse & Fischer, 1868
Conus moreleti Crosse, 1858
Edentulina moreleti (Adams, 1868)
Leidyula moreleti (Fischer, 1871)
Letourneuxia moreleti (P. Hesse, 1884)
Onoba moreleti Dautzenberg, 1889
Patella moreleti Drouet, 1858
Bibliography
Morelet A. (1845). Description des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles du Portugal. pp. [1–3], I–VII, 1–116, Pl. I–XIV. Paris. (Bailliere). scan
Morelet A. (1860). Iles Açores. Notice sur l'histoire naturelle des Açores suivie d'une description des mollusques terrestres de cet archipel. scan
References
External links
1809 births
1892 deaths
French zoologists
French malacologists
People from Doubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Marie%20Arthur%20Morelet |
Morris Light Reconnaissance Car (LRC) was a British light armoured car for reconnaissance use produced by Morris Motors Limited and used by the British during the Second World War.
The Nuffield Group had been brought in to supplement production of light reconnaissance cars by Standard Motor Company (Beaverette) and Humber (Humber LAC, also known as "Humberette").
The vehicle had an unusual internal arrangement, with the three-man crew sitting side by side by side with the driver in the middle, a crewman manning a small multi-sided turret mounting a Bren light machine gun on the right, and another with a Boys anti-tank rifle (mounted in brackets in the hatches on the hull roof) and access to radio set on the left. From 1940 to 1944, over 2,200 were built.
The vehicle was used in the North African, Italian and in North-West Europe campaigns. Some served with the RAF Regiment, others were given to Polish units.
One of the surviving vehicles is on display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford, another at The Tank Museum, Bovington, and another at the Military Museum at Port Dickson, Malaysia.
Variants
Mk I - original version.
Mk I OP - observation post version. No turret. Equipped with two rangefinders.
Mk II - four-by-four chassis.
Morris Experimental Tank - had two turrets. Never reached production.
Firefly - an experiment by Morris to use 6 pounder guns from the period before the tanks became available to mount them. A 57 mm QF 6 pounder anti-tank gun was mounted in the front of the hull. It was rejected.
Salamander - A narrow two seat version of the Morris LRC with a turret on top. Prototype built but no production.
Glanville Fighter Car - A one-seat version of the Morris LRC with two fixed machine guns. Prototype built but no production.
Notes
References
Great Britain's Morris Mk II Reconnaissance Car wwiivehicles.com
External links
Warwheels.net
Morris LRC website
World War II armoured cars
World War II armoured fighting vehicles of the United Kingdom
Reconnaissance vehicles of the United Kingdom
Armoured cars of the United Kingdom
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris%20Light%20Reconnaissance%20Car |
The Missing White House Tapes is a comedy album released as a satiric commentary on the Watergate scandal and is a spin-off from National Lampoon magazine. The recording was produced by Irving Kirsch and Vic Dinnerstein. It was released as a single on Blue Thumb Records in 1973. It was expanded into an album, which was subsequently nominated for a Grammy Award as Best Comedy Recording of the year.
The single consists of a doctored speech, in which Richard Nixon confesses culpability in the Watergate break-in. Side One of the album contains additional doctored recordings of Nixon's speeches and press conferences. Side Two contains sketches performed by John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Rhonda Coullet, and Tony Scheuren.
Tracks
SIDE ONE
Checkers
Calendar
Oval Office
President's Qualities
The New VP
Inspiration
Energy Crisis
Hearings
Send Money
Admission Speech (from the single)
Wrap Up
SIDE TWO
Introduction and Impeachment Parade
Pennsylvania Avenue
News
Plumber Commercial
Impeachment Day Parade Continued
The Constitution Game
News
Senate Hearings
Impeachment Day Parade Continued
Tooth Commercial
Mission Impeachable
News
The FBI
Impeachment, Swearing Out
The Gerry Ford Show
References
External links
Mark's Very Large National Lampoon Site
National Lampoon albums
American comedy radio programs
Blue Thumb Records albums
1974 albums
1970s comedy albums
Works about the Watergate scandal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Missing%20White%20House%20Tapes |
Jonah Nabon was a rabbinical scholar; born at Jerusalem in 1713; died there 1760; son of Hanun Nabon.
He was celebrated for his Talmudic and kabbalistic learning, and was the teacher of Chaim Joseph David Azulai (the Chida). Nabon wrote several works, of which only two have been published, namely:
Nechpah ba-Kesef (vol. i, Constantinople, 1748; vol. ii, Jerusalem, 1843), responsa; and
Get Mekushar, on divorce, in the form of a commentary on "Get Pashut," a work on the same subject by Moses ibn Habib.
References
1713 births
1760 deaths
18th-century rabbis from the Ottoman Empire
Kabbalists
Sephardi Jews from Ottoman Palestine
Rabbis in Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah%20Nabon |
An amateur radio repeater is an electronic device that receives a weak or low-level amateur radio signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. Many repeaters are located on hilltops or on tall buildings as the higher location increases their coverage area, sometimes referred to as the radio horizon, or "footprint". Amateur radio repeaters are similar in concept to those used by public safety entities (police, fire department, etc.), businesses, government, military, and more. Amateur radio repeaters may even use commercially packaged repeater systems that have been adjusted to operate within amateur radio frequency bands, but more often amateur repeaters are assembled from receivers, transmitters, controllers, power supplies, antennas, and other components, from various sources.
Introduction
In amateur radio, repeaters are typically maintained by individual hobbyists or local groups of amateur radio operators. Many repeaters are provided openly to other amateur radio operators and typically not used as a remote base station by a single user or group. In some areas multiple repeaters are linked together to form a wide-coverage network, such as the linked system provided by the Independent Repeater Association which covers most of western Michigan, or the Western Intertie Network System ("WINsystem") that now covers a great deal of California, and is in 17 other states, including Hawaii, along with parts of four other countries, Australia, Canada, Great Britain and Japan.
Frequencies
Repeaters are found mainly in the VHF 6-meter (50–54 MHz), 2-meter (144–148 MHz), 1.25-meter band (1 meters) (220–225 MHz) and the UHF 70 centimeter (420–450 MHz) bands, but can be used on almost any frequency pair above 28 MHz. In some areas, 33 centimeters (902–928 MHz) and 23 centimeters (1.24–1.3 GHz) are also used for repeaters. Note that different countries have different rules; for example, in the United States, the two-meter band is 144–148 MHz, while in the United Kingdom (and most of Europe) it is 144–146 MHz.
Repeater frequency sets are known as "repeater pairs", and in the ham radio community most follow ad hoc standards for the difference between the two frequencies, commonly called the offset. In the USA two-meter band, the standard offset is 600 kHz (0.6 MHz), but sometimes unusual offsets, referred to as oddball splits, are used. The actual frequency pair used is assigned by a local frequency coordinating council.
In the days of crystal-controlled radios, these pairs were identified by the last portion of the transmit (Input) frequency followed by the last portion of the receive (Output) frequency that the ham would put into the radio. Thus "three-four nine-four" (34/94) meant that hams would transmit on 146.34 MHz and listen on 146.94 MHz (while the repeater would do the opposite, listening on 146.34 and transmitting on 146.94). In areas with many repeaters, "reverse splits" were common (i.e., 94/34), to prevent interference between systems.
Since the late 1970s, the use of synthesized, microprocessor-controlled radios, and widespread adoption of standard frequency splits have changed the way repeater pairs are described. In 1980, a ham might have been told that a repeater was on "22/82"—today they will most often be told "682 down". The 6 refers to the last digit of 146 MHz, so that the display will read "146.82" (the output frequency), and the radio is set to transmit "down" 600 kHz on 146.22 MHz. Another way of describing a repeater frequency pair is to give the repeater's output frequency, along with the direction of offset ("+" or "plus" for an input frequency above the output frequency, "−" or "minus" for a lower frequency) with the assumption that the repeater uses the standard offset for the band in question. For instance, a 2-meter repeater might be described as "147.36 with a plus offset", meaning that the repeater transmits on 147.36 MHz and receives on 147.96 MHz, 600 kHz above the output frequency.
Services
Services provided by a repeater may include an autopatch connection to a POTS/PSTN telephone line to allow users to make telephone calls from their keypad-equipped radios. These advanced services may be limited to members of the group or club that maintains the repeater. Many amateur radio repeaters typically have a tone access control (CTCSS, also called CG or PL tone) implemented to prevent them from being keyed-up (operated) accidentally by interference from other radio signals. A few use a digital code system called DCS, DCG or DPL (a Motorola trademark). In the UK most repeaters also respond to a short burst of 1750 Hz tone to open the repeater.
In many communities, a repeater has become a major on-the-air gathering spot for the local amateur radio community, especially during "drive time" (the morning or afternoon commuting time). In the evenings local public service nets may be heard on these systems and many repeaters are used by weather spotters. In an emergency or a disaster a repeater can sometimes help to provide needed communications between areas that could not otherwise communicate. Until cellular telephones became popular, it was common for community repeaters to have "drive time" monitoring stations so that mobile amateurs could call in traffic accidents via the repeater to the monitoring station who could relay it to the local police agencies via telephone. Systems with autopatches frequently had (and still have) most of the public safety agencies numbers programmed as speed-dial numbers.
US repeater coordination
Repeater coordination is not required by the Federal Communications Commission, nor does the FCC regulate, certify or otherwise regulate frequency coordination for the Amateur Radio Bands.
Amateur Radio Repeater Coordinators or coordination groups are all volunteers and have no legal authority to assume jurisdictional or regional control in any area where the Federal Communications Commission regulates the Amateur Radio Service. The United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 47 CFR, Part 97, which are the laws in which the Amateur Radio Service is regulated clearly states the definition of Frequency Coordinator.
The purpose of coordinating a repeater or frequency is to reduce harmful interference to other fixed operations. Coordinating a repeater or frequency with other fixed operations demonstrates good engineering and amateur practice.
UK repeaters
In the UK, the frequency allocations for repeaters are managed by the Emerging Technology Co-ordination Committee (ETCC) of the Radio Society of Great Britain and licensed by Ofcom, the industry regulator for communications in the UK. Each repeater has a NOV (Notice of Variation) licence issued to a particular amateur radio callsign (this person is normally known as the "repeater keeper") thus ensuring the licensing authority has a single point of contact for that particular repeater.
Each repeater in the UK is normally supported by a repeater group composed of local amateur radio enthusiasts who pay a nominal amount e.g. £10–15 a year each to support the maintenance of each repeater and to pay for site rents, electricity costs etc. Repeater groups do not receive any central funding from other organisations.
Such groups include the Central Scotland FM Group and the Scottish Borders Repeater Group.
Repeater equipment
The most basic repeater consists of an FM receiver on one frequency and an FM transmitter on another frequency usually in the same radio band, connected together so that when the receiver picks up a signal, the transmitter is keyed and rebroadcasts whatever is heard.
In order to run the repeater a repeater controller is necessary. A repeater controller can be a hardware solution or even be implemented in software.
Repeaters typically have a timer to cut off retransmission of a signal that goes too long. Repeaters operated by groups with an emphasis on emergency communications often limit each transmission to 30 seconds, while others may allow three minutes or even longer. The timer restarts after a short pause following each transmission, and many systems feature a beep or chirp tone to signal that the timeout timer has reset.
Repeater types
Conventional repeaters
Conventional repeaters, also known as in-band or same-band repeaters, retransmit signals within the same frequency band, and they only repeat signals using a particular modulation scheme, predominately FM.
Standard repeaters require either the use of two antennas (one each for transmitter and receiver) or a duplexer to isolate the transmit and receive signals over a single antenna. The duplexer is a device which prevents the repeater's high-power transmitter (on the output frequency) from drowning out the users' signal on the repeater receiver (on the input frequency). A diplexer allows two transmitters on different frequencies to use one antenna, and is common in installations where one repeater on 2 m and a second on 440 MHz share one feedline up the tower and one antenna.
Most repeaters are remotely controlled through the use of audio tones on a control channel.
Cross-band repeaters
A cross-band repeater (also sometimes called a replexer), is a repeater that retransmits a specific mode on a frequency in one band to a specific mode on a frequency in a different band. This technique allows for a smaller and less complex repeater system. Repeating signals across widely separated frequency bands allows for simple filters to be used to allow one antenna to be used for both transmit and receive at the same time. This avoids the use of complex duplexers to achieve the required rejection for same band repeating.
Some dual-band amateur transceivers are capable of cross-band repeat.
Amateur television repeaters
Amateur television (ATV) repeaters are used by amateur radio operators to transmit full motion video. The bands used by ATV repeaters vary by country, but in the US a typical configuration is as a cross-band system with an input on the 33 or 23 cm band and output on 421.25 MHz or, sometimes, 426.25 MHz (within the 70 cm band). These output frequencies happen to be the same as standard cable television channels 57 and 58, meaning that anyone with a cable-ready analog NTSC TV can tune them in without special equipment.
There are also digital amateur TV repeaters that retransmit digital video signals. Frequently DVB-S modulation is used for digital ATV, due to narrow bandwidth needs and high loss tolerances. These DATV repeaters are more prevalent in Europe currently, partially because of the availability of DVB-S equipment.
Satellite repeaters
In addition, amateur radio satellites have been launched with the specific purpose of operating as space-borne amateur repeaters. The worldwide amateur satellite organization AMSAT designs and builds many of the amateur satellites, which are also known as OSCARs. Several satellites with amateur radio equipment on board have been designed and built by universities around the world. Also, several OSCARs have been built for experimentation. For example, NASA and AMSAT coordinated the release of SuitSat which was an attempt to make a low cost experimental satellite from a discarded Russian spacesuit outfitted with amateur radio equipment.
The repeaters on board a satellite may be of any type; the key distinction is that they are in orbit around the Earth, rather than terrestrial in nature. The three most common types of OSCARs are linear transponders, cross-band FM repeaters, and digipeaters (also referred to as pacsats).
Linear transponders
Amateur transponder repeaters are most commonly used on amateur satellites. A specified band of frequencies, usually having a bandwidth of 20 to 800 kHz is repeated from one band to another. Transponders are not mode specific and typically no demodulation occurs. Any signal with a bandwidth narrower than the transponder's pass-band will be repeated; however, for technical reasons, use of modes other than SSB and CW are discouraged. Transponders may be inverting or non-inverting. An example of an inverting transponder would be a 70cm to 2m transponder which receives on the 432.000 MHz to 432.100 MHz frequencies and transmits on the 146.000 MHz to 146.100 MHz frequencies by inverting the frequency range within the band. In this example, a signal received at 432.001 MHz would be transmitted on 146.099 MHz. Voice signals using upper sideband modulation on the input would result in a LSB modulation on the output, and vice versa.
Store-and-forward systems
Another class of repeaters do not simultaneously retransmit a signal, on different frequency, as they receive it. Instead, they operate in a store-and-forward manner, by receiving and then retransmitting on the same frequency after a short delay.
These systems may not be legally classified as "repeaters", depending on the definition set by a country's regulator. For example, in the US, the FCC defines a repeater as an "amateur station that simultaneously retransmits the transmission of another amateur station on a different channel or channels." (CFR 47 97.205(b)) Store-and-forward systems neither retransmit simultaneously, nor use a different channel. Thus, they must be operated under different rules than more conventional repeaters.
Simplex repeater
A type of system known as a simplex repeater uses a single transceiver and a short-duration voice recorder, which records whatever the receiver picks up for a set length of time (usually 30 seconds or less), then plays back the recording over the transmitter on the same frequency. A common name is a "parrot" repeater.
Digipeater
Another form of repeater used in amateur packet radio, a form of digital computer-to-computer communications, is dubbed "digipeater" (for DIGItal rePEATER). Digipeaters are often used for activities and modes such as packet radio, Automatic Packet Reporting System, and D-STAR's digital data mode. Also commercial digital modes such as DMR, P25 and NXDN. Some modes are full duplex and internet linked.
SSTV repeater
An SSTV repeater is an amateur radio repeater station that relays slow-scan television signals. A typical SSTV repeater is equipped with a HF or VHF transceiver and a computer with a sound card, which serves as a demodulator/modulator of SSTV signals.
SSTV repeaters are used by amateur radio operators for exchanging pictures. If two stations cannot copy each other, they can still communicate through a repeater.
One type of SSTV repeater is activated by a station sending it a 1,750 Hz tone. The repeater sends K in morse code to confirm its activation, after which the station must start sending a picture within about 10 seconds. After reception, the received image is transmitted on the repeater's operation frequency. Another type is activated by the SSTV vertical synchronization signal (VIS code).
Depending on the software it uses (MMSSTV, JVComm32, MSCAN, for example), an SSTV repeater typically operates in common SSTV modes.
Repeater networks
Repeaters may be linked together in order to form what is known as a linked repeater system or linked repeater network. In such a system, when one repeater is keyed-up by receiving a signal, all the other repeaters in the network are also activated and will transmit the same signal. The connections between the repeaters are made via radio (usually on a different frequency from the published transmitting frequency) for maximum reliability. Some networks have a feature to allow the user being able to turn additional repeaters and links on or off on the network. This feature is typically done with DTMF tones to control the network infrastructure. Such a system allows coverage over a wide area, enabling communication between amateurs often hundreds of miles (several hundred km) apart. These systems are used for area or regional communications, for example in Skywarn nets, where storm spotters relay severe weather reports. All the user has to know is which channel to use in which area.
Voting systems
In order to get better receive coverage over a wide area, a similar linked setup can also be done with what is known as a voted receiver system. In a voted receiver, there are several satellite receivers set up to receive on the same frequency (the one that the users transmit on). All of the satellite receivers are linked to a voting selector panel that switches from receiver to receiver based on the best quieting (strongest) signal, and the output of the selector will actually trigger the central repeater transmitter. A properly adjusted voting system can switch many times a second and can actually "assemble" a multi-syllable word using a different satellite receiver for each syllable. Such a system can be used to widen coverage to low power mobile radios or handheld radios that otherwise would not be able to key up the central location, but can receive the signal from the central location without an issue. Voting systems require no knowledge or effort on the part of the user – the system just seems to have better-than-average handheld coverage.
Internet linking
Repeaters may also be connected over the Internet using voice over IP (VoIP) techniques. VoIP links are a convenient way to connecting distant repeaters that would otherwise be unreachable by VHF/UHF radio propagation. Popular VoIP amateur radio network protocols include D-STAR, Echolink, IRLP, WIRES and eQSO. Digital Mobile Radio (DMR), D-STAR, Fusion, P25 and NXDN all have a codec in the user radio and along with the encoded audio, also send and receive user number and destination information so one can talk to another specific user or a Talk Group. Two such worldwide networks are DMR-MARC and Brandmeister.
For example, a simplex gateway may be used to link a simplex repeater into a repeater network via the Internet.
Operating terms
Timing Out is the situation where a person talks too long and the repeater timer shuts off the repeater transmitter.
Kerchunking is transmitting a momentary signal to check a repeater without identifying. In many countries, such an act violates amateur radio regulations. The term "Kerchunk" can also apply to the sound a large FM transmitter makes when the operator switches it off and on.
Lid refers to a poor operator (radio methods) usually from improper training from other Amateurs or exposure to different types of operation such as CB radio.
References
External links
Free information web site devoted to those that build repeaters of any type: amateur, commercial, GMRS, public safety, etc.
Repeater
Radio electronics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio%20repeater |
General elections were held in South Africa on 8 February 1921 to elect the 134 members of the House of Assembly. The South African Party, which since the previous election had fused with the Unionist Party, won an absolute majority.
Delimitation of electoral divisions
The South Africa Act 1909 had provided for a delimitation commission to define the boundaries for each electoral division. The representation by province, under the third delimitation report of 1919, is set out in the table below. The figures in brackets are the number of electoral divisions in the previous (1913) delimitation. If there is no figure in brackets then the number was unchanged.
The electoral divisions used for this general election were the same as those for the 1920 election.
Results
Notes
References
South Africa 1982: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa, published by Chris van Rensburg Publications
General elections in South Africa
South Africa
General
February 1921 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921%20South%20African%20general%20election |
A23187 is a mobile ion-carrier that forms stable complexes with divalent cations (ions with a charge of +2). A23187 is also known as Calcimycin, Calcium Ionophore, Antibiotic A23187 and Calcium Ionophore A23187. It is produced at fermentation of Streptomyces chartreusensis.
Actions and uses
A23187 has antibiotic properties against gram positive bacteria and fungi. It also acts as a divalent cation ionophore, allowing these ions to cross cell membranes, which are usually impermeable to them. A23187 is most selective for Mn2+, somewhat less selective for Ca2+ and Mg2+, much less selective for Sr2+, and even less selective for Ba2+. The ionophore is used in laboratories to increase intracellular Ca2+ levels in intact cells. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, the process cells use to synthesize Adenosine triphosphate which they use for energy. In addition, A23187 inhibits mitochondrial ATPase activity. A23187 also induces apoptosis in some cells (e.g. mouse lymphoma cell line, or S49, and Jurkat cells) and prevents it in others (e.g. cells dependent on interleukin 3 that have had the factor withdrawn).
Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation (Canada) reported an innovative application of A23187. Inex used A23187 as a molecular tool in order to make artificial liposomes loaded with anti-cancer drugs such as Topotecan.
In IVF field, Ca Ionophore can be used in case of low fertilization rate after ICSI procedure, particularly with Globozoospermia (Round Head sperm syndrome), Ca Ionophore will replace absence of sperm acrosome, and plays role in oocyte activation after ICSI. Recommended use is 0.5 microgram/ml twice for 10 min interrupted with fresh media with 30 min incubation, followed with regular injected eggs culture for IVF.
Biosynthesis
The core biosynthetic enzymes are thought to include 3 proteins for the biosynthesis of the α-ketopyrrole moiety, 5 for modular type I polyketide synthases for the spiroketal ring, 4 for the biosynthesis of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, an N-methyltransferase tailoring enzyme, and a type II thioesterase.
Commercial availability
Commercially, A23187 is available as free acid, Ca2+ salt, and 4-brominated analog.
References
External links
A23187 from AG Scientific, another vendor
A21387 from BIOMOL, a vendor's product page
Calcimycin from Bioaustralis, a vendor's product page
Antibiotics
Ionophores
Benzoxazoles
Pyrroles
Uncouplers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A23187 |
A radio repeater is a combination of a radio receiver and a radio transmitter that receives a signal and retransmits it, so that two-way radio signals can cover longer distances. A repeater sited at a high elevation can allow two mobile stations, otherwise out of line-of-sight propagation range of each other, to communicate. Repeaters are found in professional, commercial, and government mobile radio systems and also in amateur radio.
Repeater systems use two different radio frequencies; the mobiles transmit on one frequency, and the repeater station receives those transmission and transmits on a second frequency. Since the repeater must transmit at the same time as the signal is being received, and may even use the same antenna for both transmitting and receiving, frequency-selective filters are required to prevent the receiver from being overloaded by the transmitted signal. Some repeaters use two different frequency bands to provide isolation between input and output or as a convenience.
In a communications satellite, a transponder serves a similar function, but the transponder does not necessarily demodulate the relayed signals.
Full duplex operation
A repeater is an automatic radio-relay station, usually located on a mountain top, tall building, or radio tower. It allows communication between two or more bases, mobile or portable stations that are unable to communicate directly with each other due to distance or obstructions between them.
The repeater receives on one radio frequency (the "input" frequency), demodulates the signal, and simultaneously re-transmits the information on its "output" frequency. All stations using the repeater transmit on the repeater's input frequency and receive on its output frequency. Since the repeater is usually located at an elevation higher than the other radios using it, their range is greatly extended.
Because the transmitter and receiver are on at the same time, isolation must exist to keep the repeater's own transmitter from degrading the repeater receiver. If the repeater transmitter and receiver are not isolated well, the repeater's own transmitter desensitizes the repeater receiver. The problem is similar to being at a rock concert and not being able to hear the weak signal of a conversation over the much stronger signal of the band.
In general, isolating the receiver from the transmitter is made easier by maximizing, as much as possible, the separation between input and output frequencies.
When operating through a repeater, mobile stations must transmit on a different frequency than the repeater output. Although the repeater site must be capable of simultaneous reception and transmission (on two different frequencies), mobile stations can operate in one mode at a time, alternating between receiving and transmitting; so, mobile stations do not need the bulky, and costly filters required at a repeater site. Mobile stations may have an option to select a "talk around" mode to transmit and receive on the same frequency; this is sometimes used for local communication within range of the mobile units.
Frequency separation: input to output
There is no set rule about spacing of input and output frequencies for all radio repeaters. Any spacing where the designer can get sufficient isolation between receiver and transmitter will work.
In some countries, under some radio services, there are agreed-on conventions or separations that are required by the system license. In the case of input and output frequencies in the United States, for example:
Amateur repeaters in the 144–148 MHz band usually use a 600 kHz (0.6 MHz) separation, in the 1.25-meter band use a 1.6 MHz separation, in the 420–450 MHz band use a 5 MHz separation, and in the 902–928 MHz band use a 25 MHz separation.
Systems in the 450–470 MHz band use a 5 MHz separation with the input on the higher frequency. Example: input is 456.900 MHz; output is 451.900 MHz.
Systems in the 806–869 MHz band use a 45 MHz separation with the input on the lower frequency. Example: input is 810.1875 MHz; output is 855.1875 MHz.
Military systems are suggested to use no less than a 10 MHz spacing.
These are just a few examples. There are many other separations or spacings between input and output frequencies in operational systems.
Same band frequencies
Same band repeaters operate with input and output frequencies in the same frequency band. For example, in US two-way radio, 30–50 MHz is one band and 150–174 MHz is another. A repeater with an input of 33.980 MHz and an output of 46.140 MHz is a same band repeater.
In same band repeaters, a central design problem is keeping the repeater's own transmitter from interfering with the receiver. Reducing the coupling between transmitter and input frequency receiver is called isolation.
Duplexer system
In same-band repeaters, isolation between transmitter and receiver can be created by using a single antenna and a device called a duplexer. The device is a tuned filter connected to the antenna. In this example, consider a type of device called a band-pass duplexer. It allows, or passes, a band, (or a narrow range,) of frequencies.
There are two legs to the duplexer filter, one is tuned to pass the input frequency, the other is tuned to pass the output frequency. Both legs of the filter are coupled to the antenna. The repeater receiver is connected to the receive leg while the transmitter is connected to the transmit leg. The duplexer prevents degradation of the receiver sensitivity by the transmitter in two ways. First, the receive leg greatly attenuates the transmitter's carrier at the receiver input (typically by 90-100 dB), preventing the carrier from overloading (blocking) the receiver front end. Second, the transmit leg attenuates the transmitter broadband noise on the receiver frequency, also typically by 90-100 dB. By virtue of the transmitter and receiver being on different frequencies, they can operate at the same time on a single antenna.
