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Mitchell B. Reiss (born June 12, 1957) is an American diplomat, academic, and business leader who served as the 8th President and CEO of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, the 27th president of Washington College and in the United States Department of State.
Education
Reiss earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Williams College, a Master of Arts from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, a Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School, and a D.Phil. from St Antony's College, Oxford.
Career
Diplomacy
Reiss served as Director of Policy Planning at the United States Department of State from 2003 to 2005. He also concurrently served as the United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland, with the title of Ambassador, from 2003 to 2007. He was also selected to be a White House Fellow and was assigned to the National Security Council, where he worked both as Special Assistant for Brent Scowcroft and Colin Powell.
As a Special Envoy to Northern Ireland, he worked closely with the British and Irish governments to persuade the political parties representing Northern Ireland's two “traditions” to finally end the “Troubles” and restore local government. Reiss was instrumental in the denying of Gerry Adams a visa to the United States, to spur the endorsement of policing and justice in Northern Ireland by Adams and his political party, Sinn Féin.
From 1995 to 1999, he was Chief Negotiator in the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, an organization established by the United States, South Korea, and Japan to implement the Agreed Framework on preventing nuclear proliferation on the Korean peninsula. He has served on the National Security Council, the Council on Foreign Relations, the State Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and has consulted for Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Previously, he was Vice-Provost for International Affairs, Professor of Law at the William and Mary Law School, and Professor of Government in the Department of Government at the College of William and Mary.
In 2016, the UK Government appointed Reiss as its representative to the four-person International Reporting Commission to help end paramilitary activities in Northern Ireland.
Career
Reiss practiced general corporate and banking law at Covington & Burling from 1989 to 1992.
Reiss also served as a national security advisor to then-Governor Mitt Romney during his 2008 and 2012 presidential campaigns.
Reiss was the 27th President of Washington College from 2010 to 2014, where he internationalized the student body, raised SAT scores and lowered the discount rate, created an innovative three-year pathway to graduation to reduce student and family debt, and balanced the budget for four straight years.
Reiss was the 8th President and CEO of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, America's largest living history museum, from October 2014 until October 2019, where he focused on restoring the institution's financial health and fulfilling its educational mission. Reiss managed $1.1 billion of assets, led 2,000 employees and 1,000 volunteers, and stewarded over 100,000 donors. He generated profitable commercial operations for the first time in Foundation history, achieved four straight years of record fund-raising, won reaccreditation from the American Alliance of Museums, and recruited and retained the most diverse leadership team in Foundation history.
Personal life
Mitchell is married to Elisabeth Reiss. They have two children.
Books
Negotiating with Evil: When to Talk to Terrorists, ASIN B003MZ14OQ (New York: Open Road Integrated Media, 2010).
Bridled Ambition: Why Countries Constrain Their Nuclear Capabilities, (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
Without the Bomb: The Politics of Nuclear Non-proliferation, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988).
THE NUCLEAR TIPPING POINT: WHY STATES RECONSIDER THEIR NUCLEAR CHOICES, (co-editor with Kurt M. Campbell and Robert J. Einhorn), (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2004).
Nuclear Proliferation after the Cold War (co-editor/author with Robert S. Litwak), (Washington, D.C.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).
THE PRESIDENTS: 250 YEARS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL LEADERSHIP, (chapter on “George Washington,” in Iain Dale, ed.) (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2021).
Recent Congressional Testimony
“Reaffirming the Good Friday Agreement”, testimony before the Subcommittee on Europe, Energy, the Environment and Cyber of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, May 5, 2021.
Select Recent Articles
“Managing Corporate Culture Now Means Managing Great Expectations”, with Daniel Forrester, HUNTSCANLON MEDIA, November 10, 2021, https://huntscanlon.com/managing-corporate-culture-now-means-managing-great-expectations/
“America as Geopolitical Risk”, AMERICAN PURPOSE, October 27, 2021, https://www.americanpurpose.com/articles/america-as-geopolitical-risk/.
“Global Britain in a competitive age: The Integrated Review of Security, Defense, Development and Foreign Policy”, SURVIVAL, A Review Essay, Vol. 63 (3), May 25, 2021, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00396338.2021.1930415
“The Republican Party and U.S Foreign Policy: What Next?”, RUSI, March 17, 2021. https://rusieurope.eu/commentary/republican-party-and-us-foreign-policy-what-next?page=4
“Bash Beijing or Play Nice?”, AMERICAN PURPOSE, December 9, 2020, https://www.americanpurpose.com/articles/bash-beijing-or-play-nice/.
“The Global Stakes on Why Black Lives Matter,”, with Claudia Coscia, THE WILSON CENTER, September 21, 2020, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/global-stakes-why-black-lives-matter.
“Our China Problem,”, THE AMERICAN INTEREST, April 28, 2020, https://www.the-american-interest.com/2020/04/28/our-china-problem/.
“After Black Lives Matter, Now Comes the Hard Part,”, THE CEO FORUM, Fall 2020, pp. 84–85, https://theceoforumgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ceo.forum_.leadership.fullissue.v3.pdf
“Managing the Higher Ed Obstacle Course,”, INSIDE HIGHER ED, June 11, 2020, https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2020/06/11/when-colleges-reopen-they-should-prioritize-bringing-back-graduate-students-opinion.
References
External links
Washington College — Official Washington College Website
Mitchell B. Reiss — official biography from the United States Department of State
NI special envoy appointed — BBC News article, 12 December 2003
Reiss' current blog at ForeignPolicy.com
Reiss' bio at ForeignPolicy.com
1957 births
American diplomats
College of William & Mary faculty
Columbia Law School alumni
Directors of Policy Planning
Living people
Politics of Northern Ireland
Presidents of Washington College
The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni
United States Special Envoys
Williams College alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%20Reiss |
Combined may refer to:
Alpine combined (skiing), the combination of slalom and downhill skiing as a single event
Super combined (skiing)
Nordic combined (skiing), the combination of cross country skiing and ski jumping as a single event
The Combined (Group), a criminal organization
See also
Combo (disambiguation)
Combine (disambiguation)
Combination (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined |
The rufous fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons) is a small passerine bird, most commonly known also as the black-breasted rufous-fantail or rufous-fronted fantail, which can be found in Australia, Indonesia, Micronesia, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. In these countries they inhabit rainforests, wet forests, swamp woodlands and mangroves.
Characteristic of species that have a large range, the rufous fantail has many subspecies. However the taxonomic treatment of its subspecies and other relatives is still debated. The rufous fantail is easily distinguished by their orange-reddish-brown back, rump and base of tail. They have a black and white breast that grades into a white colour on the chin and throat.
They are migratory, travelling to south-eastern Australia in the spring to breed, and then north in the autumn.
The rufous fantail tends to feed on small insects in the lower parts of the canopy. They are very active birds making short, frequent flights. They may also hop between foliage or on the ground, during foraging.
Although their population is thought to be declining, their relatively large range and abundance make them a species of least concern according to the IUCN.
Taxonomy
The rufous fantail has complex evolutionary relationships and sometimes this results in conflicting taxonomy. This is not uncommon since taxonomies are merely hypotheses of a species' evolutionary status. Debate is still currently ongoing about the taxonomic treatment of the rufous fantail's subspecies and its related species.
History of naming
The rufous fantail was first described by Latham in his 1801 work, Index Ornithologicus initially as Muscicapa rufifrons. It was later reclassified into the genus Rhipidura by Vigors and Horsfield. The rufous fantail's scientific name is consequently Rhipidura rufifrons. Rhipidura is derived from Greek: ρϊπός (pronounced rhipido), meaning fan-like and οὐρά (pronounced oura), meaning tail. Rufifrons comes from two Latin words: rufus meaning red and frons meaning the forehead.
Alternate names
The rufous fantail is also known by numerous other English names as well as several names in different languages. Some common English names include: rufous-fronted fantail, wood fantail, rufous-fronted flycatcher, wood flycatcher, red fantail, allied flycatcher, rufous flycatcher, rufous fan, red fan or redstart.
Related species
It is one of over 40 member species of the genus Rhipidura, commonly known as the fantails. Within the genus it belongs to a group of five closely related species: R. rufidorsa, R. brachyrhyncha, R. dahli, R. teysmanni and R. dryas. A molecular phylogeny study showed the Arafura fantail (Rhipidura dryas) to be its closest relative.
It forms a superspecies with R. dryas and R. semirubra, and all three are often considered conspecific. All are part of a larger species group that also includes R. teysmanni, R. superflua, R. dedemi, R. opistherythra, R. lepida, R. rufidorsa, R. dahli, R. matthiae and R. malaitae.
Evolution
The current spatial distribution suggests an ancestry originating in the Papuan region, most likely New Guinea.
The ancestral form may have had a white chin, white throat, and a light grey breast as well as a greyish-brown head and back. Indirect evidence suggests that ancestral species undertook two periods of aggressive range expansions (dispersal) separated by a period of inactivity.
During the former dispersal period, it is hypothesised by Mayr et al. (1946) that:
Dispersal north and westwards formed the superflua on Buru, teijsmanni on Celebes, and lepida on Palau.
Dispersal to Tenimber Islands in the Banda Sea formed the opistherythra.
Dispersal to Northern New Guinea formed the rufidorsa.
Dispersal to Bismarck Archipelago formed the dahli-antonii-matthiae series.
Dispersal to Southeastern New Guinea and nearby islands evolved into the true rufifrons subspecies.
During the latter dispersal period, the true rufifrons group underwent "explosive sub-speciation". This is in stark contrast to the other members whose evolution was stagnant. The true rufifrons further evolved into eighteen subgroups.
Subspecies
The rufous fantail is a superspecies comprising eighteen recognised subspecies. In alphabetical order, these are:
Description
Adults are medium-sized birds, generally ranging from 14.5 cm – 18.5 cm in length, averaging at around 15 cm; their wingspan is between 18 cm – 22.5 cm, averaging at around 21 cm. They weigh roughly 10 grams. The male and female of the species look identical.
However, females are generally smaller than the males.
The forehead is a richly reddish-brown colour across the eyes. The eyes have a white arc just below them. The top of the head, back of the neck and the upper back, transition from an olive to reddish-brown colour, which then blends into a blackish-brown, long, fan-shaped tail. This blackish-brown tail, contrasts with the base of the tail, which is tipped with a paler colour, often white.
It has black ear-coverts (feathers over the ears, just below and behind the eyes). The throat is white (in most subspecies), and there is a black bar across the upper breast. Below this, the lower breast is off-white with black scale-like spots which transitions into an off-white colour towards the centre of the abdomen. The eyes, bill and feet of the bird are all a brown colour.
The aforementioned colours do not change during different seasons. However, compared to the adults, the juveniles have generally duller coloured backs and marginally browner tails and underparts. On the other hand, the base of the bill and their legs are a paler brown relative to an adult's.
A physical description that may help distinguishing between the different subspecies can be found in the subspecies section of this article.
The plumage in the immature birds is similar to those of the adults and in both sexes. Adults moult annually prior to the breeding season, and this basic plumage does not vary.
Vocalisations
These have been not well characterised in the rufous fantail. Nevertheless, it has been observed to create several different types of sounds such as chips, buzzes, and scolds. Their "chip call" is often what first attracts an observer's attention. This call is high pitched, with two chip noises given in quick succession. It is produced during food searching, territory defence and can be used as an alarm call when a predator is identified. They sing after sunset from perches, one reason is to attract the opposite sex.
Similar species
Whilst it is similar in size and shape to grey fantails (Rhipidura albiscapa), it has a slightly larger fantail and creates higher pitched and softer songs.
Its diagnostic physical features: orange-reddish-brown back, rump and base of tail – easily differentiate it from other fantails. Moreover, it can be further distinguished from similar fantails as it tends to forage in shady and moist regions of habitats that are close to the ground.
Distribution and habitat
Distribution
The rufous fantail can be found in parts of Australia, southeast Asia, and in the Oceanic regions of Micronesia and Melanesia. They are residents of the Lesser Sunda Islands and the Maluku Islands of Indonesia, southern New Guinea and its associated islands, the Solomon Islands, the Marianas and the Carolinian island of Yap. In Australia, they are found in the northern and eastern coastal regions.
Certain subspecies tend to be restricted to some ranges. See the subspecies section of this article for more detailed information.
Habitat
The rufous fantail inhabits moist and moderately dense habitats. Within these areas, it has astonishingly large variations in habitat requirements. They can be found in eucalyptus forests, mangroves, rainforests and woodlands (usually near a river or swamp). Rarely, they have even been found in dry sclerophyll forests. Apart from open grasslands and open arid areas, there are not many major types of landscape in the Australo-Papuan region that cannot be inhabited by at least one subspecies of the rufous fantail.
Rufous fantails will generally occupy the lower levels of their habitat, the understorey or the subcanopy, straying no further than 6 m from the ground. Different subspecies may tend to prefer slightly different habitats which can be sometimes discrete or overlapping.
Behaviour and ecology
Studies on rufous fantail social behaviour are sparse. Some observers have anecdotally described them as curious and trustful, whilst others depict them as shy creatures. However, there is consensus in that they are almost always portrayed as hyperactive, constantly on the move, fidgeting and waving a fanned-out tail.
They are usually observed flitting about in the lower layers of their habitat, in close association with the shade, making short, frequent flights separated by brief moments of perching and sometimes hopping between foliage or onto the ground.
Breeding
When they are spotted, they are usually either on their own or in pairs. Although their social bonding is not well known, they nest in pairs and are thought to be monogamous. Males will produce vocal songs to both defend and advertise their territory. Sometimes this can result in intense, rapid and prolonged vocal "battles".
After pairing, both will search for a suitable breeding site. The female has the final say on nest location. Some males have been known to feed their paired females for up to 2–3 weeks before and during the selection of the nest site and building of the nest. Their breeding sites are mainly in rainforest regions or sheltered, humid gullies with an abundance of dense cover such as trees, saplings, shrubs and vines. The nest, will usually be built at the fork between two nearly horizontal tree branches in proximity to a water source, such as a stream. The structure of the nest is often compared to a wine glass with a broken bottom stand. The nest is built, usually in November, December and January, using thin strips of tree bark, grass, moss rootlets and decayed wood.
The eggs themselves are round or oval in shape and occasionally have a point at one end. Their colour is generally described as somewhere between a pale cream to yellowish white. These have light brown and purplish markings or spots. There are normally 3 or 4 eggs produced in a nest.
Both the males and the females give (frequently alternating) parental care, which includes: feeding their nestlings and removing their faecal sacs from the nest. Whilst only females have actually been observed to incubate (brood) laid eggs, it is assumed males can do this as well.
Four to five weeks after hatching, the young will leave the nest. However, they will remain near their nest (natal area) until they undertake their first migration.
Migration
Some subspecies have slightly differing migration patterns. However, the vast majority exhibit strong migratory behavior – they use the same route year after year and have regular departure and arrival times. They migrate to south-eastern Australia in the spring to breed, beginning in September, peaking in October, and then north in the autumn during March and April. This has been well characterised.
Food and feeding
They eat mostly small insects and will often join mixed species feeding flocks to do so. These usually comprise other small Passerine birds such as: the spectacled monarch, the little shrikethrush, the large-billed scrubwren and less occasionally, the green-backed honeyeater.
The rufous fantail is mostly an aerial forager, rarely perching during feeding. Prey are found during almost continuous movement in and between vegetation. They stop (perch) for very short periods of time, during which they fan their tails. Much more rarely, they perch for longer than five seconds to survey surroundings.
Once a prey is located, they will pursue it by exhibiting extremely agile and maneuverable flight within the canopy (by salling, flush-pursuit or flutter-chase).
However, they are versatile foragers, also capable of different foraging methods, occasionally hovering to glean prey from leaves and (very rarely) from the ground and other fallen debris. They have longer legs relative to other Rhipidura species, enabling them to have agile movement on the ground as well.
Threats/survival
Many eggs and young are lost to the suspected predator, the pied currawong (Strepera graculina).
Relationship to humans
The logging of forests has been shown to influence foraging preference, changing from the forest floor to the lower canopy. However, they prefer undisturbed forests. Logging decreases breeding habitat and increases the risk of fragmentation, particularly if these forests are in migration routes.
Status
The range of the rufous fantail is very extensive. On this basis it does not have a range small enough to be considered vulnerable (<20,000 km2). Although the population size has not been properly characterised, it is thought to be declining, but not rapidly enough to be placed into vulnerable status. Therefore, the species is of least concern as classified by the IUCN.
References
Cited texts
External links
Photos, videos and sounds – Internet Bird Collection
rufous fantail
Birds of Micronesia
Birds of the Maluku Islands
Birds of Papua New Guinea
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Queensland
Birds of the Solomon Islands
Birds of Victoria (state)
rufous fantail
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous%20fantail |
Sydney Andrew Coventry (13 June 1899 – 10 November 1976) was an Australian rules football player, coach and administrator. He played for Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and also coached Footscray in the VFL.
In 1969, the Collingwood Football Club named the newly built social club stand at Victoria Park the S. A. Coventry Pavilion. In 1992, the Melbourne Cricket Club named Gate 7 after Coventry (and his brother) as part of the Great Southern Stand development at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. In 1996, Coventry was inducted into the first batch of players and officials in the Australian Football Hall of Fame. In 2016, Coventry was named by Sam Walker of The Wall Street Journal as one of the 16 best captains in sport history.
Early career
Coventry was originally from Diamond Creek in Victoria. He moved to Queenstown in Tasmania after World War II to work as a miner. Coventry first played for a Queenstown-based team in 1919, but was appointed captain of the miners team from Gormanston for the 1920 season. The team played in the Queenstown-based Lyell Miners Football Association. Gormanston was a small miners' town at the top of Mount Lyell. The footballers in the region are noted as some of the hardiest in Australia given the weather and playing conditions, which include the famous gravel oval at Queenstown.
While in Tasmania, VFL club St Kilda tried to recruit Coventry. Coventry initially agreed to sign with the Saints, but his brother Gordon—who had just played his first year with Collingwood—to join the Magpies instead. The VFL gave Syd the options of either playing for St Kilda or taking 12 months off football to then play with Collingwood and Syd chose the Collingwood option.
Collingwood
In his first season at Collingwood, the 1922 VFL season, he played 18 games including that year's 1922 VFL Grand Final kicking two goals in the match.
Coventry played predominantly as a ruckman despite his short stature. He was captain of Collingwood from 1927 until his retirement from playing in 1934. He was the captain of Collingwood's four consecutive premierships from 1927 to 1930. Coventry was one of Collingwood's best players in the 1927 Grand Final.
Coventry won the Brownlow Medal as the best and fairest player in the league in 1927. As of 2023, he is the only premiership captain to win the Brownlow in the same season. He also won Collingwood's best and fairest, the Copeland Trophy, in 1927 and 1932.
As captain, Coventry led Collingwood in 149 games. In that period, Collingwood won 115 games, drew twice and lost 32 times. Additionally, the team had a winning ratio of 77 percent, a VFL/AFL record for many years, but it has since beaten by Tom Harley, who had a 49–7 win–loss record as captain of Geelong in 2007–2009, a winning ratio of 87.5 percent.
Coventry represented Victorian 27 times in interstate matches from 1922 to 1934.
Footscray
Coventry left Collingwood in 1935 to coach Footscray. He spent two unsuccessful seasons with the Bulldogs before returning to Collingwood as a committee member.
Family
He married Gladys Eileen Trevaskis (1901–1977) on 8 October 1921. Two of Syd's sons played for Collingwood: Hugh Coventry played for a year before enlisting in the RAAF and was awarded with a Distinguished Flying Cross; another son, Syd Coventry, Jr., also played for the club.
Administrator
Coventry was Collingwood vice president from 1939 to 1949. He was then appointed president of the club in 1950, a role in which he served until 1962. From 1963 until 1976 he was Collingwood's patron.
See also
1927 Melbourne Carnival
1930 Adelaide Carnival
1933 Sydney Carnival
Footnotes
1899 births
1976 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
Australian Rules footballers: place kick exponents
Collingwood Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club premiership players
Copeland Trophy winners
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Western Bulldogs coaches
Brownlow Medal winners
VFL/AFL premiership players
People from Diamond Creek, Victoria
Collingwood Football Club administrators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd%20Coventry |
National Science Advisor to the prime minister was a post that existed from 2004 to 2008. Previously, in 2003, the Privy Council Office published A Framework for the Application of Precaution in Science-based Decision Making about Risk under the government of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. It provided a lens to assess whether precautionary decision making is in keeping with Canadians' social, environmental and economic values and priorities.
Dr. Arthur Carty officially started in the role of on April 1, 2004. The advisor headed the Office of the National Science Advisor (ONSA), within Industry Canada, later moved to Privy Council Office. Dr. Carty was previously the president of the National Research Council and when Dr. Carty retired on March 31, 2008, the position was eliminated under the government of Stephen Harper.
In the 2015 Minister of Science Mandate Letter there was a priority to create a new Chief Science Officer position and on December 5, 2016 the minister of Science Kirsty Duncan announced the competition for the new position, to be called Chief Science Advisor. On September 26, 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that Mona Nemer would fill that role.
See also
The Council of Canadian Academies - An independent science advisory body for the Government of Canada
References
External links
Council of Science and Technology Advisors - Members (archive 10 April 2007)
Office of Science & Technology at the Embassy of Austria in Washington, DC. - Arthur Carty: Science Advisor to the Canadian Prime Minister (archive 15 April 2012)
Canada
2004 establishments in Canada
2008 disestablishments in Canada
History of science and technology in Canada
Political history of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Science%20Advisor%20%28Canada%29 |
The Four Nations Tournament () is an invitational women's football tournament taking place in various cities of China since 1998. Since 2002, it has been held every year except for 2010. United States, Norway, China, North Korea, and Canada are the only winners of various editions of this tournament. The United States and China have been the most successful, winning seven editions of the tournament.
Results
Performance by team
Summary (1998-2019)
Top scorer
See also
FIFA Women's World Cup
Football at the Summer Olympics (Women's tournament)
Algarve Cup
Arnold Clark Cup
China Cup
Cup of Nations
Cyprus Women's Cup
Four Nations Tournament
Istria Cup
Pinatar Cup
SheBelieves Cup
Tournament of Nations
Tournoi de France
Turkish Women's Cup
Women's Revelations Cup
Yongchuan International Tournament
External links
RSSSF website
International women's association football competitions hosted by China
International women's association football invitational tournaments
Recurring sporting events established in 1998
1998 establishments in China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four%20Nations%20Women%27s%20Football%20Tournament%20%28China%29 |
Combined is an event in alpine ski racing. The event format has changed within the last 30 years. A traditional combined competition is a two-day event consisting of one run of downhill and two runs of slalom; each discipline takes place on a separate day. The winner is the skier with the fastest aggregate time. Until the 1990s, a complicated point system was used to determine placings in the combined event. Since then, a modified version, called either a "super combined" (with a downhill as the speed event) or an "Alpine combined" (with a super-G as the speed event), has been run as an aggregate time event consisting of two runs: first, a one-run speed event and then only one run of slalom, with both portions held on the same day.
History
The first Alpine World Ski Championships in 1931 did not include the combined event, but it was added to the program in 1932. Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics was not included until 1936, and the combined was the only event. The combined was one of three medal events at the next Olympics in 1948, along with downhill and slalom. The combined used the results of the only downhill race with two runs of combined slalom. The regular slalom (two runs) was held the following day.
With the introduction of giant slalom at the world championships in 1950, the combined event disappeared from the Olympics for four decades, until re-introduced in 1988. From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics also served as the world championships, with two sets of medals awarded. The world champion in the combined was determined "on paper" by the results of the three races of downhill, giant slalom, and slalom. The top three finishers in the combined event were awarded world championship medals by the FIS, but not Olympic medals from the IOC. This three-race paper method was used from 1954 through 1980; no FIS medals were awarded for the combined in 1950 or 1952. A separate downhill and slalom for the combined event was added to the world championships in 1982, and the Olympics in 1988.
The world championships were held annually from 1931 through 1939, were interrupted by World War II, and resumed as a biennial event at the 1948 Olympics, held in even-numbered years through 1982. They skipped the 1984 Olympics and have been scheduled for odd-numbered years since 1985. (The 1995 event was postponed to 1996, due to lack of snow in southeastern Spain.)
At the Winter Olympics and world championships, the slalom and downhill portions of a combined event are run separately from the regular downhill and slalom events on shorter, and often less demanding, race courses. On the World Cup circuit, traditional combined events have been "paper races," combining skiers' times from a separately scheduled downhill race and slalom race, generally held at the same location over two days. In 2005, the FIS began to replace these "calculated" combineds with super combined events, held on one day, which administrators hope will result in increased participation.
Recent modifications
A modified version, the super combined or Alpine combined, is a speed race (downhill or super-G) and only one run of slalom, with both portions scheduled on the same day. Because slalom courses generally become slower after the first racers, recent changes to the super combined or Alpine combined events have the fastest racers from the speed race start first in the slalom run, which is a revision to the prior structure of starting the slalom run in reverse order, as is done in the second run of a traditional two-run slalom.
World Cup
The first super combined was a World Cup race held in 2005 in Wengen, Switzerland, on January 14; Benjamin Raich of Austria was the winner. The first women's race in the new format was run six weeks later in San Sicario, Italy; won by Croatia's Janica Kostelić on February 27. The 2006 World Cup calendar included three super combineds and just one traditional combined race on the men's side, while the women raced two super combineds and no traditional combineds. Kostelić won the first three women's World Cup super combineds.
Beginning with the 2007 season, the FIS began awarding a fifth discipline-champion "crystal globe" to the points winner of combined races; the 2007 season included five combined races for each gender. Nine out of the ten scheduled combineds use the new super-combined format, the only exception was Kitzbühel, Austria, which continued with the traditional two-run format (K), albeit in a "paper race." The change to super combined expectedly resulted in major disapproval from the slalom specialists, the loudest critic being Ivica Kostelić. Even with the change to a single slalom run, many speed skiers believe the technical racers have the advantage in the super combined.
World Championships and Winter Olympics
The super combined format debuted at the world championships in 2007 in Åre, Sweden, and at the Winter Olympics in 2010 at Whistler, Canada.
Men's World Cup podiums
In the following table men's combined (super combined from 2007) World Cup podiums in the World Cup since first edition in 1976.
References
Combined
Combination events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20skiing%20combined |
Sir Henry Edgar Paston-Bedingfeld, 10th Baronet (born 7 December 1943) is a British baronet and retired officer of arms.
Family and career
Paston-Bedingfeld is the only son of Sir Edmund Paston-Bedingfeld, 9th Baronet of Oxburgh Hall, Norfolk, by his wife Joan Lynette Rees. He succeeded to the family title upon his father's death on 24 May 2011. He was educated at Ampleforth College, then an all-boys private school in Ampleforth, Yorkshire.
Paston-Bedingfeld served as Rouge Croix Pursuivant from 1983, and then in 1993 became York Herald. In 2010 he was promoted to Norroy and Ulster King of Arms, the junior of the two provincial Kings-at-Arms, with jurisdiction over the north of England and Northern Ireland.
In July 2014, he retired and was succeeded by Timothy Duke.
He is an Honorary Vice-president of the Cambridge University Heraldic and Genealogical Society and of the Norfolk Record Society; Sir Henry is also a liveryman of the Bowyers' Company and served as Master of the Scriveners' Company for 2012–13.
In 1968, Paston-Bedingfield married Mary Kathleen, a daughter of Brigadier Robert Ambrose CIE OBE MC, and they have two sons and two daughters; their elder son, Richard (born 1975) is heir apparent to the baronetcy.
Selected heraldic designs by Paston-Bedingfeld
Derby Grammar School
Institute of Traffic Accident Inspectors
Royal Society of St George
Honours
– Baronet
– Knight of Malta
Arms
See also
Heraldry
College of Arms
Paston-Bedingfeld baronets
References
External links
Biography on Debrett's People of Today website
Standing Council of the Baronetage website
www.scriveners.org.uk
1943 births
Living people
People from Breckland District
People educated at Ampleforth College
British genealogists
English officers of arms
Knights of Malta
Baronets in the Baronetage of England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Paston-Bedingfeld |
Jules de Gaultier (1858 in Paris – 1942 in Boulogne-sur-Seine), born Jules Achille de Gaultier de Laguionie, was a French philosopher and essayist. He was a contributor to Mercure de France and one of the chief advocates of "nietzscheism" in vogue in the literary circles of the day. He was known especially for his theory of "bovarysme" (the name taken from Flaubert's novel), by which he meant the continual need of humans to invent themselves, to lie to themselves. His books include De Kant à Nietzsche (1900) and Le Bovarysme, essai sur le pouvoir d'imaginer (1902).
References
1858 births
1942 deaths
French philosophers
French male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules%20de%20Gaultier |
The red-browed finch (Neochmia temporalis) is an estrildid finch that inhabits the east coast of Australia. This species has also been introduced to French Polynesia. It is commonly found in temperate forest and dry savannah habitats. It may also be found in dry forest and mangrove habitats in tropical region.
The species is distinguished by the bright red stripe above the eye, and bright red rump. The rest of the body is grey, with olive wing coverts and collar. Juveniles do not have red brow marks, and lack olive colouration on the collar and wing coverts. The adults are 11–12 cm long.
Taxonomy
The red-browed finch was first described by the English ornithologist John Latham in 1801 under the binomial name Fringilla temporalis.
It is one of four species in the genus Neochmia. Alternate names include red-browed firetail, Sydney waxbill and redbill.
The species was once allied to genus Emblema.
There are three noted subspecies: the nominate species N. temporalis temporalis, in most of the east coast, and inland New South Wales and Victoria; N. temporalis minor, which is distinguished by a white breast, in northern New south Wales Ellalong, and south-east of Australia, and N. temporalis loftyi in the south west corner of South Australia, although the latter is sometimes not listed as a subspecies, as the differences between it and the type species are relatively minor.
Conservation status
The finch is common in the south east of its range, from Brisbane to Melbourne. Subspecies N. t. minor is common between Cooktown and Townsville. The species is listed as being of least concern on the IUCN Red List. There are no key threatening processes for N. temporalis, although the Pest Animal Control CRC suggests that the introduced nutmeg mannikin (Lonchura punctulata), which currently threatens some native mannikins through increased competition, may be a minor threat to N. lateralis in northern Queensland.
In regional areas the species needs adequate shrub density to provide cover and foraging places. The species has been noted to decline or even disappear in areas that have been cleared or grazed, especially in combination with drought.
Biology and ecology
The red-browed finch is highly sociable, and is usually seen in small flocks of 10 to 20 individuals. Flocks are sedentary or nomadic in their local area. Flocks prefer semi-open woodland, especially edges of forests, where brushy scrub meets cleared areas, especially near creeks.
The finch makes short, piping high-pitched cheeps. When disturbed, the whole flock will disperse, cheeping, and re-congregate near-by.
N. temporalis is a seed eater, living mostly on grass and sedge seed, but will happily feed on many non-native seeds. Wild birds will even enter large-mesh aviaries in suburban areas to eat seed, given the opportunity.
The red-browed finch builds a large domed nest with a side entrance, woven from grass and small twigs. Nests are usually built 2–3 metres above the ground in dense shrubs. Nesting is communal. Both parents share nest building, incubation of the eggs, and feed the young together. Four to six white eggs are laid per clutch two or three times per year, between October and April. Juveniles are fully independent within 28 days.
Red-browed finches are common aviary birds. The red-browed finch will sometimes hybridise with the star finch, crimson finch, and zebra finch if kept together in captivity.
The species has been introduced to southwest Australia, where it is sometimes confused with the red-eared firetail Stagonopleura oculata.
Gallery
References
External links
BirdLife International species factsheet
red-browed finch
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Queensland
Birds of South Australia
Birds of Victoria (state)
Endemic birds of Australia
red-browed finch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-browed%20finch |
Skultuna () is a locality situated in Västerås Municipality, Västmanland County, Sweden with 3,133 inhabitants in 2010.
Skultuna has some of Sweden's oldest industrial sites (including an early 17th-century brassworks, Skultuna Messingsbruk) as well as two runestones.
Skultuna was also the birthplace of:
Julia Nyberg (1784-1854), author and songwriter
Esbjörn Svensson (1964-2008), pianist, composer, and band leader
Magnus Öström (born 3 May 1965), drummer, composer, and band leader. Svennson and Öström were childhood friends who formed their first band in Skultuna.
References
External links
Populated places in Västmanland County
Populated places in Västerås Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skultuna |
The Veil Nebula is a cloud of heated and ionized gas and dust in the constellation Cygnus.
It constitutes the visible portions of the Cygnus Loop, a supernova remnant, many portions of which have acquired their own individual names and catalogue identifiers. The source supernova was a star 20 times more massive than the Sun which exploded between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago. At the time of the explosion, the supernova would have appeared brighter than Venus in the sky, and visible in the daytime. The remnants have since expanded to cover an area of the sky roughly 3 degrees in diameter (about 6 times the diameter, and 36 times the area, of the full Moon). While previous distance estimates have ranged from 1200 to 5800 light-years, a recent determination of 2400 light-years is based on direct astrometric measurements. (The distance estimates affect also the estimates of size and age.)
The Hubble Space Telescope captured several images of the nebula. The analysis of the emissions from the nebula indicates the presence of oxygen, sulfur, and hydrogen. The Cygnus Loop is also a strong emitter of radio waves and x-rays.
On 24 September 2015 new images and videos of the Veil Nebula were released by the Space Telescope Science Institute, with an explanation of the images.
Components
In modern usage, the names Veil Nebula, Cirrus Nebula, and Filamentary Nebula generally refer to all the visible structure of the remnant, or even to the entire loop itself. The structure is so large that several NGC numbers were assigned to various arcs of the nebula. There are three main visual components:
The Western Veil (also known as Caldwell 34), consisting of NGC 6960 (the "Witch's Broom", Lacework Nebula, "Filamentary Nebula") near the foreground star 52 Cygni;
The Eastern Veil (also known as Caldwell 33), whose brightest area is NGC 6992, trailing off farther south into NGC 6995 (together with NGC 6992 also known as "Network Nebula") and IC 1340; and
Pickering's Triangle (or Pickering's Triangular Wisp), brightest at the north central edge of the loop, but visible in photographs continuing toward the central area of the loop.
NGC 6974 and NGC 6979 are luminous knots in a fainter patch of nebulosity on the northern rim between NGC 6992 and Pickering's Triangle.
Observation
The nebula was discovered on 5 September 1784 by William Herschel. He described the western end of the nebula as "Extended; passes thro' 52 Cygni... near 2 degree in length", and described the eastern end as "Branching nebulosity ... The following part divides into several streams uniting again towards the south."
When finely resolved, some parts of the nebula appear to be rope-like filaments. The standard explanation is that the shock waves are so thin, less than one part in 50,000 of the radius, that the shell is visible only when viewed exactly edge-on, giving the shell the appearance of a filament. At the estimated distance of 2400 light-years, the nebula has a radius of 65 light-years (a diameter of 130 light-years). The thickness of each filament is th of the radius, or about 4 billion miles, roughly the distance from Earth to Pluto.
Undulations in the surface of the shell lead to multiple filamentary images, which appear to be intertwined.
Even though the nebula has a relatively bright integrated magnitude of 7, it is spread over so large an area that the surface brightness is quite low, so the nebula is notorious among astronomers as being difficult to see. However, an observer can see the nebula clearly in a telescope using an O-III astronomical filter (isolating the wavelength of light from doubly ionized oxygen), as almost all light from this nebula is emitted at this wavelength. An telescope equipped with an O-III filter shows the delicate lacework apparent in photographs. Smaller telescopes with an O-III filter can show the nebula as well, and some argue that it can be seen without any optical aid except an O-III filter held up to the eye.
The brighter segments of the nebula have the New General Catalogue designations NGC 6960, 6974, 6979, 6992, and 6995. The easiest segment to find is 6960, which runs behind 52 Cygni, a star that can be seen with the naked eye. NGC 6992 & 6995 are objects on the eastern side of the loop which are also relatively easy to see. NGC 6974 and NGC 6979 are visible as knots in an area of nebulosity along the northern rim. Pickering's Triangle is much fainter and has no NGC number (though 6979 is occasionally used to refer to it). It was discovered photographically in 1904 by Williamina Fleming (after the New General Catalogue was published), but credit went to Edward Charles Pickering, the director of her observatory, as was the custom of the day.
The Veil Nebula is expanding at a velocity of about 1.5 million kilometers per hour. Using images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope between 1997 and 2015, the expansion of the Veil Nebula has been directly observed.
Gallery
See also
List of supernova remnants
References
External links
IC 1340, photograph – by David Malin, Australian Astronomical Observatory
"Uncovering the Veil Nebula" – spacetelescope.com, with several Hubble Space Telescope photos
APOD (2010-11-19) – Nebulae in the Northern Cross, showing Veil Nebula to scale in Cygnus
APOD (2010-09-16) – Photo of the entire Veil Nebula
APOD (2009-12-01) – NGC 6992: Filaments of the Veil Nebula
APOD (2003-01-18) – Filaments in the Cygnus Loop
APOD (1999-07-25) – Shockwaves in the Cygnus Loop (and underlying HST photo)
Cygnus Loop HST Photo Release – Bill Blair (Johns Hopkins University)
Photo combining optical and X-ray data – Bill Blair (Johns Hopkins University)
Bill Blair (Johns Hopkins University) – Overview photo of Cygnus Loop and Veil Nebula
Veil Nebula at Constellation Guide
17840905
033b
Cygnus (constellation)
NGC objects
Supernova remnants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil%20Nebula |
The Saab Aero-X is a concept car built by Saab, which was unveiled at the 2006 Salon International de l'Auto.
It is powered by a 2.8 L twin turbocharged V6 running on pure ethanol that produces . The 0 to time was predicted to be 4.9 seconds and the top speed is . It has a seven speed manual transmission controlled by paddles on the steering wheel.
Like the later Saab Turbo X, the Aero-X has four wheel drive. The doors and windscreen are connected, so instead of using conventional doors or even gullwing doors, it uses a cockpit canopy where the entire top section of the car is opened. This offers the Aero X's driver full 180 degree vision, and also facilitates entry and exit from its low slung cabin. The body is made of carbon fiber.
The suspension is electronically controlled. Even though it is a two seat sports car, it has reasonable storage, as the rear features two storage facilities, with a conventional hatchback and sliding drawer underneath. The interior offers "clean Scandinavian interior design". The car has no ordinary dials and buttons; instead, data is displayed on acrylic 'clear zones' in graphic 3D images. All interior and exterior lights utilize LEDs.
Although only a concept car, it has been well received, with many fans calling for its production. Victor Muller responded on the SaabsUnited.com website, saying that it is not a priority for the company right now.
"This study shows how the strength of the Saab brand heritage can inspire bold, innovative design", said Bryan Nesbitt, the Executive Director of GM Design Europe: "As we move forward with new Saab product, we will remain focused on carefully cultivating this brand equity in the context of Scandinavian design values".
"This concept shows the exciting possibilities that are open to us as we evolve a more progressive design language for the Saab brand", said Jan Åke Jonsson, Saab's Managing Director. "Our designers, engineers and marketers in Sweden are ideally placed to nurture and communicate the unique DNA of the Saab brand. Their work will ensure that future product proposals express core qualities, such as progressive design, sporty performance and emotional functionality, in a way that is specific to Saab." Elements of the cars frontal design have emerged in later Saab models, notably the design refresh of the Saab 9-3 Sports Sedan, the second generation Saab 9-5 and the Saab 9-4X.
The Aero-X was rumored to make its cinematic début in Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, with fans speculating that it may be used for the Autobot Wheeljack. However, it was not used.
Gallery
References
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Aero-X
Cars introduced in 2006
Sports cars
Coupés | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab%20Aero-X |
Pussy Whipped is the debut studio album by American punk rock band Bikini Kill. It was released on Kill Rock Stars on October 26, 1993.
Critical reception
David Browne of Entertainment Weekly called Pussy Whipped "the first great riot-grrrl album". Heather Phares of AllMusic said, "'Rebel Girl' is a manifesto just waiting to be discovered, and the rest of the album sees the band occasionally adding fun to their recipe for punk chaos."
In 2015, Spin placed Pussy Whipped at number 222 on its list of the "300 Best Albums of the Past 30 Years". In 2016, Pitchfork placed it at number 10 on its list of the "50 Best Indie Rock Albums of the Pacific Northwest". Rolling Stone included "Rebel Girl" on its list of the "Most Excellent Songs of Every Year Since 1967", a playlist assembled by the magazine in 2006 to celebrate its 1,000th issue (The version of "Rebel Girl" included here differs from the Joan Jett-produced single version).
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes.
Kathleen Hanna – vocals (all tracks except "Speed Heart", "Tell Me So", and "Hamster Baby"), bass guitar ("Star Fish")
Billy Karren – guitar
Kathi Wilcox – bass guitar (all tracks except "Star Fish"), vocals ("Speed Heart")
Tobi Vail – drums, vocals ("Tell Me So" and "Hamster Baby")
Stuart Hallerman – production, engineering
Tammy Rae Carland – cover photography
Charts
References
External links
1993 debut albums
Bikini Kill albums
Kill Rock Stars albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy%20Whipped |
An adapter or adaptor, or a linker in genetic engineering is a short, chemically synthesized, single-stranded or double-stranded oligonucleotide that can be ligated to the ends of other DNA or RNA molecules. Double stranded adapters can be synthesized to have blunt ends to both terminals or to have sticky end at one end and blunt end at the other. For instance, a double stranded DNA adapter can be used to link the ends of two other DNA molecules (i.e., ends that do not have "sticky ends", that is complementary protruding single strands by themselves). It may be used to add sticky ends to cDNA allowing it to be ligated into the plasmid much more efficiently. Two adapters could base pair to each other to form dimers.
A conversion adapter is used to join a DNA insert cut with one restriction enzyme, say EcoRl, with a vector opened with another enzyme, Bam Hl. This adapter can be used to convert the cohesive end produced by Bam Hl to one produced by Eco Rl or vice versa.
One of its applications is ligating cDNA into a plasmid or other vectors instead of using Terminal deoxynucleotide Transferase enzyme to add poly A to the cDNA fragment.
References
Genetic engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter%20%28genetics%29 |
Abominog is the fourteenth studio album by English rock band Uriah Heep, released in March 1982 by Bronze Records in the United Kingdom, and on July 12, 1982 by Mercury Records in the United States. It was their first album without keyboardist Ken Hensley. The album was critically acclaimed and fairly commercially successful, due in part to the band retooling and updating their sound to a contemporary style and delivering a "punchier, more pop metal era-appropriate effort.
It featured their last US hits, "On the Rebound" and "That's the Way That It Is". The latter was their highest-charting single of the 1980s, reaching No. 25 on the rock charts.
The album was preceded by a 7-inch EP titled Abominog Junior, featuring "On the Rebound" and two non-album tracks, Small Faces cover "Tin Soldier" and "Son of a Bitch".
Lineup
When the previous lineup disintegrated, guitarist Mick Box briefly considered forming a new group entirely, but ultimately decided to continue with the Heep name. Abominog was the first of three albums to feature both vocalist Peter Goalby and keyboard player John Sinclair. It also marked the return of drummer Lee Kerslake to the band; his previous departure had been due to his unhappiness with the band's management, rather than the personnel. Coming along with Kerslake was bassist Bob Daisley; the two musicians had been in Ozzy Osbourne's Blizzard of Ozz-era band before being fired by Sharon Osbourne.
Cover versions
Half of the 10 tracks are cover versions of recordings by other artists:
"On the Rebound" was originally recorded by Russ Ballard, on his Russ Ballard & the Barnet Dogs album (1980).
"Hot Night in a Cold Town" was originally recorded by John Cougar, on his Nothin' Matters and What If It Did album (1980). The song was written by songwriters Geoffrey Cushing-Murray and Richard Littlefield.
"Running All Night (With the Lion)" was originally recorded by Gary Farr's Lion, on their Running All Night album (1980). Lion keyboard player Sinclair brought this song with him when he joined Uriah Heep.
"That's the Way That It Is" was originally recorded by the Bliss Band, on their Neon Smiles album (1979).
"Prisoner" was originally recorded by Sue Saad and the Next, on their self-titled album (1980). The lyrics were written by D.B. (Dirty Boy) Cooper.
The album also included a remake of "Think It Over", a song recorded by the prior (and largely different) lineup of Uriah Heep. The original version (featuring John Sloman on lead vocals, Trevor Bolder on bass, Gregg Dechert on keyboards, and Chris Slade on drums), was the A-side of a 1980 Heep single.
Reception
A retrospective review by AllMusic noted that "echoes of the group's old style could be heard in the drama and instrumental firepower of the new songs, but the overall sound owed a greater debt to the New Wave of British Heavy Metal and harder-rocking AOR groups of the time", and concluded by saying that the album "rocks hard enough to please heavy metal addicts but is slick enough to win over AOR fanatics and this combination makes it one Uriah Heep's most enduring achievements. Canadian journalist Martin Popoff defined Abominog an "intelligent, well-paced record" where the "reinvented" Uriah Heep retools the genres of each song over "a decisively strong foundation of melodic metal", evoking "the magic of the NWOBHM, tinged with the complex chemistry of the peak Byron years."
Track listings
North American version
Personnel
Uriah Heep
Mick Box – guitars, backing vocals
Lee Kerslake – drums, backing vocals
Bob Daisley – bass guitar, backing vocals
John Sinclair – keyboards, backing vocals
Peter Goalby – lead vocals
Production
Ashley Howe – producer, engineer, mixing
Nick Rogers – engineer
Howie Weinberg – mastering at Masterdisk, New York
Charts
Album
Singles
References
1982 albums
Uriah Heep (band) albums
Bronze Records albums
Mercury Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abominog |
Head First is the fifteenth studio album by English rock band Uriah Heep. It was released in 1983, on Gerry Bron's UK label Bronze Records, and would be their final album for the label.
The album was recorded by the line-up responsible for the previous year's Abominog, but this time with a greater proportion of the songs written by the band members. Bob Daisley left the group shortly after the album's recording to rejoin Ozzy Osbourne; on the Head First tour former Heep bassist Trevor Bolder rejoined the band, effectively replacing his replacement, and remained with the band until his death in 2013.
Though Head First was deemed to be a worthy successor to Abominog by critics such as Geoff Barton, it suffered from a lack of promotion as Bronze went into liquidation the month after its release.
Video footage of the tour, from a show in New Zealand, was heavily featured on the long-form video Easy Livin': A History of Uriah Heep. In Japan only, this was also released on laserdisc.
Track listings
Personnel
Uriah Heep
Mick Box – guitar, backing vocals
Lee Kerslake – drums, backing vocals
Bob Daisley – bass guitar, backing vocals
John Sinclair – keyboards, synthesizer, backing vocals
Peter Goalby – lead vocals
Trevor Bolder – bass guitar and backing vocals on live tracks
Additional musicians
Frank Ricotti – percussion on "Roll-Overture"
Production
Ashley Howe – producer, engineer, mixing
Nick Rogers – engineer, mixing on "Roll-Overture"
Keith Nixon – assistant engineer
Singles
"Stay on Top" was released as a single and a video was made. A double-7" gatefold edition was released. Non-album track "Playing for Time" was included.
"Lonely Nights", a cover version of the previous year's hit by Bryan Adams, was the second single. A picture-disc 7" was released.
Charts
Album
Singles
References
External links
The official Uriah Heep website
Uriah Heep (band) albums
1983 albums
Bronze Records albums
Mercury Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head%20First%20%28Uriah%20Heep%20album%29 |
Equator is the sixteenth studio album by English rock band Uriah Heep, released in 1985. It marked the studio return of bassist Trevor Bolder, who had rejoined the band for the Head First tour. The band also had a new record label, Portrait Records, a subsidiary of CBS. Equator was also the last Uriah Heep album to feature vocalist Peter Goalby & keyboardist John Sinclair.
The tour programme would be Heep's last in the UK until the Wake the Sleeper tour, which began in 2008.
When the Heep back catalogue was issued on CD in the early 1990s by Castle and then remastered, with bonus tracks, in the mid-to-late 1990s by Essential, Equator was conspicuous by its absence. This was because Sony/CBS wanted what was considered an extortionate sum for the rights. The album ultimately had a CD release in 1999, with no bonus material whatsoever. When the Essential remasters were expanded and reissued in the early 2000s by Sanctuary, Equator had to be passed over once again. However, in 2010, the album finally saw a release in expanded and remastered format, in time for its 25th anniversary, thus finally ending Sanctuary's remaster-series.
After this Uriah Heep took an extended break from the recording studio, and their next studio album would not appear until 1989.
Track listing
All songs by Uriah Heep, except "Gypsy" by Mick Box and David Byron
Personnel
Uriah Heep
Mick Box – guitars, backing vocals
Lee Kerslake – drums, backing vocals
John Sinclair – keyboards, backing vocals
Peter Goalby – lead vocals
Trevor Bolder – bass guitar, backing vocals
Production
Tony Platt – producer, engineer, Synclavier programming
Gary Moberly – Fairlight programming
John Hallett, Stephen McLaughlin, Phil Tennant, Paul Corkette, John Levell – assistant engineers
Singles
"Rockarama" was released as a single, including a shaped picture-disc, and a video was made for the song. The B-side was non-album track "Backstage Girl". "Poor Little Rich Girl" was also released as a single, with live B-sides.
Charts
References
External links
The Official Uriah Heep Discography
Uriah Heep (band) albums
1985 albums
Portrait Records albums
Columbia Records albums
Albums produced by Tony Platt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator%20%28Uriah%20Heep%20album%29 |
Raging Silence is the 17th album by British Rock group Uriah Heep. It marked the studio debut of Canadian vocalist Bernie Shaw and keyboardist Phil Lanzon, both of whom have remained with the band since. It was produced by Richard Dodd and the title is an allusion to the Manfred Mann's Earth Band album The Roaring Silence (1976). It was the first Uriah Heep studio album to have a contemporary release on CD.
It opens with the old Argent hit "Hold Your Head Up", although Mick Box was pleased to be able to add a guitar solo. This track was the lead single from the album. The second single was "Blood Red Roses", written by the band's erstwhile vocalist Pete Goalby. The 7" came as a poster-sleeve (UK cat. Legacy LGY 101) and had "Rough Justice" as the B-side. The 12" p/s came with a patch and also added a previously unavailable live version of "Look at Yourself" (UK cat. Legacy LGYT 101). The original vinyl had the lyrics on the inner-bag.
Many of the tracks were in the set on the contemporary tour, as documented in the video Raging Through the Silence, and some have been featured in subsequent sets.
Track listings
Personnel
Uriah Heep
Mick Box – guitar, backing vocals
Lee Kerslake – drums, backing vocals
Trevor Bolder – bass guitar, backing vocals
Phil Lanzon – keyboards, backing vocals, lead vocals on single B-side "Miracle Child" & "Mr. Majestic", string arrangements on "When the War Is Over"
Bernie Shaw – lead vocals
Additional musicians
Brett Morgan – drums
Frank Ricotti – percussion
Maria Zackojiva – Russian spoken words on "Cry Freedom"
Production
Richard Dodd – producer, engineer, arrangements with Uriah Heep
Ashley Howe – pre-production engineer, arrangements with Uriah Heep
Tim Young – mastering at CBS Studios, London
Charts
References
Uriah Heep (band) albums
1989 albums
Enigma Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raging%20Silence |
Different World is the 18th studio album by British rock group Uriah Heep, released in 1991 in Europe and Japan, but not in North America. Different World was the first Uriah Heep studio album from which no single was released in the UK. It is the second studio album to feature this line-up. Bass guitarist Trevor Bolder produced the album and has said that, although it was an experience, he found it tricky wearing the hats of both band member/musician and producer.
The UK vinyl and cassette releases had the lyrics on the inner sleeve: the CD had nothing at all printed inside the insert, although whether this was by accident or design is unclear. Subsequent CD reissues printed the lyrics and had bonus tracks.
The UK tour was Heep's first in support of a new studio product since 1985. They had played just the one UK show for Raging Silence.
The track "Which Way Will the Wind Blow" is not to be confused with "Which Way Did the Wind Blow", a track performed by Shaw and Lanzon in their previous band Grand Prix in 1980.
Track listings
Personnel
Uriah Heep
Mick Box – guitars, backing vocals
Lee Kerslake – drums, backing vocals
Trevor Bolder – bass, backing vocals, producer, mixing
Phil Lanzon – keyboards, backing vocals
Bernie Shaw – lead vocals
Additional musicians
Brett Morgan – drums
Danny Wood – accordion
Benny Marshall – harmonica
Steve Piggott – keyboard programming
The "All God's Children" choir – Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Alford, Lincolnshire, England, conducted by Andrew Willoughby
Production
Roy Neave – engineer, mixing, computer programming
Mat Kemp – engineer
References
Uriah Heep (band) albums
1991 albums
Roadrunner Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Different%20World%20%28Uriah%20Heep%20album%29 |
The restless flycatcher (Myiagra inquieta) or restless myiagra is a passerine bird in the family Monarchidae; it is also known as the razor grinder or scissors grinder because of its distinctive call. It is a native of eastern and southern Australia. Populations in New Guinea and northern Australia, which were at one time considered to be a subspecies, are now accepted as a separate species, the paperbark flycatcher (Myiagra nana). It is a small to medium-sized bird and has similar colouring to the willie wagtail.
Taxonomy and systematics
Also known colloquially as razor grinder, scissors grinder, dishlicker or dishwasher on account of its unusual call, the restless flycatcher was first described by ornithologist John Latham in 1801 under the binomial name Turdus inquietus. Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin inquietus 'restless'. Populations from northern Australia and New Guinea, formerly considered a distinctive subspecies, are now separated as the paperbark flycatcher (Myiagra nana), with which it forms a superspecies.
Description
It is about long, with a glossy dark blue crest, a grey-blue back and white underparts. It is similar to the willie wagtail, though the lack of a black throat, crest on head, white eyebrow and slenderer body shape are distinguishing features.
Distribution and habitat
The Restless Flycatcher is found throughout east, south-east and south-west Australia and Papua New Guinea. From Cairns in Far North Queensland into west of Central Queensland and most of New South Wales, Victoria, southern South Australia and south-west of Western Australia. During winter many south and south-eastern populations move further north. Its habitat is usually open and wooded forests, in river red gums near water, inland and coastal scrubs and some semi-urban environments.
Conservation
Despite being described as of least concern by the IUCN, their population is decreasing. The exact number of individuals is unknown.
Behaviour and ecology
Breeding
The restless flycatcher builds a cup-shaped nest from shredded bark and grasses, matted and bound with spider-webbing. Linings used are soft bark, grasses, hair or feathers. It is often decorated with lichen, strips of bark or spiders' egg sacs. The nest site is in the fork of a well-foliaged tree mostly near or overhanging water, though it can be up to twenty or more metres above the ground. They will lay three, light-grey to white glossy eggs with brown or dark spots at the larger end.
Food and feeding
The restless flycatcher feeds on insects, as well as other invertebrates such as spiders and centipedes and will feed alone or in pairs. It often hovers with its head and tail pointed downwards as it picks insects off from leaves, and it rarely goes to the ground, preferring to hunt insects from mid-canopy.
Footnotes
References
Cited texts
External links
ABID Images
Restless Flycatcher (Myiagra inquieta) videos and photos at Internet Bird Collection
restless flycatcher
Birds of South Australia
Birds of Western Australia
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Victoria (state)
Birds of Queensland
Endemic birds of Australia
restless flycatcher | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restless%20flycatcher |
West Gonja Municipal Assembly is one of the seven districts in Savannah Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly on 23 December 1988 when it was known as West Gonja District, until the southern part of the district was split off by a decree of president John Agyekum Kufuor in August 2004 to create Central Gonja District; thus the remaining part was retained as West Gonja District. However, on 6 February 2012, the northern part of the district was later split off to create North Gonja District; thus the remaining part has been retained as West Gonja District. Later, it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 27 January 2020 to become West Gonja Municipal District. The municipality is located in the central part of Savannah Region and has Damongo as its capital town.
Population
Per the 2010 Population and Housing Consensus, the district is estimated to have a population of 41,180, which accounts for 1.7 percent of the region's total population. Among the residents, 80.2 percent are native-born Ghanaian, and 60.5 percent of the employed population work within fishing, agriculture and forestry industries.
