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Flash Harry may refer to:
Flash Harry (album), by Harry Nilsson (1980)
Flash Harry (St Trinian's), a fictional character from the St Trinian's film series
Flash Harry, a musical side project of Barnaby Weir from The Black Seeds
Malcolm Sargent (1895-1967), English conductor (nickname) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash%20Harry |
Hong Kong Buddhist Association () is a Buddhist umbrella organisation in Hong Kong which was founded in 1945. The association has nearly ten thousands individual members including both monastic and laity, and promotes the propagation of Buddhism in Hong Kong. It also provides a series of charity services in Hong Kong, including education, medical, child care, youth activities, elderly care and burial.
Notable Projects
Meditation Project for Secondary School students
With the support of D. H. Chen Foundation, HKBA has started a project in 2016 by teaching meditation (based on Maha-satiphatthana) to the secondary school students in order to promote their mental and physical well-being. Meditation rooms were also set up in the HKBA-affiliated thirteen secondary schools.
Education and Social Welfare
There are thirteen secondary schools, seven primary schools and eight kindergartens established by HKBA, amongst which namely:
Primary schools
Buddhist Chi King Primary School
Buddhist Chan Wing Kan Memorial School
Buddhist Chung Wah Kornhill Primary School
Buddhist Lam Bing Yim Memorial School
Buddhist Lim Kim Tian Memorial Primary School
Buddhist Wong Cheuk Um Primary School
Buddhist Wing Yan School
Secondary schools
Buddhist Fat Ho Memorial College
Buddhist Ho Nam Kam College
Buddhist Hung Sean Chau Memorial College
Buddhist Kok Kwong Secondary School
Buddhist Mau Fung Memorial College
Buddhist Sin Tak College
Buddhist Sum Heung Lam Memorial College
Buddhist Tai Hung College
Buddhist Tai Kwong Chi Hong College
Buddhist Wai Yan Memorial College
Buddhist Wong Fung Ling College
Buddhist Wong Wan Tin College
Buddhist Yip Kei Nam Memorial College
The association also runs the Hong Kong Buddhist Hospital, which was founded in 1971. The association also managed the Hong Kong Buddhist Cemetery, which was completed and opened on 1963.
References
External links
Official website
Charities based in Hong Kong
Buddhist organisations based in Hong Kong
Religious organizations established in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Kong%20Buddhist%20Association |
Zouches Farm transmitting station is a microwave radio link site located near the top of Blows Downs at Zouches Farm, Caddington, Bedfordshire, England (). It was part of the London to Birmingham chain designed in the 1940s, and is now owned and maintained by BT Group.
In September 1970, short segments of the BBC Television series Doctor Who were filmed at the relay station, for a serial entitled Terror of the Autons.
The tall radio tower is also used for digital and analogue radio broadcasts; these are maintained by Arqiva.
Transmitted services
Analogue radio
Digital radio
† Awarded by not yet launched.
References
External links
Zouches Farm at The Transmission Gallery
doctorwholocations.net - Zouches Farm Relay Station
Communication towers in the United Kingdom
Transmitter sites in England
Buildings and structures in Bedfordshire
Mass media in Bedfordshire
Chiltern Hills
British Telecom buildings and structures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouches%20Farm%20transmitting%20station |
New Luce () is a civil parish in Dumfries and Galloway, south-west Scotland. It lies in the traditional county of Wigtownshire, and is about in length and in breath, being the upper part of the original Glenluce Parish. New Luce is shown as a civil parish on John Ainslie's county map of 1782.
New Luce is also the principal village within the parish. The coast to coast walk, the Southern Upland Way, passes close to the village. The Covenanter Alexander Peden spent time preaching in the village.
Places of interest
A viaduct carried the Stranraer-Glasgow railway over the Main Water of Luce. Down the river from the viaduct is a pool called Bloody Wheel where the Hays of Castle of Park, near Glenluce (Old Luce), and the Linns of Larg in the adjoining parish of Inch, were said to have had a violent encounter centuries ago.
Archaeology
The Caves of Kilhern, between 2,000 and 3,000 years old, are in south New Luce.
Cairn na Gath ("cairn of the wild cat"), near Balmurrie, is a chambered long cairn dating to the neolithic (later stone-age). At the south end there are remains of huts or enclosures. In addition, there are ancient hut circles at Lagafater, around 8 miles to the north of New Luce.
Cairn Macneilie, north-west of Cruise, New Luce, is a Bronze Age round cairn, in diameter and high. There is another Cairn Macneilie at Inch Parks, by Lochinch Castle in Inch Parish. They may have been named after a person who conducted archaeological excavations.
Forts
Rev. George Wilson, in his Archaeological and Historical Collections relating to Ayrshire and Galloway, lists forts in New Luce:
Cruise Back Fell, fort marked on the map as two cairns, 80 ft long, on the Fell of Cruise or High Galdenoch.
Gleniron Several fort with a cluster of green rings, and a large ditch and mote.
Mid Gleniron
Mid Gleniron tomb, where the long cairn had enclosed an earlier smaller one.
Garvilland Iron-age hill fort on the Bennan, double at the one end and with hut circles.
Klashherne, two rings, and three more, not on O.S. map.
Balmurrie, ring with two hut circles.
Gallery
See also
List of listed buildings in New Luce, Dumfries and Galloway
References
Wigtownshire
Parishes in Dumfries and Galloway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Luce |
Mohamed Fouad Abd El Hamid Hassan (; born December 20, 1961) is an Egyptian singer, actor and songwriter. He filmed his first television series "Agla Min Hayaty" in 2010, and hosted the television show "Khush Ala Fo’sh" in 2014.
Filmography
Ghawy Hob
Howa Fi Eih?
Rehlet Hob
Esmailia Raieh Gai
Youm Har Gedan
Esharet Moror
America Shika Bika
El Qalb We Ma Yashak
Aghla men Hayaty
Discography
Fel Sekka (1985)
Khefet Dammo (1986)
Hawed (1987)
Yani (1988)
Es'aly (1990)
Mesheena (1992)
Habina (1993)
Nehlam (1994)
Hayran (1996)
Kamanana (1997)
El-Hob El-Haqiqy (1998)
Albi We Rouhi We Omri (1999)
El-Alb El-Tayeb (2000)
Keber El-Gharam (2001)
Rehlet Hob (2001)
Shareeny (2003)
Habibi Ya (2005)
Ghawy Hob (2006)
Wala Nos Kelma (2007)
Been Edeak (2010)
Ghaly (2010)
Besohola Keda (2010)
Ben Edeik (2010)
Ebn Balad (2010)
Bashabeh 3alek (2011)
Tameny 3alek (2011)
References
1961 births
Living people
Singers from Cairo
Egyptian singer-songwriters
Egyptian male film actors
20th-century Egyptian male singers
Singers who perform in Egyptian Arabic
21st-century Egyptian male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Fouad |
The Royal Gold Medal for architecture is awarded annually by the Royal Institute of British Architects on behalf of the British monarch, in recognition of an individual's or group's substantial contribution to international architecture. It is given for a distinguished body of work rather than for one building, and is therefore not awarded for merely being currently fashionable.
The medal was first awarded in 1848 to Charles Robert Cockerell, and its second recipient was the Italian Luigi Canina in 1849. The winners include some of the most influential architects of the 19th and 20th centuries, including Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1864), Frank Lloyd Wright (1941), Le Corbusier (1953), Walter Gropius (1956), Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1959) and Buckminster Fuller (1968). Candidates of all nationalities are eligible to receive the award.
Not all recipients were architects. Also recognised were engineers such as Ove Arup (1966) and Peter Rice (1992), who undoubtedly played an outstanding role in the realisation of some of the 20th century's key buildings all over the world. Repeatedly, the prize was awarded to influential writers on architecture, including scholars such as the Rev Robert Willis (1862), Sir Nikolaus Pevsner (1967), and Sir John Summerson (1976), as well as theoreticians such as Lewis Mumford (1961) and Colin Rowe (1995). It honoured archaeologists such as Sir Austen Henry Layard (1868), Karl Richard Lepsius (1869), Melchior de Vogüé (1879), Heinrich Schliemann (1885), Rodolfo Lanciani (1900) and Sir Arthur Evans (1909), and painters such as Lord Leighton (1894), and Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1906). Another notable exception was the 1999 award to the city of Barcelona.
List of recipients
References
External links
RIBA page on Royal Gold Medal
Architecture awards
British awards
Awards established in 1848
1848 establishments in the United Kingdom
Royal Institute of British Architects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Gold%20Medal |
Cumberland County College was a public community college in Vineland and Millville in Cumberland County, New Jersey. It became the Cumberland Campus of Rowan College of South Jersey (RCSJ–Cumberland) on July 1, 2019, as part of a merger with Rowan College at Gloucester County. The historic merger is the first of its kind in New Jersey.
History
Founded in 1966, Cumberland County College was the first community college in the state to open its own campus. The State of New Jersey, in 1962, passed the New Jersey County College Act, after which the Cumberland County Board of Chosen Freeholders authorized the founding of a community college. A groundbreaking ceremony took place on December 10, 1965. The original campus, which cost $2.7 million to construct, consisted of three buildings. Today, the 90-acre RCSJ Cumberland Campus consists of 12 buildings, including: Phillip Alampi Science Center, Frank Guaracini Jr. Fine and Performing Arts Center, George P. Luciano Family Center for Public Service and Leadership, Shirlee and Bernard Brown University Center, and Paul Navone Healthcare Education Center. On October 17, 1966, the college opened its doors to offer nine associate degree programs to approximately 350 enrolled students. The college's first class of graduates, in 1968, numbered 151. The Class of 2017, the largest in Cumberland County College's history, numbered 758.
University Center
In May 2006, Bernard Brown and his wife Shirlee donated $1 million to establish an endowment to assist with the operating costs of a facility that would enable students to earn a bachelor's or master's degree on Cumberland County College's campus. The $6 million Shirlee and Bernard Brown University Center opened in February 2008. The modern 17,423-square-foot facility features 12 classrooms, study areas and offices.
The University Center marked its 10th anniversary in 2018 by hosting an inaugural Distinguished Alumni Induction ceremony.
Satellite locations
Rowan College of South Jersey maintains two additional education and training facilities in Cumberland County. The Paula J. Ring Education Center in Millville, which opened in 2013, houses the Workforce and Community Education division; and 2017 saw the opening of the Arts and Innovation Center in Millville, containing the Clay College studio and gallery, educational and training classrooms, and entrepreneurial space.
Notable alumni
Nicholas Asselta (born 1951), politician who served in the New Jersey State Senate from 2004 to 2008, where he represented the 1st Legislative District.
R. Bruce Land (born 1950), politician and former corrections officer who has represented the 1st Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2016
Soraida Martinez (born 1956), artist, designer and social activist known for creating the art style of Verdadism.
See also
New Jersey County Colleges
References
External links
Garden State Athletic Conference
Universities and colleges in Cumberland County, New Jersey
New Jersey County Colleges
Universities and colleges established in 1966
1966 establishments in New Jersey
NJCAA athletics
Vineland, New Jersey
Millville, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland%20County%20College |
Len Ernest Thompson (27 August 1947 – 18 September 2007) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club, South Melbourne Football Club and Fitzroy Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Collingwood
Originally from North Reservoir, Thompson was first rejected by Essendon before being recruited by Collingwood.
A ruckman, Thompson won five best and fairest awards during his time with Collingwood as well as one [[Brownlow Medal in 1972.
Players strike
In the lead-up to the 1970 VFL season, Thompson and Collingwood captain Des Tuddenham, vice captain and club captain respectively, refused to play for Collingwood, going on strike to protest at the perceived unfair salaries being paid to lure interstate players east. After a three-week stand-off, Tuddenham and Thompson returned to the club without getting what they had asked, but their actions had resulted in improved pay for other players. The Collingwood committee responded by stripping Tuddenham and Thompson of their official leadership roles, with Terry Waters being appointed captain. While this protest resulted in temporary souring the relationship between Thompson and the Collingwood football club, Thompson returned to a leadership position quickly, as vice-captain from 1973 to 1977 and captain in 1978.
South Melbourne and Fitzroy
Thompson left Collingwood in 1979 and played one season each with South Melbourne and Fitzroy.
Interstate football
Thompson represented Victoria 15 times during his career. He was selected as an All-Australian at the 1972 Perth Carnival.
After playing retirement
Thompson served on the Collingwood board in 1982 and 1983.
In 1989, Thompson coached Preston in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) for one season.
In 1996, Thompson was selected as the ruckman in Collingwood's Team of the Century.
In 1999, Thompson sold his Brownlow Medal for $75,000.
On 18 September 2007, Thompson died at the home of his former partner after a heart attack. He was survived by six children – Kari-Anne, Nicolas, Sam, Lachlan, Laura and Emily – and former partners Julie, Susi and Bronwyn. Thompson's funeral took place at Melbourne's St Paul's Cathedral on 25 September 2007.
References
References
Thompson L. & Nicholson, R., The Other Side of the Medal: Memoirs of Life and Football, Ironbark Press, (Chippendale), 1999.
External links
Profile at Collingwood Forever
1947 births
2007 deaths
Collingwood Football Club players
Copeland Trophy winners
Brownlow Medal winners
All-Australians (1953–1988)
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Sydney Swans players
Fitzroy Football Club players
Preston Football Club (VFA) coaches
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len%20Thompson |
Emergency Records was an American independent record label from 1979 to 1989.
Founded in the United States in early 1979, Emergency Records specialized in products of the Italian disco sound of the 1970s and 1980s. During that time, the majority of the European production of disco music came from Germany, France, and Italy. Releases introduced electric instruments such as computers and synthesizers.
During 1981 and 1982 the label released productions that mixed late disco emotions with heavy funky rhythms that made the Emergency Sound.
As with many independent labels, in 1983 the label was looking for some hits of the dance music genre, and released early electro tracks such as "In the Bottle", "On the Upside" and "Let the Music Play". The international success of "Let The Music Play" allowed Emergency to continue until 1988. In 1987 Emergency Records signed a deal with Profile Records for distribution, which was canceled after two years. In 1989 the company closed down. Its back catalogs were sold to Unidisc Music, with its vinyl recordings considered of interest to serious collectors.
Artists
12" singles.
La Bionda
Pino Presti
Billy Moore
Kano
Vivien Vee
Firefly
North End featuring Michelle Wallace
Lisa Fischer
Shannon
C.O.D.
Nolan Thomas
Amii Stewart featuring Mike Francis
Sandy Marton
References
See also
List of record labels
American record labels
Record labels established in 1979
Record labels disestablished in 1989
Post-disco record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency%20Records |
Adansi North District is one of the forty-three districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Originally it was created from parts of two former districts on 17 February 2004: Adansi West District and Adansi East District; thus the remaining parts had been absorbed into parts of Obuasi Municipal District and Adansi South District respectively. On 15 March 2018, the southeast part of the district was split off to create Adansi Asokwa District. The district is located in the southern part of Ashanti Region and has Fomena as its capital town.
Economy
Adansi North District contains six major natural forest reserves, and Obuasi Gold Mine the ninth (9th) largest gold mine on Planet Earth.
Education
The Adansi North District has 195 schools and 4 major hospitals.
Fomena as the district capital has the district education office.
Tourism
The Kwapia shrine is a major tourist attraction in the Adansi North District.
References
Sources
Districts of Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adansi%20North%20District |
Chelsea was a borough constituency, represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The constituency was created by the Reform Act 1867 for the 1868 general election, when it returned two Members of Parliament (MPs), elected by the bloc vote system of election.
Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, with effect from the 1885 general election, its representation was reduced to one MP, elected by the first past the post system.
Boundaries and boundary changes
1868–1885: The parishes of Chelsea, Fulham, Hammersmith, and Kensington.
1885–1918: The parish of St Luke, Chelsea.
Chelsea (after the local government changes in 1965) is a district of Inner London, comprising for administrative purposes the southern part of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Its southern boundary is on the north bank of the River Thames. It adjoins Westminster to the east, Fulham to the west and Kensington to the north.
Before 1868 the area was represented in Parliament as part of the county constituency of Middlesex.
With the expansion westwards of the urban area around Westminster, the former village of Chelsea and neighbouring areas had by 1868 developed enough to be made a Parliamentary borough and given two seats in the House of Commons. The parliamentary borough comprised four civil parishes: Chelsea, Fulham, Hammersmith and Kensington.
In 1885, the existing parliamentary borough was divided into five single-member constituencies. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 defined the redrawn Chelsea seat as comprising the parish of St Luke, Chelsea. The constituency had a detached outlier, the Kensal Green area, because of its history as a detached part of St Luke parish. (The remaining parishes became the constituencies of Fulham, Hammersmith, Kensington North and Kensington South.)
In 1889, the historic county of Middlesex was divided for administrative purposes. Chelsea became part of the County of London. No changes were made to parliamentary boundaries, however.
In the 1918 redistribution of Parliamentary seats, the Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea (created as a local government unit in 1900) was represented by one MP.
In the redistribution which took effect in 1950, the then Brompton ward of the Metropolitan Borough of Kensington was added to the existing area of the constituency.
In 1965, the London County Council area was absorbed by the new Greater London Council. The constituency was included in a new London Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, although the Parliamentary boundaries were not altered immediately.
In the redistribution that took effect in 1974, the Kensington and Chelsea, Chelsea constituency consisted of the then Brompton, Cheyne, Church, Earls Court, Hans Town, North Stanley, Redcliffe, Royal Hospital and South Stanley wards of Kensington and Chelsea.
The constituency shared boundaries with the Chelsea electoral division for election of councillors to the Greater London Council at elections in 1973, 1977 and 1981.
From the 1983 redistribution, Chelsea consisted of Abingdon, Brompton, Cheyne, Church, Courtfield, Earls Court, Hans Town, North Stanley, Redcliffe, Royal Hospital and South Stanley wards of Kensington and Chelsea.
98.5% of the constituency had been in the pre-1983 Chelsea and 1.5% had been part of Kensington.
In the 1997 redistribution, Chelsea ceased to exist as a constituency. The area was included in the Kensington and Chelsea constituency, which covered the central and southern portions of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, including the centres of both Kensington and Chelsea.
Members of Parliament
MPs 1868–1885
MPs 1885–1997
Elections
Elections in the 1990s
Constituency abolished 1997
Elections in the 1980s
Minor boundary change affecting less than 5% of electors
Elections in the 1970s
Boundary change
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1950s
Elections in the 1940s
Note 1 (1945): Changes and swing calculated from 1935 to 1945.
Note 2 (1945): Counting of votes took place on 26 July 1945
Boundary change
Creation of Hoare as 1st Viscount Templewood
Elections in the 1930s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1900s
Elections in the 1890s
Elections in the 1880s
Constituency reduced to one seat.
Swing: For 1885–1910 the swing figure given is the Butler Swing, defined as the average of the Conservative % gain and Liberal % loss between two elections, with the percentages being calculated on the basis of the total number of votes (including those cast for candidates other than Conservative or Liberal). A positive figure is a swing to Conservative and a negative one to Liberal.
Caused by the appointment of Dilke as President of the Local Government Board
Elections in the 1870s
Elections in the 1860s
See also
List of parliamentary constituencies in London
Duration of English, British and United Kingdom parliaments from 1660
References
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832-1885, edited by M. Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)
British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885, compiled and edited by F. W. S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1977)
British Parliamentary Election Results 1885-1918, compiled and edited by F. W. S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1974)
British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, compiled and edited by F. W. S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1977)
British Parliamentary Election Results 1950-1973, compiled and edited by F. W. S. Craig (Parliamentary Research Services 1983)
British Parliamentary Election Results 1974-1983, compiled and edited by F. W. S. Craig (Parliamentary Research Services 1984)
Britain Votes 4: British Parliamentary Election Results 1983-1987, compiled and edited by F. W. S. Craig (Parliamentary Research Services 1988)
Britain Votes 5: British Parliamentary Election Results 1988-1992, compiled and edited by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher (Parliamentary Research Services/Dartmouth Publishing 1993)
Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972, compiled and edited by F. W. S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1972)
British Parliamentary Constituencies: A Statistical Compendium'', by Ivor Crewe and Anthony Fox (Faber and Faber 1984)
Politics of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Parliamentary constituencies in London (historic)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1868
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1997
Political history of Middlesex
Chelsea, London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29 |
Peter Vecsey (born July 1, 1943) is an American sports columnist and analyst, specializing in basketball. In his childhood, he attended Archbishop Molloy High School, in Queens, New York, and graduated in 1961. Vecsey had written a column on the NBA for the New York Post. He was formerly an analyst for TBS and NBC and is currently an analyst for NBA TV. His writing style has been described as vicious, combative and containing cruel wit. In the 1960s, he served in the United States Army Special Forces.
Vecsey's column in the New York Post frequently detailed behind the scenes trade maneuvers as well as spotlighting many rumors in the NBA.
Vecsey is also known for his open criticism of players. Common players he has criticized include Charles Barkley, Danny Fortson, Danny Ainge, Byron Scott, the New Jersey Nets, Larry Brown, Alonzo Mourning, the Los Angeles Clippers, the New York Knicks, the Cleveland Cavaliers, Vin Baker, Shawn Kemp, and former Nets star Jayson Williams. He gave number one draft pick Joe Barry Carroll the nickname 'Joe Barely Cares', as well as dubbing former 1980s Knicks player Larry Demic 'EpiDemic' after he failed to live up to expectations.
Vecsey is the younger brother of The New York Times sports columnist George Vecsey.
He received the Basketball Hall of Fame's Curt Gowdy Media Award in 2009.
References
External links
Turner Sports - NBA - Peter Vecsey
New York Post - NBA - Peter Vecsey
1943 births
Living people
Sportswriters from New York (state)
National Basketball Association broadcasters
American reporters and correspondents
New York Post people
Archbishop Molloy High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Vecsey%20%28sports%20columnist%29 |
The Battle of Vinjesvingen was a battle of the Norwegian campaign and took place in May 1940 in the Telemark county, Norway. It became one of the two last strongholds of Norwegian resistance in southern Norway during World War II, the other being Hegra Fortress.
Background
Under the command of Second Lieutenant Thor O. Hannevig, the Norwegians held their position against superior German forces until 5 May 1940. Hannevig managed to sneak great loads of arms, equipment and fuel from depots right in front of the German forces. The equipment was brought to Vinje and Vågsli in Telemark, where Hannevig established a unit which came to be known as Telemark Infantry Regiment. This included Krag–Jørgensen bolt action rifles, Madsen light machine guns, Colt M/29 heavy machine guns, mortars as well as mines and explosives to destroy bridges and roads. The plan was to prevent German advance westward through Telemark and Setesdal, and to support Allied reinforcements from the west.
Battle
A full mobilization was carried out in the area, and at most the force totaled around 300 men, but the number changed constantly. Several small battles were fought, mostly involving Norwegian ambushes on advancing German formations, using small arms and IEDs. The Norwegian defenders often destroyed and/or damaged bridges and roads in the area to delay the German advance.
The main battle took place from 3–5 May. Large German forces were eventually deployed to the area, and the German losses were considerable. When it was realized that the entire south of Norway was lost, and that the Allied Åndalsnes task force would not break through from the west, Hannevig initiated negotiations for surrender. The battles of Vinjesvingen had a great symbolic effect during the occupation, and provided a moral boost to a rather depressing occupation. It was however not known to the rest of the country while the battles were fought.
See also
List of Norwegian military equipment of World War II
List of German military equipment of World War II
References
Vinjesvingen
Vinjesvingen
Norwegian campaign
1940 in Norway
History of Telemark
Vinje
May 1940 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Vinjesvingen |
Howard Joseph Kendrick III (born July 12, 1983) is an American former professional baseball infielder and current special assistant to the General Manager for the Philadelphia Phillies. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim selected Kendrick in the tenth round of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut in 2006. He has played in MLB for the Angels from 2006 to 2014, Los Angeles Dodgers from 2015 to 2016, the Phillies in 2017 and the Washington Nationals from 2017 to 2020, being a key part of their 2019 World Series run. In 2011, he appeared in the MLB All-Star Game. While primarily a second baseman throughout his career, he has also played first base and left field.
Early life
Kendrick and his two sisters, Christina and Michelle, were raised by their grandmother in Callahan, Florida while their mother, Belinda, served in the US Army. When Kendrick was 12 years old, he began living with his mother. Kendrick eventually found that he and his mother "didn't get along very well" and moved in with another family.
Kendrick attended West Nassau High School in Callahan. He was an undersized high schooler at and and did not have the benefit of being able to play travel ball. He played before recruiters from several colleges but received no interest until he enrolled at St. Johns River Community College in Palatka, Florida, where he was named Conference Player of the Year. It was by chance that Angels scout Tom Kotchman discovered him there in 2002. "My goodness, the kid hit the ball," he recalled. "I couldn't believe there weren't other scouts there. And other JCs cut this guy? What were they thinking?"
Professional career
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim selected Kendrick in the tenth round of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft. Baseball America named him the best prospect in the Texas League in 2005, calling him "the clear standout" in a league that also featured Kendrys Morales, Erick Aybar, and Andre Ethier. He was named the 12th top prospect by Baseball America in 2006.
Kendrick made his MLB debut on April 26, 2006, as the starting second baseman for the Angels against the Detroit Tigers. He was hitless in four at-bats in the game. His first hit was a line drive single to center off Barry Zito of the Oakland Athletics in his next start, on May 1. Kendrick hit his first home run against Shawn Camp of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays on July 26. He hit .285 with 4 homers and 30 RBIs in 72 games during that season.
Kendrick had a one-on-one collision with actor Ben Affleck during his rookie season in the stands on the first base side of Fenway Park. On a foul ball that was hit towards where Affleck was sitting, Kendrick beat Affleck to the ball, recording the out. Fans sitting nearby booed Affleck for not taking the ball away from Kendrick. The event landed Kendrick's picture in People magazine. In an edition of the syndicated Access Hollywood, Kendrick presented Affleck an autographed baseball for his birthday.
After the incumbent starter, Adam Kennedy, signed as a free agent with the St. Louis Cardinals during the 2006-2007 offseason, Kendrick became the Angels starting second baseman for 2007. He batted .322 in 88 games and again batted over .300 in 2008.
Kendrick struggled in the first half of the 2009 season, batting only .239 with 4 homers, and was optioned to the minors. After returning from the minors, Kendrick hit extremely well, batting .358 in the second half with a .558 slugging percentage.
Kendrick extended his positional versatility in the 2011 season, seeing time at first base and left field in addition to his usual place at second base. In 2011, Kendrick was selected to serve as an American League reserve in the 2011 All-Star Game. He joined teammates Jered Weaver, and Jordan Walden as the Angels' representatives in Phoenix, Arizona. Through the All-Star break on July 10, Kendrick was hitting .302/.360/.462 with 8 home runs, 9 stolen bases, and 29 RBIs in 301 at-bats.
On January 7, 2012, Kendrick agreed to a new four-year contract worth $33.5 million, making him the Angels' second baseman through the 2015 season. Kendrick had a strong 2012 season, batting .287 with 8 home runs and 67 RBIs.
On July 30, 2013, Kendrick got his 1,000th career hit in a game versus the Texas Rangers. Kendrick would improve on his 2012 campaign with an even stronger 2013, batting .297 with 13 home runs and 57 RBIs. In 2014, he hit .292 with 7 homers and 75 RBIs.