Combining system
There is often not enough tower space to accommodate a separate antenna for each repeater at crowded equipment sites. In same-band repeaters at engineered, shared equipment sites, repeaters can be connected to shared antenna systems. These are common in trunked systems, where up to 29 repeaters for a single trunked system may be located at the same site. (Some architectures such as iDEN sites may have more than 29 repeaters.)
In a shared system, a receive antenna is usually located at the top of the antenna tower. Putting the receive antenna at the top helps to capture weaker received signals than if the receive antenna were lower of the two. By splitting the received signal from the antenna, many receivers can work satisfactorily from a single antenna. Devices called receiver multicouplers split the signal from the antenna into many receiver connections. The multicoupler amplifies the signals reaching the antenna, then feeds them to several receivers, attempting to make up for losses in the power dividers (or splitters). These operate similarly to a cable TV splitter but must be built to higher quality standards so they work in environments where strong interfering signals are present.
On the transmitter side, a second transmit antenna is installed somewhere below the receive antenna. There is an electrical relationship defined by the distance between transmit and receive antennas. A desirable null exists if the transmit antenna is located exactly below the receive antenna beyond a minimum distance. Almost the same isolation as a low-grade duplexer (about −60 decibels) can be accomplished by installing the transmit antenna below, and along the centerline of, the receive antenna. Several transmitters can be connected to the same antenna using filters called combiners. Transmitters usually have directional devices installed along with the filters that block any reflected power in the event the antenna malfunctions. The antenna must have a power rating that will handle the sum of energy of all connected transmitters at the same time.
Transmitter combining systems are lossy. As a rule of thumb, each leg of the combiner has a 50% (3 decibel) power loss. If two transmitters are connected to a single antenna through a combiner, half of their power will reach the combiner output. (This assumes everything is working properly.) If four transmitters are coupled to one antenna, a quarter of each transmitter's power will reach the output of the combining circuit. Part of this loss can be made up with increased antenna gain. Fifty watts of transmitter power to the antenna will make a received signal strength at a distant mobile radio that is almost identical to 100 watts.
In trunked systems with many channels, a site design may include several transmit antennas to reduce combining network losses. For example, a six-channel trunked system may have two transmit antennas with three transmitters connected to each of the two transmit antennas. Because small variations affect every antenna, each antenna will have a slightly different directional pattern. Each antenna will interact with the tower and other nearby antennas differently. If one were to measure received signal levels, this would cause a variation among channels on a single trunked system. Variations in signal strength among channels on one trunked system can also be caused by:
failed parts in the combiner,
characteristics of the design,
loose connectors,
bad cables,
mistuned filters, or;
incorrectly installed components.
Modern
Cross-band repeaters are sometimes a part of government trunked radio systems. If one community is on a trunked system and the neighboring community is on a conventional system, a talk group or agency-fleet-subfleet may be designated to communicate with the other community. In an example where the community is on 153.755 MHz, transmitting on the trunked system talk group would repeat on 153.755 MHz. Signals received by a base station on 153.755 MHz would go over the trunked system on an assigned talk group.
In conventional government systems, cross band repeaters are sometimes used to connect two agencies who use radio systems on different bands. For example, a fire department in Colorado was on a 46 MHz channel while a police department was on a 154 MHz channel, they built a cross-band repeater to allow communication between the two agencies.
If one of the systems is simplex, the repeater must have logic preventing transmitter keying in both directions at the same time. Voting comparators with a transmitter keying matrix are sometimes used to connect incompatible base stations.
Historic
In looking at records of old systems, examples of cross-band commercial systems were found in every U.S. radio service where regulations allowed them. In California, specific systems using cross-band repeaters have existed at least since the 1960s. Historic examples of cross-band systems include:
Solano County Fire, (former Fire Radio Service): 46.240 input; 154.340 output. This system was dismantled in the 1980s and is now a same-band repeater.
Mid-Valley Fire District, Fresno, (former Fire Radio Service): 46.140 input; 154.445 output. This system was dismantled in the 1980s and is now a same-band repeater.
Santa Clara County Department of Parks and Recreation, (former Forestry Conservation Radio Service): 44.840 MHz input; 151.445 MHz output. This system was dismantled in the 1980s and is now a same-band repeater.
State of California, Governor's Office of Emergency Services, Fire, (former Fire Radio Service): 33.980 MHz input; 154.160 MHz output.
In commercial systems, manufacturers stopped making cross band mobile radio equipment with acceptable specifications for public safety systems in the early 1980s. At the time, some systems were dismantled because new radio equipment was not available. Sporadic E ionospheric ducting can make the 46 MHz and below frequencies unworkable in summer.
As links
For decades, cross-band repeaters have been used as fixed links. The links can be used for remote control of base stations at distant sites or to send audio from a diversity (voting) receiver site back to the diversity combining system (voting comparator). Some legacy links occur in the US 150–170 MHz band. US Federal Communications Commission rule changes did not allow 150 MHz links after the 1970s. Newer links are more often seen on 72–76 MHz (Mid-band), 450–470 MHz interstitial channels, or 900 MHz links. These links, known as fixed stations in US licensing, typically connect an equipment site with a dispatching office.
Vehicular repeaters
Modern amateur radios sometimes include cross-band repeat capability native to the radio transceiver.
In commercial systems, cross-band repeaters are sometimes used in vehicular repeaters. For example, a 150 MHz hand held may communicate to a vehicle-mounted low-power transceiver. The low-power radio repeats transmissions from the portable over the vehicle's high power mobile radio, which has a much longer range. In these systems, the hand-held works so long as it is within range of the low power mobile repeater. The mobile radio is usually on a different band than the hand-held to reduce the chances of the mobile radio transmitter interfering with the transmission from the hand-held to the vehicle.
Motorola, for example, marketed a vehicular repeater system called PAC*RT. It was available for use with 150 MHz or 450 MHz hand-helds and interfaced with some Motorola mobile radios.
In the 1980s, General Electric Mobile Radio had a 463 MHz emergency medical services radio that featured a 453 MHz vehicular repeater link to a hand-held.
There is a difficult engineering problem with these systems. If you get two vehicle radios at the same location, some protocol has to be established so that one portable transmitting doesn't activate two or more mobile radio transmitters. Motorola uses a hierarchy system with PAC*RT, each repeater transmits a tone when it is turned on, so the last one on site that turns on is the one that gets used. This is so several of them are not on at once.
Vehicular repeaters are complex but can be less expensive than designing a system that covers a large area and works with the weak signal levels of hand-held radios. Some models of radio signals suggest that the transmitters of hand-held radios create received signals at the base station one to two orders of magnitude (10 to 20 decibels or 10 to 100 times) weaker than a mobile radio with a similar transmitter output power.
Siting as part of system design
Radio repeaters are typically placed in locations which maximize their effectiveness for their intended purpose:
"Low-level" repeaters are used for local communications, and are placed at low altitude to reduce interference with other users of the same radio frequencies. Low-level systems are used for areas as large as an entire city, or as small as a single building.
"High-level" repeaters are placed on tall towers or mountaintops to maximize their area of coverage. With these systems, users with low-powered radios (such as hand-held "walkie-talkies") can communicate with each other over many miles.
See also
Broadcast relay station for broadcast television repeaters
Cellular repeater
Microwave radio relay
Signal strength in telecommunications
Repeater lists
UHF CB Australia – UHF CB News, Information, Repeater Locations & Sales. UHF CB Australia Supporting and expanding the UHF CB network
References
Radio electronics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20repeater |
The following lists events that happened during 1926 in Australia.
Incumbents
Monarch – George V
Governor-General – Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster of Lepe (until 8 October) then John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven
Prime Minister – Stanley Bruce
Chief Justice – Adrian Knox
State premiers
Premier of New South Wales – Jack Lang
Premier of Queensland – William McCormack
Premier of South Australia – John Gunn (until 28 August), then Lionel Hill
Premier of Tasmania – Joseph Lyons
Premier of Victoria – John Allan
Premier of Western Australia – Philip Collier
State governors
Governor of New South Wales – Sir Dudley de Chair
Governor of Queensland – none appointed
Governor of South Australia – Sir Tom Bridges
Governor of Tasmania – Sir James O'Grady
Governor of Victoria – George Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke (until 7 April), then Arthur Somers-Cocks, 6th Baron Somers (from 28 June)
Governor of Western Australia – Sir William Campion
Events
19 April – The High Court of Australia finds in the case of Clyde Engineering Co Ltd v Cowburn that the Forty-Four Hours Week Act 1925 (NSW) was incompatible with Commonwealth legislation.
3 September – The Canberra Times is first published.
4 September – A federal referendum is held, containing two questions: Industry and Commerce and Essential Services. Neither question is passed.
13 September – Twenty-six people are killed in the Murulla railway accident.
Helen Wayth wins the first Miss Australia Quest
Ballerina Anna Pavlova tours Australia
Science and technology
22 June – The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is founded, the precursor to today's CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation).
Arts and literature
William McInnes wins the Archibald Prize
Sport
18 September – South Sydney Rabbitohs defeat University 11–5, becoming premiers of the New South Wales Rugby Football League season 1926.
25 September – Melbourne defeat Collingwood 17.17 (119) to 9.8 (62) at the VFL grand final, becoming premiers of the 1926 VFL season.
2 November – Spearfelt wins the Melbourne Cup.
New South Wales wins the Sheffield Shield
Births
7 January – Joe Marston, soccer player (died 2015)
11 January – Baillieu Myer, businessman and philanthropist (died 2022)
3 February – Raymond Martin, chemist (died 2020)
4 February – Dave Sands, boxer (died 1952)
6 February – Bruce Ruxton, former soldier and president of the RSL (died 2011)
8 February – Tony Street, politician (died 2022)
10 February – Arvi Parbo, businessman (died 2019)
16 February – Rayene Stewart Simpson, soldier and Victoria Cross recipient (died 1978)
6 March – Ray O'Connor, Premier of Western Australia (1982–1983) (died 2013)
15 March – Thelma Keane, wife of cartoonist Bil Keane and inspiration for the "Mommy" character in The Family Circus (died 2008)
2 April – Jack Brabham, racing driver (died 2014)
13 April – Neil Betts, rugby union player (died 2017)
11 May – Frank Thring, actor (died 1994)
18 June – Shirley McKechnie, dancer, choreographer and dance educator (died 2022)
25 June – Kep Enderby, Esperantist and politician (died 2015)
27 June – Bruce Tozer, cricketer (died 2021)
1 July – Stan Obst, Australian rules footballer (died 2005)
3 July – Laurence Street, jurist and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales (died 2018)
4 July – Stuart Thomas Butler, nuclear physicist (died 1982)
9 July – Peter Mullins, decathlete (died 2012)
12 July – Al Grassby, politician, Minister for Immigration (died 2005)
20 July – Russ Gorman, politician (died 2017)
31 July – Jack Pollard, sports writer and cricket historian (died 2002)
5 August – Doug McClelland, politician
15 August – Ted Allsopp, race walker
27 August – Reg Watson, television producer and screenwriter (died 2019)
8 September – Keith Adams, adventurer (died 2012)
16 September – Sir William Cole, public servant (died 2019)
18 September – Deirdre Jordan, academic and educator
30 September – Frank O'Neill, swimmer
11 October – Neville Wran, Premier of New South Wales (1976–1986) (died 2014)
20 October – Peter Durack, politician, Attorney-General (died 2008)
7 November – Joan Sutherland, opera singer (died 2010)
15 November – Ivor Greenwood, politician, Attorney-General (died 1976)
31 December – Sir Billy Snedden, politician, Leader of the Liberal Party (died 1987)
Deaths
9 January – William Henry Warren, engineer (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1852)
12 January – Sir Austin Chapman, New South Wales politician (b. 1864)
30 April – Sir Tim Coghlan, New South Wales statistician, engineer and diplomat (died in the United Kingdom) (b. 1856)
11 May – Sir Hugh Dixson, businessman and philanthropist (died in British Ceylon) (b. 1841)
15 May – Joseph James Fletcher, biologist (born in New Zealand) (b. 1850)
16 May – Joe Slater, composer and music publisher (b. 1872)
21 May – Hugh Victor McKay, industrialist (b. 1865)
4 June – Fred Spofforth, cricketer (died in the United Kingdom) (b. 1853)
23 June – Lowther Clarke, Anglican archbishop (born and died in the United Kingdom) (b. 1850)
28 June – William Archibald, South Australian politician (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1850)
14 July – Sir Charles Mackellar, New South Wales politician and surgeon (b. 1844)
19 July – Ada Cambridge, author (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1844)
14 September – Charles Hedley, naturalist (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1862)
3 October – Samuel James Mitchell, 1st Chief Jusice of the Northern Territory (b. 1852)
11 December
Sir William McMillan, New South Wales politician and businessman (born in Ireland) (b. 1850)
Gottlieb Schuler, journalist (born in Germany) (b. 1853)
13 December – William Spence, trade union leader and politician (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1846)
See also
List of Australian films of the 1920s
References
Australia
Years of the 20th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926%20in%20Australia |
The Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands is the political leader and head of government. The post of premier is the equivalent to chief minister or prime minister in other British Overseas Territories. It is the highest political level that can be attained within the British colonial system. Prior to 2006, the position was known as the Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands.
The premier and Cabinet (consisting of all the most senior ministers) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to King Charles III, to the House of Assembly, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate.
The current premier is Charles Washington Misick, since 20 February 2021.
Constitutional background
A new constitution, after being laid in the Turks and Caicos parliament and receiving Queen Elizabeth II's signature, entered into force on 9 August 2006. The new constitution of the Turks and Caicos Islands changed the title of Chief Minister and Deputy Chief Minister to Premier and Deputy Premier.
On 14 August 2009, the United Kingdom suspended the Turks and Caicos' self-government after allegations of ministerial corruption. The prerogative of the ministerial government and the House of Assembly are vested in the islands' incumbent governor for a period of up to two years, with possible extensions.
List
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
See also
List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and dependencies
Politics of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands
References
Further reading
Turks and Caicos Islands, List of Premiers of the
Premier | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier%20of%20the%20Turks%20and%20Caicos%20Islands |
Aphidicolin is a tetracyclic diterpene antibiotic isolated from the fungus Cephalosporum aphidicola with antiviral and antimitotic properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication. It blocks the cell cycle at early S phase. It is a specific inhibitor of DNA polymerase Alpha and Delta in eukaryotic cells and in some viruses (vaccinia and herpesviruses) and an apoptosis inducer in HeLa cells. Natural aphidicolin is a secondary metabolite of the fungus Nigrospora oryzae.
Bibliography
References
Antibiotics
Transferase inhibitors
Diterpenes
Cyclopentanes
DNA polymerase inhibitors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphidicolin |
The Povindah was a class of warrior nomadic traders in present-day Afghanistan and north-western Pakistan, who belonged chiefly to the tribes of Ghilzais Pashtuns. Their name, which designates their occupation, is derived from the same root as the Pushtu word meaning "to graze".
Occupation
They assembled every autumn on the plains east of Ghazni, with their families, flocks, herds and long strings of camels and horses, laden with the goods of Bokhara and Kandahar; and forming a caravan march through the Kakar and Waziri countries by the Zhob and Gumal passes of the Suliman Hills.
Powindah tribes
List of Povindah clans
Ghilzai
Nasar is a Pashtun ethnic Khillji Tribe, mainly living in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The most famous General Saidal Khan Nasar who Fought with Persia along with Mirwais Baba as Chief of Army and overcame Isfahan now in the modern days the popular politicians in Pakistan namely Mullana Fazal u Rehman, Sardar Yaqoob Khan Nasar.
Ahmadzai
The Ahmadzai (Pashto: احمدزی) is a Pashtun subtribe of the Ghilji confederacy. The Ahmadzai Pashtun tribe is a Powandah tribe and are traditional nomadic merchant warriors.
Hotak
Niazi:
Kharoti
See also
Niazi
Lohani
External links
Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600-1750 By Stephen Frederic Dale
A British Tale of Indian and Foreign Service By Ian Scott, Denis Judd Page 120
A British Tale of Indian and Foreign Service By Ian Scott, Denis Judd
References
Pashtun tribes
Nomads
Pashtun nomadic tribes
Social groups of Pakistan
Social groups of Afghanistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povindah |
Rob Campanella is a musician, best known as a Los Angeles producer, engineer, and member of The Quarter After.
Music career
Producer and engineer
Campanella has produced and engineered albums for his own band The Quarter After, and for clients including The Brian Jonestown Massacre, The Tyde, Beachwood Sparks, Goldrush, Dead Meadow, Mia Doi Todd, The Morning After Girls, and Scarling.
Discography
Albums/CDs
The Ethers, The Ethers, album (1999) – producer, engineer
Sunstorm, Sunstorm, album (2000) – producer, engineer, mixing, guitar
The Tyde, Once, album (2001) – producer, engineer, mixing
The Brian Jonestown Massacre, Bravery, Repetition & Noise, album (2001) – producer, engineer, Hammond organ, acoustic guitar, Melotron flute, Spanish guitar, Vox fuzz repeater
Cloud Eleven, Orange and Green and Yellow and Near, album (2002) – mandolin
The Tyde, Twice, album (2003) – producer, engineer, mixing
Dead Meadow, from Buddyhead Presents: Gimme Skelter, album, "Let's Jump In" (2003) — producer, engineer
The Brian Jonestown Massacre, And This Is Our Music, album (2003) – producer, engineer, Hammond organ, dobro, mandolin, piano
The Tyde, from Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before: 25 Years of Rough Trade, album, "Tell Me" (2003) — engineer
Meow Meow, Snow Gas Bones, album (2004), — mixing
Dead Meadow, from Matador at Fifteen album, "The Whirlings" (2004) – producer, engineer
Frausdots, Couture, Couture, Couture, album (2004) – mandolin
Daydream Nation, Bella Vendetta, album (2004) – slide guitar
Mia Doi Todd, Manzanita, album (2005) – producer, engineer, mixing, dulcimer, mandolin, piano, electric guitar
Dusty Sound System, Days of Horror, Nights of Splendor, album (2005) – producer, engineer, guitar
The Quarter After, The Quarter After, album (2005) – producer, engineer, guitar, vocals, piano, Mellotron, organ, dobro, mandolin, bass guitar
C24C, Stay Gold, album (2005) – producer, engineer, mixing
Scarling., So Long, Scarecrow, album (2005) – producer, engineer
Goldrush, Ozona, album (2005) – producer
Imogene, Imogene, album (2005) – engineer
The Tyde, Three's Co., album (2006) – producer, engineer, mixing, slide guitar
Mia Doi Todd, from La Ninja: Amor and Other Dreams of Manzanita, album (2006) "Norwegian Wood" — producer, engineer, acoustic Guitar, Mellotron, and "The Last Night Of Winter" — re-mixer
The Abe Lincoln Story, Kings Of The Soul Punk Swing, album (2007) – engineer
The Lovetones, Axiom, album (2007) – producer, engineer, Mellotron, slide guitar, bazouki
Dead Meadow, Old Growth, album (2008) – producer, engineer
The Stereo Workers Union, God Bless The Stereo Workers Union!, album (2008) – producer, engineer, guitar, bass, Mellotron, mandolin, sitar, tambourine
The Quarter After, Changes Near, album (2008) – producer, engineer, mixing, guitar, vocals, Mellotron, piano, Hammond organ, tamboura, dobro
Meow Meow, Meow Meow, album (2008) – producer, engineer, mixing
The Lovetones, Dimensions, album (2009) – producer, engineer, mixing, Mellotron, piano
Lower Heaven, ASHES, album (2009) – engineer, Mellotron
Chief Nowhere, Chief Nowhere, album (2010) – engineer, Mellotron, Leslie vocals
Seth Swirsky, Watercolor Day, album (2010) – mixing, engineer, sitar, tampura
The Lovetones, Lost, album (2010) – engineer, mixing, Mellotron
Singles and EPs
Basement Youth Miracle, self-titled EP, (1999); producer, engineer, mixing
The Drummed, "Eraserhead", EP (1997) – guitar
The Drummed, "Mosquito", EP (1998) – guitar
The Drummed, "The Drummed", EP (1999) – guitar, engineer, mixing
The Tyde, "Strangers Again"/"Improper" (2000) – engineer, mixing
The Tyde, "All My Bastard Children"/"Silver's Okay Michelle" (2001) – engineer, mixing
Beachwood Sparks, "Once We Were Trees"/"Wake Up Little Susie" (2001) – producer, engineer
The Tyde, "The World's Strongest Man/"Sullen Eyes" (2001) – engineer, mixing
The Tyde, "Blood Brothers EP" (2002) – engineer, mixing
The Tyde, "Go Ask Yer Dad"/"Blood Brothers" (CD single also includes "Play It As It Lays") (May 2003) (US) – engineer, mixing
Meow Meow, "Cracked"/"Not Worth Recovering"/"Nature Is A Machine" (2004) – engineer, mixing
Scarling., "Crispin Glover"/"Art of Pretension" (2004) – producer, engineer
Scarling., "Crispin Glover"/"Love Becomes A Ghost" (2004) – producer, engineer
The Tyde, "Look By in Anger"/"Roadrunner" (2004) – engineer, mixing
Frausdots, "Dead Wrong"/"Pastels" (2004) – producer, engineer
Frausdots, "Gonna Lose It" (2005) – producer, engineer, mixing
Scarling. / The Willowz, split 7-inch "We Are the Music Makers" (2005) – producer, engineer
Scarling., "Staring to the Sun" (2006) – producer, engineer, mixing
The Quarter After, "Too Much Too Think About" (2008) – producer, engineer, guitar, vocals, sitar
Spider Problem, "Natural Selections EP" (2008) – producer, engineer, mixing
Scarling., "Who Wants To Die For Art?" (2013) – producer, engineer, mixing
Filmography
DiG! (2004)
References
External links
The Quarter After
The Quarter After on Myspace
Living people
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American indie rock musicians
Place of birth missing (living people)
Record producers from California
The Brian Jonestown Massacre members
1966 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%20Campanella |
Derek Hugh Taylor (born 1 October 1951) is a Turks and Caicos Islander politician who served as the 6th Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands from 31 January 1995 to 15 August 2004. He is the former leader of the People's Democratic Movement (PDM) party.
He was re-elected to the Turks and Caicos Islands House of Assembly as an at-large member in the 2012 general elections but later lost his seat in the 2021 general elections as he didn't make it into the top 5 At-Large, as received the 9th most votes with 2,352 votes.
Notes
External links
1951 births
Living people
Chief Ministers of the Turks and Caicos Islands
People's Democratic Movement (Turks and Caicos Islands) politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20Hugh%20Taylor |
General elections were held in South Africa on 17 May 1933 to elect the 150 members of the House of Assembly. The National Party won half the seats in the House, but the coalition with the South African Party continued.
Changes to the franchise
Since the 1929 election several changes had been made to the franchise laws. Adult white women were enfranchised in 1930. In 1931 all European males over the age of 21 were enfranchised (eliminating property and wage qualifications for that section of the population).
One effect of these changes, which were not extended to the non-white population of the Union, was to dilute the influence of the non-white electors in Cape Province and Natal.
Delimitation of electoral divisions
The South Africa Act 1909 had provided for a delimitation commission to define the boundaries for each electoral division. The representation by province, under the sixth delimitation report of 1932, is set out in the table below. The figures in brackets are the number of electoral divisions in the previous (1928) delimitation. If there is no figure in brackets then the number was unchanged.
Results
The vote totals in the table below may not give a complete picture of the balance of political opinion, because of unopposed elections (where no votes were cast) and because contested seats may not have been fought by a candidate from all major parties.
As the two largest parties were in coalition together, the opposition to the government was weaker and more fragmented than in any other election in South African history.
An alternative breakdown of members, distinguishing between supporters and opponents of the coalition, was (pro Coalition) NP 75, SAP 61, Creswell Labour 2, Roos 2; (opposition) National Council Labour 2, Natal Home Ruler 2, Independents 6. Another interpretation, is NP 75, SAP 61, Labour 4, Roos Party 2, Home Rule group 2 and Independents 6.
References
Keesing's Contemporary Archives
The Rise of the South African Reich, by Brian Bunting, (first published by Penguin Africa Library in 1964 and revised in 1969) accessed on an ANC website 3 August 2010
Smuts: A Reappraisal, by Bernard Friedman (George, Allen & Unwin 1975)
South Africa 1982 Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa, published by Chris van Rensburg Publications
The South African Constitution, by H.J. May (3rd edition 1955, Juta & Co)
General elections in South Africa
South Africa
General
May 1933 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%20South%20African%20general%20election |
Domingos Antônio da Guia (born in Rio de Janeiro, November 19, 1912 – died in Rio, May 18, 2000) was a Brazilian footballer.
He played in four matches for Brazil in the 1938 FIFA World Cup finals. He is regarded as one of the best Brazilian defenders of all time.
Honours
Nacional
Uruguayan League: 1933
Vasco
Rio de Janeiro State League: 1934
Boca Juniors
Argentine League: 1935
Flamengo
Rio de Janeiro State League: 1939, 1942, 1943
Corinthans
Taça Cidade de São Paulo: 1947, 1948
Rio de Janeiro State Team
Campeonato Brasileiro de Seleções Estaduais: 1931, 1938, 1940
Brazil
Copa Río Branco: 1931, 1932
Roca Cup: 1945
FIFA World Cup: third-place 1938
Copa América runner-up: 1945, 1946
Individual
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1938
South American Championship Player of the tournament: 1945
References
External links
1912 births
2000 deaths
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
Bangu Atlético Clube players
CR Flamengo footballers
Club Nacional de Football players
Boca Juniors footballers
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players
CR Vasco da Gama players
São Paulo state football team players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina
Expatriate men's footballers in Uruguay
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Uruguay
1938 FIFA World Cup players
Argentine Primera División players
Men's association football defenders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingos%20da%20Guia |
Vanessa Alexandra Mendoza Bustos (born 25 July 1981), better known simply as Vanessa Mendoza, is a Colombian politician, actress and fashion model who held the Miss Colombia title in 2001, being the first Afro-Colombian to win that contest.
Biography
Mendoza is a native of the Chocó Department, Colombia. She grew up in a small town named Unguía. Mendoza grew up in poverty, and she was one of sixteen children. Her father died when she was still young, leaving her mother to care for the family. Despite the poor conditions the family endured, Vanessa showed early interest in becoming a model, and began pursuing that career.
Mendoza became Miss Chocó in 2001, a year in which Miss Colombia was facing a racial scandal. She became the first Black Miss Colombia, winning the title over first runner up, Consuelo Guzmán Parra. Despite suspicion that she had won the contest so that rumors about racism in it would be eradicated, Mendoza became popular among Colombians, who gave her the nickname "Black Barbie". Mendoza was the object of an official reception in Cartagena after her victory, where she declared that she was about representing her race and country.