See also
GhanaDistricts.com
References
Districts of the Savannah Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Gonja%20Municipal%20District |
Wayne Richardson (born 8 December 1946) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Richardson was recruited to Collingwood from South Fremantle Football Club in the West Australian National Football League. South Fremantle would not clear Richardson to Collingwood so he ended up sitting out the 1965 season.
Richardson played predominantly as an onballer for Collingwood. He won Collingwood's best and fairest, the Copeland Trophy, in 1971 and 1974. And also captained the club from 1971 to 1975.
In 1996, Richardson was named on the interchange in Collingwood's Team of the Century.
Wayne's brother Max Richardson played 211 games for Collingwood from 1969–1978, and another 30 for Fitzroy Football Club in 1979–1980. His son Mark Richardson played 141 games for Collingwood from 1992–2002.
References
Australian Football Hall of Fame
1946 births
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Collingwood Football Club players
South Fremantle Football Club players
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Copeland Trophy winners
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20Richardson |
West Mamprusi Municipal Assembly is one of the six districts in North East Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as West Mamprusi District, which was created from the former Mamprusi District Council, until the western part of the district was split off on 28 June 2012 to create Mamprugu-Moagduri District; thus the remaining part has been retained as West Mamprusi District. However, on 15 March 2018, it was elevated to municipal district assembly status to become West Mamprusi Municipal District. The municipality is located in the western part of North East Region and has Walewale as its capital town. Other settlements within the municipal assembly include Wulugu.
Geography
The Municipality is located within longitudes 0°35’W and 1°45’W and Latitude 9°55’N and 10°35’N. It has a total land size area of 2610.44 km2.
It shares boundaries with East Mamprusi Municipal and Gushegu Municipal to the east; North Gonja District, Savelugu Municipal and Kumbungu District to the south; Builsa North District, Kassena-Nankana Municipal and Bolgatanga Municipal (Upper East Region) to the north and to the west, Mamprusi Moagduri District.
Population
The population of the Municipality according to 2010 population and housing census stands at 121,117 with 59,566 males and 61,551 females.
History
Before the creation of the 20 districts, in 1988, West Mamprusi District was part of the 48 districts that were created under the government of Ghana's decentralization and local government reform policy. The district was carved out of the old Gambaga District in the Northern Region.
Location
The districts' administrative capital can be located along the Tamale-Bolgatanga road, away from Tamale. It is bordered to the north by Builsa, Kasena-Nankana and Bolgatanga Districts, in the Upper East Region; to the south by North Gonja, Karaga, Kumbungu and Savelugu Districts in the Northern Region; to the west by the Sissala East and Wa East Districts; and to the East by East Mamprusi Municipal Assembly.
Culture and Ethnicity
The Mamprusi make up around 75% of the district's overall population and are the majority of those who live there. This dominant ethnic group coexists harmoniously with minor groups such as the Builsa (4.7%), Frafra (2.7%), Kasena (2.2%),
the Dagomba (1.8%), and some other ethnic groups in Ghana. The "Bugun" (fire festival) and "Damba" festivals are the two most significant traditional festivals observed in the district.
Islam (79.4%), Christianity (15.6%), and Traditionalists (3.7%) are the three major prevalent religions.
Member of Parliament (MPs)
External links
GhanaDistricts.com
References
North East Region, Ghana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Mamprusi%20Municipal%20Assembly |
Naba is a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by approximately 900,000 people in Chad. Those who speak this language are called Lisi, a collective name for three closely associated ethnic groups, the Bilala, the Kuka and the Medogo, that represent the three dialects in which Naba is subdivided. They live mainly in the Batha Prefecture, but the Kuka are also in Chari-Baguirmi. Ethnologue estimates the lexical similarity among the three dialects to be no less than 99%. Arabic is often known as a second language.
References
External links
A paper on an aspect of Bilala
Languages of Chad
Bongo–Bagirmi languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naba%20language |
Yilo Krobo Municipal District is one of the thirty-three districts in Eastern Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as Yilo Krobo District, which it was created from the former Kaoga District Council, until it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 6 February 2012 to become Yilo Krobo Municipal District. The municipality is located in the eastern part of Eastern Region and has Somanya as its capital town.
Geography
Yilo Krobo Municipality is approximately between latitude 60.00’N and 00.30’N and between longitude 00.30’ and 10.00’W. It covers an estimated area of , constituting 4.2 percent of the total area of the Eastern Region with Somanya as its capital. Yilo Krobo Municipality is bounded in the north and east by Lower Manya Krobo District, in the South by Akuapim North District and on the West by New-Juaben Municipal District, East Akim Municipal District and Fanteakwa District. The municipality has about two hundred and thirty settlements out of which only the municipal capital, Somanya and Nkurakan have populations of above 5,000. The municipality is divided into seven (7) Zonal Councils namely: Somanya, Oterkpolu, Boti, Nkurakan, Nsutapong, Klo-Agogo and Obawale
Climate
The Yilo Krobo Municipality lies within the dry equatorial climatic zone which experiences substantial amount of precipitation. This is characterized by a bi- modal rainy season, which reaches its maximum during the two peak periods of May – June and September – October. The annual rainfall is between 750mm in the southeast and 1600mm on the slopes of the ranges in the northwest. Temperature ranges between a minimum of 24.90 C and a maximum of 29.90 C. A relative humidity of 60 – 93 percent is a characteristic of the municipality.
Vegetation
The municipality lies within the semi-deciduous rain forest and the coastal savannah zone of the country. There is the dry semi-deciduous (fire zone) which stretches from the municipality to the lower part of the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality covering 855 square kilometres. Tree types that are most widespread in the municipality include palm, mango, nim, ceiba and acassia. The coastal savannah zone in the south-eastern part forms part of the Accra plains.
Topography and drainage
The area is predominantly mountainous. The Akwapim Ranges stretch into the municipality from southwest to northeast across the municipality. With its accompanying deep valleys, it provides an undulating landscape. The low lands are in the south-eastern part of the municipality. The rocks forming the ranges are called the Togo series, which include quartzites, phyllites, sandstones, phyllonites and sandy-shades. The quartzites in the municipality are hard, massively bedded rocks but occasionally flaky varieties occur. They are fine to median grained sand but grayish when fresh. On the average, the height of the highlands in the municipality ranges between 300 and 500 metres above sea level. There is a scarp rising up to 600 metres, which forms the boundary with the New Juaben Municipality. On the south-eastern part of the municipality is the Krobo Mountains from where it is believed the Yilo people migrated to the present area
Population size and distribution
According to the 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC) report, Yilo Krobo has a total population of 87,847 which comprises 42,378 males (48.2%) and 45,469 females (54.8%); depicting more females than males. This represents 3.3 percent of the regional population. With a growth rate (crude) of about 1.25%, the municipality's population stood at 91,183 as at the end of 2013.
About 30.92 percent of the population lives in urban centres whilst 69.8 percent lives in rural areas. This might be because the municipality is more rural than urban. For all groups of ages, most people are living in the rural areas as compared to the urban areas. This could be due to the fact that the main occupation in the municipality is farming. The municipality must therefore fashion out strategies to development the agricultural sector and growth of other settlements. Table 1.8 shows the population size by locality of residence, the sex ratio and the percentage the municipality covers in the region.
Sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a given population, usually expressed as the number of males per 100 females. The sex ratio for Yilo Krobo Municipality is 93.20 meaning there are about 93 males, for every 100 females.
Migration
The total number of migrants in Yilo Krobo Municipality was 27,474 (2010 PHC). Out of this, about 69 percent which is equivalent to 19,045 persons were born in the same region but leaving elsewhere other than their place of birth in that same region (intra-regional migration). The Volta, Greater Accra and Ashanti regions are relatively large in-migrant areas in the municipality, i.e., 2,429, 1,931 and 1,188 persons respectively. The Greater Accra and Volta regions are very close to the municipality and this might explain why people easily move from those regions to the municipality to trade. The least in-migrant areas are Upper East and Upper West regions i.e. 77 and 57 persons respectively. This might also be due to the fact that these regions are the farthest from the municipality so very few migrants move from those places to the municipality to trade. Those who migrate might do so because of marriage since Upper East had the highest percentage (29.9) of persons who have stayed in the municipality for twenty years and above.
Household Size
The total number of households in the Yilo Krobo Municipality is 20,613. Out of this, 13,145 households are headed by males and the remaining 7, 468 by females. As the number of household size increases, the number of persons constituting such households decreases. Few persons have household sizes of 8 and above. The average household size for the Yilo Krobo municipality is 4.2. This means that on the average each household in the municipality is made up of 4 persons. It is interesting to note that the average household size of male headed households is about 3 (3.2) while that of the female is 6.0 which is almost twice that of the males. This might be due to the fact that most of the time when females head a household; they bring their relatives and family friends to stay with them. This in turn increases the number of persons living in the household
Sources
Districts: Yilo Krobo Municipal District
Yilo Krobo Municipal District - Eastern Region
References
Districts of the Eastern Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yilo%20Krobo%20Municipal%20District |
The Bombing of Würzburg in World War II was a large-scale air attack on the city of Würzburg (in Franconia, in the north of Bavaria), and was part of the strategic bombing campaign by the Allies against Nazi Germany. Although lacking major armaments industries (the Würzburg radar was named after the city, but not produced there) and hosting around 40 hospitals at the time, Würzburg was targeted as a traffic hub and as part of the attempt by Bomber Command to break the spirit of the German people. The major raid occurred on March 16, 1945, when Royal Air Force bombers dropped incendiary bombs that set fire to much of the city, killing an estimated 5,000 people and almost completely obliterating the historic town. Almost 90% of the buildings were destroyed by a raid that lasted less than 20 minutes.
All the city's churches, the cathedral, and other monuments were heavily damaged or destroyed. The city center, most of which dated from medieval times, was destroyed in a firestorm.
Over the next 20 years, the buildings of historical importance were painstakingly and accurately reconstructed. The citizens who rebuilt the city immediately after the end of the war were mostly women – Trümmerfrauen ("rubble women") – because the men were either dead or still prisoners of war. On a relative scale, Würzburg was destroyed to a larger extent than was Dresden in a firebombing the previous month.
Operation on March 16, 1945
The decision to bomb the town was made by RAF Bomber Command in High Wycombe, due to favorable weather conditions predicted for the sixteenth of March. The target had been relatively undamaged and was on the way to other targets including Nuremberg. The half-timber buildings and cramped old city promised the release of a firestorm. The author Detlef Siebert wrote that "Some ... like Würzburg or Pforzheim were primarily selected because they were easy for the bombers to find and destroy. Because they had a medieval centre, they were expected to be particularly vulnerable to fire attack".
Commencing the attack would be the No. 5 group, which had also carried out the heaviest raid on Dresden on February 13–14. Proportional to its size, the small town of Würzburg experienced an even higher proportion of death and destruction than Dresden.
Avro Lancaster bombers of No 5 bomber group took off at 17:00 hours and met at a collection point west of London. The formation took a winding route in order to deceive German air defences, passing over the mouth of the Somme, Reims, and the Vosges mountains in order to reach their target. They crossed the Rhine at south of Rastatt. At around 21:00 225 Lancasters and 11 Mosquitos of the No. 5 group crossed their target from the south.
On the ground, a low-grade air raid alarm sounded at 19:00 hours, and was raised to a high alarm at 20:00. Because of a message from the command centre of the Franconian command in Limburg an der Lahn, the full alarm was given to the Würzburg population at 21:07.
The first bombs dropped at 21:25, with an attack hour over Würzburg set for 21:35 (H). The formation passed over the entire city for the target marker H + 7 minutes (21:42). For this the attack had been preceded at H-9 min. (21:26) with the 627th squadron of Mosquito twin-engined bombers marked with green flares. These illuminated the target area, marking them out by flares on Green parachutes, which the German population called "Christmas Trees." As a marker for the bombers, the sports field on Mergentheimer Strasse was used as a measuring guide. This point was identified at 21:28 with red target marker flares. The bombing was then accomplished with a time lag in sectors ("sector bombing"). The bombers had to fly over the red marker, take a specially assigned altitude and flight path, and trigger their bombs and different times. the target area was marked out like a fan, and the bombers flew in with different release times to ensure a carpet-like coverage. Monitoring the situation was a "master bomber" (at a cruising speed of 350 km/h, each bomber would fly over the entire target area in less than a minute).
The bombing proceeded in three waves from 21:25 to 21:42. First the roofs and windows of the old town were destroyed with 256 heavy bombs and aerial mines (396 tons). This prepared the way for 300,000 incendiary bombs (582 tons). Within a very short time isolated pockets of fire emerged, and this developed into a single area-wide firestorm with temperatures from 1500-2000 °C. The population had only minimal warning, and fortified bunkers were seldom available. For most, the best option was only a provisionally prepared basement shelter. To facilitate locating these shelters, buildings were marked on their walls SR/LSR for shelter, NA for emergency exit, and KSR for no shelter. These markers may still be found today scattered among the buildings. To avoid being caught in the fire-storm or suffocating, many people ran for their lives and tried to reach the banks of the Main river or the edge of town. The fire department was faced with a hopeless battle and tried to contain it with water lanes (Wassergasse). On the approach to Würzburg one Lancaster was shot down by a German night fighter and five more RAF Lancasters were lost during or after the attack. In the ruins of the city in the days which followed 3000 dead were recovered or identified, and an additional 2000 unregistered refugees are believed to have perished under the rubble.
From a distance of 240 km away the departing bomber crews could see the glare of the burning city. Around 02:00 in the morning on March 17, 1945, the last bombers returned to base.
Results
The final report of the No. 5 bomber group on April 10, 1945 gave the destruction of the city at 89%, and for the suburbs at 68%. This was above average, as was the Würzburg district of Heidingsfeld, which some bomber crews targeted before reaching their primary target. The British report accounted for a total of 1207 tons of bombs. The only part of Würzburg unaffected was the Versbach neighbourhood and Veitshöchheim village. Accounting for all neighbourhoods, the average destruction of Würzburg stood at 82%. Specifically this meant 21,062 homes and 35 churches destroyed. Among the destroyed monuments were the Würzburg Cathedral and parts of the Würzburg Residence including its hall of Mirrors. The Staircase with the famous fresco by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo survived due to an exceptionally strong ceiling construction for the 18th century. The American occupation forces immediately after the war secured the dilapidated building monuments in an exemplary manner.
Aftermath
On April 6, 1945, the city was surrendered to American forces.
2.7 million cubic metres of rubble was only completely cleared in 1964.
Before the war, the population of Würzburg had been about 108,000, whereas in early 1945 it held 75–85,000 people due to attrition caused by military service. On the day of its capture by American troops (April 6, 1945), 36,850 city residents registered, and the population rose again to 53,000 by the end of 1945. To the left of the main entrance to the main cemetery is a mass grave containing the 3,000 recovered victims of the bombing.
Overview of all bombing raids on Würzburg
References
1944 in Germany
1940s fires in Europe
1945 fires
1945 in Germany
Würzburg
Explosions in 1945
February 1945 events in Europe
Würzburg
Germany–United Kingdom military relations
Germany–United States military relations
June 1944 events
March 1945 events in Europe
Oil campaign of World War II
Würzburg
Würzburg
Würzburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing%20of%20W%C3%BCrzburg%20in%20World%20War%20II |
Zabzugu-Tatale District is a former district that was located in Northern Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which was created from the former East Dagomba District Council. However on 28 June 2012, it was split off into two new districts: Zabzugu District (capital: Zabzugu) and Tatale-Sangule District (capital: Tatale). The district assembly was located in the eastern part of Northern Region and had Zabzugu as its capital town.
Demographics
As of the 2010 census, Zabzugu-Tatale District had 123,854 inhabitants. Of those, 57,249 inhabitants were aged up to 14 years old, 61,930 inhabitants were aged between 15 and 64 years old, while 4,675 inhabitants were aged 65 years or older.
References
External links
GhanaDistricts.com
Districts of the Northern Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabzugu-Tatale%20District |
Keith Baker (born 17 April 1950) is a drummer, best known for a brief stint with Uriah Heep. He played for Bakerloo, but left the group following the release of its only album. He subsequently became the first drummer of Supertramp (then called Daddy) between late 1969 and early 1970. Baker joined Uriah Heep prior to their second album Salisbury, replacing Nigel Olsson. He recorded the album with the group, but left when he did not want to tour extensively with the band and was replaced by Ian Clark.
Discography
Bakerloo (Bakerloo)
New Hovering Dog (B.J. Cole)
Dynamite (Carla Rugg)
Salisbury (Uriah Heep)
Very 'eavy... Very 'umble (Uriah Heep)
References
1950 births
English rock drummers
Living people
Uriah Heep (band) members
Supertramp members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Baker%20%28musician%29 |
John Anthony David Sloman (born 26 April 1957) is a Welsh singer and musician, best known as the lead vocalist for Welsh band Lone Star during 1977/78 and classic rockers Uriah Heep from 1979 to 1981, as well as briefly recording with hard rock band UFO in 1980 and Irish guitarist Gary Moore's band.
Biography
Sloman's first band of note was local Cardiff act Trapper (with Pino Palladino) before he joined Lone Star in time for their 1977 second album, Firing on All Six, supported by a Reading Festival appearance on 26 August 1977, a headline tour, and another tour with Frank Marino and Mahogany Rush later that same year. Lone Star disbanded before a third album could be completed as guitarist Paul Chapman left to take Michael Schenker's spot in UFO. Four songs from a BBC broadcast with Sloman, recorded 29 September 1977 at Queen Mary College, were released in 1994 as part of BBC Radio One Live in Concert.
Sloman and Lone Star drummer Dixie Lee, along with Trapper bassist Pino Paladino, would join forces in Canadian outfit Pulsar with keyboardist Gregg Dechert and former Ian Thomas Band guitarist Dave Cooper. It would prove to be a short lived union as Sloman got the call from the Uriah Heep camp in 1979 to take over for John Lawton. Sloman recorded the controversial Conquest album with the group but departed in 1981, citing "musical differences." An uncredited Sloman also played keyboards on UFO's 1981 album The Wild, the Willing and the Innocent.
After Uriah Heep, he formed the band John Sloman's Badlands and showcased at the Marquee Club but failed to procure a record deal. Badlands featured former Trapper drummer John Munro, Whitesnake's Neil Murray on bass, Graeme Pleeth on keyboards and guitarist John Sykes prior to his joining Thin Lizzy (and later reuniting with Murray in Whitesnake). Sloman and Murray would both join Gary Moore's band which resulted in the Rockin' Every Night: Live in Japan album.
Sloman went on to record the first of his solo albums, the Todd Rundgren produced Disappearances Can Be Deceptive, released in 1989. It featured contributions from former Trapper and Pulsar bandmates Pino Paladino, John Munro, and Gregg Dechert (who had also spent time with Sloman in Uriah Heep), as well as noted session guitarist Alan Murphy.
Sloman worked on various projects throughout the 1990s, including Souls Unknown with old mates Paladino (who would later serve for a number of years as touring bassist for The Who) and Munro and The Who/Atomic Rooster affiliated guitarist Steve 'Boltz' Bolton. Another project involved Paladino, guitarist Mats Johansson, and drummer Theodore Thunder (Dick Heckstall-Smith, Leo Sayer). Sloman would take on the pseudonym Earl Grangetown for The Beat Poets, a venture into soul music, which also featured former Lone Star bandmate Pete Hurley on bass. Although an album was recorded, it was never released.
Sloman has gone on to produce seven more albums since the turn of the millennium, Dark Matter (2003) and 13 Storeys (2006), an acoustic affair on which he is credited with playing everything from cello to harmonium. Reclamation (2009), Don't Try This At Home (2011), Taff Tail Troubadour (2016), El Dorado (2018), Metamorph (2019).
Sloman guested with NWOBHM veterans Praying Mantis on 2003's The Journey Goes On, providing lead vocals on 3 songs, "Tonight", "Beast Within" and "The Voice." He is also credited on the 2007 soundtrack for Highlander: The Source as the vocalist performing the Queen hits "Princes of the Universe" and "Who Wants to Live Forever" as well as "The Sun Is Gonna Shine", a duet with Tamasin Hardy.
Discography
Solo
Disappearances Can Be Deceptive... (recorded 1984 released 1989)
Dark Matter (2003)
13 Storeys (2006)
Reclamation (2010)
Don't Try This at Home (2016)
The Taff Trail Troubadour (2017)
El Dorado (2018)
Metamorph (2019)
Two Rivers (2022)
The Missing Link - The Solo Anthology (due early 2023)
Singles
This River is a Time Machine b/w This River (instrumental) (non album B-side) (2021)
The Last Coalminer b/w The Minor Lament (non album B-side) (2022)
70’s Sunday b/w 70’s Sunday (Harp On - instrumental) (non album B-side) (2022)
Videos
This River is a Time Machine (2021)
The Last Coal-miner (2022)
70’s Sunday (2022)
Books
Lost On Planet Artiface (2022)
with Lone Star
Firing on All Six (1977)
BBC Radio One Live in Concert (1994)
with Uriah Heep
Conquest (1980)
with UFO
The Wild, the Willing and the Innocent (1981)
with Gary Moore
Corridors of Power (1982) (Backing vocals)
Rockin' Every Night: Live in Japan (1983)
Sessions and guest appearances
Lloyd Cole and the Commotions – Mainstream (1987)
Brother Beyond – Trust (1989)
Various Artists – Kaizoku (1989)
"Fast" Eddie Clarke – It Ain't Over till It's Over (1994)
Praying Mantis – The Journey Goes On (2003)
References
External links
Official website
Myspace page
Myspace Acoustic page
John Sloman at The Milarus Mansion
1957 births
Living people
Welsh rock singers
Welsh male singers
Badlands (UK band) members
UFO (band) members
The Gary Moore Band members
Uriah Heep (band) members
Musicians from Cardiff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sloman |
Gregg Dechert (born May 11, 1952, in Listowel, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian keyboardist and guitarist. He was the keyboardist for Uriah Heep between July 1980 and March 1981, replacing Ken Hensley. He also performed keyboards and vocals with David Gilmour on his first solo tour, appearing on its video live album. He played with Bad Company on their comeback album Fame and Fortune in 1986 and its accompanying tour on keyboards and guitar. He also played with The Dream Academy, Feather Wheel, Trev John, Pulsar, Mike Maves, and In A World.
Discography
Fame and Fortune – Bad Company (1986)
The Dream Academy – The Dream Academy (1985)
Featherwheel – Featherwheel
Standpoint – Trev John
This Side Of Town – Mike Maves
"Think It Over" (single) – Uriah Heep (1980)
"Heart of A Lion (Maestro Anjael)
References
Canadian rock keyboardists
Uriah Heep (band) members
Musicians from Ontario
Living people
1952 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg%20Dechert |
John Sinclair (born 12 April 1952) is an English keyboardist who has played for bands such as The Babys, Heavy Metal Kids, Savoy Brown, The Cult, but is probably best known for his time in Uriah Heep and playing for Ozzy Osbourne's band. He also is credited with styling keyboard parts for This Is Spinal Tap.
Sinclair is now a qualified hypnotherapist.
Discography
With Babys
Head First (1978)
With Black Sabbath
Under Wheels of Confusion 1970–1987
With The Cult
Pure Cult
With Dunmore
Dunmore
With Richard Grieco
Waiting for the Sky To Fall
With Lion
Running All Night (1980)
With Heavy Metal Kids
Kitsch
Chelsea Kids
With Uriah Heep
Abominog (1982)
Tour Instruments - Prophet 5 Polyphonic Synthesizer, Mellotron M400, Hammond B3 with modified 122 Leslie cabinet (Crown DC 300 Amp and JBL 15" speaker)
Head First (1983)
Equator (1985)
With Ozzy Osbourne
No Rest for the Wicked (1988)
Just Say Ozzy (live-1989)
No More Tears (1991)
Live & Loud (1993)
The Ozzman Cometh Compilation
Live at Budokan (live)
Prince of Darkness Compilation box-set
With Cozy Powell
The Drums Are Back
With Savoy Brown
Rock 'N' Roll Warriors
Raw Live 'N Blue
With Shy
Brave The Storm
With Spinal Tap
This Is Spinal Tap
With Roadway
The EP (2011)
References
External links
Official John Sinclair website
John Sinclair at The Milarus Mansion
1952 births
Living people
Musicians from Wembley
Singers from London
Uriah Heep (band) members
The Ozzy Osbourne Band members
English rock keyboardists
English heavy metal keyboardists
English session musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sinclair%20%28musician%29 |
Arthur James Moore (December 26, 1888 – June 30, 1974) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (MECS), the Methodist Church, and the United Methodist Church, elected in 1930.
Birth and family
Arthur was born December 26, 1888, in Waycross, Georgia, the son of John Spencer and Emma Victoria (née Cason) Moore. Arthur was of Irish ancestry. His great grandfather came to North Carolina and his grandfather moved to Georgia. Arthur's grandfather later died in the Battle of Gaines' Mill in 1862.
Arthur married Martha "Mattie" T. McDonald April 26, 1906. They had children William Harry, Wilbur Wardlaw, Alice Evelyn Means, Arthur James Jr., and Dorothy Emma. Mattie died in 1964.
Education and conversion to Christ
Arthur Sr studied at Emory College in Oxford, Georgia, from 1909 until 1911. He did not complete an earned degree. Instead, he was converted to Christ in his twenty-first year and began to preach at once! He subsequently was awarded several honorary degrees, including the degree of D.D. from Asbury College, Wilmore, Kentucky (1922), Central College, Fayette, Missouri (1924), and Emory University (1934); and the degree of LL.D. from Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas (1935), Randolph-Macon College (1939), Florida Southern College (1942), and Mercer University (1968).
Ordained ministry
Arthur experienced a "drastic" conversion to Christ in his twenty-first year and began to preach at once. He joined the South Georgia Annual Conference in 1909. He served various churches as pastor during 1909-20. He also served as a roving evangelist, and was a most eloquent speaker.
In 1920, the Rev. Moore was appointed to the Travis Park Methodist Church in San Antonio, Texas, serving there until 1926. He then was appointed pastor of First Methodist Church, Birmingham, Alabama.
Honors
The Rev. Moore was honored by Asbury College with the degree Doctor of Divinity in 1922. Central College did the same in 1924, as did Emory University (D.D., 1934). Asbury College also awarded the LL.D. in 1930. Southwestern University did the same in 1935, Randolph-Macon College in 1939, and Florida Southern College in 1941. He also received an honorary degree from Wesleyan College.
The Rev. Moore was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He was a 32° Mason and a Knights Templar.
Episcopal ministry
The Rev. Dr. Arthur James Moore was elected and consecrated to the episcopacy of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South at the 1930 General Conference of that denomination. Bishop Moore was assigned responsibility for all missionary activities of the MECS in China, Japan, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Belgian Congo, Poland and Korea, until 1940. In 1940 he was assigned the Atlanta episcopal area of the (newly reunited) Methodist Church. His address was 63 Auburn Ave., N.E., Atlanta.
Bishop Moore also served as president of Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia, in 1941, and as chairman of the board. He was a member of the Committee on Interdenominational Relations and Church Union of the MECS (1934–39), and President of the Board of Missions and Church Extension of The Methodist Church. He was also the organizer and first president of the Board of Evangelism of The Methodist Church.
Bishop Moore died June 30, 1974.
Selected writings
Address: The Holy Spirit, Atlanta, Sixth Ecumenical Conference, 1931.
Bishop to All Peoples, 1973.
Central Certainties (a collection of sermons), 1942.
Christ After Chaos, 1944.
Christ and Our Country, 1945.
The Sound of Trumpets (a collection of sermons), 1934.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
Arthur J. Moore Papers , MSS 241, Archives and Manuscripts Dept., Pitts Theology Library, Emory University.
Gramling, Roger M., A Ministry of Hope: Portrait of Arthur J. Moore. Nashville: Upper Room, 1979.
Howell, Clinton T., Prominent Personalities in American Methodism. Birmingham, Alabama: The Lowry Press, 1945.
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville: The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
External links
Arthur J. Moore Papers, 1931-1974 at Pitts Theology Library, Candler School of Theology
New Encyclopedia of Georgia: Arthur J. Moore
Arthur J. Moore Methodist Museum and Library , Epworth-by-the-Sea.
Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Arthur J. Moore papers, 1931-1974
American Methodist Episcopal, South bishops
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South
1888 births
1974 deaths
Emory University alumni
Methodist evangelists
Methodist writers
American sermon writers
American evangelists
United Methodist bishops of the Southeastern Jurisdiction
20th-century Methodist bishops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20James%20Moore |
Peter Goalby (born 13 July 1950) is an English singer and guitarist. He was the lead vocalist for Uriah Heep between 1982 and 1986, recording three albums with the band. He also wrote Blood Red Roses, recorded by the band for their 1989 album Raging Silence and released as the second single from the album.
Before singing for Uriah Heep, he was lead singer and second guitarist in Trapeze on the studio recording Hold On (1978) and the live album Live in Texas: Dead Armadillos (1981). He also plays mandolin.
Discography
Solo
As Peter Goalby
Ain't it Funny b/w Shirt on a Loser (1975)
You are Day, You are Night b/w Captain's Log (1975)
Peter Goalby (1990) – Only album under this name, remains unreleased as of 2009.
Easy With The Heartaches (2021) - official CD of previously unreleased solo recordings
As Peter Goalby's Perfect Stranger
I Don't Wanna Fight b/w It's all Over Your Face (1988)
As band member
with Fable
Fable (1973)
See My Face b/w Thick as a Plank (1973)
Motorbike b/w Gotta Getaway (1973)
with Trapeze
Hold On (1979)
Live in Texas: Dead Armadillos (1981)
On the Highwire (2003)
with Uriah Heep
Abominog (1982)
Head First (1983)
Equator (1985)
Other appearances
References
Uriah Heep (band) members
Trapeze (band) members
Musicians from the West Midlands (county)
Living people
English rock singers
English heavy metal singers
English male singers
musicians from Wolverhampton
1950 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Goalby |
Petra Kronberger (born 21 February 1969) is an Austrian former alpine skier, who participated in all disciplines. She was the first female alpine skier to win in all five World Cup events.
Career
Kronberger entered the World Cup circuit in the 1987/88 season. She gained several podiums and was expected to be a strong competitor at the 1988 Winter Olympic Games in Calgary. She did not win any medals there, but she did give a good performance for an athlete still in her teen years: she finished sixth in the downhill and eleventh in the combined.
Kronberger only won her first World Cup events, two downhill races, in December 1989, but by the end of that season, she had captured the World Cup overall title. This made her an instant hero in Austria: ever since that country's skiing star of the 1970s, Annemarie Pröll (later Moser-Pröll) had retired, the Swiss team had almost completely dominated the alpine world, which had long rankled the Austrian fans.
She successfully defended her World Cup overall champion title twice. Over the course of thirty-eight days in December 1990 and January 1991, Kronberger became the first skier in the modern era to win one race in each of the five alpine events in one season. Four of those wins in all but the combined came in the month of December alone, another notable feat.
At the 1991 World Championships she won a gold medal in her first event, the downhill, and was suspected to be able to win four more medals. However, she fell in her second event, the Super-G, and injured her right knee, forcing her to miss the rest of the races. (Despite her fall, she still finished sixth in that event.)
Her performances at the 1992 Winter Olympic Games in Albertville, France, were even better. She won two gold medals, one in the slalom and one in the combined, and finished a respectable fourth (with only 0.01 sec. behind the podium) the Super-G, and fifth in the downhill.
It was a great surprise when she retired as alpine skier on December 28, 1992. She said, that she had lost her motivation.
After career
Kronberger did catch up on her matriculation, did start studies in German philology and history of art at the university in the borough of Salzburg, did act as an assistant at a university. In later time she lived in Berlin and Hamburg. After dissolution she returned to the borough of Salzburg. She did work in adult vocational training and was an art guide in the "Salzburg Museum" (museum in Salzburg) and "Festung Hohensalzburg" ("Hohensalzburg Castle"), and she was a member of the Organizing Committee of the FIS Alpine Skiing World Championships 2013 at Schladming. She also is a singer in the "Salzburger Domchor" (cathedral choir at Salzburg) and the "KlangsCala" (a famous chamber choir in Salzburg). - Since November 2015, she is employed at the Austrian Skiing Federation, and since January 16, 2016, she is a "Frauenbeauftragte" (maybe translated as commissioner for women's affairs) there (cit. the German Wikipedia).
World Cup victories
Overall
Individual races
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
Austrian female alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for Austria
Alpine skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Austria
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
20th-century Austrian women
21st-century Austrian women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra%20Kronberger |
The noisy friarbird (Philemon corniculatus) is a passerine bird of the honeyeater family Meliphagidae native to southern New Guinea and eastern Australia. It is one of several species known as friarbirds whose heads are bare of feathers. It is brown-grey in colour, with a prominent knob on its bare black-skinned head. It feeds on insects and nectar.
Taxonomy
The noisy friarbird was first described by ornithologist John Latham in 1790. The generic name is from the Ancient Greek philēmōn 'affectionate, kissing'. Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin corniculum '(having a) little horn'. It is sometimes known as a leatherhead. Wirgan was a name used by the local Eora and Darug inhabitants of the Sydney basin.
Molecular study shows its closest relative to be the silver-crowned friarbird within the genus Philemon. DNA analysis has shown honeyeaters to be related to the Pardalotidae (pardalotes), Acanthizidae (Australian warblers, scrubwrens, thornbills, etc.), and Maluridae (Australian fairy-wrens) in the large superfamily Meliphagoidea.
Description
Measuring in length, the noisy friarbird is a large honeyeater with dull brownish grey upperparts and paler brown-grey underparts. Its black head is completely bald apart from tufts of feathers under the chin and along the eyebrow. It can be distinguished by its rounded knob above the black bill, which is visible at distance. It has dark blue-black legs and red eyes.
As its name suggests, it is noisy; one of its calls has been likened to "four o'clock".
Distribution and habitat
The natural range is from the vicinity of Lakes Entrance and the Murray valley in Victoria, north through New South Wales and Queensland to Cape York. In New Guinea, it is restricted to the Trans-Fly in the south of the island where it is locally abundant.
Behaviour
In southern parts of eastern Australia the species is migratory, moving north to overwinter and returning south in the spring. Large aggregations of noisy friarbirds are possible, often in association with little friarbirds. At such times, the constant cackling and chattering of the noisy friarbird can fill the forest with sound. The calls are used to identify an individual's feeding territory, and also announce the presence of food sources worth defending to other birds—not necessarily friarbirds alone. Their diet consists of nectar, insects, and fruit. The consumption of commercially grown fruit, such as grapes and berries, can bring noisy friarbirds into direct conflict with humans who may regard them as pests under those circumstances. They are aggressively protective of their nests, and are known to swoop.
Breeding
Breeding may occur from July to January, with one or two broods during this time. The nest is a large, deep cup with an inverted lip or rim, made of bark and grass hanging from a horizontal branch, 1–3 metres above the ground, and usually well-hidden. Two to four (rarely five) eggs are laid, measuring , and buff- to pale-pink splotched with darker pink-brown or purplish colours.
Gallery
References
Complete Book of Australian Birds. Reader's Digest (Australia). 1997.
External links
Recordings of noisy friarbird from Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology's Macaulay Library
Recordings of noisy friarbird from Graeme Chapman's sound library
Birds described in 1790
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Papua New Guinea
Birds of Queensland
Birds of Victoria (state)
noisy friarbird
Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy%20friarbird |
Southchurch is a suburb and former civil parish in Southend-on-Sea in the ceremonial county of Essex, England. England. In 2011 the ward had a population of 9,710.
History
In 824 AD, a Saxon thegn, Leofstan presented the manor of Southchurch to the monks of Canterbury. It is possible that the church from which the manor takes its name already existed beforehand. The name "Southchurch" originates from a Saxon church which was south of a pre-Norman minster.
In 1897 the parish of Southchurch was absorbed into the neighbouring municipal borough of Southend-on-Sea. The parish was thereafter an urban parish and so had no parish council of its own, being administered directly by Southend-on-Sea Corporation. In 1911 the parish had a population of 3,954. On 9 November 1913 the parishes within the borough were all abolished to form a single parish covering the same area as the borough.
Location
Southchurch is bounded by Southchurch Avenue to the west (beyond which is central Southend-on-Sea), Thorpe Hall Avenue to the east (beyond which is Thorpe Bay), Eastern Avenue to the north (beyond which is Bournes Green) and Eastern Esplanade to the south (which runs along the north bank of the River Thames). Principal roads include Southchurch Road, Southchurch Boulevard, Woodgrange Drive, Ambleside Drive, Wyatts Drive and Lifstan Way.
Housing
The current local housing stock mainly dates from the first half of the twentieth century, when Southchurch expanded from a village into the residential district of Southend. To the south of the station is Southchurch Hall, a thirteenth-century moated manor house. This is now open to the public as a museum, which stands in a small park: Southchurch Hall Gardens.
Schools
Southchurch High School, Southend High School for Girls (grammar), Greenways primary school, Hamstel Road primary school and Porters Grange primary school are situated within the boundaries of Southchurch.
Churches
Holy Trinity Church is the original parish church of Southchurch. The oldest parts of this church date back to the Saxon era, with later additions in the early 20th century. Christ Church (Church of England) is in Colbert Avenue, just to the east of Southchurch Park East. This parish was carved out of Holy Trinity in 1922. It began as a mission church in Elizabeth Road, which runs from the seafront to Southchurch Park.
Rail
Southchurch is served by Southend East railway station. In 2004, following a campaign by local residents, traders, and some local councillors, the station signs were amended to read "Southend East for Southchurch Village".
Sports
Southchurch is home to Southend Sunday Division team Bellevue Wanderers Football Club, Essex Senior Football League team Southend Manor and Southend Sceptre League team Southchurch AFC.
Southchurch Park is the home venue of Southend-on-Sea and EMT Cricket Club.
Demography
At the 2001 UK census, the Southchurch electoral ward had a population of 9,467. The ethnicity was 96.3% white, 2.6% Asian, 0.7% mixed race, 0.3% black and 0.1% other.
The place of birth of residents was 94.9% United Kingdom, 0.6% Republic of Ireland, 0.9% other Western European countries, and 3.6% elsewhere.
Religion was recorded as 68.9% Christian, 2.1% Jewish, 0.9% Hindu, 0.2% Buddhist, 0.2% Sikh, and 1% Muslim, with 17.3% having no religion, 0.3% having an alternative religion, and 9.2% who did not state their religion.
The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 32.6% in full-time employment, 20.4% retired, 12.6% in part-time employment, 9.5% looking after home or family, 8.9% self-employed, 4.8% permanently sick or disabled, 3.4% students without jobs, 2.8% unemployed, 2% students with jobs, and 3% economically inactive for other reasons.
The industry of employment of residents was 15.6% retail, 13.9% finance, 13.9% real estate, 10% health and social work, 9.5% manufacturing, 7.9% construction, 6.7% education, 6.4% transport and communications, 6.2% public administration, 3% hotels and restaurants, 0.8% agriculture, and 6.1% other. Compared with national figures, the ward had a relatively high proportion of workers in finance and construction.
Of the ward's residents aged 16–74, 12.3% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, compared with 19.9% nationwide.
According to Office for National Statistics estimates, during the period of April 2004 to March 2005 the average gross weekly income of households was £560, compared with an average of £650 in South East England.
Gallery
References
Populated coastal places in Essex
Former civil parishes in Essex
Southend-on-Sea (town) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southchurch |
"Interface" is the 155th episode of the American syndicated science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the third episode of the seventh season.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, Geordi La Forge uses an experimental interface to his VISOR to try to reach his missing mother, a Starfleet captain.
This episode is noted for introducing some of Geordi's family and also exploring man-machine interfaces.
Writing
When Joe Menosky was in Europe, the writing team allowed him to continue working and gave him the task of developing something around the idea of "Geordi's mom". In this period he had to communicate by fedex and faxes, which made development more difficult. The idea of Geordi's mom was exciting to the writing team, because there had not been a lot of family relationship development for the Geordi character. Meanwhile Menosky had been wanting to do something involving a Mind-Machine interface.
The scene where Riker and Geordi talk about parental loss was actually written by Jeri Taylor, which was added when the episode runtime was too low.
The episode uses a convention where Geordi is shown in place of the probe he is interfacing with. Director Robert Wiemer stated that it would have been "emotionally unrewarding" to show the probe then frequently cut to Geordi for reaction shots.
Casting
Madge Sinclair plays Geordi's mother, and Ben Vereen plays his father. Geordi's mom is Starfleet Captain of the USS Hera, and his dad is an exozoologist. Madge Sinclair had previously acted in the Star Trek franchise in the 1986 theatrical film Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home, also as a Starfleet Captain.
Plot
At the beginning of the episode, Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge, Lt. Commander Data, and Chief Medical Officer Dr. Crusher are testing an interface which allows La Forge to use the VISOR-compatible circuitry in his brain along with a virtual reality suit to control a probe by remote control. This way La Forge can use the probe to go into areas that would be too dangerous for crew members to enter. When testing is complete, La Forge is informed that the ship his mother commanded has disappeared, and all aboard are presumed dead.
La Forge uses the interface to remotely control the probe and look for survivors on the USS Raman that is trapped in a gas giant's atmosphere. He finds that there is no one left alive on the ship, but believes that he encountered his mother on the ship. Continued use of the probe soon exposes La Forge to unhealthy levels of neural stimulation.
La Forge is convinced that his mother was on the ship, and wants to use the probe to communicate with his mother. But Dr. Crusher and Captain Picard refuse to allow him to use the interface suit again. La Forge decides to use the suit anyway. While in contact with the probe, he encounters the being who appears to be his mother again, but learns that she is actually a lifeform native to the gas giant. This being talks La Forge into taking the ship closer to the planet, so that she and others like her trapped on the ship can go home.
After he is reprimanded by Picard for his disobedience, La Forge concludes that his mother is in fact dead, and that it had all seemed so real he had thought he had a chance to say goodbye to her.
Reception
Critical response
Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club wrote in his review: "I was curious to see what kind of energy [Ben Vereen would] bring to the show. ... Not a terrible scene, but there isn't much to it; and that’s the only appearance Vereen makes. ... it seems like a waste. Much like everything else about this episode." Jamahl Epsicokhan of Jammer's Reviews wrote in his review: "'Interface', while not great or groundbreaking, is a significant step up from the first two lackluster outings of season seven — much more focused, much less of a mess, and with true character motivation at its core."
Medium.com felt this episode was "not good" despite the potential of the Brain-Probe interface Geordi was using. One positive was they were glad to finally meet some of Geordi's family relations.
Novel
The episode had a spin-off written about the fate of the Federation space ship USS Hera; the book Indistinguishable from Magic by David A. McIntee.
Props
Geordi's sensor suit from this episode was sold at Christie's 40 Years of Star Trek: The Collection auction in 2006.
Releases
"Interface" and "Gambit, Part I" were released on VHS paired together on one cassette (catalog number VHR 2857).
"Interface" and "Gambit, Part I" were released on LaserDisc in the USA on February 2, 1999, paired on the same double sided disc (NTSC video).
"Interface" was released as part of TNG Season 7 collections on DVD and Blu-Ray formats. Season seven of TNG, which contains this episode was released on Blu-ray disc in January 2015.
References
External links
Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 7) episodes
1993 American television episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20The%20Next%20Generation%29 |
Themos Anastasiadis () (6 January 1958 – 22 January 2019) was a Greek newspaper publisher, and the founder and owner of Greece's largest selling newspaper Proto Thema, as well as the CEO of Proto Thema A.E.
Early life
He was born on January 6, 1958, in Athens, originally from Koukouli, Ioannina, in Zagori. His father, Byron Anastasiadis, was a board member of the oil multinational Royal Dutch Shell, and the family was often forced to move to various cities in Greece and abroad.
At the age of 16, in the then fifth grade of the Gymnasium (today B 'Lyceum), he consciously pioneered, organized underground, and methodically initiated the group protest of his classmates for the rejection of the Greek military junta of the Polytechnic uprising in 1973. As a result, he was expelled in order to be imprisoned.
Career
Print journalism
Anastasiadis started journalism as a student, from the motorcycle magazine "MotoGP". Then, starting from the humorous column "Black Hole" in Eleftherotypia, he worked as a political-economic editor in the newspapers To Vima, Express, Eleftherotypia, and Kathimerini. For a short time, he worked at ERT, while he was one of the first to staff the radio station Athens 9.84 of the Municipality of Athens. In 1991, at the age of just 33 years old, he became the youngest editor-in-chief of the legendary Kathimerini newspaper. This was the highest position to ever be held by such a young person in the history of Greek journalism.
In 1995, along with Petros Kostopoulos he founded the popular lifestyle magazine Nitro.
In 1998, he founded the sports newspaper Protathlitis (Champion); a newspaper that supports Olympiacos, a team which he supported.
In 2000, he founded the financial newspaper Metoxos.
In 2005, he created a Sunday newspaper called Proto Thema. Proto Thema, or Thema, as the majority of Greek readers call it, is undoubtedly one of the biggest success stories in the history of Greek media. Thema is one of the best-known, most influential, and biggest-selling Greek Sunday Newspaper.
Anastasiadis media group Proto Thema A.E owns one of Greece's most popular radio stations Thema radio and publishes several magazines such as Car Greece, Marie Claire Greece, Gala Greece, and Olive Greece.
Anastasiadis was one of the most influential Greek publishers in the history of Greek journalism and one of the most powerful men in Greece. Despite his wealth and social recognition, his publications always supported progressive causes.
Television
Apart from his work in print journalism, Anastasiadis had worked also on television. From 2001 to February 2006 he was the host of "Ola", a weekly humor show on Alpha TV. On this show, he used to invite various personalities from Greek showbiz and highlight the many funny moments from Greek television.
In March 2006, Anastasiadis became the host of the show "OlaXXL" on ANT1 television. As of 2008, the show continues with a different name each year but contains the word "Ola". His TV show became the most popular TV show in all of Greece for many years.
Personal life
He married Vasiliki Panagiotopoulou and had three children.
In 2014, he decided to move his family from Athens to Zurich after his political fights with Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras and many previous governments in order to protect his family. His numerous scandals and political power required him to be accompanied by bodyguards and bulletproof cars daily in order to ensure his safety in Athens.
He died on 22 January 2019 in Zurich after fighting with cancer for 1.5 years.
Involvement with justice
In January 2009, he was sentenced to 19 months in prison with a suspended sentence for exchanging Christos Zahopoulos's sex tape as well for publishing photos in "Thema" that presented Christos Zahopoulos in private moments. Finally, in April 2013, the three-member Court of Appeal unanimously acquitted Anastasiadis and the others involved for breach of personal data, judging that the DVD was never processed and classified by him.
On December 4, 2012, criminal prosecution was brought against him for tax evasion and money laundering in the amount of 5.5 million euros. The case started in 2007 when Themos Anastasiadis walked into a bank in Zurich with tens of millions of euros stuffed in garbage bags accompanied by bodyguards. He was initially acquitted, but in 2017 his personal belongings were seized and he was fined, paying approximately €15 million in public debt for laundering money derived from criminal activities in 2007. Anastasiadis argued that the SYRIZA government had targeted him and the decision to fine him was political.
References
1958 births
2019 deaths
Greek journalists
Greek television presenters
Greek newspaper publishers (people)
Mass media people from Athens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themos%20Anastasiadis |
Lewin's honeyeater (Meliphaga lewinii) is a bird that inhabits the ranges along the east coast of Australia. It has a semicircular ear-patch, pale yellow in colour.
The name of this bird commemorates the Australian artist John Lewin.
Description
The Lewin's honeyeater is small to medium in size . It is dark greenish-grey in colour, with a creamy yellow gape (i.e., the fleshy corners of the mouth). It has large, yellowish, crescent-shaped ear-patches, which distinguish it from other honeyeaters, apart from two similar, but smaller, species in tropical Queensland. In flight, the pale yellow edges of the flight feathers can be seen. The bill is black and the eye is blue-grey. Both sexes are similar in appearance. Young Lewin's honeyeaters are similar to the adults, but have brown eyes. The strong 'machine gun-like' rattling notes of Lewin's honeyeater are heard over long distances, and reveal its presence in an area.
Body size, voice, and the shape and size of the ear-patch help in identifying the similar Graceful and Yellow-spotted Honeyeaters in tropical Queensland.
Distribution and habitat
The Lewin's honeyeater prefers the wetter parts of eastern Australia, from northern Queensland to central Victoria. It is found in both rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest, and often wanders into more open woodland. It is a common bird, and its call is often heard in these areas. It is a rather sedentary species, tending to stay in the same area all year round, although some altitudinal migration, to lower elevations in the cooler winter months, occurs.
Diet
Lewin's honeyeaters feed mostly on fruits, favouring berries and small fruits, but also eat insects and nectar. Birds are normally seen alone, but may form loose groups of up to 10 birds. They feed in the upper branches and on the trunks of trees. Some insects are caught in flight.
Breeding
Lewin's honeyeaters breed during September to January. The nest is a large cup of vegetation and other materials, bound together with spider web, and lined with soft material. The two to three oval eggs are incubated for about 14 days, and the young birds leave the nest after a further 14 days. It is unclear what roles each parent performs in nest building and incubation, but both care for the young birds.
Gallery
References
Longmore, N.W. 1991. The Honeyeaters & their Allies of Australia. Angus and Robertson and the National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife, Sydney.
Pizzey, G. & Knight, F. 1997. Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.
Schodde, R. & Mason, I. 1999. The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria.
Schodde, R. & Tidemann, S.C. (eds) 1990. Reader's Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds (2nd Edition). Reader's Digest (Australia) Pty Ltd., Sydney.
External links
Photos, audio and video of Lewin's honeyeater from Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library
Lewin's honeyeater
Birds of Queensland
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Victoria (state)
Endemic birds of Australia
Lewin's honeyeater
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewin%27s%20honeyeater |
Melody Gardot (; born February 2, 1985) is an American jazz singer.
At the age of 19, Gardot was involved in a bicycle accident and sustained a head injury. Music played a critical role in her recovery. She became an advocate of music therapy, visiting hospitals and universities to discuss its benefits. In 2012, she gave her name to a music therapy program in New Jersey.
Early life and education
Gardot was born in New Jersey and was brought up by her grandparents. Her grandmother was a Polish immigrant. Her mother, a photographer, traveled often, so they had few possessions and lived out of suitcases. Gardot studied fashion at the Community College of Philadelphia.
Accident and therapy
While riding her bicycle in Philadelphia in November 2003, Gardot was struck by an SUV and sustained head, spinal, and pelvic injuries. Confined to a hospital bed for a year, she needed to relearn simple tasks and was left oversensitive to light and sound. Suffering from short- and long-term memory loss, she struggled with her sense of time.
Encouraged by a physician who believed music would help heal her brain, Gardot learned to hum, then to sing into a tape recorder, and eventually to write songs.
For several years, she traveled with a physiotherapist and carried a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator to reduce pain.
Given her oversensitivity to sound, she chose quieter music. On the treadmill, she listened to bossa nova by Stan Getz, specifically "The Girl from Ipanema". Unable to sit comfortably at the piano, she learned to play guitar on her back. During her recovery, she wrote songs that became part of the self-produced EP Some Lessons: The Bedroom Sessions. Gardot was reluctant to record her songs at first, stating that they were too private for the public to hear, but relented and allowed her songs to be played on a Philadelphia radio station.
Personal life
Gardot is a Buddhist, macrobiotic cook, and humanitarian. She speaks fluent French in addition to her native English and considers herself a "citizen of the world".
Music career
Gardot started music lessons at the age of nine and began playing piano in Philadelphia bars at the age of 16 on Fridays and Saturdays for four hours a night. She insisted on playing only music she liked, such as The Mamas & the Papas, Duke Ellington, and Radiohead.
During her time in the hospital she learned how to play the guitar and began writing songs, which were made available as downloads on iTunes and released on Some Lessons: The Bedroom Sessions in 2005. She began to play these songs at venues in Philadelphia and was noticed by employees of the radio station WXPN, operated by the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. She was encouraged to send a demo tape to the radio station, and the tape found its way to the Universal Music Group. She released her first album, Worrisome Heart (Verve, 2006), then My One and Only Thrill (Verve 2009), produced by Larry Klein.
Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Live albums
Singles
"Worrisome Heart" (2008)
"Goodnite" (2008)
"Quiet Fire" (2008)
"Who Will Comfort Me" (2009)
"Baby I'm a Fool" (2009)
"If the Stars Were Mine" (2009)
"Your Heart Is as Black as Night" (2011)
"Mira" (2012)
"Amalia" (2012)
"La vie en rose" (2012)
"Same to You" (2015)
"Preacherman" (2015)
"It Gonna Come" (2016)
"From Paris with Love" (2020)
"Little Something" (featuring Sting) (2020)
"Sunset in the Blue" (2020)
"C'est Magnifique" (featuring Antonio Zambujo) (2020)
Collaborations
Gardot appears on the following songs, on vocals and occasionally piano or guitar, by other artists:
Beaucoup Blue – "Bluer Than a Midnight Sky" on Free to Fall
Till Brönner – "High Night (Alta Noite)" on RIO (2008)
Charlie Haden Quartet West – "If I'm Lucky" on Sophisticated Ladies (EmArcy, 2010)
Seth Kallen & The Reaction – "My Sweet Darling" on Exhibit A
Phil Roy – "A Meditation on War and the Fight for Love" on The Great Longing
Eddy Mitchell – "Derrière l'arc-en-ciel / Over the Rainbow" on Grand ecran
Juliette Gréco – "Sous les ponts de Paris (Under the Bridges of Paris)" on Ça se traverse et c'est beau (Feb. 2012)
Jesse Harris – "Tant pis" on Sub Rosa (July 2012)
Baptiste Trotignon – "Mon fantôme" on Song Song Song (Sept. 2012)
Lizanne Knott – "There Are Angels" on Marionette (Sept. 2012, UK release)
Federico Aubele – "Somewhere Else" on 5 (Fall 2013)
Pierre Aderne – "Limoeiro" and "Melodia e Letra" on Caboclo (2014/2015)
Vinicius Cantuária – "Insensatez" on Vinicius canta Antonio Carlos Jobim (2015)
"He's a tramp" and "The Bare Necessities" on Jazz loves Disney (2016)
"C'est trop tard" on Elles & Barbara (2017)
"The King of 52nd Street" on The Passion Of Charlie Parker (2017)
"La Chanson Des Vieux Amants" on "Brel - Ces gens-lá" (2019)
"La javanaise" on "Les pianos de Gainsbourg" by André Manoukian (2021)
"Waiting", "Rio Negro", "How Long", and "Surpresa" on Surpresa by Jesse Harris & Vincicius Cantuaria (2021)
Notes
References
External links
Melody Gardot official website
1985 births
Living people
Jazz musicians from Philadelphia
Singers from Pennsylvania
Community College of Philadelphia alumni
American women jazz singers
American jazz singers
American people of Polish descent
21st-century American women singers
Ballad musicians
21st-century American singers
American activists with disabilities
Singers with disabilities
American musicians with disabilities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody%20Gardot |
The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal is a 1967 book by English zoologist and ethologist Desmond Morris that looks at humans as a species and compares them to other animals. The Human Zoo, a follow-up book by Morris that examined the behaviour of people in cities, was published in 1969.
Summary
The Naked Ape, which was serialised in the Daily Mirror newspaper and has been translated into 23 languages, depicts human behaviour as largely evolved to meet the challenges of prehistoric life as a hunter . The book was so named because out of 193 species of monkeys and apes, only humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) are not covered in hair. Desmond Morris, the author, who had been the curator of mammals at London Zoo, said his book was intended to popularise and demystify science.
Morris said that Homo sapiens not only have the largest brains of all higher primates, but that sexual selection in human evolution has caused humans to have the highest ratio of penis size to body mass. Morris conjectured that human ear-lobes developed as an additional erogenous zone to facilitate the extended sexuality necessary in the evolution of human monogamous pair bonding. Morris further stated that the more rounded shape of human female breasts means they are mainly a sexual signalling device rather than simply for providing milk for infants.