Los Angeles Dodgers
On December 10, 2014, the Angels traded Kendrick to the Los Angeles Dodgers in exchange for Andrew Heaney. Kendrick suffered a strained hamstring in a game on August 9 and did not return from the disabled list until September 18, though the injury would continue to bother him for the rest of the season. As a result, he played in only 117 games for the Dodgers (his lowest total since 2009) and hit .295 with 9 homers and 54 RBI. He received a qualifying offer for one year of $15.8 million, but declined it.
On February 4, 2016, Kendrick re-signed with the Dodgers on a two-year, $20 million contract. Kendrick and his agent blamed the fact that he declined the qualifying offer and thus would require any team claiming him to give up a draft pick with the lack of interest in him from other teams during his free agency. With Chase Utley getting most of the work at second base, Kendrick played primarily in left field but also saw time at third base and first base in addition to second. He appeared in 146 games and hit .255/.326/.366 with eight homers and 40 RBI. For the season, he had the highest ground ball percentage (61.0%), and the lowest fly ball percentage (19.6%), of all major league hitters.
Philadelphia Phillies
Kendrick was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for Darin Ruf and Darnell Sweeney on November 11, 2016.
On April 18, 2017, Kendrick was placed on the 10-day disabled list due to a strained right abdomen.
Washington Nationals
On July 28, 2017, the Phillies traded Kendrick and cash considerations to the Washington Nationals for McKenzie Mills and international signing bonus money. On August 13, Kendrick hit his first grand slam, a walk-off in the bottom of the 11th, against the San Francisco Giants. He batted .293 that season, finishing with 7 HR and 25 RBI. He primarily played left field.
He re-signed with the Nationals after the season for two years and $7 million plus incentives. On May 19, 2018, Kendrick ruptured his Achilles, ending his season early. He finished the season batting .303 with 4 HR and 12 RBIs.
Kendrick participated in 121 regular season games in 2019, finishing with a batting average of .344 in 330 at bats, alongside 62 RBIs and 17 home runs, second-most of any season in his career. He primarily played first base.
On October 9, 2019, in Game 5 of the National League Division Series, Kendrick hit a grand slam in the 10th inning off Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Joe Kelly to give the Nationals a 7-3 lead that held up as the final score, advancing the Nationals to the National League Championship Series. It was just the second extra-innings grand slam in MLB postseason history, the other being hit by Nelson Cruz in the 2011 American League Championship Series. Kendrick became just the 21st player to hit four or more doubles in a League Championship Series.
In the National League Championship Series, Kendrick went 5 for 15 with 4 doubles and 4 RBIs in the Nationals' four-game sweep of the St. Louis Cardinals, earning him the National League Championship Series MVP award.
In Game 7 of the 2019 World Series, Kendrick hit a go-ahead home run off Will Harris that struck the screen on the right field foul pole. His efforts paid off as the Nationals won 6-2, giving them their first championship in franchise history. Kendrick won the 2019 Heart and Hustle Award.
Kendrick became a free agent after the 2019 season, but on December 9, 2019, Nationals general manager Mike Rizzo said he had signed a one-year deal worth 6.25 million to stay with the Nationals. Kendrick hit .275/.320/.385 with 2 homers and 11 RBI in 25 games in the pandemic-shortened season, and he became a free agent upon the conclusion of the season.
On December 21, 2020, Kendrick announced his retirement from professional baseball via his Instagram page.
Post-playing career
On November 16, 2021, Kendrick was hired by the Philadelphia Phillies to be a special assistant to General Manager Sam Fuld.
Personal life
Kendrick and his wife Jody married on January 6, 2007. They have two sons and reside in Paradise Valley, Arizona. Kendrick is a vintage watch collector. Kendrick is an avid photographer known for shooting exclusively with Leica cameras.
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
American League All-Stars
Baseball players from Sarasota, Florida
People from Hilliard, Florida
Major League Baseball second basemen
Los Angeles Angels players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Washington Nationals players
St. Johns River State Vikings baseball players
Arizona League Angels players
Provo Angels players
Cedar Rapids Kernels players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Arkansas Travelers players
Salt Lake Bees players
Surprise Scorpions players
National League Championship Series MVPs
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie%20Kendrick |
Sociedad Cultural Deportiva Durango is a Spanish football team based in Durango, Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country. Founded in 1919 it plays in , holding home matches at Estadio Tabira, with a capacity of 3,000 spectators.
History
In the 2017–18 season the club won the Group 4 of the Tercera División and promoted to Segunda División B.
Season to season
7 seasons in Segunda División B
41 seasons in Tercera División
3 seasons in Tercera Federación/Tercera División RFEF
Current squad
Honours
Tercera División: 1982–83, 1986–87, 2017–18
References
External links
Official website
Futbolme team profile
Club & stadium history - Estadios de España
Football clubs in the Basque Country (autonomous community)
Association football clubs established in 1919
1919 establishments in Spain
Sport in Biscay | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCD%20Durango |
Tank development both evolved considerably from World War II and played a key role during the Cold War (1945–1990). The period pitted the nations of the Eastern Bloc (organized under the Warsaw Pact in 1955) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO (since 1949) against each other.
After World War II, tank design budgets were cut and engineering staff was often scattered. Many war planners believed that with the advent of nuclear weapons the tank was obsolete, given that a tactical nuclear weapon could destroy any brigade or regiment, whether it was armoured or not.
In spite of this, tanks would not only continue to be produced in huge numbers, but the technology advanced dramatically as well. Tanks became larger and advances in armour made it much more effective. Aspects of gun technology changed significantly as well, with advances in shell design and terminal effectiveness.
Soviet domination of the Warsaw Pact led to effective standardization on a few tank designs. Oppositely, the key NATO nations – the US, UK, France, and West Germany – all developed their own tank designs. These had little in common, with smaller NATO nations purchasing or adapting one or more of these designs.
The Korean War proved that tanks were still useful on the battlefield, given the hesitation of the great powers to use nuclear weapons. In the 1950s, many nations' tanks were equipped with NBC (nuclear, biologic, and chemical) protection, allowing mechanized units to defend against all three types of weapon, or to conduct breakthroughs by exploiting battlefield nuclear strikes.
The decades since have seen continual improvements in tank design, but no fundamental change. Among these have been larger yet guns, correspondingly improved armor systems, and refinements to targeting and ranging (fire control), gun stabilisation, communications and crew comfort.
Transition to main battle tanks
During and after World War II some medium tanks designs, such as the American M26 and Soviet T-44, were mass produced before the concept of a main battle tank idea had evolved. These were highly similar to early main battle tanks, with powerful guns, moderate armor, and decent mobility. Their successors, the M46 Patton and T-54, followed suit before the main battle tank doctrine was fully accepted.
Development of the main battle tank
Medium tanks gradually evolved into the new concept of the main battle tank. This transition happened gradually in the 1950s, as it was realized that medium tanks could carry guns (such as the US 90 mm gun, Soviet 100mm D-10 tank gun, and especially the British L7 105 mm gun) that could penetrate any practical level of armour at long range. The World War II concept of heavy tanks, armed with the most powerful guns and heaviest armour, became obsolete since they were just as vulnerable as other vehicles to the new medium tanks. Likewise, World War II had shown that lightly armed, lightly armoured tanks were of little value in most roles. Even reconnaissance vehicles had shown a trend towards heavier weight and greater firepower during World War II; speed was not a substitute for armor and firepower.
An increasing variety of anti-tank weapons and the perceived threat of a nuclear war prioritized the need for additional armor. The additional armour prompted the design of even more powerful guns. The main battle tank thus took on the role the British had once called the 'Universal tank', filling almost all battlefield roles. Typical main battle tanks were well armed and highly mobile, but cheap enough to be built in large numbers. The classic main battle tanks of the 1950s were the British Centurion, the Soviet T-55 series, and the US M46 thru the M48 series, which saw continuous updates throughout the Cold war. For example, the Centurion began life with the highly effective 17-pounder (76.2 mm) gun, but was upgraded to 20 pounder (84 mm) and then 105 mm main armament by 1959, with improved fire control and new engines.
The Soviet T-55 started with a 100 mm gun, but has been upgraded with both 115 mm and 125 mm guns, much improved fire control systems, new engines, track, etc. The M46 series evolved through to the M60 series. The first Soviet main battle tank was the T-64 while the first American MBT was the M60 combat tank.
These vehicles and their derivatives formed the bulk of the armoured forces of NATO and the Warsaw Pact throughout the Cold War; many remain in use in the 21st century.
Light tanks
Light tanks, such as the Soviet PT-76, maintained limited roles such as amphibious reconnaissance, support of Airborne units, and in rapid intervention forces which were not expected to face enemy tanks. The US M551 Sheridan had similar strengths and weaknesses, but could also be airdropped, either by parachute or LAPES. The value of light tanks for scouting has been diminished greatly by helicopters, although many continued to be fielded. During the early Cold War the US wielded the more conventional M41 Walker Bulldog. From the mid-late Cold War Infantry Fighting Vehicles such as the Soviet BMP and US M2 Bradley to an extent replaced light tanks, being similar to the extent that they are lesser armed and armored but lighter and cheaper than main battle tanks. At the end of the Cold War light tank-like armored cars were designed such as the South African Rooikat and the Italian B1 Centauro which have seen service in the post-Cold War era.
Heavy tanks
Heavy tanks such as the T-10 continued to be developed and fielded along with medium tanks until the 1960s and 1970s, when the development of anti-tank guided missiles and powerful tank guns rendered them ineffective. The combination of large high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warheads, with a long effective range relative to a tank gun, and with high accuracy, meant that heavy tanks could no longer function in a stand-off, or overwatch role; much cheaper antitank guided missiles could fill this role as well. Medium tanks were just as vulnerable to the new missiles, but could be fielded in greater numbers and had higher battlefield mobility.
The development of antitank weapons and countermeasures
After the Yom Kippur War of 1973, when Israeli tanks were destroyed in large quantities by man-portable wire-guided missiles (ATGMs) fired by Egyptian infantry, concerns were raised on the vulnerability of tanks on the battlefield to antitank weapons. Subsequent analysis showed that Israeli forces had underestimated their opponents during the first phases of the war; their all-tank tactics ignored the newfound ability of Infantry armed with cheap AT weapons to stop tanks. Tactically, there was renewed recognition for the need for combined-arms tactics. This led to greater mechanization of Infantry and advanced artillery tactics and warheads. Tanks alone were vulnerable to Infantry, but a combined team of tanks, mechanized Infantry, and mechanized artillery could still win in the new environment.
In 1974, the United States initiated a program to modernise its existing tank fleet and start real mass production of the M60A1, and later the M60A3; at the same time the M1 was developed. Budgets for tank design and production picked up during the administration of president Ronald Reagan, following tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.
In response to infantry-portable and vehicle-mounted ATGMS, ever more capable vehicle armour were developed. Spaced armour, composite, explosive reactive armour, and active protection systems—like the Russian Shtora, Drozd, and Arena—were added to old and new tanks. Despite these improvements the larger missiles remained highly effective against tanks.
Missile armed tanks
During the latter half of the 20th century, some tanks were armed with ATGMs (Anti-Tank Guided Missiles) which could be launched through a smoothbore or (in the case of "Shillelagh") a rifled main gun barrel with a provision to prevent imparting "spin" to the missile. In the U.S., the M60A2, M551 Sheridan, and prototype MBT-70, with 152 mm barrel/launchers used the Shillelagh infrared-guided missile.
During WWII a few tanks designs such as the M4 Sherman were modified to carry unguided rockets on the turret in addition to their main gun. This concept was to a limited extent carried into the Cold War with ATGMs; examples include the French AMX-13 and the Swedish Strv 81 (the Swedish version of the British centurion), both modified to carry SS.11 missiles on the top and sides of the turret, respectively.
The MBT-70 was cancelled prior to production due to high cost, and superseded by the M1 Abrams, which used a conventional gun. The M551 and the M60A2 were widely considered disappointing due to problems of overall complexity, sensitive advanced electrical systems (some components of which involved the Shillelagh guidance system) and issues related to the conventional rounds with combustible cases, though the Sheridan would serve into the 1990s before finally being withdrawn. The M60A2's were eventually replaced by M60A3s using conventional 105 mm guns.
The Soviet Union put gun-launched missiles into service in the mid-1970s, which continue to be used in CIS forces. Tanks capable of firing gun-launched missiles in Russian service include the T-72, T-80, T-90, and upgraded T-55 (T-55AM2). Ukraine also employs missile-armed T-64, T-80, and T-84 tanks.
History in the Cold War
Korean War
In the Korean War M24 Chaffees were the first U.S. tanks to fight the North Korean T-34-85s. The Chaffee fared poorly against these much better-armed and armored medium tanks. Chaffees were more successful later in the war in their reconnaissance role, supported by heavier tanks such as the M4 Sherman, M26 Pershing, and M46 Patton.
The heavier but older Pershing was deemed unsatisfactory due to its inferior mobility, which was unsuitable for a medium tank role as it used the same engine that powered the much lighter M4 Sherman, and 1949, the upgraded M26 received a new power plant and a main gun with bore evacuator, and the M46 Patton designation. Less than a thousand were upgraded to M46 standard.
On 8 August 1950 the first M46 Pattons landed in South Korea. The tank proved superior to the much lighter North Korean T-34-85, which were encountered in relatively small numbers. By the end of 1950, 200 M46 Pattons had been fielded, forming about 15% of US tank strength in Korea; the balance of 1,326 tanks shipped to Korea during 1950 included 679 M4A3 Shermans, 309 M26 Pershings, and 138 M24 Chaffee light tanks. Subsequent shipments of M46 and M46A1 Pattons allowed all remaining M26 Pershings to be withdrawn during 1951, and most Sherman equipped units were also reequipped.
By 1953 the M24 Chaffees were completely replaced by the M41 Walker Bulldog, which was rushed to the battlefield by the U.S. Army. The Walker Bulldog was too late to see combat during the Korean War.
British Centurion tanks, assisted by Cromwells in the reconnaissance role, arrived in Korea in late 1950. The UK tanks had to operate in much colder conditions than their usual deployments on the North German Plain. The Centurions covered the retreat at the battle of the Imjin River with the tanks from C Squadron, 8th Hussars, under the command of Major Henry Huth and by 55 Squadron, Royal Engineers. The British position on the Imjin river "was deemed safe" but vulnerable in case of an attack which prove to be case, and the tanks were able stand their ground in the battle. The Centurions were also in Operation Commando and were used to capture high ground earning praise from the commander of I Corps. Thereafter the war was largely static and the Centurions were used as artillery against the infantry attacks which generally happened at night.
Interwar
The M47 Patton was intended to replace the M46 Patton and M4 Sherman tanks. It had a 90 mm gun and a crew of 5. Despite it being the primary tank of the US it never saw combat while in US service. In early 1951, the U.S. initiated the design of the M48 Patton, designated the T-48 with a 90 mm gun. The T48 featured a new turret, new redesigned hull and an improved suspension. The hull machine gunner position was removed, reducing the crew to 4. On 2 April 1953, the Ordnance Technical Committee Minutes (OTCM), standardized the last of the Patton series tanks as the M48 Patton.
Nearly 12,000 M48s were built from 1952 to 1959. The early designs, up to the M48A2, were powered by a gasoline 12-cylinder engine which was coupled with an auxiliary 8-cylinder engine. The gas engines gave the tank a short operating range and were prone to catching fire when hit; this version was considered unreliable.
The M103 heavy tank was manufactured at the Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant and the first units were accepted in 1957.
The M103 was designed to counter Soviet heavy tanks. Its long-ranged 120 mm gun was designed to hit enemy tanks at extreme distances, although it was never used in combat. Of the 300 M103s built, most went to the Marines. The tank was relatively underpowered and the drive systems were fragile. The turret of the M103 was larger than that of the M48 or the M60 to make room for the huge 120 mm gun and the two loaders assigned to it, in addition to the gunner and the commander. The driver sat in the hull. The gun was capable of elevation from +15 to -8 degrees.
The British introduced their Heavy Gun Tank F214 Conqueror with the same 120mm gun as the M103 into service in 1955. It stayed in service until 1960; the upgrading of Centurion tank to the L7 105mm gun having removed its purpose.
While the US Army deactivated its heavy armor units with the reception of the new M60 series main battle tanks in 1960, the remaining M103s stayed within the US Marine Corps inventory until they began receiving the M60 series MBT. With the disappearance of the heavy tank from US forces came the full acceptance of the main battle tank in 1960 for the US Army, and later for the US Marine Corps.
The British successor to Centurion was Chieftain in 1966. Chieftain was heavily armoured and had a 120mm gun following a doctrine of long range fire and survivability that would be needed against the more numerous Warsaw Pact tanks in the event of an invasion of West Germany.
Vietnam War era
Tanks for the most part, saw limited action in Vietnam compared to the heavy fighting in Korea, but even in the Vietnam jungle the M48 Patton saw tank-to-tank duels. On March 3, 1969, the Special Forces camp at Ben Het was attacked by the NVA 202nd Armored Regiment. The 202nd was tasked with the mission of destroying the camp's 175 mm self-propelled guns. One of the PT-76s had detonated a land mine, which not only alerted the camp, but also lit up the other PT-76s attacking the firebase. Flares had been sent up, thus exposing adversary tanks, but sighting in on muzzle flashes, one PT-76 scored a direct hit on the turret of a M48, killing two Patton crewmen and wounding two more. A second Patton, using the same technique, destroyed a PT-76 with their second shot. At daybreak, the battlefield revealed the wreckage of two PT-76s and one BTR-50 armored personnel carrier.
The M48s saw extensive action during the Vietnam War, over 600 Pattons would be deployed with US Forces during the war. The initial M48s landed with the US Marines in 1965. Remaining Pattons deployed to South Vietnam were in three U.S. Army battalions, the 1-77th Armor near the DMZ, the 1-69th Armor in the Central Highlands, and the 2-34th Armor near the Mekong Delta. Each battalion consisted of approximately fifty seven tanks. M48s were also used by Armored Cavalry Squadrons in Vietnam, until replaced by M551 Sheridan tanks. The M67A1 flamethrower tank (nicknamed the Zippo) was an M48 variant used in Vietnam.
When US forces commenced redeployment operations, many of the M48A3 Pattons were turned over to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces, in particular creating the ARVN 20th Tank Regiment; which supplemented their M41 Walker Bulldog units. During the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) Easter Offensive in 1972, tank clashes between NVA T-54/PT-76 and ARVN M48/M41 units became commonplace, but on 23 April 1972, tankers of the 20th Tank Regiment were attacked by an NVA infantry-tank team, which was equipped with the new 9M14M Malyutka (NATO designation: Sagger) wire guided anti-tank missile. During this battle, one M48A3 Patton tank and one M113 Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle (ACAV) were destroyed, becoming the first losses to the Sagger missile; losses that would echo on an even larger scale a year later during the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East in 1973.
In the mid-1970s, the M48A5 upgrade was developed to allow the vehicle to carry the heavier 105 mm gun. This was designed to bring the M48s up to speed with the M60 tanks then in regular use. Most of the M48s were placed into service with reserve units by this time. By the mid-1990s, the M48s were phased out.
The M48s performed admirably in Vietnam in the infantry-support role. However, there were few actual tank versus tank battles. The M48s provided adequate protection for its crew from small arms, mines, and rocket-propelled grenades.
The plans were laid in the US in the late fifties, for a tank with a 105 mm main gun and a redesigned hull offering better armor protection. The resulting M60 largely resembled the M48 it was based on, but has significant differences. The M60 mounted a bore evacuated 105 mm main gun, had a hull with a straight front slope whereas the M48's hull was rounded, had three support rollers per side to the M48's five, and had road wheels constructed from aluminum rather than steel.
The hull of the M60 was a single piece steel casting divided into three compartments, with the driver in front, fighting compartment in the middle and engine at the rear. The driver looked through three M27 day periscopes, one of which could be replaced by a night vision periscope. Initially, the M60 had essentially the same turret shape as the M48, but this was subsequently replaced with a distinctive "needlenose" design that minimized frontal cross-section to enemy fire. The M60 was the last US main battle tank to utilize homogeneous steel armor for protection. It was also the last to feature either the M60 machine gun or an escape hatch under the hull.
Originally designated the M68, the new vehicle was put into production in 1959, reclassified as the M60, and entered service in 1960. Over 15,000 M60s (all variants) were constructed.
In 1963, the M60 was upgraded to the M60A1. This new variant, which stayed in production until 1980, featured a larger, better-shaped turret and improvements to the armor protection and shock absorbers. The M60A1 was also equipped with a stabilization system for the main gun. However, the M60A1 was still not able to fire on the move, as the system only kept the gun pointed in the same general direction while the tank was traveling cross country. It did however enable the coaxial machine gun to be brought to bear while moving.
The M551 Sheridan was initiated when the replacement for the M41 Walker Bulldog, the T92 Light Tank, was canceled.
The need for even lighter weight to make the tank transportable presented the design with a particularly difficult problem; guns capable of defeating modern tanks at reasonable ranges were so large that they demanded a large vehicle to carry them, so large that they couldn't be used as a "light" tank. The use of HEAT rounds instead of conventional penetrating ammunition could address this, but HEAT rounds work better at larger calibers. Gun weight is typically the product of caliber and muzzle velocity, so in the case of the XM551 they sacrificed the muzzle velocity, producing the low-velocity but relatively large-caliber 152 mm M81. HEAT rounds fired by the M81 could defeat any contemporary tank at shorter ranges, but its low velocity made it difficult to use at longer ranges, especially against moving targets. The large low-velocity gun was also ideal for infantry support, where higher performance anti-tank guns would often fire right through soft targets and their small-caliber guns left little room for explosive filler. The M551 Sheridan tank would thus be ideal for both direct fire support as well as short-distance anti-tank engagements.
The only niche where the M551 Sheridan was not ideal was the medium and long-range anti-tank engagement. The muzzle velocity was so low that a HEAT round fired at longer ranges would have to be "lofted", making aiming difficult, and the flight time would be so long that a moving target would be very difficult to hit. However, it appeared there was a solution to this problem by equipping the tank with gun-fired anti-tank missiles. For longer range engagements a missile would be fired instead of a HEAT round, and although its velocity would also be relatively slow, the guidance system would make a hit highly likely anyway. The M551 Sheridan appeared to offer the best of both worlds; for infantry support the large calibre gun allowed it to fire full-sized artillery rounds and canister shot, while also giving it reasonable short-range anti-tank performance from the same gun.
The M551 Sheridan had a steel turret and aluminum hull. It was powered by a large diesel engine. The M551 thus had excellent mobility, able to run at speeds up to 45 mph, which at that time was unheard of for a tracked vehicle. Swimming capability was provided by a flotation screen. Production started on late July 1966, and entered service in June 1967. More than 1,600 M551s were built between 1966 and 1970. Total cost of the M551 program was $1.3 billion.
The vehicle proved to be very noisy and unreliable under combat conditions. The armor was thin enough that it could be penetrated even by heavy machine gun rounds as well as being highly vulnerable to mines. Firing the gun would often adversely affect the delicate electronics, which were at the early stages of transitioning to solid state, so the missile and guidance system was omitted from vehicles deployed to Vietnam. The gun had problems with cracks developing near the breech after repeated firing. Most field units were modified to help address the problem but gun also was criticized for having too much recoil for the vehicle weight, the second and even third road wheels coming clear off the ground when the main gun fired.
The Sheridan saw extensive action in the Vietnam War, being assigned to nearly all armored cavalry squadrons in country. In 1969, armored cavalry units began replacing their M48 Patton tanks.
The battle reports from the troops were sometimes glowing, while the reports higher up the chain of command were often negative. A 1969 evaluation of the vehicles found the M551 was employed in reconnaissance, night patrol and road clearing, accumulating 39,455 road miles and 520 combat missions, with a ready rate of 81.3 percent. Despite vulnerability to rockets and mines, it was judged worth applying modifications and equip all cavalry squadrons with the Sheridan.
The Sheridan was much appreciated by the infantry who were desperate for direct-fire support, which generally served in combination with ACAVs (M113s) as armored cavalry units consisted of both M113s and M551s as part of their TO&E. Armor units consisted solely of tanks (minus headquarters company) and Mechanized Infantry units consisted solely of M113s. In this role the real problem with the Sheridan was its limited ammunition load of only 20 rounds and 8 missiles (though M551s in Vietnam service were not equipped with missiles or their guidance equipment, increasing the basic load of conventional rounds).
A common field-modification was to mount a large steel shield, known as an "ACAV set" (Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle), around the commander's 50-cal. (12.7 mm) gun, allowing it to be fired with some level of protection. The driver has an unusual rotating hatch which has vision blocks when rotated forward. Included with the set was an extra layer of steel belly armor which was bolted onto the vehicle's bottom, although only covering from the front to halfway to the end, possibly due to weight reasons.
A standard modification made during the mid-70's was the addition of the "Cereal Bowl" commander's cupola. This mod came about due to the broken rib effect that occurred when the Sheridan fired conventional rounds, the recoil would pitch the TC against the armor plating resulting in cracked ribs.
Post-Vietnam
The US Army began to phase out the Sheridan in 1978, although at the time there was no real replacement. Nevertheless, the 82nd Airborne were able to keep them on until 1996. The Sheridan was the only air-deployable tank in the inventory, and as an elite force they had considerably more "pull" than general infantry and armor units who were forced to get rid of them. Their units were later upgraded to the M551A1 model, including a thermal sighting system for the commander and gunner.
The Sheridan's only air drop in combat occurred during Operation Just Cause in Panama in 1989, when fourteen M551's were deployed; four were transported by C-5 Galaxies and ten were dropped by air, but two Sheridans were destroyed upon landing. The Sheridans' performance received mixed reviews. They were lauded by their operators and some commanders as providing firepower in needed situations to destroy hard targets. However, the Sheridans' employment of only HEAT rounds limited their effectiveness against reinforced concrete construction.
Fifty-one Sheridans were deployed in the Gulf War as some of the first tanks sent. They would not be very effective against the Russian-built T-72s. Their role was limited by age and light armor to reconnaissance duties, possibly 6 or less Shillelagh missiles were test fired at empty Iraqi bunkers, these fewer than a half-dozen missiles, were the only time that the Shillelagh had been fired in a combat environment, from the inventory of the aforementioned 88,000 missiles produced.
Several attempts to upgun or replace the Sheridan have been made, but none were successful. Several experimental versions of the Sheridan mounting a new turret carrying a 105 mm gun were made, but the resulting recoil was too great. Several possible replacements for the M551 were tested as a part of the XM8 Armored Gun System and Expeditionary tank efforts of the early and late 1980s respectively, but none of these entered service. The Stryker Mobile Gun System has replaced the light tank role of the United States.
During the 1960s, the US and West Germany entered a joint project for a new tank common to both armies and intended to enter service in the 1970s. The MBT-70 project was technically advanced with sophisticated suspension, a low silhouette, spaced armor and advanced gun systems but suffered from excessive costs and the Germans pulled out of the project at the end of the decade.