Mendoza replaced Andrea Nocetti as Miss Colombia. Prior to winning Miss Colombia, Mendoza had the distinction of being the only contestant of the pageant's 2001 version not to admit having a plastic surgery for the contest. Mendoza participated in the Miss Universe 2002 pageant, winning the Best National Costume award.
On March 2, 2005, she and United States comedian Chris Tucker were the key speakers at a speech in Benedict College.
Politics
She won a seat as part of the black minority in Congress and became a member of Chamber of Representatives from 2017 to 2018. Colombia's 10% black minority has the right to two of the 166 seats in the lower congressional chamber.
References
External links
Benedict.edu
Vanessa Mendoza and the Miss Colombia 2001 fairytale
1981 births
Colombian female models
Living people
Miss Colombia winners
Miss Universe 2002 contestants
Afro-Colombian women
Beauty queen-politicians
People from Quibdó | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa%20Mendoza |
Samuel Street (January 2, 1753 – February 3, 1815) was a Canadian judge, merchant and political figure in Upper Canada. He was born in Wilton, Connecticut and traded with indigenous people during the American Revolution. He moved to Fort Niagara and opened a business to provide supplies to the British and later trade with indigenous people and the Indian Department. He was also a land speculator for the Niagara area. In 1796 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada in the constituency of the 2nd riding of Lincoln and became speaker of the legislature in 1800. He lost his subsequent campaign for reelection but was elected to the constituency of the 3rd riding of Lincoln in 1808 and was elected again to become the speaker. During the War of 1812 he became a paymaster for Oxford and Lincoln militias and was appointed as acting deputy paymaster for the British militia. He died in Thorold, Upper Canada.
Early life, family, and business career
Street was born in Wilton, Connecticut on January 2, 1753. His father was also named Samuel Street and his mother was Elizabeth Smith. His wife was Phoebe Van Camp and they had a daughter named Mary.
Street traded with indigenous people along the Susquehanna River during the American Revolution. In 1778, he moved to Fort Niagara where he provided supplies to the British. On July 10, 1780, he entered a partnership with two other merchants, although the partnership dissolved in 1781 and Street assumed the company's assets and debts. After the war, he was unable to trade with the British army and focused on selling goods to indigenous people and the Indian Department. His contact in the department was John Butler and Street formed a new partnership with Butler's son Andrew and opened a shop in Fort Niagara. In 1787 he was living in Chippawa, Ontario and his nephew, Samuel Street Jr. moved into Street's home after his nephew's father was murdered. In 1788, he became a justice of the peace in the Nassau District.
When their sales declined due to American competition, Street and Andrew Butler built a sawmill on Fifteen Mile Creek Street in 1789, which was sold to John Butler in 1792. In 1790 Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester and governor general of British North America ordered an investigation into their business for stealing supplies from the Indian Department and selling it in the shop. Sir John Johnson, 2nd Baronet concluded that, while Street and Andrew Butler's business was unusual and unaccountable, there was no reason to continue investigating the business.
Street became involved in land speculation to help resolve the debts he obtained in his business. He created the Niagara Company to manage this business and purchased shares in Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham's land speculation business. Street refused to sell his shares when Dorchester would not allow the land to be settled, and Street did not obtain much profit when he sold the shares later. He was also an agent for William Berczy's land settlement business called German Company, and purchased a quarter of Berczy's shares in 1794. When the company dissolved in 1796 Street could only obtain a small amount of what was owed to him from the business.
Political career
In 1792 Street lost the election to represent the constituency of the 2nd riding of Lincoln in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada. He was resoundingly defeated by Benjamin Pawling. He won the subsequent election in 1796. In 1797 he was considered for an appointment to a commission tasked with renegotiating a customs-sharing agreement with Lower Canada, but the administrator was unable to contact Street to arrange the appointment, as Street was in the United States. In 1798 he supported a bill that would allow loyalist immigrants from the United States to Upper Canada to bring enslaved people with them.
In 1800, he was elected as speaker of the Upper Canadian legislative assembly. Later that year, merchant candidates like Street struggled in the 1800 general election for the legislative assembly because of public opposition to improving the Niagara portage. He lost his reelection campaign to represent the 2nd riding of Lincoln by 22 votes. He also lost in the subsequent general election in 1804.
In 1807, he became a judge in the Niagara District. In 1808, he was elected to represent the 3rd riding of Lincoln and on July 27, 1812, he was elected for a second term as speaker of the legislature. During his term, Street issued a warrant for Robert Nichol for contempt against the legislature. Thomas Scott, the chief justice of Upper Canada, ruled that the warrant was issued in Street's personal capacity, not as his role as a speaker and that he did not have the authority to issue this warrant. His term as a legislator ended in 1812.
War of 1812 and death
In 1809 Street became the captain of the 3rd Lincoln Militia. On October 9, 1812, he was appointed as the paymaster for the 1st Oxford Militia and the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th Lincoln Militias. On July 24, 1813, he was appointed as an official who could manage farms abandoned during the War of 1812 and later that year he became the acting deputy paymaster for the militia. On March 24, 1814, he was appointed as a district commissioner tasked with arresting traitors of the war. He received £1,333 () in compensation from the British government for damage to his property during the war.
He died at Thorold, Upper Canada, on February 3, 1815. In his will, he left his estate to his daughter, Mary.
References
1753 births
1815 deaths
People from Wilton, Connecticut
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Upper Canada judges
Canadian justices of the peace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Street |
Ayumi Hamasaki's Dome Live Tour 2001 A DVD was released on December 12, 2001.
Track listing
evolution
Fly high
Duty
NEVER EVER
M
A Song for XX
SURREAL
vogue
AUDIENCE
SEASONS
Endless sorrow
Encore
UNITE!
Trauma
Boys & Girls
Who…
Tour dates
References
Ayumi Hamasaki video albums
2001 video albums
Live video albums
2001 live albums
Albums recorded at the Tokyo Dome | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi%20Hamasaki%20Dome%20Tour%202001%20A |
Monreale Cathedral () is a Catholic church in Monreale, Metropolitan City of Palermo, Sicily, southern Italy. One of the greatest existent examples of Norman architecture, it was begun in 1174 by William II of Sicily. In 1182 the church, dedicated to the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, was, by a bull of Pope Lucius III, elevated to the rank of a metropolitan cathedral as the seat of the diocese of Monreale, which was elevated to the Archdiocese of Monreale in 1183. Since 2015 it has been part of the Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The church is a national monument of Italy and one of the most important attractions of Sicily. Its size is 102 meters long and 40 meters wide.
History
According to a legend, William II of Sicily fell asleep under a carob tree while hunting in the woods near Monreale. The Holy Virgin appeared to him in dream, suggesting him to build a church here. After removing the tree, a treasure was found in its roots, whose golden coins were used to finance the construction. It is more likely that the church was part of a plan of large constructions in competition with the then bishop of Palermo, Walter Ophamil, who had ordered the large Cathedral of Palermo. The construction of Monreale, started in 1172, was approved by Pope Alexander III with a bull on 30 December 1174. Works, including an annexed abbey, were completed only in 1267 and the church consecrated at the presence of Pope Clement IV. In 1178 Pope Lucius III established the archdiocese of Monreale and the abbey church was elevated to the rank of cathedral. The archbishops obtained by the kings of Sicily a wide array of privileges and lands in the whole Italian peninsula.
In 1270 Saint Louis IX, King of France, brother of King Charles I of Naples, was buried here.
In 1547-1569 a portico was added to the northern side, designed by Giovanni Domenico Gagini and Fazio Gagini, in Renaissance style, covered by a cross vault and featuring eleven round arches supported by Corinthian columns. In 1559 most of the internal pavement was added.
Description
The archiepiscopal palace and monastic buildings on the south side were of great size and magnificence, and were surrounded by a massive precinct wall, crowned at intervals by twelve towers. This has been mostly rebuilt, and but little now remains except ruins of some of the towers, a great part of the monks' dormitory and frater, and the splendid cloister, completed about 1200.
The latter is well preserved, and is one of the finest Italian cloisters now extant both for size and beauty of detail. It is about 2,200 m2, with pointed arches decorated with diaper work, supported on pairs of columns in white marble, 216 in all, which were alternately plain and decorated by bands of patterns in gold and colors, made of glass tesserae, arranged either spirally or vertically from end to end of each shaft. The marble capitals are each carved with foliage, biblical scenes and allegories, no two being alike. At one angle, a square pillared projection contains the marble fountain or monks' lavatorium.
The church's plan is a mixture of Byzantine and Latin Catholic arrangement. The nave is like an Italian basilica, while the large triple-apsed choir is similar to one of the early three-apsed churches, of which so many examples still exist in Syria and elsewhere in the Middle East. It is like two quite different churches put together endwise.
The basilican nave is wide, with narrow aisles. On each side, monolithic columns of grey oriental granite (except one, which is of cipolin marble) support eight pointed arches much stilted. The capitals of these (mainly Corinthian) are also of the classical period. There is no triforium, but a high clerestory with wide two-light windows, with simple tracery like those in the nave-aisles and throughout the church, which give sufficient light.
The other half, eastern in two senses, is both wider and higher than the nave. It also is divided into a central space with two aisles, each of the divisions ending at the east with an apse. The roofs throughout are of open woodwork very low in pitch, constructionally plain, but richly decorated with colour, now mostly restored. At the west end of the nave are two projecting towers, with a narthex (entrance) between them. A large open atrium, which once existed at the west, is now completely destroyed, having been replaced by a Renaissance portico by Giovanni Domenico and Fazio Gagini (1547–1569).
The main internal features are the vast (6,500 m2) glass mosaics, executed in Byzantine style between the late 12th and the mid-13th centuries by both local and Venetians masters. The tomb of William I of Sicily (the founder's father), a porphyry sarcophagus contemporary with the church, under a marble pillared canopy, and the founder William II's tomb, erected in 1575, were both shattered by a fire, which in 1811 broke out in the choir, injuring some of the mosaics and destroying all the fine walnut choir-fittings, the organs and most of the choir roof. The tombs were rebuilt, and the whole of the injured part of the church restored a few years after the fire. The present organ, revised in 1967 by Ruffatti, has six manuals and 102 stops.
On the north of the choir are the tombs of Margaret of Navarre, wife of William I, and her two sons Roger and Henry, together with an urn containing the viscera of Saint Louis of France, who died in 1270. The pavement of the triple choir, though much restored, is a specimen of marble and porphyry mosaic in opus alexandrinum, with signs of Arab influence in its main lines. The mosaic pavement of the nave was completed in the 16th century, and has disks of porphyry and granite with marble bands intermingled with irregular lines.
Two Baroque chapels were added in the 17th and 18th centuries, which are shut off from the rest of the church. The bronze doors of the mosaic-decorated portal on the left side was executed by Barisano da Trani in 1179.
Gallery
References
Sources
Norman architecture
Monreale
Monreale
Churches with Norman architecture
13th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Burial sites of the House of Hauteville | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monreale%20Cathedral |
Hans Gillis Åke Holmér (28 December 1930 – 4 October 2002) was a Swedish civil servant and author. Holmér served as Chief of the Swedish Security Service (SÄPO) and later Chief Commissioner (länspolismästare) of Stockholm County. He became well known during his tenure, spanning barely a year, as Chief of the special investigation unit into the assassination of the Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme (1986–1987). Holmér was commonly associated with the Swedish Social Democratic Party and was known to have good connections within its top ranks.
Early life
Holmér was born on 28 December 1930 in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of Gösta Holmér, a national sports instructor, and his wife Aslög (née Roos). He was younger brother of Gustaf Holmér (1921–2004), professor of Romance languages, especially French. Hans Holmér studied at Norra Latin and passed studentexamen in 1950. The same year he did military service at the Army Ranger School in Kiruna, where he also underwent cadet training and later became a captain.
Career
Holmér attended a police management course between 1955 and 1956, and served as deputy district police superintendent (landsfiskal) etc in Stockholm County from 1956 to 1962. He received a Candidate of Law degree in Stockholm in 1962, and did his clerkship from 1963 to 1964. Holmér then served as public prosecutor (kammaråklagare) in Stockholm in 1965. He worked as director (byråchef) at the Swedish National Police Board from 1966 to 1970 when he was appointed head of the Department of Security in the National Police Board (from 1989 known as the Swedish Security Service). He became District Police Commissioner of Stockholm in 1976 and Chief Commissioner of Stockholm County in 1984.
After the assassination of Palme, Hans Holmér, then the Chief Commissioner of Stockholm County police, personally took charge of the investigations (and without actually being designated as such, which would lead to later accusations of a breach in operative routines). Holmér assumed that the murder was of a political nature, but not related to the domestic political scene. No analysis was ever made of whether the deceased PM's political positions could have created motives to kill him, either from within the Swedish political scene or on the part of foreign governments or secret agencies. Instead, Holmér proposed to look for the assassins within certain immigrant groups living in Sweden, notably the Kurds. A Palme task force with a special Palme office were set up. Holmér particularly focused on the assumption that the Kurdish liberation movement PKK might have been behind the assassination. In the fall of 1986, a great number of search warrants were issued in order to follow the activities of a number of Kurds living in Sweden. Many people with presumed PKK connections were arrested - only to be released shortly afterwards due to lack of solid evidence.
During press briefings up to this point, Holmér had insisted, with considerable panache, that the investigations were making steady progress and that, before too long, the crime would be solved. After the raid on the Kurds, things backfired. Although the hunt suddenly turned into failure, Holmér demanded further investigations along the same lines. This rapidly created a rupture between Holmér and the prosecutors who were critical of him for not respecting the demands of the law in making searches and arrests (they were also getting support from the media, now turning against the mesmerizing police chief). At this point, Holmér resigned from the investigations in February 1987. He would continue to follow the Kurds track, though, outside of the formal police inquiry, resulting, in 1988, the sensational Ebbe Carlsson affair.
Later life
Holmér spent the remainder of his life writing crime novels; he was also appointed to a UN-related police job in Vienna, overseeing the countering of drug trafficking. In one of his books, Olof Palme är skjuten! ("Olof Palme has been shot!"), Holmér describes his experiences leading the special investigation unit and goes on to blame the prosecution for the failure of the investigation. Holmér, on the other hand, has been strongly criticized by later commissions looking into the conduct of the investigations and also by journalists and independent investigators, owing to his singleminded pursuit of the Kurds track, the neglect of other leads, as well as for his use of photofit images of the suspected killer and his insistence that Palme was shot with a Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum gun (brandishing that model during an early press briefing) which is considered to have locked the investigations of possible weapons onto that model only for many years after.
Fringe conspiracy theorists have occasionally claimed that Holmér had engaged in deception about his movements on the night of the assassination - the generally accepted view is that he got the news in the morning, hundreds of miles out of Stockholm, having driven up to Dalarna to take part in the cross-country skiing race, Vasaloppet, and then got into his car and turned back towards Stockholm at high speed. These theorists hint, without evidence, that he, with other policemen, were involved in the murder plot.
The Chief of the Secret Police in The Terrorists (1975) by Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö, the final book in the Martin Beck mystery series, is modelled on Holmér; though the character remains nameless, references to his pronounced ears and the contempt in which he is held by many people on the political left (referring to the aftermath of the IB affair) give it away. Ironically, due to an oversight by one of the other police bureaucrats in the book, Olof Palme is killed by a completely inexperienced young girl, acting in desperate protest. Holmér, of course, would go on to lead the investigation after the actual Palme assassination a decade later.
Death
Hans Holmér died in his home in Skåne, Sweden on Friday, 4 October 2002.
References
Hans Holmér, Olof Palme är skjuten!, Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand, 1988.
1930 births
2002 deaths
Swedish jurists
Swedish police officers
Swedish social democrats
20th-century Swedish male writers
Writers from Stockholm
Swedish-language writers
Swedish crime fiction writers
Swedish television hosts
Assassination of Olof Palme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Holm%C3%A9r |
General elections were held in South Africa on 18 May 1938 to elect the 150 members of the House of Assembly. The United Party won an absolute majority.
Background
The National Party (led by the Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog) and the South African Party (whose leader was the Deputy Prime Minister Jan Smuts) were in coalition at the time of the 1933 South African general election.
After the election the two coalition parties fused, to become the United South African National Party (commonly known as the United Party). The formal launch of the new party took place on 5 December 1934.
Those members of the National Party who did not accept the fusion, constituted themselves as the Purified National Party (PNP) in June 1934. The leader of the new party was Dr D.F. Malan, who had been the National Party leader in Cape Province. Eighteen MPs joined the PNP caucus. Dr Malan became the Leader of the Opposition, in the House of Assembly.
The members of the South African Party who rejected the fusion, formed the Dominion Party. Its leader was Colonel C.F. Stallard.
Changes to the franchise and representation
Under the Representation of Natives Act 1936, all registered black voters in the Cape Province were removed from the common voters' lists and placed on a special Cape Natives voters' roll. This served to effectively dismantle the traditional multi-racial "Cape Qualified Franchise" system.
Black voters had never been entitled to vote in Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Few had ever qualified in Natal.
The voters' rolls, for 1935, were broken down by race in each province (using the racial classifications in use in South Africa at the time).
No black voters were eligible to participate in the 1938 general election, apart from the one from Natal. The three (white) Native Representative Members from Cape Province were elected on a different date, for a term (expiring on 30 June immediately following a period of five years after the previous election) unaffected by dissolutions of Parliament.
The first group of native representatives had been elected in June 1937. The term for which they were elected expired on 30 June 1942. The representatives took their seats in the House of Assembly in 1938, and sat as Independent MPs.
Delimitation of electoral divisions
The South Africa Act 1909 had provided for a delimitation commission to define the boundaries for each electoral division. The representation by province, under the seventh delimitation report of 1937, is set out in the table below. The figures in brackets are the number of electoral divisions in the previous (1932) delimitation. If there is no figure in brackets then the number was unchanged.
The above table does not include the three Native representative seats in Cape Province, which were not included in the delimitation of the general roll seats under the South Africa Act 1909.
Nominations
Candidates nominated for the election, by party, were United 150, Purified National 103, Labour 37, Dominion 33, Independent 31, Greyshirts 3 and Socialists 3. Total 360.
Results
By province
References
Keesing's Contemporary Archives
Smuts: A Reappraisal, by Bernard Friedman (George, Allen & Unwin 1975)
South Africa 1982 Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa, published by Chris van Rensburg Publications
The South African Constitution, by H.J. May (3rd edition 1955, Juta & Co
General elections in South Africa
South Africa
General
May 1938 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%20South%20African%20general%20election |
Långholmen is an island between two other islands, Södermalm and Kungsholmen, in central Stockholm, Sweden.
This island can be reached via two bridges; Pålsundsbron in the east and Långholmsbron in the west.
Långholmen is a popular spot for walks, picnics and swimming. The small beaches, located right outside the former prison, are usually crowded in summer.
History
Långholmens spinnhus was a women's prison on Långholmen. The prison was established in 1649 when the Malmgården in Alstavik at Långholmen was erected and was closed in 1825. The building became state property in 1724 and was used as a spinning house (spinnhus). In 1825 the spinnhus was relocated to Norrmalm. After the move, Långholmen Prison started to operate on the grounds. Långholmen Prison was built 1874—1880 as the central prison of Sweden, and was temporary closed down between 1972—1975. Since 1989, Långholmen Prison has been a 112-room hotel and hostel, renovated between 2007-2008.
Långholmen was originally rocky and barren. It was used as a temporary military camp for soldiers serving in the Swedish Army fleet during the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790). During the 19th century prison inmates covered the island with mud dredged from the surrounding waterways. After several years, the fertile soil transformed much of the island into lush gardens with a somewhat exotic flora, due to the introduction of various seeds that were spread via trade and merchant ships passing by the island.
Mälar shipyard (Mälarvarvet) is a shipyard on Långholmen's southeast side. The shipyard dates back to the 1680s. It was one of the major shipyards in Stockholm during the first half of the 19th century. Mälarvarvet had several private owners but is now in the ownership of the City of Stockholm.
On 8 August 1993 a JAS 39 Gripen fighter aircraft crashed on Långholmen during a display at the Stockholm Water Festival. The plane caught fire on impact, but the fire was soon put out. The pilot successfully ejected, and despite large crowds of spectators, only one person was injured. A sculpture in stainless steel by Thomas Qvarsebo, depicting a paper plane with its nose drilled into the ground, was placed on the spot in 1994.
Långholmen Football club was founded in 2002 and is now an important part of the sporting and social life of the expatriate community in Stockholm. The club was founded by a group of expats who regularly met on the gravel pitch on the island. Although English is generally the main language used by Långholmen players and the majority of members have tended to be from the British Isles, the club has always been proud of its international mix of players. The decision to have the club's home shirt with black and white stripes is indeed homage to the island and its history. Having started out in Stockholm Division 8, the lowest football league at the time, Långholmen Football club have achieved numerous promotions and will now play in the Swedish national football league Swedish football league system in Division 3 Östra Svealand.
See also
Långholmsbron
Pålsundsbron
Reimersholme
Västerbron
Långholmens spinnhus
References
External links
Långholmen Hotel and Hostel - Stay in the old prison.
Stockholmskällan - historical images of Långholmen.
Långholmen FC -
Islands of Stockholm
Districts of Stockholm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5ngholmen |
SNOW 1.0, SNOW 2.0, and SNOW 3G are word-based synchronous stream ciphers developed by Thomas Johansson and Patrik Ekdahl at Lund University.
History
SNOW 1.0, originally simply SNOW, was submitted to the NESSIE project. The cipher has no known intellectual property or other restrictions. The cipher works on 32-bit words and supports both 128- and 256-bit keys. The cipher consists of a combination of a LFSR and a Finite State Machine (FSM) where the LFSR also feeds the next state function of the FSM. The cipher has a short initialization phase and very good performance on both 32-bit processors and in hardware.
During the evaluation, weaknesses were discovered and as a result, SNOW was not included in the NESSIE suite of algorithms. The authors have developed a new version, version 2.0 of the cipher, that solves the weaknesses and improves the performance.
During ETSI SAGE evaluation, the design was further modified to increase its resistance against algebraic attacks with the result named SNOW 3G.
It has been found that related keys exist both for SNOW 2.0 and SNOW 3G, allowing attacks against SNOW 2.0 in the related-key model.
Use
SNOW has been used in the ESTREAM project as a reference cipher for the performance evaluation.
SNOW 2.0 is one out of stream ciphers chosen for ISO/IEC standard ISO/IEC 18033-4.
SNOW 3G is chosen as the stream cipher for the 3GPP encryption algorithms UEA2 and UIA2.
Sources
External links
The Lund Crypto and Security group website
Stream ciphers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOW |
HTB may refer to:
Havic: The Bothering, a parody card game
Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging (HTB)
Hierarchical token bucket, a computer networking algorithm
Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain, the UK branch of Islamist organisation Hizb ut-Tahrir
Holy Trinity Brompton, a church in London, England
Hokkaido Television Broadcasting, in Japan
Household Troops Band of the Salvation Army
See also
NTV (disambiguation) (Cyrillic: HTB) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTB |
Robert Brough Smyth (1830 – 8 October 1889) was an Australian geologist, author and social commentator.
Life
Smyth was born in Wallsend, Northumberland, England, the son of Edward Smyth, a mining engineer, and his wife Ann, née Brough. Smyth was educated at a school at Whickham, afterwards studied geology, chemistry and natural science. In 1846 Smyth worked at the Derwent Iron Works and then in 1851 was employed as a clerk at Consett Iron Works.
Smyth arrived in the colony of Victoria on 14 November 1852 and was for a short period on the goldfields before entering the Victorian survey department as a draftsman under the surveyor-general, Andrew Clarke. In 1854 Smyth was placed in charge of the meteorological observations, and in 1860 became secretary for the Department of Mines at the height of the Australian gold rushes. Smyth published The Prospector's Handbook (1863), and in 1869 a large volume, The Gold Fields and Mineral Districts of Victoria. He was also responsible for various pamphlets on the mining resources of the colony including Hints for the Guidance of Surveyors and Others Collecting Specimens of Rocks, which appeared in 1871.
On 1 February 1876 several members of Smyth's staff sent a petition to the minister for mines asking that an inquiry should be held into the despotic conduct of Smyth towards his subordinates. Three members of parliament were appointed to inquire into the matter, and after a series of sittings held in February, March and April 1876, Smyth resigned from the service. Smyth had been working for many years collecting materials for a book on the life of Indigenous Australians, which was published in 1878 at the expense of the Victorian government in two large volumes, The Aborigines of Victoria: with notes relating to the habits of the Natives of Other Parts of Australia and Tasmania. Smyth visited India in 1879 and made a Report on the Gold Mines of the South-eastern Portion of the Wynaad and the Carcoor Ghat (1880). Smyth died of cancer at his home Medenia in High Street, Prahran, a suburb of Melbourne. Smyth was survived by his wife Emma Charlotte, née Hay, whom he had married on 15 August 1856 at St Paul's Church, Melbourne, and by a son and daughter. He was buried in the St Kilda Cemetery.
Smyth was an able and hardworking man, not suited to be the head of a department. He is remembered for his book on Aboriginal people and their cultures in connexion with which he had the assistance of many helpers. A large amount of material was collected and is valuable as a resource for studying Aboriginal cultures today. The beauty of this material is the honesty in which he wrote and the lack of political influence as is the case of many current works.
References
Further reading
External links
1830 births
1899 deaths
Australian geologists
Australian people of English descent
People from Wallsend | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Brough%20Smyth |
Salland (Low Saxon: Sallaand) is a historical dominion in the west and north of the present Dutch province of Overijssel. Nowadays Salland is usually used to indicate a region corresponding to the part of the former dominion more or less to the west of Twente.
History
Salland (or Salalant, as it was known) is first mentioned during the early Middle Ages. The region is most likely named after the river IJssel, anciently known as Isala, and the lakeland Sallzee at the confluence of the rivers Vecht and IJssel. The region may be the original residence of the Salian Franks.
Salalant at this time was a shire (gouw) made up of the area between Wijhe, Mastenbroek, and Dalfsen, in other words, the region circling Zwolle. In 795, Salalant belonged to a count Wracharius and remained in his family until the 11th century. In 814, mention is made of a Salahom, located where the IJssel empties into the Sallzee, and of its acquisition by the Lorsch Abbey (near Worms). In 1086, the four parts of Oversticht (i.e., Salland, Twente, Vollenhove, and Drenthe) belonged first to Egbert III, descendant of Wracharius, and count of Salland, Westergo, and Estergo, but were confiscated by Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, given to the Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht, and incorporated into the margravate of Islegowe.