Morris framed many features of human behaviour in the context of evolution at a time when cultural explanations were more orthodox. For example, Morris wrote that the intense human pair bond evolved so that men who were out hunting could trust that their mates back home were not having sex with other men, and suggested the possibility that sparse body hair evolved because the "nakedness" helped intensify pair bonding by increasing tactile pleasure.
Film adaptations
A 1973 film directed by Donald Driver, very loosely based on the book, was made starring Johnny Crawford and Victoria Principal. In 2006, an independent film was made, based loosely on the book, written and directed by Daniel Mellitz, starring Josh Wise, Chelse Swain, Sean Shanks, Amanda MacDonald, Tony LaThanh, Corbin Bernsen. Beyond their scripts being loosely based on his book, Morris was not involved in either film.
Bibliography
The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal (hardback: ; reprint: ); Jonathan Cape Publishing, 1967
Corgi Books paperback editions, 1967, 1968, 1969
Dell Publishing edition, 1969
The Illustrated Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal, Jonathan Cape Publishing, 1987 (reviewed by Janet Dunaif-Hattis in American Anthropologist, vol. 89, mo. 3, pp. 732–733, September 1987)
Vintage Books; new (revised) edition, 2005;
Critical response
John Lewis, B. Towers, Naked Ape or Homo sapiens?: Reply to Desmond Morris. Teilhard Study Library, 1969;
Criticism
In 1976, anthropologists Adrienne Zihlman and Nancy Tanner criticized The Naked Ape for being sexist. Writing for The Observer in 2017, science journalist Angela Saini said, "His consistent failure to understand the impact of patriarchy and female repression bordered on the bizarre." She points out that he chooses to erase hunter-gatherer societies from his analysis (despite those societies being closest to how humans evolved), claims that women have been mostly house-bound for all time, and claims that work is a predominately male pursuit. Author and presenter of Radio 4’s Inside Science, Adam Rutherford, called the book "erotic fantasy science" and "a book full of exciting ideas that have little scientific validity."
Censorship
In February 1976, the book was removed from high school library shelves by the board of education of the Island Trees Union Free School District in New York. This case became the subject of a U.S. Supreme Court case in 1982.
Cultural impact
The book is mentioned in the Italian entry for the 2017 Eurovision Song Contest "Occidentali's Karma" by Francesco Gabbani, in which most of the lyrics contain philosophical references. The lyricist had read The Naked Ape himself. Morris, "fascinated by the culture, beauty and richness" of the references to his theories, sent Gabbani a signed copy of the Italian translation of the book as a sign of gratitude and support for the latter.
See also
Charles Darwin
Evolutionary psychology
Sociobiology
The Territorial Imperative, 1966 book by Robert Ardrey
The Moral Animal, 1994 book by Robert Wright
Notes and references
Notes
References
External links
, and review
1967 non-fiction books
Books by Desmond Morris
Censored books
English non-fiction books
Human evolution books
Jonathan Cape books
Non-fiction books adapted into films
Science books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Naked%20Ape |
The Kama Sutra worm, also known as Blackworm, Nyxem, and Blackmal, is a type of malware (malicious software) that infects PCs using Microsoft Windows.
Discovered January 16, 2006, Kama Sutra was designed to destroy common files such as Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint documents when each computer's calendar hit February 3 and on the 3rd of each following month.
The worm arrived via e-mail, enticing computer users with promises of sexy pictures. The subject lines included "School girl fantasies gone bad", "Hot Movie", "Crazy illegal Sex!" and "Kama Sutra pics". When users clicked on the attachment, the machine became infected. Once executed, the worm can corrupt and overwrite the most common Windows file types, .doc, .pdf, .zip, and .xls, among others; the data are changed and become unrecoverable. The worm also tries to disable antivirus software.
See also
Computer worm
References
External links
CNN:Kama Sutra worm hits home
Google Accidentally Sends Out Kama Sutra Worm
Symantec Security alert
Computer worms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama%20Sutra%20%28computer%20worm%29 |
Aerospace Defense Command was a major command of the United States Air Force, responsible for continental air defense. It was activated in 1968 and disbanded in 1980. Its predecessor, Air Defense Command, was established in 1946, briefly inactivated in 1950, reactivated in 1951, and then redesignated Aerospace rather than Air in 1968. Its mission was to provide air defense of the Continental United States (CONUS). It directly controlled all active measures, and was tasked to coordinate all passive means of air defense.
Air defense during World War II
Continental United States air defense forces during World War II were initially under the command of the four air districts – Northeast Air District, Northwest Air District, Southeast Air District, and Southwest Air District. The air districts were established on 16 January 1941, before the Pearl Harbor attack. The four air districts also handled USAAF combat training with the Army Ground Forces and "organization and training of bomber, fighter and other units and crews for assignments overseas". The air districts were redesignated on 26 March 1941 as the First Air Force, Second Air Force, Third Air Force, and Fourth Air Force. The First and Fourth Air Forces, through their interceptor commands, managed the civilian Aircraft Warning Service on the East and West Coasts, respectively.
The USAAF's Aircraft Warning Corps provided air defense warning with information centers that networked an area's "Army Radar Stations" which communicated radar tracks by telephone. The AWC information centers also integrated visual reports processed by Ground Observer Corps filter centers. AWC information centers notified air defense command posts of the "4 continental air forces" for deploying interceptor aircraft which used command guidance for ground-controlled interception. The USAAF inactivated the aircraft warning network in April 1944.
Continental Air Forces
Continental Air Forces (CAF) was activated on 12 December 1944 with the four "Air Forces" as components to consolidate the CONUS air defense mission under one command. For aircraft warning, in 1945 CAF had recommended "research and development be undertaken on radar and allied equipment for an air defense system [for] the future threat", e.g., a "radar [with] range of 1,000 miles, [to detect] at an altitude of 200 miles, and at a speed of 1,000 miles per hour". HQ AAF responded that "until the kind of defense needed to counter future attacks could be determined, AC&W planning would have to be restricted to the use of available radar sets". CAF's January 1946 Radar Defense Report for Continental United States recommended military characteristics for a post-war Air Defense System "based upon such advanced equipment", and the HQ AAF Plans reminded "the command that radar defense planning had to be based on the available equipment."
Reorganization of Continental Air Forces began in 1945, when ground radar and interceptor plans were prepared for the transfer at CAF HQ in the expectation that 'it would become Air Defense Command.' CAF installations that were transferred to ADC included Mitchel Field (21 March 1946), Hamilton Army Airfield (21 March 1946), Myrtle Beach Army Air Field (27 March 1946), Shaw Field (1 April 1946), McChord Field (1 August 1946), Grandview Army Air Field (1 January 1952), Seymour Johnson Field (1 April 1956), and
Tyndall Field (1 July 1957).
Air Defense Command 1946
Air Defense Command was activated on 21 March 1946 with the former CAF Fourth Air Force, the inactive Tenth Air Force, and the tbd's Fourteenth Air Force. Second Air Force was reactivated and added on 6 June 1946. In December 1946 the "Development of Radar Equipment for Detecting and Countering Missiles of the German A-4 type" was planned, part of the Signal Corps' Project 414A. The Distant Early Warning Line was "first conceived—and rejected—in 1946".
A 1947 proposal for 411 radar stations and 18 control centers costing $600 million was the Project Supremacy plan for a postwar Radar Fence that was rejected by Air Defense Command since "no provision was made in it for the Alaska to Greenland net with flanks guarded by aircraft and picket ships [required] for 3 to 6 hours of warning time", and "Congress failed to act on legislation required to support the proposed system". (In the spring and summer of 1947, 3 ADC AC&W plans had gone unfunded.) By 1948 there were only 5 AC&W stations, including the Twin Lights station in NJ that opened in June and Montauk NY "Air Warning Station #3 (5 July)--cf. SAC radar stations, e.g., at Dallas & Denver Bomb Plots.
ADC became a subordinate operational command of Continental Air Command on 1 December 1948 and on 27 June 1950, United States air defense systems began 24-hour operations two days after the start of the Korean War. By the time ADC was inactivated on 1 July 1950, ADC had deployed the Lashup Radar Network with existing radars at 43 sites. In addition, 36 Air National Guard fighter units were called to active duty for the mission.
Reformation 1951
ADC was reinstated as a major command on 1 January 1951 at Mitchel Air Force Base, New York. A rudimentary command centre was established that year from a former hallway/latrine area. The headquarters was moved to Ent Air Force Base in Colorado Springs on 8 January 1951. It received 21 former ConAC active-duty fighter squadrons (37 additional Air National Guard fighter squadrons if called to active duty). ADC was also assigned the 25th, 26th 27th and 28th Air Divisions (Defense) ADC completed the Priority Permanent System network for Aircraft Warning and Control (ground-controlled interception) in 1952. Gaps were filled by additional Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) radar stations and the Ground Observation Corps (disbanded 1959). In May 1954, ADC moved their initial, rudimentary command center into a "much improved 15,000-square-foot concrete block" building with "main battle control center".
During the mid-1950s, planners devised the idea of extending the wall of powerful land-based radar seaward with Airborne early warning and control units. This was done by equipping two wings of Lockheed RC-121 Warning Star aircraft, the 551st Airborne Early Warning and Control Wing, based at Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts, and the 552nd AEWCW, based at McClellan Air Force Base, California, one wing stationed on each coast. The RC-121s, EC-121s and Texas Towers, it was believed, would contribute to extending contiguous east-coast radar coverage some 300 to 500 miles seaward. In terms of the air threat of the 1950s, this meant a gain of at least 30 extra minutes warning time of an oncoming bomber attack. ADC's Operation Tail Wind on 11–12 July tested its augmentation plan that required Air Training Command interceptors participate in an air defense emergency. A total of seven ATC bases actively participated in the exercise, deploying aircraft and aircrews and supporting the ADC radar net. As the USAF prepared to deploy the Tactical Air Command E-3 Sentry in the later 1970s, active-duty units were phased out EC-121 operations by the end of 1975. All remaining EC-121s were transferred to the Air Force Reserve, which formed the 79th AEWCS at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida in early 1976. The active duty force continued to provide personnel to operate the EC-121s on a 24-hour basis, assigning Detachment 1, 20th Air Defense Squadron to Homestead AFB as associate active duty crews to fly the Reserve-owned aircraft. Besides monitoring Cuban waters, these last Warning Stars also operated from NAS Keflavik, Iceland. Final EC-121 operations ended in September 1978.
Air and Aerospace Defense Command
The United States Army Air Forces activated Air Defense Command (ADC) in 1946, with a Numbered Air Force of the former Continental Air Forces, from which it took its mission of air warning and air defense. In September 1947, it became part of the newly established United States Air Force. The command become a subordinate organization of Continental Air Command (ConAC) on 1 December 1948. ConAC gradually assumed direct charge of ADC air defense components, and ADC inactivated on 1 July 1950. But five months later, on 10 November 1950, Generals Vandenberg and Twining notified General Ennis C. Whitehead that "the Air Force had approved activation of a separate Air Defense Command [from CONAC] with headquarters on Ent." The new command's mission was to be to stop a handful of conventionally armed piston engine-powered bombers on a one-way mission. The command was formally reactivated on 1 January 1951.
With advances in Soviet bombers, ADC completed improved radar networks and manned interceptors in the 1950s. At the end of the decade it computerized Air Defense Direction Centers to allow air defense controllers to more quickly review integrated military air defense warning (MADW) data and dispatch defenses (e.g., surface-to-air missiles in 1959). ADC began missile warning and space surveillance missions in 1960 and 1961, and established a temporary missile warning network for the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1968 it was redesignated Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM).
In 1975, ADCOM became a specified command and the United States' executive agent in the North American Air Defense Command—the single CINCNORAD/CINCAD commanded both. ADCOM's last surface-to-air missiles were taken off alert in 1972, and the Federal Aviation Administration took over many of ADCOM's SAGE radar stations.
Tactical Air Command and ADTAC
On 1 October 1979 ADCOM interceptors/bases and remaining air warning radar stations transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC), with these "atmospheric" units assigned to Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC). ADCOM's missile warning and space surveillance installations transferred in 1979 to the Strategic Air Command's Directorate of Space and Missile Warning Systems (SAC/SX),) and the North American Aerospace Defense Command's Air Force Element, NORAD/ADCOM (AFENA), which was redesignated the Aerospace Defense Center. The command was inactivated on 31 March 1980.
With the disestablishment of TAC and SAC in 1992, the Aerospace Defense Center, the ADCOM specified command organizations, along with SAC's missile warning and space surveillance installations. became part of Air Force Space Command (AFSPC). Air Force Space Command activated its headquarters in the same Chidlaw Building where ADCOM had been inactivated.
Chronology of major events
27 March 1946 : The United States Army Air Force activates the Air Defense Command at Mitchel Field, New York
1 December 1948 : Air Defense Command became a component of Continental Air Command
1 July 1950 : Air Defense Command inactivated because the Continental Air Command gradually assumed full charge of United States air defense
1 January 1951 : Air Defense Command reestablished at Mitchel AFB
8 January 1951 : Air Defense Command headquarters moved to Ent Air Force Base, Colorado
1 October 1953 : The 4701st Airborne Early Warning and Control Squadron, the first AEW&C system, was activated at McClellan AFB, California.
15 April 1957 : Air Defense Command assigned operational control of the DEW Line and all atmospheric defense units of the inactivated Northeast Air Command.
12 September 1957 : NORAD is established at Ent AFB with Canadian Air Defense Command air defense units and United States Continental Air Defense Command air defense units
1 December 1958 :SAGE Combat Center No 1 at Hancock Field, New York became operational
1 January 1959: The first BOMARC squadron, the 46th Air Defense Missile Squadron was activated at McGuire AFB, New Jersey.
30 September 1960: ADC's BMEWS Central Computer and Display Facility at Ent AFB achieved initial operational capability, providing missile warning to SAC and The Pentagon
1 July 1961: ADC took over the Laredo and Trinidad missile and space vehicle tracking stations
15 January 1968 : Air Defense Command is redesignated as Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM)
1 July 1975 : Aerospace Defense Command designated a "Specified Command" taking over Continental Air Defense Command roles and responsibilities
1 October 1975 : Alaskan ADCOM Region established, Aerospace Defense Command assumes control of missile warning and space surveillance forces of Alaskan Air Command
29 May 1979: The USAF made a public announcement of its plans to reorganize its aerospace defense forces. Consequently, the USAF inactivated ADCOM as a major command and reassigned its resources to other commands.
31 March 1980: Aerospace Defense Command inactivated at the Chidlaw Building in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Interceptor Aircraft
ADC had four day-type fighter squadrons (FDS) in 1946. The ADC interceptor force grew to ninety-three (93) active Air Force fighter interceptor squadrons, seventy-six (76) Air National Guard fighter interceptor squadrons, several U.S. Navy fighter squadrons, USAF and USN airborne early warning squadrons, radar squadrons, training squadrons, and numerous support units that have played important roles in our nation's defense.
The first ADC interceptor, the P-61 Black Widow, did not have the capabilities to engage the Soviet Tu-4 bomber. Its successor, the F-82 Twin Mustang, was even more disappointing. It took a long time to get into production and did not perform well in inclement weather.
The early jet fighters, such as the F-80 Shooting Star and F-84 Thunderjet, lacked all-weather capability and were deemed useless for air defense purposes. Much hope was placed on two jet-powered interceptors, the XP-87 Blackhawk and the XP-89 Scorpion. (Designations changed to XF-87 and XF-89.) They, in turn, also proved to be inadequate: the XF-87 was cancelled and the Scorpion underwent extensive redesign.
The first-generation jets gave way to all-weather dedicated interceptor jets. The F-94 Starfire was pressed into service as an "interim" interceptor, and North American in 1949 pushed an interceptor version of the Sabre, the F-86D. Despite the demands its complexity made upon a single pilot, the F-86D was backed by senior Air Force officials. Some 2,504 would be built and it would in time be the most numerous interceptor in the Air Defense Command fleet, with more than 1,000 in service by the end of 1955
The F-86D was not ideal, however; its afterburner consumed a great deal of fuel in getting it to altitude, and the pilot was overburdened by cockpit tasks. The F-89D was modified to accept AIM-4 Falcon guided missiles (F-89H) and AIR-2 Genie atomic warhead rockets (F-89J) as armament. The F-86D was modified (F-86L) to include an FDDL SAGE data link that permitted automatic ground control. The F-86L and F-89H became available in 1956, and the F-89J in 1957.
The first of the Century Series supersonic interceptors was the F-102A Delta Dagger in 1956, followed by the F-104A Starfighter in 1958. The F-101B Voodoo and F-106 Delta Dart were first received by ADC during the first half of 1959. By 1960, the ADC interceptor force was composed of the F-101, F-104, F-106, and the F-102.
The North American F-108 Rapier was the first proposed successor to the F-106. It was to be capable of Mach 3 performance and was intended to serve as a long-range interceptor that could destroy attacking Soviet bombers over the poles before they could get near US territory. It was also to serve as the escort fighter for the XB-70 Valkyrie Mach-3 strategic bomber, also to be built by North American. The Air Force expected that the first F-108A would be ready for service by early 1963. An order for no less than 480 F-108s was anticipated.
However, by mid-1959, the Air Force was already beginning to experience some doubts about the high cost of the Rapier program. The primary strategic threat from the Soviet Union was now perceived to be its battery of intercontinental ballistic missiles instead of its force of long-range bombers. Against intercontinental ballistic missiles, the F-108A interceptor would be completely useless. In addition, the Air Force was increasingly of the opinion that unmanned intercontinental ballistic missiles could accomplish the mission of the B-70 Valkyrie/F-108 Rapier combination much more effectively and at far lower cost. Consequently, the F-108A project was cancelled in its entirety on 23 September 1959, before any prototypes could be built.
In 1968, ADCOM began the phaseout of the F-101 and F-102 interceptors from active duty units, with both types mostly being transferred to the Air National Guard. The F-101 would remain in a limited role on active duty until 1982, serving in such roles as towed target carrier aircraft and simulated enemy radar contacts for Airborne Weapons Controller students training for duties aboard the E-3 Sentry AWACS. The F-102 would see service until the mid-1980s as the PQM-102 aerial target drone. The F-106 Delta Dart was the primary air defense interceptor aircraft for the US Air Force during the 1970s and early 1980s. It was also the last dedicated interceptor in U.S. Air Force service to date. It was gradually retired during the 1980s, though the QF-106 drone conversions of the aircraft were used until 1998 as aerial targets under the FSAT program.
Interceptor gunnery training
B-57E Canberra dedicated Air Defense Command target towing aircraft were used for training of F-86D Sabre, F-94C Starfire, and F-89D Scorpion interceptors firing 2.75-inch Mk 4/Mk 40 Folding-Fin Aerial Rockets. Due to the nature of air-to-air weapon training requiring a large amount of air space, only a few locations were available for practice ranges. ADC assigned these aircraft to bases close to these large, restricted areas, and fighter-interceptor squadrons deployed to these bases for this type of "hot fire" training which took place in these ranges.
The gunnery schools were located at Yuma AFB, Arizona (17th Tow Target Squadron (TTS)), and later moved to MacDill AFB, Florida where the training continued over the Gulf of Mexico. With the move to Florida, the 3d TTS was formed at George AFB, California which performed training over the Mojave Desert in Southern California. Additional units were located at Biggs AFB, near El Paso, Texas (1st TTS) and the 4756th TTS was located at Tyndall AFB, Florida to support the Fighter Weapons Center located there. ADC also supported overseas training at Johnson AB, Japan (the 6th Tow Target Squadron). From Johnson AB, B-57Es deployed to Clark AB, Philippines; Andersen AFB, Guam, Naha AB, Okinawa and Itazuke AB, Misawa AB and Yokota AB, all in Japan for training of the interceptor squadrons assigned to those bases. The 6th TTS was inactivated by late 1957 and the Canberra trainers were designated a flight of the 8th Bombardment Squadron at Johnson AB. In Europe, USAFE supported a squadron of B-57E gunnery trainers at Wheelus AB, Libya where European-based interceptors deployed for "live firing" over the vast desert range there.
To provide challenges for interceptors, The B-57Es towed styrofoam, bomb-shaped radar reflectant targets. These could be towed at higher altitudes than the high-drag 45' banners but hits could still be scored on them. By 1960, the rocket firing interceptors were giving way to F-102 Delta Dagger interceptors firing heat-seeking AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missiles. This made the target towing mission of the B-57E obsolete, and the B-57Es were adapted to electronic countermeasures and faker target aircraft (EB-57E) (see below).
In order to cover combat losses in the Vietnam War caused by two major ground explosions, twelve B-57Es were reconfigured as combat-capable B-57Bs at the Martin factory in late 1965 and were deployed to Southeast Asia for combat bombardment operations. Six other B-57Es were converted to RB-57E "Patricia Lynn" tactical reconnaissance aircraft in 1966 during the Vietnam War, operating from Tan Son Nhut Air Base until 1971.
Interceptor Missiles (IMs)
The Bomarc Missile Program delivered the first CIM-10 Bomarc supersonic surface-to-air missile to ADC during September 1959 at Fort Dix's BOMARC Base No. 1 near the missile launch control center on McGuire AFB (groundbreaking for McGuire's Air Defense Direction Center to house the IBM AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central for Bomarc ground-controlled interception had been in 1957.) To ensure probability of kill before bombers could drop their weapons, the AN/FSQ-7 used the Automatic Target and Battery Evaluation (ATABE) to determine which bombers/formations to assign to which manned interceptor base (e.g., using nuclear air-to-air missiles), which to assign to Bomarcs (e.g., with W-40 nuclear warheads) and if available, which to assign to the region's Nike Army Air Defense Command Post (that also had ATABE software for efficiently coordinating fire from multiple Hercules missile batteries.) Bomarc missiles bases were along the east and west coasts of North America and the central areas of the continent (e.g., Suffolk County Missile Annex was on Long Island, New York.) The supersonic Bomarc missiles were the first long-range anti-aircraft missiles in the world, and the longer range BOMARC B models required less time after erected until they could be launched.
Defense Systems Evaluation
"Faker", or simulated target aircraft flew mock penetrations into air defense sectors to exercise GDI stations, Air Defense Direction Centers, and interceptor squadrons. Initially using modified B-25 Mitchell and B-29 Superfortress bombers, the aircraft would fly attack profile missions at unexpected, random times and attempt to evade coverage by flying at low altitudes and randomly flying in different directions to confuse interceptors. The aircraft were modified to carry electronic countermeasures (ECM) gear to attempt to confuse radar operators. In 1957, the propeller-driven aircraft were phased out and replaced by Martin B-57 medium bombers which were being phased out of Tactical Air Command. Initially RB-57As from reconnaissance units were modified to have their former camera bays refitted to carry out the latest ECM systems to confuse the defenders. Wing racks, originally designed for bombs, now carried chaff dispensers and the navigator position was replaced with an Electronic Warfare Officer (EWO). The modified B-57s were designated as EB-57 (E for special electronic installation).
Considerable realism would be generated into these simulated aggressor attack missions being flown by the B-57 crews. Often several EB-57s were used to form separate tracks and provide a coordinated jamming attack to complicate the testing. When inside the range of the GCI radar, and in anticipation of interception, chaff was dispensed to confuse the defense force and electronic pulses to jam radar signals were turned on. It was up to the defending interceptors and GCI stations to sort out the correct interception.
Units operating these specially equipped aircraft were designated Defense Systems Evaluation Squadrons (DSES). The 4713th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron was stationed for training in the Northeast. The 4713th also deployed frequently to USAFE in West Germany for training of NATO forces. The other was the 4677th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, which concentrated on Fighter Interceptor Squadron training for units in the Western United States. In 1974, the 4713th DSES was inactivated and its EB-57s were divided between two Air National Guard units and the 4677th DSES was redesignated as the 17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron. This unit was inactivated in July 1979 and was the last to fly B-57s in the active duty USAF. It shared the Defense Systems Evaluation mission with the Kansas and Vermont Air National Guard. Defense Systems Evaluation operations were also carried out by the 6091st Reconnaissance Squadron, Yokota AB, Japan; later the 556th Reconnaissance Squadron and moved to Kadena AB, Okinawa. EB-57s were also deployed to Alaskan Air Command, Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, frequently.
The 134th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, Vermont Air National Guard, retired its last EB-57 in 1983, and the operational use of the B-57 Canberra ended. ADC supported 4-story SAGE blockhouses were hardened for overpressures of . NORAD sector direction center (NSDCs) also had air defense artillery director (ADAD) consoles [and an Army] ADA battle staff officer." The sector direction centers automatically communicated crosstelling of "SAGE reference track data" to/from adjacent sectors' DCs and to 10 Project Nike Missile Master Army Air Defense Command Posts.
Continental defense
From 1 September 1954 until 1975, ADC was a component of the unified Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) along with the Army's ARAACOM (1957 ARADCOM) and until 1965, the Navy's NAVFORCONAD. The USAF as the executive CONAD agent initially used ADC's:
General Benjamin Chidlaw as CINCONAD,
headquarters staff and ADC HQ building for the unified command staff, and
new blockhouse for the unified command center
ADC'a Permanent System radar stations were used for CONAD target data, along with Navy picket ships (Atlantic and Pacific Barrier until 1965) and Army Project Nike "target acquisition radars".
A CONAD reorganization that started in 1956 created a separate multi-service CONAD headquarters staff (with an Air Force Element), separated command of ADC from CINCONAD, and in 1957 added Alaskan Air Command and Northeast Air Command components to ADC Former NEAC installations in the smaller "Canadian Northeast Area" were transferred to the Canadian Air Defence Command. (e.g., the Hall Beach DEW Line station constructed 1955–1957--cf. Canada's Hopedale stations of the 1954 Pinetree Line and 1957 Mid-Canada Line.)
64th Air Division personnel were assigned to main stations of the 1957 DEW Line and annually inspected auxiliary/intermediate DEW stations maintained by the "DEW M&O Contractor." On 1 March 1957 CONAD reduced the number of ADC interceptor squadrons on alert for the Air Defense Identification Zone. "At the end of 1957, ADC operated 182 radar stations…32 had been added during the last half of the year as low-altitude, unmanned gap-filler radars. The total consisted of 47 gap-filler stations, 75 Permanent System radars, 39 semimobile radars, 19 Pinetree stations,…1 Lashup[-era] radar and a single Texas Tower". ADC subsequently became a component of , After the NORAD agreement was signed on 12 May 1958, ADC became a NORAD component.
SAGE The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) for radar operators was installed at ADC's general surveillance stations by deploying Burroughs AN/FST-2 Coordinate Data Transmitting Set electronics. Implementation of the SAGE Geographic Reorganization Plan of 25 July 1958 activated new ADC military installations, e.g., GATR stations for vectoring manned interceptors as well as BOMARC missile launch complexes with nearby GAT Facilities. On 20 December 1958 NORAD approved the "USAF ADC Plan" which included 10 Super Combat Centers (SCCs) in underground bunkers to replace 5 above-ground Combat Centers remaining to be built. Modification of FAA radars to the ARSR-1A configuration (Amplitron, "antenna gear box modification", etc.) were to be complete by November 1960 (e.g., at the Fort Heath radar station) and all 3 Texas Towers were in-service by April 1959 with ADC detachments/radars on offshore platforms near the New England coast, and the Continental Air Defense Integration North schedule for gap-filler radars included those for "P-20F, London, Ontario; C-4-C, Brampton, Ontario; C-5-C, Mt Carleton, New Brunswick; and C-6-D, Les Etroits. Quebec"—in the spring of 1959, ADC requested the Air Defense Systems Integration Division to study accelerating the scheduled 1962 deployment of those 4 sites. After the planned SCCs were cancelled in 1960, the SAGE System was augmented by the "pre-SAGE semiautomatic intercept system" for Backup Interceptor Control as at North Bend AFS in February 1962 (BUIC II first at North Truro AFS in 1966.)
By 30 June 1958, the planned ADC anti-ICBM processing facility to coordinate the ABM missile fire was considered "the heart of the entire [planned] ballistic missile defense system (conceived to have Nike Zeus and Wizard missiles.) On 19 October 1959, HQ USAF assigned ADC the "planning responsibility" for eventual operations of the Missile Defense Alarm System to detect ICBM launches with infrared sensors on space vehicles.
Missile warning and space surveillance
ADC's BMEWS Central Computer and Display Facility was built as an austere network center (instead of for coordinating anti-ICBM fire) which "at midnight on 30 September I960…achieved initial operational capability" (IOC). On 1 July 1961 for space surveillance, ADC took over the Laredo Test Site and the Trinidad Air Station from Rome Air Development Center. The "1st Aero" cadre at the Hanscom AFB NSSCC moved 496L System operations in July 1961 to Ent's "SPADATS Center" in the annex of building P4. Operational BMEWS control of the Thule Site J RCA AN/FPS-50 Radar Sets transferred from RCA to ADC on 5 January 1962 (the 12MWS activated in 1967.) By 30 June 1962, integration of ADC's BMEWS CC&DF and the SPADATS Center was completed at Ent AFB, and the Air Forces Iceland transferred from Military Air Transport Service to ADC on 1 July 1962.
The 9th ADD established the temporary 1962 "Cuban Missile Early Warning System" for the missile crisis. Responsibility for a USAFSS squadron's AN/FPS-17 radar station in Turkey for missile test monitoring transferred to ADC on 1 July 1963, the same date the site's AN/FPS-79 achieved IOC. By January 1963, ADC's Detachment 3 of the 9th Aerospace Defense Division (9th ADD) was providing space surveillance data from the Moorestown BMEWS station "to a Spacetrack Analysis Center at Colorado Springs." On 31 December 1965, Forward Scatter Over-the-Horizon network data from the 440L Data Reduction Center was being received by ADC for missile warning, and a NORAD plan for 1 April 1966 was for ADC to "reorganize its remaining 26th, 28th, 29th, and 73d Air Divisions into four air forces."
The 1966 20th Surveillance Squadron began ADC's phased array operations with the Eglin AFB Site C-6 Project Space Track radar (the Eglin phased array's IOC was in 1969, and the North Dakota CMEWS "began passing" PARCS phased array data to NORAD in 1977 after being "modified for the ADCOM mission".
After claiming in March 1958 that "the Army's ZEUS did not have the growth potential to handle possible enemy evasion decoy and countermeasure tactics", the USAF similarly identified by early 1959 that its planned Wizard missile was "not cost effective" against ICBM warheads.—the Army Zeus deployed successors against ICBMs (SAFEGUARD System, 1975–6) and space vehicles (Johnston Atoll, 1962–75). After tests of the 1959 High Virgo (at Explorer 5), 1959 Bold Orion (Explorer 6), and 1963 Project 505 (Nike Zeus) anti-satellite tests (the latter's nuclear burst destroyed a satellite), the Air Force Systems Command ASM-135 ASAT collided with a satellite in 1984.
Consolidated C3
ADC's Consolidated Command. Control and Communications Program, FY 1965–1972 was an outgrowth of a 196x "ADC-NORAD PAGE Study" for replacing SAGE/BUIC with a Primary Automated Ground Environment (PAGE) . The program with a Joint DOD/FAA National Airspace System (NAS) resulted with DOD/FAA agreements for a common aircraft surveillance system, with the FAA "to automate its new National Airspace System (NAS) centers". ADC estimated its portion "would cost about $6 million, with annual operating, maintenance, and communication costs about $3.5 million" ("the first BUIC III was set to begin in April 1967 at Z-50, Saratoga Springs".)
As the space mission grew the command changed its name, effective 15 January 1968, to Aerospace Defense Command, or ADCOM. Under ADCOM, emphasis went to systems for ballistic missile detection and warning and space surveillance, and the atmospheric detection and warning system, which had been in an almost continuous state of expansion and improvement since the 1950s, went into decline.
BOMARC, for example, was dropped from the weapons inventory, and the F-101 and F-102 passed from the regular Air Force inventory into the National Guard. To save funds and manpower, drastic reductions were made in the number of long range radar stations, the number of interceptor squadrons, and in the organizational structure. By 1968 the DOD was making plans to phase down the current air defense system and transition to a new system which included an Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), Over-the-Horizon Backscatter (OTH-B) radar, and an improved F-106 interceptor aircraft.
The changing emphasis in the threat away from the manned bomber and to the ballistic missile brought reorganization and reduction in aerospace defense resources and personnel and almost continuous turmoil in the management structure. The headquarters of the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) and ADC were combined on 1 July 1973. Six months later in February 1973, ADC was reduced to 20 fighter squadrons and a complete phaseout of air defense missile batteries.
Continental Air Command was disestablished on 1 July 1975 and Aerospace Defense Command became a specified command by direction of the JCS. Reductions and reorganizations continued into the last half of the 1970s, but while some consideration was given to closing down the major command headquarters altogether and redistributing field resources to other commands, such a move lacked support in the Air Staff.
Inactivation
In early 1977 strong Congressional pressure to reduce management "overhead", and the personal conviction of the USAF Chief of Staff that substantial savings could be realized without a reduction in operational capability, moved the final "reorganization" of ADCOM to center stage. Two years of planning followed, but by late 1979 the Air Force was ready to carry it through. It was conducted in two phases:
On 1 October 1979 ADCOM atmospheric defense resources (interceptors, warning radars, and associated bases and personnel) were transferred to Tactical Air Command. They were placed under Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), compatible to a Numbered Air Force under TAC. With this move many Air National Guard units that had an air defense mission also came under the control of TAC. ADTAC was headquartered at Ent Air Force Base, Colorado, with North American Aerospace Defense Command. In essence, Tactical Air Command became the old Continental Air Command. On the same date, electronic assets went to the Air Force Communications Service (AFCS).
On 1 December 1979 missile warning and space surveillance assets were transferred to Strategic Air Command. On the same date the Aerospace Defense Center, a Direct Reporting Unit, was established from the remnants of ADCOM headquarters.
ADCOM, as a specified command, continued as the United States component of NORAD, but the major air command was inactivated on 31 March 1980. The unit designation of the MAJCOM reverted to the control of the Department of the Air Force.
Commanders
Lt. Gen George Stratemeyer
Maj. Gen Gordon Saville
Lt. Gen Ennis Whitehead
Gen Benjamin W. Chidlaw
Maj. Gen Frederick Smith Jr. – from 31 May 1955
Gen Earle Partridge (acting)
Lt. Gen Joseph H. Atkinson – became ADC commander on 22 September
Lt. Gen Robert Lee
Lt. Gen Herbert Thatcher
Lt. Gen Arthur Agan
Lineage
Established as Air Defense Command on 21 March 1946
Activated as a major command on 27 March 1946
Became a subordinate operational command of Continental Air Command on 1 December 1948
Discontinued on 1 July 1950
Reestablished as a major command, and organized, on 1 January 1951
Became a specified command in 1975
Redesignated Aerospace Defense Command on 15 January 1968
Major Command inactivated on 31 March 1980
Components
Air Defense Forces
Central Air Defense Force (CADF)
Activated on 1 March 1951 at Kansas City, Missouri
Moved to Grandview AFB, 10 March 1954
Station redesignated Richards-Gebaur AFB, 27 April 1952
Inactivated, 1 January 1960
Eastern Air Defense Force (EADF)
Activated by Continental Air Command on 1 September 1949 at Mitchel AFB, New York
Moved to Stewart AFB and assigned to Air Defense Command on 1 January 1951
Inactivated, 1 January 1960
Western Air Defense Force (WADF)
Activated by Continental Air Command on 1 September 1949 at Hamilton AFB, California
Reassigned to Air Defense Command, 1 January 1951
Inactivated, 1 July 1960
Air Forces
First Air Force
Assigned to Air Defense Command, 27 March 1946 at Mitchel Field, New York
Moved to Fort Slocum, New York, 3 June 1946
Reassigned to Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948
Reassigned to Air Defense Command, 1 April 1966
Inactivated, 31 December 1969
Second Air Force
Reactivated on 6 June 1946 at Fort Crook, Nebraska
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Inactivated, 1 July 1948
Fourth Air Force
Assigned to Air Defense Command, 21 March 1946 at March Field, California
Moved to Hamilton Field, California on 19 June 1946
Reassigned to Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948
Discontinued, 1 September 1960
Reactivated 1 April 1966 and assigned to Air Defense Command
Inactivated, 30 September 1969
Tenth Air Force, 21 March 1946 – 1 December 1948; 20 January 1966 – 8 October 1976
Reactivated 27 May 1946 at Brooks Field, Texas
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Reassigned to Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948
Inactivated, 1 September 1960
Reactivated 1 April 1966 and assigned to Air Defense Command
Assigned to Richards-Gebaur AFB
Inactivated, 30 September 1969
Eleventh Air Force*
Activated 13 June 1946 at Olmsted Field, Middletown, Pennsylvania
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Inactivated, 1 July 1948
Fourteenth Air Force, 21 March 1946 – 1 December 1948; 20 January 1966 – 8 October 1976
Reactivated 24 May 1945 at Orlando Air Base, Florida
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Reassigned to Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948
Inactivated, 1 September 1960
Reactivated 1 April 1966 and assigned to Air Defense Command
Assigned to Gunter AFB, Alabama
Redesignated Fourteenth Aerospace Force, 1 July 1968
Moved to Ent AFB, Colorado
Inactivated, 1 October 1976
Air Forces Iceland
Assigned to Air Defense Command from Military Air Transport Service, 1 July 1962
Stationed at Keflavik Airport, Iceland
Assigned to 64th Air Division
Transferred to: 26th Air Division, 1 July 1963
Transferred to: Goose Air Defense Sector, 4 September 1963
Transferred to: 37th Air Division, 1 April 1966
Transferred to: 21st Air Division, 31 December 1969
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
.Note: Assigned to Olmsted AFB, Pennsylvania, but never equipped or manned. Not to be confused with Eleventh Air Force, which was assigned to Alaskan Air Command
Regions
Alaskan ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, 1 October 1975
Missile warning and space surveillance forces reassigned to Strategic Air Command, 1 December 1979
Redesignated as Alaska NORAD Region (ANR), 14 June 1983
Operational atmospheric defense units under operational control of Eleventh Air Force
20th ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at Fort Lee AFS, Virginia, 8 December 1978
Supplementary ADCOM designation of 20th Air Division
21st ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at Hancock AFS, New York, 8 December 1978
Supplementary ADCOM designation of 21st Air Division
23d ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at Duluth AFS, Minnesota, 8 December 1978
Supplementary ADCOM designation of 23d Air Division
24th ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at Malmstrom AFB, Montana, 8 December 1978
Supplementary ADCOM designation of 24th Air Division
25th ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at McChord AFB, Washington, 8 December 1978
Supplementary ADCOM designation of 25th Air Division
26th ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at Luke AFB, Arizona, 8 December 1978
Supplementary ADCOM designation of 26th Air Division
Air Divisions
8th Air Division (Aircraft Early Warning & Control)
Activated 1 May 1954 at McClellan AFB, California
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force
Transferred to Air Defense Command, 1 May 1955
Inactivated, 1 July 1957
9th Air Division (Defense)
Activated 8 October 1954 at Geiger Field, Washington
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force
Inactivated, 15 August 1958
Reactivated on 15 July 1961 as 9th Aerospace Air Division at Ent AFB, Colorado
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Designated 9th Aerospace Defense Division by 31 May 1963
Discontinued, 1 July 1968
20th Air Division
Activated on 8 October 1955 at Grandview AFB, Missouri
Assigned to Central Air Defense Force
Station renamed Richards-Gebaur AFB, 27 April 1957
Inactivated 1 January 1960
Reactivated on 1 April 1966 at Truax Field, Wisconsin
Assigned to Tenth Air Force
Discontinued 31 December 1967
Reactivated on 19 November 1969 at Fort Lee AFS, Virginia
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
21st Air Division
Activated 20 January 1966
Organized at McGuire AFB, New Jersey 1 April 1966
Assigned to First Air Force
Discontinued and inactivated 31 December 1967
Reactivated on 19 November 1969 at Hancock AFS, New York
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
23d Air Division
Activated 19 November 1969 at Duluth AFS, Minnesota
Assigned to First Air Force
Reassigned to Air Defense Command on 1 December 1969
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
24th Air Division
Activated 19 November 1969 at Malmstrom AFB, Montana
Assigned to Tenth Air Force
Reassigned to Air Defense Command on 1 December 1969
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
25th Air Division
Activated 25 October 1948 as 25th Air Division (Defense) at Silver Lake, Washington
Assigned to Fourth Air Force
Reassigned to Western Air Defense Force, 1 February 1950
Moved to McChord AFB, 15 September 1951
Redesignated 25th Air Division (SAGE), 1 March 1959
Reassigned to Air Defense Command on 1 July 1960
Reassigned to Fourth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Reassigned to Tenth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Reassigned to Aerospace Defense Command, 1 December 1969
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
26th Air Division
Activated 16 November 1948 at Mitchel AFB, New York
Assigned to First Air Force
Moved to Roslyn AFS, New York 18 April 1949
Redesignated 26th Air Division (Defense), 20 June 1949
Reassigned to Eastern Air Defense Force, 1 September 1950
Redesignated 26th Air Division (SAGE), 8 August 1958 and moved to Syracuse AFS, New York
Transferred to Air Defense Command on 1 August 1959
Moved to Stewart AFB, New York, 15 June 1964
Redesignated 26th Air Division, 20 January 1966 and moved to Adair AFS, Oregon
Inactivated, 30 September 1969
Reactivated 19 November 1969 at Luke AFB, Arizona
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
27th Air Division
Activated as 27th Air Division (Defense) on 20 November 1950 at Norton AFB, California
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force
Inactivated, 1 October 1959
Organized as 27th Air Division on 1 April 1966 at Luke AFB, Arizona
Assigned to Fourth Air Force
Reassigned to Tenth Air Force on 15 September 1969
Inactivated 19 November 1969
28th Air Division
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force on 1 January 1951 as 28th Air Division (Defense)
Assigned to Hamilton AFB, California
Redesignated as 28th Air Division (SAGE) and transferred to Air Defense Command, 1 July 1960
Redesignated 28th Air Division, 1 April 1966
Moved to Malmstrom AFB, Montana and assigned to Tenth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Inactivated 19 November 1969
29th Air Division
Activated 1 March 1951 at Great Falls AFB, Montana
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force
Transferred to Central Air Defense Force, 16 February 1953
Great Falls AFB renamed Malmstrom AFB, Montana, 1 October 1955
Redesignated as 29th Air Division (SAGE) and transferred to Air Defense Command, 1 July 1960
Moved to Richards-Gebaur AFB, Missouri, 1 July 1961
Redesignated 29th Air Division, 1 April 1966
Moved to Duluth AFS, Minnesota, and assigned to Tenth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Reassigned to First Air Force on 15 September 1969
Inactivated 19 November 1969
30th Air Division,
Activated on 16 December 1949 as 30th Air Division (Defense) at Selfridge AFB, Michigan
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Moved to Willow Run AFS, Michigan on 1 April 1952
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force, 1 April 1952
Redesignated 30th Air Division (SAGE), 1 April 1959 and moved to Truax Field, Wisconsin
Reassigned to Air Defense Command on 1 July 1959
Redesignated 30th Air Division and moved to Sioux City AFS, Iowa (w/o p/e), 1 April 1966
Reassigned to Tenth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Discontinued 18 September 1968
31st Air Division
Activated on 8 October 1950 as 31st Air Division (Defense) at Selfridge AFB, Michigan
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force
Reassigned to Air Defense Command on 1 January 1951
Moved to Snelling AFS, Minnesota on 18 December 1950
Reassigned to Central Air Defense Force, 20 May 1950
Inactivated 1 January 1960
Organized at Oklahoma City AFS, Oklahoma on 1 April 1966
Assigned to Fourteenth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Reassigned to Tenth Air Force on 1 July 1968
Inactivated on 31 December 1969
32d Air Division
Assigned on 1 January 1951 to Eastern Air Defense Force at Stewart AFB, New York
Moved to Syracuse AFS, New York, 15 February 1952
Inactivated on 15 August 1958
Reactivated on 15 November 1958 as 32d Air Division (SAGE) at Dobbins AFB, Georgia
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force
Reassigned to Air Defense Command, 1 August 1959
Moved to Oklahoma City AFS, Oklahoma, 1 August 1961
Discontinued 4 September 1963
Organized at Gunter AFB, Alabama, 1 April 1966
Assigned to Fourteenth Air Force
Reassigned to Tenth Air Force, 1 July 1968
Inactivated 31 December 1969
33d Air Division
Activated on 19 March 1951 as 33d Air Division (Defense) at Tinker AFB, Oklahoma
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force
Reassigned to Central Air Defense Force, 20 May 1951
Moved to Oklahoma City AFS, Oklahoma, 1 July 1956
Redesignated 33d Air Division (SAGE) and moved to Richards-Gebaur AFB, Missouri, 1 January 1960
Reassigned to Air Defense Command
Discontinued 1 July 1961
Organized on 1 April 1966 as 33d Air Division at Fort Lee AFS, Virginia
Assigned to First Air Force
Inactivated 19 November 1969
34th Air Division
Activated on 5 January 1951 at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force
Reassigned to Central Air Defense Force 15 February 1953
Inactivated 1 January 1960
Organized at Custer AFS, Michigan, 1 April 1966
Assigned to First Air Force
Inactivated 31 December 1969
35th Air Division
Activated on 1 July 1951 at Kansas City, Missouri
Assigned to Central Air Defense Force
Moved to Dobbins AFB, Georgia, 1 September 1951
Reassigned to Eastern Air Defense Force, 10 April 1955
Inactivated 15 November 1958
Organized on 1 April 1966 at Syracuse AFS, New York
Inactivated 19 November 1968
36th Air Division
Activated 1 April 1966 at Topsham AFS, Maine
Assigned to First Air Force
Inactivated 30 September 1969
37th Air Division
Activated on 10 October 1951 at Lockborne AFB, Ohio under Strategic Air Command
Moved to Truax Field, Wisconsin 8 September 1955 and transferred to Air Defense Command
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force
Inactivated 1 April 1959
Organized on 1 April 1966 at Goose AFB, Labrador, Canada
Assigned to First Air Force
Reassigned to Aerospace Defense Command, 1 December 1969
Inactivated 10 June 1970
58th Air Division (Defense)
Activated 8 September 1955 at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force
Inactivated 1 February 1959
64th Air Division
Transferred on 1 April 1957 to Air Defense Command from Northeast Air Command
Assigned to Pepperrell AFB, Newfoundland
Moved to Stewart AFB, New York, 26 May 1960
Discontinued, 1 July 1963
73d Air Division
Activated 1 July 1957 as 73d Air Division (Weapons) at Tyndall AFB, Florida
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Redesignated 73d Air Division, 1 March 1963
Discontinued 1 April 1966
85th Air Division
Activated 8 September 1955 at Andrews AFB, Maryland
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force
Inactivated 1 September 1958
Air Defense Sectors
Albuquerque Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 January 1960 at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico
Assigned to 33d Air Division
Discontinued 1 November 1960
Bangor Air Defense Sector
Activated on 8 January 1957 at Topsham AFS, Maine
Assigned to 32d Air Division
Reassigned to 26th Air Division, 15 August 1958
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Boston Air Defense Sector
4622d Air Defense Wing (SAGE) redesignated 8 January 1957
Activated at Stewart AFB, New York
Assigned to 26th Air Division
Moved to Syracuse AFS, New York 1 April 1966
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Chicago Air Defense Sector
4628th Air Defense Wing redesignated 8 March 1957
Activated at Truax Field, Wisconsin
Assigned to 37th Air Division
Reassigned to 30th Air Division, 1 April 1959
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Detroit Air Defense Sector
4627th Air Defense Wing redesignated, 8 January 1957
Activated at Custer AFS, Michigan
Assigned to 30th Air Division
Reassigned to 26th Air Division, 4 September 1963
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Duluth Air Defense Sector
Activated 8 October 1957 at Duluth AFS, Minnesota
Assigned to 37th Air Division (EADF)
Reassigned to 31st Air Division (CADF), 20 December 1957
Reassigned to 37th Air Division, 1 January 1959
Reassigned to 30th Air Division, 1 April 1959
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Goose Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 April 1960 at Goose AFB, Labrador, Canada
Assigned to 64th Air Division
Reassigned to 26th Air Division (SAGE), 1 July 1963
Discontinued on 1 April 1966
Grand Forks Air Defense Sector
Activated on 8 December 1957 at Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota
Assigned to 31st Air Division
Reassigned to 29th Air Division, 1 January 1959
Discontinued on 1 December 1963
Great Falls Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 March 1959 at Malmstrom AFB, Montana
Assigned to 29th Air Division
Discontinued on 1 April 1966
Kansas City Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 January 1960 at Richards-Gebaur AFB, Missouri
Assigned to 33d Air Division
Reassigned to 29th Air Division, 1 July 1961
Discontinued 1 January 1962
Los Angeles Air Defense Sector
Activated on 15 February 1959 at Norton AFB, California
Assigned to 27th Air Division
Reassigned to Western Air Defense Force, 1 October 1959
Reassigned to 28th Air Division, 1 July 1960
Reassigned to Fourth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Discontinued 25 June 1966
Minot Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 April 1959 at Minot AFB, North Dakota
Assigned to 29th Air Division
Discontinued 15 August 1963
Montgomery Air Defense Sector
Activated on 8 September 1957 at Gunter AFB, Alabama
Assigned to 35th Air Division
Reassigned to 32d Air Division, 15 November 1958
Reassigned to 26th Air Division (SAGE), 1 July 1963
Assigned to Air Defense Command, 1 October 1964
Discontinued 1 April 1966
New York Air Defense Sector
4621st Air Defense Wing (SAGE) redesignated, 8 January 1957
Assigned to McGuire AFB, New Jersey
Assigned to 26th Air Division
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Oklahoma City Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 January 1960 at Oklahoma City AFS, Oklahoma
Assigned to 33d Air Division
Reassigned to 32d Air Division, 1 July 1961
Discontinued 1 September 1961
Reactivated 25 June 1963 at Oklahoma City AFS
Assigned to 29th Air Division (SAGE)
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Phoenix Air Defense Sector
Activated on 15 June 1959 at Luke AFB, Arizona
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force
Reassigned to 28th Air Division, 1 July 1960
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Portland Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 September 1958 at Adair AFS, Oregon
25th Air Division
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Reno Air Defense Sector
Activated on 15 February 1959 at Stead AFB, Nevada
Assigned to 25th Air Division
Reassigned to 28th Air Division, 1 July 1960
Reassigned to Fourth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Discontinued 25 June 1966
San Francisco Air Defense Sector
Activated on 15 February 1959 at Beale AFB, California
Assigned to 28th Air Division
Discontinued 1 August 1963
Sault Sainte Marie Air Defense Sector
Activated on 8 November 1958 at K. I. Sawyer AFB, Michigan
Assigned to 37th Air Division
Reassigned to 30th Air Division, 1 April 1959
Discontinued 15 December 1963
Seattle Air Defense Sector
Activated on 8 January 1958 at McChord AFB, Washington
Assigned to 25th Air Division
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Sioux City Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 October 1959 at Sioux City AFS, Iowa
Assigned to 20th Air Division
Reassigned to 33d Air Division, 1 January 1960
Reassigned to 29th Air Division, 1 July 1961
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Spokane Air Defense Sector
Activated on 8 September 1958 at Larson AFB, Washington
Assigned to 25th Air Division
Discontinued 1 September 1963
Syracuse Air Defense Sector
4624th Air Defense Wing (SAGE), redesignated 8 January 1957
Activated at Syracuse AFS, New York
Assigned to 32d Air Division
Reassigned to 25th Air Division, 15 August 1958
Discontinued 4 September 1963
Washington Air Defense Sector
4625th Air Defense Wing (SAGE) redesignated 8 January 1957
Activated at Fort Lee AFS, Virginia
Assigned to 85th Air Division
Reassigned to 26th Air Division, 1 September 1958
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Other
Air Force Element, NORAD/ADCOM (AFENA)
Activated tbd
Redesignated a Direct Reporting Unit of USAF as Aerospace Defense Center, 1 December 1979
Air Defense Weapons Center
Organized at Tyndall AFB, Florida, 31 October 1967
Assigned to Air DefenseCommand
Transferred to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
Aerospace Defense Command Combat Operations Center (COC)
Designated and activated as NORAD Combat Operations Center, 21 April 1976
Assigned to Cheyenne Mountain Complex City, Colorado
Assigned to Aerospace Defense Command, 21 April 1976
Redesignated ADCOM CONIC, 30 June 1976
Transferred to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
References
</ref>
Major commands of the United States Air Force
Air defense units and formations of the United States Air Force
Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War
Military units and formations established in 1968
Military units and formations disestablished in 1980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace%20Defense%20Command |
The Mangalarga is a horse breed that was originally developed in Brazil by Francisco Gabriel Junqueira, the Baron of Alfenas, when he began breeding Alter Real stallions from Portugal with local Colonial Spanish mares on his lands in Baependi County at Minas Gerais State.
Thus work of Junqueira also developed the Mangalarga Marchador breed that differs from the Mangalarga due to the influence of different bloodlines and a focus on different traits. However, at the beginning, there was just one type of horse, the "Mangalarga Horse". However, today the two breeds are different from one another and each has its own studbook and breed associations.
References
Horse breeds
Horse breeds originating in Brazil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalarga |
Championship Manager 3 is a game in the Championship Manager series of football management computer games, the first in the third generation of the series. It was developed by Sports Interactive and released exclusively for the PC in the spring of 1999.
Gameplay
Championship Manager 3 features new user interface and menu system. It primarily used a vertical menu bar on the left-hand side of the screen, as well as the traditional horizontal menu bars across the top and bottom of the screen. As well as the new menu system, many more high-resolution background images were added - these were mostly relevant to whatever screen the player was viewing.
There were many small changes and improvements to the gameplay, including an improved match-engine, customisable training schedules, more cup competitions from around the world, a more in-depth tactics system, realistic reserve and youth squads, and improved player scouting. One major new addition was the ability to play multiplayer games via a local area network (LAN), allowing up to 16 people to compete against each other in the same game 'world'. This option could also be used to play over the internet. The hotseat multiplayer mode was also expanded to allow up to 16 people to play on the same machine.
The database of players and staff swelled to over 25,000 for this version, again increasing the depth and realism of the game. Due to the increased player database and the massive amount of processing that the game needed to do, a 'multi-tasking' design was used. This allowed the computer to process data in the background while still allowing the player to do things like browse around the game, search for players, change tactics, etc.
The number of playable leagues increased in this instalment to include league systems of fifteen nations were selectable. For the first time of playable leagues outside of Europe were included.
Reception
Championship Manager 3 received generally favourable reviews, and was consistently rated above 85%. PC Zone gave the game its highest rating (93%), praising the depth of its database and its ease of use, although it was marked down for its slow running speed on older hardware.
The game was a hit in the United Kingdom having sold 170,000 copies.
References
1999 video games
Eidos Interactive games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Video game sequels
Association football management video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship%20Manager%203 |
The Journal of Multimedia was a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Academy Publisher. It covered the study of multimedia algorithms and applications, information retrieval, artificial intelligence, multimedia compression, statistical inference, network theory, and other related topics. The editor-in-chief was Jiebo Luo (University of Rochester).
Indexing and abstracting
The journal was abstracted and indexed in EBSCO databases, Scopus, EI Compendex, INSPEC, PASCAL, and ProQuest.
External links
Computer science journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Multimedia |
"3 a.m. Eternal" is a song by British acid house group the KLF, taken from their fourth and final studio album, The White Room (1991). Numerous versions of the song were released as singles between 1989 and 1992. In January 1991, an acid house pop version of the song became an international top ten hit single, reaching number-one on the UK Singles Chart, number two on the UK Dance Singles Chart and number five on the US Billboard Hot 100, and leading to the KLF becoming the internationally biggest-selling singles band of 1991.
The following year, when the KLF accepted an invitation to perform at the 1992 BRIT Awards ceremony, they caused controversy with a succession of anti-establishment gestures that included a duet performance of "3 a.m. Eternal" with the crust punk band Extreme Noise Terror, during which KLF co-founder Bill Drummond fired machine-gun blanks over the audience of music industry luminaries. A studio-produced version of this song was issued as a limited edition mail order 7-inch single, the final release by the KLF and their independent record label, KLF Communications. Q Magazine ranked "3 a.m. Eternal" number 150 in their list of the "1001 Best Songs Ever" in 2003.