After Vietnam, the M60 tank was upgraded and designated the M60A2. It featured an entirely new low-profile turret with a commander's machine-gun cupola on top, giving the commander a good view and field of fire while under armor but spoiling the low profile. It also featured a 152 mm gun, which fired conventional rounds as well as guided missiles.
The M60A2 proved a disappointment, though technical advancements would pave the way for future tanks. The Shillelagh/M60A2 system was phased out from active units by 1981, and the turrets scrapped. Most of the M60A2 tanks were rebuilt as the M60A3.
In 1978, work began on the M60A3 variant. It featured a number of technological enhancements, including smoke dischargers, a new rangefinder, and M21 ballistic computer, and a turret stabilization system. In addition it reverted to the 105 mm gun. All active American M60s eventually underwent the conversion to the A3 model. The M60A3 was phased out of US service in 1997.
The German Leopard tank, another 105mm armed tank, was introduced in 1965. It was sold widely to several nations in NATO as well as worldwide. It was followed in 1979 by the Leopard 2 with a 120mm smoothbore gun.
In 1976, prototypes of a new tank which became the M1 Abrams were delivered by Chrysler Defense and General Motors armed with a 105 mm rifled gun. The Chrysler Defense design was selected for development as the M1. In 1979, General Dynamics Land Systems Division purchased Chrysler Defense. The M1 Abrams came from the diverted funds from the over budget and impractical MBT-70 and XM815 projects.
The M1 was the first of its kind. It feature a low profile turret and for the first time ever on a tank, composite Chobham armor. Despite all these advances, the Abrams still retained the 4-man crew of the M60 tank as the autoloader was considered unproven and risky. It was armed with the same L7-derived 105mm gun as the M60. Over 3200 M1 Abrams were produced and first entered US Army service in 1980. About 6,000 upgraded M1A1 Abrams were produced and used the German 120 mm smoothbore gun, improved armor, and a CBRN protection system.
As the Abrams entered service in the 1980s, they would operate alongside M60A3 tanks. These exercises usually took place in Western Europe, especially West Germany, but also in some other countries like South Korea. During such training, Abrams crews honed their skills for use against the Soviet Union. However, by 1991 the USSR had collapsed and the Abrams would have its trial by fire in the Middle East.
The British FV4030/4 Challenger, continuing with a 120mm rifled gun and protected by Chobham armor entered service in 1983.
Gulf War/Iraq war
The Gulf War saw the US Marines still deploying obsolete M60 tanks while the rest of the tank forces had Abrams.
The Iraqi forces were initially regular army units, equipped with tanks such as T-54/55 tanks and T-62s. The Coalition main battle tanks, such as the U.S. M1 Abrams, British Challenger 1, and Kuwaiti M-84AB were vastly superior to the Chinese Type 69 and domestically built T-72 tanks used by the Iraqis, with crews better trained and armoured doctrine better developed.
The majority of Iraqi armored forces still used old Chinese Type 59s and Type 69s, Soviet-made T-55s from the 1950s and 1960s, and some poor quality Asad Babil tanks (domestically assembled tank based on Polish T-72 hulls with other parts of mixed origin). These machines were not equipped with up-to-date equipment, such as thermal sights or laser rangefinders, and their effectiveness in modern combat was very limited.
The Iraqis failed to find an effective countermeasure to the thermal sights and sabot rounds used by Coalition armour. This equipment enabled them to engage and destroy Iraqi tanks from more than three times the range that Iraqi tanks could engage coalition tanks. Some Iraqi crews even fired training rounds at the U.S. and British tanks. These rounds (purchased in great number during the Iran–Iraq War due to their inexpensive cost) had soft steel penetrators and thus no hope of penetrating the advanced Chobham Armour of the Coalition tanks.
In the Iraqi war in 2003, an Iraqi division the 6th Armored Division of the Iraqi Army. which was equipped with T-55s and BMP-1s defending the control of key bridges over the Euphrates River and the Saddam Canal at Nasiriyah, were decimated by US Marines with M1 Abrams, and the division as a unit rendered incapable for combat during the Battle of Nasiriyah in March 2003, during the invasion.
In addition to the T-54/55 and T-62 tanks that Iraq had, the most feared to US armoured forces were the T-72 tanks in the Iraqi forces. Only Republican Guard divisions were equipped with Iraqi-modified T-72s. Many of the Iraqi T-72s were dug-in or hidden in groves, and then used to ambush the US or British tanks. In the war, the Iraqi T-72s were the preferred target for Apache helicopters and A-10s, in an attempt to diminish the combat power of Republican Guard divisions. The only chance for the Asad Babil T-72s against American tanks was to lure them to close range combat, or trying to ambush them from dug-in positions.
But even in those conditions, the M1s usually prevailed, as proven in circumstances like the Battle of Baghdad, and the drive to the capital, where dozens of Iraqi MBTs were obliterated, or near Mahmoudiyah, south of Baghdad, April 3, 2003, (Iraqi Freedom) when US tanks engaged their counterparts from just 50 yards, shattering seven enemy T-72s without losses. The Lion of Babylon T-72 was utterly outclassed by the M1 Abrams, the Challenger and by any other contemporary Western main battle tank during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
See also
History of the tank
Tanks in World War I
Comparison of World War I tanks
Tanks of the interwar period
Tanks in World War II
Comparison of early World War II tanks
Post-Cold War Tanks
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks%20in%20the%20Cold%20War |
Hamilton is a 1998 Swedish action film directed by Harald Zwart and starring Peter Stormare, Mark Hamill and Lena Olin. The film was edited with additional scenes into a 3-hour-long TV series in 2001. The 1998 single "No Man's Land" by Ardis was included in the soundtrack to this film.
Synopsis
Swedish military intelligence officers Carl Hamilton (Peter Stormare) and Åke Stålhandske (Mats Långbacka) are ordered to eliminate a band of Russian smugglers on the Russian tundra. The smugglers possess a nuclear missile, a 1.5 megaton SS-20, "enough to turn Paris, Washington or New York to ashes". What they do not know is that the smugglers they have intercepted were only a decoy, while the real missile was shipped to Libya. Mike Hawkins (Mark Hamill), the film's antagonist, is an American former CIA officer working in Murmansk, who is also looking for the nuclear missile and joins Hamilton's team.
Cast
Peter Stormare as Carl Hamilton
Lena Olin as Tessie
Mark Hamill as Mike Hawkins
Mats Långbacka as Åke Stålhandske
Terry Carter as Texas Slim
Production
The Statoil company paid 500,000 NOK ($USD67,000) for their logo to be displayed for three seconds in the film. Mark Hamill accidentally hit Peter Stormare during the last fight scene.
External links
1998 films
1998 directorial debut films
1990s English-language films
English-language Swedish films
Films based on Swedish novels
Films directed by Harald Zwart
1990s Russian-language films
1990s Swedish-language films
1998 thriller films
Swedish thriller films
1998 multilingual films
Swedish multilingual films
1990s Swedish films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%20%281998%20film%29 |
The Japanese Touring Car Championship (abbr: 1985–1993: JTC, 1994–1998: JTCC, officially known as All Japan Touring Car Championship, ) was a former touring car racing series held in Japan. The series was held under various regulations during its existence, including international categories such as Group A and Super Touring, which allowed both Japanese and foreign built cars to compete. The final edition of the championship was held in 1998, although a failed attempt at a relaunch was planned for 2012. A relaunched series, the TCR Japan Touring Car Series, began in 2019, using TCR regulations.
History
The series had its start from the late 1960s and was dominated by the C10 Skyline GT-Rs until the Mazda Savanna RX-3 ended its dominance of the series. With the emergence of Group 5 cars in the latter half of the 1970s, the series was succeeded in 1979 by the Super Silhouette class, which was held as a support race to the Fuji Grand Champion Series. The series was incorporated and then later dissolved in 1984 by the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship.
The series then saw a revival in 1985 for Group A cars, and as was done in other countries, there were three divisions and by the late 1980s, division 3 would be fought between Toyota Supras, Nissan Skylines and the European Ford Sierra RS500, whilst division 2 was mainly fought between BMW M3s and division 1 was disputed between the Honda Civic and Toyota Corolla. Their biggest race of the season was the 500 km (International Touring Car Endurance Championship) which took place at Fuji Speedway in November, which often attracted the top teams and drivers from the European and Australian championships. Top touring car drivers such as Tom Walkinshaw, Peter Brock, Allan Moffat, Allan Grice and Klaus Niedzwiedz often travelled to Fuji for the race. In 1987, InterTEC was also part of the World Touring Car Championship calendar. The "Super TEC" name used for the Fuji 24 Hours race serves as a tribute to the former InterTEC race.
By 1993, like many other Group A series, the series had ended up becoming a one make affair with the GT-R solely appearing in the top category (which maintained a four-year undefeated streak), followed by the M3s in the secondary category, whereas the JTC-3 division (the top and lowest divisions swapped numbers in 1988) only consisted of Corollas and Civics. For the following year, the series would switch to the FIA Supertouring formula. The cars entered by Japan's big three manufacturers for the then-new formula were initially the Nissan Primera, Honda Civic Ferio, Accord, and Toyota Corona as well as the E110 Corolla. The final round of the inaugural Supertouring-era season was also part of the 1994 Asia-Pacific Touring Car Championship. 1995 saw the Supertouring-era's only all-foreign championship victory with Steve Soper in a Team Schnitzer BMW 318i. By 1997, as the Class II formula cars became more expensive and complicated - a problem that started to plague international series using the ruleset - and due to heavy competition from JGTC, organisers would make changes to the rules to suit fan and attendee demands for closer and more competitive racing. Rule changes included increased body width (allowing Toyota to use the larger Toyota Chaser) and increased exhaust noise limits, as well as implementing restrictions on front aerodynamic devices.
In 1998, the withdrawals of Nissan due to financial problems and Honda leaving to concentrate on its Formula One program (at the time, an engine supply operation by Mugen Motorsports) and also realising it would be less expensive for them to race their NSX in the Japanese Grand Touring Championship left Toyota as the sole factory manufacturer to have cars competing using their Corona EXIVs and Chasers. Occasionally, a pair of independently run Subaru Impreza wagons did race against the factory Toyotas. Both Nissan and Honda did take part in the British Touring Car Championship after leaving the JTCC, however those programs were run by their respective European branches with independently managed budgets and teams. In 1999, a new formula using spaceframe cars, renamed Super Silhouette Car Championship came to nothing and the series was abandoned altogether as by then, Japan's big three auto manufacturers had works entries in the JGTC, now known as Super GT.
The JTCC was to be resurrected in 2013, with Super 2000 car regulations and a calendar consisting of five races in Japan and one in China, in partnership with the Chinese Touring Car Championship. The series had originally planned to return in 2012, but this was indefinitely delayed due to Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that occurred earlier, and it was never heard around since 2014. Touring car racing ultimately returned to Japan with the TCR Japan Touring Car Series in 2019, under TCR regulations and as support to Super Formula; TCR cars had been previously allowed to race in Super Taikyu Series in 2017.
During the championship's life, one fatal accident occurred: Akira Hagiwara was killed in a 1986 Sportsland SUGO testing session after he crashed into a barrier and his car burst into flames.
Championship winners
JTC (1985–1993)
(Italics indicates co-driver who scored the same number of points as first place, but was classified second due to completing less mileage)
JTC-1
The JTC-1 class, also known as Division 1, was eligible for cars with displacements of 2,501 cc or higher. Between 1985 and 1987 it was known as Division 3.
JTC-2
The JTC-2 class, also known as Division 2, was eligible for cars with displacements between 1,601 – 2,500 cc.
JTC-3
The JTC-3 class, also known as Division 3, was eligible for cars with displacements of 1,600 cc or lower. Between 1985 and 1987 it was known as Division 1.
JTCC (1994–1998)
See also
Super GT
TCR Japan Touring Car Series
References
External links
Japan Automobile Federation results (1985–1989)
Japan Automobile Federation results (1990–1998)
Defunct auto racing series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20Touring%20Car%20Championship |
Rowan College of South Jersey (RCSJ) is a public community college with two campuses in the South Jersey region of New Jersey. The first, Gloucester Main Campus, is in Sewell. The second, Cumberland Branch Campus, is in both Vineland and Millville. The college was established in 1966 as Gloucester County College (GCC). In 2014, the college changed its name to Rowan College of Gloucester County when Rowan University and Gloucester County College entered into a partnership. The college then expanded in 2019, combining Rowan College at Gloucester County (RCGC) and Cumberland County College to become Rowan College of South Jersey.
The college now offers conditional dual enrollment with Rowan University depending on GPA. While then GCC took the Rowan name, the community college maintains its independence with its own Board of Trustees and administration.
RCSJ has articulation and credit transfer agreements with many area and online colleges and universities, and several dual enrollment agreements. Academic areas include Nursing and Allied Health, an area with selective admissions, unlike most other programs, Gloucester County's Police Academy and related degrees, and continuing education.
As of February 2012, RCSJ has about of grounds on the main Gloucester Campus with twelve buildings, two of which Gloucester County organizational headquarters. It has an art gallery, a walking and jogging trail, and community gardens. Student life at the college includes KotoriCon, an anime convention, as well as many other activities.
History
Gloucester County voters passed a non-binding referendum in 1965, calling for the Board of Chosen Freeholders to start a community college in the county. Gloucester County College was established in 1966, when the New Jersey Department of Education approved its charter.
Buildings
The first classes were taught in the summer of 1967 at Monongahela Middle School and Deptford Township High School. The first building owned by RCSJ was the Instructional Center, which was completed in 1970. The first classes were taught there in the fall of that year. Other past building projects include the College Center (opened in January 1971), the Library (dedicated in October 1988), the Health Sciences building and the Police Academy (begun in 1993), and Scott Hall, which houses the chemistry and biology classrooms and laboratories (began in 2001 and dedicated in September 2002).
Presidents
20th century
The college's first president, William L. Apetz, began his tenure in September 1966. He retired from RCGC in 1980 and went on to be the first president of Sussex County Community College, another County College in New Jersey.
The second president was Gary L. Reddig, who was appointed in July 1980 and resigned on October 31, 1986, giving two reasons. First, he wished to assume the position of director of the County Community College Presidents Association of New Jersey. Second, he alleged that the then chair of the board of trustees, Richard J. Ambacher, Jr. (later a professor emeritus of Rowan University), had pressured him to get Ambacher's son a custodial job at the college and his daughter-in-law into the nursing program, which has selective admissions; he also claimed that Ambacher had otherwise interfered in college operations. Ambacher denied the allegations, and stated that he had only asked that the nursing program's admissions standards be altered to avoid bias against non-traditional students. One trustee resigned in sympathy with Reddig. A state investigation resulted in a report and letter recommending that the relationship between the board of trustees and the school be changed (including requiring the college president's approval for hiring done by the board), that trustee quorum requirements be increased, and that trustee training and selection be improved. The investigation did not find Reddig's allegations correct. One member of the Board of Chosen Freeholders asked for Ambacher's term as a trustee not to be renewed; Ambacher responded that this was a political maneuver in the context of an upcoming election. Ambacher did not seek another term as trustee after his existing term ended in November 1987, stating that this was due to health reasons (diabetes exacerbated by stress). There was considerable dismay at RCGC over these events, especially with accreditation renewal coming in spring 1987.
On October 4, 1987, Richard H. Jones became its third president, serving until his retirement on February 1, 1998. He had been a vice-president at RCGC, then acting president after Reddig's departure.
The fourth president was Gail O. Mellow, who was selected prior to Jones' retirement and worked with him from November 1, 1997, until his retirement.
21st century
Mellow served as president until she left to become president of LaGuardia Community College on August 1, 2000.
The fifth president was William F. Anderson, who had previously served as vice president, then as interim president. He resigned in July 2007, but stayed with RCGC as the food science program administrator.
Russell A. Davis was the sixth president from September 2008 until his resignation on April 13, 2011. He had earlier been vice president of student services, then acting president after Anderson's resignation. On April 29, 2011, Davis was charged with eleven counts of forgery of a signature to obtain loans from his pension/retirement account (similar to the loans allowed from a 401(k)); the prosecutor's office has not accused Davis of theft of college property.
The current president is Frederick Keating, who had been serving as interim president. He was previously RCSJ's vice president of student services and before that superintendent at the Gloucester County Institute of Technology (GCIT).
Problematic periods
There has been tension between faculty and administration on two occasions: a strike was threatened in 1989 over pay; further tension in 2002 was settled largely by Lalaji S. Deshbandhu, the late president of the RCSJ Faculty Association.
RCSJ's nursing program had difficulties in 1997–98, with lower pass rates (78% in 1998, and below 80% in 1997) on state examinations for nursing qualifications. These led to it being put on probation by the state. Changes made that elevated the pass rate to 93% for May–September 1999, taking the school from the bottom 20% of two-year nursing programs to the top 25%.
In 2008, the workweek was cut to four days during the summer, more buildings were closed during breaks, and there was increased scrutiny of purchases. RCSJ (including RCSJ Foundation) investment revenue went from $636,391 per year in 2007 to $202,805 per year in 2009.
Organization and administration
The college's governing body is the board of trustees. Eight trustees are appointed by the Gloucester County Administrator and Board of Chosen Freeholders; two are appointed by the governor of New Jersey; the eleventh trustee is the county Superintendent of Schools, a voting ex officio member; and the college president is a non-voting ex officio member.
RCGC's annual budget in 2009 was $39,388,473. The college is financially dependent primarily on money from Gloucester County and the State of New Jersey (about 49.1% of revenue in 2009), followed by funds from student tuition and fees (about 35.2% of revenue in 2009).
The RCGC Foundation holds the college's endowment ($4,761,853 as of 31 December 2018). Most income from the endowment is used to provide scholarships.
The academic divisions of RCGC are:
Division of Allied Health and Nursing
Division of Business Studies
Division of Health, Physical Education and Recreation (also includes Exercise Science)
Division of Liberal Arts
Division of Public Safety and Security (Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement)
Division of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Other Areas (including continuing education, some certificate programs, the Police Academy, and the Fire Academy)
Articulation and credit transfer agreements exist with 27 area or online four-year colleges and universities. These include Rowan University, Farleigh Dickinson University, Wilmington University, Temple University, Penn State University, the University of Maryland University College (UMUC), Thomas Edison State College, Drexel University, and Rutgers University. RCGC offers dual enrollment with Rowan, Farleigh Dickinson, Wilmington, and UMUC (generally only for some programs and majors). Stephen M. Sweeney, President of the New Jersey Senate, has called for other community colleges in South Jersey to follow RCGC in having dual enrollment agreements with Rowan.
Academics
Admissions
Most of RCGC's programs are open to anyone with a high school diploma or GED; some opportunities to take for-credit courses are available to high school students and others. (RCGC has links with the Gloucester County Institute of Technology (GCIT) and, to a lesser degree, with other high schools in the county.) There are, however, selective admissions for Nursing, Allied Health, and Automotive Technology.
Enrollment and demographics
The college awarded 819 associate degrees and 15 academic certificates in 2009–2010. Of the 1561 first-time, full-time students starting in 2007, 350 had graduated with associate degrees and 351 transferred (for example, to a four-year college or university) by 2010. The total percentage of 44.9% was the third highest among the nineteen New Jersey County Colleges (NJCCs); the median was 35.3%. Among all students in 2010, the percentage enrolled in remedial courses was 28.9% (seventh among the nineteen NJCCs; the median is 28.1%); among first-time, full-time students, the percentage was 63.3% (tenth among the nineteen NJCCs; the median is 63.3%). Enrollment in for-credit courses was 6,609 in 2010; of these, 1,557 (about 23.6%) were first-time, full-time students, and altogether 60% were full-time. 33.5% of RCGC's students in 2010 were between 18 and 21 (48.5% of full-time students and 10.6% of part-time students). In 2010, about 17% of RCGC's students came from outside Gloucester County; 99.5% were from New Jersey. In 2011, 170 of RCGC's students were veterans; On G.I. Jobs magazine's 2012 list of Military Friendly Schools, and on two lists from previous years, RCGC was ranked in the top 15% of universities, colleges, and trade schools nationwide for enrolling veterans as students.
Adjunct professors make up about 77.4% of the faculty. About 61.8% of course sections are taught by adjuncts or staff members rather than full-time faculty. RCGC ranks ninth out of the nineteen NJCCs in the proportion of course sections not taught by full-time faculty; the median is 60%.
Tuition/fees and financial aid
Tuition and fees at RCSJ are lowest for Gloucester County and Cumberland County residents, intermediate for other New Jersey residents, and highest for others. In this, the college follows the way other county colleges in New Jersey favor their counties or pairs of counties. The total of tuition plus fees for in-state but out-of-county full-time students at RCSJ in 2011–2012 was less than the in-county rates charged by all but three other county colleges in New Jersey. The same was true of part-time (twelve credits per year) rates, compared with those of all but two other county colleges in New Jersey.
Over 40% of students entering RCGC in 2010 received some form of financial aid. The most common source was a federally funded Pell Grant, received by about 34% of students. Approximately 1% received financial aid from the RCGC Foundation in 2010.
Accreditation and programs
Gloucester County College is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools' Commission on Higher Education. Some programs at RCGC are also accredited by other agencies. These include:
Nursing (including RN and LPN to RN, with an Associate of Science in Nursing) accredited by the New Jersey Board of Nursing and the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC);
Diagnostic Medical Sonography, accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs;
Nuclear Medicine Technology, accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Educational Programs in Nuclear Medicine Technology;
Paralegal degree and certificate programs, accredited by the American Bar Association Standing Committee on Legal Assistants.
RCGC also includes the Gloucester County Police Academy, and associate degrees in Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice are available. The Dean of the Police Academy is Fred H. Madden, who is also a New Jersey State Senator. (Such dual office-holding has been questioned by Chris Christie, Governor of New Jersey.)
Nursing and Allied health professions includes respiratory therapy, partially through cooperation with the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Nursing and Allied Health are areas in which RCGC operates selective admissions.
In its 2010 survey, Community College Week ranked RCGC 9th nationwide in the number of associate degrees awarded to education majors and 35th nationwide in the number of associate degrees awarded in parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies.
As well as face-to-face education, distance learning and hybrid (blended) distance and face-to-face learning are available for some courses using the Blackboard system.
In fall 2010, the top ten programs by numbers enrolled were:
Associate of Arts in Arts & Sciences (general; meant for transfer)
Associate of Science in Business administration
Associate of Arts in Education
Associate of Arts & Sciences in Criminal justice
Associate of Arts in Psychology
Associate of Applied Science in Law enforcement
Associate of Science in Arts & Sciences (general; meant for transfer)
Associate of Science in Biology
Associate of Science in Nursing (selective admissions)
Associate of Science in Exercise science
Academic calendar
RCGC uses a modified semester system. It has fall and spring semesters together with shorter winter and summer terms; the latter are further broken up into overlapping sessions of variable lengths (five weeks at the most for the winter term). A higher proportion of the winter and summer courses are blended/hybrid or distance education. As well as weekdays (including late afternoon and evening), courses are offered on Saturdays and Sundays.
Continuing education
Registration for continuing education courses totaled 35,773 in 2009, counting each course separately. A survey conducted by South Jersey Biz named RCGC "Best of Biz 2011" in the professional development category for its computerized office administration, network management, accounting, web development, and information technology programs.
RCGC offers subsidized ($25 or less registration fee and no class fee) courses to local residents in areas such as English as a Second Language, Adult Basic Education, and GED test preparation. It offers free classes in basic computer skills to employees of local businesses, in health information technology for a limited number of students, and in logistics. As with for-credit courses, GCC has traditional in-person, hybrid/blended, and purely online continuing education courses.
Campus
RCGC is close to Route 47 ( away by car) and Route 55 ( away by car). It is from Woodbury (Gloucester County's county seat), from Washington Township (Gloucester County's largest municipality), from Camden, New Jersey, and from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It has a bus stop that is on New Jersey Transit bus routes 408 and 463.
Buildings and usage
RCGC's Gloucester campus of about has twelve buildings as of February 2012; all are accessible by wheelchair. A University Center building is under construction. It is planned to use it from the fall of 2012 for RCGC classes in the daytime and dual enrollment undergraduate and graduate classes at night. Other buildings include Scott Hall, the Eugene J. McCaffrey, Sr. College Center, the Library, and the Early Childhood Education Center, which offers daycare services for children aged to students, faculty, staff, alumni, and Gloucester County residents. The entire campus is non-smoking except for specifically designated areas.
Some other Gloucester County organizations are headquartered at RCGC. The Gloucester County Community Service Corps (a branch of the Senior Corps) and the Volunteer Center of Gloucester County are in the Instructional Center building, In the College Center building there is the Center for People in Transition, a Displaced Homemaker program from the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs' Division on Women that serves former homemakers who have lost that role through bereavement, divorce, or other separation from a money-providing spouse. The center concentrates on women, and it is not clear whether a former househusband would be eligible. A number of its services, such as some of its workshops, are not restricted to displaced homemakers. When funding is available, the center also provides services to military spouses whose partners are overseas in Iraq or Afghanistan.
Inside the Gloucester College Center building is the Dr. Ross Beitzel Art Gallery, with a permanent collection valued at over $250,000. It is on display both in the gallery and throughout the campus and is the longest-running art exhibit among community colleges in New Jersey. Art exhibitions are sometimes held there.
The Cumberland Campus is divided between the city limits of Vineland and Millville.
Grounds
The grounds are part of the Gloucester County Educational Campus (GCEC), which also includes GCIT's campus. RCGC's campus includes over of walking and jogging trail (available for use by visitors as well as students, faculty, and staff) that goes through part of the forested area of the campus; it has 76 trail markers, for which GPS coordinates are available, and a map of the college course at an entrance to the trail.
The grounds are also used for the Community Gardens project, which started in 1973 and allows county residents to rent small plots of RCGC land to raise vegetables, flowers, and other plants. The rental money goes to the RCGC Foundation to help provide scholarships.
Off-campus sites
Two portions of RCGC are located off of the main campus. The first is the automotive technology program, most of which is located on the neighboring Gloucester Institute of Technology campus as part of the cooperation between RCGC and GCIT, with the additional involvement of the Ford Motor Company; it includes both classroom courses (some taken at RCGC's main campus) and paid internships. The second is the Gloucester County Fire Academy, located in Clarksboro, New Jersey.
Student life
Services for RCGC students include free short-term psychological counseling; on the counseling staff is a licensed clinical psychologist. The Student Assistance Center also provides workshops on topics such as stress management.
Student organizations
The Student Government Association, together with its advisor, distributes funding to other student organizations. RCGC has an active local chapter (Alpha Psi Pi) of the Phi Theta Kappa International Honor Society. Also active are the Student Veterans Organization, the Vanguard Fine Arts Club, and many other student clubs.
KotoriCon
One of the active student clubs at RCGC is the Japanese Anime Guild (JAG). They have held an annual anime convention called KotoriCon since January 2010. In addition to anime, KotoriCon includes video game tournaments, panels (with voice actors, for instance), cosplay events and competitions, Japanese swordplay and other martial arts demonstrations, Jedi events, music video contests, a charity auction, comedians, origami displays, concerts, and Japanese dance contests. The JAG Club sponsored a concert by Shonen Knife on 23 October 2011 as a prelude to KotoriCon.