Salalant gradually grew to the north as far as the rivers Meppelerdiep and Reest and to the west as far as the Regge. In 1046 Deventer and its vicinity belonged to the county of Hamaland but was incorporated along with the area between Dalfsen and Gramsbergen into Salland in 1246. In 1225, the office of episcopal sheriff (bisschoppelijke schout) for Salland was established, and in 1308 the bishop granted a dike-right (dijkrecht) over the land between the Hunnepe to the coast; this area later became known as the Salland sheriffdom (Sallandse Schouw). In 1336, the bishop pledged over almost all of Overijssel – including Salland – to the count of Guelders. Ten years later, the new bishop, Jan van Arkel, was able to retrieve the pledged territories. He also reformed administration by breaking Oversticht into the three sheriffdoms of Twente, Vollenhove, and Salland. In time they were demoted to bailiwicks (drostambten), and even though they were superseded by the sheriffdoms of IJsselmuiden, Diepenheim, Haaksbergen, and the sheriff of Hasselt was made high sheriff, the original three bailiwicks have nonetheless served as the basis for Oversticht's three-way division to this day.
When the Archbishop of Utrecht sold his domains to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1527, Salland became one of the three constituent parts of the new dominion of Overijssel, which in turn became one of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic in 1581 (Drenthe became a dominion in its own right).
Geography
The borders of Salland are not well defined, but the largest area which may be indicated by Salland, corresponding to the historical dominion, is bound to the west by the provincial border with Gelderland, which is partly formed by river IJssel; to the north by the Meppelerdiep stream and the provincial border with Drente, which partly consists of the Reest stream; to the east by the borders with the German state of Lower Saxony and the eastern Overijssel region of Twente; and to the south by the border with the Gelderland region of Achterhoek, part of which is formed by the Schipbeek stream – in other words, all of Overijssel with the exception of Twente and the municipality of Steenwijkerland.
Geologically, most of Salland's landscape consists of a lowland covered with river sediment. To the east, large moors have been drained to provide pastures. These moors, together with the hilly Holterberg region, were the natural border with Twente. On the Holterberg, stretches of the originally vast heathland have been preserved. In the northwest, reclaimed boglands used for peat digging have resulted in low-lying areas vulnerable to flooding, pre-1932 (in that year, the Zuiderzee was closed off from the North Sea to become the IJsselmeer lake).
Salland is a low-lying area dominated by a number of rivers and streams, which have deposited rich layers of river clay. The most important of these waterways is of course river IJssel; others include the Zwarte Water and (Overijsselse) Vecht rivers; the Regge stream, which flows through Twente to spend its last few kilometers in Salland before ending in the Vecht near Ommen; the Schipbeek stream; and the Soestwetering stream, which merges with a number of lesser streams near Zwolle to form river Zwarte Water.
Three of Overijssel's major cities, Deventer, Kampen and the province's capital, Zwolle, lie within Salland, if the definition ascribing the largest area to Salland, is used. Other places of import include Ommen and Hardenberg, which are both quite often described as being in the "Vechtstreek" (Vecht Region) or "Vechtdal" (Vecht Valley), named after the river, rather than in Salland.
Nowadays however, Salland is usually used to indicate the rural area in between Deventer, Zwolle, Ommen and Rijssen-Holten, with Raalte being in the centre of that era and thus having been able to become the "unofficial capital" of Salland. The Salland tourism board describes Salland as the land in between the river IJssel and the hills, and agrees thus on a much smaller Salland than the historical dominion of that name.
Municipal reforms and the boundary with Twente
Intra-Overijssel municipal reforms of the early twenty-first century have somewhat blurred the boundary between Salland and Twente, as municipalities historically associated with Salland have merged with Twente municipalities (and now form part of the Twente Region as defined by the Dutch government). Specifically, this regards Holten (now part of the Rijssen-Holten municipality) and Den Ham (now part of the Twenterand municipality). Industrial and commercial ties with Twente and its location east of the Sallandse Heuvelrug hill ridge caused the municipality of Hellendoorn to switch association earlier in the twentieth century.
Extreme points of Salland
Northernmost Point — northern edge of the municipality of Staphorst
Southernmost Point — southern edge of the municipality of Deventer
Westernmost Point — mouth of river IJssel, municipality of Kampen
Easternmost Point — eastern edge of Hardenberg municipality
Highest Point — Archemerberg hill near Lemele in the municipality of Ommen (77 m above sea level)
Lowest point — Mastenbroek polder, municipality of Kampen (2 m below sea level)
(The boundary changes mentioned in the previous paragraph have no effect on the location of the extreme points of Salland.)
Inhabitants
The total population of Salland is estimated to be around 500.000, making up approximately half of the total inhabitants of the province of Overijssel (the other half being Twente).
References
External links
Salland Natuurlijk Gastvrij, pages of the Salland Board of Tourism
Former polities in the Netherlands
Regions of Overijssel
Regions of the Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salland |
Ayumi Hamasaki's Countdown Live 2001–2002 A was released in the Complete Live Box DVD.
Track listing
M (not included on the DVD)
opening Run
Connected
UNITE!
SURREAL
A Song for XX (not included on DVD)
NEVER EVER
Fly high
Boys & Girls
evolution
A Song is born
Daybreak (not included on DVD)
AUDIENCE
Dearest
Encore
Trauma (not included on DVD)
flower garden (not included on DVD)
Endless sorrow 〜gone with the wind ver.〜
Ayumi Hamasaki video albums
2003 video albums
Live video albums
2003 live albums
Albums recorded at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi%20Hamasaki%20Countdown%20Live%202001%E2%80%932002%20A |
In constraint satisfaction, local search is an incomplete method for finding a solution to a problem. It is based on iteratively improving an assignment of the variables until all constraints are satisfied. In particular, local search algorithms typically modify the value of a variable in an assignment at each step. The new assignment is close to the previous one in the space of assignment, hence the name local search.
All local search algorithms use a function that evaluates the quality of assignment, for example the number of constraints violated by the assignment. This amount is called the cost of the assignment. The aim of local search is that of finding an assignment of minimal cost, which is a solution if any exists.
Two classes of local search algorithms exist. The first one is that of greedy or non-randomized algorithms. These algorithms proceed by changing the current assignment by always trying to decrease (or at least, non-increase) its cost. The main problem of these algorithms is the possible presence of plateaus, which are regions of the space of assignments where no local move decreases cost. The second class of local search algorithm have been invented to solve this problem. They escape these plateaus by doing random moves, and are called randomized local search algorithms.
Greedy algorithms
Hill climbing
The most basic form of local search is based on choosing the change that maximally decreases the cost of the solution. This method, called hill climbing, proceeds as follows: first, a random assignment is chosen; then, a value is changed so as to maximally improve the quality of the resulting assignment. If no solution has been found after a given number of changes, a new random assignment is selected. Hill climbing algorithms can only escape a plateau by doing changes that do not change the quality of the assignment. As a result, they can be stuck in a plateau where the quality of assignment has a local maxima.
GSAT (greedy sat) was the first local search algorithm for satisfiability, and is a form of hill climbing.
Constraint weighting or breakout method
A method for escaping from a local minimum is that of using a weighted sum of violated constraints as a measure of cost, and changing some weights when no improving move is available. More precisely, if no change reduces the cost of the assignment, the algorithm increases the weight of constraints violated by the current assignment.
This way, every move that would not otherwise change the cost of the solution decreases it. Moreover, the weight of constraints that remain violated for a large number of moves keeps increasing. Therefore, during a number of moves not satisfying a constraint, the cost of moves to assignments satisfying that constraint keeps increasing.
Tabu search
A drawback of hill climbing with moves that do not decrease cost is that it may cycle over assignments of the same cost. Tabu search overcomes this problem by maintaining a list of "forbidden" assignments, called the tabu list. In particular, the tabu list typically contains only the most recent changes. More precisely, it contains the last variable-value pair such that the variable has been recently assigned to the value.
This list is updated every time the assignment is changed. If a variable is assigned to a value, the variable-value pair is added to the list, and the oldest pair is removed from it. This way, the list only contains the most recent assignments to a variable. If a variable-value pair is in the tabu list, then changing the current assignment by setting the variable to the value is forbidden. The algorithm can only choose the best move among the ones that are not forbidden. This way, it cannot cycle over the same solution unless the number of moves in this cycle is larger than the length of the tabu list.
Random walk
A random walk algorithm sometimes moves like a greedy algorithm but sometimes moves randomly. It depends on a parameter , which is a real number between 0 and 1. At every move, with probability the algorithm proceeds like a greedy algorithm, trying to maximally decrease the cost of the assignment. With probability , however, the solution is changed in some other way, which involves some degree of randomness.
WalkSAT
The random move of WalkSAT is changing the value of a random variable of a random violated constraint. For propositional satisfiability of conjunctive normal form formulae, which is the original settings of this algorithm, every such a move changes the value of the variable from true to false or vice versa, and produce the satisfiability of the violated constraint. As for all random walk strategies, a random move is only done with a given probability, and a move maximally decreasing the cost is done otherwise.
Simulated annealing
The technique of simulated annealing is based on changing the probability of doing a random move over one that maximally decreasing the cost. In particular, the name originates from the strategy of decreasing the probability of doing random moves during the execution of the algorithm, thus virtually "freezing" the space of search.
In particular, if the improvement of cost of a move is negative (the move increases cost), this move is done with probability , where is a real number. Since the probability of doing this move increases with , this parameter is called the temperature. Simulated annealing decreases this temperature over time, thus allowing more random moves at the beginning and less after time.
Local search on a cycle cutset
Local search usually works on all variables, improving a complete assignment to them. However, local search can also be run on a subset of variables, using some other mechanism for the other variables. A proposed algorithm works on a cycle cutset, which is a set of variables that, if removed from the problem, makes it acyclic.
For any assignment of the variables of the cutset, the remaining problem has a forest as primal graph. As a result, it can be solved efficiently. In order to guide local search, an algorithm detecting the minimal number of constraints that can be violated is used in place of a satisfiability algorithm on the for forest part of the problem.
This minimal number is found by determining the cost of each variable assignment. This cost is the minimal number of constraints violated by an assignment of the variables in the subtree rooted at the variable, when the variable takes the given value. This cost can be calculated as follows. If denotes the cost of the assignment and are the children of , the following formula holds. In this formula, is the 0 or 1 depending on whether the assignment violates the constraint between and .
The cost for variables in the cutset is zero, and these variables are assumed to be allowed to take only their given value. With these assumptions, the above formula allows computing the cost of all variable evaluations by iteratively proceeding bottom-up from the leaves to the root(s) of the forest.
The cost of variable evaluations can be used by local search for computing the cost of a solution. The cost of values of the roots of the forest is indeed the minimal number of violated constraints in the forest for these given values. These costs can therefore used to evaluate the cost of the assignment to the cutset variables and to estimate the cost of similar assignments on the cutset variables.
External links
Forced Satisfiable CSP and SAT Benchmarks of Model RB
References
Constraint programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20search%20%28constraint%20satisfaction%29 |
Lady Pink, born Sandra Fabara (1964), is an Ecuadorian-American graffiti and mural artist.
Early life
Fabara was born in Ambato, Ecuador in 1964 and moved to the Astoria neighborhood of Queens, New York when she was seven years old. She grew up wanting to be an architect like her father. She started her graffiti writing career in 1979 following the loss of a boyfriend. She exorcised her grief by tagging her boyfriend's name across New York City. Lady Pink studied at the Manhattan High School of Art and Design, where she was introduced to graffiti. During her senior year of school, she began to start exhibiting her work while balancing her personal life.
Career
She has focused her career on using graffiti and murals as acts of rebellion and self-expression, and empowering women. As Lady Pink says, "It's not just a boys club. We have a sisterhood thing going." She was nicknamed the "first lady of graffiti," because she was one of the first women active in the early 1980s New York City subway graffiti subculture.
In 1980, she created the all-female graffiti crew Ladies of the Arts. Within a few years, Lady Pink began running with the graffiti crews TC5 (The Cool 5) and TPA (The Public Animals). From 1979 to 1985, Lady Pink painted New York City Subway trains. She took a short hiatus in 1987 from painting outdoors. Then from 1993 to 1997 she worked on freight trains with her husband, SMITH (Roger Smith, formerly of the graffiti duo Sane Smith).
In 1980, she was included in the landmark New York show "GAS: Graffiti Art Success" at Fashion Moda, which traveled in a modified form downtown to The New Museum of Contemporary Art.
Name origin
Lady Pink was first given her name “Pink” by Seen TC5. The name was chosen for aesthetics because the name Pink is feminine and because she wanted other writers to know that she was a girl. Lady Pink also said that the letters appealed to her; the way the "L" kicked out and how the "I" was cute and could be dotted with a heart. She started calling herself Lady Pink because of her love of historical romances, England, the Victorian period, and the aristocracy. She titled herself like royalty. She never wanted to tag her full name because she did not want to be associated with the Pink Lady, a woman in the club scene who sold pink cocaine.
Early career
Her career as an artist started to take off after the 1980s, following the Graffiti Art Success for America show which invited graffiti artists to paint on the walls of the gallery. In 1983, she played the leading role in the film Wild Style, and was involved with a book entitled Subway Art by Martha Cooper and Henry Chalfant. During this time, she collaborated with Jenny Holzer several times for an exhibition at Fashion MODA. Her first solo show, "Femmes-Fatales," was in 1984, when she was 21, at the Moore College of Art & Design in Philadelphia.
Later career
Lady Pink's studio paintings often use themes of New York City Subway trains and POP-surrealist cityscapes. Some of her pieces are in the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Brooklyn Museum in New York City, as well as the Groningen Museum in the Netherlands.
Lady Pink now visits schools to teach students about the power of art and how it can serve as a medium for self-expression and community engagement. Each year she does a mural project with the students of Frank Sinatra School of the Arts in Astoria, Queens.
Her mural, Pink (2007) work was one of the many murals destroyed at 5Pointz in Queens, however in February 2018 the Brooklyn Supreme Court awarded each of the 45 artists for their destroyed work. She was connected to her art and although the former owner of the building painted over the walls, she said she could still see the ghost of her mural.
Selected works
Paintings
The Black Dude (1983) - spray enamel on canvas, in private collection.
China, One Child Only (1992) - spray enamel on canvas, in a private collection.
Brick Lady in Spray (1993) - spray enamel on canvas, in a private collection.
Queen Matilda (2007) - acrylic on canvas, in private collection.
Urban Decay (2008) - acrylic on canvas, in private collection.
Murals
Brick Woman - located in Braddock, Pennsylvania.
9/11 Tribute (2001) - Painted one month after September 11 as a tribute to the heroes involved, located in Queens, New York.
Pink (2007) - was located at 5Pointz, no longer exists.
Lady Liberty (2016) - located in Queens, New York.
Trains
John Lennon (1981) - The first half of the Subway train painted by Lady Pink and Iz the Wiz as a tribute for John Lennon.
The Beatles (1981) - The second half of the Subway train painted by Lady Pink and Iz the Wiz as a tribute for The Beatles.
Welcome to Heaven (1982) - A tribute for Caine1, a graffiti artist who was killed by a neighbor that mistook him for a burglar.
Personal life
She is married to another graffiti artist, SMITH (Roger Smith, formerly of the graffiti duo Sane Smith), with whom she often collaborates on murals and commercial work. She is bisexual.
References
External links
Lady Pink website (current)
Lady Pink website (archived)
Lady Pink's Smithsonian artist file
The Lady Pink collection at the Brooklyn Museum
"Lady Pink and the Evolution of Street Art" from the NEA Arts Magazine (2013)
'Graffiti' Glitters at the Brooklyn Museum on All Things Considered, NPR (2006)
Lady Pink in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art
"this is Not a Game" Interview with Lady Pink by Nijla Mu'min (2019)
"Lady Pink Was Here" Chicago Tribune (1993)
1964 births
Ecuadorian emigrants to the United States
Living people
Modern artists
American graffiti artists
American women painters
Women graffiti artists
Ecuadorian muralists
American women muralists
Artists from New York City
High School of Art and Design alumni
21st-century American women artists
American LGBT artists
Bisexual artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Pink |
In United States patent law, inequitable conduct is a breach of the applicant's duty of candor and good faith during patent prosecution or similar proceedings by misrepresenting or omitting material information with the specific intent to deceive the United States Patent and Trademark Office. A claim of inequitable conduct is a defense to allegations of patent infringement. Even in an instance when a valid patent suffers infringement, a court ruling on an allegation of infringement may exercise its power of equitable discretion not to enforce the patent if the patentee (the patent owner) has engaged in inequitable conduct.
Duty of candor
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's Rule 56 explains that patents are "affected with a public interest. The public interest is best served, and the most effective patent examination occurs when, at the time an application is being examined, the Office is aware of and evaluates the teachings of all information material to patentability." Accordingly, each individual person "associated with the filing and prosecution of a patent application has a duty of candor and good faith in dealing with the Office, which includes a duty to disclose to the Office all information known to that individual to be material to patentability."
Specifics
Inequitable conduct occurs when a patent applicant misrepresents or omits material information with the specific intent to deceive the United States Patent and Trademark Office. In other words, the elements of inequitable conduct are materiality and deceptive intent. Deceptive intent may be inferred from indirect or circumstantial evidence but not from materiality.
Information is material if "the PTO would not have allowed a claim had it been aware of the undisclosed prior art" or if "affirmative egregious misconduct" has happened. See Therasense, Inc. v. Becton. In response to Therasense, the USPTO rewrote its definition of materiality to say that information is material if
(1) It establishes, by itself or in combination with other information, a prima facie case of unpatentability of a claim; or
(2) It refutes, or is inconsistent with, a position the applicant takes in:
(i) Opposing an argument of unpatentability relied on by the Office, or
(ii) Asserting an argument of patentability.
The misrepresentation or omission can include:
(a) failure to submit material prior art known by the applicant;
(b) failure to explain references in a foreign language or submit pre-existing full or partial translations of the references;
(c) misstatements of fact, including misstatements in affidavits concerning patentability; and
(d) mis-description of inventorship (authorship).
The party asking the court to decline to enforce the patent, usually the alleged infringer, bears the burden of proving inequitable conduct to the court. The moving party must show by clear and convincing evidence that the patentee intentionally withheld or misrepresented information, and that the information was material. Proven inequitable conduct in any claim can expose the entire patent to unenforceability.
On appeal, a finding of inequitable conduct is reviewed under the standard of abuse of discretion.
History
The unclean hands cases of Keystone Driller v. General Excavator, Hazel-Atlas v. Hartford, and Precision v. Automotive formed the basis for the doctrine of inequitable conduct that developed and evolved over time.
Keystone case
In the 1933 Keystone case, the patentee manufactured and suppressed evidence in a patent application and its subsequent defense in two different infringement actions: the patentee paid the prior art user to perjure himself by signing a false affidavit that his use was an abandoned experiment, and bought the prior art user's agreement to keep secret the prior use details and to suppress that evidence. Unsurprisingly, the patentee also did not disclose those facts to the PTO or to co-litigants in the infringement actions. The defendants in the second action discovered and presented evidence of the malfeasance, and while the trial court refused dismissal on that ground, on appeal the Sixth Circuit reversed the trial court and remanded for dismissal, and the Supreme Court affirmed.
Hazel-Atlas case
In the 1944 Hazel-Atlas case, a patentee's attorneys also manufactured and suppressed evidence in support of a patent application by hiring an expert to publish an article in a trade journal under his own name praising the invention as a remarkable advance in the art. After the patent was approved and issued on that basis, the patentee brought an infringement action against Hazel-Atlas but was unsuccessful in the trial court, so the patentee then appealed the matter to the Third Circuit where the patentee introduced the procured trade journal article. That appellate court reversed the trial court and ruled for the patentee, after which Hazel-Atlas settled on the infringement claim, and the patentee then paid the expert more money. The patentee's lies were discovered, however, in US v. Hartford-Empire, whereupon Hazel-Atlas petitioned the Third Circuit to reconsider its prior decision, and although it refused, the Supreme Court didn't and reversed, vacating the appellate court's decision and the judgment against Hazel-Atlas, and reinstating the trial court's original judgment dismissing the patentee's case.
Precision case
In the 1945 Precision case, the patentee suppressed evidence of perjury before the PTO and attempted to enforce the perjury-tainted patent. In the application to the PTO the patentee claimed false dates of conception, disclosure, drawing, description, and reduction to practice, and then testified to the veracity of the same lies in an interference proceeding. The competing patentee discovered the truth, but procured rights to the patent by private settlement, complicit in the scheme, and then sought to enforce the patent against others. In a later enforcement action, a trial court learned of the facts and ruled against the patentee based on the patentee having unclean hands, but the Seventh Circuit appellate court reversed, and on further appeal, the Supreme Court reversed, reinstating the trial court's decision.
Landmark court cases
McKesson case
In the 2007 case McKesson v. Bridge Medical, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals found inequitable conduct because a patent attorney failed to provide to patent examiners information from an office action in a related case. McKesson is a cautionary tale for patent applicants: be overly inclusive with patent submissions to ensure no omission will jeopardize a patent.
Exergen case
However, a subsequent CAFC decision seems to directly contradict the standard used in McKesson. In the 2009 case Exergen Corp. v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. and S.A.A.T. Systems, SAAT attempted to defend with a claim of inequitable conduct, alleging Exergen was aware of two earlier patents that it did not cite to the examiner during prosecution. The district court denied SAAT's motion for inequitable conduct as a defense, however, holding that SAAT's allegations were not specific enough to meet the particularity requirement of FRCP 9(b). The Federal Circuit Court of Appeals upheld this ruling, and ruled that such allegations must specify who engaged in inequitable conduct, what precisely that person knowingly withheld or misstated to the PTO, and how the omission or misstatement affected the patentability of individual claims. The court opined that inequitable conduct is not a "magic incantation to be asserted against every patentee" by a "mere showing that art or information having some degree of materiality was not disclosed".
Therasense case
In a further development, in the 2011 case of Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson and Co, the same Federal Circuit Court of Appeals sitting en banc limited this defense to (a) occasions when patent-holders' acts are related directly to the patent, and (b) when it can be proved that patent holders engaged in deceitful intent.
References
See also
Patent misuse
Legal ethics
Legal ethics
Codes of conduct
Law of the United States
United States patent law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inequitable%20conduct |
Kingdom Come State Park is a part of Kentucky's state park system in Harlan County atop Pine Mountain near the city of Cumberland. It was named after the 1903 best-selling novel The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come by native Kentuckian John Fox, Jr. Features of the park include Raven Rock, Log Rock, and a mountain lake. The section of the park is also a legally dedicated state nature preserve by the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves.
Park features
Natural formations
Raven Rock is a naturally bare, large rock face composed mostly of limestone, leaning at a 45° angle over in the air. Nearby is the Cave Amphitheater. In the back of the Cave Amphitheater are deep crevices that house thousands of bats. Also within the park is a natural sandstone bridge called "Log Rock", which resembles a petrified tree that has fallen over. The Log Rock has been severely vandalized over the years, and the underside is now covered with people's names that they have spray-painted or scratched onto the stone. There are also numerous overlooks to the valleys below. Among the most popular of these viewing points is the Creech Overlook.
Wildlife
Black bears inhabit Kingdom Come State Park and adjoining lands in the Cumberland, Kentucky area. Black bears naturally recolonized extreme eastern Kentucky counties (Harlan, Letcher, Bell, and Pike) over the last three decades from the neighboring states of Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee. The species was not reintroduced to Kingdom Come State Park or any portion of Kentucky east of Interstate 75. It is illegal to feed black bears.
Other wildlife species also call Kingdom Come State Park home, including the state-threatened common raven, fox, multiple species of hawks, cottontail rabbit, multiple bat species, coyote, multiple species of amphibians, and an array of insect life.
Activities and amenities
Fourteen hiking trails, a 9-hole miniature golf course, lake with paddle boats, picnic shelters, fishing, and primitive campsites are available at the park. The park offers access to Little Shepherd Trail, a primitive road for mountain biking and adventure driving that winds across the Pine Mountain ridgetop to the city of Harlan.
Nearby
The Kentucky Coal Mining Museum, Portal 31 Mine Tour, and Benham Schoolhouse Inn are operated by the Kentucky Community and Technical College System in Benham.
References
External links
Kingdom Come State Park Kentucky Department of Parks
Protected areas of Harlan County, Kentucky
State parks of Kentucky
Protected areas established in 1961
1961 establishments in Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20Come%20State%20Park |
The following lists events that happened during 1927 in Australia.
Incumbents
Monarch – George V
Governor-General – John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven
Prime Minister – Stanley Bruce
Chief Justice – Adrian Knox
State premiers
Premier of New South Wales – Jack Lang (until 18 October) then Thomas Bavin
Premier of Queensland – William McCormack
Premier of South Australia – Lionel Hill (until 8 April) then Richard Layton Butler
Premier of Tasmania – Joseph Lyons
Premier of Victoria – John Allan (until 20 May) then Edmond Hogan
Premier of Western Australia – Philip Collier
State governors
Governor of New South Wales – Sir Dudley de Chair
Governor of Queensland – Sir John Goodwin (from 13 July)
Governor of South Australia – Sir Tom Bridges (until 4 December)
Governor of Tasmania – Sir James O'Grady
Governor of Victoria – Arthur Somers-Cocks, 6th Baron Somers
Governor of Western Australia – Sir William Campion
Events
1 February – The North Australia Act of 1926 is enforced and the territory of Central Australia is created.
8 February – A cyclone makes landfall north of Cairns, causing flooding at Halifax Bay, Ingham, Innisfail, Tully, Cardwell and Townsville. Thirty-six people are killed, and twenty are missing.
9 April – A general election is held in Victoria.
3 May – The Australasian Council of Trade Unions is formed at the All-Australian Trade Union Congress in Melbourne.
9 May – Parliament House in Canberra is officially opened by the Duke of York.
20 May – Following a swing to the ALP in the Victorian election, Edmond Hogan forms a minority Labor government with Progressive support, and takes over as Premier of Victoria from John Allan.
29 June – Charles Kingsford Smith and his copilot Charles Ulm complete a round-Australia flight in ten days, five-and-a-half hours.
27 October – Melbourne gangster Squizzy Taylor is killed in a shootout with Sydney gangsters (including Snowy Cutmore, who also dies) in Carlton.
3 November – The Sydney ferry Greycliffe is cut in half by the liner RMS Tahiti, killing 40 persons.
Science and technology
Professor Thomas Parnell begins the pitch drop experiment at the University of Queensland. It will go on to become the world's longest continuously-running scientific experiment.
Arts and literature
George Washington Lambert's portrait, Mrs Annie Murdoch wins the Archibald Prize
Sport
27 August – Robert Ferguson McMurdo wins the men's national marathon title, clocking 3:06:26 in Sydney.The race was not considered an official Australian championship by the National Athletics Federation even though all the top runners from all over Australia were competing.The Cup,however,reads "Australian Marathon Championship" 27/08/27.