Origins
The original 1989 12-inch single release constituted the second of the KLF's "Pure Trance" series. There were two issues, numbered 005T (pink writing on a black sleeve, with two KLF mixes) and 005R (black writing on a pink sleeve, with four more mixes, including remixes by the Cauty/Paterson incarnation of The Orb ("Blue Danube Orbital") and The Moody Boys).
Stadium House version
A version heavily reworked for a mainstream audience, "3 a.m. Eternal (Live at the S.S.L.)", was issued on 7 January 1991, reaching number one on the UK singles chart and number five on the US Billboard Hot 100. This version incorporated rap verses by Ricardo da Force and opening vocals from soul legend P. P. Arnold, both of whom appear in the music video. Crowd noise was added to the mix to give the impression that the single was a live recording. The "S.S.L." in the subtitle refers to a Solid State Logic mixing desk. The seven inch version of this mix appears on the album The White Room. The main B-side was a dub-based version of the same song, "3 a.m. Eternal (Guns of Mu Mu)", featuring the bassline from The Clash's "Guns of Brixton". Concurrent with the chart-topping version, yet another 12-inch was released, with resolutely underground remixes by The Moody Boys.
Music video
There are two video versions for the SSL video. The American version includes an opening with a travel through the mythical "Land of Mu Mu" where the KLF are performing inside a pyramid scenery with singers in a stadium. The European version shows the KLF vehicle (the police cruiser used in their Timelords incarnation) driving around London with Ricardo da Force rapping in the backseat, intercut with footage of him and a full band performing the song onstage. The video received heavy rotation on MTV Europe.
The KLF vs Extreme Noise Terror
In January 1992, the KLF released a limited edition mail order only single containing a new version of "3 a.m." featuring the grindcore/crust punk band Extreme Noise Terror (called the "Christmas Top of the Pops 1991" version as the KLF had hoped to perform it on the 1991 Christmas Top of the Pops but were rebuffed by the BBC). The two bands instead performed a live version of the song at the BRIT Awards ceremony in February 1992. The Brits performance included a limping, kilted, cigar-chomping Drummond firing blanks from an automatic weapon over the heads of the crowd.
After viewing the rehearsals, NME writer Danny Kelly said: "Compared to what's preceded it, this is a turbo-powered metallic wolf breaking into a coop full of particularly sick doves... And the noise? Well, the noise is hardcore punk thrash through a disco Techno hit played by crusties. All bases covered, brilliantly. Clever, clever bastards." At the end of the performance, Scott Piering announced to a stunned crowd that "The KLF have now left the music business". Within a few months, they did just that—their records were deleted and the KLF retired from the industry. Kelly later described the Brits performance as the KLF's "self-destruction in an orgy of punk rock..., mock outrage ... and real bad taste". The track finally saw wide release in 2021 when it was included as part of the Solid State Logik compilations released by the KLF in January that year.
Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard commented, "Alternative dance act makes its label debut with an invigorating rave that picks up where the previous "What Time Is Love" left off. Sonic blast of techno/hip-hop, industrial riffs, and R&B diva vocals has the juice to kick hard on the dancefloor and ignite crossover radio action."
In a January 1991 feature on the KLF, NME writer Roger Morton described the "Pure Trance Original" as a "classic club track" and the "Live at the S.S.L." version as "murderously powerful". In 1992, the magazine's David Quantick wrote, "This one-sided, white label, 1,000 copies only, your-mates-won't-have-it-and-you-will seven inch monster is in the great tradition of KLF product, not as shiningly beautiful as "Last Train to Trancentral" or quite as bonkers as "Justified and Ancient", but any band who can discern the secret link between hardcore thrash and hardcore dance are well worth the candle." As Record Mirrors "Single of the Week", the "Live at the S.S.L." version was regarded as "a magnificent pulsating beast combining bleeps and body heat". Appraising the track retrospectively in 2000, The Guardian referred to the "Live at the S.S.L." version as an "epic pop masterpiece".
An editor from Complex commented that "the message [of the song] is universal: Time is eternal." Tom Ewing of Freaky Trigger described is as an "awe-inpsiring [sic], colossal, unprecedented dancefloor bulldozer". Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report wrote, "Production wizardry from these techno-talents earns three stars for a highly original effort. A #1 track in their native England, it's won over audiences throughout Europe and stands to do the same in North America. Strengthened by a video that is nothing short of exceptional, it's getting major exposure on MTV with five plays a day in "Buzz Bin" rotation."
The "Pure Trance Original" was described by Record Mirror as a "euro-flavoured deep house pulser" with atmospheric chanting and a "cathedral-like resonance".
In 2020, The Guardian ranked the song number 23 in their list of "The 100 greatest UK No 1s".
Formats and track listings
"3 a.m. Eternal (Pure Trance Original)" was aired as a UK 12-inch single in May 1989. "3 a.m. Eternal (Live from the S.S.L.)" was given an international release as a single on 7 January 1991. A single of remixes by The Moody Boys was given a limited release a week later. In January 1992, a one-sided 7-inch single of the KLF's collaboration with Extreme Noise Terror was released via mail order only, a limited pressing of 1000 copies.
Key
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1989 songs
1989 singles
1991 singles
The KLF songs
KLF Communications singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in Denmark
Number-one singles in Finland
Song recordings produced by the KLF
English house music songs
Songs written by Jimmy Cauty
Songs written by Bill Drummond | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%20a.m.%20Eternal |
The scarlet myzomela or scarlet honeyeater (Myzomela sanguinolenta) is a small passerine bird of the honeyeater family Meliphagidae native to Australia. It was first described by English ornithologist John Latham in 1801. At long, it is the smallest honeyeater in Australia. It has a short tail and relatively long down-curved bill. It is sexually dimorphic; the male is a striking bright red with black wings, while the female is entirely brown. The species is more vocal than most honeyeaters, and a variety of calls have been recorded, including a bell-like tinkling.
The scarlet myzomela is found along most of the eastern coastline, from Cape York in the far north to Gippsland in Victoria. It is migratory in the southern parts of its range, with populations moving north in the winter. Its natural habitat is forest, where it forages mainly in the upper tree canopy. It is omnivorous, feeding on insects as well as nectar. Up to three broods may be raised over the course of a breeding season. The female lays two or rarely three flecked white eggs in a diameter cup-shaped nest high in a tree. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as being of least concern on account of its large range and apparently stable population.
Taxonomy
The scarlet myzomela was depicted in three paintings in a set of early illustrations known as the Watling drawings, done in the first years of European settlement of Sydney between 1788 and 1794. Based on these, English ornithologist John Latham described it as three separate species in 1801. He based the description of Certhia sanguinolenta on an immature male moulting into adult plumage with incomplete red colouration, calling it the sanguineous creeper. In the same publication he described Certhia dibapha, the cochineal creeper, and C. erythropygia, the red-rumped creeper. English naturalist James Francis Stephens called it Meliphaga sanguinea in 1826 as a replacement name for Latham's Certhia sanguinolenta. John Gould determined Latham's three names to be the one species in 1843, adopting the first-written binomial name as the valid one and relegating the others to synonymy, though the name Myzomela dibapha was occasionally used, particularly in New Caledonia. In 1990, Ian McAllan proposed that the first drawing did not confirm the species identity and proposed the name Myzomela dibapha to hence be the oldest validly published name; however, Richard Schodde countered in 1992 that the drawing of an immature male could not be of any other species, meaning that M. sanguinolenta should stand. He added that the alternative proposed name had not been in use since the 1850s. The Wakolo myzomela, Sulawesi myzomela, Banda myzomela, and New Caledonian myzomela were all previously considered to be conspecific with the scarlet myzomela. There are no recognized subspecies nor regional variations; differences in observed plumage are due to wear after moulting.
This species is commonly known as the scarlet honeyeater in Australia and scarlet myzomela elsewhere, the latter name being adopted as the official name by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC). Gould used Latham's name of sanguineous honeyeater in the 19th century, which persisted into the early 20th century. Other common names are soldier-bird (as the male appears to wear a red coat) and blood-bird. An early colonial name was little soldier.
A 2004 genetic study of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of honeyeaters found the scarlet myzomela to be most closely related to the cardinal myzomela, with their common ancestor diverging from a lineage that led to the red-headed myzomela, although only five of the thirty members of the genus Myzomela were analysed. A 2017 genetic study using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA suggests that the ancestor of the scarlet myzomela diverged from that of the Banda myzomela around 2 million years ago, but the relationships of many species within the genus are uncertain. Molecular analysis has shown honeyeaters to be related to the Pardalotidae (pardalotes), Acanthizidae (Australian warblers, scrubwrens, thornbills, etc.), and the Maluridae (Australian fairy-wrens) in a large superfamily Meliphagoidea.
Description
The smallest honeyeater native to Australia, the scarlet myzomela is a distinctive bird with a compact body, short tail and relatively long down-curved black bill and dark brown iris. It is between long, with an average wingspan of and a weight of . It has relatively long wings for its size; when the wings are folded, the longest primary feathers reach over half the length of the tail. It exhibits sexual dimorphism, with the male much more brightly coloured than the female. The adult male has a bright red (scarlet) head, nape and upper breast, with a narrow black stripe from beak to eye and a thin black eye-ring. The red plumage extends as a central stripe down the back and rump. On its breast, the red becomes more mottled with grey towards the belly and flanks, which are grey-white. The sides of the breast are brown-black. The mantle and scapulars are black and the upperwing a dull black, with white edges to the secondary covert feathers. The tail is black above and dark grey below. The underwing is white with a dark grey trailing edge and tip. The female has a brown head and neck, darker on top and lighter and greyer on the sides, with a pale grey-brown throat and chin. It sometimes has pinkish or reddish patches on the forehead, throat and cheeks. The upperparts are brown, sometimes with scarlet patches on the uppertail coverts. The tail is blackish-brown with yellow fringes to all but the central pair of rectrices. The wings are blackish-brown. The female has a yellowish or brownish base to its black bill. Moulting takes place over spring and summer.
Young birds have juvenile plumage when they leave the nest; they are similar to females though with more reddish-brown upperparts, light brown rumps and uppertail coverts. Immature males, after moulting from juvenile plumage, have patches of red feathers coming through the juvenile brown plumage. Immature females are very difficult to distinguish from juveniles or adult females. Both sexes attain adult plumage after two moults. It is unknown whether its plumage changes with moults after the scarlet myzomela attains adulthood.
The scarlet myzomela is more commonly heard than seen, and has a wider repertoire of notes in its calls than most honeyeaters. The male is more vocal than the female. The main call is a tuneful tinkling call made up of sets of six notes that rise or fall in tone. It has been likened to cork being rubbed on glass. The female chirps as it hops around and upon meeting and playing with the male, and it can also make a squeaking call. Both sexes make a short chiew-chiew as a contact call.
Males could be mistaken for the similar looking red-headed myzomela in eastern Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland where their ranges overlap, though the latter's red colouration is restricted to the head and is sharply demarcated. The latter species also lives in mangroves rather than woodlands. The dusky myzomela resembles the female scarlet myzomela, but is larger with a longer bill and tail, has much darker brown plumage, and lacks the pink tinge to the face and throat.
Distribution and habitat
The scarlet myzomela is found from Cooktown in Far North Queensland down the east coast to Mitchell River National Park in Gippsland, Victoria. It is rarer south of the Hacking River in New South Wales. Its range extends inland to Charters Towers, Carnarvon Gorge and Inglewood in Queensland, and the Warrumbungles in New South Wales. It is a rare vagrant to Melbourne.
The species' movements are not well known, but it appears to be migratory in the southern part of its range and more sedentary in the north. Populations of scarlet myzomelas move northwards up a portion of the Australian east coast for winter. Nomadic movements of populations, generally following the flowering of preferred food plants, also occur. Population numbers have been reported as fluctuating in some areas, with local movements possibly related to the flowering of preferred food plants. Local irruptions have occurred in Sydney in 1902 (during a drought), 1981, 1991 (both in northwestern Sydney), and 1994 (centred on Lane Cove River valley), in Nowra in 1980, across southern Victoria in 1985, and in the Eurobodalla district in 1991 and 1993. A field study in Mangerton over 18 years found that scarlet myzomelas arrived in the area in early spring (August) and left by November, though they were entirely absent in three separate years. The maximum age recorded from banding has been just over 10 years, in a bird caught south of Mount Cotton in Queensland.
Its habitat is dry sclerophyll forest and woodland, generally with eucalypts as the dominant trees and where there is little understory. Scarlet myzomelas are encountered alone, in pairs, or in small troops, sometimes with other honeyeaters in the canopy of trees in flower.
Behaviour
The scarlet myzomela is territorial, with males advertising their territories by singing from the tops of trees. They compete with members of the same species, and are usually driven away from some feeding areas by hungry larger honeyeaters, such as Lewin's, New Holland, white-naped, and brown honeyeaters, as well as eastern spinebills and noisy friarbirds. In particular, breeding New Holland honeyeaters actively drive off scarlet myzomelas.
Breeding
The species breeds from winter through to summer, generally beginning around July or August and winding up in January. There have been odd records of nesting in April or May. A pair generally raises one or two broods a year. Nest failures may lead to a third brood, with females able to lay eggs around three weeks after the previous young have fledged. The nest consists of a tiny cup of shredded bark with spider web as binding, high up in the tree canopy, or even in mistletoe. Trees with dense foliage, such as lillypilly (Syzygium smithii), Pittosporum species, turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), mangroves, species of paperbark, eucalypts or wattles (Acacia spp.) are more often chosen as nesting sites.
The nest is around in diameter, and takes around 8 days to build before eggs are laid in it. Both sexes build the nest, though some observations have the male doing the bulk of construction and others the female. Alfred J. North observed that the females alone collected nesting material, such as spiderwebs and bark, tearing bark off such trees as the rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda). The clutch size is mostly two but occasionally three eggs. Measuring long and wide, the small eggs are white with the larger end flecked with dull red-brown or grey-purple. Eggs are laid a day apart, and the female is thought to incubate the eggs alone. The young are born naked, but are soon covered in down. They spend 11–12 days in the nest before fledging. Both parents feed their young.
Feeding
The scarlet myzomela is arboreal, foraging in the crowns of trees, darting from flower to flower, probing for nectar with its long curved bill. It sometimes hovers in front of flowers while feeding. Trees visited include turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), paperbarks (Melaleuca spp.), and banksias. The scarlet myzomela is omnivorous, and also feeds on insects as well as nectar, sallying for flying insects in the canopy. Insects eaten include beetles, flies, bugs, and caterpillars.
Conservation status
The scarlet myzomela is listed as being a species of least concern by the IUCN, on account of its large range (1,960,000 square km) and stable population, with no evidence of any significant decline.
Aviculture
Scarlet myzomelas are rarely seen in aviculture, though they have been kept by enthusiasts in Sydney. As all honeyeaters are territorial, they tend to be aggressive in mixed-species aviaries. Various state regulations govern the keeping of the species; in South Australia, for instance, a Specialist Licence is required, while in New South Wales a Class B2 (Advanced Bird) licence is required. Applicants for the New South Wales B2 licence must have at least two years' experience keeping birds, and be able to demonstrate that they can provide the appropriate care and housing for the species they wish to obtain.
References
Cited texts
External links
scarlet myzomela
Birds of Queensland
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Victoria (state)
Endemic birds of Australia
scarlet myzomela
scarlet myzomela | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet%20myzomela |
The Supreme Court of Canada (), the highest court of Canada, and the final court of appeals in the Canadian justice system, is composed of nine justices—a chief justice and eight puisne judges—appointed by the Governor General-in-Council. Altogether, 88 persons have served on the Court since it was created in 1875; during this time there have been 18 chief justices.
The graphical timeline below lists the justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by court composition. As Supreme Court historians categorize eras in the court's history by the name of the presiding chief justice, the timeline is divided into sections, according to who was chief justice at the time. The incumbent puisne justices at the start of each court era are listed in order of their seniority at that time. Justices joining the Court during an era are listed below them in the order of their appointment. The bars are colour-coded to show the changes in seniority among the justices during each era.
List of justices
Richards Court
The Richards Court era, under the leadership of William Buell Richards, lasted from September 30, 1875 to January 10, 1879.
Ritchie Court
The Ritchie Court era, under the leadership of William Johnstone Ritchie, lasted from January 11, 1879 to September 25, 1892. Ritchie had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice.
Strong Court
The Strong Court era, under the leadership of Samuel Henry Strong, lasted from December 13, 1892 – November 18, 1902. Strong had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice.
H.-E. Taschereau Court
The H.-E. Taschereau Court era, under the leadership of Henri-Elzéar Taschereau, lasted from November 21, 1902 to May 2, 1906. Taschereau had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice.
Fitzpatrick Court
The Fitzpatrick Court era, under the leadership of Charles Fitzpatrick, lasted from June 4, 1906 to October 21, 1918. He is the only chief justice to date, other than the Court's inaugural chief justice, Sir William Buell Richards, to have served in that position without having first been a puisne Justice on the court.
Davies Court
The Davies Court era, under the leadership of Louis Henry Davies, lasted from October 23, 1918 to May 1, 1924. Davies had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice.
Anglin Court
The Anglin Court era, under the leadership of Francis Alexander Anglin, lasted from September 16, 1924 to February 28, 1933. Anglin had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice. A sixth puisne justice position was created in 1927, bringing the Court to a total of seven justices.
Duff Court
The Duff Court era, under the leadership of Lyman Duff, lasted from March 17, 1933 to January 6, 1944. Duff had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice.
Rinfret Court
The Rinfret Court era, under the leadership of Thibaudeau Rinfret, lasted from January 8, 1944 to June 22, 1954. Rinfret had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice. Two additional puisne justice seats were created in 1949, bringing the Court to its current composition of nine justices.
Kerwin Court
The Kerwin Court era, under the leadership of Patrick Kerwin, lasted from July 1, 1954 to February 2, 1963. Kerwin had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice.
R. Taschereau Court
The R. Taschereau Court era, under the leadership of Robert Taschereau, lasted from April 22, 1963 to September 1, 1967. Taschereau had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice.
Cartwright Court
The Cartwright Court era, under the leadership of John Robert Cartwright, lasted from September 1, 1967 to March 23, 1970. Cartwright had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice.
Fauteux Court
The Fauteux Court era, under the leadership of Gérald Fauteux, lasted from March 23, 1970 to December 23, 1973. Fauteux had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice.
Laskin Court
The Laskin Court era, under the leadership of Bora Laskin, lasted from December 27, 1973 to March 26, 1984. Laskin had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice.
Dickson Court
The Dickson Court era, under the leadership of Brian Dickson, lasted from April 18, 1984 to June 30, 1990. Dickson had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice.
Lamer Court
The Lamer Court era, under the leadership of Antonio Lamer, lasted from July 1, 1990 to January 6, 2000. Lamer had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice.
McLachlin Court
The McLachlin Court era, under the leadership of Beverley McLachlin, lasted from January 7, 2000 to December 15, 2017. McLachlin had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of her elevation to chief justice. She is both the first woman to hold that position and the longest serving chief justice in Canadian history.
Wagner Court
The Wagner Court era, under the leadership of Richard Wagner, began December 18, 2017 and is ongoing. Wagner had been a puisne Supreme Court justice for at the time of his elevation to chief justice.
Sources
External links
Supreme Court of Canada/Cour suprême du Canada
Supreme Court of Canada: Role, History, and Operation, Maple Leaf Web
τ
Canada, Supreme Court of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20justices%20of%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20of%20Canada%20by%20court%20composition |
The Deanery of Alresford lies within the Diocese of Winchester in England.
It includes the parishes of Cliddesden, Dummer, Itchen Abbas, Martyr Worthy, New Alresford and Old Alresford.
External links
Deanery website
Diocese of Winchester
Geography of Hampshire
Deaneries of the Church of England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery%20of%20Alresford |
The 23rd Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force intermediate echelon command and control organization. It was last assigned to First Air Force, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC). It was inactivated on 1 July 1987 at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida.
History
The Division was activated at Duluth International Airport in November 1969, replacing the 29th Air Division in an Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM) realignment and re-organization of assets. Assigned additional designations of 23rd CONAD Region and 23rd NORAD Region upon activation with reporting to the NORAD Combat Operations Center at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex, Colorado.
The 23rd AD was responsible for the air defense of a large area of the upper Midwest south of the 97th meridian west, bordered by the southern boundary of the Canada–United States border to the Ohio/Pennsylvania border; south and west along the western ridge of the Appalachian Mountains to the 38th parallel north. This encompassed most of Minnesota, Iowa, Northern Missouri, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and all of Michigan. It was also the command organization for the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Data Center (DC-10) at Duluth Air Force Station.
The division and its subordinate interceptor, missile and radar units participated in numerous exercises such as Amalgam Fairplay, Feathered Indian, and Feathered Brave. In addition, its subordinate units exercised with surface to air missiles. The scope of responsibility for the 23rd AD was expanded in 1973 with further ADCOM unit inactivations and consolidations to include the area south along the 88th meridian west to the 33rd parallel north, west to the 97th meridian west. This added all of Missouri and Arkansas, as well as western Tennessee and northern Mississippi to the Division's Area of Responsibly. It assumed additional designation 23rd ADCOM Region, 8 December 1978
In 1979 it was incorporated into Tactical Air Command with the inactivation of ADCOM as a major command. Under Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC) it continued its mission until 15 April 1982 when it moved to Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida and assumed responsibility for most of the region previously commanded by the inactivated 20th Air Division.
In 1985 most active-duty units were inactivated or reassigned to other missions, and the air defense mission came under Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard units under First Air Force. The Division stood down on 1 July 1987, its command, mission, components, and assets were transferred to the ADTAC Southeast Air Defense Sector.
Lineage
Established as the 23rd Air Division on 18 November 1969
Activated on 19 November 1969
Inactivated on 1 July 1987
Assignments
Aerospace Defense Command, 19 November 1969
Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
First Air Force, 6 December 1985 – 1 July 1987
Components
Interceptor units
1st Fighter Wing (Air Defense), 1 – 31 December 1969
Selfridge Air Force Base, Michigan
343rd Fighter Group (Air Defense), 19 November 1969 - 28 August 1970
Duluth Airport, Minnesota
2nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1 July 1971 - 31 March 1973
Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan
94th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1 December 1969 - 1 July 1971
Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan
48th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1 March 1983 - 1 July 1987
Langley Air Force Base, Virginia
62nd Fighter Interceptor Squadron, 19 November 1969 - 30 April 1971
K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base, Michigan
87th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 28 August 1970 - 1 August 1981
K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base, Michigan
Missile units
37th Air Defense Missile Squadron, 19 November 1969 - 31 July 1972
Kincheloe Air Force Base, Michigan
74th Air Defense Missile Squadron, 19 November 1969 - 30 April 1972
Duluth Air Force Station, Minnesota
Radar units
665th Air Defense Group, 1 March 1970 - 1 January 1974
Calumet Air Force Station, Michigan
692d Air Defense Group, 1 March 1970 - 1 January 1974
Baudette Air Force Station, Minnesota
661st Radar Squadron, 19 November 1969 - 1 July 1974
Selfridge Air Force Base, Michigan
665th Radar Squadron, 19 May 1969 - 1 March 1970
Calumet Air Force Station, Michigan
674th Radar Squadron, 19 November 1969 - 31 March 1975
Osceola Air Force Station, Wisconsin
676th Radar Squadron, 19 November 1969 - 30 June 1977
Antigo Air Force Station, Wisconsin
692nd Radar Squadron, 19 November 1969 - 1 March 1970
Baudette Air Force Station, Minnesota
739th Radar Squadron, 19 November 1969 - 30 September 1970
Wadena Air Force Station, Minnesota
752nd Radar Squadron, 19 November 1969 - 1 April 1978
Empire Air Force Station, Michigan
753rd Radar Squadron, 19 November 1969 - 30 October 1979
Sault Sainte Marie Air Force Station, Michigan
754th Radar Squadron, 19 November 1969 - 30 September 1988
Port Austin Air Force Station, Michigan
756th Radar Squadron, 19 November 1969 - 5 August 1980
Finland Air Force Station, Minnesota
701st Radar Squadron, 15 April 1982 - 30 June 1988
Fort Fisher Air Force Station North Carolina
Stations
Duluth International Airport, Minnesota, 19 November 1969
Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, 15 April 1982 – 1 July 1987
See also
List of United States Air Force air divisions
List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations
Aerospace Defense Command Fighter Squadrons
References
Notes
Bibliography
"ADCOM's Fighter Interceptor Squadrons". The Interceptor (January 1979) Aerospace Defense Command, (Volume 21, Number 1)
023
Military units and formations established in 1969
Military units and formations disestablished in 1987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd%20Air%20Division%20%28United%20States%29 |
4Ever Blue is the second compilation album by British boyband Blue.
Background
Following the release of Best of Blue, band members Simon Webbe and Antony Costa made the decision to release an album compiling a selection of the group's b-sides, remixes and previously unreleased material. The album also includes three tracks only previously in Japan: "The Gift", "It's Alright" and "Elements". The album also includes band member Duncan James' debut solo single, "I Believe My Heart". By the indication of the album booklet, a live version of "Lonely This Christmas" from CD:UK was intended to be track seven on the album, however, was removed from the track listing for unknown reasons. The album was released in July 2005, becoming available in several European countries, as well as Japan, Thailand and China, however, charting only in Japan at #83. The album was not released in the UK, despite copies being widely available.
Track listing
Certifications
References
Blue (English band) compilation albums
2005 compilation albums
Virgin Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4ever%20Blue |
is a character in Frank Miller's Sin City graphic novel series. In the film adaptation of Sin City, she is portrayed by Devon Aoki. Jamie Chung replaces Aoki in the 2014 expansion, Sin City: A Dame to Kill For.
Character
Miho is a mute female assassin of Japanese descent (Miho is offended by anti-Japanese racial slurs, such as "Jap slut" and "Jap slag"; in response, she behaves in an even more sadistic way than she normally does). Along with Gail, she serves as an enforcer and defender of the city's Old Town. She is often referred to as "Deadly Little Miho" by the character Dwight McCarthy in his narrations. Despite residing in Old Town, there is nothing to suggest that she herself is a prostitute (contrary to the opinion expressed by some film critics such as Andrew Sarris and Ty Burr, as well as by IGN).
Miho is very small and light; she has long dark hair, a very slim figure, and dark eyes. Normally she dresses in a short, modified black kimono worn over a bra, and a belt into which she tucks all sorts of weapons. A wakizashi is sometimes shown hanging from her belt. In Family Values, her appearance changes drastically. She is drawn only with white and her body is devoid of shading (including her dark hair).
Miho uses Japanese swords of various sizes, and shuriken in the shape of the manji, as seen in The Big Fat Kill and Family Values. She is also skilled with the longbow and has various other small weaponry tucked in her clothing. She utilizes a wide array of weapons, such as katana, wakizashi and kusarigama. On the DVD commentary track for the film, Quentin Tarantino states that after he suggested that Miho's swords were made by Hattori Hanzō, writer/director Frank Miller enthusiastically agreed.
Much of Miho's past remains a mystery. Three years before the events of A Dame To Kill For, she was saved by Dwight during an attack by Tong gangsters. As Dwight himself explains to Goldie and Wendy, "three of the Tong who attacked Miho were dead by her hand. But the last two had her dead to rights. Point blank range." Because of this incident, she owes a debt of honor to Dwight. Subsequently, Dwight is the only male character she is ever shown to have any non-lethal interaction with, even taking orders from him at one point. They have some sort of friendship, as he is also the only character she ever shows any physical attraction or affection towards.
In a fight Miho typically uses her swords to "play" with her opponent (in Family Values Dwight likens her to a cat), often dodging her opponent's blows while hitting him/her (with seeming ease) in return. She would appear to be a modern-day master of traditional ninjutsu as she tends to rely on stealth, evasion, and counterattacks more than directly engaging an opponent. This puts to good use her acrobatic/gymnastic ability and knowledge of pressure points, veins, and arteries. She is also sometimes seen using roller-skates to get around, much as Carrie Kelley did as Catgirl in Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again, which was also written by Frank Miller.
Frank Miller has stated in the Sin City: Recut and Extended DVD commentary that Kevin and Miho are the supernatural beings in Sin City. Miller characterizes them as "demons"; Miho is a good "demon" and Kevin is an evil one. They share many similarities: they both never speak and are not even seen with their mouths open. They are the most skilled characters in martial arts (though they never fought Wallace), and never show any sign of pain. So far, Miho was never shown seriously injured and defeated all her opponents with relative ease, although Dwight stated in A Dame to Kill For that he rescued her from a hopeless situation with Asian Tong gangsters.
Appearances
Miho has appeared in four of the Sin City yarns (aside from the film adaptations):
A Dame to Kill For (1993) - After Dwight is shot multiple times and he discovers Ava Lord has been manipulating him to commit murder, he flees to Old Town. He seeks refuge from Gail, and in order to gain the help of the Girls of Old Town, he tells the story of saving Miho's life from Tong gangsters. As according to honor, the girls are obligated to help him in his plan for revenge. Miho is instrumental during the fight with Manute at Ava Lord's estate, stopping him from reaching Dwight and crucifying him through the arms with her twin swords. This leads Manute to have a great disdain for the Old Town girls.
The Big Fat Kill (1994-1995) - Miho is responsible for incapacitating and murdering Jackie Boy when he attempts to kidnap one of the Old Town girls. After Dwight discovers that Jackie Boy is a police officer, he attempts to prevent a war between the Old Town girls and the police by disposing of the body in the tar pits. Upon arrival, he is attacked by Irish mercenaries sent by Wallenquist, who steal Jackie Boy's severed head and leave Dwight to drown in the tar pits. As Dwight sinks beneath the surface of the pits, Miho dives in and rescues him.
The Babe Wore Red and Other Stories (1994)
Family Values (1997) - Miho and Dwight get involved in a mob war between the families of Don Magliozzi and Boss Wallenquist, after being told about a recent mob hit. Dwight is soon kidnapped by Vito, who is the nephew of Magliozzi, and is driven toward the Projects. Unknown to the hitmen is that Miho has been following Dwight to make sure that he is protected. Upon mention, Miho kills Spinelli, one of the goons, and they park in a hilltop rest area, overlooking the Projects. There, Miho "toys" with Vinnie, a hitman who spends the whole fight hurling slurs at her, as Dwight tells Vito to kill the other hitman, which is Vito's own brother Luca. After Miho and Dwight are through, they head straight to Sacred Oaks to confront Don Magliozzi, driven by Vito. Miho simply cuts through the guards and Dwight makes his appearance. He tells the Don he is going to die along with Vito for the accidental death of Carmen, one of the Old Town girls.
She was also supposed to appear in the video game adaptation of Sin City, which was canceled in 2008. An action figure based on the first film's version of the character was released by NECA.
Reception
In 2011, UGO Networks featured Miho in their list of "25 Hot Ninja Girls" and together with Kevin at #1 in "Quiet as the Grave: The Silent Killers of Film and TV".
References
External links
Miho (comic book character) - Comic Vine
Characters created by Frank Miller (comics)
Comics characters introduced in 1993
Crime film characters
Demon characters in comics
Fictional female assassins
Female characters in comics
Female soldier and warrior characters in comics
Fictional characters from Washington (state)
Fictional criminals in comics
Fictional criminals in films
Fictional female ninja
Fictional Japanese American people
Fictional kenjutsuka
Fictional kyūjutsuka
Fictional mute characters
Fictional prostitutes
Fictional swordfighters in comics
Prostitution in comics
Sin City characters
Vigilante characters in comics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miho%20%28Sin%20City%29 |
Neil Denis is a Canadian actor best known for his role as Rya'c, son of Teal'c, a Jaffa in Stargate SG-1. His first appearance was in University Hospital in 1995 at the age of 8. He also appeared in the Canadian television series 2030 CE. He has provided the voice for Spyke in X-Men: Evolution. He is known for his portrayal of Jose Merel in A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story.
Filmography
University Hospital Danny (1 episode, 1995)
The X-Files The Catcher (1 episode, 1996)
The Sentinel Carjacker Kid #1 (1 episode, 1997)
A Call to Remember (1997) (TV) George Hicks
Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century (1999) (TV) Leo
Stargate SG-1 Rya'c (6 episodes, 1997–2004)
Big and Hairy (1998) (TV) Kid
Max Q (1998) (TV) Michael Daniels
The Inspectors (1998) (TV) Will
Golf Punks (1998) Thork
Dead Man's Gun Arthur John (1 episode, 1998)
Goosebumps Todd Erikson (3 episodes, 1998)
RoboCop: Alpha Commando (1998) Additional Voices (unknown episodes)
Freedom (1 episode, 2000)
Frankie & Hazel (2000) (TV) Abdul, Pup
First Wave (2000) Skater (1 episode, 2000)
Out of Time (2000) (TV) Sean
Seven Days Morgan (1 episode, 2000)
Spooky House (2000) 2nd Audience Child
Living with the Dead (2002) (TV) Dennis Branston
Tribe of Joseph (2002) Phillipe
X-Men: Evolution Evan Daniels/Spyke (52 episodes, 2000–2003) and Paul Haits (6 episodes, 2000–2001, 2003)
2030 CE Robby Drake (7 episodes, 2002–2003)
The Life (2004) (TV) Student #2
Zolar (2004) (TV) Hanson
Romeo! Stash (1 episode, 2004)
Fetching Cody (2005) Sudden
Alice, I Think Abelard (2 episodes, 2006)
The Dead Zone Teenage Clerk (1 episode, 2006)
A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story (2006) (TV) Jose Merel
Beyond Loch Ness (2008) (TV) Chad
Wolverine and The X-Men Spyke and Cable/Evan Daniels (26 episodes, 2009)
External links
Canadian male child actors
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Living people
Black Canadian male actors
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Denis |
Fear of Flying is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Mya, released on April 25, 2000, by University Music Entertainment and Interscope Records. Following the success of her debut album Mya (1998), Interscope promptly allocated the singer studio time and assembled recording sessions beginning as early as September 1999 which concluded in March 2000. For this record, Mya made the conscious decision to become involved more creatively, opting to pen her own lyrics after securing a publishing deal to launch her own publishing company as well as collaborate with a wider range of established producers and songwriters on the album. Looking to embrace a more mature sound, Harrison consulted and collaborated with a bevy of producers which included Rodney Jerkins, Swizz Beatz, Wyclef Jean, Knobody, Robin Thicke, Tricky Stewart, and Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis.
A hip hop soul album, Mya described Fear of Flying as a metaphor for the ups and downs of life, a theme present throughout the album which includes handling things like an adult and knowing you must have faith to make anything happen. Lyrically, the album's material addressed the singer's romantic relationships which symbolized her relationship with family, friends and acquaintances. Noting that Fear of Flying is "a reflection of being in love for the very first time, experiencing success and the fears of fame."
Upon its release, the album received mixed reviews from music critics citing some of the album's "tepid material." Commercially well received, Fear of Flying debuted with a Top 20 placement at number 15 on the Billboard 200. Initially though, the album stalled on the charts until the release of the album's second single and in turn solidified Fear of Flying a hit garnering multiplatinum success. To keep the album's momentum, nearly seven months after its original release, Fear of Flying was re–released with two new additional songs on November 7, 2000.
In support of the album, three singles were released – "The Best of Me", "Case of the Ex", and "Free", which attained international chart success. Due to the album's success, Fear of Flying earned Soul Train Awards and MOBO nominations.
Considered her most expressive effort to date, Fear of Flying helped established Mya as a household name in mainstream media and redefine a golden age for R&B. In April 2020, to commemorate the album's twentieth anniversary, Universal Music Group released an expanded edition featuring over 10 rare remixes and bonus tracks.
Background
Following the commercial success of her debut Mya (1998), Mya quickly re-entered the recording studio to begin work on her second album. During her two years away, she toured with several artists, and made her film debut in the thriller In Too Deep (1999). Additionally, she was selected by Bongo jeans as their spokesperson and had a Tommy Hilfiger lipstick shade named after her. During the development stages of the album, Mya consulted several different producers for her follow-up album, including She'kspere, Knobody, Tricky Stewart, and Robin Thicke as well as Wyclef and Swizz Beatz of Ruff Ryders. A number of guest vocalists whom contributed to the project, included TLC's Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, Jordan Knight, and Beenie Man. In addition, Harrison launched her own publishing company, Art of War.
Mya, who did some writing on her debut album, was heavily involved in the production of Fear of Flying, commenting: "I wanted to get that hands-on experience. I was involved in every single process, from writing and recording to producing, mixing, and mastering." In response to the album's material, the singer commented that many of the album's songs are about female empowerment. "I'm learning that the decisions being made ultimately affect me, so I make most of them with the insight and help of other people", she explained. "I still have to focus on what feels good to me and what's going to work in the long run, instead of selling 20 million records or being controversial." The album's title, came from a song Mya recorded by the same name—not from Erica Jong's 1973 novel of the same name. During an interview with Billboard, which discussed the title, Mya noted that while she had not been aware of the book, she later "started reading it and noticed a lot of similarities: "Fear of Flying is a metaphor for the ups and downs of life. It's about handling things like an adult, knowing you must have faith to make anything happen." Interscope hired photographer and director David LaChapelle to shoot the images for the album's packaging. While she admired the work of Dave La Chapelle, Mya revealed she cropped the original album's cover because it focused on her body, commenting, "I didn't like it. It wasn't capturing."
Development
Mya considers her first album an experiment and a learning ground. Prior to entering a recording studio, she had no vocal training and was doing improv-breathing the whole time on every song. With Fear of Flying, she acknowledged she learned things such as how she likes to work and what works right for her in the studio. On Fear of Flying, she received vocal training and noted her vocals got along better with live performances. Speaking with Time, Mya revealed with Fear of Flying she took more control over her sound and image. She commented that Fear of Flying was "an opportunity and a test."
For her second studio album, Mya wrote a lot, openly admitting, "Writing helps me sort through feelings that I'm trying to figure out." She noted her journal is filled with curse words and exclamation points, explaining, "It's either extreme highs or extreme lows." In an interview with the New York Daily News, Mya explained that the album was "about independence." She acknowledged with Fear of Flying she became "more confident", while commenting, "I'm a lot more straightforward. Things I didn't know how to say or when to say, I'm saying now."
During the recording process, Mya explained she clicked more with producers that like to start from scratch, commenting, "It allowed me to be involved in the process. They were interested in what I had to say which made me feel good about myself." One producer Mya gelled with was Wyclef Jean. Speaking on working with him, she commented, "He was interested in what I had to say. My ideas—what I had to bring to the table. He wasn't afraid to go back into the studio and change things." Robin Thicke, a then-up-and-coming producer, was another Mya meshed well with. Of his contribution to Fear of Flying Mya commented, "he is a true talent and I enjoyed working with him." While reviewing Fear of Flying, in an article, Time noted on her debut effort, Mya was a "lovestruck teen" while on Fear of Flying, "she's a woman coming face to face with romantic entanglements." With 18 tracks featured on the album, Time applauded the album to manage that rare thing: to combine captivating beats with hummable melodies. Commenting on the finished product, Time wrote, "This is hip-hop soul with plenty of pop appeal."
Music and composition
Musically, Fear of Flying has been described as a "smooth, catchy, personalized mixture of street-spice soul." According to multiple critics, the album is more focused on themes than coherency of musical style. Sonically, the album's sound veers from quiet storm tracks to hard-edged Timbaland homages to cheerleader romps. The album's focal theme is "proper behavior on the dangerous grounds of courtship" and ranges from uptempo tracks to inspirational ballads. Several of the album's 18 tracks were co-written by Mya, with Vibe magazine noting in an article that "Mýa tackles difficult melodic and rhythmic twists without ditching a nice conversational tone." Fear of Flying opens with an intro courtesy of Swizz Beatz. Titled, "Turn It Up" it features a stop-start beat and samples of a cooing baby. Next up, "Case of the Ex," a song structured around producer Tricky Stewart's "driving, Beethoven-meets-Timbaland" chord changes, where Mýa expresses distrust in her lover. It is built around a catchy yet fairly complicated chorus and clever lyrics. It is followed by the "dramatic" "Ride & Shake", which was compared to the work of Whitney Houston. The mildy racy Rodney Jerkins-produced "That's Why I Wanna Fight" is a sensuous midtempo and served as the album's fourth track. Structured, similarly to Marvin Gaye's 70s material, Harrison adopts Gaye's double singing technique. Track five, the dance-oriented imaginative "Pussycats" is a nursery rhyme-influenced song produced by Wyclef Jean and Jerry Duplessis. A frisky jam, it samples the sound of mewing cats.
The album's "combative" sixth track, "The Best of Me", was produced by Swizz Beatz, and features Jadakiss. Described as "edgy" and "street savvy," Mya commented on the message behind the song, suggesting, "It's about setting standards for yourself, about following them through and not allowing the temptations of a heat of the moment situation to lure you into something that you may regret later in life." Described as "mildy structure," the album's seventh track "Lie Detector," is another midtempo which finds Mya refusing advances. The TLC-sounding "How You Gonna Tell Me" courtesy of She'kspere and Kandi has Mya telling her girlfriend to spare her bad advice. Lyrically and conceptually, Mya opted to add her thoughts to the song, explaining, "I wanted the song to be about people preaching to me what they don't practice. About how these specific people speak to me on the way I should live and my reaction to them and their twisted lives." While the "dance-floor-ready" "Takin' Me Over," produced by Robin Thicke featuring Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, begins with Mya acting like the women she has expressed dislike for, while holed up in her bathroom with hair products. A catchy slice of retro soul, "Takin' Me Over" is '60s Motown meets early '00s and shows Mya in a playful coy mood. Mya dubs it her "don't give a damn song."
The lush title track, "Fear of Flying" is a folk-ish quasi ballad produced by Knobody and uses the idea of being afraid to fly as a metaphor for other issues. The Soulshock and Karlin production, "Can't Believe", and remake of Michael Jackson's "The Lady In My Life", titled "Man In My Life", are standard fare A/C broken-hearted emotional ballads, while on a romantic note, the ballad "No Tears On My Pillow" written by Mya and the song's producer Robin Thicke served as the album's fifteenth track. Followed by "For the First Time" a sexual surrender cut produced by Swing Mob member Daryl Pearson. The album's closing track, an outro, "Get Over" is a spoken word "thank you" midtempo with calypso tinge.
Release and promotion
Initially set for a late 1999 release, Fear of Flying was later scheduled for a February 2000 release, before Interscope settled on an April 25, 2000, release date. In Germany, it was released June 19, 2000, while in the United Kingdom, the album was released on July 24, 2000. Interscope hoped that the album would attract both pop and R&B/hip-hop audiences, with Steve Stoute, president of black music and executive VP for Interscope-Geffen-A&M, commenting that all marketing surrounding the album's release would "be paying attention to the street audiences with this album." He added, "We're also looking to build upon her previous success. She gained a large pop audience through 'Ghetto Supastar' and 'Take Me There.' She's also grown as an artist and her music reflects that." Promotion for Fear of Flying began in January 2000 when Mya was featured in the February issue of Vibe. In early April 2000, Billboard reported that Mya was set to attend MTV's annual Spring Break special in Cancun. Additionally, that article mentioned that Mya was due to tape an episode of Total Request Live. On May 6, 2000, Mya performed at the Revlon Run/Walk for Women event. On May 17, 2000, she performed "The Best of Me" with Jadakiss on House of Style. In May, she joined and performed on the MTV European Tour. On May 26, 2000, ABC aired their "25 Hottest Stars Under 25" special, which Mya was a part of. On May 29, 2000, she performed "The Best of Me" at the 2000 World Music Awards. In June 2000, Mya joined the Southern California leg of Nickelodeon's All That! Music and More Festival. In July 2000, Mya appeared on the shows CBS Morning Show, CNN's Show Biz, and Farmclub.com; her appearances and performance aired on July 8–10, 2000, on USA Network. In mid-2000, Mya opened for Montell Jordan on his European tour; during a Vibe interview it mentioned that she was heading to Germany to begin the tour. In September 2000, she performed "Case of the Ex" on BET's 106 & Park. On October 23, 2000, she performed "Case of the Ex" on Total Request Live. The following month, November 6 and 11, she performed "Case of the Ex" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and the former and "Free" on Soul Train. On December 6, 2000, Mya made an appearance on Live with Regis and Kelly. The following day, December 7, 2000, she performed "Case of the Ex" and "Free" on MTV's Fashionably Loud. On December 15, 2000, Mya performed "Case of the Ex" on The Queen Latifah Show.
In February 2001, during All Star weekend Mya performed at the fifth annual NBA Team Up Celebration, which was held at Constitution Hall. On February 20, Mýa made an appearance on The Rosie O'Donnell Show.
The following day after she was invited as a presenter at the 43rd Grammy Awards ceremony. Mya co-hosted and performed at the 2001 Soul Train Music Awards, which were held on February 28, 2001, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. In March 2001, Mya was a part of Janet Jackson's MTV Icon special, during which she performed in the dance tribute. After serving as an opening act on other featured tours, Mýa branched out on her own and embarked on her first headlining tour. Entitled, the Fear of Flying Tour, the outing was an eleven-day city tour that began on March 21, 2001, and concluded April 1, 2001. On April 17, 2001, Mya performed on The Queen Latifah Show. On June 15, 2001, she made an appearance on Live! with Regis and Kelly ; Seven days later Mya went on The Daily Show. On July 4, 2001, it was announced that she was added to the performer lineup at the York State Fair. On July 14, Mya performed in concert at Six Flags St. Louis. On August 9, she performed at the Wisconsin State Fair;
the following day Mya performed at the Ohio State Fair. On September 7, 2001, Mya performed at Michael Jackson's 30th anniversary concert, which was televised. To continue promoting the album, Mya appeared on MTV's Music in High Places, a music and travelogue series where recording artists travel to exotic sites for a series of acoustic concerts.
She performed acoustic renditions of her songs while in Sicily, Italy, performing a set comprising her songs "Free", "Ghetto Superstar", "I'll Be There", "Movin' On", "Sweet Thing", and "The Best of Me", among others. Her episode aired on December 20, 2001.
On November 7, 2000, Fear of Flying was re-released with a revised track listing which featured the single "Free" and a new track titled "Again & Again". The repackaged edition of the album was released on February 19, 2001, in the United Kingdom and on May 8, 2001, in Germany. The UK reissue contains the track "Whatever Chick", a song that would later be featured on her third studio album, Moodring (2003), appearing there in a reworked and explicit version, retitled "Whatever Bitch". The Australian reissue of Fear of Flying also contained the exclusive tracks "Girls Like That" and "Telephone Games."
Singles
In support of the album, Interscope Records released three singles from Fear of Flying. Initially, before "The Best of Me" was chosen as the album's lead single, the song "Lie Detector" was a potential contender. The instrumental for "The Best of Me" was originally expected to be used and recorded by rapper DMX in a Miami recording session with Swizz. However, the instrumental of the song was left unused until the producer returned to New York City to start work on Mya's album at The Hit Factory. Upon accidentally pushing a button in the studio, Mya's management reportedly "jumped up and said 'That's it, that's it when they heard the song's instrumental. The record was among the last tracks recorded for the album. Jadakiss, then a member of the Ruff Ryders Entertainment's group The LOX, was chosen as the featured artist on the song as a result of label connections with Interscope Records. Released on March 6, 2000, "The Best of Me" peaked at number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 14 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Internationally, the single found modest chart success, peaking at number 26 in Germany, while charting moderately in the Netherlands and Switzerland.
The second single, "Case of the Ex", was released commercially on August 28, 2000. Originally a rap song, producer Tricky Stewart heavily rearranged the track to make it fit Mya's persona. The song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 10 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Globally, "Case of the Ex" experienced similar success, peaking at number one in Australia for two weeks and earned a platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association. In the United Kingdom the song charted within the top 10 and earned a silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry. Elsewhere in Europe the song peaked within the Top 40 in The Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Scotland, France and Germany.
The third and final single released from the album, "Free", originally appeared on the original soundtrack to the crime comedy film Bait (2000) starring Jamie Foxx. The track was written and produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. "Free" reached number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 52 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Internationally, "Free" performed even better, peaking within the top 10 in Australia. The song received a platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association. Elsewhere, the song charted within the top 20 in the United Kingdom and Poland, and within the top 40 in Ireland and Scotland.
Critical reception
People named Fear of Flying their Album of the Week and called it an "unexpected treat", though commenting that "Mya offers no bold new sonic innovations. She does breathe life and sass into a genre too long held hostage by formula." In his review for AllMusic, Jon Azpiri wrote that "Mya's sophomore effort proves that she is a promising young talent, but still has yet to develop the chops necessary to rank among the best of R&B divas." He felt that "without the energy of collaborators in the mix, many of her solo tracks wander into predictability. The album relies too heavily on tepid ballads such as the title track and 'Man of My Life'. Yet songs like 'Can't Believe', "For the First Time', and 'Lie Detector' show an emotional depth that lacked in her debut." Josh Tyrangiel of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a C rating. He found that "Mýa can sing well enough; now she needs to find something to sing about." Rolling Stone magazine writer Ernest Hardy gave the album 2 stars out of 5 and wrote: "The signature quiver in Mya's voice does give her some sonic identity, but otherwise this could be the music of Destiny's Child, Aaliyah or any of the countless interchangeable hip-hop/R&B divas."
The Source magazine gave the album a positive review, writing, "reaching out to hip-hop heads [...] Mya proves she can hold her own in this competitive game of young female musicians. She's well on her way [to] the class of elite divas". Uncut called the album a "crafted, coffee-rich affair blending soul and swing [...] it's a grower which oozes class." While Q magazine rated the album 3 stars out of 5 and wrote: "Mya demonstrates enough sass to suggest a sunny future." Vibe stated that "the starlet has decided to show off her range [...] as if she and her top-notch producers attempted to wipe out the competition by transforming Mya into each of her rivals in turn [...] a grand tour through the ever-changing moods of female adolescence".
Accolades
Awards and nominations
Listings
Commercial performance
In the United States, Fear of Flying debuted and peaked at number 15 on the Billboard 200 and at number seven on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart with first-week sales of 72,000 copies sold. In its second and third week, the album sold an estimated 42,784 and 33,907 copies, respectively. Thirteen weeks after its release, the album sat at number 109 on the Billboard 200. During its chart run, Fear of Flying remained on the Billboard 200 for a total of 52 consecutive weeks. Towards the end of 2000, Billboard ranked the album as the 144th best-selling album in the US, while at the end of 2001 it was ranked as the 178th best-selling album. On June 8, 2000, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) denoting shipments in excess of 500,000 copies. While on March 28, 2001, the album was certified platinum by the RIAA. By May 2003, the album had sold 1.2 million copies in the United States alone, according to Nielsen SoundScan.
In Canada the album debuted at number 51 on [[RPM (magazine)|''RPM s Top Albums/CDs]] chart, during the week of May 15, 2000. In its second week on the chart it rose 12 spots to its peak position of number 39, during the week ending on May 22, 2000. In total Fear of Flying spent nine consecutive weeks on the Top Albums/CDs chart. On January 15, 2001, the album was certified gold by Music Canada for denoting shipments of 50,000 copies. In Germany, the album debuted at number 52 on July 3, 2000, where it stayed at its peak position for a total of two weeks; in total it has spent 16 consecutive weeks on the German Albums Chart.
In Australia it debuted at number 54 on the Australian Albums Chart and reached number 28 in its 18th non-consecutive week. It spent a total of 25 non-consecutive weeks on the chart and was eventually certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) in September 2001. In Switzerland, the album debuted at number 84 on July 16, 2000. It reached its peak at number 33, 6 weeks later on August 20, 2000. Overall, the album has spent a total of 16 consecutive weeks on the Swiss Albums Chart. For the week of February 25, 2001 - March 3, 2001 the album debuted and peaked at number 81 on the UK Albums Chart. In its 12th week on the UK R&B Albums chart it peaked at number 17, during the week of June 10, 2001 - June 16, 2001. By May 18, 2001, worldwide sales for Fear of Flying (2000) stood at six million copies sold combined with sales from Mya's debut album.
Impact and legacy
Mya have been credited with popularizing Y2K R&B. Erika Brooks Adickman of Idolator commented her music "epitomized everything that was great about turn-of-the millennium R&B." Described as sultry and futuristic, Alex Frank of Vogue applauded Harrison capabilities to "elbowed out the crunchy catchiness of Britney Spears and aggression of Kid Rock" with interesting, seductive music. With the dominant sounds of R&B production at the time, he also commended the singer for "creating something preppy and poppy and radio-friendly that kept pace with the Britneys and the N'Syncs without sacrificing experimentation." While, all in all, he characterized Mya's brand of R&B as "neo-R&B—an innovative take on a beloved genre that promised a way forward." He finished with Mya is "proof of a kind of inevitability of influence, with her sound now palpable in the music of a whole new generation of musicians who grew up on her hits."
Following its release, Fear of Flying cemented Mya place at the forefront of the genre's stars. American author Stacy-Deanne noted Fear of Flying took Mya to "new heights" and established her as a household name in mainstream media. Deanne recognized with Fear of Flying it exemplified why fans truly appreciated her music and saluted the sophomore effort as "poetic," "sexy," "passionate," and "honest sensitivity." Consequently, she expressed, Fear of Flying had succeeded in a way that the first album had not...it had "crossover appeal." In the midst of her success, Deanne opined Harrison proved herself a well rounded-performer with flexible abilities who was consistently a "source of attraction" on television and on tour. Essentially, Deanne dubbed Fear of Flying as Harrison's most expressive effort. Similarly, The Guardian lauded Fear of Flying as "a new golden age for R&B," while emphasizing Mya's "lightly melismatic vocals suited these rhythmically tricksy tales, capturing perfectly the highly charged sadness of a dead affair." In honor of their "2000 week," Billboard highlighted and included "How You Gonna Tell Me" on their 40 Best Deep Cuts of 2000 list, suggesting,"Tell Me" would've made a much likelier hit than the tepid "Best of Me."
Several recording artists have covered, sampled, or inspired by the singles from Fear of Flying such as Father, Tory Lanez, Jack Back, Giant Claw, Harloe, Sir Babygirl, and Normani.
Track listing
Notes
signifies a vocal producer
signifies an additional vocal producer
signifies a co-producer
signifies an additional producer
signifies a Pro Tools producer
signifies a remixer
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Fear of Flying.Performers and musicians Robert Aaron – horn
Beenie Man – vocals
Michael Cain – keyboards
Joe Davi – acoustic guitar
Rick Davies – horn
Traci Hale – backing vocals
Norman Hedman – percussion
Sean Hurley – bass guitar
Jadakiss – vocals
Elijah Joy – voice-over
Jordan Knight – vocals
Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes – vocals
Maiesha Rashad – voice-over
Marlon Williams – guitarTechnical'''
Mya – vocals (lead and background), production, executive production
Jerry Duplessis – production
A. Islam Haqq – production, executive production
Wyclef Jean – production
Rodney Jerkins – production
Kandi Burruss – co-production
Pro-Jay – programming, production
Chris "Tricky" Stewart – keyboards, programming, production
Swizz Beatz – production
Robin Thicke – programming, production
Anthony Dent – programming, production
Brandon Abeln – engineering
Ralph Cacciurri – engineering
Keith Cohen – engineering
Kevin Crouse – engineering
Chris Frame – engineering
Brad Gilderman – engineering
Jason Groucott – engineering, mix engineering
Tal Herzberg – engineering
Adam Holmstead – engineering
Ricco Lumpkins – engineering
Michael Sherman – engineering
Brian "B Luv" Thomas – engineering
Darrel Thorpe – engineering
Richard Travali – engineering, mix engineering
Dylan Vaughan – mix engineering
Kieran Wagner – engineering
Doug Woulson – engineering
Kevin "KD" Davis – mixing, mix engineering
Glen Marchese – mixing
Manny Marroquin – mixing
Tony Maserati – mixing
Chris Athens – mastering
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
Notes
References
2000 albums
Albums produced by Jerry Duplessis
Albums produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Albums produced by Robin Thicke
Albums produced by Rodney Jerkins
Albums produced by Soulshock and Karlin
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
Albums produced by Trackmasters
Albums produced by Tricky Stewart
Albums produced by Wyclef Jean
Albums recorded at Chung King Studios
Albums recorded at Westlake Recording Studios
Hip hop soul albums
Interscope Records albums
Mýa albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear%20of%20Flying%20%28album%29 |
The white-naped honeyeater (Melithreptus lunatus) is a passerine bird of the honeyeater family Meliphagidae native to eastern Australia. Birds from southwestern Australia have been shown to be a distinct species, Gilbert's honeyeater, and the eastern birds are more closely related to the black-headed honeyeater of Tasmania. One of several similar species of black-headed honeyeaters in the genus Melithreptus, it dwells in dry sclerophyll eucalypt woodland. Its diet consists of nectar from various flowers, and it also feeds on insects.