Sports
The college's sports teams, known as the Roadrunners, have earned five NATYCAA (National Association of Two-Year College Athletic Administrators) Cups for the best overall non-scholarship two-year college in the nation, and thirty national championships in National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) Division III. The Roadrunners compete in NJCAA Region XIX and are members of the Garden State Athletic Conference.
The college now offers 16 sports:
Baseball
Basketball (Men's)
Basketball (Women's)
Cross County (Men's & Women's)
Soccer (Men's)
Soccer (Women's)
Golf (Men's)
Softball
Tennis (Men's)
Tennis (Women's)
Track & Field (Men's & Women's)
Volleyball (Women's)
Wrestling
Golf (Women's)
National championships were won by these teams:
Men's Basketball – 1994
Baseball – 1992, 1993, 1999, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013
Wrestling – 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2007
Women's Cross Country – 2006, 2012
Men's Cross Country – 1995
Men's Tennis – 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
Softball – 2011, 2012
Women's Tennis - 2012, 2013, 2014
Men's Track & Field - 2014, 2018, 2019
Women's Track & Field - 2013
Website for Athletics is www.RCRoadrunners.com.
Notable alumni
Carmelo Marrero - wrestler; professional mixed martial arts fighter
Nick Comoroto, professional wrestler
Notes
*Together with the costs of books, supplies, and transportation, this is the cost of attendance or "sticker price".
References
External links
1966 establishments in New Jersey
Universities and colleges established in 1966
Garden State Athletic Conference
New Jersey County Colleges
NJCAA athletics
Universities and colleges in Cumberland County, New Jersey
Universities and colleges in Gloucester County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan%20College%20of%20South%20Jersey |
Monthieux () is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Ain department
Dombes
References
External links
Dombes and the city of Monthieux
Communes of Ain
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthieux |
Adansi South District is one of the forty-three districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Originally it was created from parts of two former districts on 17 February 2004: Adansi West District and Adansi East District; thus the remaining parts had been absorbed into parts of Obuasi Municipal District and Adansi North District respectively. On 15 March 2018, the western part of the district was split off to create Akrofuom District. The district assembly is the southernmost part of Ashanti Region and has New Edubiase as its capital town.
Geography
Adansi South District lies entirely in a forest.
Economy
The district contains eight forest reserves. Hardwood lumber is a major district asset. It is on record to be one of the largest cocoa producing areas in Ghana. Among the crops grown in Adansi South are plantain s, cocoyams, rice.the forest also produces sinal and mushroom
Tourism
The region is popular for eco-tourism, containing many scenic waterfalls and mountain ranges.
References
GhanaDistricts.com
Districts of Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adansi%20South%20District |
Zajonc or Zayonc ( ) is a surname. It is a spelling variant of Zając, meaning "hare" in Polish. Notable people with the surname include:
Arthur Zajonc (born 1949), professor of physics at Amherst College in Massachusetts
Miroslav Zajonc or Miro Zayonc (born 1960), Czechoslovak-born luger
Rick Zayonc (born 1959), Canadian water polo player
Robert Zajonc (1923–2008), Polish-born American social psychologist
See also
32294 Zajonc, a main belt asteroid
Polish-language surnames
Surnames from nicknames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajonc |
Amansie Central District is one of the forty-three districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Amansie East District in 1988, until the western part of the district was split off by a decree of president John Agyekum Kufuor on 12 November 2003 (effectively 18 February 2004) to create Amansie Central District; thus the remaining part has been retained as Amansie East District (now currently known as Bekwai Municipal District). The district assembly is located in the southern part of Ashanti Region and has Jacobu as its capital town.
References
Sources
19 New Districts Created , GhanaWeb, November 20, 2003.
2003 establishments in Ghana
Districts of Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amansie%20Central%20District |
(; ) is a 1972 Indian Hindustani-language musical romantic drama film that was written, directed, and produced by Kamal Amrohi. The film stars Ashok Kumar, Meena Kumari, and Raaj Kumar. It tells the story of Sahibjaan, a Lucknow-based tawaif. While asleep on a train, Sahibjaan receives a note from a stranger praising her beauty. Later, evacuating from a broken boat, she takes shelter in a tent and finds out its owner, a forest ranger named Salim, wrote the letter. Sahibjaan and Salim plan to get married, causing conflicts with Sahibjaan's professional background.
Amrohi, to whom Kumari was married, wanted to make a film dedicated to his wife; he began conceiving the story after the release of their collaborative film Daaera (1953). Production lasted 15 years. principal photography commenced in 1956 under the German cinematographer Josef Wirsching. The film faced many obstacles, particularly Amrohi and Kumari's separation in 1964 and Kumari's addiction to alcohol, which often made her unable to perform. After being postponed for many years, filming resumed in 1969 and finished in November 1971. The film's soundtrack, which became one of the highest-selling Bollywood soundtracks of the 1970s, was composed by Ghulam Mohammed and finished by Naushad, who also composed the background score.
Pakeezah, which was made on a budget of to , premiered on 4 February 1972 and garnered a mixed response from critics. It was criticised for its extravagance and plot. Nevertheless, it was the highest-grossing Indian film of the year, collecting after a theatrical run of over 50 weeks. Trade analysts said its popularity might have been due to Meena Kumari's death a month after its release. Meena Kumari was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress and won a special award at the Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards; the film also received nominations for Best Film and Best Director (Amrohi), and won N. B. Kulkarni a trophy for Best Art Direction at Filmfare.
The film is known for its lengthy production time and is considered to be a milestone of the Muslim social genre. Although initial critical reception to the film was unfavourable, it greatly improved in the years after its release. The film earned widespread praise for its luxurious, sophisticated sets and costumes. is also known for being Meena Kumari's last film to be released during her lifetime; her performance in it has been regarded as one of the best of her career. has often been included in listings of the best works of Indian cinema, including a poll conducted by the British Film Institute in 2007.
Plot
Nargis is a tawaif based in the Muslim quarter of Lucknow. She dreams of marrying Shahbuddin, the man she loves, but his family's patriarch Hakim Saab strongly opposes their relationship because he finds it unacceptable to welcome a tawaif as a daughter-in-law into his respected family. Dejected, Nargis flees to a nearby qabristan (cemetery) and lives there, giving birth to a daughter before dying. On her deathbed, Nargis writes Shahbuddin a letter asking him to come for his newborn daughter. Nargis' sister Nawabjaan is buying jewellery when she finds a piece that is similar to one owned by Nargis. She asks the jeweller its origin and is led to the cemetery. She finds Nargis' body and her daughter, whom she takes back to her kotha (brothel).
When Nargis' belongings are sold several years later, a man finds Nargis' letter and delivers it to Shahbuddin. Shahbuddin tracks down Nargis' now-adult daughter Sahibjaan's whereabouts and finds her working as tawaif at Nawabjaan's brothel. Nawabjaan, however, does not want him to take Sahibjaan away, and takes her niece and flees to another town. While travelling by train, a young man enters Sahibjaan's compartment and seeing her sleeping. Struck by her beauty, he leaves her a note. After arriving at her destination, Sahibjaan wakes up and finds the note. She reads it and falls in love with the stranger.
A brothel patron named Nawab wishes to own Sahibjaan and takes her to his boat for a night. The boat, however, is attacked by elephants and Sahibjaan is carried away by the fast-flowing river in the broken boat. She is taken to the riverside tent of Salim, a forest ranger. Sahibjaan reads Salim's diary and learns it was him who had left her a note on the train. Sahibjaan has finally met the stranger but feigns amnesia to avoid telling him of her profession. Before sunset, Nawabjaan finds Sahibjaan and takes her back to the brothel. Sahibjaan keeps thinking about Salim and runs away from the brothel. Without realising, she runs along the railway and gets her gharara (clothing) stuck there. Upon seeing an approaching train, Sahibjaan panics, stumbles and faints. The train stops before running over her and people come to help her. One of them is Salim, who takes her to his home.
Salim and Sahibjaan plan to elope to live peacefully but her profession as a tawaif makes her doubtful of the plan. When Salim anoints her to marry her, she refuses and decides to return to the brothel. Salim, who is heartbroken, eventually decides to marry someone else at his family's request and invites Sahibjaan to perform a mujra at his wedding. During the event, Nawabjaan recognises Shahbuddin, Salim's paternal uncle, and calls him to witness the irony of the situation: his own daughter dancing and entertaining his family. Shahbuddin's father tries to shoot Nawabjaan to silence her but instead kills Shahbuddin while trying to protect her. With his dying breath, Shahbuddin asks Salim to marry Sahibjaan. Salim's doli (wedding palanquin) defies convention and arrives at Sahibjaan's brothel, fulfilling Shahbuddin's wishes.
Cast
The cast is listed below:
Ashok Kumar as Shahbuddin
Meena Kumari as Nargis/Sahibjaan
Raaj Kumar as Salim Ahmed Khan
Veena as Nawabjaan
Nadira as Gauharjaan
D. K. Sapru as Hakim Saab
Kamal Kapoor as Nawab Zafar Ali Khan
Vijayalakshmi as Rashidan
Production
The filmmaker Kamal Amrohi and actress Meena Kumari were married in 1952, and made Daaera (1953), a film based on their relationship. Although it received positive feedback from critics, the film under-performed at the box office. Daaera commercial failure left Amrohi feeling insecure about his career, and he wanted to make a film that would both establish him as a filmmaker and be a tribute to Kumari, reflecting his love for her. Amrohi started conceiving a story of a nautch girl in the mid-1950s. Starting in May or July 1956, Amrohi wrote the screenplay in Mahabaleshwar. At that time, many films with similar themes had vulgar scenes; not wanting to be similar, he made the screenplay more "realistic [and] unvulgarised". Amrohi had Kumari in mind while finalising it, and during writing read the film's dialogue to her and asked for her opinions. In 1958, he asked Akhtar ul Iman and Madhusudan to expand the screenplay.
Charging only , Kumari played the roles of Nargis and her daughter Sahibjaan, the central characters of the film. She was also involved as the costume designer and helped with casting. Since the film was dedicated to his wife, Amrohi focused the film's story entirely on her characters. In 1958, Amrohi stated he would play Salim because he could not find a suitable actor for the role, but he abandoned the idea because he found it difficult to act and direct at the same time. Ashok Kumar was cast in 1958 for the role but the plan was abandoned after several days of filming, and he got the role of Shahbuddin when filming was resumed. After considering a number of actors, Raaj Kumar became the final choice for the part as Salim; was his second collaboration with Amrohi after the hospital-set drama Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960). He joined the cast in 1968 but it was only announced a year later.
Principal photography was started by the German cinematographer Josef Wirsching on 16 July 1956. used CinemaScope. On Kumari's recommendation, Amrohi changed his plans to make the film in black-and-white, and in 1958, he started to make it entirely in colour with Eastmancolor. Filming progressed intermittently, largely determined by Kumari's availability during the 1950s. By early 1964, had been spent on the film, with particular focus on the sets. Also that year, Amrohi and Kumari separated due to personal differences but never actually divorced. In 1969 Kumari agreed to resume work on the film, and shooting restarted on 16 March. Amrohi invited the press to witness Kumari's return and made a documentary on it. Filming was completed in November 1971, and the editing, finished a month later, was done by D. N. Pai. From a reel of film, he retained . The background score was composed by Naushad and arranged by Kersi Lord.
Ghulam Mohammed composed the soundtrack to , except for the alap (title song) sequence, which Naushad himself composed. Amrohi, Kaifi Azmi, Majrooh Sultanpuri, and Kaif Bhopali served as the lyricists. Mohammed did not have a successful career, but Amrohi had seen and appreciated his work on Mirza Ghalib (1954). Recording started in December 1955 but was interrupted when Mohammed suffered a heart attack; nevertheless, he finished the soundtrack the same year. The 1960s marked the rise of the rock and roll genre in Bollywood films; after Mohammed's death in 1963, distributors suggested Amrohi replace him with a more commercial composer, but Amrohi refused to do so, insisting on keeping Mohammed's work. What remained uncomposed were the music for the alap and background score, and by the time production restarted, Amrohi chose Naushad to finish both because distributors persisted with their recommendation.
Release
Indian journalist Vinod Mehta and the author Bunny Reuben state that generated considerable pre-release anticipation; contrarily, authors Mohan Deep and Meghnad Desai say because of the lengthy production time, anticipation decreased up to the film's theatrical release. On 30 January 1972, The Illustrated Weekly of India carried an article by Kamal Amrohi, saying that he doubted Kumari could deliver a good performance at the age of almost 40. Filmfare published a promotional blurb of the film. A preview of was held for critics; Desai reported Amrohi was depressed because the film attracted more criticism than appreciation, which led him to go home drunk that night.
Amrohi originally set the film's release for 1971 but it was postponed due to the Indo-Pakistani War. premiered at Maratha Mandir, Bombay, on 4 February 1972; Kumari attended the opening with Amrohi, his son Tajdar, and Raaj Kumar. The composer Mohammed Zahur Khayyam called the film "priceless". According to an estimate by Box Office India, it was highest-grossing film of the year, grossing . Mint estimated its net profit to be . initially opened to mediocre box-office returns but the film became a sleeper hit and ran for over 50 weeks, in 33 of which it was fully booked. Film observers credited these boosts to the audience's sympathy, given Kumari's death a month later. Amrohi said two weeks after its release, trade analysts called the film a commercial success and added that the pre-release advertisements led it its success.
In late 1973, became the first film to be aired on Amritsar TV Centre, a television channel established in September 1973 in Amritsar, India, for broadcasting to Lahore, Pakistan. The film unexpectedly received an enthusiastic response from Pakistani viewers and people from other parts of India went to Lahore to watch it. According to Desai, public arrangements using big-screen televisions at traffic intersections were made for screening the film. Consequently, Amritsar TV started airing more films with similar themes. Due to the success of the televising of , few people visited cinemas on that day, leading the owners, who faced financial failure, to demand a ban on airing the film. Since then, has frequently been broadcast on television. In 2005, Tajdar informed a Stardust interviewer its rights had been sold for the next 50 years.
Critical reception
Initial
Upon its premiere, plot received unfavourable reviews from the Indian English-language press but according to Mehta, Urdu reviewers showed more enthusiasm, praising the historicity and sensitive, moving performances. The Times of India was highly critical of , describing it as a "lavish waste". Thought magazine panned the storyline of a prostitute as irrelevant for the 1970s but complimented the technical aspects, including the colour cinematography and Amrohi's dedication to continuing production of the film for such a long time. The Thought writer also added that the film's dialogue uses many metaphors, especially a scene in which Sahibjaan has a monologue about the letter she finds on the train, and considered it to be excessively philosophical and unnatural. Writing for Filmfare, S. J. Banaji gave the film a one-star rating, indicating "very poor" for the publication's standard, and criticised the film's narrative:
Nirmal Kumar Ghosh reviewed positively for Amrita Bazar Patrika, saying the popular belief among critics of the time was that the film's "overabundant wealth of dramatic conviction wrapped in superb cinematic fluidity is slow to its core". He thought its slowness makes the film "in perfect tune with its core, its world of hasteless fragrance, as if in terms of a sad-sweet dream which weaves its own slow spell while the outer world of time keeps ticking". Ghosh predicted it would be "a standing testimony to the great heights of tragedy that a peerless actress-tragedienne of Meena's calibre could climb to achieve deathlessness". While praising the film for promoting Muslim culture, Mehta saw Kumari's performance as "not genius" and commented; "While she was dancing, I would have preferred more lust. While she was playful, I would have preferred more frivolity. While she was briefly happy, I would have preferred more joy. While she was resigned, I would have preferred more fatalism."
Contemporary
Critical reception to has significantly improved since its release, with most praise going to Kumari's performance; contemporary critics have described the film as "iconic" a classic, and a magnum opus. In the 1988 book One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography, Anil Srivastava and Shampa Banerjee wrote the film recreates "a lost era of decadence, and the world of high-class courtesans who were artistes in their own right", accompanied by "an incredible romance which cannot be contained within a rational or a casual framework". In 1999, Derek Malcolm of The Guardian described it as a mixture of poetry, fantasy and nostalgia, commenting; "If there is nothing special about the plot, the way it is accomplished is often astounding. Amrohi ... saturates the screen not only with some amazing colour photography but with a swirling romanticism that somehow never tips over into the laughable". Malcolm included his review for The Guardian in his book, A Century of Films (2000).
Dinesh Raheja, in 2002, commended the film's lavish production designs, saying; "its splendour fills the eye, stirs the senses. And it ultimately showcases the heart beating at the film's core." He commented that Kumari's "understated performance and moist eyes sparkling with unshed tears have a hypnotic effect", saying Raaj Kumar's presence is felt because of his character's "likeable steadfastness". In 2005, British academic Rachel Dwyer applauded for presenting aesthetics in the cast and the choreography, and noted "the elaboration of scenery and in particular of clothing, tied to a certain nostalgia arising from the decline and disappearance of courtesan culture". She called Kumari's character a "quintessentially romantic figure: a beautiful but tragic woman, who pours out her grief for the love she is denied in tears, poetry and dance".
Writing for The Hindu in 2008, Anjana Rajan likened reviewing in the 21st century to stepping "into the twilight world when India was traditional even in its approach to modernity. When courtesy and wisdom were considered as important to a civilised society as appearances and grooming. And when commercial Hindi cinema looked society in the face to point out its flaws, yet laced the statement with a sad sweetness, a searing beauty." In a review carried by the Pakistani newspaper Dawn in 2012, Raza Ali Sayeed found the plot to be "over-the-top" but said it is helped by the visuals: "From the dazzling colors of the dresses worn by the courtesans, to the beautiful set pieces which bring the world of the tawaif to life, this film is a joy to the senses". He added the dialogue is "like a long poetry recitation from start to finish", and that the film belongs to Kumari. In 2017, American critic Maitland McDonagh of TVGuide referred to as a "passionate, opulent Indian melodrama".
Accolades
won Best Art Direction for Kulkarni at the 20th Filmfare Awards, and was also nominated in categories Best Film, Best Director (Amrohi), Best Actress (Kumari), Best Music Director (Mohammed), and Best Cinematographer (Wirsching). The awards were controversial; there was criticism after Mohammed lost the award to the duo Shankar–Jaikishan of Be-Imaan. In protest, Pran, the winner of Best Supporting Actor for Be-Imaan, returned his trophy and said Mohammed's loss was "an insult" for India's music industry. Filmfare, however, defended their decision by stating according to their rules, posthumous awards are not allowed; Mohammed had died in 1963. Filmfare editor B. K. Karanjia said both Kumari and Wirsching lost for the same reason.
Analysis
addresses prostitution and belongs to the Muslim social genre, a Bollywood film category exploring Muslim culture in the usual settings of Lucknow, Lahore, and Delhi that became popular in the 1930s. Films of the genre generally follow the romantic stories of members of a nawab family. In narrative, Nargis and Sahibjaan present as Lucknow-based tawaifs (entertainers) who fall in love with Shahbuddin and Salim, members of nawab families, respectively. Other aspects of Muslim culture, such as dance and costumes, are vital to the plot. According to the academic Sumitra S. Chakravarthy, is a film in which "high drama and spectacle combine with a fine evocation of the niceties" of Muslim culture and Urdu, the language used by most Indian Muslims.
The film's central character is Sahibjaan, and Shahbuddin and Salim appear only in secondary roles, which is uncommon for this type of story. follows society's rejection of prostitution; at the film's beginning, Shahbuddin arrives at his home with Nargis, whom he is preparing to marry. His father rejects Nargis, shouting, "She's not my daughter-in-law. She's your sin." The film also aims to capture Islamic traditions; in the ending, Sahibjaan is revealed by Shahbuddin to be the daughter of Nargis, whom his family rejected. Salim is also part of the family, being the son of Shahbuddin's brother. Sahibjaan and Salim subsequently marry, which her father requests before his death; this is not exceptional for a Muslim marriage—marriage between cousins is legal under Islamic law.
In Pakeezah, sexuality is represented but not directly depicted. Sex scenes are avoided and instead, like other Indian prostitution-related films, the film uses dance to emphasise the romance genre. Film analysts have considered the first encounter of Salim and Sahibjaan to be one of the most erotic scenes in the film. Salim and Sahibjaan meet in their respective railway journeys when Sahibjaan is sleeping and Salim enters her compartment and is amazed by her feet, placing a note there saying, "Aapke paon dekhe, bahut haseen hain. Inhein zameen par mat utariyega... maile ho jaayenge" ("I saw your feet. They are really beautiful. Please do not step on the ground... avoid making them dirty"). According to Sulagana Biswas of The Telegraph, writing in 2020, the letter can be dismissed in the 21st century as foot fetishism.
Voiceovers done by Amrohi play a significant role in , which several film analysts found to be his finest work. In the film's opening minutes, voiceover is used to identify Nargis as a courtesan with a "mesmerising voice" and whose tinkling of bells are "a sensation all over", and is the younger sister of the character Nawabjaan. Later in the film, the voiceover describes a man who wants to remove Nargis from her brothel, which is referred to as "this hell", and the black-dressed Shahbuddin then opens the doors. Sound motifs are used throughout the film; for instance, a train whistle represents Sahibjaan's hopes of escaping from her brothel and the alap represents her sadness. A number of symbols, such as a bird with clipped wings and a snake in Sahibjaan's brothel, are used to represent struggles in Kumari's personal life.
Legacy
Influence
attained cult status and became a milestone in Bollywood, particularly for its depiction of Muslim culture. The film has been considered one of Amrohi's best works alongside Mahal (1949) and Daaera (1953), and his monument to Kumari. established Amrohi's image as a prominent director. According to Raheja, Amrohi narrates "a story imbued with the despair and the euphoria of human desires so deftly that you are caught up in the swirl of the visual maximalism in the fanciful, almost surreal setting. And by the romanticism of the wish-fulfillment end." Amrohi said the film's success prompted many producers and actors to express their desire to collaborate with him. In 1983, he made an experimental, Muslim-themed biopic called Razia Sultan, which is about the female Sultan of Delhi of the same name. It was then the most-expensive Indian film, but failed to attract an audience and became his last work.
Critics have praised Kumari's performance as one of her career's bests, her swan song, and one that made her an "evergreen heroine" of Hindi cinema. was her last release in her lifetime; Gomti Ke Kinare, in which she also stars as a prostitute, was released after her death, though it failed commercially. Scholar Tejaswini Ganti said though she built her persona as a tragic actor in Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962), the image culminated with her performance in ; according to critic Nikhat Kazmi; "It wasn't incidental that Meena Kumari perfected the role of the virginal nautch-girl in Kamal Amrohi's ." In 2010, Filmfare included Kumari's work in their list of Bollywood's "80 Iconic Performances", praising her effort to deliver a sensitive performance.
has been noted for its unusually long production time, and is described by critics as the finest example of the Muslim social, a genre that declined in the 1970s with the rise of secular themes in Bollywood. Its sophisticated, lavish costumes and sets have been considered influential. The duo Abu Jani–Sandeep Khosla's design of Anarkali, the Indian version of a ball gown, was inspired by Kumari's costumes in ; it was shown in their first fashion show in 1988. Costume designer Salim Arif, in the 2003 book Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema, wrote Kumari "stood out as the perfect embodiment of the distinctive culture that Muslim socials were set in, with her sophisticated persona heightened manifold by the use of the nuances of the Urdu language, an air of nostalgia for a fading style, refined poetry and music, and exquisite costumes and jewellery". Costume designer Manish Malhotra, who watched premiere in 1972, said the film's costume and set designs are his favourite of any film.
Impact
has been included in several lists of best films. In 1992, Peter Wollen included in it his list of ten best films of world cinema, placing in the fifth position. In 2005, Rachel Dwyer selected the film for her book 100 Bollywood Films, and Rachna Kanwar of The Times of India included it in her 2005 list of "25 Must See Bollywood Movies". In 2007, it appeared in the British Film Institute's user poll of ten greatest Indian films. The American Indologist Philip Lutgendorf of the University of Iowa, who compiled a list of "Ten Indian Popular Films that are Not-to-be-missed" in 2014, placed in the third position. In 2016, Devesh Sharma from Filmfare included it in his "Seven Muslim Socials You Must Watch" list. The newspaper Mint chose in the list of "70 Iconic Films of Indian Cinema" in the next year. The film appeared in the 2018 book 100 Essential Indian Films, compiled by Rohit K. Dasgupta and Sangeeta Datta. In 2020, The Indian Express Shaikh Ayaz included as one of the "Hindi classics that defined the 1970s". On Eid al-Fitr 2021, Subhash K. Jha of Bollywood Hungama included it in his list of the holiday's must-watches.
The Urdu-language dialogue "Aapke paon dekhe, bahut haseen hain. Inhein zameen par mat utariyega ... maile ho jaayenge" ("I saw your feet. They are really beautiful. Please do not step on the ground ... avoid making them dirty") attained popularity among the audience; India Today and Filmfare gave it a place in their lists of "30 Best Dialogues in Bollywood Movies" (2006) and "20 Most Famous Bollywood Dialogue" (2017), respectively. Actor Madhuri Dixit called her favourite film and filmmaker Sanjay Leela Bhansali said it can make him happy, adding; "We already have . There is no need for another." Writing for Open in 2018, Dwyer said along with Deewaar (1975), Sholay (1975), and films of Bimal Roy and Guru Dutt "could constitute some kind of 'world cinema', where despite their typical features such as the use of melodrama and heightened emotion especially around the family, an engaging narrative, stars, a certain mise en scène, usually one of glamour, grandiloquent dialogues and all-important songs, they can be appraised on similar critical and aesthetic terms".
remained one of the most-talked-about Indian films decades after its release, and many books, including their chapters, and articles have been written about it. In the 1972 biography Meena Kumari, republished in 2013 under the title Meena Kumari: The Classic Biography, Mehta dedicated the fifth chapter to examining the film's production and release, followed by his commentary. Desai wrote the book : An Ode to a Bygone World (2013), providing an inside look at the production, release and thematic analysis. The book attracted positive reviews from critics, who praised his writing and extensive commentary. Biographer Raju Bharatan's Naushadnama, released that year, also contains a chapter about the film's musical composition and background score. is one of ten films whose production and release Padhye covered in her book Ten Classics (2020). In 2021, media reported the National Film Archive of India had obtained 18 minutes of film footage that includes a sequence of the original, black-and-white version of "Inhin Logon Ne" with a younger Kumari and different choreography.
See also
List of films with longest production time
Notes
References
Sources
Books
Magazines
Newspapers
Websites
External links
1972 films
1970s Hindi-language films
1970s Urdu-language films
1972 romantic drama films
Films about courtesans in India
Films about prostitution in India
Films set in the 20th century
Films set in the British Raj
Films set in Lucknow
Films shot in Mumbai
Films directed by Kamal Amrohi
Indian romantic drama films
Urdu-language Indian films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakeezah |
Atwima Mponua District is one of the forty-three districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana, and is the westernmost district in the Ashanti Region. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Atwima District in 1988; until part of the district was split off to create Atwima Mpouna District by a decree of president John Agyekum Kufuor on 12 November 2003 (effective 18 February 2004); while the remaining part has been renamed as Atwima Nwabiagya District (which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 15 March 2018 to become Atwima Nwabiagya Municipal District). The district assembly is located in the western part of Ashanti Region and has Nyinahin as its capital town.