17 September - The 1927 NSWRFL season culminates in South Sydney's 20–11 victory over St. George in the final.
24 September – Collingwood become premiers of the 1927 VFL season, defeating Richmond 2.13 (25) to 1.7 (13) in the 1927 grand final.
1 November – Trivalve wins the Melbourne Cup.
South Australia wins the Sheffield Shield
Births
20 January – Dawn Lake, entertainer (died 2006)
21 January – Clive Churchill, rugby league player (died 1985)
23 January – Fred Williams, painter and printmaker (died 1982)
18 March – Max Bingham, politician (died 2021)
20 March – Wally Grout, cricket player (died 1968)
1 April – Peter Cundall, horticulturist and television presenter (died 2021)
15 April – Bob Ellicott, lawyer, politician and judge (died 2022)
1 May – Michael Charlton, journalist and broadcaster
6 May – Max Hazelton, aviator (died 2023)
30 May – Billy Wilson, St George rugby league captain (died 1993)
6 June – Alan Seymour, playwright (died 2015)
10 June – Bede Morris, immunologist (died 1988)
11 June – Richard Woolcott, diplomat and public servant (died 2023)
13 June – David Kirkpatrick (Slim Dusty), country and western singer (died 2003)
3 July – Peter Muller, architect (died 2023)
6 July – Alan Freeman, Australian-born broadcaster (died 2006)
13 July – Ian Reed, discus thrower (died 2020)
16 July – Geoffrey Martin, Australian rules footballer (died 2020)
17 July – Trixie Gardner, Baroness Gardner of Parkes, Australian-English dentist and politician
14 August – Sid Patterson, cyclist (died 1999)
24 August – David Ireland, novelist (died 2022)
22 September – Hal Nerdal, skier (died 2023)
29 October – Frank Sedgman, tennis player
10 November – Richard Connolly, composer and ABC personality (died 2022)
11 November – Jack Absalom, artist, author and adventurer (died 2019)
14 November – Bart Cummings, Australia's Best Racehorse Trainer (12 Melbourne Cup wins) (died 2015)
28 December – Ron Casey, Australian rules football administrator and media personality (died 2000)
Deaths
7 January – Robert Jones, Irish-born Australian politician (born 1845)
15 March – Hector Rason, Premier of Western Australia (born 1858)
31 March – Paris Nesbit, lawyer (born 1852)
2 April – Edward Davies, architect (born 1852)
26 October – Squizzy Taylor, gangster (born 1888)
13 December – Stephen Henry Parker, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia (born 1846)
See also
List of Australian films of the 1920s
References
Australia
Years of the 20th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%20in%20Australia |
Felix Aprahamian (; 5 June 1914 – 15 January 2005), born Apraham Felix Bartev Aprahamian, was an English music critic, writer, concert promoter, publisher's adviser, supporter of young musicians, and friend to some of the last century's most notable musicians. Aprahamian, however, usually described himself as a music critic.
He was considered an urbane, flamboyant and warm-hearted man, described by his old friend and colleague John Amis (in The Guardian, 21 January 2005) as "a mixture of characters from Proust and P.G. Wodehouse".
Background
Felix Aprahamian was born in London in 1914. Christened Apraham Felix Bartev Aprahamian, he changed his name by deed poll to just Felix Aprahamian. His father changed his surname from Hovanessian, deciding to take his own father's Christian name, Apraham, and attach the patronymic –ian, to form Aprahamian, or son of Apraham.
At the age of 17, Aprahamian became assistant secretary to the Organ Music Society, and he developed into a highly proficient keyboard player. He later recalled that it was his passion for music which led him to fail his school matriculation: he was self-taught in almost every area of music, as well as literature and the other arts. In 1933, he went to France with two friends (Douglas Peart and Ernest Chapman) to visit the ageing Frederick Delius in Grez-sur-Loing, and in Paris he met Charles-Marie Widor.
Early career
In 1935 Aprahamian was made secretary of the Organ Music Society, and the same year one of his first articles, "Eugene Goossens in London", was published in the Musical Times. During World War II, he worked as concert director of the London Philharmonic Orchestra and from 1942 onwards he helped Tony Mayer organise the Concerts de Musique Française at the Wigmore Hall in London. In 1946 he joined United Music Publishers as a consultant and, with Mayer at the French Embassy, played a central role in bringing French music to post-war British audiences. In 1948 he became Deputy Music Critic of the Sunday Times and stayed for 41 years; his reviews were notable for their prose and enthusiasm.
He first corresponded with Olivier Messiaen in 1936 and was responsible for organising the first complete performance in England of Messiaen's La Nativité du Seigneur, played by the composer himself at St Alban's Church, Holborn, in 1938. They developed a warm friendship which lasted until the composer's death in 1992. His first encounter with Francis Poulenc was well before the start of World War II; their first meeting was at J. & W. Chester's music shop, when he asked the composer to sign a photograph, duly inscribed "Qui est ce monstre?" ("Who is this monster?"). The two became firm friends and Aprahamian often visited Poulenc in Paris. His talent for making friends such as these led to many memorable events at his house in Muswell Hill. Poulenc first played through his Elégie in memory of Dennis Brain there, and in 1945 Messiaen and Yvonne Loriod gave a private rendition of Messiaen's Visions de l'Amen before the British première.
Among British composers, his greatest passion was for Delius (he was an adviser to the Delius Trust from 1961, and later the president of the society), and he was on amicable terms with Benjamin Britten, William Walton and Michael Tippett: while at the LPO, he was instrumental in arranging the premiere of Tippett's A Child of Our Time in 1944. Other friends included the conductors Thomas Beecham, Victor de Sabata, Roger Désormière, Ernest Ansermet and Charles Münch, as well as the singer Maggie Teyte, the cellist Pierre Fournier, the pianist Monique Haas, and the composer Florent Schmitt.
The organ and organ music
For much of the 20th century Aprahamian occupied a pivotal position in the organ world and, most notably, the organ reform movement from its earliest years in the UK. Arguably its most noteworthy achievement, the organ of the Royal Festival Hall, is due to him. He was consulted by the London County Council (seemingly by telephone) to recommend a consultant for the proposed organ for the new Royal Festival Hall. His immediate (and sole) nomination was Ralph Downes who was duly appointed and both designed the organ and saw its construction through to completion, thereafter remaining curator of the organ until his death. Downes initiated a series of weekday concerts which brought the organ to a new, wider audience, also appearing sometimes as performer. For these concerts Aprahamian provided brilliantly written programme notes which were at the same time elegant, concise and authoritative. He also reviewed the performances in his weekly column as deputy music critic (to Desmond Shawe-Taylor) of the Sunday Times.
Organ music was a lifelong enthusiasm of Aprahamian, and his vast library of organ music is now at the Royal College of Organists. The installation in his Muswell Hill house of an organ inherited from his friend André Marchal in 1982 has been a constant musical inspiration to his protégé, the organist and composer David Liddle, who became David Aprahamian Liddle shortly after Felix's death, as a tribute to his mentor and friend.
Honours
In 1994, Aprahamian was made an honorary member of the Royal Philharmonic Society, the only music critic to receive this accolade, and he was touched to be in the same company as Berlioz, Ravel and Sibelius. He was "Membre d'Honneur" of the Centre International Albert Roussel. Aside from music his passions included tropical fish, Proust and his Japanese garden (a miniature Giverny in London N10).
Nigel Simeone has written a series of books based on materials in Felix Aprahamian's archives which are listed in the Bibliography. Aprahamian never wrote his planned autobiography, but Lewis Foreman is currently working on the detailed documentation of his life and work.
Following Aprahamian's death
On 20 February 2006, Putney Music (London) held an evening in celebration of its long-time president: "Remembering Felix Aprahamian – our late President Emeritus" was chaired by John Amis. Speakers included Lewis Foreman, Peter Andry, Gordon Honey, Geoffrey Ford, Armen Tertsakian, Nigel Simeone, David Aprahamian Liddle and David Cairns.
In 2015 the Boydell Press published a book supported with many photographs and illustrations, edited by Lewis and Susan Foreman, entitled "Felix Aprahamian - Diaries and Selected Writings on Music."
Further reading
Simeone, Nigel: "Bien Cher Félix" – Letters from Olivier Messiaen and Yvonne Loriod to Felix Aprahamian (Cambridge, 1998).
Simeone, Nigel: Poulenc in London and Dreamland – His Letters to Felix Aprahamian, Commentaries on Songs and London Concerts (Cambridge, 2000).
Simeone, Nigel: "Dear Maître Tournemire" – Charles Tournemire's Correspondence with Felix Aprahamian and his Visit to London in 1936 (Bangor Monographs in Musicology, 2003).
Simeone, Nigel: French Music in Wartime London – The Festival of French Music and the Concerts de Musique Française (Bangor Monographs in Musicology, 2005).
Simeone, Nigel: In Memoriam – Felix Aprahamian (Musical Times, Spring 2005, pp. 4–5).
Foreman, Lewis and Susan: Felix Aprahamian - Diaries and Selected Writings on Music (Boydell Press, 2015, 422p, .
References
Amis, John: "Felix Aprahamian", obituary, The Guardian, 21 January 2005.
Foreman, Lewis: "Felix Aprahamian", obituary, The Independent, 18 January 2005.
Liddle, David Aprahamian: Recollections of Felix Aprahamian, February 2005
"Felix Aprahamian", Obituary, The Times, 20 January 2005
Delius Society tribute
Delius Society Journal
English music critics
1914 births
2005 deaths
British people of Armenian descent
Opera critics
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
People from Muswell Hill | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Aprahamian |
"Hang On to Yourself" is a song written by English singer-songwriter David Bowie in 1971 and released as a single with his band Arnold Corns. A re-recorded version, recorded in November 1971 at Trident Studios in London, was released on the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. The main riff is representative of glam rock's influence as a bridge between 1950s rock and roll, specifically rockabilly, and the punk to come; it draws on rockabilly influences such as Eddie Cochran, in a way that would influence punk records such as "Teenage Lobotomy" by Ramones.
Arnold Corns version
The Arnold Corns version of "Hang On to Yourself"—recorded at the Radio Luxembourg studios in London on 25 February 1971—was first released by B&C as the B-side to the single "Moonage Daydream" in the UK on 7 May 1971. On 11 August 1972, it was released again, this time as an A-side, by B&C.
"Hang On to Yourself" – 2:55
"The Man in the Middle" – 4:20
The Arnold Corns version was a bonus track on the 1990 Rykodisc/EMI remastering of Bowie's album The Man Who Sold the World. In 2002, this version appeared on the bonus disc of the Ziggy Stardust album's 30th Anniversary 2-CD reissue, and in 2015 it was included on Re:Call 1, part of the Five Years (1969–1973) boxed set.
The official band line-up, fronted by dress designer Freddi Buretti, was a total fabrication; Buretti was at the session but his contributions were simply lost alongside Bowie's.
Personnel
Arnold Corns version
Personnel per Kevin Cann.
David Bowie – vocals, piano
Mark Carr-Pritchard – guitar
Peter DeSomogyi – bass
Tim Broadbent – drums, tambourine
Ziggy Stardust version
Personnel per Kevin Cann.
David Bowie – vocals, acoustic guitar
Mick Ronson – lead guitar
Trevor Bolder – bass guitar
Mick "Woody" Woodmansey – drums
Other releases
The Ziggy Stardust version appeared on the B-side of the single "John, I'm Only Dancing" in .
It was also released as the B-side to the single "Looking for a Friend" in .
The Portuguese version of the single "Starman" from also had "Hang On to Yourself" as the B-side.
In the Ziggy Stardust version was also released as the B-side of the US release of the single "The Jean Genie".
It was released as a picture disc in the RCA Life Time picture disc set.
It also appeared on the Japanese compilation The Best of David Bowie (1974).
Live versions
Bowie recorded the song for the BBC radio programme Sounds of the 70s Bob Harris on . This was broadcast on . On , Bowie again played the song on Sounds of the 70s: John Peel, and this was broadcast on . Both of these versions were released on the Bowie at the Beeb album in 2000.
A live version, recorded for radio broadcast at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium on , part of the Ziggy Stardust Tour, was released on Santa Monica '72. This version also appeared on the Japanese release of Rarestonebowie and on the official 2008 release of that concert as Live Santa Monica '72.
The version played at the famous "last concert" at the Hammersmith Odeon, London, , was released on Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture.
Performances from the Isolar II Tour were released on Stage (1978) and Welcome to the Blackout (2018).
A November 2003 live performance from the A Reality Tour was released on the A Reality Tour DVD in 2004, and is included on the A Reality Tour album, released in 2010.
Cultural influences
The opening bars of Hang On To Yourself have been cited as the influence for Okuda Hiroko's "Rock" rhythm and bass preset backing track included in the Casio MT-40 and subsequently used as the basis of nearly 500 subsequent compositions, by artists as diverse as Wayne Smith, 2 Live Crew, and Moby.
References
Sources
David Bowie songs
1971 songs
1972 singles
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Ken Scott
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Protopunk songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang%20On%20to%20Yourself |
Franciszek Bieliński of Junosza coat of arms (1683–1766) was a Polish statesman. A Grand Marshal of the Crown, Marshal of Prussia and a voivode of Chełmno, he is best remembered as a strong proponent of the expansion and the modernisation of the city of Warsaw. He is also the eponym of Marszałkowska Street (Marshal Street) in Warsaw, one of the major and most iconic streets of Poland's capital.
Biography
Early life
He was born in 1683 to Grand Marshal of the Crown Kazimierz Ludwik Bieliński and Ludwika Maria Bielińska, daughter of Grand Treasurer of the Crown. While officially a high-ranking military officer, for most of his life Bieliński had been in fact a skilled civilian administrator. Initially a starost of Malbork, Czersk, Grójec and Garwolin (since 1713), with time he allied himself to the mighty Czartoryski family. This allowed him to move to the royal court and start his career there.
Political career
In his role as a Marshal of the Court (since 1732) and then Grand Marshal of Poland during the reign of Augustus II the Strong, Bieliński had in fact administrative and judiciary control over a large part of Prussia (as Grand Treasurer of Prussia), Masovia (as cześnik of the Crown) and the city of Warsaw. In 1740 he created the Warsaw-based Cobblestone Commission, tasked with paving the streets and creating a modern sewer system. Under his leadership in 20 years the commission managed to pave 222 streets, a large majority of streets of the contemporary Polish capital.
In 1752, he permitted the creation of the first professional fire brigade in Poland (based in Ostrów Wielkopolski). In 1757 with his personal funds he created a jurydyka of Bielino, a small village that over time became the core of what is now the city centre of Warsaw. During his civil service he also served as a starost of Kowalewo, Brodnica and Garwolin.
Marriage and death
He married Dorota Henrietta née Przebendowska, daughter of his father's successor as Grand Treasurer and widow of Jan Mikołaj Radziwiłł, the Voivode of Nowogródek. He died heir-less on 8 October 1766 in Warsaw. In 1770 the Marszałkowska Street was named in his honour and bears that name to this day.
Bibliography
Helena Waniczkówna: Bieliński Franciszek h. Junosza. W: Polski Słownik Biograficzny. T. 2: Beyzym Jan – Brownsford Marja. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności – Skład Główny w Księgarniach Gebethnera i Wolffa, 1936, s. 47–50.
Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
People from Royal Prussia
1683 births
1766 deaths
Franciszek
18th-century Polish–Lithuanian landowners
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek%20Bieli%C5%84ski |
Ayumi Hamasaki Arena Tour 2002 A is a live album by Ayumi Hamasaki released on January 29, 2003, the same day Ayumi Hamasaki Stadium Tour 2002 A was also released.
Track listing
I am…
opening Run
Naturally
NEVER EVER
A Song for XX
Free & Easy
evolution
AUDIENCE
UNITE!
Encore
independent
flower garden
Trauma
no more words
Special unplugged version
M
Dearest
DVD bonus tracks
Daybreak
Who…
Ayumi Hamasaki video albums
2003 video albums
Live video albums
2003 live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi%20Hamasaki%20Arena%20Tour%202002%20A |
The Rainiai massacre () was the mass murder of between 70 and 80 Lithuanian political prisoners by the NKVD, with help from the Red Army, in a forest near Telšiai, Lithuania, during the night of June 24–25, 1941. It was one of many similar massacres carried out by Soviet forces in Lithuania, and other parts of the Soviet Union, during June 1941. Several thousand people were killed in these massacres. The Rainiai massacre was far from the largest of these massacres, but it is one of the best-known, due to the brutality and tortures inflicted on the victims by the perpetrators. Similar atrocities were committed in other places, like the Tartu massacre, in which almost two hundred people were murdered.
Massacre
A decision had been made to carry out the massacre after the June Revolt had taken place, during which the Lithuanian Activist Front had deposed the Soviet government in Lithuania, and Nazi Germany had invaded the Soviet Union. The Soviet authorities were unable to evacuate the inmates (political prisoners) of the Telšiai prison, but they did not want to abandon them, as the inmates would then have been freed by the local population or by the Germans. Therefore, a punishment squad of the Red Army led by Dontsov was called in to "liquidate" them.
Most of the prisoners were put into trucks during the night of June 24 and taken to the Rainiai forest where they were tortured and killed. Many of the victims were so mutilated that only twenty-seven bodies could be identified after they were exhumed, only three days later.
According to the coroner's examination after the exhumation, both the report and the testimonies of witnesses, concurred that the Soviets cut off tongues, ears, genitals, scalps, put genitals into mouths, picked out eyes, pulled off fingernails, made belts of victims' skins to tie their hands, burned them with torches and acid, crushed bones and skulls, all done while the prisoners were still alive. The organizers of the massacre included Pyotr Raslan, Boris Mironov, Nachman Dushanski, political leader of 8th border army Mikhail Kompanyanec, NKVD Kretinga county deputy director Yermolayev, NKVD lieutenant Zhdanov and others.
Victims
Most of those who were killed in the Rainiai massacre had been arrested for political reasons from the time when Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. Some of them, like Vladas Petronaitis, were arrested for their roles in the independence struggle or their societal roles in independent Lithuania ("intellectuals", politicians, lawyers, policemen and public servants). Some had been arrested as "enemies of the revolution" for their business interests, land ownership or savings, as Soviet propaganda taught that businessmen and landlords were thieves and oppressors. Other people were arrested for possession of non-communist literature (such as books which supported the idea of independent Lithuania or were written by authors considered to be in the wrong by the Soviets), owning a Lithuanian flag, not giving their crops to the Soviet authorities, and similar "crimes". Others had been arrested without any evidence, because their friends had been arrested or because someone had "denounced" them. This group included mainly younger people, such as students from the Telšiai Crafts School (aged 18 – 19), and young people from the villages around Telšiai. Many were arrested for having been members of certain parties and organizations such as Boy Scouts. Some of the youth had been preparing for an anti-Soviet rebellion. These people were not tried, but were held in the Telšiai prison until the time it was decided to carry out the massacre. While most of the prisoners of the Telšiai prison were killed in the massacre, a few were released prior to the massacre.
After the massacre
When the bodies of those killed in Rainiai were exhumed and reburied after the Soviets retreated from the country, the funeral turned into a mass demonstration against the former Soviet occupation.
Both the German and Soviet occupying forces tried to use the events for propaganda purposes. Since several of the organizers and perpetrators were Jewish, the Nazi German occupying force produced propaganda blaming Jewish Bolshevik activists for the massacre. Perversely, in 1942, Soviet planes dropped propaganda pamphlets in Samogitia asking Who are those "Bolshevik martyrs"? and blaming German forces for the massacre.
The local citizenry were well aware of the Soviet responsibility and in 1942, planned to build a chapel, designed by Jonas Virakas, to honor and remember the victims of the massacre. However, as the Soviet Union reoccupied the area again in 1944, it was not built. Throughout the Soviet occupation, discussion of the massacre was suppressed, and it was not permitted to hold memorial services commemorating it. Despite this, local people, under threat of arrest used to build crosses at the site of the Rainiai massacre; the crosses were periodically demolished by the Soviet authorities, only to spring up again.
The political organization Sąjūdis began to discuss the massacre more openly in 1988, during the glasnost policy of Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev.
After Lithuania regained its independence, a chapel designed by Algirdas Žebrauskas was built in the Telšiai cemetery. Funded by donations, it was built in 1991, and became one of the first memorials to be erected for the people who were killed by the Soviet authorities during the Soviet occupation of Lithuania (1940–1941 and 1944–1991).
Prosecutions
The perpetrators of the massacre continued to hold high positions in the Soviet Union; some were awarded various medals. Pyotr Raslan, for example, was employed as an official in the Soviet Ministry of Religious Affairs.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, those perpetrators who had remained in Lithuania, fled to Russia and Israel. Lithuania requested their extradition to put them on trial, which Russia has refused, saying of one he is 'too ill to be tried'. Some of the perpetrators have since died.
In 2001, the Šiauliai Area Court in northwest Lithuania issued a verdict finding a former officer of the NKVD, Pyotr Raslan, guilty of genocide against Lithuanian civilians and sentenced him in absentia, to life in prison. He remained protected by the Russian authorities and in 2004, Vytautas Landsbergis, urged the Lithuanian President, to boycott the Victory Day celebrations in Moscow, for this reason (among other reasons).
Documentation
The massacre was well documented by both the Lithuanians and the Soviets. Examination of the bodies was done after the exhumation. The full account of the tortures and wounds inflicted on the victims was given by the surgeons who had examined the exhumed bodies, such as Dr. Leonardas Plechavičius and others. After the war Dr. Plechavičius delivered a speech before the US House of Representatives about the massacre. An investigation was carried out. In 1942 the first book about the massacre was published ("Rainių kankiniai"). The Soviet authorities attempted to document the events that took place in the first days after Germany invaded "Soviet" territory. Most of the communists of Lithuania had fled to Russia when the invasion began, some were asked to write their testimonies of the events. The Rainiai massacre was explained in the testimonies of the communists who were based in Telšiai. The leaders of Lithuanian SSR asked the perpetrators of the massacre to write these testimonies after Antanas Bimba, a Lithuanian communist who was living in United States and sending aid to USSR, found out about the massacre and demanded an explanation.
Gallery
References
Further reading
"Telšiai Region. History and Cultural Heritage" - Adomas Butrimas.
"Telšių ir Kretingos kontrrevoliucionieriai fašistai ir jų siekimai" - A testimony of the events by Domas Rocius, a Lithuanian communist.
"Rainių kankiniai".
"Rainių tragedija" - Arvydas Anušauskas, Birutė Burauskaitė.
Massacres in 1941
Political repression in the Soviet Union
Political and cultural purges
Massacres committed by the Soviet Union
Massacres in the Soviet Union
People's Government of Lithuania
World War II massacres
1941 in Lithuania
Massacres in Lithuania
Soviet World War II crimes
NKVD
1941 in the Soviet Union
June 1941 events
Anti-Lithuanian sentiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainiai%20massacre |
Jean-Michel Maulpoix was born on November 11, 1952 in Montbéliard, Doubs.
The author of more than twenty volumes of French poetry (in blank verse fragments and in prose) and of several volumes of essays and criticism, he teaches modern French literature at the University Paris X Nanterre and is the director of the quarterly literary journal Le Nouveau Recueil. He is an alumnus of the École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud.
His most acclaimed work 'Une histoire de bleu' (translated in English as 'A Matter of Blue') consists of prose poems and blank verse in which, writes translator Dawn Cornelio, he 'uses the color blue to encompass melancholy and nostalgia, but also the joy and hope inherent in life'.
He is webmaster of his own website, in French, English and Spanish.
External links
maulpoix.net
Jean-Michel Maulpoix & Co.: Modern and contemporary french literature site maintained by Maulpoix
1952 births
Living people
Writers from Montbéliard
French poets
ENS Fontenay-Saint-Cloud-Lyon alumni
French male poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel%20Maulpoix |
Özgür Çevik (born 27 May 1981) is a Turkish actor and singer who gained fame and intense fan following as a result of having appeared in his country's version of the television pop music talent contest, Star Academy and, subsequently, as a variety performer and actor.
A native of Ankara, his father (Zeki) was a soldier and his mother (Nihal) was a police officer. He has one younger sister (Özge). Because of his father's job, Çevik's family moved a lot. They moved back to Istanbul after the 1999 Marmara earthquake.
He studied philosophy at Istanbul University and radio and television at Beykent University.
Özgür Çevik was cast as the lead in the popular TV series Yabancı Damat [The Foreign Groom], in which he starred as the Greek bridegroom Niko whose Turkish bride Nazlı was played by the actress Nehir Erdoğan. It is first Turkish series exported to Greece.
He released his first album Düş-ün-ce in 2008.
Filmography
Yabancı Damat - Niko Angelopoulos (2004–2007)
Küçük Kıyamet - guest appearance (2006)
Kavak Yelleri - Himself - guest appearance (2008)
Avrupa Yakası - Manav Özgür - guest appearance (2008)
Gece Sesleri - Seyhan Akalın (2008)
Vali - Levent (2009)
Balkan Düğünü - Ömer (2009–2010)
Sensiz Yaşayamam - Serdar (2010)
Mazi Kalbimde Yaradır - Ferit (2011)
Leyla ile Mecnun - guest appearance (2012)
Evlerden Biri - İskender (2012)
Şubat - Ali Poyraz (2013)
Ben de Özledim - (2013)
Saklı Kalan - Onur Cevher (2013)
İtirazım Var - Doktor Tolga (2014)
Kiraz Mevsimi - Derin (guest appearance) (2014)
Kırgın Çiçekler - Toprak (2015–2018)
Kaygı (Inflame) - Mehmet (2017)
Can Kırıkları - Kerem - (2018)
Canevim - Taylan Tanbay - (2019)
Yeşilçam - İzzet - (2021)
Sen Ben Lenin - Deniz - (2021)
İyilik - Koray - (2022)
Kaçış - Robert - (2022)
Alparslan: Büyük Selçuklu - Leon (2023)
Discography
Albums
Düş-ün-ce (2008)
External links
Photographs of Özgür Çevik at Google Images
YouTube videos featuring Özgür Çevik
1981 births
Living people
Male actors from Ankara
Star Academy participants
Turkish male television actors
Musicians from Ankara
Istanbul University alumni
Beykent University alumni
21st-century Turkish singers
21st-century Turkish male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr%20%C3%87evik |
USS Meade (DD-602) was a in the United States Navy during World War II. She was the second ship named for Richard Worsam Meade III and Robert Leamy Meade.
Meade was laid down by Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Shipbuilding Division, Staten Island, New York, 25 March 1941, launched 15 February 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Moray Nairne Wootton, and commissioned at Brooklyn Navy Yard 22 June 1942.