Taxonomy
The white-naped honeyeater was originally described as Certhia lunata by French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot in 1802. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin luna, meaning 'moon'; this refers to the crescent-shaped, white marking on its nape. It is a member of the genus Melithreptus, with several species of similar size and (apart from the brown-headed honeyeater) black-headed appearance, in the honeyeater family, Meliphagidae. The next closest relative outside the genus is the much larger, but similarly marked, blue-faced honeyeater. More recently, DNA analysis has shown honeyeaters to be related to the Pardalotidae (pardalotes), Acanthizidae (Australian warblers, scrubwrens, thornbills, etc.), and the Maluridae (Australian fairy-wrens) in the large superfamily Meliphagoidea.
Gilbert's honeyeater, found in southwest Western Australia, was initially described as a separate species by John Gould in 1844, before being reclassified as a subspecies of the white-naped for many years. However, a molecular study published in 2010 showed that it had diverged before the split of populations in eastern Australia into the white-naped and black-headed honeyeaters.
"White-naped honeyeater" has been designated as the official common name for the species by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).
Description
A mid-sized honeyeater at in length, it is olive-green above and white below, with a black head, nape and throat, a red patch over the eye, and a white crescent-shaped patch on the nape. It is thinner than other similar species. Juveniles have brownish crowns and an orange base of the bill. Its call is a mjerp mjerp.
Ecology
It is found in eucalypt forest and woodlands. Its diet is principally nectar from a variety of flowers, supplemented by insects and various other invertebrates.
White-naped honeyeaters may nest from July to December, breeding once or twice during this time. The nest is a thick-walled bowl of grasses and bits of bark in the fork of a tall tree, usually a eucalypt. Two or three eggs are laid, in size, and shiny, buff-pink, sparsely spotted with red-brown.
References
External links
white-naped honeyeater
Articles containing video clips
white-naped honeyeater
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Queensland
Birds of South Australia
Birds of Victoria (state)
Endemic birds of Australia
white-naped honeyeater | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-naped%20honeyeater |
Jimmy Neutron, a fictional character, may also refer to:
Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, the 2001 animated film
The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius, a television series spin-off of the film
Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (video game), a video game based on the film | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Neutron%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The white-plumed honeyeater (Ptilotula penicillata, formerly Lichenostomus penicillatus) is a small passerine bird endemic to Australia. White-plumed honeyeaters are common around water and are often seen in backyards and suburbs with vegetation cover.
Taxonomy
First described by English naturalist John Gould in 1837, the specimen he examined came from "the interior of New South Wales". The species epithet penicillata derives from the Latin word penicillis meaning 'brush tip', referring to the white plume across the side of the neck. He placed the species in Meliphaga, where it would remain for almost 150 years. In 1975, Australian naturalist Richard Schodde split Meliphaga and placed the species in Lichenostomus. With the introduction of molecular studies, it was apparent that the white-plumed honeyeater belonged in a clade within Lichenostomus. This had first been suggested by Mathews in 1915, who placed it with the Yellow-tinted honeyeater in a genus he named Ptilotula; but this was rejected by the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union. The Ptilotula clade was finally promoted to genus after new molecular evidence was published in 2011. The generic name Ptilotula derives from Ancient Greek 'feather' and the diminutive of 'ear'.
The species is probably of Miocene origin, with a fossil fragment found in Riversleigh, Queensland, appearing very similar to the white-plumed honeyeater leg-bone.
Description
The plumage does not differ between the sexes. The distinguishing characteristic is a conspicuous white plume across the neck from the throat to the edge of the nape. The top of head and neck are olive, with a yellow eye-ring surrounding a black-brown to olive-brown eye. Cheeks and ear coverts are yellow-olive, with the rear coverts tipped black, creating a short black stripe along the anterior edge of the neck plume. The chin and throat are dull yellowish-olive.
The upperparts are uniform grey-olive and the uppertail coverts have a yellowish tinge. Upperwing coverts are mostly brown with olive to yellow-olive tips or edges, creating a somewhat scalloped appearance. Remiges are dark brown with yellowish edges to secondaries, forming a yellow-olive panel when the wing is folded. Uppertail is olive-brown with yellow-olive outer edges. Underbody is mainly light brown-grey, with pale yellow streaks in the centre of the breast, pale yellow on the upper belly, flanks and undertail coverts, and cream on the lower belly. Underwing coverts are off-white with brown-grey remiges. Undertail is brownish grey.
The feet and legs are pinkish to purplish grey. During breeding season, the bill and gape are black; however, outside of breeding the bill obtains an orange-yellow or orange-brown base (only on the lower mandible in some individuals) with a yellow gape.
Four subspecies are recognised: Ptilotula penicillata penicillata, P. p. leilavalensis, P. p. carteri and P. p. calconi. P. p. leilavalensis is paler and yellower, P. p. carteri is strongly tinged yellow, and P. p. calconi yellower. These subspecies intergrade where ranges overlap. In all four races, males are slightly larger than females. P. p. penicillata is the largest, with males averaging and females . P. p. leilavalensis and P. p. carteri are similar in size, where males are around and females. P. p. calconi is the smallest, with males around and females around . Wing lengths are much larger in penicillatus, and bill lengths differ only slightly, with the bill of P. p. carteri being somewhat longer than the other three subspecies.
Juveniles are similar to adults, but with duller colours on the top of head and neck, and brighter colours on the eye-ring and ear coverts. The plume is shorter and less distinct, often lacking the black border of the ear coverts. Underbody is slightly more brown. The bill is pink or yellowish with a brown tip in young individuals, changing to black with a yellow-orange or pinkish base; while the gape is yellow and noticeably puffy looking. In newly fledged birds, the feet and legs are a paler pinkish-brown and appear swollen compared to the adult.
Distribution and habitat
The species is widely distributed throughout south-eastern Australia (excluding Tasmania), up towards central Australia with patches occurring in central and western Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia. They are absent from desert areas but can persist in arid regions where trees and especially standing water are present.
The nominate race, P. p. penicillatus, occurs throughout south-eastern Australia to the Spencer Gulf in South Australia, and throughout the Murray-Darling basin. P. p. leilavalensis is found from Lake Eyre south to the Flinders Ranges in South Australia, east to the Barrier Ranges in western New South Wales, west to the edges of the Gibson and Great Sandy Deserts, and north to central-western Queensland. P. p. carteri occurs in the Pilbara region of WA from Geraldton to the Fortescue Ranges, and east to the Western Deserts; while P. p. calconi is known only from the southern Kimberley region.
The species has undergone range expansion in the last century. It was formerly linked closely to the distribution of river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and a few other riverine species; but it has since expanded into coastal areas to become resident in Sydney and Newcastle, where they were previously uncommon or only seasonal visitors. Banding studies indicate that the species is primarily sedentary, with 99.8% of recaptures occurring less than from the banding site. Small local movements occur, perhaps in response to environmental conditions.
An oligotypic species, it is mainly found in open sclerophyll woodland, often near water sources, such as wetlands, swamps, creeks, and dams. It is found extensively in river red gum woodlands, but also riparian woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus, Melaleuca or Casuarina species. It may also be found in nearby river flats or open forest and woodland.
Diet
The white-plumed honeyeater's diet consists mainly of nectar, insects and their products (e.g., honeydew and lerp), manna, fruit, and very occasionally seeds. They may also peck at berries to feed on juice.
Where sufficient standing water occurs, P. penicillata can be observed drinking at least twice per day. In xeric habitats, additional moisture is obtained from food. A study in the Pilbara region of Western Australia found that white-plumed honeyeaters must eat around 100 berries to obtain 1mL of water. Needing 5-10mL per day, white-plumed honeyeaters were able to feed on 500–1000 berries in a five-hour period in order to obtain both caloric requirements and sufficient water intake.
Foraging behaviour
White-plumed honeyeaters mainly feed by gleaning leaf surfaces. The tongue contains brush-like filaments, consisting of about 60 bristles, which are capable of mopping up nectar. Arthropod prey is usually taken by gleaning, but some prey is taken on the wing.
In urban areas, they are typically canopy foragers but foraging heights can vary, depending on the influence of other resident species. For example, in the presence of aggressive competitors, such as fuscous honeyeaters, white-plumed honeyeaters avoid conflict by modifying their foraging behaviour. In one location, where ranges of the two species overlapped, white-plumed honeyeaters fed at lower heights in the overlap zone than they did in the riparian zone, where fuscous honeyeaters were absent.
Information on diet comes from scats, stomach contents, and foraging observations. Stomach contents are heavily biased toward strong tissues from plants and arthropods. In 1980, it was found that manna, honeydew, and lerp were extremely important food resources. Other research indicated that insects were only a small part of the diet, when they were previously thought to be major components. Insects are sometimes taken on the wing, but probably only provide a protein and mineral source, as a surplus of energy is available in nectar, lerp, and manna. The lower proportion of insects in the diet is a consequence of the fact that more energy is spent hawking prey than can be redeemed from the prey.
Social behaviour
This is a gregarious species, often found in groups of 12 or more individuals during the nonbreeding season. These larger groups then dissipate during breeding. P. penicillata is considered colonial, with observations of colonies throughout their range. There is some suggestion of cooperative breeding, but if occurring it is uncommon. Communal breeding is likely, with conspecifics grouping to attack predators near nests. However, individual territories within communities are maintained, with territorial song frequency increasing during the breeding season.
Experiments with captive populations indicate that hierarchies form, based on plumage colour, gape flange characters, and voice, but no data from wild populations exists. Observations of aggressive interactions between conspecifics and other species, such as the yellow-faced honeyeater (Caligavis chrysops), willie wagtail (Rhipidura leucophrys), red wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), and smaller species, such as pardalotes (Pardalotus spp.), mistletoebird (Dicaeum hirundinaceum), and other small honeyeaters have been made. There are some observations of attacks on fuscous honeyeaters, but the two species tend to avoid each other, where they occur sympatrically. In some regions, smaller birds are absent, due to the aggressive nature of white-plumed honeyeaters and other species of similar size, resulting in the exclusion of these poorer competitors.
Foraging groups may use a chip-chip contact call, or a song which is repeated by nearby individuals. Corroborees of up to 12 or more individuals, sitting together on a branch, have been observed, which engage in extensive calling, followed by rapid dispersal.
Breeding
Females are relatively more ready to breed from late winter through to summer; however, males maintain enlarged testes throughout the year. Breeding occurs throughout their range with records in all months, and clutches typically produced 2–3 times per year. Breeding events usually coincide with outbreaks of herbivorous insects.
Nests are small and cup-shaped, in diameter and similar depth. These are skillfully woven from grasses and fine bark strips, bound with spider webs, and lined with animal hair, wool, and feathers. The female appears to be responsible for construction, but both sexes maintain and make repairs. Nests are usually located among the foliage in crowns of trees or shrubs, and only rarely seen in mistletoe. Sometimes nests are constructed in forks or on branches, and rarely in dead foliage. There is some evidence of site fidelity, and nest trees may be shared with active nests maintained by several other species, including wagtails, magpie-lark, woodswallows, and other honeyeater species.
Males undertake a song flight display, with a slight climbing and undulating flight above treetops while singing. At the song's completion, the male dives quickly into a nearby tree. This is performed throughout the day during breeding season, but less commonly in the early morning. Playback of this song does not induce territorial responses, suggesting the display is sexual in function. Other songs heard commonly after the breeding period begins may also have courtship functions.
The clutch is usually 2–3 eggs, varying from 1–4 overall. The second egg is typically laid within 24 hours of the first. Eggs are approximately , weighing ; oval, smooth, finely grained, and may be slightly glossy. Colour varies from white to pale buff or deep pink, minutely spotted with chestnut-red freckles towards the larger end. Eggs laid late in season tend to be lighter, and those from inland populations tend to be white with fewer markings.
Incubation is most likely solely by the female for a period of 13–15 days. Both parents feed the offspring during the nestling period of 11–15 days, and then for a further 2 weeks after fledging until independence. The nests are parasitized by pallid (Cacomantis pallidus) and fan-tailed cuckoos (Cacomantis flabelliformis) and Horsfield's (Chrysococcyx basalis) and shining bronze-cuckoos (Chrysococcyx lucidus).
Conservation status
The white-plumed honeyeater is considered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to be of least concern for conservation.
Threats
Exotic vertebrate predators, such as cats and dogs, are a direct threat to white-plumed honeyeater populations. Loss of trees from watercourses will impact a population; however, they are able to adapt to suburban environments, especially where native gardens are present.
Climate effects
The white-plumed honeyeater body-size has been observed to change over recent decades, with individuals becoming smaller in extended drought, but showing an overall trend towards larger body-size since the 1960s. This is correlated with increasing temperatures in the regions surveyed, with body size increasing by 0.064% per year.
References
External links
White plumed honeyeater sound recordings at Xeno Canto
Distribution information at Atlas of Living Australia
white-plumed honeyeater
white-plumed honeyeater
Endemic birds of Australia
Birds of Victoria (state)
Taxa named by John Gould | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-plumed%20honeyeater |
The Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education (CSIE) is an independent centre and registered charity based in the United Kingdom which aims to promote inclusion in education. As part of their work, they publish booklets on inclusive practice, and summaries of laws related to inclusion.
See also
Special education in the United Kingdom
Dyslexia support in the United Kingdom
External links
CSIE official website
CSIE resources
Education in the United Kingdom
Special education in the United Kingdom
Dyslexia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20for%20Studies%20on%20Inclusive%20Education |
Harold's Chicken Shack (also referred to as The Fried Chicken King, Harold's Chicken, or simply Harold's) is a popular fried chicken restaurant based in Chicago, Illinois. The chain operates primarily in Chicago's predominantly black communities but has additional locations in Carbondale, Illinois; Springfield, Illinois; Northwest Indiana; Indianapolis, Indiana; Phoenix, Arizona; Atlanta, Georgia; Las Vegas, Nevada; St. Louis, Missouri; Houston, Texas; and Los Angeles, California.
History
Harold Pierce, an African-American entrepreneur who moved to Chicago in 1943, founded the restaurant on June 22, 1950, at the corner of 47th Street and Kenwood, near the estate where he worked as a chauffeur. Harold and his wife also operated a soul food restaurant on 39th street called the H&H (Harold&Hilda); their specialties were dumplings and chicken feet. Pierce differed from other fast-food innovators in his development of Harold's brand. He wanted each franchisor to develop its personality rather than forcing each to fit the same mold. Some Harold's restaurants are very informal, with takeaway chicken served by employees standing behind a window of bulletproof glass (originally introduced as a necessity rather than an aesthetic concern). Others offer the option to dine in. Harold's Chicken Shacks may or may not offer fountain drinks, additional menu items, catering services, or delivery. The only constants are the basic chicken dinners and the emblem of a cook chasing a chicken with a cleaver. Even this varies greatly, sometimes rendered in lights and sometimes hand-painted. Often, the cook is dressed like a King. Harold's restaurants are also referred to as "Harold's: The Fried Chicken King", which can be seen on many older South Side signs.
Harold's Chicken Shack is located primarily in Chicago, Illinois, with 40 locations across the city, particularly on its South Side. Many South Side locations resulted from systemic racism, which limited Pierce's expansion opportunities to black neighborhoods. There are dozens of "shacks" on Chicago's South Side and the neighboring southern suburbs, several on the West Side and a few on the North Side.
Connection to culture
Harold's Chicken Shack is part of Chicago's South Side culture. The restaurant is often referenced by Chicago's hip-hop community, including Kanye West, Common, Rhymefest, Juice, G Herbo, Chance the Rapper, Freddie Gibbs, Lupe Fiasco and Dreezy. Rapper Wale stated in the song That Way, that Harold's Chicken was overrated. Top Dawg Entertainment rapper Kendrick Lamar mentioned Harold's Chicken in Fredo Santana's song, "Jealous", in which Lamar is featured, where he claimed he loved it so much he flew a private jet there straight from Rome.
Harold's has been shown in a scene on the television show South Side, as well as part of the music video for BJ The Chicago Kid's "It's True". Harold's is also shown next to the bar visited early in the movie Weird Science.
See also
Chicago-style barbecue
List of fast-food chicken restaurants
References
Fast-food poultry restaurants
Fast-food chains of the United States
Fast-food franchises
Companies based in Chicago
Cuisine of Chicago
Restaurants in Chicago
Restaurants established in 1950
1950 establishments in Illinois
Chicken chains of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%27s%20Chicken%20Shack |
"Gomenasai" (mispronunciation of ) is a song by Russian recording duo t.A.T.u., taken from their second English language studio album Dangerous and Moving (2005). The song was written by Martin Kierszenbaum, and production was handled by Kierszenbaum and Robert Orton. The song was released in May 2006 as the album's third single by Interscope. The song was not initially supposed to be a single from the studio album as t.A.T.u. did not approve; however Interscope ignored the band's wishes and went forward with the single anyway. Due to conflicts with the label, "Gomenasai" was t.A.T.u's last single with Interscope.
Musically, the song is a pop ballad with electronic music influences. Lyrically it deals with the group saying "sorry" towards each other, using the Japanese word "Gomennasai"; hence the title. "Gomenasai" received mixed to favorable reviews from music critics, who felt it was gentle and one of the group's best vocal songs to date, while some felt it was similar to other ballads. The song was not issued in most countries, but had moderate success on the music charts. There were two different videos produced for this single: animated and live action.
Background
The song was written by Martin Kierszenbaum, and production was handled by Kierszenbaum and Robert Orton. The song was released in May 2006 as the album's third single by Interscope. The song was the group's last official single from the group's record labels, Interscope and Universal Russia. The group did not want to release the song as the third single, but the choice was up to their label who finally decided to release it.
Due to the further conflict, the group decided to leave the record label. The single, however was not the last release, as the group's compilation "The Best" was the final.
Critical reception
"Gomenasai" received mixed reviews on critics, with some calling it more feminine and gentle. However, because the album is more upbeat and electronic, some critics claimed it didn't "fit in". Roger Holland from PopMatters liked the single labelling it "gentle" and "friendly", while James Blake from BBC Music called it a "low point".
Daniel Incognito, a staff member of Sputnikmusic had said "Gomenasai feels like a million other romantic Pop songs with stereotypical violins, soft synthesizer sounds and mushy lyrics."
Music videos
Animated video
The place holder video of "Gomenasai", in the form of Japanese anime, was released late February 2006 and early March 2006 in some countries. The video starts with Yulia lying in her room, thinking about Lena, but unbeknownst to her, she was being carefully watched by a small robot. Yulia watches as Lena is being taken away by a larger robot. Yulia then changes her clothes and equips herself with weapons, then goes to start her car. While Yulia is driving the car, she finds out she is being trailed by robots. One of the robots shoots her car with a heat seeking missile, causing Yulia to lose control of her car and causing it to flip over, Yulia manages to escape and kill the robots by making her car explode by pushing a button on her waist. Meanwhile, Lena is trapped in prison by an enemy. Yulia breaks inside the enemy's fort and defeats them. The video is available through iTunes in some European countries and the United States.
Live action video
The live action video was directed by Hype Williams and was shot in Los Angeles during the week of March 13, 2006. It was filmed in the Botanical Gardens in L.A. It exudes a soft, dreamy, and beautiful feeling and is a departure from the action-packed animated video.
The video shows the girls singing against a black background with shots of stone angel statues from time to time.
It was released in mid/late May in Europe, Asia, South America and North
Africa (2 Arabic channel).
Track listing
Europe Maxi-CD single
Released May 12, 2006
"Gomenasai"
"Cosmos (Outer Space)" (She Wants Revenge Remix)
"Craving (I Only Want What I Can't Have)" (Bollywood Mix)
"Gomenasai" (Music Video)
Europe CD single
"Gomenasai"
"Cosmos (Outer Space)" (She Wants Revenge Remix)
Charts
Samples
Samples of "Gomenasai" were used for the song "Happy Birthday" by rap group Flipsyde. It uses the lyrics "What I thought was a dream... was as real as it seemed" from Lena, "I made a mistake" from Yulia, and the piano intro. t.A.T.u. have accompanied Flipsyde while promoting Flipsyde's single and have performed together on Top of the Pops, TRL and The Dome in Germany, though t.A.T.u. did not make an appearance in Flipsyde's "Happy Birthday" music video.
Spanish rapper Porta used samples of "Gomenasai" for the song "Mi Rosa Negra".
References
External links
Official lyrics
2005 songs
2006 singles
Music videos directed by Hype Williams
T.A.T.u. songs
Pop ballads
Songs written by Martin Kierszenbaum
English-language Russian songs
2000s ballads
Animated music videos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomenasai%20%28t.A.T.u.%20song%29 |
The Euro Beach Soccer League (EBSL) is the premier competition in beach soccer contested between European men's national teams. The competition has been held annually since its establishment in 1998, making it the oldest beach soccer tournament in Europe and one of the oldest in the world, only surpassed in longevity by the World Cup and Mundialito events. The EBSL was originally created to promote the newly founded sport in Europe in a competitive environment and was originally called the European Pro Beach Soccer League until 2004.
Organised by Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW), the teams compete in two divisions; A, consisting of the league's 12 best nations and B, consisting of the other teams competing that year. A system of promotion and relegation exists between the two divisions.
The typical league format is played in two phases; a regular season and a post-season. Teams play in stages of fixtures during the regular season, hoping to earn enough points for their division's league table to qualify for their respective post-season events; for Division A, the Superfinal, in which league title is then directly contested, and for Division B, the Promotion Final, in which promotion to A is then directly contested.
The competition takes place between June and September. The league's rounds of matches are staged in a series of locations across Europe in which multiple nations gather to play, having spread as west as Dublin, Ireland and as east as Baku, Azerbaijan. Matches take place every few weeks over the course of a weekend, including Fridays. At most, Division A teams play 10 games a season and Division B nations, 7 games.
38 nations of Europe have competed since the initial 1998 season. Only four have featured in every season – France, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The most successful nation is Portugal with eight titles, followed by Spain and Russia with five titles each. Italy have three titles (and are also current champions), Switzerland have two titles, whilst Germany, France and Ukraine have one title each.
History
Foundation
After beach soccer's inception in 1992, the sport grew quickly. In 1996, the Pro Beach Soccer Tour (PBST) was created by Beach Soccer Company (BSC) – a series of exhibition events across the world, totalling in 60 games by the end of 1997. In Europe, the interest generated was particularly prevalent. Unsatisfied with the status quo, representatives of six European beach soccer promoter entities met with the Graham family and Gabby Roe of BSC at Le Méridien hotel in Monte Carlo, Monaco, to discuss how to collectively grow the European game, namely Natalie Aubery (Monaco), Joël Cantona (France), Alex Colombo (Italy), Nicola Owen (Germany), Eric Steffan (Portugal), and Joan Cusco and Santi Soler (Spain). They perceived that the media, sponsors and fans in Europe desired a multi-event, summer-long competition, touring the continent with consistent national teams and star players to support in a competitive environment. Consequently, BSC proceeded to launch the first European Pro Beach Soccer League season (EPBSL) in 1998, moulded and structured as such.
Initial seasons (1998–2000)
In the inaugural season of 1998, seven countries took part, mostly from Western and Southern Europe – France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Yugoslavia, Switzerland and Portugal. The league events travelled across Europe, with multiple countries hosting rounds of fixtures called stages (see defunct formats for more), concluding in Monte Carlo, which saw Germany crowned champions – their only title to date. During this time, Prince Albert of Monaco became Honorary President of the EPBSL and Monte Carlo was chosen to host the final stage each year including a gala event. Spain went on to win the 1999 and 2000 editions, the latter famed for its conclusion with the title decided in the very last match of the season with the narrow 6–5 Spanish defeat of arch-rivals Portugal. Austria and the Netherlands also debuted during these years.
Much of the success of the league's early years is attributed to the recognisable retired association footballers who made the transition to the sand, attracting fans to attend and watch matches on TV. These included Eric Cantona, Michel, Claudio Gentile, Uli Stielike, Karl-Heinz Rummenigge, Emilio Butragueño and Andreas Brehme to name a few. Meanwhile, dedicated beach soccer players, without the footballing fame of these stars also made a name for themselves, most notably the young duo of Spain's Amarelle and Portugal's Madjer.
Introduction of the Superfinal and multiple divisions (2001–2005)
In 2001, thanks to a merger deal, Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW) became the league's new organisers. Subsequently, the competition underwent significant changes. The league was split into two phases – the existing regular season and a new post-season play-off phase called the Superfinal, in which the league champions would be determined instead of via the end of regular season league table. Furthermore, BSWW divided the nations of the league into two divisions (A and B) in 2002, with a short-lived third division (C) created in 2004 (see defunct formats for more). The league also doubled as the qualification route for European nations to the upcoming edition of the Beach Soccer World Championships.
Despite the new format, Iberian dominance continued initially. Spain claimed their third straight title in 2001, two-time runners-up Portugal finally claimed their first title in 2002, and Spanish superiority resumed as they won their fourth crown after just six seasons in 2003. However, such dominance ended with the results of 2004 and 2005 which finally saw new champions in France and Italy respectively, overcoming Spain and Portugal in the final of each respectively. Nations like England, Norway, Belgium, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine and Russia all joined the league during this period, expanding participation to more northern and eastern Europeans nations. However, they failed to make an impact against the superior, established Southern European quartet. Personnel-wise, European teams were quickly transitioning away from being composed of retired star footballers to comprising predominately younger players attempting a career in the new sport.
Commercially, the league enjoyed some of its greatest success at this time; BSWW secured "vastly expanded television coverage" of the EBSL from such networks as Sky Sports (UK), RAI (Italy), SIC (Portugal) and NRK (Norway) and "unprecedented demand from promoters" to host league events. Major sponsorship deals were also struck with McDonald's, Coca-Cola and MasterCard; in 2004, the competition was renamed to the shortened Euro Beach Soccer League (EBSL), and the latter became lead sponsors.
Third format era (2006–2007)
The EBSL once again underwent significant changes in 2006, entering its third distinct format era. In summary, the new format had Division B start and complete their regular season first, early in the summer. The top teams then qualified to play in Division A, to compete alongside the top tier's automatic entrants, which began its regular season later in the summer. The top teams at the end of the Division A regular season then proceeded to the Superfinal to contest the league title as usual. (see defunct formats for more)
Having switched from Monte Carlo to Marseille in 2005, BSWW made the French city the Superfinal's permanent new home for 2006 and 2007. Its impressive hosting was key in FIFA's decision to award the city as hosts of the 2008 World Cup. The EBSL continued to double as the World Cup qualification route for European nations into the FIFA era.
These years saw the Iberian nations return to the summit; Spain won their fifth title in 2006 and Portugal their second in 2007, narrowly denying France their own second crown by a single goal in the final. However the latter year saw the birth of a new European power, that of Russia who finished top of the Division A regular season table in just their first season in the top tier, ultimately finishing third in the Superfinal. This era saw the rise of the likes of Switzerland and Poland, establishing themselves as regular participants of the top tier.
Promotion and relegation (2009–present)
The 2008 season was greatly affected by the scheduling of the World Cup which shortened the league's calendar. Because of the time constraints, the incumbent format could not be implemented. Instead, all teams competed in one unified division in what was ultimately an anomalous season in terms of its format.
Heading into the 2009 season, BSWW did not return to the 2006–07 format but instead completely revamped the league's configuration, primarily introducing a system of promotion and relegation between Divisions A and B by making the Superfinal a Division A only event and establishing a second post-season event exclusively for Division B nations, the Promotion Final, in which promotion is achieved. The regular seasons of the two divisions were also reverted back to occur concurrently as in 2001–05. (see current format for more)
During this era participation has continued to increase, breaking the 20-team barrier in 2011 and a record 27 nations competed in 2017, seeing participation expand to some of Europe's least populated nations such as Lithuania and Andorra, and to the continent's most eastern periphery with Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan debuting and becoming league regulars. The Superfinal and regular season stages have also spread out further across Europe; the former has been staged in Estonia, The Netherlands and Russia, whilst the latter have been hosted in Serbia, Hungary and Ukraine. Russia's rise culminated with their first title in 2009; with four further titles since, Russia equalled Spain and Portugal's long standing record tally of five titles in 2017, and at least finishing in the top four every season from 2007–19, the Russians have cemented their position as a superpower. During this period Portugal have continued to be a dominant side, becoming only the second team after Spain (1999–2001) to win three titles in a row (2019–2022), to move clear as the record-holding champions, now with eight. Meanwhile, Switzerland and Ukraine claimed their maiden crowns, and Belarus have also broken into the elite by reaching their first final in 2021. On the other hand, this era has seen the demise of nations like France, who saw relegation to Division B in 2010 and again 2012, meanwhile Spain have only made two finals during these ten years, despite their five previous titles.
The 2020s began with a series of disruptions to the league. The COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted the 2020 season and also somewhat affected the 2021 season. And in 2022, longstanding and major league members, Russia and Belarus, were excluded from the competition in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Competition structure
Current format
In 2009, BSWW overhauled the existing league structure and introduced a new format that remains in use, featuring a system of promotion and relegation between two divisions of teams. The league currently consists of two phases – a regular season, typically taking place between June and August, and two post-season events, taking place in August or September. Minor amendments to the format were made in 2013 that focused on increasing the size of Division A and the number of teams advancing to the post-season events.
Divisions A and B
The nations of the EBSL are divided between two divisions; A, the league's top tier, and B, the league's lower tier. Each season, Division A nations aim to win the EBSL title, whilst Division B nations aim to be promoted to Division A, with one promotion spot available per season.
12 countries comprise Division A. These are the league's best teams. It features the top 11 finishers from the previous year's final Division A regular season league table, plus the one nation who earned promotion from Division B at end of the preceding season (the Promotion Final winners). Division B hosts all other participants, those with lesser ability on the sand than those in the top tier. The division features teams from the previous Division B season who were not promoted, nations returning after an absence from competing, the team relegated from Division A at the end of the previous season, and any debutants. Hence the total number of nations competing in Division B varies by season and as such is not fixed in size like Division A.
Regular season
The league begins with the regular season, consisting of multiple rounds of fixtures taking place every few weeks. Each set of matches is treated as its own event, known as a stage. Each stage of the season is hosted in a different European country. Typically, both Division A and Division B matches are organised to take place together during the same stage event. Overall, Division A nations generally take part in two stages per year and Division B nations, one stage each.
In each stage, the participating teams compete in groups of four in a round robin format (sometimes Division B nations play in groups of three) over the course of three days (usually Friday, Saturday and Sunday). Teams earn points for their divisions’ league table for winning matches during these stages, trying to earn enough to qualify for their respective divisions' post-season events (see below). The team who earned the most points during the event are declared stage winners and are presented with a trophy. Individual awards are also presented for the MVP, best goalkeeper and top scorer.
Superfinal
The post-season event for Division A teams is called the Superfinal. Of the 12 teams in Division A, the top eight ranking nations with the most points in the Division A league table at the end of the regular season proceed to the Superfinal. In this event, the participating nations directly compete for the league title. A four-day event, the eight teams are split into two groups of four, competing in a round robin format. The two group winners then proceed to the final, with the winner of this concluding match crowned champions of the EBSL.
Promotion Final
The post-season event for Division B nations is called the Promotion Final, staged in parallel with the Superfinal during same dates and in the same location. The top seven ranking nations with the most points in the Division B league table at the end of the regular season proceed to the Promotion Final. In this event, teams directly compete for the single promotion spot available. An eighth nation also takes part, the team that finished last in Division A, who compete to try and defend their Division A status.
The eight teams are split into two groups of four, competing in a round robin format. The two group winners then proceed to the final to play for promotion. The Division B nation which wins this match is promoted to Division A the next season, with the team bottom of Division A relegated. However, if the defending Division A team successfully wins the Promotion Final, fending off the challenge of the Division B teams, they will retain their Division A status for the next season, denying any prospective Division B team promotion.
Defunct formats
Locations of events
Part of the original concept of the EBSL was to link the multiple promoters of beach soccer in the different countries of Europe under the umbrella of a single Europe-wide competition. This was to ensure a strong structure of development for beach soccer throughout the Old Continent through such unity. This has meant that BSWW have hosted and continue to host EBSL events right across Europe.
The table below shows the countries which have hosted EBSL events, in order from that which has hosted the most, down to the least. The specific host towns and cities in each country are also listed. Overall, in 24 seasons, there have been 138 events hosted in 69 different locations in Europe.
Teams
As of the 2021 season, 24 teams comprise the Euro Beach Soccer League, split between two divisions: Division A consisting of 12 teams and Division B comprising 12 teams. Teams move between the divisions through a promotion and relegation process established in the 2009 season. One team a season can be promoted/relegated from each division. Prior to 2009, teams were simply allocated to divisions at the start of each season.
An eight team group from 2009 to 2012, the size of the top division has been fixed at 12 since 2013, seeing four extra teams promoted at the end of the 2012 season. However, teams returning after an absence from competing and new nations debuting are placed into the bottom division, hence its size, and the overall number nations participating in the league, has varied every season throughout the history of the competition.
Having started with seven nations in 1998 (France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Yugoslavia, Switzerland and Portugal), the milestone of 10 participating nations was reached in the 2002 season and 20 teams first took part in the 2011 season; the record is currently 27 teams, first achieved in the 2017 season. Overall, 36 different nations have competed since the opening edition. 20 members of UEFA are yet to enter the league. National teams such as Croatia, Malta and Slovenia have expressed interest in joining the league in the past, but have so far not participated.
Current line-up
2022 season results:
Inactive teams
Of the 36 nations that have competed at some point since the start of the EBSL, 16 are currently inactive – absent from competing in the league in recent years, but may return to compete again in the future. However, note that Monaco are not a FIFA member and so are not eligible to return to compete – their solo appearance in 2004 took place before FIFA became governing body of beach soccer.
Results
Season-by-season
The results shown were decided via the Superfinal since 2001 and via the end of season league table between 1998 and 2000.
The awards shown were presented after the Superfinal. However note that the awards presented to the players listed between 1998 and 2007 were based on those players' performances and goals amassed over the entire season. From 2008 onwards, season-encompassing awards were made defunct – the players listed received the awards based solely on their performance in the season-ending Superfinal.
Successful teams
Promoted and relegated teams (Promotion Final results)
The following table lists the results from the final match of the Promotion Final – the secondary post-season event in existence since 2009 from which the winner is promoted from Division B to Division A. (see Competition structure#Promotion Final for more)
The table also shows which defending Division A team failed to defend their place in the top tier during the Promotion Final and were therefore relegated (if applicable). The promoted teams are also listed because, in some seasons, more teams than simply the Promotion Final winners gained promotion. These special circumstances are explained via footnotes.
Statistics
Regular season stage winners
The first phase of the EBSL is the regular season. The matches of the regular season have been organised as both small-scale knockout tournaments and also round robin tournaments known as stages; the latter is the current format being used. The team which earns the most points at the end of the stage are declared stage winners and receive a trophy.
The following tables list every nation that has ever won a stage and how many stages in total they have won, by division. For comparison, the number of stages said team has ever played in that division in order to achieve the number of stage victories is also shown.
Division A
This table shows the teams which have won Division A regular season stages.
Division B
This table shows the teams which have won Division B regular season stages since the division was introduced in 2002.
Teams without a stage win
The following teams have previously competed in Division A or B but currently have zero stage victories in that division. The notes that apply to the above two tables also apply here.
Superfinal appearances
The Superfinal is the post-season event in which the nations with the most points at the end of the regular season qualify to play in, with the winner becoming league champions.
The table below lists all the teams who have ever qualified for Superfinal and the total number of times said team has appeared in the event.
Portugal are the only team to appear in all 22 Superfinals. Of the eight winners of the EBSL, Switzerland appeared in most Superfinals before finally winning the title, claiming the crown at their ninth attempt. Meanwhile, Poland and Belarus have appeared in the most Superfinals (seven) without yet winning the title.
All-time tables
Division or status in 2020:
Division A
The all-time Division A table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has ever played whilst being a member of Division A of the EBSL.
Division B
The all-time Division B table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has ever played whilst being a member of Division B of the EBSL since the division's establishment in 2002.
References
Notes
Citations
External links
Euro Beach Soccer League, at Beach Soccer Worldwide
Euro Beach Soccer League, at ZeroZero.pt (in Portuguese)
International beach soccer competitions
Recurring sporting events established in 1998
1998 establishments in Europe
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualification
European championships in association football | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro%20Beach%20Soccer%20League |
The yellow-faced honeyeater (Caligavis chrysops) is a small to medium-sized bird in the honeyeater family, Meliphagidae. It takes its common and scientific names from the distinctive yellow stripes on the sides of its head. Its loud, clear call often begins twenty or thirty minutes before dawn. It is widespread across eastern and southeastern Australia, in open sclerophyll forests from coastal dunes to high-altitude subalpine areas, and woodlands along creeks and rivers. Comparatively short-billed for a honeyeater, it is thought to have adapted to a diet of flies, spiders, and beetles, as well as nectar and pollen from the flowers of plants, such as Banksia and Grevillea, and soft fruits. It catches insects in flight as well as gleaning them from the foliage of trees and shrubs.
Some yellow-faced honeyeaters are sedentary, but hundreds of thousands migrate northwards between March and May to spend the winter in southern Queensland, and return in July and August to breed in southern New South Wales and Victoria. They form socially monogamous pairs and lay two or three eggs in a delicate cup-shaped nest. The success rate can be low, and the pairs nest several times during the breeding season.
Honeyeaters' preferred woodland habitat is vulnerable to the effects of land-clearing, grazing, and weeds. As it is common and widespread, the yellow-faced honeyeater is considered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to be of least concern for conservation. It is considered a pest in orchards in some areas.
Taxonomy
The yellow-faced honeyeater was first described, and placed in the genus Sylvia, by ornithologist John Latham in his 1801 work Supplementum Indicis Ornithologici, sive Systematis Ornithologiae. French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot described it as Melithreptus gilvicapillus in 1817, and English zoologist George Robert Gray as Ptilotis trivirgata in 1869. The specific name chrysops is derived from the Ancient Greek words chrysos meaning 'gold' and prosopo meaning 'face', in reference to the stripe of yellow feathers.
The yellow-faced honeyeater was classified in the genera Meliphaga and then Lichenostomus until 2011. Delineating the latter genus had been systematically contentious, and evaluations of relationships among honeyeaters in the genus, using dense taxon and nucleotide sampling, confirmed previous findings that Lichenostomus is not monophyletic. Five species have previously been described as comprising the Caligavis subgroup, but studies, using the mitochondrial DNA, identified the yellow-faced honeyeater as most closely related to the black-throated honeyeater (C. subfrenatus) and the obscure honeyeater (C. obscurus) of New Guinea; they were, therefore, grouped into the genus Caligavis. The generic name derives from the Latin caligo 'mist, obscurity' and avis 'bird'. The bridled honeyeater (B. frenatus) and the Eungella honeyeater (B. hindwoodi) were sufficiently different to be placed in a separate genus as Bolemoreus. A 2017 genetic study, using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, found the ancestor of the yellow-faced honeyeater diverged from the common ancestor of the other two Caligavis species around seven million years ago.
There are three subspecies of the yellow-faced honeyeater, two of which were described by Gregory Mathews in 1912. There are only very slight differences between the nominate race and C. c. samueli found in the Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia, and C. c. barroni from the Clarke Range and the Atherton Tableland in Queensland. The latter race is described as "poorly differentiated" and "possibly not worthy of recognition" by the Handbook of the Birds of the World.
The Surgeon-General of New South Wales John White caught a specimen in May 1788 calling it a yellow-faced flycatcher in his Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, which was published in 1790. Latham called it the black-cheeked warbler. John Gould called it the yellow-faced honeyeater in 1848, which has become its official name. It is also known as the yellow-gaped honeyeater, or the quitchup, in reference to its call.
Description
Appearance
The yellow-faced honeyeater is a medium-small, greyish-brown bird that takes its common name from distinctive yellow stripes on the sides of the head. Yellow feathers form a narrow stripe above the gape, which broadens and curves below the eye to end in a small white patch of feathers on the ear coverts. Above the yellow stripe is a black eye stripe which is broken by a small yellow to off-white patch behind the eye, and below is another distinct black stripe running the length of the yellow line. The chin, throat, and breast are a pale greyish-brown, streaked with slightly darker grey, and the abdomen is light grey. The upper body is a dark greyish-brown to olive-brown. Olive-green outer edges on the remiges combine to form an olive panel on the folded wing. The bill is black and slightly down-curved, and the gape is cream. The legs and feet are grey-brown. The iris is a dusky blue in adult birds, and brown in juveniles. The juvenile is very similar to the adult, with slightly less streaking on the breast, an orange-brown tip on the bill, and a yellower gape; male and female birds are also similar, with the male being slightly larger (on average, heavier); and in the field there are no visible differences between the subspecies. The yellow-faced honeyeater averages in length, with a wingspan of , and a weight of , with an average of ).
Vocalizations
One of the first birds heard in the morning, the yellow-faced honeyeater utters calls that are full and loud, and extremely varied. The male sings from a roost for up to an hour, beginning twenty or thirty minutes before dawn. The song is a running series of cheerful notes sounding like chick-up, chick-up, from which its common name of quitchup is derived. Counter-singing (repeating the first bird's song) by neighbouring birds is common. The territorial call, also given by opponents during fights, is a long preet with an upward inflection. The alarm call is a loud trilling whistle. Common calls, thought to be contact calls, are animated two-note calls variously described as , , cr-rook, cr-rook or put-put, put-put.
Distribution and habitat
Habitat
Across its range, the yellow-faced honeyeater is found in a variety of habitats—in open sclerophyll forests from coastal dunes to high-altitude subalpine areas, and often in riparian woodlands. It most commonly dwells in open forests dominated by spotted gum (Corymbia maculata) with ironbarks and stringybarks, such as narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra) and silver-leaved ironbark (E. melanophloia), with a light, shrubby understorey, and less often in dry, open forests and woodlands dominated by Angophora, Acacia, Banksia, Casuarina or Callitris, or in high-altitude, tall, open forests of alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) and woodlands dominated by snow gum (E. pauciflora) or white box (E. albens). It has been recorded in coastal heath when banksias are blooming, and among flowering mangroves. It occupies areas infested with weeds, such as Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) and blackberries, and in developed areas including orchards, parks and gardens, where it feeds on cultivated fruit and flowers. It can be found in forests regenerating after fire or logging, though it is more common in mature forests. Where it is found in woodland, it is usually woodland near forest or with an understory of sclerophyll plants.
Range
The yellow-faced honeyeater ranges across a broad arc generally along the coastline from near Cooktown in Far North Queensland, and between a line from Charters Towers south to Albury and the coast, and then west to the Fleurieu Peninsula and the Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia. Population densities have been recorded from 0.01 birds per hectare (2.5 acres) near Armidale in New South Wales to 7.8 birds per hectare at Tarnagulla, Victoria. During the winter months of June and July, numbers are generally lower in Victoria and higher in Queensland, following their northward migration.
Migration
There are resident populations of the yellow-faced honeyeater throughout its range, but it is for the most part a seasonal, latitudinal, daytime migrant. During the autumn (March to May), it migrates north along the highlands and coastal fringe of eastern Australia to southern Queensland, to return in the spring (August to October) of the same year. The birds commonly move in flocks of 10 to 100 birds, but occasionally in larger groups of 1,000 or more. The groups can include other species, such as the white-naped honeyeater, fuscous honeyeater, noisy friarbird, and silvereye. They move in successive flocks at a rate of up to several thousand birds an hour. Over 100,000 birds were recorded passing Hastings Point in New South Wales over the course of a single day in May 1965. The species is able to detect geomagnetic fields, and uses them to navigate while migrating. Experiments, where the vertical component of the magnetic field was reversed, indicate that the magnetic compass of the yellow-faced honeyeater is based on the inclination of the field lines and not on polarity, meaning they distinguish between the direction of the equator and the South Pole, rather than north and south. Their flight is in one general direction, but is not in a straight line, as the flocks stay in vegetated areas, negotiate gaps in the mountain ranges, and detour around cities.
The migration of many birds in Australia, including honeyeaters, has generally been described as occurring mainly in response to external environmental stimuli, such as food availability or an influx of water. The yellow-faced honeyeater has been found to have a broad range of characteristics that are more often associated with Northern Hemisphere migrants. These are an annual cycle of migratory restlessness, seasonally appropriate orientation based on magnetic, solar and polarised light cues, and a migration program based on the magnetic inclination compass.
Behaviour
The yellow-faced honeyeater is usually seen singly, in pairs or in small family groups, when not migrating. They forage as individuals, as pairs or as small groups of up to ten birds, and during migration in larger groups. They sometimes feed in large, mixed-species, foraging flocks, composed predominately of insectivorous birds.
Feeding
Comparatively short-billed for a honeyeater, the yellow-faced honeyeater is thought to have adapted to a mixed diet. Its diet consists of nectar, pollen, fruit, seeds, honeydew, and insects. It is arboreal, foraging primarily among the foliage and flowers of trees, shrubs, and mistletoes, less often on branches and tree-trunk, and rarely on the ground. Yellow-faced honeyeaters feed on nectar around 40% of the time, and on insects around 60% of the time. The yellow-faced honeyeater feeds on insects by gleaning, sallying, catching in flight, or probing in bark crevices. The insects eaten are primarily Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, maggots, gnats, and midges), beetles, and spiders. A study of the pollen on the bills and foreheads of captured birds found that 70% carried pollen from silver banksia (Banksia marginata), 61% from heath-leaved banksia (Banksia ericifolia), and 22% carried pollen from other plants in the area including fern-leaved banksia (Banksia oblongifolia), mountain devil (Lambertia formosa), and green spider-flower (Grevillea mucronulata).
In April and May, before the autumn migration, the yellow-faced honeyeater increases its nectar consumption, which increases its body mass. The average body mass in late autumn of is 13% higher than the average recorded between January and April, and the yellow-faced honeyeater begins the migration with healthy fat reserves.
Breeding
The yellow-faced honeyeater breeds in monogamous pairs in a breeding season that extends from July to March, with migrating birds nesting later than sedentary birds. They nest solitarily in all-purpose territories that both parents defend against conspecifics and other species including thornbills, spinebills and silvereyes, although the male is involved in more aggressive interactions than the female. Within a breeding season, females lay two or three clutches of eggs, re-nesting with the same partner in the same territory. Banded birds have been identified in the same territory for periods of up to five years.
The nest is built in the understorey shrubs, relatively close to the ground. Nests have been recorded in prickly coprosma (Coprosma quadrifida), Cassinia, tea-trees (Melaleuca), eucalypts and acacias, as well as in garden shrubs. The nest is a fragile, cup-shaped structure, swollen at the sides and narrower at the rim. The female builds the nest, but is often accompanied by the male as she gathers nesting material. Most nests are built of greenish material, which varies with the location; in coastal areas, grass is the primary material; in mountain forests, the nest is often covered with moss. One bird was recorded repeatedly flying between the nest and a koala away and plucking the long hair near its ears to incorporate in the nest. The nests are very fine, with the eggs visible through the gauze-like walls, and they sometimes fall apart. They have been known to disintegrate with eggs and nestlings falling through the bottom.
The female undertakes the incubation alone. Eggs are oval, approximately long and wide, and pinkish white in colour with spots and blotches of dark reddish-brown. The clutch size varies from one to three eggs, and eggs take around two weeks to hatch. Upon hatching, both parents feed the nestlings and remove faecal pellets. The chicks fledge after thirteen days, and leave the parental territory after a further two weeks. The success rate can be as low as 16% of eggs developing into fledged young, with nest failure, hot weather, heavy rain, human activity (including fungicide spraying and nest damage), egg destruction by brood parasites, and predation by brown snakes, cats, and currawongs, all recorded as contributing to brood failure. Among the species that parasitize the nests of yellow-faced honeyeaters are fan-tailed cuckoos, brush cuckoos, pallid cuckoos, shining bronze-cuckoos, and Horsfield's bronze-cuckoos. The yellow-faced honeyeater promptly nests again after both successful and failed breeding attempts.
A paternity analysis of yellow-faced honeyeater nestlings found that 10 of 18 nestlings were fathered by the male of the nesting pair, with clear evidence for extra-pair paternity in the case of the remaining 44%. This conflicts with the usual pattern, where genetic monogamy is linked to the characteristics of strong social pairing, essential paternal contributions to brood-rearing, and to sexual monomorphism; characteristics that are exhibited by the yellow honeyeater, for example.
Conservation status
Several ectoparasites, which can affect survival and reproductive fitness, have been found on the yellow-faced honeyeater: the mites, Ptilonyssus meliphagae and P. thymanzae, and Ixodes species ticks.
In general, honeyeaters require extensive corridors of mature trees along their migratory routes, and flowering woodlands for nesting, so they are vulnerable to the effects of land-clearing, grazing and weed infestation. The woodland habitat they prefer is considered an endangered ecological community. As it is common and widespread, the yellow-faced honeyeater is considered by the IUCN to be of least concern for conservation. A field experiment to determine whether yellow-faced honeyeater nests were less successful in fragmented habitats found that nests closer to forest margins actually had a higher success rate than those deeper in the forest. However, the yellow-faced honeyeater tends to nest away from the edge of forest remnants; experiments with natural and artificial nests at varying distances from the open areas showed no increase in the number of avian predators at the forest edge. The results of the field experiment did not support the "ecological trap" and "predator influx" theories, and contribute to a belief that fragmented habitats may not be as problematic as previously thought. In some areas, the species is considered a pest because of its intrusion into orchards and urban gardens, where it damages fruit.
References
Bibliography
External links
Photos, audio and video of yellow-faced honeyeater from Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library
Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the yellow-faced honeyeater
yellow-faced honeyeater
Birds of Queensland
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of South Australia
Birds of Victoria (state)
Endemic birds of Australia
yellow-faced honeyeater
Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-faced%20honeyeater |
Chiloglottis, commonly known as wasp orchids, ant orchids or bird orchids, is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae and is found in eastern Australia and New Zealand. Wasp orchids are terrestrial herbs which grow in colonies of genetically identical plants. They usually have two leaves at the base of the plant and a single resupinate ("upside-down") flower. The labellum is more or less diamond-shaped and has calli resembling the body of a wingless female wasp.
Taxonomy and naming
The genus Chiloglottis was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown. Brown described Chiloglottis diphylla at the same time, making it the type species.
David Jones has transferred some species, especially those commonly known as "bird orchids" (Simpliglottis) and "ant orchids" (Myrmechila) to other genera, but the change has not been widely accepted.
Distribution
This genus of orchids is native to Australia and New Zealand (including Chatham Island and the Antipodes Islands).
Ecology
The flowers of wasp, ant and bird orchids are pollinated by sexual deception (pseudocopulation) of thynnine wasps, except for C. cornuta which is self-pollinating. A key feature is that each species of orchid is pollinated by a different species of wasp.
Male wasps are attracted by wind-borne pheromones released by glands on the sepals of the flowers. They usually land on the labellum, on another part of the plant or nearby and then walk or fly to the labellum. They crawl over the labellum, searching for the female wasp. They then attempt to lift and fly away with the dummy female but this action brings them into contact with the column. If the insect has pollinia from another orchid on its back, the contained pollen will attach to the sticky stigma. Alternatively, if there are no pollinia on its back, the insect may move backward, receive a coat of glue from the flower's rostellum, then push open the anther and removing any pollinia present, which adhere to the insect's thorax.
List of species
Chiloglottis anaticeps D.L.Jones (1991) - duck's-head wasp orchid, bird orchid (N.S.W.)
Chiloglottis chlorantha D.L.Jones (1991) - Wollongong bird orchid (N.S.W.)
Chiloglottis cornuta Hook.f. (1844) - green bird orchid (N.S.W., Vic., S.A., Tas., N.Z.)
Chiloglottis diphylla R.Br. (1810) - common wasp orchid (N.S.W., Qld.)
Chiloglottis formicifera Fitzg. (1877) - common ant orchid (N.S.W.)
Chiloglottis grammata G.W.Carr (1991) - small bird orchid (Tas.)
Chiloglottis gunnii Lindl. (1840) - tall bird orchid (Tas.)
Chiloglottis jeanesii D.L.Jones (1997) - mountain bird orchid (Vic.)
Chiloglottis longiclavata D.L.Jones (1991) - northern wasp orchid (Qld.)
Chiloglottis palachila D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (1991) - spade-lipped wasp orchid (N.S.W.)
Chiloglottis × pescottiana R.S.Rogers (1918) - bronze bird orchid (N.S.W., Vic.)
Chiloglottis platyptera D.L.Jones (1991) - winged ant orchid, Barrington Tops ant orchid (N.S.W.)
Chiloglottis pluricallata D.L.Jones (1991) - clustered bird orchid (N.S.W.)
Chiloglottis reflexa (Labill.) Druce (1917) - short-clubbed wasp orchid (N.S.W., Vic.)
Chiloglottis seminuda D.L.Jones (1991) - turtle orchid (N.S.W., Vic.)
Chiloglottis sphaerula D.L.Jones (2006) (N.S.W.)
Chiloglottis sphyrnoides D.L.Jones (1991) - forest wasp orchid (N.S.W., Qld.)
Chiloglottis sylvestris D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (1987) - small wasp orchid (N.S.W., Qld.)
Chiloglottis trapeziformis Fitzg. (1877) - broad-lip bird orchid, diamond ant orchid, dainty bird-orchid (N.S.W., Qld., Vic., S.A., Tas.)
Chiloglottis triceratops D.L.Jones (1998) - three-horned bird orchid (Tas.)
Chiloglottis trilabra Fitzg. (1883) - long-clubbed wasp orchid (N.S.W., Vic.)
Chiloglottis trullata D.L.Jones (1991) - triangular orchid (Qld.)
Chiloglottis truncata D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (1987) - small ant orchid (Qld.)
Chiloglottis turfosa D.L.Jones, (1991) - bog bird orchid (N.S.W., A.C.T.)
Chiloglottis valida D.L.Jones, (1991) - large bird orchid, common bird orchid (N.S.W., A.C.T.)
References
External links
Diurideae genera
Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiloglottis |
John Chroston of Tillicoultry, Clackmannanshire, a biology teacher at Falkirk High School, Scotland, was one of the few tourists present during the Indian Ocean earthquake able to recognize tsunami warning signs and prompt a beach evacuation. Another foreigner who issued an alert was 10-year-old British schoolgirl Tilly Smith at Maikhao Beach. At the island of Simeulue, near the epicenter, and in some villages in Indonesia, villagers who remembered past tsunamis alerted their communities.
Chroston, then 48 years old, was holidaying at Kamala Bay, near Phuket, Thailand, with his daughter Rebecca and his wife Sandra Adams, a professor at Stirling University. He was swimming when the sea receded, and instantly recognized the early-warning sign for a tsunami. He ran up the beach, sounding the alarm and gathering up his wife and daughter.
With the assistance of a Thai doctor, Harpreet Grover, Chroston persuaded a hotel shuttle bus driver to turn his bus around and take passengers to high ground. The bus stopped to pick up a few Thai women and children on the way. It was at one point engulfed by the wave, but he managed to pull through and reached high ground.
References
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Scottish schoolteachers
People from Clackmannanshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Chroston |
Astrid is a guitar-pop foursome formed in Glasgow in the mid-1990s, but with strong ties to Isle of Lewis in the Hebrides, Scotland. The group released three studio albums, as well as several singles and EPs, before breaking up in 2004.
History
Willie Campbell, Charles Clark and Gareth Russell were childhood friends who moved from the Isle of Lewis, off the West coast of Scotland, to Glasgow in the mid-1990s. There, the three began writing songs together; Campbell on vocals, Clark on acoustic guitar and Russell on bass guitar. They then met up with drummer Gareth Thom and began rehearsing in 1997. The group called themselves "Astrid" and quickly caught the attention of Belle & Sebastian who asked them to be their opening act, initially at a local gig and then on a small tour of the UK.