Populated places
Tano Dumasi
Hanneggar Village
References
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
19 New Districts Created , GhanaWeb, November 20, 2003.
Districts of Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwima%20Mponua%20District |
Luis Negrón López (April 19, 1909 - September 18, 1991) was a politician from Puerto Rico. Negrón was among the founding members of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) and served as Senator and as candidate for Governor of Puerto Rico in the elections of 1968.
Early life and education
Negrón López was born Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico in 1909. He graduated from the University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras in 1932. Two years later he received his law degree and dedicated himself to private practice until 1948.
Political career
In 1940, he helped Luis Muñoz Marín and others in the creation of the Popular Democratic Party. In the elections of that year, Negrón was elected Representative to the Puerto Rican Legislature.
In the elections of 1944, Negrón is then elected to Senate of Puerto Rico. He worked closely with then Senate President Muñoz Marín in the implementation of legislation that eventually became the ground work of Operation Bootstrap.
Negrón López was among the members of the Constitutional Assembly that in 1952 drafted the Constitution of Puerto Rico. After that, Negrón continued to serve in the Senate, a post that he held until 1968.
That year, incumbent Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella had a serious dispute with the leaders of the PPD and was barred from seeking a second term as Governor under the party's insignia. Negrón was then chosen as the new candidate for Governor of Puerto Rico. However, Governor Sánchez had founded a new party, the People's Party, and was also seeking reelection. This caused a division inside the PPD that caused the defeat of both Sánchez and Negrón. Instead, Luis A. Ferré of the New Progressive Party was elected Governor. This was the first electoral defeat ever for the PPD.
Later and death
After the elections of 1968, Negrón retired from public life. Negrón López died on September 18, 1991, when he was 82 years old. He was buried at the Sabana Grande Masonic Cemetery in Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico. The town of Sabana Grande named the high school after him.
External links
|-
1909 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Members of the Senate of Puerto Rico
People from Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico
Presidents pro tempore of the Senate of Puerto Rico
Popular Democratic Party members of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico
Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico) politicians
University of Puerto Rico alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Negr%C3%B3n%20L%C3%B3pez |
The Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation (CSI; "Center for the Sociology of Innovation") is a research center at the Mines Paris – PSL, France, and a research unit affiliated to the French National Centre for Scientific Research.
The CSI was created in 1967 and is known for its members' contributions to the field of science and technology studies and to actor–network theory. Prominent past and current members include academics such as Bruno Latour and Michel Callon.
References
External links
Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation
Science and technology studies
Actor-network theory
Universities and colleges in Paris
Engineering universities and colleges in France
French National Centre for Scientific Research
Educational institutions established in 1967
1967 establishments in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20de%20Sociologie%20de%20l%27Innovation |
The RRS John Biscoe was a supply and research vessel used by the British Antarctic Survey between 1956 and 1991.
History
An earlier vessel, operated from 1947-56. Both were named after the English explorer John Biscoe, who discovered parts of Antarctica in the early 1830s.
John Biscoe II was replaced by in 1991. After decommissioning, she was sold and eventually scrapped in 2004 under the name Fayza Express.
Command
Biscoe'''s first visit to Halley Research Station, in 1959/60 was under the veteran captain, Bill Johnston.
From 1975, joint Masters of John Biscoe were Malcolm Phelps and Chris Elliott. Chris Elliott had joined BAS as Third Officer on John Biscoe'' in 1967, becoming Second Officer in 1970. He established the successful Offshore Biological Programme cruises and helped superintend the building of replacement . Elliott was awarded the Polar Medal in 2004 and an MBE in 2005. The sea passage between Adelaide Island and Jenny Island is named after Chris Elliott.
Footnotes
External links
Newsreel footage of a resupply voyage by the John Biscoe, 1964
History of Antarctica
Hydrography
Oceanographic instrumentation
Research vessels of the United Kingdom
1956 ships
British Antarctic Survey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS%20John%20Biscoe%20%281956%29 |
Carlyon Bay (, meaning forts) is a bay and a set of three beaches (Crinnis, Shorthorn and Polgaver) near St Austell on the south coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is located approximately east of the town centre.
Between 1920 and the Second World War, Carlyon Bay was the site of the New Cornish Riviera Lido and large sports facilities. After the war it became known as the Cornish Leisure World. A large venue, the Cornwall Coliseum, opened in the 1950s, it hosted exhibitions, tennis tournaments and concerts by musicians, but lost its importance with the opening of the Plymouth Pavilions in 1991. The venue continued until early 2003 when only the Gossips nightclub remained open, until its closure too shortly after. The building stood, falling into disrepair, until demolition began in April 2015.
Since the 1990s there have been plans for development of homes and a resort complex.
The area surrounding the bay was a centre of the mining industry and is now a golf course. The South West Coast Path runs along the cliff top and across the golf course. The Cliff Head Hotel was established in 1934 and stood until its demolition in 2017. Carlyon Bay is also the site of the Carlyon Bay Hotel, which stands upon and overlooks the cliff top with views of the bay.
In 1979 a scene for the film Dracula was filmed at Carlyon Bay and in 1986 the music video for Is This Love? by Alison Moyet was filmed on the beach.
Polgaver Beach is used by naturists.
Redevelopment plans
The original 1990 planning permission for redevelopment into 500 homes was at first not realised, the main obstacle being the need for better sea defences.
In July 2011, Cornwall Council approved a new planning application for 500 luxury apartments and associated facilities. The private developers (originally Ampersand now called Commercial Estates Group [CEG]) were planning to begin work on the new sea defences in late 2011 and on the apartments in spring 2012. However, plans were put on hold in December 2012 and construction had not started by August 2014. There has been a lot of local opposition to the developers. One point of contention is two public rights of way through the site. At a public enquiry in June 2014 Cornwall Council recognised the existence of the rights of way, CEG has exercised its right to appeal and decision now rests with the Secretary of State.
Another point of contention has been the sea defences. The original 1990 plans proposed a large sea wall. Following local protests a public inquiry was held in 2006 which rejected the plans. A revised scheme was accepted in 2011 but construction has not yet started. Temporary sheet piling defences were installed in the early 2000s without planning permission, the developers were asked to remove them in 2008 but they have remained until 2014. A planning application for temporary defences was rejected in November 2013 and in May 2014 Cornwall Council resolved to take enforcement action for the removal of the temporary wall.
Permission was granted in 2015 for a new housing & leisure development.
Geography and geology
Carlyon Bay is surrounded by low cliffs and is divided into three areas: Crinnis, Shorthorn and Polgaver. Much of the sand on the beach is actually waste material from the china clay industry known as "stent". Cornwall Wildlife Trust has identified Shorthorn Beach (the middle beach of the three) as a site of national importance.
References
External links
Beaches of Cornwall
Nude beaches
Villages in Cornwall
Bays of Cornwall
Populated coastal places in Cornwall | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlyon%20Bay |
Norris v. Ireland was a case decided by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in 1988, in which David Norris successfully charged that Ireland's criminalisation of certain homosexual acts between consenting adult men was in breach of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (right to respect for private and family life).
Original case
The original case in the Irish courts was Norris v. Attorney General, introduced in 1977 and decided by the Supreme Court of Ireland in 1983. Norris's Senior Counsel was fellow member of the Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform, Mary Robinson, who in 1990 would become the first female President of Ireland. The Irish courts ruled that Norris's right to privacy was not violated by the Offences against the Person Act 1861 (criminalising "buggery") and the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 (criminalising "gross indecency").
Case before the ECtHR
Norris appealed the Irish court's decision to the ECtHR in 1983. The Court passed judgment in 1988, deciding in Norris's favour on grounds similar to those of its 1981 decision in Dudgeon v United Kingdom.
The laws impugned by the judgment were eventually repealed by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act, 1993.
See also
David Norris
Dudgeon v United Kingdom
LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland
List of LGBT-related European Court of Human Rights cases
References
1988 in case law
1988 in Irish law
1988 in LGBT history
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights cases decided by the Grand Chamber
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Ireland
European Court of Human Rights case law on LGBT rights
Republic of Ireland LGBT rights case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris%20v.%20Ireland |
Bosomtwe District is one of the 43 districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Originally, it was part of the then-larger Bosomtwe-Atwima-Kwanwoma District on 10 March 1989, which was created from the former Ejisu-Juaben-Bosomtwe District Council, until the western part of the district was split off on 29 February 2008 to create Atwima-Kwanwoma District; the remaining part was renamed Bosomtwe District. The district assembly is located in the central part of Ashanti Region and has Kuntanase as its capital town.
Tourism
Bosomtwe District contains Lake Bosumtwi, one of the largest natural lakes in the world. The lake resort is a popular tourist destination.
Economy
The district also contains minable gold, clay and sand.
References
GhanaDistricts.com
Districts of Ashanti Region
Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosomtwe%20District |
The straw-necked ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis) is a bird of the ibis and spoonbill family Threskiornithidae. It can be found throughout Australia, New Guinea, and parts of Indonesia. Adults have distinctive straw-like feathers on their necks.
Description
Straw-necked ibises are large birds, around long, with a bare black head and a long, downcurved black bill. They have a distinctive, highly iridescent plumage, which can appear fairly uniform dirty dark brown in indifferent light; the wings are dark, with an iridescent, multicoloured sheen in sunlight. They have a shiny blue-black back, with a metallic purple, green and bronze glow, and a dark collar. The upper neck is white, as are the underparts and the undertail; their legs are usually red near the top and dark grey toward the feet. Adults have straw-colored feathers on the neck, giving the bird its common name. Their wingspan is about and weight is generally .
Sexes are similar, although males have longer bills and females have a dark band across their upper breast. Juveniles have duller colors and shorter bills with less curvature, and lack the straw-like plumes on the neck.
Distribution and habitat
Straw-necked ibises are commonly found throughout Australia, nesting at least occasionally in all mainland states and territories, except in the arid interior. They are most abundant on the east coast, and are vagrant to New Zealand, Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island. They are less frequently seen in New Guinea, Indonesia, and occasionally in Tasmania and other islands of the Bass Strait.
Found around shallow freshwater wetlands, cultivated pastures, edges of swamps and lagoons, and wet or dry grasslands. They tend to avoid arid and saltwater areas, and coastal mudflats. They are extremely nomadic, and are constantly on the move searching for suitable habitats. They are frequently seen standing on high branches of bare trees, silhouetted against the sky.
Behaviour
Straw-neck ibises are partly migratory: some birds are sedentary, while others make seasonal or erratic movements when water conditions vary. Seasonal migrations are recorded from south-eastern and northern Australia, as well as from coast and inland wetlands in central Australia, and across the Torres Strait between north-eastern Australia and southern New Guinea. Non-breeding migrants arrive in western Australia and leave in autumn, the arrival dates are closely correlated with rainfall during the preceding spring. They typically fly in line or in V formation, reaching high altitudes during long-distance movements.
Vocalizations are made mainly around breeding colonies; calls are composed of croaks, barks and grunts. In flight, at intervals, they may produce a hoarse grunt. They feed in flocks of up to 200 birds; they probe in soil, mud, crevices, vegetation or shallow water.
Diet
Straw-necked ibises feed primarily on aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, although their diets can vary. In shallow waters, straw-necked ibises feed on aquatic insects, molluscs, frogs, freshwater crayfish (Cherax) and fish. On land, they thrive on insects such as grasshoppers, crickets, and locusts, and are often called the Farmer's Friend because they eat pests that would otherwise eat farm crops. They also eat skinks and other small lizards, and small reptiles, as well as rodents.
Compared to the Australian white ibis, they have not adapted to a wide variety of food and are only rarely opportunistic scavengers of human waste. Citizen scientists have reported seeing them eat cane toads (Bufo marinus), avoiding being poisoned by flicking the toads about until they release the toxin which is their defence mechanism, then taking them to a creek to wash them
Reproduction
Breeding season is highly variable, mainly influenced by water conditions. In southwestern Australia, it normally occurs from August to December; occasional breeding takes place in the north, but on a very small scale. Breeding has been observed for all months throughout the central and northern regions, usually occurring over the year following heavy rain in some areas.
They build a large, rough, cup-shaped nest of sticks and trampled plants among reeds, paperbarks, bulrushes, or trees over water. They breed in colonies, often with the Australian white ibis. Nests are used year after year. Clutches vary from 2–5 eggs, with an incubation period of around 24 to 25 days, by both parents. Both parents feed and care for the young, about 35 days after hatching. Feeding is by regurgitation and continues up to two weeks after leaving the nest.
References
External links
BirdLife Species Factsheet
Wonga wetlands
eBird. Media files on straw-necked ibis.
straw-necked ibis
Birds of Australia
straw-necked ibis
straw-necked ibis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw-necked%20ibis |
Lapeyrouse () is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Geography
The village lies in the middle of the commune, which counts numerous ponds.
The Chalaronne has its source in the commune.
Population
See also
Communes of the Ain department
Dombes
References
External links
Dombes and the city of Lapeyrouse
Communes of Ain
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapeyrouse%2C%20Ain |
Fully Buffered DIMM (or FB-DIMM) is a memory technology that can be used to increase reliability and density of memory systems. Unlike the parallel bus architecture of traditional DRAMs, an FB-DIMM has a serial interface between the memory controller and the advanced memory buffer (AMB). Conventionally, data lines from the memory controller have to be connected to data lines in every DRAM module, i.e. via multidrop buses. As the memory width increases together with the access speed, the signal degrades at the interface between the bus and the device. This limits the speed and memory density, so FB-DIMMs take a different approach to solve the problem.
240-pin DDR2 FB-DIMMs are neither mechanically nor electrically compatible with conventional 240-pin DDR2 DIMMs. As a result, those two DIMM types are notched differently to prevent using the wrong one.
As with nearly all RAM specifications, the FB-DIMM specification was published by JEDEC.
Technology
Fully buffered DIMM architecture introduces an advanced memory buffer (AMB) between the memory controller and the memory module. Unlike the parallel bus architecture of traditional DRAMs, an FB-DIMM has a serial interface between the memory controller and the AMB. This enables an increase to the width of the memory without increasing the pin count of the memory controller beyond a feasible level. With this architecture, the memory controller does not write to the memory module directly; rather it is done via the AMB. AMB can thus compensate for signal deterioration by buffering and resending the signal.
The AMB can also offer error correction, without imposing any additional overhead on the processor or the system's memory controller. It can also use the Bit Lane Failover Correction feature to identify bad data paths and remove them from operation, which dramatically reduces command/address errors. Also, since reads and writes are buffered, they can be done in parallel by the memory controller. This allows simpler interconnects, and (in theory) hardware-agnostic memory controller chips (such as DDR2 and DDR3) that can be used interchangeably.
The downsides to this approach are; it introduces latency to the memory request, it requires additional power consumption for the buffer chips, and current implementations create a memory write bus significantly narrower than the memory read bus. This means workloads that use many writes (such as high-performance computing) will be significantly slowed. However, this slowdown is nowhere near as bad as not having enough memory capacity to avoid using significant amounts of virtual memory, so workloads that use extreme amounts of memory in irregular patterns might be helped by using fully buffered DIMMs.
Protocol
The JEDEC standard JESD206 defines the protocol, and JESD82-20 defines the AMB interface to DDR2 memory. The protocol is more generally described in many other places.
The FB-DIMM channel consists of 14 "northbound" bit lanes carrying data from memory to the processor and 10 "southbound" bit lanes carrying commands and data from the processor to memory. Each bit is carried over a differential pair, clocked at 12 times the basic memory clock rate, 6 times the double-pumped data rate. E.g. for DDR2-667 DRAM chips, the channel would operate at 4000 MHz. Every 12 cycles constitute one frame, 168 bits northbound and 120 bits southbound.
One northbound frame carries 144 data bits, the amount of data produced by a 72-bit wide DDR SDRAM array in that time, and 24 bits of CRC for error detection. There is no header information, although unused frames include a deliberately invalid CRC.
One southbound frame carries 98 payload bits and 22 CRC bits. Two payload bits are a frame type, and 24 bits are a command. The remaining 72 bits may be either (depending on the frame type), 72 bits of write data, two more 24-bit commands, or one more command plus 36 bits of data to be written to an AMB control register.
The commands correspond to standard DRAM access cycles, such as row select, precharge, and refresh commands. Read and write commands include only column addresses. All commands include a 3-bit FB-DIMM address, allowing up to 8 FB-DIMM modules on a channel.
Because write data is supplied more slowly than DDR memory expects it, writes are buffered in the AMB until they can be written in a burst. Write commands are not directly linked to the write data; instead, each AMB has a write data FIFO that is filled by four consecutive write data frames, and is emptied by a write command.
Both northbound and southbound links can operate at full speed with one bit line disabled, by discarding 12 bits of CRC information per frame.
Note that the bandwidth of an FB-DIMM channel is equal to the peak read bandwidth of a DDR memory channel (and this speed can be sustained, as there is no contention for the northbound channel), plus half of the peak write bandwidth of a DDR memory channel (which can often be sustained, if one command per frame is sufficient). The only overhead is the need for a channel sync frame (which elicits a northbound status frame in response) every 32 to 42 frames (2.5–3% overhead).
Implementations
Intel has adopted the technology for their Xeon 5000/5100 series and beyond, which they consider "a long-term strategic direction for servers".
Sun Microsystems used FB-DIMMs for the Niagara II (UltraSparc T2) server processor.
Intel's enthusiast system platform Skulltrail uses FB-DIMMs for their dual CPU socket, multi-GPU system.
FB-DIMMS have 240 pins and are the same total length as other DDR DIMMs but differ by having indents on both ends within the slot.
The cost of FB-DIMM memory was initially much higher than registered DIMM, which may be one of the factors behind its current level of acceptance. Also, the AMB chip dissipates considerable heat, leading to additional cooling problems. Although strenuous efforts were made to minimize delay in the AMB, there is some noticeable cost in memory access latency.
History
As of September 2006, AMD has taken FB-DIMM off their roadmap. In December 2006, AMD has revealed in one of the slides that microprocessors based on the new K10 microarchitecture has the support for FB-DIMM "when appropriate". In addition, AMD also developed Socket G3 Memory Extender (G3MX), which uses a single buffer for every 4 modules instead of one for each, to be used by Opteron-based systems in 2009.
At the 2007 Intel Developer Forum, it was revealed that major memory manufacturers have no plans to extend FB-DIMM to support DDR3 SDRAM. Instead, only registered DIMM for DDR3 SDRAM had been demonstrated.
In 2007, Intel demonstrated FB-DIMM with shorter latencies, CL5 and CL3, showing improvement in latencies.
On August 5, 2008, Elpida Memory announced that it would mass-produce the world's first FB-DIMM at 16 Gigabyte capacity, as from Q4 2008, however the product has not appeared and the press release has been deleted from Elpida's site.
See also
HyperCloud Memory
Load Reduced DIMM (LRDIMM)
References
External links
How FB-DIMM Memories Work
The Inquirer series: Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
Computer memory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully%20Buffered%20DIMM |
Relevant () is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Ain department
Dombes
References
External links
La Dombes and the city of Relevant
Communes of Ain
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevant%2C%20Ain |
Sainte-Olive (; ) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Population
People from Sainte-Olive
Jacques Ozanam, the French mathematician, was born on 16 June 1640 in Sainte-Olive and died on 3 April 1718 in Paris.
See also
Communes of the Ain department
Dombes
References
External links
La Dombes and the city of Sainte Olive
Communes of Ain
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Olive |
Saint-Marcel (; also known as Saint-Marcel-en-Dombes, , literally Saint-Marcel in Dombes) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Ain department
References
Communes of Ain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Marcel%2C%20Ain |
Obuasi Municipal Assembly is one of the forty-three districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Adansi West District in 1988, until part of the district was split off to create Obuasi Municipal District on 15 December 2003 (effectively 17 February 2004); whose remaining parts had been absorbed into parts of Adansi North District and Adansi South District respectively. Later, the eastern part of the district was split off to create Obuasi East District on 15 March 2018; thus the remaining part has been retained as Obuasi Municipal Assembly. The municipality is the southern part of Ashanti Region and has Obuasi as its capital town.
Resources
The city is well known for its natural resource: gold.
Geography
The Municipality is located at the southern part of Ashanti between latitude 5.35N and 5.65N and longitude 6.35N and 6.90N. It covers a land area of 1624 km2. There are 53 villages in the Municipality which share 19 electoral areas. It is bounded to the east by the Adansi South District, west by Amansie Central District and to the north by the Adansi North District. It has Obuasi as its Administrative Capital, where the famous and rich Obuasi Gold Mine is located.
Climate and topography
The Municipality has a rather undulating topography and the climate is of the semi-equatorial type with a double rainfall regime. Mean annual rainfall ranges between 1250mm and 1750mm. Mean average annual temperature is 25.5 °C and relative humidity is 75% - 80% in the wet season.
The vegetation is predominantly a degraded and semi-deciduous forest. The forest consists of limited species of hardwood which are harvested as lumber. The Municipality has nice scenery due to the hilly nature of the environment.
References
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
Districts of Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obuasi%20Municipal%20Assembly |
Saint-Paul-de-Varax (; ) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
It is situated between Bourg-en-Bresse and Lyon. Its castle, which belonged to the Rivérieulx de Varax family since the 13th century, is closed to the public.
Population
See also
Dombes
Communes of the Ain department
References
External links
Dombes and Saint-Paul-de-Varax
Communes of Ain
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Paul-de-Varax |
Championship Manager 97/98 is a game in the Championship Manager series of football management computer games, based on the Championship Manager 2 game engine. It was developed by Sports Interactive and released in October 1997, exclusively for the PC, as the final game in the second generation of CM games.
Gameplay
The gameplay in CM97/98 remained very similar to other games based on CM2, but as usual this installment offered far more than a simple database update. It was a clear indication of Sports Interactive's intent for the future of the franchise in two ways: the inclusion of a database editor with the game showed that SI were actively encouraging users to modify and customise the game; and the inclusion of nine playable leagues from across Europe was a clear sign of things to come, in terms of the growing depth and global scope of the game.
CM97/98 featured nine playable nations/league systems, three times more than in the previous version. It was also the first time ever that players could run more than one league concurrently (up to three in this edition). For example, the English, Spanish and Italian leagues would all be simulated and players could manage a club in any of these nations and move between them. It also allowed the user to view results and league tables in these selected leagues, adding to the sense of realism. This was also the first time in the series that the Portuguese league system had ever been a playable league. Aside from the added playable leagues, bug fixes and updated player data, there were also other new features in the game. Club squads could now contain 32 players (2 more than the previous version), Champions League and UEFA Cup formats were changed to reflect their real-life counterparts, added control over tactics (including selection of set-piece takers) and international under-21 matches were now simulated fully.
Playable leagues
CM97/98 marked a huge step forward for this aspect of the game - nine playable nations/league systems, three times more than in the previous version. It was also the first time ever that players could run more than one league concurrently (up to three in this edition). For example, the English, Spanish and Italian leagues would all be simulated and players could manage a club in any of these nations and move between them. It also allowed the user to view results and league tables in these selected leagues, adding to the sense of realism. The full selection of playable leagues was as follows:
Europe
This was also the first time in the series that the Portuguese league system had ever been a playable league.
Data Editor and Updates
Ever since the first game in the series, people had been trying (with varying degrees of success) to find a way of editing the data within Championship Manager, either to cheat or simply to add themselves as a player in the CM world. With this version Sports Interactive included an editor that allowed users to do this and much more.
Notable players
There were many notable players within the game who gained cult status for their high abilities and potential which often contrasted with their real life abilities. Some of them (e.g. Ibrahima Bakayoko) were really wonderkids at that time but didn't eventually evolve into world class players, whilst some others were already mature players of minor league clubs (i.e. Bjørn Heidenstrøm) with inexplicably high abilities within the game.
Tom Youngs a FRLC for Cambridge United.
Martin Knudsen a 'FRC' for Viking FK.
Wilson Oruma, a Nigerian MC for RC Lens.
Ibrahima Bakayoko, an Ivory Coast AM/FC for Montpellier HSC.
Anthony Betterton, a GK available as a 'Schoolboy'.
Stian Neset, a Norwegian SC for Sogndal I.L.
Karl Oskar Fjørtoft, a Norwegian MRC for Molde F.K.
Martin Lauchlan, DMLC for Partick Thistle
John Ritchie, SC for Partick Thistle
Alex Martin, SC for Partick Thistle
Robert Dunn, M/SC for Partick Thistle
Billy MacDonald, DMC for Partick Thistle
Geirmund Brendesæter, WBR for SK Brann
Graeme Tomlinson, FC available on a Free transfer.
Jesper Ljung, a Swedish AM/FC for Helsingborgs IF.
Francisco Viveros, a Chilean SC for Sporting Lisbon.
Tommy Svindal Larsen, a Norwegian MLC for Stabaek.
John Curtis, 'DC' for Manchester United.
Andrew Duncan, 'DC' for Manchester United, who often appears on a Free Transfer.
Erik Nevland, a Norwegian FC for Manchester United, who often appears on a Free Transfer.
Teddy Lucic, a Swedish DC for IFK Göteborg.
Marc Emmers, a Belgium MC available on a Free Transfer.
Bjørn Heidenstrøm, a Norwegian D/MC for Leyton Orient.
Rubén Ruiz Díaz, a Paraguayan GK for C.F. Monterrey.
Trevor Steven AMRC available on a Free Transfer.
Dalian Atkinson FC available on a Free Transfer.
Chris Kiwomya SC available on a Free Transfer.
Ilya Tsymbalar, a Russian DMRL for FC Spartak Moscow.
Eber Moas, an Uruguayan "CB".
Arnór Guðjohnsen, AMC an Icelandic available on a Free Transfer or playing for Örebro SK
Todi Jónsson, SC a Faroese playing for FC København
Viktor Onopko, DC a Russian playing for Real Oviedo
New features
Aside from the added playable leagues, bug fixes and updated player data, there were also other new features in the game. Club squads could now contain 32 players (2 more than the previous version), Champions League and UEFA Cup formats were changed to reflect their real-life counterparts, added control over tactics (including selection of set-piece takers) and international under-21 matches were now simulated fully.
Trivia
Championship Manager 97/98 was the top selling PC game of 1997 in the UK, despite Sports Interactive encouraging game-sharing by not including any CD-protection; The game could be installed on any number of PCs without needing a copy of the CD to play it, which indicates that it was most likely even more popular than it seemed. SI have since said that this move was to gain as much exposure from the CM2 series as possible before the release of the CM3 series.
References
External links
Sports Interactive website
1997 video games
Eidos Interactive games
Multiplayer hotseat games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Association football management video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Multiplayer and single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship%20Manager%3A%20Season%2097/98 |
Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama (translated as, House of Knowledge and Assembly of Scholars University) is an Islamic seminary in Lucknow, India. It was established by the Nadwatul Ulama, a council of Muslim scholars, on 26 September 1898.
This educational institution draws large number of Muslim students from all over the world. Nadwatul Ulama fosters a diverse range of both scholars and students including Hanafis (the predominant group), Shafi'is and Ahl al-Hadith. Additionally it is one of very few institutes in the region to teach the Islamic sciences completely in Arabic.
History
Nadwatul Ulama was formed with the aim to bring all the sects of Islam together irrespective of some of their differences in beliefs.