Southwest Pacific Service
After shakedown out of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Meade sailed in the screen escorting to the southwest Pacific. After arriving Tongatapu 14 September, she guarded carrier task groups defending the sea lanes between Allied bases in the South Pacific and American forces in the Solomon Islands. Operating out of Nouméa, New Caledonia, she served during the months in late 1942 during the protracted struggle for control of Guadalcanal.
As escort for and YT‑130, Meade cruised off Guadalcanal during the costly but decisive night cruiser battle 13 November. She reached Tulagi the 14th, and following the night battleship battle 14 to 15 November, she crossed Ironbottom Sound and for the better part of an hour blasted four beached enemy transports north of Tassafaronga with 5‑inch rapid fire. The transports previously had suffered aerial strafing and bombing attacks, and Meade's concentrated gunfire left them wrecks "blazing with many internal explosions." Thence she cruised the waters between Savo Island and Guadalcanal and rescued 266 men from destroyers and sunk during the fierce fighting of the previous night. After returning to Tulagi, she joined the search off San Cristobal 16 November for survivors from .
Between 22 November and 16 December, Meade operated as escort for during salvage operations. She screened damaged cruiser to Sydney, Australia and guarded en route to the New Hebrides. She continued escort operations between Guadalcanal and bases in New Caledonia and the New Hebrides. During the Battle of Rennell Island, 29 to 30 January 1943, she screened escort carriers of TF 18.
Aleutians Campaign
Meade departed the South Pacific 18 March for the Aleutians, arriving 15 April. During 4 months of patrol and escort duty in the North Pacific, she provided shore bombardment and fire support during the invasion and occupation of fog‑shrouded Attu Island 11 May. Before departing the Aleutians, she also took part in the bloodless occupation of Kiska Island, previously evacuated by the Japanese.
Tarawa
After overhaul at Puget Sound, she steamed via Pearl Harbor to Wellington, New Zealand, 29 October for duty with the 5th Fleet Assault Force. She departed Efate, New Hebrides, 13 November and sailed as part of the fire support group of the southern task force (TF 53) for the invasion of the Gilbert Islands. She screened cruisers and provided shore bombardment support during the bitterly contested assaults on Betio Island, Tarawa, 20 November.
Two days later, Meade made an underwater sound contact while screening to westward of the transport area. Between 1530 and 1736, Meade and launched five intensive depth charge attacks. Meades final barrage forced to surface, and both destroyers directed "a devastating fire upon the target with all batteries." Five minutes later, Meade checked her fire and at 1751, Frazier rammed the sub, hitting her port quarter abaft the conning tower. I‑35 settled and sank, stern first, at 1754.
The destroyers launched boats to recover four survivors. One was killed during a brief exchange of gunfire; as Meades boat returned with a second, seriously wounded prisoner, an American dive bomber mistook it for a submarine conning tower and bombed it with a 500‑pound delayed fuze bomb. It landed 3 feet away, and the underwater explosion lifted the boat out of the water and holed it. Meade recovered the motor whaleboat crew who were "shaken up somewhat."
Marshall Islands
Meade returned to Pearl Harbor 7 December and during the next 6 weeks trained for the invasion of the Marshall Islands. She sortied with TF 52 on 22 January 1944, and on the 30th participated in heavy bombardment of enemy installations on Taroa island, Maloelap Atoll. Arriving off Kwajalein Island the 31st, she screened battleships and cruisers during intensive shore bombardments. In addition she provided scheduled and spotter‑directed gunfire against installations on 1 and 2 February, destroying blockhouses, pillboxes, and machinegun emplacements. She remained in the Kwajalein area until 16 February, thence sailed via Majuro to Pearl Harbor, arriving the 24th.
Caroline Islands
Meade returned to Majuro 8 March for screening duty with the fast carriers of TF 58. After supporting shore bombardment and airstrikes against, Mille Atoll, Marshalls, 18 March, she screened the carriers westward to the Caroline Islands. Between 30 March and 2 April TF 58 carried out intensive airstrikes against enemy positions on Yap, Woleai, and the Palaus. She supported similar strikes in western New Guinea 21 to 24 April, then protected the mighty carriers during heavy air raids against Truk and Ponape, Carolines, 29 to 30 April. She returned to the Marshalls 4 May.
Between 12 May and 10 July Meade operated out of Majuro while conducting shore bombardments and blockade patrols against bypassed islands in the Marshalls, including Wotje, Maloelap, Mille, and Jaluit. Departing Majuro 11 July, she steamed via Pearl Harbor to the west coast, arriving San Francisco 26 July. After overhaul at Mare Island, she returned to Pearl Harbor 20 September. During the next 2 months she provided training facilities for the Pacific Fleet Torpedo and Gunnery School, then sailed 1 December in the screen for .
Philippines Campaign
Arriving Ulithi, Carolines, 9 December, Meade returned to the Marshalls 15 to 19 December escorting two merchant ships. Thence, between 25 December and 16 January 1945 she completed two escort voyages between Eniwetok and Guam. Departing the Marshalls 21 January, she steamed via Ulithi to the Philippines where she arrived the 28th for duty with the 7th Fleet. As a unit of DesDiv 27, she escorted LSTs and merchant ships from Leyte Gulf via Mindoro and Subic Bay to Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, 8 to 13 February. For more than 2 months Meade operated out of Lingayen Gulf, patrolling the approaches of the gulf and the coast of western Luzon for enemy submarines and aircraft. She returned to Leyte Gulf 5 May.
Assigned to TG 78.3, Meade enter Macajalar Bay, Mindoro, 10 May and laid down fire support during unopposed amphibious landings. She departed the area the 15th, and escorted ships to Cebu and Mindanao before returning to Leyte 20 May. She continued escort runs to the southern Philippines until 9 July; a month later she sailed for Subic Bay, arriving there just prior to Japanese capitulation.
End of World War II and fate
Between 31 August and 9 September, Meade completed an escort voyage to Okinawa and back. She sailed 20 September for French Indochina; closed the coast of Table Island in the Gulf of Tonkin the 23rd; and delivered provisions and medical supplies to French military personnel. After returning to Manila Bay 29 September, she completed her duty in the Philippines and departed for the United States 2 November. Steaming via San Diego, California and the Panama Canal, she reached Norfolk, Virginia, 9 December. Two days later she began extensive overhaul. On 4 March 1946 she sailed to Charleston, South Carolina. Meade decommissioned there 17 June 1946, and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 June 1971, and sunk as a target in February 1973. Her ship's bell was removed prior to the sinking and is now on display at the Joint Forces Staff College in Norfolk, VA.
Awards
Meade received nine battle stars for her World War II service.
References
External links
Photo gallery at Naval Historical Center
Photo gallery at navsource.org
Benson-class destroyers
Ships built in Staten Island
1942 ships
World War II destroyers of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Meade%20%28DD-602%29 |
Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) is an independent, multi-disciplinary charity concerned with the improvement of the public's health.
RSPH's Chief Executive is William Roberts, while its current president is Professor Lord Patel of Bradford; current vice presidents are Natasha Kaplinsky OBE, Professor Bola Owolabi and Michael Sheen OBE. It has a Royal Charter, and is governed by a Council of Trustees, all of whom are RSPH members.
History
The Sanitary Institute was established in 1876 following the landmark Public Health Act of 1875. In 1904, it was tagged Royal Sanitary Institute which name it held until 1955. The Sanitary Institute was created during a period of great change within the areas of public health provision and sanitary reform to which it contributed significantly.
During its first fifty years, the (Royal) Sanitary Institute became the leading public health organization both in the United Kingdom and the rest of the world. It was soon renowned for events and conferences on pioneering and topical issues, and developed qualifications for people working in public health professions. It established a meat and food inspection course in 1896, and in 1899 a separate meat inspectors examination.
In 1955, the name was changed to Royal Society of Health. By the 1950s, the Society was a leading authority in its field, and was regularly consulted by governments and the international press on health-related issues. Since the 1970s, the Society has focused its activities on the most successful areas of its work - examinations, certification, and the journals Public Health and Perspectives in Public Health.
RSPH was formed with the merger of Royal Society of Health and Royal Institute of Public Health in October 2008, under a previous Chief Executive, Professor Richard Parish, CBE. Royal Society of Health was also known as the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health.
Today, RSPH is the longest-established public health organisation in the United Kingdom. It is incorporated by Royal Charter completely independent of government and of any special interest. Members are academics, health professionals and practitioners who share an interest in promoting health through their daily work, and come together through RSPH membership to provide cross-cutting, multi-disciplinary perspectives on current health questions.
Membership
RSPH has a membership of over 5,000 public health professionals, with representation from over 90 countries worldwide, encompassing a wide range of sectors and roles including health promotion, medicine, environmental health and food safety trainers.
Membership is open to anyone working in the area of public health or with an interest in it. It is a widely recognised mark of commitment to public health and brings real professional benefits.
There are four grades of RSPH membership, each aimed at supporting public health professionals at the different stages of their careers: Student; Associate (AMRSPH); Member (MRSPH); and Fellow (FRSPH).
Qualifications
RSPH provides a wide range of vocationally related qualifications. Around 40,000 students qualify through a network of UK-wide registered training centres in qualifications in the following subjects:
Anatomical pathology technology
Built environment
Emergency planning
Food safety
HACCP
Health and safety
Health improvement
Meat inspection
Nutrition
Pest control
Practice management
Young Health Champions
Recognised and regulated to award accredited qualifications by the Office of the Qualifications and Examinations Regulator (Ofqual), Qualifications Wales and the Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (CCEA).
Conferences and training
RSPH hosts an annual programme of conferences, webinars, events and training in subjects including water hygiene, infection control, food safety and mental wellbeing. RSPH also runs a two-week intensive preparation course for the Faculty of Occupational Medicine's Diploma exam.
Accreditation
RSPH has been running accreditation services continuously since 1904, endorsing products, services and more recently campaigns, which contribute to improvements in hygiene, public health and safety.
It has three accreditation services: one for campaigns, one for training programmes and one for university modules, which are either in-house or provided by third sector organisations. The common theme is maintaining high standards of hygiene, public health and safety.
Campaigning
Public health encompasses all aspects of health protection and health promotion and this is reflected throughout RSPH's projects, policy work, reports and campaigns.
Campaigns include:
Health on the High Street. The objective of this campaign was to help businesses and local authorities to improve the health of their communities.
Life on Debt Row. Backed by a report examining the effect of debt on health and wellbeing, this campaign called for action from the UK government and industry to protect the health and wellbeing of credit users.
#StatusOfMind. Supported by a report examining the positive and negative effects of social media on young people's health, this campaign called for action from government, social media companies and policy makers to help promote the positive aspects of social media for young people, whilst mitigating the potential negatives.
Taking a New Line on Drugs. With reference to the wider ‘drugscape’ of legal drugs such as alcohol and tobacco, the report underpinning this campaign sets out a new vision for a holistic public health-led approach to drugs policy at a UK-wide level.
#LidonLoots. The RSPH-led Gambling Health Alliance called for loot boxes in video games to be classed as a form of gambling.
Programmes
RSPH works with a range of national and regional partners to develop, support and implement programmes and initiatives aimed at supporting the public's health and wellbeing.
Alliances
RSPH leads Gambling Health Alliance, which brings together organisations and individuals who have a shared interest in reducing the damage caused to health and wellbeing from gambling.
Journals
RSPH publishes three peer-reviewed journals on public health, Perspectives in Public Health, Public Health and Public Health in Practice.
Public Health. Public Health is one of the world's oldest public health journals, having been in continuous publication since 1888. Public Health publishes original research papers and reviews on all aspects of public health and is aimed at public health practitioners and researchers. It has an International Editorial Board made up of a distinguished panel of public health experts from around the world.
Perspectives in Public Health. Perspectives in Public Health combines peer-reviewed research and reviews with practice-based current topic and opinion articles, news, case studies, book reviews, and updates on our latest work. It has both an editorial board and an International Advisory Board.
Public Health in Practice. Public Health in Practice is a gold open-access journal in the field of population health, and the sister journal to Public Health.
See also
Health education
Health promotion
References
External links
Archives at the Wellcome Collection
Health in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Medical associations based in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1876
1876 establishments in the United Kingdom
Public health in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Society%20for%20Public%20Health |
Ayumi Hamasaki Stadium Tour 2002 A DVD was released on January 29, 2003, the same day as Ayumi Hamasaki Arena Tour 2002 A was also released.
Track listing
UNITE!
Fly high
evolution
MEDLEY - (WHATEVER 〜 too late 〜 monochrome 〜 End roll 〜 Depend on you 〜 Trauma 〜 vogue)
July 1st
independent
Free & Easy
M
SURREAL
HANABI
Boys & Girls
AUDIENCE
Encore
A Song is born
flower garden
Trauma
Who…
DVD bonus track
SEASONS
Ayumi Hamasaki video albums
2003 video albums
Live video albums
2003 live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi%20Hamasaki%20Stadium%20Tour%202002%20A |
Vergelegen (Dutch: "remotely situated") is a historic wine estate in Somerset West, in the Western Cape province of South Africa.
Foundation
The estate was settled in 1700 by an early Governor of the Cape, Willem Adriaan van der Stel. Van der Stel used the resources of his employer, the Dutch East India Company, to improve the estate, and in 1706 a number of free burghers at the Cape drew up a formal memorandum complaining about van der Stel's illegal activities. This memorandum contains some of the earliest images and descriptions of the estate. As a consequence of the free burghers' complaints, van der Stel and other officials were sacked, and three-quarters of the original Vergelegen estate was sold off, drastically reducing the size of the property.
Vineyards
In 1798 the estate was sold to the Theunissen family, who planted extensive vineyards and concentrated on the production of grapes until an infestation by the phylloxera louse in the late nineteenth century wiped out most of Vergelegen's grape production.
Sir Lionel Phillips
In 1917 Vergelegen was purchased by the millionaire mine magnate Sir Lionel Phillips as a present for his wife Florence. She remodeled aspects of the house and planted the magnificent gardens, but removed the few remaining acres dedicated to grapes.
"Punch" Barlow and Anglo American
Following the death of Lady Phillips the estate was purchased by the Barlow family, and Charles "Punch" Barlow oversaw the reintroduction of limited planting of grapes. However, by the time Anglo American bought the property from Barlow's son in 1987, no grapes were being cultivated.
Wine production
Anglo American concentrated on the production of high-quality wines from Vergelegen. The first vintage under the company's stewardship was harvested in 1992. Within ten years the estate was recognised as producing some of South Africa's finest wines, with the cabernet sauvignon blend Vergelegen, single-vineyard cabernet sauvignon Vergelegen V and semillon/sauvignon blanc blend Vergelegen White regularly achieving a maximum five stars in John Platter's annual Guide to South African Wines.
The estate
Vergelegen's Cape Dutch house, gardens and winery are open to visitors. Interesting features of any visit include a trip up the mountain to the winery plant, and a walk under the vast Camphor laurels (Cinnamomum camphora) planted by Willem van der Stel in about 1705 which have been declared a protected provincial heritage site. The winery is uniquely shaped in an octagon form that is mirrored on the vineyard's labels.
Awards
Vergelegen V 2001 – John Platter Guide 2005 (5 Stars), Selection Mondiales des Vins 2004 Grand Jury Prize for South Africa
Vergelegen Red 2001 – Mondiale Bruxelles 2005 Gold, International Wine Challenge 2004 Bronze, Fairbairn Capital Trophy Wine Show 2003 Gold
Best overall performance – Old Mutual Trophy Wine Show SA 2002–2004 and 2006
Best Winery – Wine Magazine SA 2004–2006
New World Winery of the Year – Wine Enthusiast Magazine USA 2005 and 2006
Great Wine Capitals Best of Wine Tourism South African winner
References
Further reading
WINE Magazine, South Africa Interview with Andre van Rensburg about Vergelegen and in particular the current problems with viruses.
External links
1700 establishments in the Dutch Empire
Food and drink companies based in Cape Town
Wineries of South Africa
1700 establishments in Africa
South African brands
Wine brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergelegen |
The World War II Battle of Krasnobród took place on 23 September 1939 near the town of Krasnobród. It was fought between the forces of the Polish Army and the German Wehrmacht during the Invasion of Poland. It was one of the last battles in European warfare in which cavalry was used on both sides.
Battle
At approximately 7am a group of Polish cavalry of the Nowogródek Cavalry Brigade left the forests halfway between Zamość and Tomaszów Lubelski. The 25th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment under Col. formed the front guard of the formation and was entrusted with recapturing the pivotal town of Krasnobród. The German 8th Infantry Division fortified the town located on a hill with two lines of trenches. In order to minimize the effect of enemy numerical superiority, the Polish commander split his forces in two and ordered a cavalry charge, with each of the squadrons charging separately at a different sector of the front.
The German forces were caught completely by surprise and the first squadron successfully broke through their positions, while the German infantry started a chaotic retreat towards the centre of the town, followed by the Polish cavalry using sabres and lances. The second squadron under Lt. Tadeusz Gerlecki joined the charge towards the hill. A unit of organic cavalry from the German 8th Infantry Division counter-charged from the hill, but was repelled. The Polish units started a pursuit after the fleeing enemy and entered the city. Although the Poles suffered heavy losses due to machine gun fire (with Gerlecki's squadron losing all but 30 men), the town was retaken and the Poles took the headquarters of the division, together with about 100 German soldiers. Forty Polish combatants previously taken prisoner by the Germans were freed.
See also
List of World War II military equipment of Poland
List of German military equipment of World War II
References
Further reading
Battles of the Invasion of Poland
Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)
September 1939 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Krasnobr%C3%B3d%20%281939%29 |
Johan Alfred Andersson Ander (27 November 1873 – 23 November 1910) was a convicted Swedish murderer and the last person to be executed in Sweden.
The only person to be executed in Sweden following the instatement of the guillotine, he remains the only person executed by this means in Swedish history (before 1907, capital punishment was executed through manual beheading).
Early life
Born in Ljusterö, Ander performed his military service duties from 1893 to 1894 at the Vaxholm Artillery Corps of Vaxholm. When his military service was over, he got married and tried to make a living as a waiter and hotel owner. Most of the businesses failed however (both in Strängnäs in 1898 and in Helsinki in 1903). There have been claims that Ander's excessive drinking and mistreatment of his wife were, at least partially, the reasons for the economic failures. In 1900, he was imprisoned for a few small crimes but managed to escape. In all, by the time of his final conviction, he had been sentenced three times for theft (tredje resan stöld). In 1909, the couple moved back to Ander's parents' house in Karlsudd.
The robbery and arrest
Ander sought a way to find a solution to his money problems, and for weeks he had been seen observing an exchange agency, Gerells Växelkontor on Malmtorgsgatan 3 in Stockholm. On 5 January 1910, he robbed the agency and beat the clerk, Victoria Hellsten, so severely that she died. He managed to steal 6,000 Swedish kronor in Swedish and foreign notes at the agency (nearly 200,000 SEK in 2010 equivalent).
Staff at a hotel named Temperance, which was located near the exchange agency, reported to the police that one of their guests had been behaving in a very strange and anxious manner, and that this guest had left the hotel with an oblong package. The guest turned out to be Alfred Ander. A large suitcase found in his hotel room contained numerous items that could be connected to the murder, among them the murdered clerk's wallet as well as most of the stolen money, partially blood-stained.
Ander was subsequently arrested during nighttime near Vaxholm, in his father's house, after some inquiries to workers on the archipelago ferries, who recognized Ander and remembered where he went. The oblong package which had been observed by hotel staff was also found during the arrest and contained the apparent murder weapon, a steelyard balance.
Trial and execution
During the trial, Ander claimed that he had received the money from a foreign (and unknown) man, whom he had met during his stay at a hotel in Stockholm. He never admitted to the crime, but was sentenced to death by all court instances, and he never appealed to the King to be reprieved (however, an application for clemency was made by his father). Clemency was refused by King Gustaf V, thus making Ander the first person to be executed in Sweden in almost ten years. The execution took place at Långholmen Prison in Stockholm on 23 November 1910 by a new guillotine imported from France, the only instance in which it was used in Sweden.
Ander appeared mostly calm during the execution, even greeting the execution team with "God morgon, mina herrar!" ("Good morning, gentlemen!") He also asked to say a few last words, but was, surprisingly, denied to do so by the executioner. Shortly thereafter, Ander was ordered to lie down on the guillotine, to which he complied without any need for force. The rope was then pulled. Ander reportedly shuddered just before his head fell into the zinc bucket fastened onto the guillotine. It was the first execution in Sweden in more than a decade, and the last ever to be carried out.
Ander's body was donated to science. Doctors concluded that, at the time of his death, he suffered from tuberculosis, and they also found a large chunk of porcelain in his stomach, likely from an in-prison suicide attempt prior to the execution.
The executioner was Albert Gustaf Dahlman, thus the last official executioner to carry out his duties. His death in 1920 was considered levying the pressure to abolish capital punishment in Sweden, which took place the following year. A further 10 to 15 people were sentenced to death but either committed suicide or were reprieved; the most notorious being Hilda Nilsson in 1917 and Mohammed Beck Hadjetlaché in 1920, respectively. The last woman to have been executed in Sweden was Anna Månsdotter, beheaded by manual blade in 1890, also by Albert Gustaf Dahlman.
See also
Capital punishment in Sweden
Historical murders and executions in Stockholm
References
Bibliography
1873 births
1910 deaths
People executed for murder
Executed Swedish people
People executed by Sweden by guillotine
20th-century executions by Sweden
Swedish people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Alfred%20Ander |
Canton of Chemillé-en-Anjou (before 2015: Canton of Chemillé, between 2015 and March 2020: Canton of Chemillé-Melay) is a canton of France, located in the Maine-et-Loire department, in the Pays de la Loire region. At the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the canton was renamed and expanded from 9 to 24 communes (19 of which merged into the new communes of Chemillé-en-Anjou, Bellevigne-en-Layon and Terranjou in December 2015, January 2016 and January 2017):
Aubigné-sur-Layon
Beaulieu-sur-Layon
Bellevigne-en-Layon
Chemillé-en-Anjou
Mozé-sur-Louet
Terranjou
Val-du-Layon
See also
Cantons of the Maine-et-Loire department
Communes of the Maine-et-Loire department
References
External links
canton of Chemillé on the web of the General Council of Maine-et-Loire
Cantons of Maine-et-Loire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton%20of%20Chemill%C3%A9-en-Anjou |
Several Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts occurred after Lithuania declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990. As a Soviet republic, the Lithuanian SSR did not have a state border with customs or checkpoints. The newly declared Republic of Lithuania began establishing the State Border Guard Service, before it was internationally recognized on 27 August 1991 by the states of the European Community. These posts also became a symbol of its struggle for independence. The Soviet government viewed the customs posts as illegal and sent the OMON (Special Purpose Police Unit) troops to harass the posts, especially those along the eastern border with Byelorussian SSR. The unarmed customs officers and armed policemen were intimidated, beaten or killed, their cars were stolen or bombed, the posts were burned down or wrecked, and work of the checkpoints was otherwise disrupted. Two of the incidents resulted in the deaths of a total of eight Lithuanian citizens. In total, about 60 officers were attacked and injured, and 23 border posts were burned or destroyed.
Early attacks
The first incident occurred on 17 December 1990 in Eišiškės. Shift leader Petras Pumputis was beaten, lost consciousness, and was taken to a hospital with a cerebral hemorrhage. The first organized attacks were organized following the events of 11–13 January 1991 in Vilnius when 14 civilians were killed near the Vilnius TV Tower. Soviet troops attacked and burned border posts in Medininkai and Lavoriškės on 27 January. On 1 March, OMON troops fired at a border guard bus returning from Vilnius. Three Lithuanian guards were injured.
In mid-May 1991, various incidents were reported almost daily. On 18 May, Belarusian police captain A. Fiyaz fired at a Lithuanian post in Šalčininkai with a TT pistol; Fiyaz was killed when a Lithuanian officer returned fire with a hunting rifle. Fearing retaliation, the Lithuanian officers were ordered to leave their posts. Officer Gintaras Žagunis did not leave his station in Krakūnai and was killed on 19 May. Žagunis was given a public funeral in the Antakalnis Cemetery. The same night two other posts were burned down. On 23 May, OMON troops from Riga assaulted border posts on the Lithuanian–Latvian border in , Mažeikiai, , Saločiai, and . Five Latvian posts were also attacked. The attack on Smėlynė was filmed by Alexander Nevzorov and later shown on Leningrad TV.
Following these attacks, Lithuanian Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius officially complained to Boris Pugo, Soviet Minister of Internal Affairs in charge of OMON troops. Moscow denied responsibility for the attacks and claimed that the OMON troops acted without their approval. Mikhail Gorbachev disclaimed any knowledge of the attacks and ordered Pugo to investigate. However, on 24 and 25 May five more posts were assaulted. Lithuania appealed to western countries asking to protest about the actions of the Soviet government. Moscow continued to deny responsibility, but admitted that the actions of OMON troops were criminal. Despite promises to intervene, the attacks continued through mid-June. On 28 June, Moscow took the first actions to discipline OMON – its leaders were called to explain themselves and were reassigned.
Medininkai incident
The most serious attack occurred when OMON troops from Riga attacked the Lithuanian customs post in Medininkai on the Vilnius–Minsk highway on 31 July 1991. It is thought that the attack took place around 04:00, because a watch belonging to one of the victims stopped at this hour. Seven officers were shot and killed: Mindaugas Balavakas and Algimantas Juozakas (officers of the Special Division ARAS), Juozas Janonis and Algirdas Kazlauskas (officers of the highway police), Antanas Musteikis, Stanislovas Orlavičius and Ričardas Rabavičius (customs officers). Rabavičius died on 2 August in hospital. The only survivor, customs officer Tomas Šernas, suffered severe brain damage and became disabled. The ARAS officers were supposed to provide protection to the post and were armed. However, their weapons were missing from the scene and there were no signs of returned fire. The Lithuanian officers were forced to lie down on the ground and then shot in the head, execution style. Those killed were buried in the Antakalnis Cemetery. The victims were awarded the Cross of Vytis (6 September 1991) and the Medal of 13 January (9 January 1992).
The incident occurred during US President George H. W. Bush's two-day visit in Moscow. Bush specifically addressed the incident in one of the press conferences, but downplayed its importance in the Lithuanian struggle for international recognition and shielded Gorbachev from responsibility. It was speculated that the assailants wanted to embarrass Gorbachev showcasing his inability to control the situation in the collapsing Soviet Union. The attack might have been a response to a treaty between Lithuania and Boris Yeltsin, newly elected President of Russian SFSR. The treaty established formal diplomatic relations and addressed economic and cultural issues between Lithuania and Russia; it was seen as an important step towards recognition of Lithuania's independence. Another version claims that the guards discovered a large smuggling operation.