Astrid signed up with Fantastic Plastic Records, on which they released their first EP in 1998, No Reason. The group then teamed with former Orange Juice singer, Edwyn Collins, who produced their second EP, Hi-Fi Lo-Fi, which was also released in 1998. A single "It's True" was released the same year. Collins went to produce the group's debut album the following year, Strange Weather Lately. The album received positive reviews and sold well in the UK and in Europe, although no American distributor could be found. The band's sound was compared to that of fellow Scottish indie bands The Pastels and Teenage Fanclub.
A further EP called Modes of Transport was released in September 2000. The main single from the EP was made Single of the Week by Radio 1 DJ Simon Mayo, gaining further publicity and airplay for the group. As the band began recording their second full album, Thom left and was replaced by Neil Payne. Play Dead, the group's second album, was released in March 2001.
In 2004, Astrid released their third album - One In Four (named for the statistic that "one in four of us will suffer mental health problems at some time in our lives"). Whilst maintaining the pop sound of their earlier material, the new album featured darker lyrical content. Campbell left the band shortly afterwards, and the band broke up by the end of the year.
Neil Payne has since played drums for fellow Scottish band, Texas, Gareth Russell has played bass for Idlewild, Charlie Clark joined The Zephyrs, for their fourth studio album and went on to form now defunct bands Cold Night Song and Our Lunar Activities, and was involved with Broken Arrow and MJ12 (The Majestic 12). William Campbell formed Our Small Capital and The Open Day Rotation. Both Campbell and Clark continue to work on their solo careers.
Astrid reformed in the summer of 2016 for a series of gigs throughout Scotland, and began recording material for a planned new album.
In 2021, Charlie Clark released a solo album called Late Night Drinking which was the first album release on Alan McGee's relaunched 'It’s Creation, Baby' record label and released a single called "Don't Have a Cow, Man!"
Discography
Albums
Strange Weather Lately (1999)
Play Dead (2001)
One in Four (2004)
Fall, Stand, Dance (2019)
Singles and EPs
Hi-Fi Lo-Fi EP
"It's True" No. 153
"No Reason"
"What to Say"
"Boy or Girl" / "Sleigh Ride" (2000)
"Cherry Cherry" (2000)
"High in the Morning" (2000) No. 156
"Redground" (2000) No. 167
Modes of Transport EP (2001)
"Tick Tock" (2001) No. 103
"It Never Happened" (2001) No. 112
Side projects
The Reindeer Section - Y'All Get Scared Now, Ya Hear! (2001)
The Reindeer Section - Son of Evil Reindeer (2002)
References
External links
Our Small Capital & William Campbell
Fantastic Plastic Records
Scottish indie rock groups
Musical groups established in 1997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrid%20%28band%29 |
The Sleeping City is a 1950 American film noir crime film in semidocumentary style that was set in and filmed at New York's Bellevue Hospital. Directed by George Sherman, it stars Richard Conte and Coleen Gray.
The film is notable for its photography, and was one of the few motion pictures of the era to be shot entirely on location.
The film begins with an unusual prologue, featuring Conte, to assure the audience that the story is "completely fictional" and did not take place at Bellevue or in New York City. The prologue was inserted at the insistence of New York mayor William O'Dwyer, who felt that the script besmirched the reputation of the city-run hospital.
Plot
An intern is shot mysteriously on an East River pier adjoining Bellevue Hospital. The chief investigating detective views this as a difficult case, so with the cooperation of the commissioner of hospitals, he assigns detective Fred Rowan, who had been a medical corpsman, to go undercover as intern Fred Gilbert.
Rowan becomes involved with the attractive nurse Ann Sebastian and also becomes friendly with Pop Ware, a popular elevator operator. Ware, who works part-time taking bets, seems initially to be a benign, but it becomes apparent that he has been loaning money to the interns, including the slain intern and Rowan's roommate Steve Anderson, who is depressed and commits suicide.
Rowan deliberately loses money betting with Ware, and Ware says that Rowan can pay off his bet by stealing narcotics. Rowan plays along, encouraged by Ann, but eventually stops providing drugs to Ware. When Ware tries to kill Rowan, he is killed in a shootout on the hospital roof.
Investigators find that Ann had worked as a courier for Ware. Rowan, turning aside Ann's pleas, places her under arrest.
Cast
Richard Conte as Fred Rowan
Coleen Gray as Ann Sebastian
Richard Taber as Pop Ware
John Alexander as Insp. Gordon
Peggy Dow as Kathy Hall
Alex Nicol as Dr. Steve Anderson
Reception
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times dismissed the film, writing that "New York's famous Bellevue Hospital is the literal and alluring locale for a frankly fictitious mystery drama about internes and the smuggling of dope ... But beyond this pictorial asset, which is employed mainly for atmosphere, there is little about The Sleeping City to distinguish it from any thriller film ... for all its performance and direction by George Sherman in a tensile thriller style, The Sleeping City is just a mystery-chase film with a hospital as its locale. It is not the fine cosmopolitan drama of medical practice and human life that it had every chance to be."
Bruce Eder has compared the film to another of the "cinéma vérité-style" crime thrillers produced in the 1950s: "Universal made The Sleeping City as its own contribution to the cycle, directed by George Sherman. The results weren't as stylistically striking as The Naked City, but [it] had an appeal all its own -- the location shots had a more polished and slightly more visually lyrical look than those of The Naked City, and if the music by Frank Skinner (who'd scored part of the Dassin movie) wasn't as ornate as that of Miklós Rózsa (who scored the Dassin movie's finale), it helped sustain the tension set up by the script."
See also
List of American films of 1950
References
External links
1950 films
1950s crime thriller films
American crime thriller films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by George Sherman
Film noir
Universal Pictures films
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Films scored by Frank Skinner
1950s English-language films
1950s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sleeping%20City |
Michal Josef Gusikov (born Yehiel-Michiel, also spelt Guzikow or Gusikow) (2 September 1806 – 21 October 1837) was a Belarusian-Jewish klezmer who gave the first performances of klezmer music to West European concert audiences on his 'wood and straw instrument'.
Gusikov and his instrument
Gusikov was born to a family of klezmer musicians in Shklov (now in Belarus). Originally brought up to play the flute, like his father, a weakness of the lungs forced him to seek a different specialisation. In 1831 he constructed what he called a wood and straw instrument, essentially a xylophone laid out like a cimbalom on a soundboard made from rolls of straw which allowed a loud resonance. There is debate whether this instrument was invented by Gusikov himself, or by his contemporary Samson Jakubowski. On this instrument Gusikov developed an extraordinary virtuosity, and in 1834 gave concerts in Moscow, Kiev and Odessa.
He was heard in a concert in Odessa by the Polish violinist Karol Lipinski, and with the support of Lipinski and the poet Lamartine undertook a concert tour of Western Europe, from 1835 onwards. The concerts, at which Gusikov appeared in traditional Jewish gabardine and was generally accompanied by his relatives on bass and violins, were an extraordinary success; in Paris he was so popular that a coiffure was named after him, imitating his payot. Gusikow played improvisations both on traditional Jewish and klezmer melodies and also on the popular opera tunes of the time. Other locations where he played included Prague, Frankfurt and Vienna.
Opinions of his music
Many professional Jewish musicians were highly impressed by Gusikov. Ferdinand Hiller wrote him a recommendation to Giacomo Meyerbeer. Felix Mendelssohn wrote to his family in 1836:
'I am curious to know whether Gusikow pleased you as much as he did me. He is quite a phenomenon; a famous fellow, inferior to no virtuoso in the world, both in execution and feeling; he therefore delights me more with his instrument of wood and straw than many with their pianofortes.'
Franz Liszt, on the other hand, was more dismissive, calling Gusikov a 'Paganini of the Boulevards' whose 'gift, one might say his genius' would have been better applied to 'inventing an agricultural instrument' whereas his 'talent, being misguided, has produced nothing but musical inanities.'
Gusikov attracted the admiration and friendship of the musicologist François-Joseph Fétis, who wrote a long article about him, based on their discussions in Brussels, in his musical dictionary.
Death
Exhausted by his tour, Gusikov died of tuberculosis in Aachen, his last days embittered by the alleged theft of his precious instrument from his lodgings.
Only one piece of music written by Gusikov has survived, a setting of the Jewish hymn Shir Hama’alot (Psalm 126).
Sources
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie (1980), ‘Guzikow, Michal Jozef’
Conway, David. Jewry in Music: Entry to the Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Francois-Joseph Fétis, ‘Biographie universelle des musiciens’ (in French), 2nd edition, Paris, 1870.
Alex Jacobowitz, Gusikov , articles in his website
Franz Liszt, ‘Lettres d’un bachelier ès musique’, tr. Charles Suttori, London, 1989
Felix Mendelssohn, ‘Letters of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy’, tr. Lady Wallace, London, 1883
Rita Ottens and Joel Rubin, 'Klezmer-Musik' (in German), Munich, 1999.
Joachim Stuschewsky, ‘Haklezmorim, toledotayhem, orekh hahayim. v’yistrotayhem’ (in Hebrew), Jerusalem, 1959.
Janet Wasserman, Michael Joseph Guzikow (1806-1837): Iconography, article in her website
Notes
1806 births
1837 deaths
19th-century musicians
Klezmer musicians
Russian Jews
Belarusian Jews
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany
People from Shklow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Gusikov |
The Clinical Information Access Portal, commonly referred to as CIAP, is a project of the New South Wales Department of Health that provides online clinical resources for health professionals working within the New South Wales public health system (NSW Health).
Major resources available through CIAP include:
Australian Medicines Handbook
Harrison's Online
Journal databases – Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO
MD Consult
MIMS Online
Therapeutic Guidelines
Micromedex
BMJ Best Practice
Various full text journals and eBooks
External links
CIAP website – password restricted to NSW Health employees
Healthcare in Australia
Health informatics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical%20Information%20Access%20Portal |
"Lullaby" is a song by English singer Melanie B, released as the final single from her debut solo album, Hot (2000). It was released on 4 June 2001 and peaked at 13 on the UK Singles Chart. The music video and single cover feature her daughter Phoenix Chi Gulzar. The song was co-written by Melanie Brown, Richard Stannard, Julian Gallagher, and Richard Norris.
Reception
The media criticised Brown for using her child in the music video and single artwork, labelling her "Desperate Spice" and insinuating that she was exploiting her child as a marketing tool. The single entered and peaked at No. 13 on the UK Singles Chart and garnered mixed reviews by Nigel Packer of BBC.
Music video
The music video was filmed in Morocco and was shot on 13 and 14 April 2001. The video features Melanie walking down an alleyway singing and at one point helping a child tie his shoes. The video ends with Melanie walking onto a beach singing the end of the song. Shots of Melanie with her daughter Phoenix Chi are shown throughout the video.
Track listings
UK and European enhanced CD single
"Lullaby" – 3:26
"Lullaby" – 3:49
"Feels So Good" – 6:40
"Lullaby" – 3:25
European CD single
"Lullaby" – 3:25
"Lullaby" – 3:49
Charts
References
2000 songs
2001 singles
Mel B songs
Songs about parenthood
Songs written by Julian Gallagher
Songs written by Mel B
Songs written by Richard Stannard (songwriter)
Virgin Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullaby%20%28Mel%20B%20song%29 |
Windisch is a municipality in the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Etymology
Windisch is situated at the site of the Roman legion camp Vindonissa. Originally a Celtic God, the name Vindos points to a widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos and the most likely origin of the Windisch place name. In 1064 the current municipality was mentioned as Vinse, and in 1175 as Vindisse. Until the 19th Century the official name was Windisch und Oberburg.
History
Windisch grew into a regional power following the foundation of Königsfelden Abbey in 1309 in memory of the regicide of King Albert I of Germany in the previous year. Albert was on the way to suppress a revolt in Swabia when he was murdered on May 1, 1308, near Windisch on the Reuss, by his nephew John of Swabi, afterwards called "the Parricide" or "John Parricida", whom he had deprived of his inheritance. After the foundation of the Abbey, the village was placed under the authority of the Abbey. Starting in 1348 the rights to high and low justice were held by Agnes of Hungary, a daughter of Albert I. In 1411 those rights transferred back to the monastery. The abbey church, possibly in antiquity under the patronage of St. Martin but in the Middle Ages under the patronage of Mary, is built on the site of the 6th Century Bishop's church. The present building, with a late-Romanesque nave and Gothic choir, was built between 1310-30. The church's charnel house was rebuilt in 1793 into a schoolhouse.
After the conquest of the Aargau by Bern and the introduction of the Reformation (1528) the monastery was suppressed. Until 1798 it served as the residence of the Bernese bailiffs (). People from Windisch worked in the bailiff's residence as servants, maids and workmen, while the poor came to the former abbey for alms.
The main sources of income in Windisch included handicrafting, ferries, fisheries, shipping, tavern and iron ore mining in Lindhof, but agriculture was the major contributor. There was a ferry over the Reuss on the Bern-Zurich road. This was replaced in 1799 by a bridge. Plague epidemics (in 1667 60% of the population died of the plague) and the restrictive immigration policies of the municipality prevented growth. However, during the 18th Century, the emergence of new occupations, led to a significant population increase. These new industries included cap and stocking weaving, and water powered light industry (including plaster and flour mills). At the same time improved agriculture techniques allowed more food to be produced from the fields. The nearest neighbor to Windisch was the town of Brugg. The close proximity led to centuries of conflicts over grazing rights, city monopolies, taxation and especially the location of the municipal boundary. In 1863, due to a border adjustment, Windisch lost to Brugg.
In the 19th Century the economy of the village changed. In 1825 Henry Kunz founded the cotton mill Kunz which had 567 employees in 1846. They built factory workers' homes and a village school. In 1804 part of Königsfelden Abbey converted into a District Hospital. In 1872 a new building was built and since 1887 it has been a psychiatric clinic. The construction of the railway network transformed Brugg and Windisch into a railroad hub with a large depot and repair shop (primarily for steam locomotives). These innovations resulted in the influx of factory workers, nurses and trained staff. This led to a restructuring of the population: for example, the locally born and working population fell from 88% (1815), 55% (1837) and 21% (1900) to 4% (1970), while the proportion of Catholics rose from 9% (1850) to 45% (1970). Agriculture employs only 0.6% of the population (1990). In 1965, a Higher Technical School of Windisch (now a university) opened. The changing population structure led to political shifts in favor of the Social Democratic Party (SP) (1921-49 was known as the period of the "red Windisch"). With a pronounced emphasis on political independence, Windisch grew together structurally and economically with Brugg.
Geography
Windisch has an area, , of . Of this area, or 23.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 24.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 45.4% is settled (buildings or roads), or 6.3% is either rivers or lakes.
Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 5.3% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 21.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 9.6%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.8% uof the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 7.1%. 22.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 13.8% is used for growing crops and 6.9% is pastures, while 2.9% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in rivers and streams.
The municipality is located in the Brugg district, between the Aare and Reusss in the region known as the Wasserschloss. It consists of the former linear villages of Windisch and Oberburg as well as the hamlets of Fahrgut, Schürhof, Lindhof and Bachtalen and the region around the former Königsfelden Abbey.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or on a Sevenfold Mount Vert a Castle embattled Sable towered on dexter and to its sinister a Lion rampant Gules. The coat of arms represents the nearby Habsburg Castle and the lion of the House of Habsburg upon the verdant fields of the parish.
Demographics
Windisch has a population () of , 29.1% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 4.5%. Most of the population () speaks German (80.6%), with Italian being second most common ( 4.9%) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 3.2%).
The age distribution, , in Windisch is; 732 children or 11.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 783 teenagers or 11.8% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 837 people or 12.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 888 people or 13.3% are between 30 and 39, 1,017 people or 15.3% are between 40 and 49, and 826 people or 12.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 693 people or 10.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 525 people or 7.9% are between 70 and 79, there are 302 people or 4.5% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 55 people or 0.8% who are 90 and older.
, there were 316 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 1,576 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 774 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 2.29 individuals. , there were 2,726 private households (homes and apartments) in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. there were 763 single family homes (or 24.9% of the total) out of a total of 3,066 homes and apartments. There were a total of 16 empty apartments for a 0.5% vacancy rate. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0.6 new units per 1000 residents.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 32.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (23%), the CVP (12.6%) and the FDP (10.7%).
In Windisch about 61.8% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the school age population (), there are 579 students attending primary school, there are 316 students attending secondary school, there are 302 students attending tertiary or university level schooling in the municipality.
The historical population is given in the following table:
Heritage sites of national significance
There are five sites in Windisch that are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The oldest is the Celtic/Roman military fort and settlement of Vindonissa. The other large site is the church of the former Königsfelden Abbey with its glass paintings of 1325, Agnes chapel, comptrollery and convent building. The other three are the former Upper Technical School at Klosterzelgstrasse, the former cotton mill Kunz at Alte Spinnerei 4,5 and the psychiatric clinic of Königsfelden. The city hosts a small Roman museum, displaying finds from the military fort of Vindonissa.
Economy
, Windisch had an unemployment rate of 2.52%. , there were 20 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 353 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 46 businesses in this sector. 2,308 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 195 businesses in this sector.
there was a total of 3,181 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 2,446 or about 76.9% of the residents worked outside Windisch while 1,765 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 2,500 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 20.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 39% used a private car.
Religion
From the , 2,288 or 34.4% were Roman Catholic, while 2,252 or 33.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 5 individuals (or about 0.08% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.
References and notes
Notes
Citations
Secondary sources
External links
Municipalities of Aargau
Cultural property of national significance in Aargau | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windisch%2C%20Switzerland |
The BSWW Tour is a series of international events in beach soccer. It is organised by Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW), an organization responsible for promotion and development of beach soccer sport. BSWW Tour is an international exhibition tour in beach soccer allowing teams to practice and compete in beach soccer as well as to allow spectators to see the sport. The tour holds events in different locations around the world.
First started in 1996, the series were called the Pro Beach Soccer Tour (PBST) until 2004 when partnership with FIFA started.
Divisions
Division 1
Spain France Portugal Brazil Austria Italy
Division 2
England Switzerland Netherlands United Arab Emirates Morocco Belgium
1993 unofficial
1st Miami Cup Nov. in Miami Beach, USA
Brazil 10-3 USA
Argentina - Italy
Third place match: USA / Italy ?
Final
Brazil 2-1 Argentina
1994 unofficial
Friendly Match
July in Hermosa Beach, USA
Brazil 5-3 USA
1995 unofficial
2nd Miami Cup June 2–4 in Miami Beach, USA
USA 7-6 Argentina [OT; on pen]
Brazil 13-9 Mexico
Mexico 4-3 USA
Brazil 2-1 Argentina
Argentina 3-2 Mexico
Brazil 10-3 USA
[5 goals of Zico]
Table:
1. Brazil 3 3 0 25-13 6
2. Argentina 3 1 2 10-11 2
3. Mexico 3 1 2 15-19 2
4. USA 3 1 2 13-20 2
Intercontinental Cup July 1995 in Miura, Japan
Semifinals
South Korea 8-3 Japan
Brazil 9-4 Argentina
Third place match
Argentina 13-2 Japan
Final
Brazil 11-3 South Korea
1996
02/03/1996 Buenos Aires (Argentina)Argentina 5-12 Brazil Friendly Match 1996
Copa del Sol March in Buenos Aires
Argentina 5-12 Brazil
World tour of Brazil June 12–13 in Brighton
USA 3-6 Brazil
Italy 3-12 Brazil
World tour of Brazil June in Marseille
Italy 6-9 Brazil
USA 2-3 Brazil
World tour of Brazil July in La Panne
USA 4-9 Brazil
Italy 4-9 Brazil
World tour of Brazil July in Alicante
Italy 2-8 Brazil
USA 0-4 Brazil
World tour of Brazil July in Rotterdam
Netherlands 4-13 Brazil
Italy 4-3 Brazil
World tour of Brazil Aug in Budva, Yugoslavia
England 1-13 Brazil
Italy 4-5 Brazil
World tour of Brazil Nov in Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia 1-14 Brazil
Italy 3-5 Brazil
Intercontinental Cup July 1996 in Okinawa, Japan
Semifinals
Brazil 15-2 Japan
South Korea - Italy
Third place match
Japan / Italy
Final
Brazil 6-4 South Korea
1997
3rd Miami Cup April 12–13 in Miami Beach, United States
Brazil 7-4 Argentina
USA - Spain
Third place match: Argentina 2-3 Spain
Final: Brazil 8-7 USA
World tour of Brazil May 16–17 in Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia 4-10 Brazil
USA 2-4 Brazil
World tour of Brazil July 12–13 in Travemünde
USA 3-10 Brazil
Italy 1-5 Brazil
World tour of Brazil July 19–20 in Budva, Yugoslavia
Spain 2-4 Brazil
Yugoslavia 2-5 Brazil
World tour of Brazil July 26–27 in Alicante
USA 3-5 Brazil
Spain 6-8 Brazil
BSWW tour Aug 20-27 in Shirako, Japan
Brazil 13-5 France
Brazil 11-1 Canada
Brazil 5-2 Uruguay
USA - Portugal
USA - Argentina
USA - Japan
Semifinals
Brazil 13-4 Portugal
USA - France
Third place match: Portugal - France
Final: Brazil 9-5 USA
Gala match Sep 21 in Monte-Carlo
Prince Albert Sel. 7-5 Spain
1998
20/05/1998 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) Malaysia 3-6 Brazil Friendly Match 1998
21/05/1998 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) Malaysia 4-7 Brazil Friendly Match 1998
30/05/1998 Oviedo (Spain) Spain 4-7 Brazil Friendly Match 1998
31/05/1998 Madrid (Spain) Spain 2-1 Brazil Friendly Match 1998
20/09/1998 Monte Carlo (Monaco) Brazil 4-2 Portugal Friendly Match 1998
World tour of Brazil May 22–23 in Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia 3-6 Brazil
Malaysia 4-7 Brazil
May in Oviedo
Spain 4-7 Brazil
May 27 in Madrid
Europa Sel. 2-7 Brazil
Spain 2-1 Brazil
Gala matches Sep 19-20 in Monte-Carlo
Prince Albert Sel. 9-14 Brazil
Portugal 2-4 Brazil
Prince Albert Sel. 2-6 Yugoslavia
Telekom Cup Dec 4-5 in Wien - Austria
Germany 10-6 Austria
Yugoslavia 7-4
Third place match: Austria 4-2 Italy
Final: Yugoslavia 6-4 Germany
1999
21/09/1999 Monte Carlo (Monaco) Brazil 7-5 France Friendly Match 1999
Pré-mundial Jan 6-7 in Puenta del Este - Argentina
Third place match: Argentina 3-2 Portugal
Final: Brazil 5-4 Uruguay
World Series Sept 3-5 in Alicante, Spain
USA 4-2 Japan
Brazil 11-3 South Africa
Portugal 5-3 France
Spain 9-2 Italy
Semifinals 5-8
Japan 7-3 South Africa
France 8-7 Italy
Semifinals 1-4
Brazil 7-1 USA
Spain 6-2 Portugal
Seventh place match: Italy 6-5 South Africa
Fifth place match: France 7-4 Japan
Third place match: Portugal 3-1 USA
Final: Brazil 7-1 Spain
Gala match Sep 19-21 in Monte-Carlo
Prince Albert Sel. 5-7 Brazil
France 5-7 Brazil
2000
Copa do Descobrimento March in Porto Seguro, Brazil
Brazil 11-2 Portugal
Spain 10-2 France
France 6-5 Portugal
Brazil 4-0 Spain
Spain 5-2 Portugal
Brazil 11-10 France
Table:
1. Brazil 3 3 0 0 26-12 9
2. Spain 3 2 0 1 15- 8 6
3. France 3 1 0 2 18-26 3
4. Portugal 3 0 0 3 9-22 0
BSWW tour April 12–14 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Spain 3-1 Italy
Brazil 12-7 France
France 7-5 Spain
Brazil 7-1 Italy
France 6-5 Italy
Spain 5-4 Brazil
Table:
1. Brazil 3 2 0 1 23-13 6
2. Spain 3 2 0 1 13-12 6
3. France 3 2 0 1 20-22 6
4. Italy 3 0 0 3 7-16 0
BSWW tour July 14–16 in Alanya - Turkey
Germany 6-5 Turkey
Brazil 11-1 Spain
Spain 6-5 Turkey
Brazil 14-0 Germany
Spain 10-4 Germany
Brazil 14-5 Turkey
Table:
1. Brazil 3 3 0 0 9
2. Spain 3 2 0 1 6
3. Germany 3 1 0 2 3
4. Turkey 3 0 0 3 0
2001
Intercontinental Cup Jan 12-14 at Parque Villa Lobos in São Paulo, Brazil
Brazil 11-3 Turkey
USA - Italy
Brazil 12-1 Italy
USA - Turkey
Turkey 7-5 Italy
Brazil 6-2 USA
1. Brazil
2. USA
3. Turkey
4. Italy
BSWW tour April 18–20 in Dubai, UAE
France 7-3 UAE
Italy 2-0 Spain
Germany 3-2 England
France 4-3 Italy
UAE 8-5 England
Spain 7-2 Germany
Germany 9-3 UAE
Italy 5-1 England
France 6-4 Spain
Table:
1. France 3 3 0 0 9
2. Italy 3 2 0 1 6
3. Germany 3 2 0 1 6
4. Spain 3 1 0 2 3
5. UAE 3 1 0 2 3
6. England 3 0 0 3 0
World League June 29 to July 1 in Acapulco, Mexico
Brazil 3-2 Portugal
Spain - Mexico
Brazil 4-2 Spain
Portugal - Mexico
Brazil 5-3 Mexico
Portugal - Spain
Winner: Brazil
BSWW tour Dec 15-16 in Lyon, France
Brazil 11-5 Spain
France 6-4 Argentina
Third place match: Argentina 5-4 Spain
Final: Brazil 8-2 France
Gala match May 12 in Bangkok, Thailand
France 6-5 Thailand
Gala matches Sep 2-3 in Monte-Carlo
Prince Albert Sel. 6-6 Scandinavia [OT; 2-1 on pen]
Portugal 13-5 Scandinavia
Spain 6-5 Scandinavia [OT]
2002
BSWW tour Aug 24-25 in Knokke - Belgium
France 9-4 Belgium
Germany 9-7 Italy
Third place match: Belgium 8-4 Italy
Final: France 4-2 Germany
2003
BSWW tour July 20–21 in Athinai
Greece 4-8 Brazil
Greece 3-14 Brazil
2004
Trophée des Arènes June 4–6 in Palavas (Montpellier), France
Portugal - Switzerland
Spain - France
Portugal - France
Spain - Switzerland
Portugal - Spain
France - Switzerland
Winner: Portugal
BSWW tour June 19–20 in Corsica, France
Italy 6-4 Switzerland
Belgium 8-7 France [OT]
Third place match: France 11-5 Switzerland
Final: Belgium 8-4 Italy
France All Star Game Oct 10 in Bercy POBB, Paris
PSG Legends 4-3 FC Porto Legends
France All Star 5-5 Dream Team
Europe Sel. 3-7 Brazil
2005
BSWW tour Jan 22-23 in Amnéville, France
Semifinals
Brazil 10-2 Portugal
France 7-6 Switzerland
Third place match: Switzerland 7-6 Portugal [OT]
Final: Brazil 13-10 France
UNICEF Cup Aug 6-7 in Scheveningen, Netherlands
Semifinals
Germany 9-5 Turkey
Netherlands 5-4 England
Third place match
Turkey 9-6 England
Final
Germany 5-4 Netherlands
BSWW tour August 17–19 in Bastia (Corsica, France)
Brazil 5-3 Spain
Norway 3-1 France
Spain 4-3 France
Brazil 11-2 Norway
Spain 5-3 Norway
Brazil 5-1 France
Winner: Brazil
BSWW tour August 24–26 in Ajaccio (Corsica, France)
Brazil 8-3 Spain
France 7-2 Norway
France 8-2 Spain
Brazil 12-3 Norway
Spain 4-0 Norway
Brazil 5-3 France
Winner: Brazil
BSWW tour Jan 15 at Praia de Jacarecica in Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
Brazil 6-4 World Selection
2006
BSWW tour June 21–23 in Bern
Hungary 6-5 Switzerland
Hungary 10-4 Belgium
Hungary 9-8 Germany
Switzerland 8-2 Belgium
Switzerland 10-4 Germany
Belgium 6-5 Germany
Winner: Hungary
BSWW tour June 23–25 in Birmingham
Portugal 12-3 Netherlands
France 6-5 England
France 7-6 Netherlands [OT]
Portugal 7-4 England
France 8-7 Portugal
England 7-5 Netherlands
Winner: France
BSWW tour Oct 7-8 in St-Pierre de la Reunion
Italy 3-2 Reunion [OT]
France 15-4 Madagascar
Third place match: Reunion 12-4 Madagascar
Final: France 3-3 Italy [OT; 3-2 pen]
Friendly match Oct 6
France 6-9 Reunion
2007
BSWW tour Jan 14 at Enseada Beach in Guarujá, Brazil
Brazil 7-6 World Selection
Nations Cup March 9–11 at Enseada Beach in Guarujá, Brazil
France 7-2 Peru
Brazil 8-0 Mexico
France 5-1 Mexico
Brazil 9-2 Peru
Mexico 4-3 Peru
Brazil 9-2 France
Winner:Brazil
BSWW tour May 6 in Tarragona (Playa de l'Arrabassada)
Brazil 5-4 European All-Stars
BSWW tour June 1 in Netanya, Israel
Israel 6-5 England
BSWW tour June 15–17 in Winterthur (Wachter Areal), Switzerland
Portugal 6-5 England
Switzerland 13-1 Austria
Third place match: Austria 4-3 England
Final: Switzerland 4-1 Portugal
BSWW tour Aug 9-10 in Netanya, Israel
Germany 4-3 France
Israel 6-3 Turkey
Third place match: France 6-4 Turkey
Final: Israel 4-3 Germany
BSWW tour Aug 17 in Zürich (Home of the FIFA), Switzerland
Switzerland 5-10 Brazil
BSWW tour Dec 12 at Clube Escola Édson Arantes do Nascimento (Pelézão), Brazil
Brazil 5-0 World Selection
2008
BSWW tour Jan 18, 19 and 20, in Guaruja (São Paulo), Brazil
Brazil 4-5 Paraguay
Brazil 7-4 Paraguay
Brazil 4-5 Paraguay
Rock'n Beach Soccer Jan 18-19 in Metz, France
Portugal 8-5 Spain
France 5-6 Europa Sel. [OT]
Third place match: France 7-5 Spain
Final: Europa Sel. 6-5 Portugal
BSWW tour Feb 8-10 in Eger (Hungary)
Switzerland 3-1 Poland
Germany 9-8 Hungary
Switzerland 6-3 Germany
Poland 6-4 Hungary
Germany 4-2 Poland
Switzerland 10-6 Hungary
winner: Switzerland
BSWW tour April 20 in Puerto Vallarta (Mexico)
Mexico 5-2 World Selection
4 Nations Soccer Cup May 31-June 1 in Winterthur (Wachter-Areal), Switzerland
Portugal 10-1 Netherlands
Switzerland 9-2 Germany
Third place match: Netherlands 5-2 Germany
Final: Portugal 5-1 Switzerland
Challenge Cup June 25–27 in Netanya, Israel
Turkey 7-6 Hungary
Czech Rep. 5-1 Norway
Israel 6-4 Germany [not for the Cup]
1/2 finals
Germany 4-1 Czech Rep.
Israel 11-4 Turkey
Fifth place match
Hungary 8-6 Norway
Third place match
Turkey 9-7 Czech Rep.
Final
Israel 4-3 Germany
4 Nations Soccer Cup July 12–13 in Linz, Austria
Germany 4-3 Austria
Switzerland 6-4 Czech Rep.
Third place match: Austria 5-3 Czech Rep.
Final: Switzerland 6-1 Germany
BSWW tour July 11 in Netanya, Israel
Israel 3-11 Brazil
BSWW tour Aug 15 in Zürich, Switzerland
Switzerland 7-8 Brazil
BSWW tour Sep 18 in Baku, Azerbaijan
Spain 6-2 Azerbaijan
Danubia Cup Nov 11 in Bratislava, Slovakia
Switzerland 4-2 Hungary
Austria 4-3 Slovakia
Third place match: Slovakia 8-6 Hungary
Final: Switzerland 9-3 Austria
2009
2010
2010 Beach Soccer Worldwide Tour
Crocs Challenge Cup 2010
2011
2012
2012 Montenegro Trophy
2013
2013 Montenegro Trophy
2014
2015
2016
2017
2017 Montenegro Trophy
2017 Manila Cup
2018
2019
BSWW Tour Events in 2019
Talent Beach Soccer Cup Hungary 2019
Morocco Beach Soccer Cup 2019
NASSC - US Open 2019
InterCup St. Petersburg 2019
Mundialito Nazaré 2019
Neom Beach Soccer Cup 2019
CFA Belt and Road International Beach Soccer Championship Haikou 2019
2020
2021
2022
References
Beach Soccer history results
FIFA Beach Soccer history
PBST Competition guide
RSSSF
See also
Beach soccer
Beach Soccer Worldwide competitions
Sports competition series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSWW%20Tour |
Sir James Drummond Bone, FRSE, FRSA (born 11 July 1947), is a Byron scholar and was Master of Balliol College at the University of Oxford until April 2018. He previously served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Liverpool from 2002 to 2008, and Principal of Royal Holloway, University of London, from 2000 to 2002.Currently residing in Fife, Scotland.
Education
Bone attended Ayr Academy, a non-denominational secondary school, followed by the University of Glasgow, where he obtained an MA in 1968 and won a Snell Exhibition to study at Balliol College, Oxford from 1968 to 1972.
Career
Bone is a specialist on the works of Romantic poet Lord Byron, and on leaving Oxford in 1972 became lecturer in English and Comparative Literature at the University of Warwick. He returned to the University of Glasgow in 1980 as a lecturer in English Literature, becoming a Senior Lecturer in 1989 and titular Professor in 1995. From 1991 to 1995, he was Dean of the Faculty of Arts, and in 1995 became Vice-Principal.
In 2000, he left Glasgow to become Principal of Royal Holloway, University of London, and Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the University of London, and in 2002 became Vice Chancellor of the University of Liverpool. Although head of the university, he continued to teach an undergraduate class on Byron, and was also chairman of the Liverpool Culture Company, directing the city's preparations to be European Capital of Culture in 2008. He also served as President of Universities UK, a committee of university heads, from 2005 to 2007. He retired from Liverpool in 2008, and from October 2011 became Master of Balliol College, Oxford.
He is an acknowledged expert on Lord Byron's work and is Vice-President of the Byron Society. He was editor of The Byron Journal from 1978 to 1988 and has been co-editor of journal Romanticism since 1995. He is a member of the Steering Group of the Council for College and University English, a Fellow of the English Association, and an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of the Arts (1995) and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2008).
Honours
Professor Bone was knighted in the 2008 Birthday Honours for services to Higher Education and the regeneration of the North-West. He also received honorary degrees of Doctor of Letters (DLitt) from the Universities of Liverpool (2008), Lancaster (2008) and Chester (2009), and Doctor of the University (DUniv) from the University of Glasgow (2010). Bone is also a Maserati enthusiast, and was made a Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers, a Livery Company promoting the automobile industry.
Bibliography
Byron (Writers and their work series) J.Drummond Bone (Author) Northcote House Publishers Ltd (6 Jan 2000)
The Cambridge Companion to Byron (Cambridge Companions to Literature series) Drummond Bone Cambridge University Press(18 Nov 2004) Note: this is an edited volume.
References
External links
Profile on Education Guardian
University of Liverpool Press release
JISC bio
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Liverpool
People associated with Royal Holloway, University of London
Living people
Knights Bachelor
Masters of Balliol College, Oxford
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Academics of the University of Glasgow
People educated at Ayr Academy
1947 births
Fellows of the English Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummond%20Bone |
The Isole Tremiti (), also literarily known as Isole Diomedee ("Diomedean Islands", from Greek ), are an archipelago in the Adriatic Sea, north of the Gargano Peninsula. They constitute a of Italy's Province of Foggia, Apulia and form part of the Gargano national park. The archipelago is composed of 5 islands: San Domino, San Nicola, Capraia, Cretaccio, and Pianosa.
The islands were used for the internment of political prisoners during Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime. But it was also the prison of Julia the Younger, the granddaughter of Augustus.
The islands are now an important tourist attraction because of the clear waters surrounding them. Up to 100,000 visitors come to the islands in the summer season. Ferry services from the mainland operate from Termoli, Vieste, Rodi Garganico and Capoiale, while Alidaunia offers flights from San Domino Heliport to Foggia and Vieste.
Toponym
The origin of the name of the islands is uncertain. Some of the theories include:
it may relate to the seismic hazard of the area, which has a long history of earthquakes (from Latin )
it may date back to the times of Augustus, who exiled his granddaughter Julia the Younger to one of these islands, and then named in Latin, maybe from Greek , meaning "three places" or "three islands").
it may be due to the three-peak hill on the main island described by the cleric Basilio Sereno in an epigram written to Celso Bishop of Vercelli
Islands
San Domino is where most of the population resides. It is the most developed island for tourism and has the only sand beach in the archipelago.
San Nicola is the site of a monastery where a monk named Nicolò was buried. Legend has it that every time someone tried to move his corpse off the island, a violent storm would break out, preventing navigation around the island.
Capraia (or Capperaia) is deserted.
Cretaccio is a large block of clay and thus uninhabited.
Pianosa is a small, uninhabited island. Its maximum elevation is . Sometimes, during storms, the waves cover it.
History
Inhabited since late Iron Age times (4th-3rd centuries BC), the Tremiti Islands have been a place of confinement since ancient times. Roman emperor Augustus had his granddaughter Julia the Younger transferred here, where she died after 20 years. In the Middle Ages, the archipelago was ruled by the Abbey of Santa Maria a Mare ("Holy Mary on the Sea") at San Nicola island, apparently founded here in the 9th century by Benedictine monks from Montecassino.
In the 13th century, the abbey had gained its autonomy from the father monastery, and owned lands from the Biferno to Trani on the Apulian mainland. After an alleged period of moral decadence, in 1237 the Benedictines were replaced by the Cistercian order. In 1334 the abbey was sacked by Dalmatian pirates from Omiš.
In 1412 the Lateran Canons took ownership of the islands and restored the abbey with cisterns and fortifications which withstood the assault of Ottoman ships in 1567. The abbey was suppressed in 1783 by King Ferdinand IV of Naples, who set up a penal colony.
During the Napoleonic age the islands were a stronghold of Joachim Murat's supporters, who resisted a British fleet in 1809. In 1843, to repopulate the islands, King Ferdinand II of Two Sicilies moved a number of people from Naples' slums to the islands, who mostly became fishermen.
In 1911, about 1,300 Libyans who had resisted Italian colonial rule were confined to Tremiti. After a year, around one-third of them had died, mainly from typhus.
1930s
During the Fascist era, the archipelago continued to perform its function of confinement, detaining, among others, Amerigo Dumini, and future president of the Republic, Sandro Pertini.
Mussolini had hundreds of homosexuals deported to San Domino, in 1938. No law prohibited homosexuality at the time, and Mussolini also denied its existence, saying, "In Italy, there are only real men". However, suspected or reported homosexuals were rounded up and deported. San Domino had the distinction of being the only internment camp in which all the prisoners were gay. The conditions on the island were very difficult, and a few died.
The dormitories were spartan, with no electricity or running water. A bell would ring at 8 p.m. each day, signaling that the men were no longer allowed to be outside. For the remainder of the night, they were locked in their dorm rooms, under police supervision.
The internment camp closed in 1939, as Italy became enmeshed in the beginnings of World War II.
2010s
In May 2012, the provincial government caused a scandal by attempting to sell off blocks of land on two of the islands for development for a reported €4m. Local environmental groups campaigned vigorously and in the event, there were no bidders.
See also
List of islands of Italy
Punta del Diavolo Lighthouse
Sources
References
External links
Tremiti Islands. How to get there, plan a day trip, excursion with kids
Collecting landraces and wild relatives in the Tremiti Islands (FAO)
Isole Tremiti
Islands of the Adriatic Sea
Defunct prisons in Italy
Islands of Apulia
Archipelagoes of Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isole%20Tremiti |
"Feels So Good" is a song by English singer Melanie B from her debut solo studio album Hot (2000). It was written by the singer in collaboration with duo Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, who also produced the track. The song was released as the album's second single on 19 February 2001, by Virgin Records in the United Kingdom. Its release was seen as an attempt to increase the album's falling sales. "Feels So Good" is a pop and R&B song that lyrically deals with being content in love.
"Feels So Good" received positive reviews from music critics. It also fared well commercially in the United Kingdom, reaching number five on the UK Singles Chart, eventually becoming Melanie B's second best-selling single in the region; the single attained moderate success in Europe. The song's music video was directed by Martin Weisz and was filmed in Los Angeles. "Feels So Good" was performed in some television shows as part of promotion for the single.
Background and composition
In 2000, Spice Girls member Melanie B released her debut solo effort, titled Hot; it debuted at number 28 in the United Kingdom, selling only 7,500 copies in its first week despite the publicity surrounding it, before quickly dropping from the chart completely two weeks later. It was eventually certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), denoting shipments of over 60,000 copies across the region. "Feels So Good" was selected as the second single from Hot, and was seen as an attempt to reverse the album's falling sales. Virgin Records released it on 19 February 2001 in the United Kingdom. Melanie B described the track as "very happy, very uplifting as opposed to the first single which was very controversial". She also justified the single's choice, "This time of the year is a bit of a depressing time...and I wanted to bring something out that was uplifting and this song does it for me so hopefully it'll do it for everyone else", while also describing the song, Melanie B wrote about a special affection that was "very ideal in my head, about how a relationship should be."
"Feels So Good" was written by Melanie B in collaboration with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis in Minneapolis; Jam and Lewis were also in charge of the music production and all instruments for the track. Lisa Keith did the background vocals, while Alex Richbourg did the drum programming. Recording engineer Steve Hodge recorded it at The Record Plant in Los Angeles, with Xavier Smith as his assistant. Hodge also mixed the track at Larrabee Sound Studios in North California. Musically, "Feels So Good" is a pop and R&B song that lyrically is a "feel-good track about being content in love". According to Dotmusics Cyd James, the lyrics are about "being joyously head-over-heels without being too slushy and sentimental about it". According to Nigel Packer from BBC Music, the "upbeat" lyrics were "unexpected given Mel's much-publicised marriage break-up" months prior. The song starts with the singer declaring "I'm gonna get all soft and smoocheh" in a "rich and ripe" accent from Leeds, West Yorkshire. Jon O'Brien of Billboard stated that "Mel B ensured that you wouldn't mistake her for anyone else" with her accent. The song also features Melanie B screaming "Yippee!" in the background throughout the song.
Reception
"Feels So Good" received generally positive reviews from music critics. According to Nick Levine of Attitude, the track was an "irresistible summer jam", as well as Melanie B's signature hit of her solo career. Lennat Mak from MTV Asia selected it as a "choice cut" from Hot, and commented that the song was a "poppy" track that "Mel B sings with confidence". Heart said the song was the singer's "breeziest track", describing it as a "lush pop singalong". Sarah Dobbs from Digital Spy felt it "definitely falls closer to the pop end of the pop-R'n'B spectrum her solo work tended to fall along, but that's no bad thing." Esther Sadler of Virgin.net described "Feels So Good" as a "pristine pop romp". According to Billboards Joe O'Brien, the track "left you wishing that Jimmy Jam and Lewis, who produced it, had taken control of" the whole Hot album, as it "evoked the duo's regular muse Janet Jackson at her most carefree."
Cyd Jaymes from Dotmusic called the song a "corker", as well as a "sunshiny, exuberantly happy R&B; style pop which will have you singing from breakfast to bedtime"; he also added that "even the fact that every now and then in the background our Mel can be heard delightedly squealing YIPPEE! does not detract from this fine slice of popular music." Nigel Packer from BBC Music wrote that the track "sets [the album's] the tone ominously", describing it as "a sparky singalong which would probably have worked over three minutes but for some inexplicable reason is stretched out to five." According to NMEs staff, "Feels So Good" was "charming", although it was "ruined from the start by the sound of Our Mel from Leeds bleating about getting 'all soft an' smoo-cheh' in fluent Yorkshire". For the staff of Music Week, "it will need to perform very well if it is to revive the fortunes of the parent album Hot."
In the United Kingdom, "Feels So Good" debuted at number five on the UK Singles Chart for the week of 3 March 2001, spending nine weeks on the tally. It also reached number two on the UK Hip Hop/R&B chart, while peaking at number 32 on the UK Dance chart. In total, "Feels So Good" became the 85th best-selling single of 2001 in the region. In June 2017, it was revealed by the Official Charts Company that the single was Melanie B's second biggest selling solo single in the region, with a total of 142,000 copies sold, only behind "I Want You Back" (1998), a collaboration with Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott. Across Europe, "Feels So Good" attained moderate success. While peaking at number eight in Scotland, it managed to reach the top 10 in Belgium's Flemish region, and peaked at numbers 62 and 42 in Germany and Ireland, respectively. Across the pan-Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, the track peaked at number 25.
Promotion
The accompanying music video was directed by Martin Weisz and was filmed at Larry Flynt's house in Los Angeles. According to the singer, it was the director's idea to have her kissing a man during the video. She commented, "You do feel something because you've got a stranger's lips on your lips but the crew's there so you can't really get off on it!". The video starts with Melanie B driving her car down a road, singing the intro and scenes of a house with a couple kissing. The first chorus starts as the singer gets out of her car. As the song progresses, she walks through the house singing the song with scenes of three couples kissing in different parts of the house each. Then, an unseen blinding light appears, making the women in each couple to knock something over (e.i. a glass of wine, a bowl of doughnuts, a beer bottle). The video ends with Melanie B and her boyfriend kissing on a bed as a bright light flashes over them.
To further promote "Feels So Good", Melanie B performed the track on televised shows and events, such as Live & Kicking, This Morning, CD:UK and The Pepsi Chart Show.
Track listings
UK and European enhanced CD single
"Feels So Good" – 4:01
"Feels So Good" – 4:07
"Feels So Good" – 5:22
"Feels So Good" – 4:00
UK cassette single
"Feels So Good" – 4:01
"Feels So Good" – 4:07
"Feels So Good" – 5:22
UK 12-inch single
A1. "Feels So Good" – 5:22
A2. "Feels So Good" – 5:05
B1. "Feels So Good" – 7:33
European CD single
"Feels So Good" – 4:01
"Feels So Good" – 4:07
Australasian CD single
"Feels So Good" – 4:01
"Feels So Good" – 7:36
"Tell Me" – 6:06
"Feels So Good" – 5:24
"I Want You Back" – 8:22
"Feels So Good" – 4:00
Credits and personnel
Credits and personnel adapted from Hot liner notes.
Melanie Brown – vocals, songwriting
James Harris III – songwriting, production, all instruments
Terry Lewis – songwriting, production, all instruments
Lisa Keith – background vocals
Alex Richbourg – drum programming
Steve Hodge – engineering, mixing
Xavier Smith – engineering assistant
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Sales
|}
References
Notes
Citations
2000 songs
2001 singles
Mel B songs
Music videos directed by Martin Weisz
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Songs written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Songs written by Mel B
Virgin Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feels%20So%20Good%20%28Mel%20B%20song%29 |
Championship Manager 96/97 is a game in the Championship Manager series of football management computer games. It was released in September 1996, for the PC and Amiga computers. This was the last Championship Manager game to be released for the Amiga, the platform that the series started on. It is the only game in the series to have been developed by both Sports Interactive and the game's long-time publishers Eidos Interactive.
Gameplay
The game, a seasonal update (the first of many in the series), included more than just a modified player database. For the first time, the game included three playable league systems within the main game - England, Scotland and Italy. As well as the usual complement of bug fixes and tweaks to the game's AI, there were also rule changes to reflect real-life changes in the world of football, such as the full implementation of the Bosman ruling and the inclusion of five substitutes in the Premier League.
The game also had a cheat in which if the player's name entered at the beginning of the game was the name of a national manager of the time (for instance - Glenn Hoddle for England) then the game would allow the player to take charge of that national team right from the start, as opposed to working up a good enough reputation to be offered the job as was supposed to be the case.
Creation of new players
The game replaced a player when it decided they were of retirement age. It had a database of first- and second-names, for each nationality, and would randomly come up with a combination of these to rename a new player, who replaced the old, retiring player. This data-base could be accessed and amended by the user, to allow for comical names to be introduced into the gameplay.
Notable players who often retired at the end of the 1st or 2nd season were George Weah and Ruud Gullit, and the replacements for these would always have similar playing abilities, leading to some outstanding made-up players to be created.
Star players
Like all Championship Manager games, 96/97 would make some stars out of surprising players. Alan Fettis, who starts the game as the Nottingham Forest reserve goalkeeper was an outstanding player, available for only a few hundred thousand pounds early on in the game. Victor Leonenko of Dynamo Kiev would also prove an excellent player in the game, despite the real-life Leonenko being more of a reserve player due to the form of Serhii Rebrov and Andriy Shevchenko.
References
External links
Sports Interactive website
Championship Manager 2 Including 96/97 Season Updates at Hall of Light, the database of Amiga games
1996 video games
Amiga games
Eidos Interactive games
Windows games
Association football management video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship%20Manager%2096/97 |
A fish and chip shop, sometimes referred to as a chip shop or chippy, is a restaurant that specialises in selling fish and chips. Usually, fish and chip shops provide takeaway service, although some have seating facilities. Fish and chip shops may also sell other foods, including variations on their core offering such as battered sausage and burgers, to regional cuisine such as Greek or Indian food.
Variations on the name include fish bar, fishery (in Yorkshire), fish shop and chip shop. In most of the United Kingdom including Northern Ireland, they are colloquially known as a chippy or fishy, while in the Republic of Ireland and the Aberdeen area, they are known as chippers.
History
A blue plaque at Oldham's Tommyfield Market in England marks the 1860s origin of the fish and chip shop and fast food industries. In 1928, Harry Ramsden's fast food restaurant chain opened in the UK. On a single day in 1952, his fish and chip shop in Guiseley, West Yorkshire, served 10,000 portions of fish and chips, earning itself a place in the Guinness Book Of Records.
Etymology
The word "chip shop" is first recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary in 1892. "Chippy" or "chippie" was first recorded in 1961.
Occasionally the type of fish will be specified, as in 'Cod-n-Chips'.
Operations
Many British villages, suburbs, towns and cities have fish and chip shops, especially near coastal regions.
Fish and chip outlets sell roughly 30% of all the white fish consumed in the United Kingdom, and they use 10% of the UK potato crop.
In Ireland, many "chippers" are operated by Italian immigrant families, all native to the Province of Frosinone in Lazio. The Italian chip shop tradition began with Giuseppe Cervi, who took a boat to America in the 1880s but instead disembarked at Queenstown (modern-day Cobh in County Cork) and walked to Dublin, establishing a takeaway at 22 Great Brunswick Street (modern-day Pearse Street).
Regional differences
In Scotland, the fish tends to be haddock, whereas in England, it tends to be cod. This is because both fish tend to be sourced from Scottish waters in the North Sea and then shipped around the UK. Haddock was thought to taste better than cod when fresh, while cod tasted better a few days later. In the days before refrigerated haulage this meant that haddock would taste bad by the time it made it out of Scotland, while the cod would still taste good if it took a few days to reach its destination. Hake, pollock, whiting, and plaice are also seen at many chip shops. In Scotland, 'special fish' is a variant where the haddock is breadcrumbed instead of battered.
A number of fish and chip shop condiments exist, including salt and vinegar (very often actually non-brewed condiment) across the UK, mushy peas and curry sauce in various parts of the UK, chip spice in Hull, Hendersons Relish in Sheffield, chippy sauce in Edinburgh, gravy across much of the UK, mushy pea and mint sauce in Nottingham, and gravy and cheese in Yorkshire. In Canada, most shops offer malt vinegar or the option to add gravy, usually for a small charge.
There are also regional variations with the oil used to cook the fish and chips. Traditional frying uses beef dripping or lard, which are still used in the Midlands and the North; however, vegetable oils, such as palm oil, rapeseed or peanut oil (used because of its relatively high smoke point) now predominate, particularly in the South.
There are also a number of other offerings at fish and chip shops that do not involve fish, such as the battered sausage. It is now generally rare to find a fish and chip shop that offers no main course besides fish and chips in the UK. Burgers, pies, pasties, pizzas, sausages, kebabs and chicken (all of which may or may not be served or bought with chips) are all regular menu items in many outlets. Many also offer chips with topping options such as cheese, mushy peas, gravy or curry sauce.
In Australia, a common variant of the fish and chip shop is one that sells charcoal chicken in addition to the usual battered fish and related foods.
There are also regional variations across the UK, including:
Pastie in Northern Ireland
Potato scallops in the West Midlands (a deep-fried slice of potato)
Deep fried Mars bars in Scotland
Red pudding in Fife, Scotland
Pukka Pies in England
Saveloy in London
Faggots in Coventry and the Black Country
Batter bits in Leeds and the North
Battered roe in the West Midlands
Orange Chips or Battered Chips in the Black Country
Pizza Crunch in Glasgow
Pickled onion in the West Midlands and other parts of the UK
Battered white pudding in Scotland and Northern Ireland
Deep fried haggis as a supper across Scotland. As "Haggis Balls" in Glasgow or "Haggis Bon-Bons" in Edinburgh.
Pea fritters
Yorkshire Fishcake
Rag pudding in Oldham
Butter pie in Lancashire
Doner kebab in the Midlands and other parts of the UK
Scampi in various parts of the UK
Chip butty in various parts of the UK
Steak and kidney pie in various parts of the UK
Babies 'Yed in the North West of England
Light-fried half chicken in the Midlands and other parts of the UK
Spam fritters in various parts of the UK
Rock in Cornwall and the south
Lemon sole in Cornwall and the south
Rissoles in South Wales
Wigan Kebab (meat and potato pie in a buttered barm) in Wigan
Pasty barm in Bolton
There are also variations in the fish and chip shops in nations and former nations of the British Commonwealth:
"Hamburger With The Lot" in Australia and a "Works Burger" New Zealand
Poutine in Canada
Dim sims in Australia and New Zealand
Chiko Rolls in Australia
Spice Burger in Ireland
Hot sandwiches (usually chicken or turkey with peas and gravy) in Canada
See also
List of fish and chip restaurants
References
External links
Restaurants in the United Kingdom
Restaurants by type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20and%20chip%20shop |
The whistling kite (Haliastur sphenurus) is a medium-sized diurnal raptor found throughout Australia (including coastal islands), New Caledonia and much of New Guinea (excluding the central mountains and the northwest). Also called the whistling eagle or whistling hawk, it is named for its loud whistling call, which it often gives in flight. Some authorities put this species in the genus Milvus, despite marked differences in behaviour, voice and plumage between this species and other members of that genus.
Description
The whistling kite ranges in size from , with a wingspan between . Weights range from an average of for males and for females. As with most raptors, females are larger and heavier than males; though there is considerable overlap between the sexes, females can be up to 21% larger and 42% heavier. Southern birds are also larger than those found in the tropics. Male and female plumages are the same. Adult birds are a pale buff on the head, breast and tail, with browner wings and black flight feathers. Immature birds are a heavily streaked reddish-brown with prominent pale spots on the wings. Throughout their lives, whistling kites have bone-colored legs and feet, which are unfeathered. Overall, the whistling kite looks small-headed and long-tailed, with wingtips falling well short of the tail tip when the bird is perched. Though its legs are short, the bird walks easily on the ground. Whistling kites soar on slightly bowed wings, with their long flight feathers often well-splayed. The striking pattern on their underwings is distinctive.
Voice
This is a noisy species, calling regularly in flight and while perched—even while at the nest. Its most common call is a clear descending whistle, often followed (less often preceded) by a rapid series of rising notes. Field research carried out in Taunton Scientific National Park, Central Queensland by Fiona Randall from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland has shown that spotted bowerbirds (Chlamydera maculata) in that park regularly mimic the calls of whistling kites, with the frequency of mimicry increasing as the breeding season progresses. The function of this mimicry is unknown.