Nadwa means assembly and group, it was named so because it was constituted by a group of Indian Islamic scholars from different theological schools. Darululoom is the educational body of Nadwatul Ulama which was formed in Kanpur in 1893. It was eventually shifted to Lucknow in 1898 and the Islamic curriculum was updated with modern sciences, mathematics, vocational training and the addition of an English Department.
On 2 September 1898, the office of the Nadwatul Ulama was shifted to Lucknow. The Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama was started on 26 September 1898.
Administration
The manager of Nadwatul Ulama serves as the chancellor of Darul Uloom. In 2000, Rabey Hasani Nadwi became the chancellor.
Hafeezullah was appointed the first principal of the Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama. In 2000, when Rabey Hasani Nadawi was appointed the chancellor, Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadvi became the principal.
Publications
Al-Baas Al-Islami: An international monthly Arabic magazine
Al-raid: a bi-monthly magazine in Arabic.
Tameer e Hayat, a bi-monthly magazine in Urdu
Sachha raahi: Hindi-language magazine
Alumni
The graduates of the Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama are usually referred as Nadwis. The alumni include:
Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
Wadeh Rashid Hasani Nadwi
Ijteba Nadwi
Minnatullah Rahmani
Mohammad Akram Nadwi
Rabey Hasani Nadwi
Sajjad Nomani
Shihabuddin Nadvi
Abdur Rahman Kashgari Nadwi
Sultan Zauq Nadvi
Syed Sulaiman Nadvi
Syed Ehtisham Ahmed Nadvi
Wali Hasan Tonki
Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi
Salman Husaini Nadwi
Shihabuddin Nadvi
See also
Darul Uloom Deoband
Nahdlatul Ulama
Jamia Islamia Bhatkal
Darul Huda Islamic University
Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam
Darul Uloom Karachi
Jamiah Darul Uloom Zahedan
Madrasah In'amiyyah
Deobandi Islamic movement
List of Deobandi universities
Jamiatul Hidaya, Jaipur
National Institute For Islamic And Contemporary Studies
References
Bibliography
Al Ulamaa Al Baarizoona Min Daaril Uloom Li Nadwatil Ulamaa Alladheena Hasaloo Alaa Al Jaayizah At Taqdeeriyya Li Nashri Al Lugha Alarabiyya Wa Aadaabihaa
Musahamatu darul uloom nadwatul ulama fi nashril lughatil arabiati wal adabil Islami wa dauruha fi majalis sahafati wal elam
Decolonisation and the Nadvatul Ulema
External links
Darul Musannefeen Shibli Academi
Education in Lucknow
Educational institutions established in 1898
1898 establishments in British India
Islamic universities and colleges
Madrasas in India
Islamic universities and colleges in India
Universities and colleges in Lucknow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darul%20Uloom%20Nadwatul%20Ulama |
Servas is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Geography
The Veyle flows northwest through the northeastern part of the commune.
Population
See also
Communes of the Ain department
Dombes
References
Communes of Ain
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servas%2C%20Ain |
Martha Washington is a fictional character created by Frank Miller and Dave Gibbons, first appearing in the four-issue comic book series Give Me Liberty, published in 1990 by Dark Horse Comics.
Fictional character biography
Born on March 11, 1995, and died on March 11, 2095, Martha Washington grew up in the Cabrini–Green housing project in Chicago (called "The Green") with her mother and two brothers in abject poverty brought on by the economic policies of the President Erwin Rexall. She is an average student, but one who displays a gift for computer programming and hacking.
Her teacher, Donald, encourages her to be a better student and, because he lives outside the Green, brings her contraband items. One night, Martha shows up at Donald’s classroom and finds that he’s been murdered by the Ice Man, a large thug who works for a local gangster called the Pope. Before dying, Donald managed to stab the Ice Man in the wrist. This distraction allowed Martha to seize his weapon, a longshoreman’s hook, and plunge it into his shoulder. The Ice Man chases her through the school to a locker room, but before he can kill her, he dies of blood loss. Martha is later remanded to a psychiatric hospital.
In the institution, she discovers that experiments are being secretly performed on children to genetically alter their minds, effectively turning them into human computers. Their heads are covered with wires plugged into their brains. Martha believes one of them resembles the Raggedy Ann doll she played with as a child. This institution is closed due to national budget cuts, and Martha is left homeless. She later joins the PAX Peace Force, where her heroic tale begins. She fights in many battles during the second American Civil War.
During the second American Civil War, her mother and brother die when Chicago is destroyed by a nuclear weapon.
Appearances
Give Me Liberty
Martha Washington's first appearance, it features her joining the PAX Peace Force — a reinvented U.S. Army — and engaging in various heroic efforts, such as saving the rain forests of South America from crazed cattle ranchers. She eventually has to thwart the megalomanical plans of Colonel Moretti before he brings the country to the brink of destruction.
Martha Washington Goes to War
A five-issue series published in 1994, and closely based on Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged, Martha Washington Goes to War has Martha fighting for the PAX army to reunite the fractured United States. The war effort is undermined by frequent technology failures, the disappearances of America's brightest minds, and a general malaise among the people. Washington is crippled in an attack. She's secretly visited by Wasserstein, her old boyfriend, who heals her with unknown technology. Washington is later brought onboard PAX's orbiting satellite Harmony. Wasserstein returns and seems to kill Coogan, Harmony's chief engineer. Washington pursues Wasserstein's flying craft into the radioactive wasteland in Oklahoma. She penetrates the field at the core of the wasteland, and finds a paradise. Wasserstein, Raggyann, and the missing scientists have hidden themselves here to develop technologies and strategies to improve the world. They knew PAX and the current government weren't interested in truly improving people's lives, so they created this sanctuary to wait until they were strong enough to overthrow the corrupt government and implement true change.
Meanwhile, the Surgeon General, living through robot doubles, has taken control of Harmony. He finds the sanctuary by tracking Washington's wrist computer and fires a devastating ray. As she sees the destruction she indirectly caused, Washington realizes it was this weapon that destroyed Oklahoma and not a nuclear device. Washington joins the scientists' cause as they attack and bring down Harmony. The Surgeon General's robots are destroyed. Other revolutionaries infiltrate military bases, free political prisoners, and seize control of the US government. Two years later, Washington continues to work with the revolutionaries to create a better world.
Happy Birthday, Martha Washington
A one-shot issue published in 1995, this is a collection of short stories about Martha and some of the many battles she has fought. The first story has Martha landing in Manhattan to take out Dictator Beluga. The building she lands in is shelled by PAX (her own side) and she is forced to head to Mercy Hospital with a wounded soldier of the Manhattan military. After the man she saved is patched up, they sit down to share a cigarette. He reveals to her that Dictator Beluga is dead, assassinated by his own inner circle and possibly even by his own wife. However, PAX does not believe Martha's report and the shelling continues.
Martha Washington Stranded in Space
A one-shot issue published in 1995, Martha Washington Stranded in Space guest-stars The Big Guy. Martha investigates a space anomaly which temporarily sends her to Big Guy's reality. The back-up story is "Attack of the Flesh Eating Monsters", originally published in black and white in Dark Horse Presents #100-4. Martha fights off an attack by monsters conforming to 1950s pulp-SF stereotypes; she discovers that this is merely a psychological study conducted by the world-controlling AI, named Venus.
Martha Washington Saves the World
A three-issue series published in 1997, Martha Washington Saves the World depicts the arrival of an actual alien spaceship. Martha uses its superior technology to defeat the megalomaniacal artificial intelligence named Venus, which - though it had proved critical in defeating the old corrupt American regime - has been undermining humanity and sapping people's will. Martha and a handful of friends then leave Earth entirely, off to explore the origin of the aliens.
Martha Washington Dies
This 2007 one-shot takes place on Martha Washington's 100th birthday on March 11, 2095, in a warzone. Unlike the earlier stories narrated by Martha, it is narrated by a young female soldier who looks like Martha Washington before joining Pax in the first issue of Give Me Liberty. The only difference is a scar on her face (it is possible she is related to Martha as her great granddaughter). She reveals that Martha married Wasserstein and has three sons, of whom she survived, and also that it is her final day of her final year of her life. Surrounded by Soldiers apparently under siege from unknown foes, who are described as "barbarians who won an awful victory", Martha gives a brief speech of inspiration and as she dies, she gave her final words to the soldiers for courage "Give me liberty" before turning her body into a blast full of fireworks. The final page of the series ends with the Martha lookalike now leading the soldiers to battle, who are now encouraged by Martha's final words.
Collected editions
Dark Horse released a hardcover collection of all the stories, remastered with added extras, in October 2009. It was initially announced as The Life and Times of Martha Washington in the Twenty First Century, and then The Martha Washington Omnibus, before finally settling on the original name.
The details of the various collections:
The Life and Times of Martha Washington in the Twenty-First Century (Dark Horse Comics, hardcover, 600 pages, July 2009, ) collects:
Give Me Liberty (4-issue mini-series, June–September 1990, tpb, Dell, )
Martha Washington Goes to War (5-issue mini-series, 1994, tpb, )
"Happy Birthday, Martha Washington" (one-shot, 1995)
"Martha Washington Stranded in Space" (one-shot, 1995)
Martha Washington Saves the World (3-issue mini-series, 1997, tpb, )
Martha Washington Dies (one-shot, 2007)
A numbered, limited edition version of the collection includes "tip-in pencil art" signed by both creators ).
Notes
References
Martha Washington at the Big Comic Book DataBase
External links
Black people in comics
Characters created by Frank Miller (comics)
Comics by Dave Gibbons
Comics by Frank Miller (comics)
Comics characters introduced in 1990
Dark Horse Comics titles
Female soldier and warrior characters in comics
Fictional African-American people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Washington%20%28comics%29 |
Joseph Adam "J. D." Durbin (born February 24, 1982), is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins, Arizona Diamondbacks, and the Philadelphia Phillies, in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, and in the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) for the Lamigo Monkeys.
Career
"The Real Deal"
Durbin was drafted by the Minnesota Twins in 2000 in the second round (54th overall) out of Coronado High School in Arizona where he played baseball and football. Durbin, whose self-appointed/coach aided nickname, (thanks to Al Newman), at one time was "the Real Deal", was the Twins Minor League Player of the Year in 2002 after compiling an 13–4 record with 163 strikeouts for the Quad City River Bandits of the Midwest League. The following season, he was the starting pitcher in the Florida State League all-star game, and pitched in the All-Star Futures Game.
MLB debut
Durbin made his MLB debut on September 8, 2004, pitching in relief, and made his first career start on September 23 against the Cleveland Indians. In three innings pitched, he gave up seven hits and five earned runs and took his only loss for the season.
Durbin was ranked the #70th best prospect by "Baseball America" in 2005 and the Twins second best pitcher behind Jesse Crain. However, he did not play in the majors during the 2005 and 2006 seasons. He had gone 4–3 with an 2.33 ERA in 16 starts for Triple-A Rochester before being sidelined for the rest of the 2006 season on July 5 with right biceps musculocutaneous neuropathy.
Philadelphia Phillies
Durbin, who was cleared to start throwing on February 1, 2007, did not fare well coming off his injury. During spring training in 2007, he went 0–2 with an 11.25 ERA in seven relief appearances for the Twins and was claimed off waivers by the Arizona Diamondbacks on March 29. He appeared in one game for the D-Backs out of the bullpen on April 4 against the Colorado Rockies, and gave up seven runs in ⅔ of an inning. The following day he was designated for assignment. He was claimed off waivers by the Boston Red Sox on April 10, and designated for assignment on the very same day. The Philadelphia Phillies then claimed Durbin from the Red Sox on April 13. He would be designated for assignment on April 17 and was out-righted to Triple-A Ottawa the next day.
Durbin was called back up to the majors, and made his first start for the Phillies against the New York Mets on June 29. In innings, he gave up all six runs in the Mets' 6–5 victory. He earned his first major league win on July 17, 2007, against the Los Angeles Dodgers where he pitched six innings and gave up one run. He also got his first three major league hits in the same game. In his next start on July 22, 2007, he pitched his first major league complete game shutout against the San Diego Padres throwing 109 pitches, with 71 for strikes against 38 balls.
Durbin failed to make the club in spring training 2008, and on March 18, the Phillies out-righted Durbin to the minors. He split the season between the Double-A Reading Phillies and the Triple-A Lehigh Valley IronPigs, going 5–14 with an 5.82 ERA.
Los Angeles Dodgers
Durbin became a free agent at the end of the season and was signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers to a minor league contract in 2009. He made his debut with the Southern League Chattanooga Lookouts on May 4, pitching three scoreless innings in relief. His first start came on May 23, against the Carolina Mudcats. He was solid, giving up only one earned run on three hits and one walk in four innings, yet he took the loss. On July 17, he was promoted to the Triple-a Albuquerque Isotopes, with whom he went 0–6 with an 6.43 ERA.
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks
On May 2, 2010, Durbin signed to play in Japan for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks.
Olmecas de Tabasco
On May 22, 2011, Durbin signed to play in Mexico for the Olmecas de Tabasco in the LMB.
Lancaster Barnstormers
On June 18, 2011, Durbin signed to play in Lancaster, Pennsylvania for the Barnstormers in the Atlantic League.
Lamigo Monkeys
On May 27, 2013, Durbin signed to play for the Lamigo Monkeys in the CPBL(Taiwan).
References
External links
J. D. Durbin at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)
1982 births
Living people
Albuquerque Isotopes players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
American expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Baseball players from Oregon
Cangrejeros de Santurce (baseball) players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Elizabethton Twins players
Fort Myers Miracle players
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks players
Grand Canyon Rafters players
Gulf Coast Twins players
Lamigo Monkeys players
Lancaster Barnstormers players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Leones de Yucatán players
Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente pitchers
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Minnesota Twins players
New Britain Rock Cats players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Olmecas de Tabasco players
Ottawa Lynx players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Quad City River Bandits players
Reading Phillies players
Rochester Red Wings players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Tigres de Aragua players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20D.%20Durbin |
The Institute of Historical Research (IHR) is a British educational organisation providing resources and training for historical researchers. It is part of the School of Advanced Study in the University of London and is located at Senate House. The institute was founded in 1921 by A. F. Pollard.
History
Foundation
The IHR was founded in 1921 by British historian Albert Pollard. Appointed professor of Constitutional History at University College London in 1903, his inaugural address, a year later, argued for the need for a postgraduate school of historical research. With a generous and anonymous donation of £20,000 from Sir John Cecil Power in 1920 towards the founding of the institute, Pollard's dream was realised. The institute was formally opened by H. A. L. Fisher on 8 July 1921.
The IHR was directly administered by the Senate of the University of London, rather than being part of one of the federal colleges. It was the first organisation to be administered under such an arrangement, and as such provided the model for other institutes, many of which later joined the IHR in the University of London's School of Advanced Study.
The IHR's first premises were in "temporary" huts on Malet Street, on a site now occupied by Birkbeck College. Despite the supposedly temporary nature of this accommodation, the IHR was not to move until 1947, when it took up residence in the north block of Senate House. The new location was built by architect Charles Holden, along with the rest of the university, at a projected cost of £3,000,000 and duration of 30 years for the whole project. Still occupying this position, many rooms in the IHR overlook the grass lawn in between Senate House and SOAS, which is where Senate House's unbuilt fourth court would have been.
With the start of World War II in September 1939, the institute's work and construction of its permanent building were disrupted, with the Ministry of Information occupying Senate House, and closing the institute in May 1940. The IHR was struck by a bomb on the night of 22–23 September 1940. The impact resulted in "the destruction of six books and almost the entire collection of London maps, as well as of furniture".
Directors
1921–39: Prof. Albert Frederick Pollard
1939–44: Sir Cyril Thomas Flower (acting director)
1944–48: Prof. V. H. Galbraith, FBA
1948–60: Prof. Sir John Goronwy Edwards, FBA, FSA
1960–67: Prof. Francis Wormald, CBE, FBA, FSA
1967–77: Prof. Arthur Geoffrey Dickens, CMG, FBA
1977–90: Prof. Francis Michael Longstreth Thompson, FBA
1990–98: Prof. Patrick Karl O'Brien, FBA
1998–2003: Prof. David Nicholas Cannadine, FSA, FRSA, FRSL, FRHistS
2003–08: Prof. David Richard Bates, FSA, FRHistS
2008–14: Prof. Miles Taylor, FRHistS
2014–17: Prof. Lawrence Neil Goldman, FRHistS
2018–20: Prof. Jo Fox, FRHistS, FRSA
2021– : Prof. Claire Langhamer, FRHistS
Role
The IHR's role comprises the following:
To promote the study of history and an appreciation of the importance of the past among academics and the general public, in London, in Britain and internationally, and to provide institutional support and individual leadership for this broad historical community
To offer a wide range of services which promote and facilitate excellence in historical research, teaching and scholarship in the UK, by means of its library, seminars, conferences, fellowships, training and publications (both print and digital)
To further high quality research into particular aspects of the past by its research centres – the Centre for Metropolitan History and the Victoria County History of England
To provide a welcoming environment where historians at all stages in their careers and from all parts of the world can meet formally and informally to exchange ideas and information, and to bring themselves up to date with current developments in historical scholarship
Activities
In order to fulfil its role as defined above, the IHR maintains different academic institutions, such as a library, the seminar programme as well as several integrated bodies and programmes. It also publishes the results of historical research.
Wohl Library
From its inception, the founders of the Institute of Historical Research envisaged a combination of scholarship and library. This tradition is continued in that many seminars still take place in the rooms of the library. The library itself collects sources for the History of Western Europe and areas affected by the European expansion. It now contains over 190,000 volumes. There are sizable holdings for the British Isles, as well as for Germany, Austria, France, the Low Countries, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Latin America, the US and colonial history, ecclesiastical, Byzantine and crusader history as well as small holdings for Eastern Europe, Switzerland and Scandinavia. The library is particularly good for sources on local history both of the British Isles and Europe. It contains the largest collection of Low Countries material outside of the region (due to gifts from the Netherlands and research interests of scholars working there), the most complete collection of French cartularies outside France as well as collections of poll books for the United Kingdom and a complete run of the Victoria County History books.
The collections have been supplemented by donations and bequests from many different scholars, such as the Wright collection. In its early years the IHR library was built up by actively seeking donations, and much of the collection was formed from bequests and gifts by individuals and organisations. By 1926, three-quarters of the collection had been acquired through private benefactions and presentations by governments from Europe and other parts of the World. Among the IHR's extensive collection of books on European history are a set of volumes of the and other works donated to the University of London by the Nazi government of Germany in 1937. The accessions records highlight the collaborative nature of library collection development; many donations were shared between the IHR and other libraries to build on existing collection strengths or through an agreed division of collection policy. As an example, the sizeable portion of the IHR's colonial and early national holdings in the United States collection was donated to the library by the widow of George Louis Beer between 1921 and 1925.
Seminar programme
The IHR supports and promotes a wide variety of seminars. They are accessible to all interested in the topic under discussion. Seminar topics range from the Early Middle Ages to Modern Britain, from the history of gardening to the philosophy of history.
Conferences
The IHR is also involved with organising and running a number of conferences and workshops, including its annual conference on a historical theme.
British History Online
The IHR co-manages British History Online, a digital library of key printed primary and secondary sources for the history of Britain and Ireland, with a primary focus on the period between 1300 and 1800.
Historical Research
The IHR publishes Historical Research, a scholarly historical journal. The journal first appeared in 1923 under the title Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research; and the present title was adopted in 1987 (beginning with volume 60, no. 141).
Reviews in History
The IHR publishes the online journal Reviews in History. The journal was launched in 1996, and publishes reviews and reappraisals of significant work in all fields of historical interest.
Layers of London
The Layers of London project brings together digitised historic maps, photos and other information provided by key partners across London including: the British Library, London Metropolitan Archives, Historic England, The National Archives, MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology). These will be linked on a website which will allow visitors to create and interact with many different "layers" of London's history from the Romans to the present day. It runs on the Humap platform and contains over 11,500 records, most of which are sourced through user-generated content.
Marc Fitch Lectures
The institute hosts the Marc Fitch Lectures with funding provided by the Marc Fitch Fund. The lecture was held at the institute until 2012, when it started touring the counties with a planned three lectures a year. Previous lectures have been presented by Linda Colley, Roy Strong, Michael Wood, Simon Thurley and David Starkey.
Humanities Digital Library
In IHR leads an inter-institutional initiative within the School of Advanced Study to explore and deliver open access research publications. This has culminated in the launch of the Humanities Digital Library, a catalogue of open access books published across the School, as well as an open access book series focusing upon early career authors and published in partnership with the Royal Historical Society.
Integrated bodies
Besides the core activities, two research centres are integrated into the institute. These are:
the Victoria County History,
the Centre for Metropolitan History
The IHR formerly housed a third research centre, the Centre for Contemporary British History. In August 2010, however, this transferred to King's College London, where it is now known as the Institute of Contemporary British History.
See also
Historical Association
Royal Historical Society
Historiography of the United Kingdom
References
Further reading
External links
1921 establishments in England
Education in the United Kingdom
Universities and colleges established in 1921
Research institutes established in 1921
Renaissance and early modern research centres
Research in the United Kingdom
Historical Research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Historical%20Research |
Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Geography
The Veyle forms most of the commune's northeastern boundary.
Population
See also
Dombes
Communes of the Ain department
References
Communes of Ain
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Andr%C3%A9-sur-Vieux-Jonc |
Lent () is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Geography
The Veyle flows north through the middle of the commune.
Population
See also
Dombes
Communes of the Ain department
References
Communes of Ain
Dombes
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent%2C%20Ain |
Anti-Turkish sentiment, also known as Anti-Turkism (), or Turkophobia () is hostility, intolerance, or xenophobia against Turkish people, Turkish culture and the Turkish language.
The term refers to not only against Turks across all regions, but also against the subjects of the Ottoman Empire, as well as descendants of ethnic Turks such as Syrian Turkmen and Iraqi Turkmen. It is also applied to groups who developed in part under the influence of Turkish culture and traditions while converting to Islam, especially during the time of the Ottoman Empire, such as Albanians, Bosniaks and other smaller ethnic groups around Balkans.
Early modern period
In the Early modern period, the fall of Constantinople and the Ottoman wars in Europe—part of European Christians' effort to stem the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, the predecessor to Turkey—helped fuel the development of anti-Turkism. By the middle of the 15th century, special masses called missa contra Turcos (Latin for "mass against Turks") were held in various places in Europe to spread the message that victory over the Ottomans was only possible with the help of God and that a Christian community was therefore necessary to withstand the Turks.
16th century
As the Ottomans expanded their empire west, Western Europe came into more frequent contact with the Turks, often militarily.
During the Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War, the Ottomans conquered Cyprus.
In the 16th century, around 2,500 publications about the Turks—including more than 1,000 in German—were released in Europe, spreading the image of the "bloodthirsty Turk". From 1480 to 1610, twice as many books were published about the Turkish threat to Europe than about the discovery of the New World. Bishop Johann Faber of Vienna claimed, "There are no crueler and more audacious villains under the heavens than the Turks, who spare no age or sex and mercilessly cut down young and old alike and pluck unripe fruit from the wombs of mothers."
During this time, the Ottoman Empire also invaded the Balkans and besieged Vienna, sparking widespread fear in Europe, and especially in Germany. Martin Luther, the German leader of the Protestant Reformation, took advantage of these fears by asserting that the Turks were "the agents of the Devil who, along with the Antichrist located in the heart of the Catholic Church, Rome, would usher in the Last Days and the Apocalypse".
Luther believed that the Ottoman invasion was God's punishment of Christians for allowing corruption in the Holy See and the Catholic Church. In 1518, when he defended his 95 Theses, Luther claimed that God had sent the Turks to punish Christians just as he had sent war, plague, and earthquakes. (In response, Pope Leo X issued a papal bull in which he threatened Luther with excommunication and portrayed him as a troublemaker who advocated capitulation to the Turks.) In his writings On War Against the Turk and Military Sermon Against the Turks, Luther was "consistent in his theological conception of the Turks as a manifestation of God's chastising rod". He and his followers also espoused the view that the Ottoman–Habsburg Wars were a conflict "between Christ and Antichrist" or "between God and the devil".
Spurred by this argument, the Portuguese Empire, seeking to capture more land in East Africa and other parts of the world, used any encounter with the "Terrible Turk" as "a prime opportunity to establish credentials as champions of the faith on par with other Europeans".
Stories of the "dog-Turk" reinforced the negative image. The dog-Turk was claimed to be a man-eating being, half-animal and half-human, with a dog's head and tail. After the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the image of the dog-Turk became a figure used to ridicule Turks in carnival processions and masquerades, where "dog-Turk" characters began to appear alongside witches and clowns.
17th–18th centuries
According to some sympathetic Orientalist authors, negative accounts of Turkish customs and people written during the 17th and 18th centuries "served as an 'ideological weapon' during the Enlightenment's arguments about the nature of government", creating an image of the Turks that was "inaccurate but accepted". However, some contemporary reports documented brutality and corrupt governance against subjugated Christians, including the practice of Devshirme (); where Ottoman soldiers would take European Christian males, aged 8 to 20, forcibly recruiting soldiers from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, and relocate them to Istanbul. The devshirme was resented by locals for the fact that the children were taken forcibly from their parents.
In Sweden, the Turks were portrayed as the archenemies of Christianity. A book by the parish priest Erland Dryselius of Jönköping, published in 1694, was titled Luna Turcica eller Turkeske måne, anwissjandes lika som uti en spegel det mahometiske vanskelige regementet, fördelter uti fyra qvarter eller böcker ("Turkish moon showing as in a mirror the dangerous Mohammedan rule, divided into four quarters or books"). In sermons, the Swedish clergy preached about the Turks' cruelty and bloodthirstiness, and how they systematically burned and plundered the areas they conquered. In a Swedish schoolbook published in 1795, Islam was described as "the false religion that had been fabricated by the great deceiver Muhammad, to which the Turks to this day universally confess".
In 1718, James Puckle demonstrated two versions of his new invention, the Puckle gun: a tripod-mounted, single-barreled flintlock weapon fitted with a revolving cylinder, designed to prevent intruders from boarding a ship. The first version, intended for use against Christian enemies, fired conventional round bullets. The second, intended for use against the Muslim Ottomans, fired square bullets, designed by Kyle Tunis, which were believed to be more damaging and would, according to Puckle's patent, convince the Turks of the "benefits of Christian civilization".
Voltaire and other European writers described the Turks as tyrants who destroyed Europe's heritage; with Voltaire characterizing Turks as "tyrants of the women and enemies of arts" and "barbarian usurpers who must be chased out of Europe." In his book Orientalism, Edward Said noted, "Until the end of the seventeenth century the 'Ottoman peril' lurked alongside Europe to represent for the whole of Christian civilization a constant danger, and in time European civilization incorporated that peril and its lore, its great events, figures, virtues, and vices, as something woven into the fabric of life."