Investigation and trials
The attacks stopped after the executions in Medininkai, save for an attack on a post in Kybartai on 22 August 1991 during the August Coup in Moscow. After the coup failed, the Soviet Union disintegrated. Members of OMON dispersed throughout the former union, many of them becoming citizens of the Russia Federation. The Lithuanian government attempted to investigate the attacks and prosecute the suspects, but the efforts were hindered by complex extradition requests. In December 1991, the Lithuanians presented to Russia a list of more than 20 people wanted for their involvement in January Events and Medininkai incident. However, the Lithuanians were refused even requests to question witnesses.
Trial of Konstantin Mikhailov
In December 2006, the Lithuanian prosecutors issued a European Arrest Warrant for Latvian citizen Konstantin Nikulin, a suspect in the Medininkai killings. He was arrested by Latvian police on 28 November 2007. Nikulin had already been tried and received a suspended sentence of 2.5 years in 2004 for his involvement in the January 1991 events in Latvia. After the trial, Nikulin became a key witness to an unrelated murder and changed his surname to Konstantin Mikhailov (Konstantinas Michailovas) as part of a witness protection program. On 28 January 2008, the Supreme Court of Latvia decided to extradite Mikhailov to Lithuania, and he was jailed in the Lukiškės Prison awaiting trial. The case has some 220 witnesses and volumes of written material. The statute of limitations for murder is 20 years; thus the expiration date would be July 2011. On 11 May 2011, Mikhailov was found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. Mikhailov appealed against the decision claiming innocence while Lithuanian prosecutors appealed against the decision hoping to convict Mikhailov of crimes against humanity. On 6 June 2016, the Appeals Court upheld the life imprisonment sentence and reclassified the crime from murder to "acts against people prohibited by international law" (Article 100 of the Criminal Code of Lithuania). Mikhailov appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of Lithuania which started its proceedings on 11 January 2017. The Supreme Court upheld the conviction on 28 February, but Mikhailov submitted an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights.
In absentia trials
Other suspects in the Medininkai case, namely commander Czeslaw Mlynnik (Česlavas Mlinykas), Alexander Ryzhov (Aleksandras Ryžovas), and Andrei Laktionov (Andrejus Laktionovas), are citizens of Russia and have not been extradited. In 2009, Ryzhov was tried for organized crime and armed robbery in Saint Petersburg, and in June 2011 he received a 15-year sentence. In December 2010, Lithuania amended its Criminal Code to allow in absentia trials in cases of crimes against humanity. In June 2013, the Lithuanians completed pre-trial procedures in absentia for a trial of the three men for crimes against humanity. Lithuania has issued European Arrest Warrants for the three men. All three were sentenced in absentia to life imprisonment in October 2016; they are also liable to pay 653,850 euros to the state to cover expenses of state funerals, benefits and pensions to relatives, medical expenses of the survivors, etc. as well as a further 100,000 euros in compensation to each parent, spouse, and child of the killed men. Another suspect, Igor Gorban, was identified by the only survivor Tomas Šernas during Gorban's 2004 trial in Riga. However, Gorban was not charged due to lack of evidence.
Another in absentia trial concerns Vilnius OMON commanders Boleslav Makutynovich (Boleslavas Makutynovičius) and Vladimir Razvodov (Vladimiras Razvodovas). They are not implicated in the Medininkai massacre, but are accused of ordering assaults on other border posts and other actions aimed at intimidating the public (in total, 15 specific instances). In July 2015, Vilnius District Court found them not guilty. The decision was appealed by Lithuanian prosecutors. According to unconfirmed reports, Makutynovich died in November 2015. On 24 January 2017, the Appeals Court ruled that the District Court improperly interpreted that crimes against humanity could be committed only in a time of war or other armed conflict and sentenced Razvodov to 12 years imprisonment and 14,000 euros in compensation for damages. Razvodov is believed to live in Russia, and Lithuania has issued a European Arrest Warrant for him.
References
Political repression in the Soviet Union
History of Lithuania (1990–present)
1991 in Lithuania
1991 in the Soviet Union
Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1991
Lithuania–Russia relations
Conflicts in 1990
Conflicts in 1991
Lithuanian border posts
Terrorist incidents in Lithuania
Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union
Attacks on military installations in the 1990s
Attacks in Europe in the 1990s
Military raids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%20OMON%20assaults%20on%20Lithuanian%20border%20posts |
The Canongate is a street and associated district in central Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. The street forms the main eastern length of the Royal Mile while the district is the main eastern section of Edinburgh's Old Town.
David I of Scotland, by the Great Charter of Holyrood Abbey c.1143, authorised the Abbey to found a burgh separate from Edinburgh between the Abbey and the city. The burgh of Canongate which developed was controlled by the Abbey until the Scottish Reformation, when it came under secular control. In 1636 the adjacent city of Edinburgh bought the feudal superiority of the Canongate but it remained a semi-autonomous burgh under its own administration of bailies chosen by Edinburgh magistrates, until its formal incorporation into the city in 1856.
The burgh gained its name from the route that the canons of Holyrood Abbey took to Edinburgh—the canons' way or the canons' gait, from the Scots word gait meaning "way". In more modern times, the eastern end is sometimes referred to as part of the Holyrood area of the city. The burgh of Canongate had a sometimes turbulent relationship with its neighbour, Edinburgh. The main reason for this was the continual battle over their exact boundaries up until their unification in 1856, an event which proved unpopular with the former's townsfolk.
The Canongate contains several historic buildings including Queensberry House, now incorporated in the Scottish Parliament Building complex, Huntly House (now the Museum of Edinburgh), the Canongate Tolbooth (now housing the People's Story Museum) and the Canongate Kirk, opened in 1691 replacing Holyrood Abbey as the parish church of the Canongate. The church is still used for Sunday services as well as weekday concerts.
Early history
The Canongate owes its existence to the establishment of Holyrood Abbey in 1128. King David I, who established the Abbey, gave the surrounding area to the Augustinian canons then resident at Edinburgh Castle in the form of a regality. The King also gave leave to the canons to establish a burgh between the abbey and Edinburgh, and as it was the only burgh within the regality it was given the status of burgh of regality of Canongate. The area originally controlled by the abbey included the lands of Broughton, areas around the Pleasance and North Leith, giving the canons access to a port.
In 1380, the Canogate, lying outwith the city walls of Edinburgh, was largely destroyed by fire at the hands of the English army under Richard II.
Medieval and post-medieval
Holyrood Palace was developed from the 14th century onwards as successive monarchs made increasing use of the Abbey for political events such as parliaments and royal councils. The word "Pallais" appears in a reference to the royal lodgings in the reign of James IV, but they were first converted to palace buildings by James V in 1525.
Archaeological excavations in 1999 and 2000 found part of the medieval boundary ditch. It is thought to run underneath and follow the route of Holyrood road. There appears to have been one created in the 12th century that was then filled in and a new one created in the 13th/14th century with palisade added to it. The archaeologists also found evidence of the 'city walls' that were built in 1513. Those walls were meant be boundaries but not defensive. Those attacking Edinburgh generally stormed through the Water-Yett (Water Gate) and took possession of the Canongate. They then would attempt to assault Edinburgh through the Netherbow Port.
Rough Wooing
In May 1544, during the Rough Wooing, the English army under Lord Hertford attacked and burnt Edinburgh. The English Master of Ordnance, Christopher Morris, brought artillery up the Canongate to assault Edinburgh's Netherbow Gate. During this operation some of the English gunners were killed. The English infantry attacked the gate and, according to the English narrative, pulled one of the Scottish artillery pieces through its gunloop. The Scots could not retaliate due to heavy small arms fire and archery, during which Morris placed a cannon close to the gate. After three or four rounds, the gate was breached and the English army stormed through killing 300 or 400 defenders. The Scottish heavy guns were withdrawn from the High Street into the Castle. According to a report sent to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, the English troops were unused to urban warfare and fought amongst each other on the Royal Mile, and William Howard, a brother of the Duke of Norfolk, was hurt in the cheek by an English arrow.
Marian civil war
In the 1560s, several servants of Mary, Queen of Scots, formed relationships with women in the Canongate. The church authority, the Kirk Session, disapproved of them as fornicators, as they mostly had no plans for marriage. Some of the women were made to stand at the burgh cross with bared heads for three hours.
After Mary was forced to abdicate, there was civil war in Scotland. Her supporters in Scotland took control of Edinburgh Castle, and the king's party resided in the Canongate and at Leith. Regent Lennox lodged in the Canongate house of Cuthbert Ferguson in 1571. The house was protected from cannon shot with bags of wool and animal skins.
Tennis courts and lodging houses
There were several tennis courts in Edinburgh and the Canongate. One was close to the Palace, at the lodging of Henry Kinloch, and another was built nearby in 1623 by Alexander Peiris. Kinloch and Peiris also kept lodging houses, Kinloch hosted the French ambassador Rambouillet in February 1566. Rambouillet was entertained at the Palace by Mary, Queen of Scots in "maskrie and mumschance" during which her ladies were dressed in men's clothes. Anne Halkett, the religious writer, stayed with Peiris at the foot of the Canongate in 1650. She was told that it was a "civil house, and the best quality lay there that had not houses of their own".
Merchants and craftsmen
Goldsmiths including John Acheson, James Gray who sold pearls to Mary, Queen of Scots, and pistol-makers like John Kello had shops on the street, and in the 1590s there was a Flemish clockmaker, Abraham Wanweyneburgh. The mason Gilbert Cleuch had a house in the Canongate. When James VI returned to Edinburgh in 1579 after spending his childhood at Stirling Castle, some courtiers including the master of his wine cellar, Jerome Bowie, acquired houses in the Canongate.
17th and 18th centuries
The accession of King James VI to the throne of England in 1603 began the long and slow decline of the Canongate. The loss of the royal court from the Holyrood Palace inevitably affected the wealth of the surrounding area. Some aristocrats continued to live and build substantial houses and gardens on the street, including Mary Sutton, Countess of Home, whose townhouse, old Moray House still survives in part.
The union of the parliaments in 1707 also affected the area, as up until then Edinburgh had been the location of the Parliament of Scotland with the Canongate providing a fashionable suburb for the dwellings of the political class. The North Bridge, finally opened in 1772, provided a new and more convenient route from Edinburgh to the port of Leith effectively bypassing the Canongate which had until then been the main route from Edinburgh to Leith via Easter Road causing even more neglect to the residential area which was gradually taken over by industrial premises including breweries and a large gasworks. Archaeological excavations have shown that it was at this time many of the back gardens were turned into industrial sites.
Canongate remained a centre for the manufacture and retail of luxury goods and domestic furnishings. Carnation striped worset wool wall hangings for Newbiggin House were woven in the Canongate by James Crommie in 1665. James Leblanc made mirrors, and argued with Sarah Dalrymple, who had a business painting furniture and mirrors in the Japan style, over a possible monopoly on glass for mirrors and lighting sconces.
The Canongate was an important district during the Scottish Enlightenment partly because of the presence of the Canongate Theatre (1746-1786), of which one of the proprietors was Lord Monboddo. The philosopher David Hume performed in a play staged there.
19th century
Writing in 1824, Robert Chambers said of the Canongate, "As the main avenue from the palace into the city, it has borne upon its pavements the burden of all that was beautiful, all that was gallant, all that has become historically interesting in Scotland for the last six or seven hundred years".
Sir Walter Scott writing in 1827 stated; "Sic itur ad Astra; This is the path to heaven. Such is the ancient motto attached to the armorial bearings of the Canongate, and which is inscribed, with greater or less propriety, upon all the public buildings, from the church to the pillory, in the ancient quarter of Edinburgh which bears, or rather once bore, the same relation to the Good Town that Westminster does to London".
20th and 21st centuries
The area has seen various attempts at improvements and slum clearance, including various schemes by Ebenezer James MacRae in the 1930s and Sir Robert Hurd in the 1950s in traditional style replicating original facades. Another scheme, completed in 1969, by the Basil Spence practice was in modern style but in proportion to surrounding buildings.
Due to the redevelopments of the 1950s/60s the overcrowded and impoverished area suffered from serious depopulation. From the 1960s onwards the Canongate area became notably less industrial, with all of the breweries closing. Residential redevelopment began on former industrial sites in the 1990s and 2000s with flats, offices and other commercial operations being built south of the main road, reversing the decline in population. Whilst much of this development has a modern appearance, some attempt has been made in terms of layout to retain the "fishbone" pattern characteristic of the Royal Mile.
As of 2006, the redevelopment of former industrial land to the north of the Canongate, once occupied by Victorian gasworks and a later bus garage, has proved controversial, partly due to the original proposal, now abandoned, to demolish some of the replacement buildings from the 1930s.
Above all, the construction of the new Scottish Parliament Building on the site of the old Younger's Abbey Brewery has led to a resurgence of the area's vitality with the Canongate becoming the centre of Scottish political life.
Although modern development is arguably of high quality it fails to reflect the traditional character of the area.
Education
The Royal Mile Primary School, formerly known as Milton House Public School, is a non-denominational state school that provides primary education for 5- to 11-year-old children. It was designed in 1886 by Robert Wilson, architect for the Edinburgh Board of Education.
Within the school, there is also a nursery which caters for 3- to 5-year-old children. As the school is so central to the Canongate community, its pupils are often involved in illustrious events at the Scottish parliament and Edinburgh Castle. It is used as a polling station for the constituents of Edinburgh Central.
The Canongate is also the location of Moray House, the Education department of the University of Edinburgh (formerly Moray House College of Education). It comprises a number of buildings centred on St. John Street, some of which are historic, whilst others are purpose built. A number of other university buildings including the Pleasance student union building and the Centre for Sport and Exercise are located in the area historically covered by the Canongate.
Historic crosses
There were three crosses on the Canongate section of the Royal Mile.
The ancient Mercat Cross (Market Cross) or Burgh Cross is shown on Gordon of Rothiemay's 1647 plan as being in the middle of the road nearly opposite the tolbooth. Gordon shows it as being similar to the Edinburgh Mercat Cross with the shaft and cross mounted on a stone gallery. The much-altered cross now stands in the south-east corner of Canongate Churchyard to the right hand side of the entrance to Canongate Kirk.
The St John's Cross used to stand further up the Canongate to the west. The site is now marked by a maltese cross formed by coloured setts in the road surface near the top of St John's Street (). It was known as St. John's Cross because it stood on property thought to belong to the Knights of St. John in the Middle Ages, and it marked the ancient boundary of that part of the Royalty of Edinburgh which lay outwith the Netherbow Port and the city wall.
Where the Girth Cross, which has also been called the "Abbey" or "South" Cross at various times, once stood is now marked by a radiating circle of setts. (). It marked the western limit of the Girth of Holyrood, "the greatest sanctuary in Scotland, and the last to disappear". It is shown on a map of the 1573 siege of Edinburgh, published in Holinshed's Chronicles in 1577, as an ornamental shaft elevated on a flight of steps and was not demolished until after 1767. In its shadow proclamations were read and executions were carried out. A notable execution took place next to the cross in 1600 when the young and beautiful Jean Kincaid (Lady Warriston) was beheaded by the Maiden for conspiring in the murder of her abusive husband.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the Canongate features a white hart's head and a golden cross, recalling the old legend in which King David I was saved from goring from a stag by the sudden appearance of a holy cross. The arms, though technically obsolete since the abolishment of the burgh of Canongate in 1856, can still be seen in many locations in and around the district, including on Edinburgh's mercat cross where they appear alongside the royal arms of Britain, Scotland, England and Ireland, the burgh arms of Edinburgh and Leith, and the arms of the University.
The motto is Sic itur ad astra meaning 'thus you shall go to the stars', a quote from Virgil's Aeneid.
Important buildings
Canongate Kirk 1691.
Moray House, built by Mary, Countess of Home around 1625, extended as Moray House College of Education.
Queensberry House, 1686, now part of the Scottish Parliament.
Canongate Tolbooth, 1591, now the People's Story Museum.
167–169 Canongate, early 17th century, upper floors part of People's Story Museum, ground floor a public house.
Lodge Canongate Kilwinning Number 2 1736, the oldest purpose built masonic lodge still used for its original purpose, officially "Lodge no. 2" attended by Robert Burns who was Invited to become their poet laureate.
Chessel's Court, 1745.
Morocco Land, a tenement of 1730 bearing the carved upper torso of a Moor.
Shoemaker's Land, a tenement of 1725.
Bible Land, a tenement of 1677.
Huntly House, from 1517, now the Museum of Edinburgh.
Whitefoord House, 1769, now the home of the Scottish Veterans Association.
White Horse Close, a picturesque courtyard dating from around 1680 which served the Edinburgh-London coach and mailcoach route in the 18th century, restored in the early 1960s.
Golfers Land
Palace of Holyroodhouse, the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland.
Holyrood Abbey
Famous residents
Bruce Chatwin (1940–89) lived in Canongate while a student at University of Edinburgh from 1966 to 1968
Oliver Cromwell stayed at Old Moray House during two periods of residence in Scotland
John Craig, former Dominican priest, colleague of John Knox in St Giles'
John Gay stayed at Queensberry House as guest of his patron, 3rd Duke of Queensberry
Lord Milton
Mary Dudley, Countess of Home, builder of old Moray House.
Very Rev Dr Patrick MacFarlan, born in Canongate manse
Christian Ker Reid, silversmith born here
Tobias Smollett lodged briefly at his sister's house above St. John's Pend
Adam Smith lived in Panmure Close
Lord Monboddo, whose house stood in St. John's Street
Sir William Wardlaw, 16th baronet lived at Chessels Court
John Nisbet, Lord Dirleton
William Bannatyne, Lord Bannatyne lived and died in Whiteford House.
Literature
It appears in chapter 49 of the Pickwick Papers by Dickens.
Walter Scott named Chronicles of the Canongate (1820s) after the area.
Notes
References
External links
Kincaid map showing Canongate closes in 1784
Edinburgh Old Town Association
Areas of Edinburgh
Royal Mile
Burghs
Scottish parliamentary locations and buildings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Canongate |
Ayumi Hamasaki's Ayumi Hamasaki Countdown Live 2002–2003 A DVD was released in the Complete Live Box.
Performed songs track listing
Taskinillusion
Real Me
Evolution
Unite!
Heartplace
Free & Easy
Hanabi
Dance Show Time
Boys & Girls
TRF medley
Audience: Count Down
We Wish
Everywhere Nowhere
Trauma
Voyage
Encore
Independent
+
July 1st
Ayumi Hamasaki video albums
2003 video albums
Live video albums
2003 live albums
Albums recorded at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi%20Hamasaki%20Countdown%20Live%202002%E2%80%932003%20A |
The CONCACAF W Championship (previously known as the CONCACAF Women's Championship, CONCACAF Women's Invitational Tournament, CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup and CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying) is an association football competition organized by the Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) that often serves as the qualifying competition to the Women's World Cup, and recently the Olympics. In years when the tournament has been held outside the World Cup qualifying cycle, non-CONCACAF members have been invited. CONCACAF is the governing body for football for North America, Central America and the Caribbean. The most successful country has been the United States, winning their ninth title in 2022.
History
2000
Six member women's national teams participated: Canada, the U.S., Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, as well as two invited teams, Brazil and China. The United States hosted the tournament and were champions.
2002
The 2002 Women's Gold Cup was an eight-team tournament hosted by Canada and the United States. The two finalists qualified for the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup and the third-place team qualified for the World Cup playoff. After 16 games (played as 8 doubleheaders) the United States were tournament champions, defeating Canada in overtime in the final. Mia Hamm scored the golden goal, taking the U.S. to their second Women's Gold Cup title. The U.S. had a 9–0–1 Gold Cup record, including 48 goals for and two goals against, both scored by Charmaine Hooper of Canada.
2006
The 2006 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup was held in the United States, with games being hosted at The Home Depot Center in Carson, California and Tropical Park Stadium in Miami, Florida. This 2007 World Cup qualifying tournament featured six teams in single-elimination, with the top two teams qualifying directly for the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in China. Additionally, the third-place finisher played a two-legged home-and-away playoff against Japan (the fourth-place finisher from the Asian Confederation).
2022
The 2022 CONCACAF W Championship was held from 4–18 July 2022 and featured eight teams divided into two groups of four. After single round-robin play, the top two from each group qualified for the knockout rounds, played in a single match direct elimination format.
The tournament served as a CONCACAF qualifier to the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup in Australia and New Zealand, the football tournament at the 2024 Summer Olympics in France, and the 2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup. The top two teams of each round-robin group qualified for the World Cup, while the third-placed teams from each group advanced to the inter-confederation play-offs. The winner of the tournament also qualified for the 2024 Olympics and the 2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup, while the second and third-placed teams advanced to a CONCACAF Olympic play-off. The winner of that play-off will also guarantee their place at the 2024 Olympics and the 2024 W Gold Cup.
Results
Performance by country
Overall team records
In this ranking 3 points are awarded for a win, 1 for a draw and 0 for a loss. As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. Teams are ranked by total points, then by goal difference, then by goals scored.
1 non-CONCACAF invitees
Comprehensive team results by tournament
Legend
– Champions
– Runners-up
– Third place
– Fourth place
GS – Group stage
Q – Qualified for upcoming tournament
— Hosts
Awards
Winning coaches
See also
CONCACAF W Gold Cup
CONCACAF Gold Cup
CONCACAF Championship
Notes
References
External links
CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup at RSSSF
Recurring sporting events established in 1991
Championship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF%20W%20Championship |
Lou Gish (27 May 1967 – 20 February 2006) was an English stage, film and television actress.
Biography
She was born Louise Mikel Henrietta Marie Curram in 1967, the elder daughter of actors Sheila Gish and Roland Curram. She was raised in London and originally wanted to be an artist rather than an actor. She trained in Camberwell and earned a bachelor's degree at the Camberwell College of Arts.
A role in a play in Paddington brought her to the attention of an agent, and this convinced her to follow her family into a career in the theatre, taking roles on stage, in television series, and in film. She appeared with her sister, Kay Curram, in King Lear at the Chichester Festival Theatre in 2005.
Gish was in a relationship with actor Nicholas Rowe from 2000 until her death from cancer at the age of 38 in February 2006. Her death came less than a year after that of her mother, who also died of cancer.
Both she and her mother are buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery.
Film and television career
Amazed - "Kara Smith" (1983)
Game On - "Bruce Willis & Robert De Niro Holding a Fish" (1996)
Holding the Baby (1997)
Bent (1997)
Microsoap (1998)
Hope and Glory (1999)
Casualty - "Blood Brothers" (2000)
Without Motive (2000)
Where the Heart Is - "Runaways" (2001)
Coupling (2001–2002)
The Vice - "One More Time" (2002)
Wire in the Blood - "Shadows Rising" (2002)
Doctors - "High Anxiety" (2004)
Casualty - "Love's Labours ... Lost" (2004)
EastEnders (2004–2005)
New Tricks (2005)
Theatrical career
Tejas Verdes (Gate Theatre 2005)
King Lear (Chichester Festival Theatre 2005, as Goneril)
References
External links
1967 births
2006 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
English stage actresses
Deaths from cancer in England
English television actresses
English film actresses
Actresses from London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Gish |
X. v. the United Kingdom was a 1978 case before the European Court of Human Rights, challenging the Sexual Offences Act 1956 in the United Kingdom. The case addressed privacy protections and age of consent laws for homosexuals (case no. 7215/75, Dec. 12.10.1978).
Facts
In 1974, a 26-year-old male, anonymously identified as 'X' but subsequently identified as Peter Vernon Wells (1947–79), was arrested in the United Kingdom and charged under the Sexual Offences Act 1956 with two counts of buggery committed with two 18-year-old men. X was sentenced two and a half years of imprisonment on the first count and six months on the second count. There was evidence shown that X had 'virtually made a prisoner' of one of the men he had relationship with; however this was contradicted not only by X but also the man he had a relationship with.
The applicant in the case, X, contended that his arrest and imprisonment was a violation of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees the right to respect for private life, and that homosexual relations between consenting adults should not be criminal offences.
X also appealed that The Sexual Offences Act 1956, which provided that sexual relations with a male under the age of 21 constituted an offence, was also in violation of Article 14, which prohibits discrimination. X's claim was based on the fact that the act treated homosexual relations differently from heterosexual relationships, and that it treated male homosexual acts differently from female ones.
Judgment
The Court ruled unanimously that prosecution and imprisonment of X was not an interference with his right to privacy, because there was an element of force involved in one of the relationships. Therefore, no violation of Article 8 of the ECHR had taken place.
On the issue of the act's age of consent being fixed at 21, the Court ruled eight votes to four that the age of consent laws were not in violation of the human rights convention, because protection of the rights of others was a legitimate aim, and therefore justified. No violation of either Article 8 or Article 14 had taken place.
On the issue of discrimination of homosexuals but not heterosexuals in the act's age of consent provisions, the Court ruled nine votes to two with one abstention that social protection was an "objective and reasonable justification" for the criminal sanctions, and that no violation of either Article 8 or Article 14 had taken place.
On the issue of the act's difference in its treatment of male and female homosexual acts, the Court ruled eleven votes with one abstention that, citing German studies which describe "a specific social danger in the case of masculine homosexuality", and that male homosexuals as having "a clear tendency to proselytise adolescents", the act's aims were justified, and no violation of either Article 8 or Article 14 had taken place.
Aftermath
The findings of the Court concerning the compatibility of an unequal age of consent were overturned in 2003 by S.L. v. Austria.
See also
Gay rights in the United Kingdom
List of LGBT-related ECHR cases
References
External links
Commission's admissibility decision, 1977
Commission's report, 1978
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Discrimination in the United Kingdom
European Court of Human Rights cases involving the United Kingdom
United Kingdom LGBT rights case law
1978 in United Kingdom case law
1978 in LGBT history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%20v%20United%20Kingdom |
Mark Gregory Ryan (born January 21, 1957) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a defender in the North American Soccer League and Major Indoor Soccer League. He was the head coach of the United States women's national soccer team from 2005 to 2007. He was previously the head coach at University of Wisconsin–Madison, Southern Methodist University, and Colorado College, and was an assistant with the national team.
Career
In 1983, Ryan entered the coaching ranks, while still playing, when he served as an assistant coach with Colorado College men's soccer team. Ryan retired from playing after the first MISL season of the Sting in 1985 and moved to the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he coached in various capacities until 1993. In 1991, he was named the women's college coach of the year. In 1996, he moved to Southern Methodist University where he compiled a 37–21–5 record as the women's soccer coach. In 1999, he moved back to Colorado College.
The national team finished first in first-round group play in the 2007 Women's World Cup held in China. In the quarterfinals, the team defeated England 3–0. Heading into the semifinal match against Brazil, Ryan decided to bench regular goalkeeper Hope Solo in favor of veteran goalkeeper Briana Scurry. The team subsequently lost to Brazil 0–4 (the worst defeat in the team's history) and Ryan received considerable criticism for the sudden lineup change as well as defensive-minded substitutions made when the team arguably needed more offensive players to compete against the Brazilians. On Monday, October 22, 2007, U.S. Soccer President Sunil Gulati announced that Ryan's contract would not be extended past its December 31, 2007, expiration date.