Habitat
A species of open or lightly wooded areas, whistling kites are typically found near water, at elevations ranging from sea level to 1400 meters. Though the species as a whole is generally sedentary, some Australian birds are known to be nomadic, wandering to coastal areas in northern Australia during the dry season; some south Australian birds migrate to the south in the autumn. There is some evidence that the species is declining locally in southern Australia due to the drainage of wetlands and an accompanying decline in food supplies.
Behaviour
Whistling kites tend to be found singly or in pairs, but sometimes gather in larger groups, particularly during nomadic movements, at roost sites and at sources of plentiful food.
Feeding
Whistling kites are indiscriminate in their tastes, taking small mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, crustaceans, insects and carrion. Those in Australia tend to take primarily live prey (except in the winter, when they subsist largely on carrion), while those in New Guinea are principally scavengers. Most food items are taken either from the ground or from the water surface, though insects are sometimes captured in flight. Whistling kites are also known to pirate meals from ibises and herons and from other raptors, and to force large waterbirds to regurgitate their catches. They regularly patrol roads in search of roadkill, and hover over the edges of grass fires in search of potential prey fleeing the flames, sometimes carrying burning sticks and dropping them on unburnt areas. When food is scarce they will almost entirely rely on finding carrion.
Breeding
The whistling kite's nest is a bulky platform made of sticks and lined with green leaves, placed in an upright fork of a tall tree—often a eucalypt or pine in a riparian area. Pairs often re-use the same nest year after year, annually adding material until the platform becomes quite large. Females normally lay 2–3 bluish-white eggs, which are sometimes covered with reddish-brown blotches; clutches of 1–4 eggs have been recorded. Eggs are incubated for 35–40 days, and the species is reported to have a 60% hatching success. Chicks, which are covered with cream- or buff-colored down feathers, spend 44–54 days in the nest before fledging, and are dependent on their parents for a further 6–8 weeks after leaving the nest. In Australia, the birds generally breed between June and October in the south, and between February and May in the north, though they may nest at any time after rain providing there are adequate food supplies.
References
External links
"Vocal Mimicry in Spotted Bowerbirds" - Field study report by Fiona Randall discussing mimicry of Whistling Kites
Whistling Kite videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Whistling Kite photos on the Canberra Ornithologists Group website
whistling kite
whistling kite
Birds of Australia
Birds of prey of New Guinea
Birds of New Caledonia
Diurnal raptors of Australia
whistling kite
whistling kite
Articles containing video clips
Firehawks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistling%20kite |
The NatWest Three, also known as the Enron Three, are the British businessmen Giles Darby, David Bermingham and Gary Mulgrew. In 2002, they were indicted in Houston, Texas, on seven counts of wire fraud against their former employer, Greenwich NatWest, as part of the Enron scandal.
After a high-profile battle in the British courts, the three men were extradited from the United Kingdom to the United States in 2006. On 28 November 2007, each pleaded guilty to one count of wire fraud in exchange for the other charges being dropped. On 22 February 2008, they were each sentenced to 37 months in prison. Initially they were jailed in the US, but were later repatriated to British prisons to serve out the rest of their sentences. They were released from custody in August 2010.
Background
In 2000, Giles Darby, David Bermingham and Gary Mulgrew worked for Greenwich NatWest, then a unit of National Westminster Bank, which was later acquired by Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS). The three were involved in Greenwich NatWest's dealings with the American energy company Enron. As a result of these dealings, NatWest owned a stake in a Cayman Islands-registered partnership, Swap Sub.
Swap Sub was a special-purpose entity created by Andrew Fastow, Enron's CFO, ostensibly for the purpose of hedging Enron's investment in Rhythms NetConnections, an internet service provider. Swap Sub's assets consisted of cash and Enron stock. Its liability was an option giving Enron the ability to require it to buy Enron's entire investment in Rhythms NetConnections at a predetermined price in 2004. In addition to NatWest, Credit Suisse First Boston held an equal stake in Swap Sub. The remainder was owned by a partnership managed by Fastow.
In March 2000, Enron terminated the hedging arrangement with Swap Sub. Fastow persuaded Enron to pay Swap Sub a $30 million fee to terminate the option and recover the Enron stock it owned, even though, because of a decline in the price of the Rhythms stock, Swap Sub owed Enron a large amount of money. $10 million of the payment went to Credit Suisse First Boston; Fastow falsely claimed to Enron that the other $20 million would go to NatWest, but in fact only $1 million did so. The payment, which was formally agreed on 22 March 2000, resulted in large profits for Swap Sub, enriching several Enron employees who had acquired ownership interests in the partnership.
Crime
According to the Statement of Facts which was signed by all three defendants as part of their eventual plea bargain, the Three realized in early 2000 that, because of rises in the stock prices of Enron and Rhythms, NatWest's interest in Swap Sub "had quite some value". On 22 February of that year, the three bankers made a presentation to Enron CFO Andrew Fastow suggesting ways in which this value could be captured; however, Fastow ultimately rejected this proposal.
Shortly afterwards, Fastow contacted Gary Mulgrew in late February or early March 2000 and offered to purchase NatWest's interest in Swap Sub. He also offered Mulgrew what is described in the Statement of Facts as "an unspecified financial opportunity" if he were to leave NatWest. Mulgrew discussed this conversation with Darby and Bermingham. On 6 March 2000, Fastow's assistant Michael Kopper contacted Darby with a formal proposal that a company Kopper controlled should purchase NatWest's stake in Swap Sub for $1 million. Mulgrew and Darby subsequently recommended to their superiors that NatWest should accept this offer.
Later that month, the three bankers learned that the "unspecified financial opportunity" which had been mentioned to Mulgrew involved their personally acquiring a portion of NatWest's stake in Swap Sub. In furtherance of this, Kopper set up a deal for the Three to acquire a put option on half of NatWest's former stake in the company. On 17 March, Darby collected the signatures needed to finalize the NatWest sale. On 20 March the Three executed the option agreement with Kopper. The Three concealed both their dealings with Fastow and Kopper, and the fact that they now had a financial interest in the company that bought Swap Sub, from their superiors at NatWest.
According to the Statement of Facts, the Three were unaware of the 22 March agreement to pay $30 million to Swap Sub. On 21 April 2000, Bermingham, who had resigned from NatWest in the meantime, exercised the options, resulting in a profit of more than $7 million. He subsequently split the proceeds with Darby and Mulgrew.
Timeline of legal proceedings
FSA investigation
In November 2001 the three bankers, having now moved to work at Royal Bank of Canada, learned that the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was investigating Fastow and voluntarily met with the British Financial Services Authority (FSA) to discuss the deal. According to their own account, the Three initiated this meeting in order to "ensure transparency". Bermingham later claimed that "[w]e gave [the FSA] everything because we thought we had nothing to hide."
In February 2002 the FSA completed its inquiries without taking any action. It later emerged that the FSA had passed the results of its investigation to the SEC, which had in turn passed them on to the prosecutors in the US Department of Justice. According to a report in The Times the FSA report was so detailed that it told the SEC whom to interview and what evidence would be needed to secure a conviction, and concluded that "there appears to be evidence that the three individuals were subject to a major conflict of interest".
Issue of arrest warrants and indictment
US arrest warrants for the Three were issued in June 2002. They were indicted by a grand jury in Houston, Texas in September of the same year on seven counts of wire fraud. The warrants were among the first issued by Enron prosecutors; media reports speculated that their main purpose was to induce the Three into a plea bargain whereby they would testify against Kopper and Fastow (seen as more important prosecution targets) in exchange for reduced sentences.
During the long delay caused by the decision of the Three to fight extradition, however, Kopper and Fastow both pleaded guilty and entered into plea bargains themselves. Thus, in an ironic turn of events, Kopper and Fastow were likely to have been the key prosecution witnesses against the Three if the case had gone to trial.
The indictment set out seven counts of wire fraud, each one corresponding to a document (fax, email or wire transfer) that was transmitted electronically in the United States in furtherance of the alleged fraudulent scheme. In addition to the facts agreed to as part of the eventual plea bargain, the indictment alleged that the Three knew, at the time they recommended the sale of Swap Sub to NatWest, that its value was significantly greater than $1 million, and that the 22 February presentation to Fastow was part of the fraudulent scheme. Although Enron officials were involved, the indictment did not allege that Enron Corporation itself was a victim of the scheme, or that the Three's activities had any connection to Enron's collapse.
The evidence against the NatWest Three included preparations for the 22 February presentation, which contained the phrase
Problem is that it is too obvious (to both Enron and LPs) what is happening (ie, robbery of LPs), so probably not attractive. Also no certainty of making money ...
Prosecutors alleged that the use of the word "robbery" in the presentation showed that the Three knew that they were planning to commit a crime. They also cited the discrepancy between the amounts of money accepted by NatWest ($1 million) and Credit Suisse First Boston ($10 million) for their equal stakes in Swap Sub.
Extradition to the United States
US prosecutors began to pursue proceedings in what they expected to be a "routine" extradition in the summer of 2002. The Three were arrested in Britain on 23 April 2004. Extradition proceedings under the Extradition Act 2003 commenced in June of that year amid widespread controversy.
In September 2004 a judge at Bow Street Magistrates' Court ruled that the extradition could proceed. The Three responded by suing Britain's Serious Fraud Office (SFO) in the High Court of Justice, seeking judicial review to force a prosecution in the UK which would have taken precedence over the US investigation.
In response the SFO issued a statement defending its decision to defer to prosecutors in the US:
After a significant delay, the extradition was endorsed by Home Secretary Charles Clarke in May 2005. The Three appealed this decision also in the High Court. On 20 February 2006 both the appeal against extradition and the suit to force the SFO to prosecute (which were consolidated into one case) were rejected by the High Court. The bankers appealed further to the House of Lords, but this appeal failed on 21 June 2006. On 27 June 2006 the Three lost an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights. Rumours in the British press that the government would support the Three's case were rejected by Attorney General Lord Goldsmith on 7 July 2006.
Initial court proceedings in the United States
After all legal avenues of appeal against extradition had been exhausted, the Three arrived in Houston on 13 July 2006. They spent one night in that city's Federal Detention Center before being released into the custody of their attorney, under a requirement that they wear electronic monitoring devices. On 21 July, a judge ruled that the Three could go free on bond but could not leave the Houston area, could not meet with each other without their lawyers present, and were required to raise between $80,000 and $150,000 by the end of the month. US immigration services gave them permission to accept employment in the US for a period of one year, but, because of the judge's order, they were not permitted to leave the Houston area to seek or obtain work.
Trial date postponements
On 2 August 2006 the trial date was delayed indefinitely from 13 September 2006, in order to allow two of the Three to secure legal representation. On 9 August 2006 the legal situation of the Three was complicated by subpoenas served on them in an Enron-related civil suit against Royal Bank of Canada. On 12 August 2006 all three informed the judge that they had retained attorneys.
On 6 September 2006, the trial date was set for February 2007 if witnesses could be obtained in time, failing that for 4 September 2007. Until that time the Three were required to wear monitoring devices and were forbidden from leaving the Houston area. On 1 August 2007, the trial date was moved back yet again to January 2008. This was following another earlier postponement to 22 October. This further delay was a significant blow to the three, and their supporters stressed again the problems they were facing with the scale of legal fees and further separation from their families in the UK.
Witnesses controversy
On 6 August 2007, the Three asked the judge in the case to order six former colleagues living in Britain to provide video testimony for their defence. In a court filing explaining this request, they alleged that "[s]everal individuals now refuse to travel to the United States to appear on defendants' behalf because they feel, or have been, threatened by the [US] government". Such a request would have required the co-operation of British authorities.
The Three's filing also claimed that Royal Bank of Scotland was obstructing attempts to contact a larger group of thirty-six employees who were also potential witnesses, claiming that "[t]he Royal Bank of Scotland and the Royal Bank of Canada have… taken steps to prevent Defendants from securing the testimony of former colleagues", and that "counsel for the purported victim in this case [RBS] has interfered with the ability of defence counsel to obtain relevant testimony". They concluded that the Three's ability "to mount a vigorous defence has thereby been severely compromised, if not eviscerated". The Three went so far as to publicly name the prospective witnesses in the hope that that would encourage some of them to speak out.
Plea bargain
On 28 November 2007, the Three accepted a plea bargain, pleading guilty to one count of wire fraud. In exchange, prosecutors agreed to drop the other six counts, and to support the application by the Three to serve part of their sentences in the United Kingdom. In the plea agreement, the Three pleaded guilty to count four of the indictment, relating to the email from London to Houston of the final Swap Sub sale documents. A "statement of facts" was appended to the plea agreement as Exhibit A and was signed by all three defendants.
Prosecutor Alice Fisher stated, "[t]hese three defendants admitted today that they defrauded NatWest by entering into a secret and illegal deal with officers from Enron – a deal that yielded millions in profits for them personally at the expense of their employer". However, an article in The Daily Telegraph argued that the guilty pleas were motivated not by actual guilt, but rather by the prospect of further delays before the trial and possible 35-year sentences if convicted. Other British commentators agreed that this was a possibility. The Telegraph piece went on to claim that the statement of facts did not state that the Three knowingly defrauded NatWest. The original indictment alleged that the Three knew that NatWest's stake was worth far more than the $1 million it was being sold for; the statement of facts claimed only that bankers believed it was likely that they would make significant amounts of money as a result of the transaction, based on information that they concealed from their employer.
In August 2010 Bermingham and Mulgrew appeared in a video on ungagged.net, a site devoted to attacking the US Department of Justice's handling of the Enron collapse. In the video David Bermingham recanted his guilty plea, and both he and Mulgrew claimed that they had been pressured into accepting plea bargains, attacking the US judicial system and characterising their treatment as "torture". Giles Darby said that he "fundamentally" disagreed with the claims made by Bermingham and Mulgrew in the video.
Sentencing and prison
The NatWest Three were sentenced on 22 February 2008 to 37 months of imprisonment. They were given no remission for the time they had spent in the United States awaiting trial. They were also required to repay $7.3 million to Royal Bank of Scotland, the successor bank to Greenwich NatWest, of which $1.25 million would be due when the men surrendered themselves to prison authorities. During sentencing, the Three each made brief statements to the judge. Mulgrew said that he had shown a "lack of integrity" and "exercised poor judgement", concluding that "I have no one to blame but myself". Darby admitted that he was "wrong", and said "I deeply regret my involvement in this whole affair."
Darby's lawyer stated that "Andy Fastow and the culture of greed at Enron corrupted everybody and everything it came in contact with", and added that the Three "are as much victims as anybody else." The Three requested to be assigned to the low-security federal prison in Allenwood, Pennsylvania. In April 2008, each was assigned to a different prison: Mulgrew was ordered to surrender to the facility in Big Spring, Texas on 30 April; Giles Darby to the Allenwood facility on 7 May; and David Bermingham to the prison in Lompoc, California, on 9 May.
Mulgrew, Darby and Bermingham were assigned consecutive federal inmate numbers (66096-179, 66097-179 and 66098-179 respectively). They were later allowed to serve the remainder of their sentence in England. Bermingham was moved from Spring Hill Open Prison to a closed prison in Grendon Underwood in August 2009. The three were released in August 2010.
Public relations campaign in Britain
Press coverage of the Three in Britain was initially mostly negative, focusing on the amount of money the men had gained and their extravagant lifestyles.
For example, The Independent wrote that the men saw themselves as "womanising buccanneers who played as hard and as fast as they pursued their deals", and The Sunday Times described Mulgrew as "fiercely competitive" with "a massive ego" and "scars on his arms" from his former career as a nightclub bouncer. The tone of the reporting changed when the Three secured the services of Bell Yard Communications, a public relations firm which specialised in "public reputation management during times of corporate crisis or dispute", headed by Melanie Riley. Adrian Flook of M: Communications was also involved. Both firms claimed to be working pro bono. Riley said that "I have been working pro bono for the last six months because I believe in the case. We have worked hard to ensure that people understood the inequity of the Extradition Act."
Guardian journalist Nick Davies, in his book Flat Earth News, described the strategy adopted by Bell Yard:
Davies later recounted the reaction of the press:
Riley summed up her strategy as follows:
M: Communications co-founder Nick Miles added:
An article in the Financial Times also highlighted the achievements of the public relations team:
The Three feature as victims of British justice in the £500,000 documentary Taking Liberties, made by Bermingham's film finance acquaintance.
Extradition controversy
The extensive news coverage of the Three in Britain resulted in a large-scale debate over the merits of their extradition to the United States under the then new Extradition Act 2003. In particular, a high-profile campaign against the extradition was led by The Daily Telegraph newspaper. Several arguments were raised against the extradition.
Jurisdiction argument
It was argued that the crime was committed by British citizens living in Britain against a British company based in London, the nation's capital city and that, therefore, any resulting criminal case fell under British legal and territorial jurisdiction and should be tried by a British court. However, British authorities decided not to prosecute due to a purported lack of evidence.
Fair trial argument
Some argued that it would be very difficult for Three to receive a fair trial in Texas. The case could have taken years to come to trial. The trial was scheduled to begin in September 2006, but was repeatedly postponed to January 2008. The three accused men would be forced to remain in the US, far away from their families in the UK. Additionally, while on bail they would be unable to find gainful employment in order to fund a legal defence against the charges brought against them. (The Three were permitted to seek employment in the US provided they remained in Houston.)
It was also claimed that the defendants would be handicapped in preparing a defence because most of the evidence and witnesses were overseas in the UK. They argued that witnesses would be reluctant to come to Texas.
Extradition inequality argument
It was alleged that the extradition arrangements between the US and the UK were highly unequal. The Act's terms made it easier to extradite British citizens to America than vice versa. There has been much criticism of the fact that the Americans do not have to produce a prima facie case to extradite British citizens, whereas there was no comparable facility to extradite US citizens to the UK. Despite this, the head of Britain's Serious Fraud Office, Robert Wardle, has claimed that there would have been enough evidence to extradite the Three to the US even under the old extradition arrangements. He expressed astonishment that the men had become a "cause célèbre", and expressed confidence that the Three would get a fair trial in the US. Supporters of the Three claim that when the extradition law was passed in the wake of 11 September the British government stated that it was only to be used in the so-called war against terror and if the treaty was ratified by the US. However, neither of these conditions was written into the text of the extradition law, and neither had been fulfilled in the case of the Three at the time of their extradition. (The treaty was subsequently ratified by the US in September 2006.)
House of Commons debate
The Speaker of the House of Commons, Michael Martin, allowed an emergency debate, on 12 July 2006, on both the treaty and the 'Natwest Three' after a request by Liberal Democrat MP Nick Clegg.
Neil Coulbeck
On 12 July 2006, a former Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) executive and FBI prosecution witness Neil Coulbeck had been found dead, after committing suicide by slitting his wrists. Coulbeck had worked for RBS until 2004, latterly as Head of Group Treasury.
It had been suggested by friends and family that the FBI 'hounded' Coulbeck. At the inquest into his death, Coulbeck's wife stated that he had been deeply disturbed by the extradition of the Three, and it was known that he had provided a crucial statement which in part led to their extradition. The FBI denied this, saying that it had interviewed Coulbeck only once, four years earlier.
Relevance in future extradition cases
The case of the NatWest Three was cited in Parliament in relation to the 2020 US extradition request for Mike Lynch, founder of software company Autonomy. David Davis stated:
Publications
Comments on the attempt by the US to extradite Autonomy founder Mike Lynch: "[i]t is a near statistical certainty that someone extradited to the US will end up guilty, most probably through a plea bargain rather than going to trial, because the criminal justice system in the US is so heavily geared towards this outcome".
"[A]longside the horror stories about gang beatings and brutality, Giles also wrote about the larger-than-life characters he met and the unexpected antics of his fellow inmates."
"The remarkable true story of one man’s journey from a Glasgow orphanage to a notorious gang-infested prison in Texas. Driven by his desire to return to his son in England and haunted by the increasingly frustrating search for his missing daughter".
See also
Babar Ahmad
David Carruthers
Peter Dicks
Gary McKinnon
Christopher Tappin
Syed Talha Ahsan
Richard O'Dwyer
References
Bibliography
External links
Friends Extradited (a supporter website)
"Telegraph executives lend support to 'NatWest Three'", guardian.co.uk; accessed 16 November 2015.
Inmate Tracker – shows Bermingham's term in the Federal Bureau of Prisons system
Inmate Tracker which shows Mulgrew's term in the Federal Bureau of Prisons system
Inmate Tracker – shows Darby's term in the Federal Bureau of Prisons system
Gary Mulgrew profile, ft.com; accessed 16 November 2015.
June 2002 crimes in the United States
British fraudsters
English white-collar criminals
Corporate crime
Enron scandal
Quantified groups of defendants
People extradited from the United Kingdom to the United States
Living people
NatWest Group litigation
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatWest%20Three |
The Beatles Collection is a box set of the Beatles' vinyl albums released in the United States in November 1978 and the following month in the United Kingdom. It contains the official catalogue of the Beatles in stereo, and a new compilation called Rarities.
The American issue by Capitol Records contained the British pressings of the same 12 original albums, with the American pressing of Rarities. The latter differed from its British counterpart in that it included the previously released English-language versions of "She Loves You" and "I Want to Hold Your Hand", rather than the German-language version found on the British Rarities compilation. The American edition of the box set was a limited edition of only 3000 numbered copies. The limited availability of the American release resulted in the British release becoming popular as an import into the US.
There is also a rare EMI New Zealand version which combines the British box with some elements of the American version, such as the US custom liner on a gatefold Rarities.
Contents
The Beatles Collection did not include a number of Beatles recordings, including those released on the Magical Mystery Tour album. This album had been released in the United States in 1967, but it was not counted among the group's official catalogue because it was not issued in the United Kingdom until 1976. The collection also omitted the non-album singles that had previously been released in 1973 on the twin compilation packages 1962–1966 and 1967–1970.
The collection also includes the inserts contained in the individual albums, such as the cardboard cutout sheet in Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and the photos and poster in The Beatles.
A company specialising in audiophile vinyl pressings, Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab, released a similar box set in 1982 called The Beatles: The Collection. This set consisted of the 12 British albums – Rarities was not included, but Magical Mystery Tour was – pressed off the original Abbey Road studio master tapes (except for MMT), using a technique called "Half Speed Mastering", and onto Japanese "virgin" vinyl. The set was highly acclaimed for its sonic accuracy and only approximately 25,000 were released. In this case, the actual covers for each album was a photo of a studio master tape, along with the engineer's log sheet. The original album covers were compiled in an LP-size booklet.
Album listing
See also
The Beatles Box
The Beatles: The Collection
The Beatles Mono Collection
The Beatles Box Set
The Beatles (The Original Studio Recordings)
The Beatles in Mono
The U.S. Albums
References
1978 compilation albums
The Beatles compilation albums
Parlophone compilation albums
Capitol Records compilation albums
Albums produced by George Martin
Albums produced by Phil Spector
Albums arranged by George Martin
Albums conducted by George Martin
Albums arranged by George Harrison
Albums conducted by George Harrison
Albums arranged by Mike Leander
Albums arranged by John Lennon
Albums conducted by John Lennon
Albums arranged by Paul McCartney
Albums conducted by Paul McCartney
Reissue albums
Albums recorded at Olympic Sound Studios
Albums recorded at Trident Studios
Albums recorded at Apple Studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beatles%20Collection |
Two Sides of the Moon is the only solo studio album by the English rock musician Keith Moon, drummer for the Who. It peaked at No. 155 on the Billboard 200. The album title was credited to Ringo Starr. Rather than using the album as a chance to showcase his drumming skill, Moon sang lead vocals on all tracks, and played drums only on three of the tracks ("Crazy Like a Fox", "The Kids Are Alright" and "Move Over Ms. L"), although he played percussion on "Don't Worry Baby". The album features contributions from Ringo Starr, Harry Nilsson, Joe Walsh of the Eagles, Jim Keltner, Bobby Keys, Klaus Voormann, John Sebastian, Flo & Eddie (Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan of the Turtles), Spencer Davis, Dick Dale, Suzi Quatro's sister Patti Quatro, Patti's bandmates from Fanny Jean Millington and Nickey Barclay, and future actor Miguel Ferrer.
Background
Moon was the last member of the Who to release a solo album: by this point, John Entwistle had released Smash Your Head Against the Wall (with Moon playing percussion and singing backing vocals), Roger Daltrey released his hit album Daltrey (1973), and Pete Townshend had produced several Meher Baba tribute albums and the demo compilation Who Came First (1972).
Moon had moved into the Beverly Wilshire Hotel with assistant Dougal Butler in March 1974, to play on the sessions for Harry Nilsson's Pussy Cats. The album was produced by John Lennon, who had been ejected from the Troubadour with Nilsson for drunkenly heckling a Smothers Brothers performance several days before Moon's arrival. The three, along with Ringo Starr (who also drummed on Pussy Cats), Lennon's girlfriend May Pang, bassist Klaus Voormann, Voormann's girlfriend Cynthia Webb, and Starr's manager Hilary Gerrard, moved together into a Santa Monica beach house for three weeks. The sessions were affected by Lennon, Nilsson, Moon and Starr's excessive lifestyles and drug abuse, ultimately prompting Lennon to relocate the sessions to New York City to separate himself and Nilsson from the Los Angeles party scene.
At the time of Moon's arrival, Lennon had made initial recordings for Rock 'n' Roll (1975) with Phil Spector, and David Bowie and Bryan Ferry had also released cover albums; Bowie's Pin Ups (1973) notably included two songs by the Who, "I Can't Explain" and "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere". Encountering the Beatles' former road manager Mal Evans on the Sunset Strip, Moon suggested that Evans produce a solo album for him.
Recording
The first song, a cover version of the Beach Boys' "Don't Worry Baby", was recorded in late March at the Record Plant Studios, with musicians that included John Sebastian, Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman, Jesse Ed Davis, and Miguel Ferrer playing drums. Kaylan described the album as "a fantasy record for him", allowing him to live out his fantasy to "be a Beach Boy". For this reason, Moon largely avoided playing the drums, as he considered drumming his "job". Moon left Los Angeles on 19 April to begin filming Tommy, and after the filming concluded, unofficially relocated to California in August 1974, to work on the studio album. The album would be funded by a recording contract directly with Los Angeles' MCA Records arranged by Bill Curbishley and Peter Rudge, as funding was unavailable from London due to Track Records' legal problems with former Who managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp, and Moon's extravagant spending habits that led to reluctance to fund the sessions. Biographer Tony Fletcher expresses astonishment in Dear Boy: The Life of Keith Moon (1998) that MCA approved the album's recording and released the "travesty of a Beach Boys cover" as a single rather than rejecting the master tapes for "Don't Worry Baby".
Much like the difficulties that befell Pussy Cats and Rock 'n' Roll, the sessions for Two Sides of the Moon were affected by the "lazy and decadent self-indulgence that permeated the superstar scene of mid-seventies LA". The routine of inconsistent working hours and lengthy indulgence, particularly of alcohol and drugs, slowed down the sessions considerably; the atmosphere of the studio resembled that of a club. One of the album's engineers, Gary Ladinsky, recalled: "You'd get something done for an hour, and then it's a party scene. Eventually, you clear out the studio and you might do something for another half an hour, and then people wander out, and you realise, 'I guess the session is over.'" After "Teenage Idol", with Dick Dale guesting on guitar, was delivered to MCA, Evans was fired as producer, which Fletcher attributes to Moon's realisation that the sessions were largely fruitless and Evans' own drinking problem was worsening. He was replaced as producer by Skip Taylor, who was described by Volman and engineer John Stronach as the main provider of drugs for the sessions. Taylor did not dispute the assessment: "I would go in and decide, is this a night where we should have a little brandy, or should we smoke some stuff, or should we put a couple of lines out?" Most of the musicians involved saw no real difference as a result of the change. Kaylan commented that after recording his parts twice, "Basically it was the same record." Joe Walsh, who was then recording So What with Stronach at the Record Plant, was brought in to play additional guitar on "The Kids Are Alright" late in the sessions. He described the results as "semi-train wrecks" and expressed surprise that Moon had only used two producers since he would "fry" anyone who worked with him.
Moon's contributions to the album were primarily vocals. He only played drums on three songs, simultaneously accompanied by session drummers. Stronach said that the sessions had two drummers: "One to keep time and then Keith to play over it." The first set of vocals recorded with Evans was discarded, as all had been recorded while Moon was inebriated; Taylor characterised them as "a guy from England trying to sound like a guy from Nashville but having about five belts before he did it." Taylor demanded that Moon abandon the country twang in which he had sung the early songs (and which is noticeable on outtakes such as "I'm Not Angry"), and sing in the posh accent he regularly mimicked. Fletcher comments that so many musicians were brought in to try to "salvage" the record (sixty being credited on the final album, with several others such as Brian Wilson having been rumoured to have contributed as well) that it resulted in Moon sounding more like "the guest on someone else's record". Moon's behaviour during the sessions reflected his self-destructive lifestyle and worsening health. Recording vocals one night in Studio B under a low ceiling covered in spotlights, he smashed a light bulb with an ashtray every time recording was stopped because he failed to hit a note, ending up destroying the entire light fixture. Stronach recalled, "He'd come in, reach into his pockets, and there'd be pills and cocaine falling out." While Moon had previously been able to sing adequately on several songs from the A Quick One (1966), Ready Steady Who (1966), The Who Sell Out (1967) and Quadrophenia (1973) sessions, his strained and frequently off-key vocals on Two Sides of the Moon contributed to feelings of inadequacy and depression throughout recording.
MCA's then-president Mike Maitland told Taylor at their first meeting that a lot of money had been invested before he assumed production duties, and that MCA was "prepared to spend an enormous sum of money in promotion and marketing". This was exactly what happened: Fletcher states that "well over $200,000" was spent for "recording costs alone", and that Moon claimed to receive a non-returnable advance for the same amount. With the album being prepared for release in 1975, MCA initially refused to pay for the elaborate sleeve designed by Gary Stromberg. Moon, Taylor and Stronach went to meet with Maitland; Moon asked Taylor to stop in front of an Army and Navy store on the way, and returned with a fire axe, which he kept hidden on himself. Maitland once again denied their sleeve request, criticising them for the excessive cost of the album. Moon responded by placing himself directly in front of Maitland and held the fire axe above Maitland's mahogany partners desk, and said, "What's it going to be, dear boy? My album cover or a new desk?"
Content
Originally recorded for his own album, but not released on it, John Lennon gave Moon the track "Move Over Ms. L" and later did his own version. "Solid Gold", written by keyboardist Nickey Barclay, was originally recorded by her band Fanny.
Vinyl pressings of the Two Sides of the Moon had text etched into the run-out groove of side 1 that read "Grown Men Did This". The record itself was contained in an elaborate reversible inner sleeve that, when flipped, changed the front cover to show Moon's buttocks hanging from the limousine window, forming a pun on his name.
Upon release, Moon subsequently started work on a second solo studio album, which was never completed. Two Sides of the Moon was re-released by Repertoire Records in 1997, including the finished songs that Moon had made for his second album. Two Sides of the Moon was again re-released by Castle Music and Sanctuary Records in July 2006, as a two-disc Deluxe Edition, featuring the original 10 songs plus 41 bonus tracks. 9788512
Critical reception
Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau said "It's hard to imagine the auteur of this alternately vulgar, silly, and tender travesty/tour de force as anyone but Keith Moon; his madness translates not only to film (Stardust, Tommy) but even to the supersolo studio jobs that this parodies so deliciously. I presume they thought it was funny to mix the backup singers (Nilsson, Nelson, Flo & Eddie) up in front of the guy with his name on the cover. And it was."
In a review for AllMusic, Steve Leggett said the album was "so fascinatingly bad that it has assumed a certain cult status" but was nevertheless "a horrible album on all counts."
The album was included in a list of 12 ill-advised solo albums, in an article produced by the NME in 2009.
Track listing
Side one
"Crazy Like a Fox" (Al Staehely) – 2:07
"Solid Gold" (Nickey Barclay) – 2:48
"Don't Worry Baby" (Brian Wilson, Roger Christian) – 3:31
"One Night Stand" (Dennis Larden) – 3:36
"The Kids Are Alright" (Pete Townshend) – 3:03
Side two
"Move Over Ms. L" (John Lennon) – 3:10
"Teen Age Idol" (Jack Lewis) – 2:20
"Back Door Sally" (John Marascalco) – 2:31
"In My Life" (Lennon-McCartney) – 2:43
"Together" (Harry Nilsson, Keith Moon, Richard Starkey) – 3:05
1997 bonus tracks
"U.S. Radio Spot" (Moon, Richard Starkey)
"I Don't Suppose" (Nickey Barclay)
"Naked Man" (Randy Newman)
"Do Me Good" (Steve Cropper)
"Real Emotion" (Steve Cropper)
"Don't Worry Baby" - U.S. single A-side (Brian Wilson, Roger Christian)
"Teenage Idol" - U.S. single B-side (Jack Lewis)
"Together 'Rap'" (Harry Nilsson, Moon, Richard Starkey)
2006 deluxe edition
Personnel
Keith Moon – drums, percussion, vocals
Ringo Starr, Ricky Nelson, Harry Nilsson - vocals
Spencer Davis, Jesse Ed Davis, John Staehely, Beau Guss, Patti Quatro, Danny Kortchmar, James Haymer, John Sebastian, Steve Adamick, Al Staehely, Mike Condello, Paul Lenart – guitar
Joe Walsh – guitar, ARP synthesizer
Dick Dale – surf guitar on "Teenage Idol"
Skip Edwards – steel guitar, Fender Rhodes electric piano
Jimmie Randall, Paul Stallworth, Jean Millington, David Birkett, Klaus Voormann – bass guitar
Jay Ferguson, Nickey Barclay, Blair Aaronson, David Foster – piano
Norman Kurban – piano, organ
William "Curly" Smith, Cam Davis, Miguel Ferrer, Mickey McGee, Ron Grinel, Jim Keltner, Ringo Starr – drums
Robert Greenidge – steel drums on "Together"
Steve Douglas, Ollie Mitchell – horns on "Move Over Ms. L" and "Back Door Sally"
Bobby Keys – saxophone on "Back Door Sally"
Julia Tillman, Lorna Willard, Sherlie Matthews, Fanny, Clydie King, Howard Kaylan, Jim Gilstrap, Mark Volman, Flo & Eddie, Jay DeWitt White, Dennis Larden, Andra Willis, Augie Johnson, Carolyn Willis, Gerald Garrett, Gregory Matta, Ira Hawkins, Irma Routen, Ron Hicklin, Cam Davis – backing vocals
David Bowie – vocal contribution on "Real Emotion"
Jimmie Haskell – string arrangements, conductor
Mal Evans – horn arrangement on "Move Over Ms. L"
Technical
Don Wood, Gary Kellgren, Gary Ladinsky, John Stronach, Lee Kiefer, Michael Verdick, Mike Stone – engineer
Bruce Reiley, Gary Stromberg, John Stronach, Keith Moon, Skip Taylor – cover concept
George Osaki – art direction
Jim McCrary, Robert Failla – photography
Session information
Credits taken from the inner sleeve of the vinyl release.
"Crazy Like a Fox"
Written by Al Staehely
Keith Moon - lead vocals, drums
Curly Smith - drums
Jimmie Randall - bass
Spencer Davies and Al Staehely - acoustic guitars
John Staehely and Jesse Ed Davis - electric guitars
Jay Ferguson - piano
Sherlie Matthews, Lorna Willard, Julia Tillman - backing vocals
"Solid Gold"
Written by Nickey Barclay
Keith Moon - lead vocals
Ringo Starr - "announcer"
Cam Davis - drums
Paul Stallingworth and Jean Millington - bass
Nickey Barclay - piano
Patti Quatro - guitar
Joe Walsh - guitar, ARP synthesizer
Beau Guss - guitar solo
Sherlie Matthews, Lorna Willard, Julia Tillman, Fanny - backing vocals
"Don't Worry Baby"
Written by Brian Wilson and Roger Christian
String arrangement and conducting by Jimmy Haskell
Keith Moon - lead vocals, percussion
Miguel Ferrer - drums
Paul Stallingworth - bass
John Sebastian, Steve Adamick, Danny Kortchmar, Jesse Ed Davis, James Haymer - acoustic guitars
Norman Kurban - organ
Blair Aaronson - piano
Sherlie Matthews, James Gilstrap, Clydie King, Flo & Eddie - backing vocals
"One Night Stand"
Written by Dennis Larden
Keith Moon and Rick Nelson - co-lead vocal
Mickey McGee - drums
David Birkett - bass
Mike Condello and Al Staehely - acoustic guitars
Joe Walsh - electric guitar
Skip Edwards - Fender Rhodes, pedal steel guitar
Dennis Larden, Jay White, Flo & Eddie - backing vocals
"The Kids Are Alright"
Written by Pete Townshend
String arrangement and conducting by Jimmy Haskell
Keith Moon - lead vocals, drums, drum solo
Curly Smith - drums
Jimmie Randall - bass
Al Staehely - acoustic guitar
John Staehely - electric guitar
Joe Walsh - electric guitar, ARP synthesizer
Jay Ferguson - piano
Flo & Eddie - backing vocals
"Move Over Ms. L"
Written by John Lennon
Horn arrangement by Mal Evans
Keith Moon - lead vocals, drums
Ron Grinel - drums
Paul Stallingworth - bass
Joe Walsh - lead guitar
Jesse Ed Davis - guitar
David Foster - piano
Ollie Mitchell, Steve Douglas - horns
"Teenage Idol"
Written by Jack Lewis
String arrangement and conducting by Jimmy Haskell
Keith Moon - lead vocals
Jim Keltner - drums
Paul Stallingworth - bass
Dick Dale - surf guitar and solo
Dan Kortchmar - acoustic guitar
Jesse Ed Davis - electric guitar
Norman Kurban - piano
Jay White, Dennis Larden - backing vocals
"Back Door Sally"
Written by John Marascalco
Keith Moon - lead vocals
Curly Smith - drums
Jimmie Randall - bass
Al Staehely, Joe Walsh - electric guitar
Jay Ferguson, Blair Aaronson - piano
Bobby Keys - sax solo
Ollie Mitchell, Steve Douglas - horns
Flo & Eddie - backing vocals
"In My Life"
Written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney
String arrangement and conducting by Jimmy Haskell
Keith Moon - lead vocals
Norman Kurban - piano
Choir:
Gerald Garrett
James Gilstrap
Ira Hawkins
Ron Hicklin
August Johnson
Clydie King
Greg Matta
Irma Routen
Julia Tillman
Lorna Willard
Andra Willis
Carolyn Willis
"Together"
Written by Harry Nilsson
String arrangement and conducting by Jimmy Haskell
Keith Moon - lead vocals
Ringo Starr - drums and "rap"
Jim Keltner - drums
Klaus Voormann - bass
Jesse Ed Davis, Danny Kortchmar, Paul Lenart - guitars
Robert Greenidge - steel drums
Harry Nilsson - backing vocals
References
External links
Press release (Archived version) for the 2006 Deluxe Edition
1975 debut albums
Keith Moon albums
Albums arranged by Jimmie Haskell
Albums produced by Steve Cropper
MCA Records albums
Polydor Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%20Sides%20of%20the%20Moon |
Ålandstidningen or Tidningen Åland is a Swedish-language newspaper in Åland, an autonomous region in Finland. It is published six times a week with a circulation of 8,392, and is the largest local newspaper on Åland, of the two published (the other being Nya Åland). Tidningen Åland was founded in 1891 by Julius Sundblom, who would later play an instrumental part in the Åland Crisis.
References
External links
Ålandstidningen
1891 establishments in Finland
Daily newspapers published in Finland
Mass media in Åland
Newspapers established in 1891
Swedish-language newspapers published in Finland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85landstidningen |
David Albelda Aliqués (; born 1 September 1977) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. He is currently a manager.
He played mainly for local Valencia during his extensive professional career, being team captain for over a decade and appearing in 480 competitive matches.
A Spanish international in the 2000s, Albelda won 51 caps for the country, representing it in two World Cups and at Euro 2004.
Club career
Born in La Pobla Llarga, Valencian Community, Albelda started his career as a central defender with local UD Alzira and, after having served two separate loans with Villarreal CF, also in the region, returned for good to first professional club Valencia CF in the 1999–2000 season, playing a major role in a squad that was crowned La Liga champions in 2002 and 2004, adding to that the 2004 UEFA Cup; since summer 2001, with Gaizka Mendieta's departure, he was also awarded team captaincy.
Albelda, along with teammates Santiago Cañizares and Miguel Ángel Angulo was axed from the squad on 20 December 2007 by recently arrived coach Ronald Koeman; in the captain's case, he had ironically just renewed his link with the Che until 2011. In response, on 2 January 2008, Albelda's lawyer claimed that Valencia had ignored his client's plea for an amicable end to the player's contract, with legal recourse the only possible avenue left. With news of this hitting the media, several teams, although he would not be able to join any Spanish team for the remainder of the season, having played more than four league games, studied the possibility of signing him in the winter transfer window, with hopes of a free transfer.
In late April 2008, however, with Koeman's dismissal, all three were reinstated by new manager Voro in a squad seriously threatened with relegation, with five remaining rounds. He returned to action in the second half of the 6–0 away loss against FC Barcelona on 4 May, and received his first post-reinstatement start in a 5–1 victory in the derby away at Levante UD the following week, as the side mathematically retained top-flight status.
For 2008–09, Albelda remained a regular fixture alongside longtime central midfield teammate Rubén Baraja. On 10 January 2009 he delivered an outstanding performance at right back, replacing suspended Miguel in a 3–3 home derby against Villarreal.
Albelda was played intermittently by Valencia from 2010 to 2013, also suffering several injury problems. On 10 June 2013, it was announced that the 35-year-old would not renew his contract with the club, leaving as a free agent; he announced his retirement two months later.
On 29 May 2019, Albelda was appointed manager of Tercera División side Atzeneta UE. He led them to their first-ever promotion to Segunda División B on 26 July 2020, after beating CD Alcoyano in the play-offs.
On 24 May 2021, after being immediately relegated, Albelda left the club.
International career
A Spanish international since 5 September 2001, in 2–0 away win against Liechtenstein for the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, Albelda was part of the Spanish squad in the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups. He also played in UEFA Euro 2004.
After having been ousted from the Valencia squad, Albelda would still be called by national team boss Luis Aragonés to a 6 February 2008 friendly with France. He would eventually not make the final cut for Euro 2008, as Spain emerged victorious.
Albelda also won a silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, and represented his nation at the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship.
Personal life
Albelda married Spanish model and presenter Vicen Fernández in 2007.
Career statistics
Club
1 Included 5 appearances and 1 goal in Segunda División promotion play-off 1996
2 Included 2 appearances in La Liga relegation play-off 1999
3 Included 2 appearances and 1 goal in Supercopa de Espana 1999
4 Included 2 appearances in Supercopa de Espana 2004 and 1 appearance in UEFA Super Cup 2004
5 Included 2 appearances in Supercopa de Espana 2008
International
Appearances and goals by national team and year
Honours
Valencia
La Liga: 2001–02, 2003–04
Supercopa de España: 1999
UEFA Cup: 2003–04
UEFA Super Cup: 2004
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 1999–2000, 2000–01
Spain U23
Summer Olympics silver medal: 2000
References
External links
CiberChe stats and bio
1977 births
Living people
People from Ribera Alta (comarca)
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from the Province of Valencia
Men's association football midfielders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Valencia CF Mestalla footballers
Valencia CF players
Villarreal CF players
UEFA Cup winning players
Spain men's youth international footballers
Spain men's under-21 international footballers
Spain men's under-23 international footballers
Spain men's international footballers
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
Olympic footballers for Spain
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Spain
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Spanish football managers
Segunda División B managers
Tercera División managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Albelda |
If You Love Me, Let Me Know is a United States and Canada-only album by singer Olivia Newton-John, released on 28 May 1974. Other than the title track, all the material was from her previous three albums, Olivia (1972), Music Makes My Day (1973) and Long Live Love (1974). It is her first album to top the Billboard 200 pop albums chart.
Two hit singles were released from the album, the title song and "I Honestly Love You", the latter of which became Newton-John's first number-one US single, and her signature song as well.
Background
Six of the tracks on the album are from her European and Australian release, Long Live Love, two are tracks from Olivia and one from Music Makes My Day, with the title song being the only new addition.
Reception
It was the first of two Newton-John albums to top the Billboard 200 pop albums chart, the second being Have You Never Been Mellow the following year. Two hit singles were culled from the LP in the US: the title song (No. 5) and "I Honestly Love You", the latter of which became Newton-John's first number-one single in the US after listener requests for the song prompted MCA to release it as a single, much to Newton-John's delight after she originally pleaded with the label to release it as such. Both songs reached the top 10 of the US Pop, Adult Contemporary and Country charts, affirming Newton-John's status as the top female country-crossover star of the day and continuing the chart hot streak begun with the Grammy-winning "Let Me Be There" the previous year.
The title track ranks as Newton-John's highest-charting single on the country charts, reaching No. 2, although she would have more top 10 hits.
The album was certified Gold in the US.
The album was nominated for the Country Music Association Award for Album of the Year in 1974 and was the first album by a non-American artist to be nominated.
Track listing
Side one
"If You Love Me (Let Me Know)" (John Rostill) (1974)
"Mary Skeffington" (Gerry Rafferty) from Olivia (1972)
"Country Girl" (Alan Hawkshaw, Peter Gosling) from Long Live Love (1973)
"I Honestly Love You" (Peter Allen, Jeff Barry) from Long Live Love (1973)
"Free the People" (Barbara Keith) from Long Live Love (1973)
Side two
"The River's Too Wide" (Bob Morrison) from Long Live Love (1973)
"Home Ain't Home Anymore" (John Farrar, Peter Robinson) from Long Live Love (1973)
"God Only Knows" (Brian Wilson, Tony Asher) from Long Live Love (1973)
"Changes" (Olivia Newton-John) from Olivia (1972)
"You Ain't Got the Right" (Dennis Locorriere, Ray Sawyer, Ron Haffkine, Jay David) from Let Me Be There/Music Makes My Day (1973/1974)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
References
1974 albums
Olivia Newton-John albums
Albums produced by John Farrar
Albums produced by Bruce Welch
MCA Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%20You%20Love%20Me%2C%20Let%20Me%20Know |
Careful, He Might Hear You is a 1983 Australian drama film. It is based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Australian-American author Sumner Locke Elliott.
Plot
The film stars Wendy Hughes and Robyn Nevin as two sisters who are locked in a custody battle over their young nephew, PS, played by Nicholas Gledhill. PS has been raised by his aunt Lila (Nevin) and her husband George since his mother died soon after his birth. When Lila's richer sister Vanessa (Hughes) returns from overseas, she seeks custody of PS, citing the opportunities she can give him.
Cast
Wendy Hughes as Vanessa
Robyn Nevin as Lila
Nicholas Gledhill as PS
Michael Long
Production
There had long been interest in making a film out of the novel. In the 1960s it was announced that Joshua Logan would direct a movie version starring Elizabeth Taylor but this did not come to pass. Film rights to the novel were bought by Jill Robb who hired Mike Jenkins to adapt the screenplay and Carl Schultz to direct. Funding was obtained from the New South Wales Film Corporation among others.
After an extensive search, Nicholas Gledhill, son of actor Arthur Dignam was cast as PS.
The film was shot in and around Sydney, mostly in Neutral Bay and Darling Point. The Hordern Family garden and mansion, Babworth House, in Darling Point was used in filming.
Box office
Careful, He Might Hear You grossed $2,431,126 at the box office in Australia. The movie also enjoyed a successful release in North America.
Home media
A Collector's Edition of Careful, He Might Hear You was released on DVD with a new print by Umbrella Entertainment in June 2008. The DVD is compatible with all regional codes and includes special features such as the film trailer, bonus trailers, a still photo gallery, an interview with Sumner Locke Elliot and interviews with stars Wendy Hughes, Nicholas Gledhill and Jill Robb.
A regular edition of the film with reduced special features was released on DVD by Umbrella Entertainment in October 2008.
Accolades
See also
Cinema of Australia
References
External links
Careful, He Might Hear You at the National Film and Sound Archive
Careful He Might Hear You at Oz Movies
1983 films
1983 drama films
Australian drama films
1980s English-language films
Films about children
Films about dysfunctional families
Films based on American novels
Films based on Australian novels
Films directed by Carl Schultz
Films set in the 1960s
Works by Sumner Locke Elliott | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Careful%2C%20He%20Might%20Hear%20You%20%28film%29 |
Michael Peter Aldrete (born January 29, 1961) is an American former professional baseball first baseman/outfielder and current coach. He is currently the first base coach for the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB).
Playing career
Aldrete was a four-year letterman at Stanford University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Communication . He is a member of Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity. From through , Aldrete played for the San Francisco Giants (1986–88), Montreal Expos (1989–90), San Diego Padres (1991), Cleveland Indians (1991), Oakland Athletics (1993–95), California Angels (1995–96) and New York Yankees (1996). He batted and threw left-handed.
Aldrete's best season was when he hit .325 with 51 runs batted in (RBI), 50 runs, 116 hits and 18 doubles, all career-highs.
Aldrete's teams made the playoffs twice. The Giants reached the 1987 National League Championship Series and he was a member of the 1996 World Series champion Yankees as they beat the Atlanta Braves.
In 930 games over 10 seasons, Aldrete posted a .263 batting average (565-for-2147) with 277 runs, 41 home runs, 271 RBI and 314 bases on balls. Defensively, he recorded a .993 fielding percentage playing primarily at first base and all three outfield positions.
Coaching career
Since 2001, Aldrete has maintained a role in professional baseball as a coach. After three years in the minors in the Arizona Diamondbacks chain, he has been a first base coach for the Seattle Mariners () and served as the hitting coach for the Diamondbacks (2005–06). Aldrete served as assistant hitting coach for the St. Louis Cardinals since 2008 and was the bench coach for the Cardinals until leaving for the Oakland Athletics on October 27, 2014. On November 28, 2022, Aldrete was named Oakland's first base coach for the 2023 season.
See also
List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona Diamondbacks coaches
Baseball coaches from California
Baseball players from Monterey County, California
California Angels players
Cleveland Indians players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Fresno Giants players
Great Falls Giants players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball bench coaches
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball outfielders
Montreal Expos players
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics coaches
Oakland Athletics players
Phoenix Firebirds players
Phoenix Giants players
People from Carmel-by-the-Sea, California
Sportspeople from Monterey County, California
St. Louis Cardinals coaches
San Diego Padres players
San Francisco Giants players
Seattle Mariners coaches
Shreveport Captains players
Stanford Cardinal baseball players
Syracuse SkyChiefs players
Tacoma Tigers players
Anchorage Bucs players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Aldrete |
Maryam Zandi (born 1946 in Gorgan, Iran) is an Iranian documentary photographer and author. She is best known for her photographs during the Iranian Revolution.
Biography
She spent her school years in Gorgan and then graduated from University of Tehran in the School of Law & Political Sciences. Beginning her photography career in 1970, she was awarded with the first prize of the ministry of art and culture's national photography competition. In 1972 she joined Iranian national TV-Radio as a photographer and later by initial publications of “Tamasha” magazine, she became Iranian Television and Tamasha magazine's public relations photographer.
Maryam Zandi remained with National Television for the next twelve years. Within this time she also began capturing photos of the revolution in 1979 as well as many other photographic experiences. Her first significant photography project (“Chehreh-ha: Portraits”) was formed within these years after revolution (1981) which by the beginning of the Iran-Iraq war and her trip to France (1986–1989) remains incomplete.
However her first photography book (“Turkmen & Sahra”: Turkmen & Desert) was published in 1982. This is the first collection portraying Turkmens of Iran and also the first collection which by the means of photographs intends to study and explore one of the Iranian ethnic groups. Her university thesis is also a sociological research about Turkmens of Iran.
After returning to Iran in 1989, work on the incomplete project (“Chehreh-ha”: Portraits) is resumed. This work is still ongoing and after 26 years a unique extensive photography archive of famous and influential contemporary Iranian elites (as well as some non-Iranians) in the fields of literature, visual arts, cinema, theatre, architecture, music and politics is shaped. Maryam Zandi has published more than ten photography books until now.
Her last publication is the “1979 Revolution” photography book which is a collection of incidents happening around the time of the Iranian revolution in 1979.
Since 2000 Maryam Zandi's photographs in collaboration with “Ebrahim Haghighi” (Graphic designer) have designed and published more than 80 different types of artistic calendars. Most of these calendars are the first of their kind containing various photographs related to Iran. By publishing these calendars, Maryam Zandi has taken a huge influential step in improving the imagery culture and photographic taste of the Iranian people by taking these diverse range of photographs from every corner of the country to people's household.
In 2005 Maryam Zandi along with twelve other famous and influential Iranian photographers were selected by the “Society of Iranian Photographers” to establish the “National Iranian Photographers’ Society (NIPS)”. In 2009 by the first meeting of the board of directors, Maryam Zandi –achieving the highest vote– was elected as the first chairman of the board. She resigned from NIPS in 2013.
In 2010 she was invited to receive the “first degree medal of art” from the president, however she refused the medal in protest to lack of freedom and professional dignity of photographers in Iran at the time. Same year, she received an independent award as the most influential photographer of the year in the “Social Documentary Photography Festival” for supporting the rights of Iranian photographers (“Sheed Award”). In 2014 she won the same prize again, for publishing the book “1979 Revolution”.
Maryam Zandi has also been active in designing and making glass-works. She has held three exhibitions portraying her glass art. Within the past 40 years, Maryam Zandi has been one of the most active, dynamic and influential photographers of the country.
Publications
1983 Turkman and the desert. B&W. Tehran.
1991 The portraits of the book,'Stories from Iran. Mage Publishers, Washington DC. B&W
1993 Portraits (1) A Portfolio of Iranian Literati B&W. Tehran.
1995 Portraits (2) A Portfolio of Iranian Artists B&W. Tehran.
1997 Portraits (3) A Portfolio of Iranian Film and Theater Celebrities B&W . Tehran.
2001 Akkashi (PotoPaints) with E.Haghighi. Publisher:Haft Rang, Tehran.
2004 Portraits (4) A Portfolio of Iranian Literati Vol. 2. B&W. Publisher:Haft Rang, Tehran.
2006 Iran! my beloved flower! Color. Publisher: Nazar publication, Tehran.
2007 Portraits of The Book of Iranian Architects. Publisher: Nazar publication and Iran Architectural Pride worthies Foundation.
2008 Blue with Red line. Color. Publisher: Nazar publication, Tehran.
2014 The Revolution of IRAN 79 (photo collection ), Black and white, Publisher: Nazar.
2017 Portraits (5) A Portfolio of Iranian Musicians. Black and white, Publisher: Maryam Zandi, Tehran.
2018 … I Feel Sorry for Mr. Dugger; Poems by Maryam Zandi. Publisher: Maryam Zandi, Tehran.
2019 My Hair in the Wind (photo collection ), Black and white, Publisher: Nazar.
2019 The Government of 80 (photo collection ), Black and white, Publisher: Nazar.
Since 2000: Calendars and Postcards in various themes.