Anti-Turkism by Ottomans
Within the ruling class, Ottomans, called themselves "Osmanlı", to note a person of higher intellect and education with proficiency in Persian and Arabic literature, while the word "Turk" was used to discriminate against the nomad Turkomans of the steppes and Khurasan, and the illiterate Anatolian peasantry, and ethnic slurs such as Eşek Turk (donkey Turk) and Kaba Turk (rude Turk) were used to describe them. Other expressions included were "Turk-head" and "Turk-person". Within the Ottoman Empire, the term of "Etrak-i bi-idrak" was sometimes used to denote the Yörük backwoodsmen, bumpkins, nomad Turkomans in Anatolia. "Etrak-i bi-idrak", an Ottoman play on words, meant "the ignorant Turk". Another similar phrase was "Türk-i-bed-lika" which meant "the ugly-faced Turk".
Özay Mehmet, an academic of Turkish Cypriot descent, wrote in his book Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery:
Modern history
Before the 1960s, Turkey had a relatively low rate of emigration. However, after the adoption of a new constitution in 1961, Turkish citizens began to migrate elsewhere. Gradually, Turks became a "prominent ethnic minority group" in some Western countries. But from the beginning, they were subject to discrimination. At times, when host countries adopted more immigrant-friendly policies, "only the Turkish workers were excluded" from them.
In various European languages, the word "Turk" has acquired a meaning similar to "barbarian" or "heathen", or is used as a slur or curse. As a result, the word also has some negative connotations in the United States.
Arab World
The Arab World has a long history of mixed relations with the Turks back from the Ottoman Empire. In the past, the Ottoman conquest had absorbed a large number of Arab countries into its map, ultimately opened a chapter of a complicated relationship between Turks and Arabs. While both are Muslim majority, subsequent conflict of interests and the growing Turkification and nationalist movement had led to growing anti-Arabism among Turks, especially following the Arab Revolt during the First World War.
Egypt
Since it gained its independence in 1956, Egypt has always had a mixed relationship with Turkey, in particular due to Turkey's relationship with Israel and Egypt had once allied itself with Syria, leading to tensions between Turkey and Egypt.
Since Abdel Fattah el-Sisi came to power in 2014, anti-Turkism has spread in Egypt, as retribution for Erdoğan's growing hostility towards the Egyptian administration. The Egyptian Government has targeted the Turkish state for criticism by opposing it on issues which are extremely sensitive to it, such as recognizing the Armenian genocide, Turkish military invasion in Syria as el-Sisi allied with Bashar al-Assad. There is a growing fear of Turkish interference in Egyptian affairs, which contributed to the growth of Turkophobia in Egypt.
Iraq
The fear of Turkish influence has always dominated Iraq and as such, relationship between Iraq and Turkey has always been tense.
The position of the Iraqi Turkmen has changed from being administrative and business classes of the Ottoman Empire to an increasingly discriminated against minority. Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Iraqi Turkmen have been victims of several massacres, such as the Kirkuk Massacre of 1959. Furthermore, under the Ba'ath Party, discrimination against the Iraqi Turkmen increased, with several leaders being executed in 1979 as well as the Iraqi Turkmen community being victims of Arabization policies by the state, and Kurdification by Kurds seeking to push them forcibly out of their homeland. Thus, they have suffered from various degrees of suppression and assimilation that ranged from political persecution and exile to terror and ethnic cleansing. Despite being recognized in the 1925 constitution as a constitutive entity, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status; hence, cultural rights were gradually taken away and activists were sent to exile.
In 1924, the Iraqi Turkmen were seen as a disloyal remnant of the Ottoman Empire, with a natural tie to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's new Turkish nationalist ideology emerging in the Republic of Turkey. The Iraqi Turkmen living in the region of Kirkuk were perceived as posing a threat to the stability of Iraq, particularly as they did not support the ascendancy of King Faisal I to the Iraqi throne. On May 4, these tensions boiled over into violence when soldiers from the Iraq Levies- a levied force raised by the British government after the First World War and consisting primarily of Assyrians- clashed with Turkmen in a Kirkuk market square after a dispute between an Assyrian soldier and a Turkmen shopkeeper. In the ensuing fracas, 200 Turkmen were killed by Assyrian soldiers.
Around 20 Iraqi Turkmen civilians were killed by the Iraqi police including women and children on 12 July 1946 in Gavurbağı, Kirkuk.
The Kirkuk massacre of 1959 came about due to the Iraqi government allowing the Iraqi Communist Party, which in Kirkuk was largely Kurdish, to target the Iraqi Turkmen. With the appointment of Maarouf Barzinji, a Kurd, as the mayor of Kirkuk in July 1959, tensions rose following the 14 July revolution celebrations, with animosity in the city polarizing rapidly between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen. On 14 July 1959, fights broke out between the Iraqi Turkmen and Kurds, leaving some 20 Iraqi Turkmen dead. Furthermore, on 15 July 1959, Kurdish soldiers of the Fourth Brigade of the Iraqi army mortared Iraqi Turkmen residential areas, destroying 120 houses. Order was restored on 17 July by military units from Baghdad. The Iraqi government referred to the incident as a "massacre" and stated that between 31 and 79 Iraqi Turkmen were killed and some 130 injured.
In 1980, Saddam Hussein's government adopted a policy of assimilation of its minorities. Due to government relocation programs, thousands of Iraqi Turkmen were relocated from their traditional homelands in northern Iraq and replaced by Arabs, in an effort to Arabize the region. Furthermore, Iraqi Turkmen villages and towns were destroyed to make way for Arab migrants, who were promised free land and financial incentives. For example, the Ba'ath regime recognized that the city of Kirkuk was historically an Iraqi Arab city and remained firmly in its cultural orientation. Thus, the first wave of Arabization saw Arab families move from the center and south of Iraq into Kirkuk to work in the expanding oil industry. Although the Iraqi Turkmen were not actively forced out, new Arab quarters were established in the city and the overall demographic balance of the city changed as the Arab migrations continued.
Several presidential decrees and directives from state security and intelligence organizations indicate that the Iraqi Turkmen were a particular focus of attention during the assimilation process during the Ba'th regime. For example, the Iraqi Military Intelligence issued directive 1559 on 6 May 1980 ordering the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen officials from Kirkuk, issuing the following instructions: "identify the places where Turkmen officials are working in governmental offices [in order] to deport them to other governorates in order to disperse them and prevent them from concentrating in this governorate [Kirkuk]". In addition, on 30 October 1981, the Revolution's Command Council issued decree 1391, which authorized the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen from Kirkuk with paragraph 13 noting that "this directive is specially aimed at Turkmen and Kurdish officials and workers who are living in Kirkuk".
As primary victims of these Arabization policies, the Iraqi Turkmen suffered from land expropriation and job discrimination, and therefore would register themselves as "Arabs" in order to avoid discrimination. Thus, ethnic cleansing was an element of the Ba'thist policy aimed at reducing the influence of the Iraqi Turkmen in northern Iraq's Kirkuk. Those Iraqi Turkmen who remained in cities such as Kirkuk were subject to continued assimilation policies; school names, neighborhoods, villages, streets, markets and even mosques with names of Turkic origin were changed to names that emanated from the Ba'th Party or from Arab heroes. Moreover, many Iraqi Turkmen villages and neighborhoods in Kirkuk were simply demolished, particularly in the 1990s.
Over 135 Turkmens were massacred in 1991 during the Gulf War by the Iraqi Army.
The Kurds claimed de facto sovereignty over land that Iraqi Turkmen regards as theirs. For the Iraqi Turkmen, their identity is deeply inculcated as the rightful inheritors of the region as a legacy of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, it is claimed that the Kurdistan Region and Iraqi government has constituted a threat to the survival of the Iraqi Turkmen through strategies aimed at eradicating or assimilating them. The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in Tal Afar. The formation of the Kurdistan Region in 1991 created high animosity between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen, resulting in some Iraqi Turkmen being victims of Kurdification, according to the Liam Anderson. The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in the de facto capital of Erbil, a city in which they had assumed prominent administrative and economic positions. Thus, they increasingly came into dispute and often conflict with the ruling powers of the city, which after 1996 was the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Massoud Barzani.
According to Anderson and Stansfield, in the 1990s, tension between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen inflamed as the KDP and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) were institutionalized as the political hegemons of the region and, from the perspective of the Iraqi Turkmen, sought to marginalize them from the positions of authority and to subsume their culture with an all-pervading Kurdistani identity. With the support of Ankara, a new political front of Turkmen parties, the Iraqi Turkmen Front (ITF), was formed on 24 April 1995. The relationship between the Iraqi Turkmen Front and the KDP was tense and deteriorated as the decade went on. Iraqi Turkmen associated with the Iraqi Turkmen Front complained about harassment by Kurdish security forces. In March 2000, the Human Rights Watch reported that the KDP's security attacked the offices of the ITF in Erbil, killing two guards, following a lengthy period of disputes between the two parties. In 2002, the KDP created an Iraqi Turkmen political organization, the Turkmen National Association, that supported the further institutionalization of the Kurdistan Region. This was viewed by pro-ITF Iraqi Turkmen as a deliberate attempt to "buy off" Iraqi Turkmen opposition and break their bonds with Ankara. Promoted by the KDP as the "true voice" of the Iraqi Turkmen, the Turkmen National Association has a pro-Kurdistani stance and has effectively weakened the ITF as the sole representative voice of the Iraqi Turkmen. Beginning in 2003, there were riots between Kurds and Turkmen in Kirkuk, a city that Turkmen view as historically theirs. According to United Nations reports, the KRG and Peshmerga were "illegally policing Kirkurk, abducting Turkmen and Arabs and subjecting them to torture". Between 2003 and 2006, 1,350 Turkmens in Tal A'far died and thousands of houses were damaged or demolished, resulting in 4,685 displaced families. A recognized genocide in 2014 was done to Iraqi Turkmen by the Islamic State.
Libya
As for the result of the current Libyan conflict since 2014, Libya was divided into two, where the Government of National Accord in Tripoli enjoys military support from Turkey. This has fueled tensions between Ankara and the Tobruk-based government, and anti-Turkish policies have been pursued by them, In 2019, the Tobruk-based army had arrested Turkish nationals, accusing them of sponsoring terrorism. In 2020, over 15 Turkish nationals have been taken into custody for the same reason. Haftar had also ordered shooting down any Turkish ships and interests, banning flights to Turkey.
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has a very tense relationship with Turkey, owing it to Ottoman-Saudi War when the Saudis were defeated by the Ottomans, which contributed to the Turkish rule for another century before the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and its alliance with the Al-Rashid family against the Al-Saud. The tensions rekindled in the 21st century with Erdoğan's desire to "revive the Ottoman Empire", which draws Saudi Arabia to be more antagonistic to Turkey. Saudi Arabia has since then made numerous policies, such as labeling the Ottoman Empire as the occupants of Arabia, financing movies that are deemed anti-Turkish, and recently, banning Turkish websites and leading boycotts against Turkey.
Syria
From the French mandate era to the Assad regime, the Turkish culture and language have perished for a section of the Syrian Turkmen community. Many Syrian Turkmen have become Arabized and assimilated in areas where they form a minority. Consequently, Arabization is mainly an exception in areas where the Syrian Turkmen live in areas where they form a significant population, where they have continued to maintain their Turkish identity and language despite discriminative state policies.
Since the Turkish annexation of Sanjak of Alexandretta, there is a strong anti-Turkish sentiment among the Syrian population. For the Syrians, the annexation of Alexandretta became a national wound and a symbol of increasing Turkish meddling of Syrian affairs. This had led to the beginning of anti-Turkish discrimination, intensified under the government of Hafez al-Assad and the Arabization process. Syrian Turkmen, suffered discrimination over employment and education and were forbidden from writing and publishing in their native Turkish dialect.
Syrian Turkmen occupied a low rung on the societal ladder, as reported by Al Bawaba, it was stated that Assad always sought to benefit his politically dominant Shiite religious minority. The report quoted Bayırbucak Turkmen as highlighting, "They would take Alawites first no matter what, even if they had degrees, Turkmen couldn't find jobs".
With the beginning of the Syrian Civil War, Syrian Turkmen had sided with the Syrian opposition, which fed the growth of anti-Turkism in Syria. The Syrian Armed Forces, with Russian support, often bombed Syrian Turkmen positions as well as increased xenophobic attacks against Turkmen, accusing them of being Ankara's stooge.
United Arab Emirates
In May 2017, the UAE's Ambassador to the United States, Yousef Al Otaiba described Turkey under Erdoğan as a "long-term threat" to both the UAE and the United States.
In December 2017, the UAE's foreign minister, Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, shared a tweet that claimed an Ottoman general had robbed Medina during Ottoman rule. Emirati diplomat Anwar Gargash then added, "The sectarian and partisan view is not an acceptable alternative, and the Arab world will not be led by Tehran or Ankara."
Further anti-Turkish policies led by the Emirates, such as arming the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces, clashing of influence during the Syrian Civil War, the issue of Qatar crisis and Egypt, and aftermath of the failed 2016 Turkish coup, led to further deterioration of relations and facilitate stronger anti-Turkish tones in the Emirates.
Kurds
A 2013 study showed that 13.2% of the Kurds in Turkey had a negative view of Turks. Other numbers include 22.3% who would not accept a Turkish son/daughter-in-law and 5% who would not want to live next to a Turk. The study also showed that left-oriented Kurds were less likely to show tolerance towards Turks, while religious affiliation did not play any significance.
Europe
According to Fatma Müge Göçek the main reasons for anti-Turkish sentiment in Western Europe are Armenian genocide denial and the role of Turkish migrant workers in the economy.
Albania
In the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Islamic culture and life was destroyed through state policies and a group of Albanian historians, often with nationalist perspectives promoted in their literature "the Turkish savagery" and Albanian Christian resistance toward the Ottoman Empire. Scholars who opposed anti-Turkish and anti-Muslim narratives were subjected to ostracism and penalties.
In the 2010s, opposition to Turkey building mosques in Albania or exerting its political influence exists among part of the population. They view Turkey as an interfering or autocratic power and Islam as a negative imposed Ottoman legacy.
Bulgaria
Before 1878, Turks accounted for an estimated one-third of the population of Bulgaria. In 1876, approximately 70% of the country's arable land belonged to Turks. This number declined from 1923 to 1949, when an estimated 220,000 Turks moved from Bulgaria to Turkey, a migration encouraged by the Turkish government. Another wave of about 155,000 left Bulgaria from 1949 to 1951, many of them forcibly expelled.
In 1984, the government implemented Bulgarisation policies to culturally assimilate Bulgarian Turks. Approximately 800,000 Turks were forced to adopt Bulgarian names. Furthermore, Bulgarian Turks were not allowed to use their Muslim names, speak Turkish in public places, or attend Muslim ceremonies. This assimilation campaign was labelled as an attempt for national revival and was called "The Revival Process".
On 24 December 1984, in the village of Mlechino, Bulgarian police and security forces shot at Turkish protesters when some 200 Turkish villagers from nearby smaller towns gathered to protest for the return of their passports and reinstatement of their Turkish names.
In many Turkish populated areas in Bulgaria, People from smaller towns and villages attempted to gather in larger towns with a government official with greater jurisdiction, to protest against the assimilation policies. These towns were often barricaded by Bulgarian security forces.
On 25 December 1984, close to the town of Benkovski, some 3,000 Turkish protesters from the nearby smaller villages confronted Bulgarian security forces and demanded to have their original identification papers back. The Bulgarian security forces managed to disperse the crowd and urged them to go back to their villages and inquire from the local mayors. After returning to their towns and discovering that the local municipality didn't have their passports and ID documentation the crowd marched back towards the town of Benkovski on the next day (26 December 1984). About 500 armed personnel from Bulgarian security forces were in position. The police presence in the area was previously increased under the guise of "exercise manoeuvres". When the crowd of 2,000 Turkish villagers approached the Bulgarian security forces opened fire with automatic weapons, wounding 8 people and killing 4. One of the killed was a 17-month-old Turkish baby. The victims were from the villages of Kayaloba, Kitna and Mogiljane. The gunshot wounds suggest that the security force had been aiming at the midsection of the bodies. The captured demonstrators were faced down on the snow for 2 hours and blasted with cold water coming from the fire fighting trucks. In a report by Atanas Kadirev the head of the Ministry of Interior Forces in Kardzhali stated "It was interesting how they endured the entire water from the fire fighters' cisterns". The temperature that day was minus 15 degrees Celsius.
On the same day, 26 December 1984, in the village of Gruevo, situated in Momchilgrad county, the Turkish community temporarily resisted the entry of security forces vehicles into the village by burning truck tires on the main road, but the security forces returned at night with reinforcements. The electricity to the village was cut. The villagers organized at the village entrance but were blasted with water from fire trucks. The security forces opened fire at the villagers and several civilians were wounded and killed. The wounded were refused medical treatment. There are reports of incarcerated Turks allegedly committing suicide while held for police questioning. In demonstrations in Momchilgrad at least one 16-year-old was shot and killed and there are reports of casualties also in Dzhebel.
The Bulgarian Ministry of Interior stated "during these few Christmas days there have been some 11 demonstrations in which approximately 11,000 Turks participated." A large number of the arrested protesters were later sent to the Belene labour camp at the gates of which it is written "All Bulgarian citizens are equal under the laws of the People's Republic of Bulgaria"
One of the most notable confrontations between the ethnic Turk population and the Bulgarian State Security apparatus and army was in the village of Yablanovo during January 1985 where the Turkish population resisted the tanks of the 3rd Bulgarian Army for 3 days. When the village was overrun the town hall was made into a temporary Command Centre where imprisoned Turks were tortured. The torture and violation was later continued in the underground cellars of the Ministry of Interior in the city of Sliven. Over 30 people are reported killed during the events in Yablanovo.
These events led to the beginning of the revival of the Turkish minority identity in Bulgaria and protests took place in some of the bigger settlements in the southern and northern Turk enclaves. Moreover, the Turkish community received the solidarity of Bulgarian intellectuals and opponents of the regime.
This led, a few years later, to the biggest exodus in Europe since World War II: After the Bulgaria–Turkey border was opened in June 1989, approximately 350,000 Turks left Bulgaria on tourist visas in the span of three months. Eventually, more than 150,000 Turks returned to Bulgaria—especially after the removal of Todor Zhivkov from power—but more than 200,000 chose to remain in Turkey permanently.
Former Bulgarian prime minister, Boyko Borisov, has been accused of having anti-Turkish tendencies. In December 2009, he backed a referendum, proposed by the nationalist party Attack (Bulgarian: Атака), on whether to allow daily Turkish-language news broadcasts on Bulgarian National Television, although he later withdrew his support. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, then the Turkish prime minister, "expressed his concern of rising anti-Turkish sentiments in Bulgaria" to the Bulgarian prime minister. The Turkish Foreign Ministry also "expressed its concern over the rising heated rhetoric in Bulgaria". According to a report by Ivan Dikov, "not just Атака but a large number of Bulgarians have resented the news in Turkish".
Borisov also referred to Turks (and Romani) as "bad human material" in 2009. The vice president of the Party of European Socialists, Jan Marinus Wiersma, said Borisov had "crossed the invisible line between right wing populism and extremism".
Some Bulgarian historians consider Bulgars, a semi-nomadic Turkic people, as Iranian. According to Raymond Detrez, the Iranian theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria and is ideologically motivated. Since 1989, anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the proto-Bulgars' Turkic origin. Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory, there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin.
Example for recent confrontation between the Turkish population of Bulgaria and Bulgarian politicians is Banya Bashi Mosque clashes
Belgium
There are approximately 290,000 Turkish citizens living in Belgium, The majority of whom left to Belgium in the 1950s. In the past several years, many right and left wings Belgian political parties criticized domestic Turkish politics and called for banning or deporting Turkish immigrants.
In 2015, a female employee shouted "Dirty Turk" (in Dutch: 'Vuile Turk') at a Supervisor of Turkish origin in the Volvo car factory in Ghent, which led to a Strike action by Turkish workers at the factory.
Filip Dewinter a right-wing Flemish nationalist party member said in May 2017 at TV-program De Zevende Dag,
Cyprus
The island of Cyprus became an independent state in 1960, with power shared between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots under the London–Zürich Agreements. But in December 1963, in events that became known as Bloody Christmas in which 364 Turks were killed, Turkish Cypriots were ousted from the republic and Greek Cypriots began a military campaign against them, leading to 11 years of ethnic clashes. Turkish Cypriots bore the heavier cost in terms of casualties, and some 25,000—about a fifth of the population of Turkish Cypriots—were internally displaced. Thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses left behind were ransacked or completely destroyed. They lived as refugees for at least ten years, until the 1974 Turkish invasion. By the late 1960s, approximately 60,000 Turkish Cypriots had left their homes and moved into enclaves. This resulted in an exodus of Turkish Cypriots, with the majority migrating to the United Kingdom and others to Turkey, North America, and Australia.
On 13 February 1963 Greeks and Greek Cypriots attacked the Turkish Cypriot quarter of Limassol with tanks killing 16 and injuring 35 Turks. Between 11 and 13 May 1964, Cypriot Police executed much as 28 Turkish Cypriot civilians in Famagusta and Akrotiri and Dhekelia. On 14 and 15 November 1967, Greek Cypriots murdered 26 Turkish Cypriots during their retreat from Kofinou.
Numerous atrocities against the Turkish Cypriot community were committed in response to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. In the Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre by EOKA B, 126 people were killed on 14 August 1974. The United Nations described the massacre as a crime against humanity, by saying "constituting a further crime against humanity committed by the Greek and Greek Cypriot gunmen." In the Tochni massacre, 85 Turkish Cypriot inhabitants were massacred.
The Washington Post covered another atrocity in which it is written that: "In a Greek raid on a small Turkish village near Limassol, 36 people out of a population of 200 were killed. The Greeks said that they had been given orders to kill the inhabitants of the Turkish villages before the Turkish forces arrived."
In Limassol, upon the fall of the Turkish Cypriot enclave to the Cypriot National Guard on 20 July 1974, the Turkish Cypriot quarter was burned, women raped and children shot according to Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot eyewitness accounts. 1300 people were then led to a prison camp.
On 12 July 2020, The primate of the Church of Cyprus, Archbishop Chrysostomos II has expressed his opinions regarding the reversion of the Hagia Sophia museum to a mosque stating that "The Turks have remained uncivilized, they are rude, and they will remain [this way]." He added that "Turkey has learned to destroy, it has learned to appropriate the cultures of others and sometimes, when it does not benefit it, it destroys them and falsely presents cultures as its own."
Germany
Turks are "the most prominent ethnic minority group in contemporary Germany", and discrimination and violence against them are common. In public discourse and popular jokes, they are often portrayed as "ludicrously different in their food tastes, dress, names, and even in their ability to develop survival techniques".
The number of violent acts by right-wing extremists in Germany increased dramatically between 1990 and 1992. On November 25, 1992, three Turkish residents were killed in a firebombing in Mölln, a town in northern Germany. And on May 29, 1993, in an arson attack in Solingen, five members of a Turkish family that had resided in Germany for 23 years were burnt to death. Several neighbors heard someone shout "Heil Hitler!" before dousing the front porch and door with gasoline and setting fire to the home. Most Germans condemned these attacks, and many marched in candlelight processions.
According to Greg Nees, "because Turks are both darker-skinned and Muslim, conservative Germans are largely against granting them citizenship".
Greece
A member of the European parliament from the Greek far-right Golden Dawn party, former army lieutenant general Eleftherios Synadinos has been expelled from a European Parliament plenary session after a racist remark, stating that "As it has been expressed in scientific literature, the Turks are dirty and polluted. Turks are like wild dogs when they play but when they have to fight against their enemies they run away. The only effective way to deal with the Turks is with decisive and resolute attitudes."
Ioannis Lagos, who has been a Greek lawmaker serving as a Member of the European Parliament, has tore a Turkish flag made of paper into pieces in January 2020 during a session of debate for the humanitarian situation on the Greek islands due to illegal immigrations.
The former Greek Minister for Foreign Affairs Theodoros Pangalos stated in 2002 that Turks have been being allowed "to drag their bloodstained boots across the carpet" in the European Union capitals and has labelled Turks as "bandits, murderers, and rapists".
Netherlands
Turks are the largest ethnic minority group in the Netherlands. Although policies toward Turks in the Netherlands are more progressive than those in many other European countries, such as Germany, in a report on the Netherlands in 2008, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance wrote that the Turkish minority had been particularly affected by "stigmatization of and discrimination against members of minority groups". The report also noted that "the tone of Dutch political and public debate around integration and other issues relevant to ethnic minorities has experienced a dramatic deterioration".
According to the European Network Against Racism, an international organization supported by the European Commission, half of all Turks in the Netherlands report having experienced racial discrimination. The network also noted "dramatic growth" of Islamophobia. In 2001, another international organization, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, highlighted a negative trend in Dutch attitudes towards minorities, compared with average European Union results. That analysis also noted that, compared to other Europeans, the Dutch were "more in favor of cultural assimilation of minorities" rather than "cultural enrichment by minority groups".
Malta
The Maltese have a colourful vocabulary stemming from their fight against the Ottoman Empire during the Great Siege of Malta in 1565. For example, the expression tgħammed tork is used when the sun is visible during rainfall; it means "a Turk has been baptised", which was considered a rare event. The phrase twieled tork ("a Turk was born") is also used. Another expression is ħaqq għat-torok ("curse on the Turks"), used when something goes wrong.
Former Soviet Union
Armenia
According to a 2007 survey, 78% of Armenians see Turkey as a threat.
Georgia
Georgians look with a wary eye to Turkey's growing Neo-Ottomanism and the rise in popularity of irredentist maps showing Turkey with borders expanded into the former Ottoman Empire, usually including Adjara.
Although some Turks have since come back to Meskheti (which is near the Turkish-Georgian border), the Georgians and Armenians who settled in their homes have vowed to take up arms against any who return. Many Georgians have also argued that the Meskhetian Turks should be sent to Turkey, "where they belong".
Russia
According to Stanford University history professor Robert D. Crews, Russia has been historically more tolerant towards Turkic people than any other European administrations, and many Turkic people (Volga Tatars, Bashkirs, Karachays, Nogais, Kazakhs, Chuvash, for example), most of them Muslims, were fairly treated under Tsarist Russia. However, not all Turkic peoples received such generous treatment, for instance, Crimean Tatars under Russian Tsarist administration were forced to leave their houses for Turkey due to Russian colonial politics in the Crimean peninsula. Many Muslim Turks also formed a significant part of Russian Imperial administration and a major bulk of Russian army in its expansion.
In the Soviet Union, the NKVD and the Red Army carried out ethnic cleansing during World War II through mass deportations of Turks. In June 1945, Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet minister of foreign affairs, formally demanded that Turkey surrender three provinces (Kars, Ardahan, and Artvin), and Moscow was also preparing to support Armenian claims to several other provinces. War against Turkey seemed possible, and Joseph Stalin wanted to drive out Turks (especially in Meskheti) who were likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions. The campaign is relatively poorly documented, but Soviet sources suggest that 115,000 Turks were deported, mainly to Central Asia. Most of them settled in Uzbekistan, but many others died along the way.
More recently, some Turks in Russia, especially Meskhetian Turks in Krasnodar, have faced human rights violations, including deprivation of citizenship and prohibitions on employment and owning property. Since 2004, many Turks have left the Krasnodar region for the United States as refugees. They are still barred from full repatriation to Georgia.