Ryan accepted the position of head coach for the University of Michigan women's soccer team on February 1, 2008. He became the second head coach in the program's 14-year history. After the team posted losing seasons in his first two years at the helm, the Michigan women's team qualified for the NCAA tournament in 2010 but lost in the first round. In 2012, they advanced to the Sweet Sixteen, and in 2013, they made it to the Elite Eight. Through seven seasons at Michigan, Ryan's record is 75–46–23. After the 2018 season, Michigan and Ryan parted ways.
Coaching record
References
External links
NCAA coaching records
SoccerPlayers.com interview with Ryan
NASL/MISL stats
Greg Ryan at StatsCrew.com
Colorado College coaching profile
Michigan coaching profile
1957 births
Living people
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
Chicago Sting (MISL) players
Chicago Sting (NASL) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Minnesota Kicks players
College women's soccer coaches in the United States
SMU Mustangs men's soccer players
Tulsa Roughnecks (1978–1984) players
New York Cosmos (1970–1985) players
United States women's national soccer team managers
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup managers
Emigrants from West Germany to the United States
Footballers from Frankfurt
Michigan Wolverines women's soccer coaches
American women's soccer coaches
Men's association football defenders
Wisconsin Badgers women's soccer coaches
SMU Mustangs women's soccer coaches
All-American college men's soccer players
United States women's national soccer team non-playing staff
Colorado College Tigers women's soccer coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Ryan |
Kintaro Walks Japan is a documentary film produced and directed by Tyler MacNiven. It is an account of MacNiven's journey walking and backpacking the entire length of Japan from Kyūshū to Hokkaidō, more than 2000 miles in 145 days.
MacNiven cited three reasons for the journey. On his first trip to Japan in 2002, he fell in love with the country. It was on this trip that a friend nicknamed him "Kintaro," which means "Golden Boy," because of his blond hair. Occasionally accompanying him on the trip was his girlfriend, Ayumi, whose father, George Meegan, completed the longest unbroken walk in recorded history - a nearly 7-year sojourn from the southern tip of Argentina to the northern tip of Alaska. Inspired by their story, MacNiven conceived of the task after learning that his father, whose parents were foreign missionaries, was born in an unknown location in Hokkaidō. Armed with a desire to impress Ayumi and find his father's birthplace, as well as an interest in Japanese culture, MacNiven set sail to Japan.
With only a drawing of the birthplace to aid him, MacNiven walked the length of Japan with hope of finding his father's birthplace. Along the way, he befriended many Japanese people and learned much about their culture and himself. As well, his time spent in Japan helped him learn a fair amount of Japanese.
Although he completed his task in July 2004, it was not until the subsequent year that Kintaro Walks Japan was disseminated on the internet and gained popularity. Unable to find a distributor for the documentary of the trek, MacNiven burned 1,000 DVDs and began hawking copies of the film on the streets of San Francisco and at a restaurant his father owns. One day, George Strompolos, an executive from the nearby Google campus, dropped by. “Dad showed the movie to him,” MacNiven said. “He watched it and said, ‘This is exactly what we need.’" Today roughly 500 people watch the film every day at Google Video. American Airlines also screened the film on international flights for a month.
References
External links
Travelogues
Documentary films about Japan
American documentary films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintaro%20Walks%20Japan |
Samuel Street, also known as Samuel Street Jr, (March 14, 1775 – August 21, 1844) was a Canadian businessman and government official in Upper Canada who became one of the richest men in Upper Canada. Born in Farmington, Connecticut, he moved to Chippawa, Upper Canada, after his father was murdered. In Chippawa he lived with his uncle, Samuel Street, who introduced him to the local business community. In the early 1800s, he entered into various partnerships with other businessmen and purchased mills in the Niagara region. His most prominent partnership was with Thomas Clark, and together they used the profits from the mills to lend money (and charge interest) to various people in Upper Canada, further increasing their wealth. They also purchased property throughout Upper Canada, employing agents to help with the purchases, and lending money to local officials in exchange for notification of property that was to be cheaply sold. He bought shares in banks and transportation companies and held debentures with the Upper Canadian government and regional governments. He was a prominent member of the Niagara business elite and was hired to be an executor for other prominent members. He was also a military commander of the 3rd Lincoln Militia, become a colonel of the militia in 1839. He died in Port Robinson, Upper Canada, and his estate was given to his son, Thomas Clark Street, and four daughters.
Early life and family
Street was born in Farmington, Connecticut on March 14, 1775. He was the eldest son of Nehemiah Street and Thankful Moody. His father was murdered in Cold Spring, New York, and in 1787 Samuel Street moved to Chippawa, Upper Canada, to live with his uncle Samuel Street. Street Jr was introduced to the mercantile community in the Niagara region by his uncle and worked in his uncle's shipping business. In October 1796, Street Jr was granted 600 acres by the British government because he was the son of a loyalist. That year he also became a magistrate and he was also the deputy-registrar for the Niagara region. By 1801 he was also the deputy lieutenant of the militia in Lincoln county. He insisted that religious sects who paid a fine rather than join the militia, such as Quakers, Mennonites, and members of the Old German Baptist Brethren, attend the militia's musters with proof of their fine payment. He threatened to arrest and prosecute those who did not attend the muster.
Business career
Early career and milling operations
The first records of Street's business activities are from 1797, when he received a shipment of goods. He formed a partnership with Thomas Clark in May 1798, but the partnership ended the following year. By 1803 Street was part of the milling business at Niagara Falls and in August he became a clerk for Bridgewater Mills in Chippawa, a milling complex. In 1804 he entered into a partnership with James Durand and in 1807 he purchased a milling complex named Falls Mills from Clark.
In 1808 or 1809, Street entered a new partnership with Clark to run Falls Mills, a milling complex. In 1810 the two businessmen bought Bridgewater Mills. Robert Randal contested Street's ownership over Bridgewater Mills because he claimed the process in which its previous owner, Durand, obtained the property from Randal several years prior was improper. This caused a lengthy legal battle over the status of the property and Randal highlighted this event in his opposition to the Niagara region's elite, which included Street. The two gristmills processed wheat, which were produced on farms in the region. The mills were described by James Crooks, another businessman and political figure, as having a monopoly in the region, while George Prévost, an army officer in the War of 1812, described the mills as the "most useful and valuable in the country".
In September 1812 Street became captain of the 3rd Lincoln Militia. Several of his mills were destroyed by the Americans during the War of 1812 in July 1814. Street and Clark applied for compensation for this event, but the compensation for Brigewater Mills was delayed until 1835 by the legal dispute initiated by Randal. They claimed that the property destruction was worth £7,785, but were given £4,970. Falls Mills was rebuilt and turned into a woolen mill, while Bridewater Mills was never rebuilt. In 1822, Street was promoted to be the lieutenant-colonel of the 3rd Lincoln Militia.
Later career
Street used the profits from the mills to become a moneylender, further increasing his profits. He did not discriminate on who he lent money to, giving various amounts to farmers, politicians, and clergy. He was very strict with borrowers who submitted late payments, although granted leniency to the clergy elite. He became the second-largest shareholder of the Bank of Upper Canada in 1830 and possibly the largest shareholder of the Gore Bank; he also held shares in the Bank of Montreal and the Commercial Bank of the Midland District. He acquired shares in the Welland Canal Company, Erie and Ontario Railroad Company, various road projects, and other transportation companies. He also owned debentures issued by the Upper Canadian government, the Gore district, and the Wellington District.
Street was also a land speculator and bought property in almost every region of the province. He acquired this land via foreclosures on loans and sales of land to recover unpaid taxes from farmers. He was well connected with local officials in various regions and lent them money for public work projects in exchange for preferential treatment on purchasing property. Local officials would also notify him when land was to be sold at cheaper rates due to a sheriff's sale. He employed agents throughout the province who would administer and purchase property for him. He vigorously defended himself in legal disputes by consulting people holding important legal or political positions and paying witnesses to attend court proceedings.
In the 1830s Street and Clark build a wooden walkway around their property at The Burning Springs in the Niagara region. The spring was a natural gas spring and Street would charge tourists to see the colourless liquid from the spring be lit. Other citizens in the Niagara region would hire Street to act as their agent concerning business concerns. He was an executor for prominent people in Niagara to settle estates and disperse land. In 1839 he was promoted to colonel in the 3rd Lincoln Militia.
In 1841, Street purchased shares in the Welland Canal Company, which were exchanged for debentures issued by the Upper Canadian government. William Hamilton Merritt assisted Street in purchasing the stocks at a lower price because Merritt had close relationships with the owners of the canal. Merritt also informed Street of a bill in the Upper Canadian legislature that, if passed, would further increase the value of the canal's stocks. Street purchased as much stock in the company as he could, but died before he could profit from the exchange.
Personal life and death
Street married Abigail Hyde Ransom on September 5, 1811. They had a son, businessman and political figure Thomas Clark Street, and five daughters. Street suffered from health problems for most of his life, possibly due to arthritis. This prevented him from traveling outside of the Niagara region for business reasons, so those responsibilities were given to Clark, his partner.
Street died at Port Robinson, Upper Canada, on August 21, 1844. His estate and land holdings were given to his son, and his four living daughters, and totaled 15,680 acres in Upper Canada. At his death, he was one of the wealthiest men in Upper Canada. Upon his death, Street was negatively described in a local newspaper called the St. Catharines Journal as a businessman who ensured he received the total amount owed to him in interest when he lent money to others.
References
1775 births
1844 deaths
Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Street%20Jr. |
Millbrook Magnet High School, commonly known as Millbrook High School (MHS), is a public magnet high school located in Raleigh, North Carolina. It is one of thirty-two high schools in the Wake County Public School System. In 2006, Millbrook finished the renovation of its campus which includes a new three-level building, a courtyard for students, and a larger cafeteria making MHS one of the largest and up to date facilities in the area. In 2009, Millbrook High School was granted International Baccalaureate status by the North Carolina Board of Education. The school was named a Magnet School of Excellence by Magnet Schools of America in 2020 and is recognized for its innovative curriculum, community building, and removing barriers to student success.
School Profile
Athletics
Millbrook's athletics department houses 40 athletic teams including varsity, junior varsity, and freshman levels, who all compete in the North Carolina High School Athletic Association. The school is classified into 4A, the highest division, due to their large population. Their historical rival is Jesse O. Sanderson High School.
Sports Teams
Cheer
Golf (men's & women's)
Volleyball
Cross Country (men's & women's)
Gymnastics
Soccer (men's & women's)
Football
Tennis (men's & women's)
Basketball (men's & women's)
Indoor Track (men's & women's)
Swim & Dive (men's & women's)
Wrestling (men's & women's)
Baseball
Track & Field (men's & women's)
Softball
Lacrosse (men's & women's)
Notable alumni
Robert L. Barker, North Carolina Senator
Bucky Brooks, former NFL player who is a sportswriter covering the NFL for Sports Illustrated
Evan Brown, professional soccer player
Chris Clemons, NBA player
Dean Debnam, President and CEO, Public Policy Polling
George A. Fisher Jr., former United States Army officer
Craig Keith, NFL tight end
Everett Lindsay, NFL offensive guard
Keith Marshall, NFL running back
David Merritt, former NFL player and current NFL coach
Brian Miller, MLB outfielder
Martha Nichols, American choreographer and dancer
Larry Rountree III, NFL running back for the Los Angeles Chargers
Paul Shuey, MLB pitcher
James Smith-Williams, NFL defensive lineman
Ferrety Sousa, professional soccer player
Rickey Thompson, American actor, comedian, and internet personality
References
Wake County Public School System
Public high schools in North Carolina
Schools in Raleigh, North Carolina
Magnet schools in North Carolina
International Baccalaureate schools in North Carolina
1923 establishments in North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millbrook%20High%20School%20%28North%20Carolina%29 |
Ayumi Hamasaki Complete Clip Box A, by Ayumi Hamasaki, was released on February 25, 2004.
Ayumi Hamasaki Complete Clip Box A is a DVD box set compiling all of Hamasaki Ayumi's PVs from 1998 to 2003 on three discs. It also includes various commercials advertising the release of her singles and albums. Be aware that when they say "clips", they mean the entire PV.
Track listing
Disc 1
Poker Face
You
Trust
For My Dear...
Depend on You
A Song for XX (TV-CM A Song for XX version)
A Song for XX (TV-CM Powder Snow version)
A Song for XX (TV-CM 5 singles version)
Whatever: Version M
Whatever: Version J (TV-CM)
Ayu-mi-x (TV-CM)
Love: Destiny
To Be
Boys & Girls
A (TV-CM)
A Film for XX (TV-CM)
Appears
Loveppears (TV-CM New York version)
Loveppears (TV CM 6 singles version)
Kanariya
Disc 2
Fly High
A Clips (TV-CM)
Ayu-mi-x II (TV-CM)
Vogue / Far Away / Seasons
Surreal
Duty (TV-CM Panther version)
Duty (TV-CM 6 tracks version)
Audience (TV-CM)
M
Evolution
Never Ever (Promotional Clip)
Ayu-mi-x III (TV-CM)
A Best (TV-CM X7)
Endless Sorrow
Unite! (Promotional Clip)
Dearest
Dearest (Acoustic Piano Version)
I am... (TV-CM I am... version)
I am... (TV-CM 6 singles version)
Connected
Disc 3
Ayu-mi-x 4 (TV-CM)
Daybreak
Free & Easy
H (TV-CM)
Voyage
Rainbow (TV-CM Rainbow version)
Rainbow (TV-CM 5 tracks version)
Real Me
Rainbow
A Ballads (TV-CM X6)
& / Ourselves
& / Grateful Days
& / Hanabi: Episode II
Forgiveness
Ayumi Hamasaki video albums
2004 video albums
Music video compilation albums
2004 compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi%20Hamasaki%20Complete%20Clip%20Box%20A |
The Empyrean was the highest heaven in ancient cosmologies.
Empyrean may also refer to:
The Empyrean (Paradiso), the abode of God in Paradiso, the final book of Dante's The Divine Comedy
Empyrean Brewing Company, a brewery located in Lincoln, Nebraska
Empyrean, the 13th track of the 2007 Mike Oldfield's orchestral album, Music of the Spheres
Empyrean, the 8th track of Max Cooper's 2014 album Human
The Empyrean, John Frusciante's eighth solo record | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empyrean%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Woodgate is part of Birmingham, between Bartley Green and Harborne. It is split up into 3 parts, Woodgate Valley South (also known as South Woodgate), which is the gateway to Harborne. Woodgate Valley, which is next to Bartley Green, and Woodgate Valley North, often referred as part of Quinton.
External links
1884 Ordnance Survey map of Woodgate
Areas of Birmingham, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodgate%2C%20Birmingham |
Catholicism in Saudi Arabia is officially barred from being practised, though Catholics are allowed into the country for temporary work. There is a large expatriate Filipino community in Saudi Arabia, many of whom are thought to be Catholics. There are no dioceses in Saudi Arabia, which comes under the jurisdiction of the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia.
Saudi Arabia allows Catholics and Christians of other denominations to enter the country as foreign workers for temporary work, but does not allow them to practise their faith openly. As a result, Catholics and other Christians generally only worship in secret within private homes. Items and articles belonging to religions other than Islam are not prohibited, as long as they're just used privately. These include Bibles, crucifixes, statues, carvings, items with religious symbols, and others, although the government's stated policy was that such items were allowed for private religious purposes.
The Saudi Arabian Mutaween (Arabic: مطوعين), or Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice prohibits the practice of any religion other than Islam. Conversion of a Muslim to another religion is considered apostasy, which, along with proselytising by non-Muslims, is prohibited, and can lead to the death penalty.
The government permits non-Muslim clergy to enter the country for the purpose of conducting religious services.
In 2018, it was reported that the Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia) had stopped enforcing the ban on Christians religious services in the Kingdom. It was also reported that a Coptic Mass was openly conducted for the first time in Riyadh during the visit of Ava Morkos, Coptic Bishop of Shobra Al-Kheima in Egypt. Morkos had been formally invited to Saudi Arabia by Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman in March 2018.
Demographics
In 2022, the number of Christians living in Saudi Arabia was estimated at 2.1 million; however, it is unknown how many are Protestants, Catholics or Orthodox.
In 2020, adherents of Catholicism were estimated to make up of 5.56% of the population. Other figures suggested that Catholics number almost 1.3 million people, making up about 7% of the Saudi population. There is a substantial Catholic community in the country, made up exclusively of immigrant workers: mainly Filipino Catholics (about 1 million, 85% Catholics according to estimates of 2010) and Indian Catholics, the number of whom is not known exactly.
In Saudi Arabia there is no territorial jurisdiction of the Catholic Church: the territory of the country is included in the apostolic vicariate of northern Arabia, based in Awali, Bahrain.
Relations between the Holy See and Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia and the Holy See do not have diplomatic relations. The pontifical representative of local Christians is the apostolic delegate in the Arabian Peninsula, who lives in Kuwait.
A historical moment occurred on November 6, 2007, when Pope Benedict XVI received King Abdullah in audience at the Vatican.
Freedom of religion
In 2023, the Open Doors World Watch List ranked Saudi Arabia as the 13th most difficult country to be a Christian.
See also
Religion in Saudi Arabia
Christianity in Saudi Arabia
Eastern Orthodoxy in Saudi Arabia
Human rights in Saudi Arabia
Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia
Filipinos in Saudi Arabia
References
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Christianity in Saudi Arabia
Catholic Church in the Arabian Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Saudi%20Arabia |
Stanlow and Thornton railway station is located within the Stanlow Refinery in Cheshire, England. It lies on the Hooton–Helsby line with services operated by Northern Trains. The station is surrounded by the refinery site, so as a result most station users are refinery employees. In 2018–19 it was the joint least-used railway station in Britain, tied with Denton in Greater Manchester. In 2020/21, the station was also one of the least used stations in Britain, with 0 entries/exits. Since 3 February 2022 the station has been temporarily closed due to safety concerns of the footbridge which is the only entrypoint to the station.
History
The station was opened on 23 December 1940 jointly by the Great Western Railway and the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. The station served the Shell Thornton Aero Engine Laboratory (AEL), which was responsible for developing fuels and oils for the aircraft of the Royal Air Force.
A short distance from the station was a signal box. This controlled all of the sidings used for freight. Shell stopped using rail as a method of transportation of goods, and subsequently, the sidings were removed. Eventually, the signal box was dismantled and donated to the Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway. Today, the signals for this line and station are controlled at Helsby and Ellesmere Port signal boxes, operated by Network Rail.
The station was originally earmarked for closure under what is known today as the Beeching Axe, a report created by Dr. Beeching entitled "The Reshaping of British Railways". This was a report commissioned by the government to find out how money could be saved, as use of the railways began to decline.
Quietest station in the UK
Station usage statistics for 2004–05 showed 40 passengers using the station, less than one per week. Passenger numbers began to increase at the station in 2005–06, with 130 people using it in 2005–06. This rose sharply to 326 in 2006–07, despite the same rail services being operated.
In January 2020 the station was named as the joint quietest in the UK, alongside Denton Station in Greater Manchester, with just 46 entries and exits in the period 1 April 2018 to 31 March 2019. Passengers increased to 82 the following year, but Stanlow and Thornton remained one of only six British stations to serve fewer than 100 annual passengers.
Facilities
At this station there are covered shelters, with three metal seats on either platform. There is a payphone located on the Helsby platform.
A footpath leads from the road to a flight of 48 steps with 2 rest landings and a handrail onto a footbridge. From the footbridge to the left, the first flight of 30 steps with rest landing and handrail leads to the Helsby platform, and the second flight of 30 steps with rest landing and handrail leads to the Ellesmere Port platform. The station is definitely not accessible for people with mobility problems.
The booking office is still extant at the Ellesmere Port platform, but has been closed for some time. It now houses the electrics for the station and is boarded up.
Although not controlled by Northern Trains, the station does have CCTV monitored by the security services at the Essar oil refinery.
There is limited car parking at the entrance of the station.
The station is now unstaffed with no ticket office so passengers buy tickets from a conductor on board the train.
Services
No trains currently call at this station due to it being closed because of safety concerns. It used to receive 4 trains a day on weekdays and Saturdays. These services were from Helsby to Ellesmere Port and return, except for the final evening service which went to Liverpool Lime Street. There is no estimate as to when services may resume.
The North Cheshire Rail User Group supports and actively campaigns for an improved service at this station and for this railway line.
Public transport interchange
The station is located on Oil Sites Road, a private road owned by Essar Oil. This is now closed to motor vehicles, except for access to the site. The original owner, Shell, had cited increased commercial traffic to its refinery and the number of public vehicles using the road, recklessly in some cases, as reasons for closure. The road previously also allowed quick access to the villages of Ince and Elton from Ellesmere Port and beyond.
Although it is theoretically accessible by foot, it involves a long walk from either Ellesmere Port, Ince or Elton, all of which have their own railway stations. There are no bus or taxi services at this station due to the access restrictions.
References
Notes
Sources
Further reading
External links
Railway stations in Cheshire
DfT Category F2 stations
Former Birkenhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1940
Low usage railway stations in the United Kingdom
Former Northern franchise railway stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanlow%20and%20Thornton%20railway%20station |
Operation Mount Hope III was a top secret clandestine American military operation to capture a Soviet-made Mil Mi-25 "Hind-D" attack helicopter, an export model of the Soviet Mi-24. The aircraft had been abandoned in the conflict between Libya and Chad.
Background
The eight-month Toyota War that ended in September 1987 was the last of a series of clashes between Chad and Libya over the control of the Aouzou Strip, a region of northern Chad that lies along the border with Libya. The war resulted in a defeat of the Libyans by the outnumbered Chadians.
Chad had been supported by weapon shipments from the United States and by French aircraft and around 2400 French troops (see Operation Épervier). Also, the Chadians had made good use of highly-mobile forces transported on armed, pickup-trucks or technicals. The tactical importance of these vehicles led to the war being named after the company that made many of them.
The defeated Libyan forces suffered thousands of casualties. Around one and a half billion dollars worth of military equipment was destroyed or abandoned as they retreated from northern Chad. This included around 20 aircraft left behind at the former Libyan air base at Ouadi Doum, which was captured by Chadian forces in March 1987.
The United States moved quickly to recover some of this equipment. In May 1987, seven Czech Aero L-39 Albatros aircraft were dismantled and removed one-by-one in a US Air Force C-130 Hercules transport. The Americans and French then agreed to jointly recover and share examples of Soviet-made equipment that had been left behind. Each country got a number of 9K35 Strela-10 and 2K12 Kub surface-to-air missile systems; the Americans also took a P-19 radar as the French already had a similar P-15 radar.
Recovery operation
Preparations
The United States had long been keen to acquire a Hind. A previous effort to recover one from Chad had delivered an aircraft that was not airworthy as it had been necessary to cut it up for transport by truck.
After lengthy, three-way negotiations between the French, American and the Chadian governments, permission was given to recover two Libyan Mi-25 Hinds from Chad. In January 1988, the French acquired a badly-damaged aircraft that had been shot down around a year earlier during the Battle of Fada. Meanwhile the United States was allowed to recover an abandoned Mi-25 Hind from Ouadi Doum, with the Americans handing over two million dollars and a batch of FIM-92 Stinger missiles in exchange for the permission. The decision was made to transport the helicopter by air and the task was assigned to the US Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment.
In April 1988, the unit began training for the mission with night-time flights of MH-47 Chinook helicopters around White Sands, New Mexico. One of the Chinooks carried an external, slung-load of six, water containers to simulate the weight of a Hind. During these exercises, the Chinooks made several landings en-route to refuel from a C-130 Hercules. To simulate their deployment to Chad, the Chinooks had first been disassembled and flown to New Mexico in a C-5 Galaxy transport aircraft.
Operation
On 21 May, the order was given to proceed. An advance party arrived on 31 May at N'Djamena, the capital city of Chad. In the second week of June a single C-5 Galaxy flew directly from Fort Campbell, Kentucky, to N'Djamena International Airport, carrying both the MH-47's that were to be used, and over sixty personnel. Only one helicopter would be needed; the second was to be a backup in case of technical problems.
The transport aircraft landed at dusk and the partially-disassembled helicopters were immediately unloaded; ground crew worked through the night reassembling them. The helicopters also had unnecessary items removed to save weight, and were fitted with additional tanks in the cargo area that held an extra of fuel.
At midnight on 11 June, the two Chinooks left N'Djamena for the trip to the Ouadi Doum airfield. Secrecy and speed were important to the operation as some Libyan forces remained in the area. It was also feared that the Libyans might bomb their abandoned helicopters if they became aware of an attempt to recover one. The Libyans carried out many air-attacks on Ouadi Doum in the days following its fall to try to destroy the military equipment they had abandoned there. These had been demanded by the Soviet Union, to prevent clandestine recovery efforts of the kind that later took place.
At Ouadi Doum, an advance team had secured the airfield and prepared the Hind for transport. The helicopter had been almost airworthy, except a bullet had struck one of its engines and flying it was considered too risky. Both Chinooks' additional fuel tanks were removed as the helicopters could not lift both the tanks and the Hind slung underneath. These tanks, together with the Hind's rotor blades, where flown out on a C-130 Hercules.
The Chinooks took off for the return trip to N'Djamena, stopping to refuel at Faya-Largeau, where a US Air Force C-130 had already landed to establish a temporary refuelling station. A second refuelling stop was required at Moussoro, at an airfield garrisoned by a unit of the French Foreign Legion. The French further assisted the operation by flying a number of Mirage F1s to provide air-cover.
The Chinooks landed at N'Djamena just as the area was engulfed by a sand storm. After this passed, the Hind was loaded into a C-5 for transport to the United States. Meanwhile the two MH-47s were disassembled to fly back in a second C-5, returning to Fort Campbell via Ascension Island and Antigua.
Outcome
The Hind was successfully returned to the United States, arriving at Fort Rucker on 16 June 1988. It was returned to flying status for evaluation. When this was completed it was transferred to the Threat Systems Management Office and used in demonstrations of its capabilities to other units. It was also used in training exercises, acting as an opposing force against both troops on the ground and US helicopters.
In 2012, the aircraft was given to the Southern Museum of Flight at Birmingham, Alabama, saving it from plans to scrap it. It remains there on display to the present day.
In addition to the Libyan Hinds removed by the Americans and the French, a further one was acquired by the British.
References
External links
Operation Mount Hope III, Africa, 1988
That time Army Night Stalkers stole an advanced Russian helicopter
20th-century military history of the United States
1988 in Chad
Conflicts in 1988
Mount Hop III | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Mount%20Hope%20III |
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