Solo exhibitions
1973 Black and white, Qandriz Gallery, Tehran.
1974 Asian Games, color, Qandriz gallery, Tehran.
1978 Woman in step with the Revolution, Ministry of Labor and Bagh-e Ferdows, Tehran.
1979 Form and Tradition in Turkman-Sahra, color, Negarestan Museum, Tehran.
1989 Portrits from the Iranian Literati Scene, Private showing, Tehran.
1991 Portrits from the Iranian Literati Scene, Hilton Hotel, Washington D.C.
1992 Portrits from the Iranian Literati Scene, George Washington University, Washington D.C.
1993 Portraits of Contemporary Iranian Artists, Barg Art Gallery, Tehran.
1998 A Selection of Portraits, Golestan Gallery, Tehran.
1998 Another Glance to the Nature, Haftsamar Gallery, Tehran.
2002 Color and Glass,(glass works), Golestan Gallery, Tehran.
2003 Color and Glass,(glass works), Golestan Gallery, Tehran.
2007 The Photos, Day Galleey, Tehran.
2008 Afghanestan, Day Gallery, Tehran.
2009 The Photos, Golestsn Gallery, Tehran.
2011 The Gifts of the earth, Gallery No 6 Tehran
2012 The Crows, Golestan Gallery, Tehran
2013 Glass works, Golestan Gallery, Tehran
2016 The Flowers, Golestan gallery, Tehran
See also
Culture of Iran
Islamic art
Iranian art
Iranian art and architecture
List of Iranian artists
References
External links
Maryam Zandi Official Website
Chilick Photo Agency
Maryam Zandi's galleries at Kargah
Maryam Zandi Photo Exhibition - November 2007
1947 births
Living people
20th-century Iranian women artists
21st-century Iranian women artists
20th-century women photographers
21st-century women photographers
Iranian photographers
People from Gorgan
Iranian women photographers
University of Tehran alumni
Documentary photographers
Women photojournalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam%20Zandi |
Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW) is the organisation responsible for the founding and growth of association football's derivative sport of beach soccer. The founding partners of BSWW codified the rules of beach soccer in 1992, with BSWW as it is known today having been officially founded in late 2000 as a singular institution to develop the sport and organise international beach soccer competitions across the globe, primarily between national teams. The company is recognised as playing the biggest role in helping to establish the rules of beach soccer, to spread and evolve the sport around the world as cited by FIFA who took on governing body status of the sport from BSWW in 2005. Having established the sport's key regulations, FIFA acknowledged BSWW's framework, making their rules the official laws of beach soccer and now controls them and any modifications.
Today, under the recognition of FIFA, BSWW continues to be main organisation that organises beach soccer tournaments and development (with FIFA's assistance) around the world, mainly in Europe, including the Euro Beach Soccer League, BSWW exhibition tour events and others, having involved over 110 national teams in the sport, as well as newly founded club competitions. Its founders also established the Beach Soccer World Championships; BSWW created a partnership with FIFA, FIFA Beach Soccer S.L., in 2005 to manage the tournament as the newly named FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup, the only major international beach soccer tournament that BSWW does not have a hand in organising but which is all the management of FIFA.
Members of the organisation serve on FIFA's Beach Soccer Committee.
First international matches was played in 1993 for men and 2009 for women.Now (July 2023) 193 Men / 64 Women club and 101 Men / 23 Women national team sorted in World Ranking.
History
Founding
BSWW's routes are traced back to 1992 with the establishment of the official rules of the sport by Giancarlo Signorini, the founding partner of Beach Soccer Company (BSC). In 1992, Signorini staged a pilot event in Los Angeles in order to test out and perfect these rules which remain very similar today. In July 1993, with the aid of his own company, BSI, Signorini organised the first professional beach soccer event, held on Miami Beach, Florida. A keen interest was taken by Brazilian sports marketing agency, Koch Tavares, who replicated the event in 1994 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Viking Graham Sports Group, a Philadelphia based investment group, acquired BSI's rights to stage professional beach soccer events, forming a partnership with Signorini to create Beach Soccer Company.
Koch Tavares and BSC went on to be the main two entities involved in promoting beach soccer for the rest of the 1990s, with the former responsible for organising the Beach Soccer World Championships beginning in 1995, and the latter establishing the Pro Beach Soccer Tour in 1996, a series of worldwide professional exhibition tournaments to promote the sport, and the European Pro Beach Soccer League in 1998, all contested between national teams as opposed to clubs. BSC relocated to Monaco in 1998 and again to Barcelona in 1999, renaming to become Pro Beach Soccer, S.L. (PBS) in 2000 to reflect the branding of their established events.
In October 2000, the entity of Koch Tavares responsible for beach soccer and PBS came together to register one single company in order to streamline development of the sport under one unifying company, as opposed to multiple parties involved trying to synchronise progress between one another, officially forming Beach Soccer Worldwide, opting to remain based in Barcelona. Starting with the 2001 season, BSWW took on roles of organising all major competitions of the preceding companies including the Pro Beach Soccer Tour and European Pro Beach Soccer League, whilst supervising the World Championships and the newly created America's League, all remaining focused on national teams. This was also done to make it easier to bring on board sponsors, coordinate media coverage and present the football alternative to FIFA under a clearly defined, all-encompassing, representative body for beach soccer.
FIFA partnership
BSWW's attention immediately turned to FIFA. Beach Soccer Company had already ensured all tournaments from 2000 onwards were played under FIFA's fair play rules and delegates from both parties met multiple times to discuss for BSWW's rules of the sport and competitions to gain recognition and backing of football's governing body. By 2002, FIFA had come to an agreement with BSWW to adopt the rules and regulations that had been established over the previous decade, with some minor changes to ensure FIFA's interest in key components of regular football were respected and acknowledging key major tournaments in the sport including the World Championships. During this time, BSWW also brought on board major sponsors such as MasterCard, McDonald's and Coca-Cola for certain time period.
The involvement with FIFA was furthered in 2004 when FIFA Beach Soccer S.L. was established in agreement and partnership with BSWW, to take over responsibility of the World Championships, being beach soccer's primary tournament, to become an official FIFA competition. The newly named FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup would start in 2005, with BSWW staff acting as advisers. It was also agreed that FIFA would become the sport's governing body, taking over from BSWW.
However at this time FIFA also recognised BSWW as the main entity behind past and more importantly continuing promotion and development of the sport elsewhere besides the new World Cup, and so BSWW retained the organisation responsibilities and control of other beach soccer championships like the EBSL, with FIFA only taking full control of the World Cup. So much so that after the first successful World Cup in 2005, when FIFA established World Cup qualifying tournaments to promote the sport across all confederations to start in 2006, all responsibility was handed to BSWW to organise and execute such events, with FIFA only supervising.
Continued development
Since then, BSWW has continued to develop the sport worldwide, now aided greatly with FIFA's beach soccer training courses and refereeing. The Euro Beach Soccer League (dropping the pro from the title in 2004 as it was no longer reflecting of the company name) has remained BSWW's main asset, gathering up to 27 nations to compete in recent editions compared to just 7 in the first event in 1998 in a summer-long event. The Pro Beach Soccer Tour has also been renamed to the BSWW Tour for the same reasons, continuing exhibition events to promote the sport as far wide and remote as Réunion and Cape Verde with around 10 tour events a year. BSWW has continued organising the World Cup qualifiers, as well as establishing new regular international competitions such as the Intercontinental Cup (similar to the FIFA Confederations Cup) since 2011 and generating more interest from big sponsors like Samsung and Huawei.
BSWW representatives, in partnership with FIFA, have liaised with the International Olympic Committee a number of times, with Olympic-affiliated events such as the Asian Beach Games integrating beach soccer from 2008 onward, the South American Beach Games from 2009 and the European Games starting from 2015. The ultimate aim is to have beach soccer a sport in the summer Olympics. But despite a campaign for inclusion in the Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020 Olympics., the sport was ultimately not included and so lobbying in cooperation with FIFA continues, to ultimately fulfil the goal of making beach soccer an Olympic sport. In 2017, BSWW secured beach soccer as a sport at the inaugural Olympic-affiliated World Beach Games in 2019 and hope to use its inclusion as a springboard for future absorption into the Summer Olympics.
More recently, a greater involvement from certain confederations in organising World Cup qualifying championships has eased the full involvement of BSWW, allowing the federation to promote the club side of the game more, establishing the Mundialito de Clubs (Club World Cup) in 2011 and the Euro Winners Cup (similar to the UEFA Champions League) in 2013.
Development of the women's game has also become a target for BSWW, with the first official game between Switzerland and Germany in 2009, promoting further international exhibition tournaments and friendlies involving nations such as England, Italy and the Czech Republic, with the Euro Winners Cup having a 16-club women's version for the first time in 2016 and the first Women's Euro Beach Soccer Cup also taking place in 2016.
BSWW has organised and delivered over 200 international events in more than 50 countries worldwide, involving over 110 nations from all confederations, assembling an audience of over 250 million households in 180 countries. Vice-president Joan Cuscó continues to serve on FIFA's Beach Soccer committee as BSWW's representative. In 2017, BSWW and FIFA agreed to extend their partnership until at least 2024.
Identity
Flag
Stars awards
It has been standard practice for BSWW to award prizes to the top scorer, MVP and best goalkeeper at the conclusion every event of their organisation. However, in 2014, BSWW took this concept of awards to a new level, establishing beach soccer's first annual end of season awards ceremony, taking place during November in Dubai. The ceremony, a gala event attended by many of the world's leading figures in the sport, celebrates the achievements of top performers worldwide over the course of the season and has been compared to FIFA's The Best awards and the Ballon D'or in association football, in both importance, grandeur and equivalence for the those involved in beach soccer.
Some of the many prizes awarded on the night include best player of the year, best coach of the year, best goal and best team.
BSWW structured tournaments
BSWW organises and has an input in many different competitions; the following are regular events that are ongoing:
Advisory role:
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup
Considerable input, with involvement from confederations, under the supervision of FIFA:
AFC Beach Soccer Championship
Africa Beach Soccer Cup of Nations
CONCACAF Beach Soccer Championship
CONMEBOL Beach Soccer Championship
OFC Beach Soccer Championship
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualifiers (UEFA)
Euro Beach Soccer League
Euro Beach Soccer Cup (formerly)
Intercontinental Cup
Mundialito
Multiple BSWW Tour exhibition tournaments per year
Persian Beach Soccer Cup
Mundialito de Clubes
Euro Winners Cup
Americas Winners Cup
Women's Euro Winners Cup
Women's Americas Winners Cup
Affiliation only:
World Beach Games
European Games
Asian Beach Games
Mediterranean Beach Games
South American Beach Games
African Beach Games
Current title holders
Teams
National teams with year of first international game:
Men
Brazil national beach soccer team (1993)
Argentina national beach soccer team (1993)
United States men's national beach soccer team (1993)
Italy national beach soccer team (1993)
Chile national beach soccer team (1994)
Uruguay national beach soccer team (1994)
Netherlands national beach soccer team (1995)
Germany national beach soccer team (1995)
England national beach soccer team (1995)
Mexico national beach soccer team (1995)
Japan national beach soccer team (1995)
South Korea national beach soccer team (1995)
Canada national beach soccer team (1995)
Russia national beach soccer team (1996)
Denmark national beach soccer team (1996)
France national beach soccer team (1996)
Spain national beach soccer team (1996)
Belgium national beach soccer team (1996)
Malaysia national beach soccer team (1996)
Yugoslavia national beach soccer team (1996)
Portugal national beach soccer team (1996)
Peru national beach soccer team (1998)
Switzerland national beach soccer team (1998)
Austria national beach soccer team (1998)
Nigeria national beach soccer team (1998)
Paraguay national beach soccer team (1999)
South Africa national beach soccer team (1999)
Venezuela national beach soccer team (2000)
Turkey national beach soccer team (2000)
Ireland national beach soccer team (2001)
Thailand national beach soccer team (2002)
Norway national beach soccer team (2002)
Greece national beach soccer team (2003)
Sweden national beach soccer team (2004)
Poland national beach soccer team (2004)
Monaco national beach soccer team (2004)
Ukraine national beach soccer team (2005)
Hungary national beach soccer team (2005)
Australia national beach soccer team (2005)
Czech Republic national beach soccer team (2006)
Costa Rica national beach soccer team (2006)
Iran national beach soccer team (2006)
China national beach soccer team (2006)
Philippines national beach soccer team (2006)
United Arab Emirates national beach soccer team (2006)
Bahrain national beach soccer team (2006)
Montenegro national beach soccer team (2006)
Solomon Islands national beach soccer team (2006)
Cook Islands national beach soccer team (2006)
Tahiti national beach soccer team (2006)
Vanuatu national beach soccer team (2006)
Jamaica national beach soccer team (2006)
Egypt national beach soccer team (2006)
Morocco national beach soccer team (2006)
Cameroon national beach soccer team (2006)
Ivory Coast national beach soccer team (2006)
Réunion national beach soccer team (2006)
Madagascar national beach soccer team (2006)
Senegal national beach soccer team (2006)
Israel national beach soccer team (2007)
Bulgaria national beach soccer team (2007)
Romania national beach soccer team (2007)
Estonia national beach soccer team (2007)
Cape Verde national beach soccer team (2007)
Mozambique national beach soccer team (2007)
India national beach soccer team (2007)
El Salvador national beach soccer team (2007)
New Zealand national beach soccer team (2007)
Azerbaijan national beach soccer team (2008)
Uzbekistan national beach soccer team (2008)
Latvia national beach soccer team (2008)
Slovakia national beach soccer team (2008)
Andorra national beach soccer team (2008)
Georgia national beach soccer team (2008)
Lithuania national beach soccer team (2008)
Kuwait national beach soccer team (2008)
Oman national beach soccer team (2008)
Libya national beach soccer team (2008)
Algeria national beach soccer team (2008)
Yemen national beach soccer team (2008)
Indonesia national beach soccer team (2008)
Timor-Leste national beach soccer team (2008)
Vietnam national beach soccer team (2008)
Laos national beach soccer team (2008)
Brunei national beach soccer team (2008)
Myanmar national beach soccer team (2008)
Qatar national beach soccer team (2008)
Mauritius national beach soccer team (2008)
Ecuador national beach soccer team (2009)
Fiji national beach soccer team (2009)
Moldova national beach soccer team (2009)
Finland national beach soccer team (2009)
Colombia national beach soccer team (2009)
Somalia national beach soccer team (2009) ?
Syria national beach soccer team (2010)
Saudi Arabia national beach soccer team (2010)
Kazakhstan national beach soccer team (2010)
Palestine national beach soccer team (2010)
Jordan national beach soccer team (2010)
Guatemala national beach soccer team (2010)
Lebanon national beach soccer team (2010)
Iraq national beach soccer team (2011)
Bangladesh national beach soccer team (2011)
Nepal national beach soccer team (2011)
Maldives national beach soccer team (2011)
Sri Lanka national beach soccer team (2011)
Afghanistan national beach soccer team (2012)
Dominican Republic national beach soccer team (2012)
Albania national beach soccer team (2012)
New Caledonia national beach soccer team (2013)
Puerto Rico national beach soccer team (2013)
Trinidad and Tobago national beach soccer team (2013)
Zanzibar national beach soccer team (2014) Unofficial
Uganda national beach soccer team (2014)
Bolivia national beach soccer team (2014)
Kenya national beach soccer team (2015)
Ghana national beach soccer team (2015)
Seychelles national beach soccer team (2015)
Belize national beach soccer team (2015)
Panama national beach soccer team (2015)
Antigua and Barbuda national beach soccer team (2015)
Barbados national beach soccer team (2015)
Guadeloupe national beach soccer team (2015)
Turks and Caicos Islands national beach soccer team (2015)
U.S. Virgin Islands national beach soccer team (2015)
Malta national beach soccer team (2015)
Guyana national beach soccer team (2017)
Bonaire national beach soccer team (2019)
Kyrgyzstan national beach soccer team (2019)
Malawi national beach soccer team (2022)
Tanzania national beach soccer team (?)
Tunisia national beach soccer team (?)
Burundi national beach soccer team (?)
Comoros national beach soccer team (?)
Djibouti national beach soccer team (?)
Liberia national beach soccer team (?)
Mali national beach soccer team (?)
Sudan national beach soccer team (?)
DR Congo national beach soccer team (?)
Tonga national beach soccer team (?)
Croatia national beach soccer team (?)
Equatorial Guinea national beach soccer team (?)
Women
Switzerland women's national beach soccer team (2009)
Germany women's national beach soccer team (2009)
Portugal women's national beach soccer team (2010)
Haiti women's national beach soccer team (2010)
Dominican Republic women's national beach soccer team (2010)
Italy women's national beach soccer team (2011)
Czech Republic women's national beach soccer team (2011)
Bahamas women's national beach soccer team (2012)
Turks & Caicos Islands women's national beach soccer team (2012)
England women's national beach soccer team (2014)
Greece women's national beach soccer team (2016)
Spain women's national beach soccer team (2016)
Netherlands women's national beach soccer team (2016)
Mexico women's national beach soccer team (2017)
Russia women's national beach soccer team (2018)
Algeria women's national beach soccer team (2019)
Cape Verde women's national beach soccer team (2019)
Belarus women's national beach soccer team (2019)
El Salvador women's national beach soccer team (2019)
United States women's national beach soccer team (2019)
Brazil women's national beach soccer team (2019)
Paraguay women's national beach soccer team (2019)
Argentina women's national beach soccer team (2019)
Chile women's national beach soccer team (2019)
Ukraine women's national beach soccer team (2021)
Sweden women's national beach soccer team (2022)
Trinidad and Tobago women's national beach soccer team (2022)
Poland women's national beach soccer team (2022)
Rankings
BSWW established a ranking system for European teams in the mid-2000s as the majority of tournaments are held in Europe and it is the most active continent for national teams. Hence the ranking was used for seeding in competitions like the EBSL. However, in 2014, BSWW created the first world ranking table based on a similar system to FIFA's world ranking for association football national teams.
Sponsors
Official Global Partners:
Genius Sports
Iqoniq
Puma
RealFevr
Official partners:
Nostra
United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC)
Universo Mujer
Technical Partners:
Idoven
Foundation
Beach Soccer Worldwide extends its commitment beyond purely sport development. In 2009, the Beach Soccer Foundation was created by BSWW to tackle three main issues surrounding the sport:
Environmental protection through awareness and recycling
The development of children and young people through sport
Awareness and prevention of skin cancer
History Results Database
beach SOCCER RESULTS (1993-2019)
Beach Soccer Worldwide (1993-2020)
All-time results (2021-Ongoing)
The Roon Ba (2010-2023)
The Roon Ba (2010-2023)
The Roon Ba (2010-2020)
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) - FIFA.com (Results in Team Profile)
References
External links
Beach Soccer Worldwide on Facebook
Beach Soccer Worldwide on Twitter
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup on FIFA
Worldwide
International sports organizations
Organisations based in Barcelona
Sports organizations established in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach%20Soccer%20Worldwide |
The Beach Soccer World Championships was the premier international beach soccer competition contested by men's national teams between 1995 and 2004. It was replaced by the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup.
The tournament took place annually in Brazil under the supervision of Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW) and its predecessors, crowning the world champions of the sport. Due to the sport's rapid growth, FIFA took an interest in it, and as the main tournament in world beach soccer, it joined hands with BSWW in 2005 to take over the organization of the competition, re-branding it as an official FIFA tournament.
Brazil were the most successful team, winning nine of the ten tournaments.
History
The first Beach Soccer World Championship was held in Brazil, in 1995, organised by the precursors to the modern-day founders of the standardised rules, Beach Soccer Worldwide, held under the title Beach Soccer World Championship. Eight teams were selected to take part, without going through a qualification process. However Brazil, the hosts, dominated and easily won the cup without losing a game. The tournament was successful and BSWW announced that the competition would take place every year.
By 1997, more teams had already stated their interest in participating and therefore BSWW extended their selection to 10 teams for 1998. Brazil continued to dominate, despite this change. Immediately, BSWW extended to 12 teams for 1999, spreading their selection across five continents, introducing more new teams to the tournament.
However, with all these changes it still took until the 2001 World Cup for Brazil to lose the title after winning the competition six years on the run since the establishment. It was Portugal who won the tournament, with Brazil finishing in a disappointing fourth place.
With this change of champions, more countries thought there was a chance for themselves to win the tournament and this sparked more interest worldwide. Not surprisingly, Brazil reclaimed their title in 2002, when BSWW reduced the number of contestants back to eight.
The last Beach Soccer World Championship to be organised purely by BSWW was in 2004 when twelve teams played, before being replaced by the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup the next year.
Results
Teams reaching the top four
Overall, half of the 24 nations who ever competed made a top four finish; only two won the title. Brazil were by far the most successful nation, winning nine titles of the possible ten. Portugal claimed the only crown Brazil did not win.
Brazil were also the only nation to finish in the final four of every championship.
Note: Brazil hosted all tournaments.
By confederation
Tournament appearances
24 countries participated over the ten competitions, however nearly half (11) only appeared at one edition. Three participated in all World Championships: Brazil, Italy and Uruguay. European teams dominated in unique appearances by continent, since half of all countries were from Europe. Oceania were the only region never to be represented at least once.
Only eight of the 24 countries have failed to reappear at a FIFA controlled World Cup. Peru (5) appeared in the most competitions without yet participating in a FIFA World Cup.
Overall team records
In this ranking 3 points are awarded for a win in normal time, 2 points for a win in extra time or penalty shoot-out and 0 for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, then by goal difference, then by goals scored. Only the points for the first 10 World Championships that occurred between 1995 and 2004 are counted here.
Awards
The following documents the winners of the awards presented at the conclusion of the tournament. Three awards were consistently bestowed at each event.
Top goalscorers
From the data available, the below table shows the top 20 goalscorers of the World Championships.
Attendance figures
Note that attendance records are not available between 1995 and 2002.
References
External links
History, FIFA.com
The Beach Soccer Championships, BeachsoccerUSA.org
RSSSF.com Beach Soccer Championships, RSSSF.com
World Championships
Beach soccer
Recurring sporting events established in 1995
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach%20Soccer%20World%20Championships |
Apprentice Adept is a heptalogy of fantasy and science fiction novels written by English American author Piers Anthony. The series takes place on Phaze and Proton, two worlds occupying the same space in two different dimensional planes. Phaze is a lush planet of magic, where Proton is a barren mining planet of science. As the series opens, each person born on Phaze and Proton has an alternate self living on the other world. But if a person on either world lacks a duplicate (for instance if a Proton citizen immigrated there from another planet, or a counterpart from the opposite frame died), he can cross to the other through an energy "curtain" that circumscribes each frame.
The first three books in the series follow Proton serf Stile as he enters Phaze and becomes an important political force there. The next three concern the adventures of Mach (Citizen Blue's son), Bane (Stile's son), and Bane's companions. Finally, volume 7, Phaze Doubt follows Bane's and Mach's nine-year-old children, Flach and Nepe, among others.
Setting
Proton
In the series, Proton is only one planet in a galaxy of human-inhabited worlds. Most of the atmosphere of the planet has been destroyed through the mining of Protonite, a valuable energy source, and the inhabitants of Proton live in domed cities with artificial life support.
Despite its advanced science, Proton's socioeconomic scheme somewhat resembles the medieval period. The planet is run by fabulously wealthy Citizens but the bulk of the inhabitants are serfs. Serfs must be employed by a Citizen and remain naked at all times unless ordered otherwise by a Citizen. A Citizen has complete authority over his serfs and may order them to do anything he desires. The weakest among them have wealth to rival medieval kings. Serfs, however, are not slaves; the serfs of Proton have all chosen serfdom as their occupation (or are descended from those who have). After twenty years of work, a serf earns a gram of Protonite, and his retirement. While a paltry sum on Proton itself, this is enough to make the former serf comfortably wealthy elsewhere in the galaxy. Even then many serfs would choose to stay on Proton after their twenty years are up, but it is not permitted in most circumstances. The exception to this rule is getting far enough in the tourney (see below).
In addition to the Citizens and serfs, Proton is home to advanced robots, some of which are self-aware and possess their own free will. As the series opens it is not common knowledge that some robots are self-willed. Humanity has also made contact with alien species, some members of which make their homes on Proton as well.
The Game
The main pastime of Proton inhabitants is The Game. When two persons want to play a round, they proceed to a Game console. There, one player chooses one of four categories: 1. PHYSICAL, 2. MENTAL, 3. CHANCE, or 4. ARTS. The other player chooses among A. NAKED, B. TOOL, C. MACHINE, or D. ANIMAL. (In this context, naked does not necessarily mean unclothed but rather unassisted by external tools.) Once the grid is completed, players continue on subgrids until they select a particular game to play. For instance, in the books, Stile plays a Naked/Arts round in interpretive dance, while later on the same category produces extemporaneous poetry. Chance/Tool covers board and card games, among others. Most sports are under Physical, but so is Tiddlywinks. Due to the wide variety of contests available, any given round could take any one of thousands of forms.
In choosing categories for the Game and then particular contests once the main category is selected, the intelligent player uses his knowledge of his opponent, trying to play to the opponent's weaknesses and his own strengths. Of course, his ability to do so is limited because half the grid is in the opponent's hands.
Every year, the top-ranked players are entered into a Tourney. The final winner of the Tourney is immediately made a Citizen and given a small percentage of the annual Protonite production equal to about one kilogram at the moment of Citizenship. (Assuming, of course, that the winner is not a Citizen already.) Other Tourney participants who last until the final rounds are rewarded by being allowed to stay a serf on Proton for an additional term of years.
Not only do Citizens participate in the Game, they also wager vast sums amongst themselves in any conceivable fashion. However, should a Citizen lose so many wagers that he is unable to pay his debts with his proceeds from the Protonite mines, he is prevented from wagering further until once again solvent.
Phaze
In contrast to Proton, Phaze is a lush and verdant world. Besides humans, it is also populated by several species common to the fantasy genre such as unicorns, werewolves, vampires, trolls, and animalheads—humans with beast-heads like the Minotaur or Anubis. As in classic fantasy fiction, magic is a daily part of life in Phaze. It is powered by Phazite, the same substance as Protonite on the other side of the curtain.
Just as magic does not work in Proton, advanced technology does not operate in Phaze. For instance, when one of Proton's self-willed robots crossed the curtain into Phaze, she became inert until returned to her home dimension. Later, the same robot was magically made into a golem, allowing her to operate in both worlds, using electrical power in Proton, and magical power in Phaze.
Most humans in Phaze are able to do some minor magic but are not magicians by trade. The exceptions are the Adepts, extremely powerful wizards, each with his or her own special mode of magic use. Most of the Adepts in Phaze are named after colors; for instance, the Brown Adept makes and animates golems while the White Adept performs magic by drawing sigils in the ground. Not only are Adepts able to achieve almost anything through their magic, only they are powerful enough to magically affect resistant creatures such as unicorns and animalheads. As a rule, Adepts cannot harm or otherwise affect another Adept through magic for very long; however, a group of them working in concert can usually overpower a lone Adept. Each spell an Adept uses can only be worked once by that Adept, though countless variations can be created. Humans are different from other species because they do not have the capability to do magic on their own and require phazite.
Unicorns in the Apprentice Adept series are somewhat different from those traditionally described in fantasy. First, Phaze's unicorns are as intelligent as humans. Also, they are not colored in blacks and greys like horses but rather in more dramatic colors. For instance, one unicorn character, Clip, is a blue stallion with red "socks," that is, ankles. In addition to their coloring, unicorns with socks can actually remove them. If humans don them, the socks cast the illusion that the human is in fact a unicorn of the sock color. Furthermore, unicorns in Phaze are shapeshifters; most can learn two other forms. If a unicorn learns to shift into a hawk, he can fly in that form; if a human, he can speak. Finally, unicorns in the series have hollow horns which they use as musical instruments. Each unicorn character described in the books has a distinct instrument. For instance, Clip's horn sounds like a saxophone, while his sister Neysa's horn makes harmonica sounds.
One final, important feature of Phaze is the Oracle. Although the actual Oracle is hidden from sight for reasons explained later in the series, it is accessible through a speaking tube. The Oracle will answer any querent a single question. But like the original Oracle at Delphi, the pronouncements of Phaze's Oracle are usually cryptic and self-fulfilling. The Oracle is actually a computer with its source line running through the west pole so it can have power in Phaze.
Adepts
As referenced before, most of the adepts in Phaze are named after colors and each has a unique mode of magic.
The Adepts and their powers:
Blue Adept: Blue uses music and rhymes. More specifically, music summons his magic and words define it.
Yellow Adept: Yellow uses potions.
Red Adept: Red stores magic in amulets that must then be invoked. Trool the Troll was made Red adept by use of the book of magic.
White Adept: White draws sigils. The surface doesn't matter.
Black Adept: Black's power is a line of seeming unlimited length that can be used to create physical objects such as a castle or a dragon.
Green Adept: Green's magic is invoked through hand gestures.
Orange Adept: Orange has power over all plant life.
Purple Adept: Purple's magic involves geological manipulation (e.g., creating tunnels or earthquakes).
Brown Adept: Brown has the power to make and animate golems.
Translucent Adept: Translucent has mysterious powers over water and aquatic creatures.
Tan Adept: Tan's power is called "The Evil Eye." Tan can use this power to slice, stun, mesmerize, or presumably kill.
Clef: Clef never had a color. He was the one chosen, for his natural skills with musical instruments, to play the "platinum flute" to juxtapose the frames of Phaze and Proton. His only ability to manifest magic actually lies within the flute itself. He was not actually considered an "Adept," because his powers are not inherent. But his ability to wield the flute's powers gave him Adept-like magnitude during his brief tenure in Phaze.
Robot Adept: This title officially belongs to Mach, the son of Citizen Blue and Sheen. He used the Book of Magic to become an instant Adept. However, in Juxtaposition, Sheen is also referred to as the Robot Adept. She also had to use the Book of Magic and as a result became Adept.
Unicorn Adept: This is the son of Mach and Fleta, Flach. He has the power of the blue adept and the power to shape shift like a unicorn.
Hectare Adept: An alien named Weva. She is part wolf, bat, and human. Her Proton aspect, Beman, is part Hectare(BEM), robot, and human. He/She was born under the West Pole of Phaze, and trained by the Animal-heads that lived there. There is an assumption, although it is never stated, that she was trained from the Book of Magic and therefore isn't limited in her mode of magic.
Note: Due to the use of the Book of Magic, which contains all forms of Adept magic, Robot and Unicorn and Red Adept 2 are not limited in the method in which they invoke their magic.
Series synopsis
Split Infinity (1980)
The Game-champion serf Stile is assaulted on Proton by an unknown enemy, but learns he can escape into a mysterious fantasy world (Phaze). In Phaze he meets Neysa, a unicorn, and learns of his magical legacy as the Blue Adept. Back in Proton he tries to uncover his enemy, while building a relationship with his robot lover, Sheen.
Blue Adept (1981)
Stile has gained significant power in Phaze as the Blue adept, whose songs and poems hold incredible power. However, on Proton he faces deportation and enters the tournament in the hope of gaining citizenship. His adversary is revealed to be the amulet-making Red Adept, who exists in Proton as a serf in the Tourney. Stile defeats her in combat in Phaze and in the Tourney on Proton, leading to her expulsion from both worlds.
Juxtaposition (1982)
Years of mining for the high-energy mineral "Protonite" has left an imbalance between Proton and its sister world, Phaze. To restore the balance, Citizen/Adept Stile must juxtapose the frames and transfer "Phazeite" from Phaze to Proton, or the two worlds will both be destroyed. However, he faces resistance from the Contrary Citizens and Adverse Adepts who stand to lose considerable power if he is successful.
Out of Phaze (1987)
Out of Phaze is about the early adventures of Mach and Bane. Mach is the robotic son of the original Blue Adept/Sheen from Proton and Bane the son of Stile/Lady Blue from Phaze. The two discover that they have the ability to switch frames, but have difficulty switching back. Both fall in love with people from the other frame: Mach with Fleta, the daughter of Neysa the unicorn, and Bane with Agape, an amorphous alien.
Robot Adept (1988)
Conflict arises between Mach and Bane due to their individual honors. Mach allies himself with the Adverse Adepts/Contrary Citizens due to the denial of his "forbidden relationship" with Fleta in Out of Phaze. Mach learns magic from the book of magic to become the robot adept. In the end, Mach and Bane have a contest across the frames, and Mach wins, putting both Mach and Bane on the side of the Adverse Adepts/Contrary Citizens.
Unicorn Point (1989)
This book chronicles the adventures of the children of Mach/Fleta (Flach) and Bane/Agape (Nepe). Each has powers derived from both their parents.
Phaze Doubt (1990)
The bug-eyed monsters (BEMs) attempt to take over Phaze. Lysander, an alien mind in a human body, is sent to infiltrate the Phaze/Proton resistance but finds that a prophecy makes him the key player in the planet's defence, though his loyalty remains with the BEMs. The realm of Phaze is also briefly visited in Piers Anthony's twenty-seventh Xanth book, Cube Route.
External links
Review of Apprentice Adept series including book list, release dates, and ISBN numbers
Piers Anthony sequences
Fantasy novel series
Science fiction book series
Fiction about unicorns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprentice%20Adept |
Moolachel, or Moolachy, is a village in the Kanniyakumari District on the southern tip of India in the state of Tamil Nadu. It is located near Padmanabhapuram Palace, with a few nearby town centres: Thuckalay, Marthandam, and Nagercoil.
The population is primarily employed in agriculture. However, recent improvements in education have helped residents to diversify their economic opportunities and emigrate to different countries. This place is famous for scenic views of sunrises and sunsets and it's a good place for site-seeing for visitors.
Moolachel is home to CSI Hacker Memorial Church (formerly Hacker Memorial Methodist Church, Moolachy) whose tower (steeple) has been erected by the generous donations of the patron Esquire Richard Facey Hunter (R.F.H.) Crowther in memory of his mother Louisa A. I. A. Crowther, née Hunter. The village also runs a creche and a matriculation school, though people of many religions live there. A government high school and TNEB SubStation/Office are also found in Moolachel.
A channel runs across the village with a 1.5-meter-wide gate to drain water at Kollankonam during the flood season.
The Glaring Sports Club facilitates the playing of kabbadi, volleyball, and various cultural activities. The club was founded by Mr. Paul D Silas, and other 20 people in the 1986.
The people of Moolachel are famous for making agricultural products such as bananas, coconuts, Ayurvedic medicine plants, vegetables, rubber, peper and (in ancient years) karrupukatti.
Important areas in the village are Christu Nager, Manali, Kannankarai Vilai, Kattuvilai, pantivettan parai, Valanvilai and kollankonam, poovan vilai, Keezha Moolachel etc. Moolachel is near Padmanabhapuram Palace. Historically, Moolachel was famous for Silambam, Kaliai and vermakalai.
References
External links
Google Earth Location
Kanyakumari
Villages in Kanyakumari district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moolachel |
Beira Interior Sul () is a former NUTS3 subregion of Portugal integrating the NUTS2 Centro Region. It was abolished at the January 2015 NUTS 3 revision. It was bordered to the east and south by Spain, to the north by the Cova da Beira and Beira Interior Norte subregions and to the west by the Pinhal Interior Sul subregion. It was created around the city of Castelo Branco (pop. 32,000).
The main economic activity is agriculture and some related light industry. In its borders lies the International Tagus Natural Park that is one of the least densely populated areas in Portugal.
The subregion covers an area of 3,738 km2 for a population of 75,925 inhabitants and an overall density of 20,3 inhabitants/km2 (the third least densely populated Portuguese NUTS3 subregions)
Municipalities
Its four municipalities are:
Castelo Branco
Idanha-a-Nova
Penamacor
Vila Velha de Ródão
References
Former NUTS 3 statistical regions of Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira%20Interior%20Sul |
Ralph L. Fike High School is a high school in Wilson, North Carolina. Fike High School opened its doors to students on October 9, 1958. It is named for Dr. Ralph Llewellyn Fike. Fike High School is the sole International Baccalaureate school in Wilson County.
Academic achievements
In 2019, Fike graduating seniors received 127 scholarships offered worth $2,326,300. Four students were also selected to attend the Governor's School of North Carolina. The school is an elite educational program for intellectually gifted high school students.
Fike's class of 2018 graduated 59 seniors with a weighted cumulative GPA of 4.0 or higher.
In 2017 Fike had two students selected to attend the North Carolina Governor's School and two selected to attend the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics.
Athletics
Fike's football program is recognized as the first 4-A football program to win three consecutive North Carolina High School Athletic Association (NCHSAA) Football State Championships (1967, 1968, 1969). Fike is also the 1958 3A Co-State Champions and 3A 2002 State Runner-up. Fike's football program has earned 22 appearances in the NCHSAA playoffs.
The Fike Men's Basketball program won the NCHSAA 4A State Championship in 1984.
The Fike Women's Basketball program won the 1979 NCHSAA 4A State Championship.
Fike's Baseball program won NCHSAA state championships in 1962 (4A), 1968 (4A), and 1999 (3A). The 1968 team was led by head coach Gilbert Ferrell. The 1999 team was led by head coach Will Flowers with Brent Bissette being selected as MVP in the championship game.
Fike's wrestling program had its first state champion in 2019. Fike's wrestling program had its first state champion crowned in 2019 when Aaron Bancroft won the 160-pound title in the 3-A classification. Bancroft repeated as state champion again in 2020.
Fike's Men and Women Indoor Track teams have produced six state champions collectively.
The Fike Cross-Country program was crowned the first true county champions in 2019.
The Fike Men's golf team won the 3A Team State Championship in 2008 as well as two individual champions.
The Fike Women's Tennis program won team state championships from 1971–1972. Doubles championships were won in 1972 and 2001–2002.
Community service
Fike High School has been a major contributor and supporter of Operation Backpack.
Fike annually hosts blood drives every spring. It currently reigns as having the largest one-day high school blood drive in the country.
Notable alumni
Jamareo Artis, bassist for Bruno Mars
Ronnie Barnes, Senior Vice President of medical services/head athletic trainer for New York Giants
Carlester Crumpler Sr., former NFL running back
Izel Jenkins, former NFL defensive back
Emily Rhyne, Emmy Award winning Cinematographer and editor at The New York Times
Jamie Watson (basketball), former National Basketball Association
References
Fike, Ralph L.
Schools in Wilson County, North Carolina
Wilson, North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20L.%20Fike%20High%20School |
Nya Åland is a Swedish language newspaper in Åland, an autonomous region in Finland. It is the second largest local newspaper on Åland, following Ålandstidningen.
History and profile
Nya Åland was founded in 1981 as a cooperative movement. Hasse Svensson was the editor-in-chief of Ålandstidningen and left it following an internal dispute to form Nya Åland. The paper is published in tabloid format.
At the initial phase, Nya Åland was published twice per week. Then it began to be published five times a week (Monday through Friday).
References
External links
Nya Åland
1981 establishments in Finland
Mass media in Åland
Daily newspapers published in Finland
Newspapers established in 1981
Swedish-language newspapers published in Finland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nya%20%C3%85land |
Tim Etchells (born 1962) is an English artist and writer based in Sheffield and London. Etchells is the artistic director of Forced Entertainment, an experimental performance company founded in 1984. He has published several works of fiction, written about contemporary performance and exhibited his visual art projects in various locations. Etchells' work spans performance, video, photography, text projects, installation and fiction. He is currently Professor of Performance and Writing at Lancaster University.
Biography
Etchells is currently Professor of Performance at Lancaster University and has been teaching extensively in a variety of contexts. In 2006, he convened The Presence Project, a series of workshops at Stanford University.
Etchells' publication, Vacuum Days, based on his year-long web-based project of 2011, was published by Storythings in 2012. Etchells has published several works of fiction, Endland Stories, The Dream Dictionary for the Modern Dreamer and the novel The Broken World and has written about contemporary performance in The Guardian and in artist monographs, such as an MIT Press publication on the work of Tehching Hsieh and a Live Art Development Agency publication on Ron Athey.
In 2013 he was guest curator of Ljubljana's Exodos Festival – selecting an international programme of work in performance, theatre and dance. On 25 November 2013, Etchells gave a public keynote address Live Forever, at Tate Modern in the frame of their research series Collecting the Performative A new public sculpture work by Etchells, A Stitch in Time was commissioned for the Lumiere festival, Derry, and installed on top of the old Rosemount Shirt Factory. The work comprises a 23 metre long and 2 metre high sign made with white LED bulbs.
In 2014 Etchells was invited to be part of Lisbon biennial Artist in the City program.
In 2019, And Other Stories published Endland, a collection of short stories by Etchells.
Collaborations
Etchells regularly collaborates with artists, including photographer Hugo Glendinning, with whom he worked on the 1999 exhibition Void Spaces and the ongoing series Empty Stages. Empty Stages has been exhibited widely, including as part of Etchells' solo show at Jakopic Gallery in Ljubljana in 2013.
Other collaborations include writing essays for performance artist Franko B's Still Lives publication, for the visual art duo Elmgreen and Dragset's project Drama Queens and working with the pair on their later project Happy Days in the Art World. An Art in America article on Happy Days in the Art World said "Etchells is an experimental British playwright of some fame whose work is Beckettian, not Beckett-esque. His work is mocking and meandering but can really get under the skin, and prick at latent feelings of abjection, loneliness, the inability to communicate, futility."
Etchells collaborated with interactive performance maker Ant Hampton on two projects Lest We See (2013) and The Quiet Volume (2010) which has been produced in English, German, Spanish, Slovenian, Japanese, Polish, Dutch and Portuguese. The Quiet Volume won a 2013 Bessie Dance and Performance Award for Outstanding Sound Design following presentations by Performance Space 122 and PEN World Voices Festival. The citation for the award ran as follows: "For their use of intimately whispered text in a work in libraries across the city and for a score which heightened the experience in a space at once public and private".
Awards and honours
2006: Honorary doctorate by Dartington College of Arts, in recognition of his writing for and about contemporary performance.
2008–2013: Etchells was the recipient of The Legacy: Thinker In Residence Award, a joint initiative by the Live Art Development Agency and Tate Research. Within the framework of this award, he produced a new publication, While You Are With Us Here Tonight (2013).
Bibliography
Endland Stories. 1999. Pulp Books
Certain Fragments. Routledge, 1999.
The Dream Dictionary for the Modern Dreamer. Duckworth Overlook, 2004.
The Broken World. Heinemann, 2008.
Vacuum Days. Storythings, 2012.
While You are With Us Here Tonight, Live Art Development Agency; Tate Research, 2013.
Endland. And Other Stories, 2019 (upcoming).
Forced Entertainment performances directed by Etchells
Solo visual art exhibitions
100 People and 3 People, The Gallery at Sketch, London, 2007
Tim Etchells, Gasworks, London, UK, 2010
Fog Game, Künstlerhaus Bremen, 2010
From Afar, Bunkier Sztuki, Kraków, 2011
Shouting Your Demands, Curtain Road, October 2013. Curated by Make-Room in collaboration with Duggan Morris Architects
What is, and What is Possible, Jakopič Gallery, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2013
A Stitch in Time, old Rosemount Shirt Factory, Derry, part of Lumiere Festival, 28 November – 1 December 2013, during Derry-Londonderry City of Culture 2013.
Video works with Hugo Glendinning
Starfucker, Down Time.
Kent Beeson is a Classic & an Absolutely New Thing.
References
External links
Forced Entertainment
Stanford University Presence Project
Guardian Review of Exquisite Pain
Guardian Review of Bloody Mess
Living people
1962 births
Theatre practitioners
English contemporary artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Etchells |
The league system for volleyball in Spain has the top teams playing in the Superliga. Each team plays all other teams twice, once at home and once away.
The Spanish league teams compete in Europe under CEV, most notably in the Champions League for Men's and Champions League for Women's. The teams also compete in a domestic cup competition each year, called Copa del Rey de Voleibol (men's) and Copa de la Reina de Voleibol (women's). The winners of the Superliga play against the winners of the Copa in the Supercopa de España de Voleibol (Super Cup).
There are at least 220,151 volleyball players in this country and also have at least 1,033 Clubs in Spain according to various sources in 2015.
For a list of teams, see List of volleyball clubs in Spain
The Spain national volleyball team represents the whole country, although there are unofficial autonomous community volleyball teams.
Spain volleyball is played only in the summer.
The Spain women's national volleyball team represents the whole country, although there are unofficial autonomous community volleyball teams.
External links
Royal Spanish Volleyball Federation
Superliga Men's official website
Superliga Women's official website
Canary Volleyball Semifinal Results | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball%20in%20Spain |
Sudoeste de Goiás Microregion is a region in southwest Goiás state, Brazil. It includes 18 municipalities with a population of 397,387 in a total area of (2007). The largest towns are Jataí, Santa Helena de Goiás, and Rio Verde. It is watered by several important rivers, which are tributaries of the Paranaíba.
This is possibly the richest region of the state of Goiás and is a large producer of soybeans, corn, and cotton. The relatively flat grassy plains are ideal for cattle grazing. Several of the state's most prosperous cities are located here.
The most populous municipality is Rio Verde with 149,3821 inhabitants (2007). The least populous is Aparecida do Rio Doce with 2,702 inhabitants (2007).
The largest municipality in area is Mineiros with 9,096.4 km2. The smallest is Aparecida do Rio Doce with 290 km2.
Municipalities
The microregion consists of the following municipalities:
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Microregions of Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microregion%20of%20Sudoeste%20de%20Goi%C3%A1s |
Buddhist Yip Kei Nam Memorial College (Chinese: 佛敎葉紀南紀念中學) is the first secondary school on Tsing Yi Island in the New Territories of Hong Kong. Located in Cheung Ching Estate, the school was founded by Hong Kong Buddhist Association in September 1978 with buildings from Hong Kong Government and funds from Yip Hon (葉漢), a tycoon in Hong Kong and Macau. The school was named after Yip Hon's father, Yip Kei Nam (葉紀南).
The school is adjacent to Father Cucchiara Memorial School, Cheung Chi Cheong Memorial Primary School and Ching Yeung House in Cheung Ching Estate.
References
External links
Official websites (in Chinese)
Educational institutions established in 1978
Secondary schools in Hong Kong
Tsing Yi
1978 establishments in Hong Kong
Buddhist schools in Hong Kong
Hong Kong Buddhist Association schools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist%20Yip%20Kei%20Nam%20Memorial%20College |
George Sherman (July 14, 1908 – March 15, 1991) was an American film director and producer of low-budget Western films. One obituary said his "credits rival in number those of anyone in the entertainment industry."
Biography
George Sherman was born in New York City on July 14, 1908. At age 14 he sailed aboard the SS Mongolia to Los Angeles, California, where he found work in the mail room at Warner Bros. studios via a film editor friend.
Sherman was credited for working on props on Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1928).
Mack Sennett
He worked as an assistant director on the Mack Sennett comedy The Lion and the House (1932), then the short feature Hypnotized (1932). He worked on the shorts A Wrestler's Bride (1933), The Plumber and the Lady (1933), Uncle Jake (1933), See You Tonight (1933), Husbands' Reunion (1933), and The Big Fibber (1933).
Assistant Director
Sherman went to First Division Productions where he assisted on Sunset Range (1935) and Rainbow's End (1935), both starring Hoot Gibson. He went to Monogram for Honeymoon Limited (1935), then Republic for Melody Trail (1935) with Gene Autry, The Hit Parade (1936) and Manhattan Music Box (1937); Sol Lesser for The Mine with the Iron Door (1936), The Border Patrolman (1936), Gangster's Bride (1937), and The Mysterious Stranger (1937). For George Hirliman he worked on Daniel Boone (1936), Millionaire Playboy (1937), Hollywood Cowboy (1937) (on which he reportedly did some uncredited directing), and Windjammer (1937).
Director — Republic Pictures
In 1937, after working as an assistant director, he directed his first film, Wild Horse Rodeo for Republic Pictures. Sherman would go on to direct scores of low-budget Western films for Republic from 1938 to 1944. These included The Three Mesquiteers films Purple Riders (1938), Outlaws of Sonora (1938), Riders of Black Hills (1938), and Heroes of the Hills (1938).
Sherman directed some Three Mesquiteers films with John Wayne: Pals of the Saddle (1938), Overland Stage Raiders (1938), Santa Fe Stampede (1938), Red River Range (1938), The Night Riders (1939), Three Texas Steers (1939), Wyoming Outlaw (1939), and New Frontier (1939).
Sherman also made some films with Gene Autry: Rhythm of the Saddle (1938), Mexicali Rose (1939), Colorado Sunset (1939), Rovin' Tumbleweeds (1939), and South of the Border (1939).
Marshall directed some Three Mesquiteers films without Wayne: The Kansas Terrors (1939), Cowboys from Texas (1939), Ghost Valley Days (1940), Under Texas Skies (1940), The Trail Blazers (1940), AND Lone Star Raiders (1941).
He also did Covered Wagon Days (1940), Rocky Mountain Ranges (1940), One Man's Law (1940), The Tulsa Kid (1940), Frontier Vengeance (1940), Texas Terrors (1940), Wyoming Wildcat (1941), The Phantom Cowboy (1941), Two Gun Sheriff (1941), Desert Bandit (1941), and Kansas Cyclone (1941).
Citadel of Crime (1941) was a rare non Western. It was followed by The Apache Kid (1941), Death Valley Outdoors (1941), A Missouri Outlaw (1941), Arizona Terrors (1942), Stagecoach Express (1942), Jesse James, Jr. (1942), The Cyclone Kid (1942), and The Sombrero Kid (1942).
There were some non Westerns:X Marks the Spot (1942), London Blackout Murders (1943), The Purple V (1943), The Mantrap (1943), False Faces (1943), The West Side Kid (1943), A Scream in the Dark (1943), and Mystery Broadcast (1943).
Sherman finished his time at Republic with two Vera Ralston film, both also with Erich von Stroheim and Richard Arlen: The Lady and the Monster (1944), and Storm Over Lisbon (1944). Both became cult movies.
Columbia Pictures
After his contract ended with Republic Pictures, Sherman directed films for Columbia Pictures from 1945 to 1948. His credits included The Bandit of Sherwood Forest (1945), The Crime Doctor's Courage (1945), The Gentleman Misbehaves (1946), Talk About a Lady (1946), Renegades (1946), Personality Kid (1946), Secret of the Whistler (1946), Last of the Redmen (1947) and Relentless (1948).
Universal Pictures
Sherman directed for Universal Pictures from 1948 to 1956.
His movies for that studio included Black Bart (1948) and River Lady (1948), both with Yvonne de Carlo and Dan Duryea, and Feudin', Fussin', and A-Fightin' (1948) with Donald O'Connor.
He also directed Larceny (1948), and two Westerns with Howard Duff, Red Canyon (1949), and Calamity Jane and Sam Bass (1949) (the latter based on a story by Sherman). He then did Yes Sir, That's My Baby (1949) and Sword in the Desert (1949), a film about the establishment of Israel which launched the film career of Jeff Chandler.
Sherman returned to Westerns with Comanche Territory (1950), starring Maureen O'Hara and MacDonald Carey, then did Spy Hunt (1950), The Sleeping City (1950), Battle of Powder River (1951) with De Carlo, Target Unknown (1951), The Golden Horde (1951), The Raging Tide (1951), Steel Town (1952), The Battle at Apache Pass (1952) with Chandler, and Back at the Front (1952).
Sherman did a pirate film with Errol Flynn and Maureen O'Hara, Against All Flags (1952). He followed it with The Lone Hand (1952) with Joel McCrea, The Veils of Bagdad (1953) with Victor Mature, War Arrow (1953) with Jeff Chandler and O'Hara, Border River (1954) with McCrea and de Carlo, Johnny Dark (1955) with Tony Curtis, Dawn at Socorro (1954), and Chief Crazy Horse (1955) with Mature.
Freelance
Sherman began to work outside Universal. He did Count Three and Pray (1955) at Columbia, and The Treasure of Pancho Villa (1955) at RKO.
Sherman directed "Cry Justice" for Screen Director's Playhouse then did Comanche (1956), Reprisal! (1956), The Hard Man (1957), The Last of the Fast Guns (1958), and Ten Days to Tulara (1958). He did Son of Robin Hood (1959), "The Obenauf Story" for Goodyear Theatre (1959), "Killer in Blue" for Manhunt (1959), "Ten Miles to Doomsday" for Alcoa Theatre (1959), and episodes of Rawhide (1959). He did Elfego Baca: Move Along, Mustangers (1959) for Disney.
Sherman returned to features with some films for Sam Katzman: The Flying Fontaines (1959), The Enemy General (1960), and The Wizard of Baghdad (1960). He also did Hell Bent for Leather (1960) with Audie Murphy, None But the Brave (1960), and The Fiercest Heart (1961). None But the Brave was for his own company.
Later career
Sherman directed a pilot for a TV series A.P.O. 923 (1962). He did episodes of Naked City, Route 66, Daniel Boone and Gentle Ben.
Later features included Wounds of Hunger (1963), Panic Button (1964), La nueva Cenicienta (1964), Búsqueme a esa chica (1964), Vendetta (1965) and Smoky (1966).
His last feature was Big Jake (1971) with John Wayne - Sherman was in ill health during the shoot and reportedly Wayne took over directing some scenes.
Sherman's final credits were episodes of The Family Holvak (1975) and Mobile One.
Sherman retired from filmmaking in 1978.
He died of heart and kidney failure. He was survived by his wife, four daughters and a brother.
Awards
In 1962 Sherman received the Bronze Wrangler Award from the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum for producing The Comancheros. In 1988 he received the Golden Boot Award for his significant contributions to the Western film genre. Sherman died at Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on March 15, 1991, at the age of 82.
Filmography
Wild Horse Rodeo (1937)
The Purple Vigilantes (1938)
Outlaws of Sonora (1938)
Riders of the Black Hills (1938)
Heroes of the Hills (1938)
Pals of the Saddle (1938)
Overland Stage Raiders (1938)
Rhythm of the Saddle (1938)
Santa Fe Stampede (1938)
Red River Range (1938)
Mexicali Rose (1939)
The Night Riders (1939)
Three Texas Steers (1939)
Wyoming Outlaw (1939)
Colorado Sunset (1939)
New Frontier (1939)
The Kansas Terrors (1939)
Rovin' Tumbleweeds (1939)
Cowboys from Texas (1939)
South of the Border (1939)
Ghost Valley Raiders (1940)
Covered Wagon Days (1940)
Rocky Mountain Rangers (1940)
One Man's Law (1940)
The Tulsa Kid (1940)
Under Texas Skies (1940)
The Trail Blazers (1940)
Texas Terrors (1940)
Lone Star Raiders (1940)
Wyoming Wildcat (1941)
The Phantom Cowboy (1941)
Two Gun Sheriff (1941)
Desert Bandit (1941)
Kansas Cyclone (1941)
Citadel of Crime (1941)
The Apache Kid (1941)
Death Valley Outlaws (1941)
A Missouri Outlaw (1941)
Arizona Terrors (1942)
Stagecoach Express (1942)
Jesse James, Jr. (1942)
The Cyclone Kid (1942)
The Sombrero Kid (1942)
X Marks the Spot (1942)
London Blackout Murders (1943)
The Purple V (1943)
Mantrap (1943)
False Faces (1943)
West Side Kid (1943)
A Scream in the Dark (1943)
Mystery Broadcast (1943)
The Lady and the Monster (1944)
Storm Over Lisbon (1944)
The Crime Doctor's Courage (1945)
The Bandit of Sherwood Forest (1946)
The Gentleman Misbehaves (1946)
Talk About a Lady (1946)
Renegades (1946)
Personality Kid (1946)
The Secret of the Whistler (1946)
Last of the Redmen (1947)
Relentless (1948)
Black Bart (1948)
River Lady (1948)
Feudin', Fussin' and A-Fightin' (1948)
Larceny (1948)
Red Canyon (1949)
Calamity Jane and Sam Bass (1949)
Yes Sir, That's My Baby (1949)
Sword in the Desert (1949)
Comanche Territory (1950)
Spy Hunt (1950)
The Sleeping City (1950)
Tomahawk (1951)
Target Unknown (1951)
The Golden Horde (1951)
The Raging Tide (1951)
Steel Town (1952)
The Battle at Apache Pass (1952)
Back at the Front (1952)
Against All Flags (1952)
The Lone Hand (1953)
The Veils of Bagdad (1953)
War Arrow (1953)
Border River (1954)
Johnny Dark (1954)
Dawn at Socorro (1954)
Chief Crazy Horse (1955)
Count Three and Pray (1955)
The Treasure of Pancho Villa (1955)
Comanche (1956)
Reprisal! (1956)
The Hard Man (1957)
The Last of the Fast Guns (1958)
Ten Days to Tulara (1958)
The Son of Robin Hood (1959)
The Flying Fontaines (1959)
Hell Bent for Leather (1960)
The Enemy General (1960)
For the Love of Mike (1960)
The Wizard of Baghdad (1960)
The Fiercest Heart (1961)
Wounds of Hunger (1963)
Panic Button (1964)
La nueva Cenicienta (1964)
Busqueme a Esa Chica (1964)
Murieta (1965)
Daniel Boone: Frontier Trail Rider (1966)
Smoky (1966)
Big Jake'' (1971)
References
External links
1908 births
1991 deaths
Film producers from New York (state)
Western (genre) film directors
Film directors from New York City
20th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Sherman |
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