Uzbekistan
While Turkey and Uzbekistan have a fair relationship for being commonly Turkic, some tensions were witnessed.
In 1989, 103 people died and more than 1,000 were wounded in ethnic clashes between Turks and Uzbeks. Some 700 houses were destroyed, and more than 90,000 Meskhetian Turks were driven out of Uzbekistan. Many Turks see these events as their "second deportation". Those who remained in Uzbekistan complained of ethnic discrimination.
Former Yugoslavia
After the Ottoman Empire fell in the early 20th century, many Turks fled as Muhacirs (refugees). Others intermarried or simply identified themselves as Yugoslavs or Albanians to avoid stigma and persecution.
Historically, from the Ottoman conquest through the 19th century, many ethnically non-Turkish groups—especially the Muslim Slavs of the Balkans—were referred to in local languages as Turks. This usage is common in literature, including in the works of Ivan Mažuranić and Petar II Petrović-Njegoš. The religious ideology of Christoslavism, coined by Michael Sells, holds that "Slavs are Christian by nature and that any conversion from Christianity is a betrayal of the Slavic race". Under this ideology, as seen in Croatian and Serbian nationalism, South Slavic Muslims are not regarded as part of their ethnic kin; by virtue of their Muslim faith, they become "Turks".
North Macedonia
When North Macedonia proclaimed its independence in 1991, the Macedonian state implemented nationalist politics, which aimed to assimilate Macedonian Muslims into a broader category of "Macedonians". The government banned education in Turkish in all regions to "prevent Turkification". This, however, was met with resistance by Muslims who did not support the association and wanted to learn Turkish and continue their education in Turkish. The protests failed, although one person applied to the European Court of Human Rights. The case revolved around rights to education in the mother tongue.
Bosnian War
Ratko Mladić, Radovan Karadžić's military chief and fellow convicted criminal of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, described the conquest of Srebrenica massacre as an opportunity for "the Serbs to avenge themselves on the Turks".
On July 11, 1995, the town of Srebrenica fell to the Bosnian Serb Army. Its commander Ratko Mladić made his infamous statement at the same day, which has been used against him during International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, while he and his entourage posing for cameras with the town in the background:
Other countries
United States
Anti-Turkism first appeared in the United States during World War I, when the Armenian genocide began and was reported by American newspapers. These reports had reinforced a sense of solidarity to Armenians and increasingly anti-Turkish rhetorics in the United States, with the Turks being equally seen as a barbaric people.
Israel
As a result of the increasing Anti-Zionist and antisemitic sentiment by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Turkish-Israeli relations have been greatly damaged. However, Israelis have generally reserved criticism for only the Turkish government.
In 2019, Benjamin Netanyahu's son, Yair Netanyahu, published a tweet remarking that Istanbul was once called Constantinople, a centre of Orthodox Christianity before "Turkish occupation" of the city, sparking a political crisis between Turkey and Israel.
On 12 July 2020, a group of nine Israelis made up of Christians and Jews burned the Turkish flag at the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv in response to Erdoğan's decision to convert Hagia Sophia back into a mosque. They were later detained by Israeli police.
After the Gaza flotilla raid in 2010, where 10 Turks were killed, and the subsequent diplomatic crisis between Israel and Turkey, the number of Israeli tourists to Turkey shrunk to 100,000 as Israelis preferred to "refrain from visiting the country that was seen to be hostile to them".
By 2019, however, 500,000 Israelis visited Turkey, making it one of the most popular destinations for Israelis.
On 10 February 2023, Israeli top rabbi Shmuel Eliyahu claimed that the earthquake that devastated Turkey was "a divine punishment" because the Turkish government had "defamed" Israel.
New Zealand
The guns and magazines used by Brenton Tarrant, the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings, were covered in white writing naming historical events, people, and motifs related to historical conflicts, wars, and battles between Muslims and European Christians, as well as the names of recent Islamic terrorist attack victims and the names of far-right attackers. Notable references from Ottoman history included Skanderbeg (an Albanian nobleman who led an uprising against the Ottoman Empire), Antonio Bragadin (a Venetian officer who broke an agreement and killed Turkish captives), 1683 (which is the date of the Second Siege of Vienna), Miloš Obilić (who is said to have killed the Ottoman Emperor Murat I in Battle of Kosovo in 1389), János Hunyadi (who had blocked Ottoman attempts to take Belgrade), Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg (who defeated the Ottomans in 1683), the Battle of Kahlenberg (which marked the beginning of the Ottoman withdrawal from the Siege of Vienna) and "Turkofagos" (Turk eater), the nickname of Greek War of Independence revolutionary Nikitaras, which he used to shoot 91 people with, 51 fatal (one Turkish) and 40 wounded.
His 'manifesto' specifically refers to Turks and utters threats against Turkey, that Istanbul's mosques will be destroyed and Hagia Sophia will be Christianized.
He also identifies himself as a "kebab removalist", referencing to the anti-Muslim 'remove kebab' meme often used by the far-right ultra-nationalists and Islamophobes, that originated from Serbia and the Fourteen Words. He was also playing an associated propaganda song in his car before the shooting.
In contemporary media
Movies
Dracula Untold
The film has been accused of Islamophobia for the vilification of Mehmed II and for portraying the figure of Vlad the Impaler as a hero even though, according to Turkish journalist Elest Ali Korkmaz, he "indiscriminately killed Turks and Bulgarians" in real history.
Midnight Express
Midnight Express is criticized for its unfavorable portrayal of Turkish people.
In her 1991 book Turkish Reflections: A Biography of Place, Mary Lee Settle wrote: 'The Turks I saw in Lawrence of Arabia and Midnight Express were like cartoon caricatures, compared to the people I had known and lived among for three of the happiest years of my life.'
Pauline Kael, in reviewing the film for The New Yorker, commented, 'This story could have happened in almost any country, but if Billy Hayes had planned to be arrested to get the maximum commercial benefit from it, where else could he get the advantages of a Turkish jail? Who wants to defend Turks? (They don't even constitute enough of a movie market for Columbia Pictures to be concerned about how they are represented.)'
One reviewer, writing for World Film Directors, wrote: "Midnight Express is 'more violent, as a national hate-film than anything I can remember', 'a cultural form that narrows horizons, confirming the audience's meanest fears and prejudices and resentments'."
David Denby of New York criticized Midnight Express as 'merely anti-Turkish, and hardly a defense of prisoners' rights or a protest against prison conditions'. Denby said also that all Turks in the movie — guardian or prisoner — were portrayed as 'losers' and 'swine', and that 'without exception [all the Turks] are presented as degenerate, stupid slobs'.
Turkish Cypriot film director Derviş Zaim wrote a thesis at the University of Warwick on the representation of Turks in the film, in which he concluded that the one-dimensional portrayal of the Turks as 'terrifying' and 'brutal' served merely to reinforce the sensational outcome, and was likely influenced by such factors as Orientalism and capitalism.
Saturday Night Live
Greek actress Nia Vardalos, participated in a Saturday Night Live episode where Turks were portrayed as dirty, smoking, Arabic speaking, ragtag, nose picking and anti-Armenian characters, which was heavily criticized by the Turkish Forum, a network of expat Turks which protested NBC and asked for a public apology, and the show received heavy criticism by the Turks on the internet.
Expressions containing the word "Turk" in various languages
: In old French, terms such as "C'est un vrai Turc" ("A true Turk") were used to refer to brutish and cruel individuals.
: In contemporary Italian, phrases such as "bestemmia come un Turco" ("Cursing like a Turk") and "puzza come un Turco" ("Stinking like a Turk") are often used. The phrase "Mamma li Turchi!" ("Mommy, Turks are coming!") is used to disclaim fear and upheaval, is often used in media headlines. The phrase "fumare come un turco" ("Smoking like a Turk) is used to indicate excessive consumption of tobacco.
: Some offensive expressions are "Eruit zien als een Turk" ("to look like a Turk"), which means to "seem filthy", "repulsive", or "Rijden als een Turk" ("to drive like a Turk"), meaning "to drive recklessly".
: In Norwegian is used the expression "Sint som en tyrker" which means "angry as a Turk".
: In Romanian language it is common to call "a Turk" somebody who's stubborn, who is not able to understand.
: Spanish people used to say "turco" when they wanted to insult another person.
: In English, phrases such as "Johnny Turk", "out-paramour the Turk", "Turk's head", "turn Turk" and "young Turk" were historically used. Furthermore, the word itself used to have some negative connotations, such as when used to describe barbarians or savages.
See also
Anti-Hungarian sentiment
Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment
Anti-Mongolianism
Insulting Turkishness
Islamophobia
List of massacres of Turkish people
Persecution of Muslims
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
Red Jews
Remove Kebab
Tatarophobia
Turkish fear
References
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External links
Turkey in the Eye of the Beholder:Tracking Perceptions on Turkey through Political Cartoons by Sinan Erensü and Yaşar Adanalı
Patriotism versus Patria by Vartan Harutiunyan
Representation of Turkishness in Hollywood by Aslihan Tokgoz
TURKOPHOBIA:Its Social and Historical Roots By Sabirzyan BADRETDIN
The Unspeakable Turk political cartoons
Marco Türklere ders vermek istemiş!
History of the Turkish people
Turkish | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Turkish%20sentiment |
Dompierre-sur-Veyle (, literally Dompierre on Veyle) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Geography
The Veyle forms part of the commune's southwestern border, then flows north through the middle of the commune.
Population
See also
Communes of the Ain department
Dombes
References
Communes of Ain
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dompierre-sur-Veyle |
The Turkish Republic Railways (TCDD) 46201 Class is a class of ex-USATC Lend-Lease S200 Class 2-8-2 steam locomotives.
Overview
The USATC S200 Class was an American-designed locomotive which they lent-leased to the British for use in the Middle East. The first 29 locomotives, Nos. 46201–29 were delivered to the Turks in 1943. All were coal-burners. The Allies wanted to ensure that the Turks had efficient railway network should their supply lines extend through Turkey, while keeping neutral Turkey friendly towards them. Nazi Germany meanwhile also supplied DRG BR 52-type Kriegsloks to the Turks in 1943 which formed the 56501 Class.
After the war, TCDD acquired 24 more engines, Nos. 46230–53, which were mostly oil-burners. The Turks also obtained ex-USATC S160 Class 2-8-0s which formed the 45171 Class.
Preservation
Two have been preserved, 46244 at Çamlık Railway Museum and 46224 at the TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum in Ankara.
External links
46201 to 46253 Trains of Turkey
46201 class
2-8-2 locomotives
Steam locomotives of Turkey
ALCO locomotives
Baldwin locomotives
Lima locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCDD%2046201%20Class |
Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v. United Kingdom is a case that was argued before the European Court of Human Rights, which ruled in February 1997, that no violation of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights occurred.
Facts
During an investigation led by the Obscene Publications Squad of the Metropolitan Police, several video tapes of homosexual, sado-masochistic sexual encounters were obtained by the police. These encounters involved the applicants and possibly as many as forty-four other men. On the basis of their violent sadomasochistic actions, the men were convicted for assault occasioning actual bodily harm. In R v. Brown, the House of Lords upheld their judgement, finding that consent was not a defence to their actions in these circumstances. The applicants believed that a violation of Article 8 had occurred because the activities were consensual, conducted in a private setting, and none of the participants required medical attention.
Judgment
The European Court of Human Rights unanimously ruled that no violation of Article 8 occurred because the amount of physical or psychological harm that the law allows between any two people, even consenting adults, is to be determined by the State the individuals live in, as it is the State's responsibility to balance the concerns of public health and well-being with the amount of control a State should be allowed to exercise over its citizens.
More specifically, the Court ruled that the reasons that the police gave for confiscating the tapes were valid, and that the action was justified granted the number of charges that were brought against the applicants. The ruling also questioned whether or not the tapes could be considered part of the applicants' private lives, because so many people were involved in the footage, as well as because the applicants made and distributed the recordings in the first place.
The Court stressed that the ruling in Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v. United Kingdom should be seen as distinct from that in Dudgeon v. United Kingdom, an earlier, similar case relating to sexual behavior between consenting adults.
Related case
K. A. and A. D. v. Belgium (17.2.2005, applications 42758/98 and 45558/99)
ADT v. UK 21.7.2000
See also
Operation Spanner
References
Text of judgment from World Legal Information Institute
BDSM
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights cases involving the United Kingdom
1997 in United Kingdom case law
1997 in LGBT history
United Kingdom LGBT rights case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskey%2C%20Jaggard%20and%20Brown%20v%20United%20Kingdom |
A referendum on restoring the monarchy was held in Greece on 3 November 1935. The proposal was approved by nearly 97.9% of voters, although the conduct during the referendum is not considered to have been free or fair. George II returned from exile and was restored to the throne on 25 November 1935.
Background
After the defeat of Greece by the Turkish National Movement (the "Asia Minor Disaster" of 1922), the defeated army revolted against the royal government. King Constantine I was forced to abdicate in 1922, and died in exile in 1923. His eldest son and successor, King George II, was soon after asked by the parliament to leave Greece so the nation could decide what form of government it should adopt. In a 1924 referendum, Greeks voted to create a republic.
In 1935, Prime Minister Georgios Kondylis, a former pro-Venizelos military officer, became the most powerful political figure in Greece. On 10 October, he compelled Panagis Tsaldaris to resign as Prime Minister and took over the government, suspending many constitutional provisions in the process. Kondylis, who had now joined the Conservatives, decided to hold a referendum in order to re-establish the monarchy, despite the fact that he used to be a supporter of the anti-monarchist wing of Greek politics.
The referendum was scheduled to take place on 3 November per resolution "on the abolition of the republic" of 10 October 1935 (ΦΕΚ Α΄ 456).
Conduct
Observers of the time expressed serious doubts about the vote's legitimacy. Besides the implausibly high "yes" vote, the vote was held in far-from-secret circumstances. Voters dropped a blue piece of paper into the ballot box if they supported the king's return, or a red paper to retain the republic. Anyone who cast a red paper risked being beaten up.
Results
References
Plebiscite
1930s in Greek politics
Referendums in Greece
Greece
Republicanism in Greece
History of Greece (1924–1941)
Monarchism in Greece
Monarchy referendums
Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%20Greek%20monarchy%20referendum |
Juvenal de Holanda Vasconcelos, known as Naná Vasconcelos (2 August 1944 – 9 March 2016), was a Brazilian percussionist, vocalist and berimbau player, notable for his work as a solo artist on over two dozen albums, and as a backing musician with Pat Metheny, Don Cherry, Jan Garbarek, Egberto Gismonti, Gato Barbieri, and Milton Nascimento.
Biography
Vasconcelos was born in Recife, Brazil. Beginning from 1967 he joined many artists' works as a percussionist. Among his many collaborations, he contributed to four Jon Hassell albums from 1976 to 1980 (including Possible Musics by Brian Eno and Hassell), and later to several Pat Metheny Group works and Jan Garbarek concerts from early 1980s to early 1990s. In 1984 he appeared on the Pierre Favre album Singing Drums along with Paul Motian. He also appears on Arild Andersen's album If You Look Far Enough with Ralph Towner.
He formed a group named Codona with Don Cherry and Collin Walcott, which released three albums in 1978, 1980 and 1982.
Between 1984 and 1989, he was the Honorary President of the first samba school in the UK, the London School of Samba.
In 1981 he performed at the Woodstock Jazz Festival, held in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Creative Music Studio. In 1998, Vasconcelos contributed "Luz de Candeeiro" to the AIDS benefit compilation album Onda Sonora: Red Hot + Lisbon produced by the Red Hot Organization.
Vasconcelos was awarded the Best Percussionist Of The Year by the Down Beat Critics Poll for seven consecutive years, from 1984 to 1990. He was also honored with eight Grammy Awards.
Vasconcelos was diagnosed with lung cancer in mid 2015. He died from the disease on 9 March 2016, in Recife.
Instruments
Vasconcelos played congas, berimbau, gourd, triangle, drums, cymbals, repique, tambourine, gong, caxixi, talking drum, cuica, shaker, palmas, pandeiro, zabumba, udu, cabasa, prato, tambor, hi-hats, bells, water drum, vibraphone, güiro, ganza, cowbell, tabla, xequere, Turkish drum, repique, cymbals, surdo, shells, African bells, agogo bells, clay pot, timpani, snare drum, flexatone, Tibetan gong and other assorted percussion.
Discography
As leader
El Increible Nana Con Agustin Pereyra Lucena (Tonodisc, 1971)
Amazonas (Philips, 1973)
Nana, Nelson Angelo, Novelli (Saravah, 1975)
Saudades (ECM, 1980)
Zumbi (Europa, 1983)
Lester (Soul Note, 1987)
Bush Dance (Antilles, 1987)
Rain Dance (Antilles, 1989)
Storytelling (Hemisphere, 1995)
Fragments Modern Tradition (Tzadik, 1997)
Contaminacao (M. Officer Estudio 1999)
Minha Loa (Net, 2001)
Chegada (Azul Music, 2005)
Trilhas (Azul Music, 2006)
Sinfonia & Batuques (Azul Music, 2011)
4 Elementos (Pernambuco, 2013)
As sideman
With Ambitious Lovers
Greed (Virgin, 1988)
Love Overlap (Virgin, 1988)
Lust (Elektra, 1991)
With Arild Andersen
Sagn (Kirkelig Kulturverksted, 1990)
If You Look Far Enough (ECM, 1993)
Arv (Kirkelig Kulturverksted, 1994)
With Gato Barbieri
Fenix (Flying Dutchman, 1971)
El Pampero (Flying Dutchman, 1972)
Live in Buenos Ayres 1971 (Oxford, 1976)
Bolivia (RCA, 1985)
With Don Cherry
Organic Music Society (Caprice, 1973)
Multikuti (A&M, 1990)
Live at the Bracknell Jazz Festival, 1986 (BBC, 2002)
Om Shanti Om (Black Sweat, 2020
With Codona
Codona (ECM, 1979)
Codona 2 (ECM, 1981)
Codona 3 (ECM, 1983)
With Pino Daniele
Musicante (EMI/Bagaria, 1984)
Scio (Atlantic, 1984)
Iguana Cafe (RCA/Sony BMG, 2005)
With Eliane Elias
Eliane Elias Plays Jobim (Blue Note, 1990)
Fantasia (Blue Note, 1992)
Paulistana (Blue Note, 1993)
With Jan Garbarek
Eventyr (ECM, 1981)
Legend of the Seven Dreams (ECM, 1988)
I Took Up the Runes (ECM, 1990)
With Egberto Gismonti
Danca das Cabecas (ECM, 1977)
Sol do Meio Dia (ECM, 1978)
Duas Vozes (ECM, 1984)
Trem Caipira (EMI, 1985)
With Jon Hassell
Earthquake Island (Tomato, 1978)
Vernal Equinox (Lovely Music, 1978)
Fourth World, Vol. 1: Possible Musics (Editions EG/Polydor, 1980)
Sulla Strada (Materiali Sonori, 1995)
With Arto Lindsay
Subtle Body (ArsNova, 1996)
Reentry (Gut for Life, 1997)
Noon Chill (Bar/None, 1998)
With Pat Metheny
As Falls Wichita, So Falls Wichita Falls (ECM, 1981)
Offramp (ECM, 1982)
Travels (ECM, 1983)
Secret Story (Geffen, 1992)
With Milton Nascimento
Milagre dos peixes (Odeon, 1973)
Geraes (EMI, 1976)
Journey to Dawn (A&M, 1979)
Miltons (CBS, 1988)
Angelus (Warner 1993)
Milton (EMI, 1995)
Maria Maria/Ultimo Trem (Warner 2002)
Maria Maria (Far Out, 2019)
With Caetano Veloso
Estrangeiro (Philips, 1989)
Circuladô (Philips, 1991)
Antologia 67/03 (Universal, 2003)
With others
Pierre Akendengue, Nandipo (Saravah, 1974)
Herb Alpert, You Smile – The Song Begins (1974)
Laurie Anderson, Strange Angels (Warner Bros., 1989)
Badi Assad, Verde (Edge Music, 2004)
Aztec Camera, Dreamland (Edsel, 1993)
Ginger Baker, Horses & Trees (Celluloid, 1986)
Zeca Baleiro, Cafe No Bule (Selo, 2015)
Harry Belafonte, Turn the World Around (CBS, 1977)
Walter Bishop Jr., Illumination (1977)
Luiz Bonfa, The New Face of Bonfa (RCA, 2003)
Safy Boutella, Mejnoun (Indigo, 1992)
Jonathan Butler, Head to Head (Mercury, 1993)
Vinicius Cantuaria, Tucuma (Verve, 1998)
Carminho, Canto (Warner/Parlophone, 2014)
Baikida Carroll, Orange Fish Tears (Palm, 1974)
Ron Carter, Patrão (Milestone, 1981)
Jean-Roger Caussimon, Jean-Roger Caussimon (Saravah, 1974)
Gal Costa, Legal (Philips, 1970)
Beverley Craven, Love Scenes (550 Music/Epic, 1993)
Eduardo De Crescenzo, Cante Jondo (Ricordi, 1991)
Jack DeJohnette, Irresistible Forces (MCA Impulse! 1987)
Joao Donato, Quem e Quem (Odeon, 1973)
Luiz Eca, La Nueva Onda De Brasil (Lazarus, 2004)
Pierre Favre, Singing Drums (ECM, 1984)
Cordel do Fogo Encantado, Cordel do Fogo Encantado (Rec-Beat, 2001)
Michael Franks, Passionfruit (Warner Bros., 1983)
Chico Freeman, The Search (India Navigation, 1983)
Gipsy Kings, Love and Liberté (CBS/Sony, 1993)
Danny Gottlieb, Whirlwind (Atlantic, 1989)
Trilok Gurtu, Living Magic (CMP, 1991)
Jay Hoggard, Days Like These (Arista GRP, 1979)
Rolf Kuhn, The Day After (MPS, 1972)
Sergio Mendes, Brasil '88 (RCA, 2002)
Shigeharu Mukai, Pleasure (Better Days, 1980)
Mark Helias, The Current Set (Enja, 1987)
Terumasa Hino, City Connection (Flying Disk, 1979)
Terumasa Hino, Daydream (JVC, 1990)
Bendik Hofseth, Itaka (Grappa, 2005)
Toninho Horta, Moonstone (PolyMedia, 1989)
Joyce, Visions of Dawn (Far Out, 2009)
Nigel Kennedy, Kafka (EMI, 1996)
Chaka Khan, Naughty (Warner Bros., 1980)
B.B. King, Now Appearing at Ole Miss (MCA, 1980)
B.B. King, King of the Blues (MCA, 1992)
Joachim Kuhn, Hip Elegy (MPS/BASF, 1976)
Jon Lucien, Romantico (Zemajo, 1980)
John Lurie, Down by Law (Made to Measure/Crammed Discs, 1987)
Lyle Mays, Lyle Mays (Geffen, 1986)
Lloyd McNeill, Tori (Baobab, 1978)
Lloyd McNeill, Elegia (Baobab, 1980)
Sérgio Mendes, Brasil '88 (1986)
Marisa Monte, Mais (EMI, 1991)
Marisa Monte, Green, Blue, Yellow, Rose and Charcoal (Metro Blue/EMI, 1994)
Bob Moses, When Elephants Dream of Music (Gramavision, 1983)
Mundo Livre S/A, Samba Esquema Noise (Banguela, 1994)
Oliver Nelson, Swiss Suite (Philips, 1972)
Os Mutantes, A Divina Comédia ou Ando Meio Desligado (1970)
Penguin Cafe Orchestra, Union Cafe (Zopf, 1993)
Jim Pepper, Comin' and Goin' (Antilles, 1983)
Ivo Perelman, Man of the Forest (GM, 1994)
Jean-Luc Ponty, Live at Montreux 72 (Pierre Cardin/Disc'Az 1972)
Enrico Rava, String Band (Soul Note, 1984)
Claudio Roditi, Red, On (Red/CTI, 1984)
Orphy Robinson, The Funky End of Things (Blue Note, 1994)
Orphy Robinson, The Vibes Describes (Blue Note, 1994)
Perry Robinson, Nana Vasconcelos, Badal Roy, Kundalini (Improvising Artists, 1978)
Badal Roy, Asian Journal (Music of the World, 1994)
Ryuichi Sakamoto, Beauty (Virgin, 1989)
Monica Salmaso, Trampolim (Discmedi Blau, 1998)
David Sanborn, Upfront (Elektra, 1992)
Masahiko Satoh, Randooga (Epic, 1990)
Zbigniew Seifert, Passion (Capitol, 1979)
Woody Shaw, For Sure! (Columbia, 1980)
Woody Shaw, Rosewood (Columbia, 1998)
Andy Sheppard, Inclassificable (Label Bleu, 1994)
Robertinho Silva, Robertinho Silva (Philips, 1981)
Carly Simon, Have You Seen Me Lately? (Arista, 1990)
Paul Simon, The Rhythm of the Saints (Warner Bros., 1990)
U. Srinivas, Dream (Real World/Virgin, 1995)
Jeremy Steig, Rain Forest (CMP, 1980)
Fredy Studer, Seven Songs (veraBra, 1991)
Andy Summers, World Gone Strange (Private Music, 1991)
Talking Heads, Little Creatures (Sire, 1985)
Gary Thomas, By Any Means Necessary (JMT, 1989)
Leon Thomas, Gold Sunrise on Magic Mountain (Mega/Flying Dutchman, 1971)
Trio da Paz, Black Orpheus (Kokopelli, 1994)
Akiko Yano, Love Life (Nonesuch, 1993)
Yellowjackets, Like a River (GRP, 1993)
References
External links
Nana Vasconcelos official website
A fan site with a complete discography
Brazilian drummers
Brazilian percussionists
1944 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian jazz musicians
Jazz percussionists
Latin jazz drummers
Latin Grammy Award winners
Pat Metheny Group members
Antilles Records artists
People from Recife
Deaths from cancer in Pernambuco
Deaths from lung cancer
20th-century drummers
21st-century drummers
20th-century Brazilian male singers
20th-century Brazilian singers
21st-century Brazilian male singers
21st-century Brazilian singers
Male jazz musicians
Penguin Cafe Orchestra members
Codona members
Improvising Artists Records artists
Brazilian male singer-songwriters
Brazilian singer-songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan%C3%A1%20Vasconcelos |
The Langenstein-Zwieberge was a concentration camp, an under-camp of the Buchenwald concentration camp. More than 7000 prisoners from 23 countries were imprisoned there between April 1944 and April 1945. The camp was situated in the village of Langenstein, Saxony-Anhalt, which has since been absorbed into the town of Halberstadt.
History
The first group of deportees from Buchenwald arrived on 21 April 1944. They were 18, French, and formed the executives of the Kommando future. They were initially placed in an inn of the periphery of Langenstein, then, the convoys following one another, while waiting for the completion of the construction of the camp, in a barn, which still exists, located at the exit of the village. Six convoys arrived, from 26 September 1944 to 18 February 1945.
The construction of the camp was completed in August 1944 with the electrified enclosure; 7 blocks plus the appendices (Revier, kitchen, etc.) the inn and the barn replaced. When manpower reached 5,100 prisoners, in February 1945, there were 18 blocks.
Manpower decreased then (4,400 people at the beginning of April 1945), the number of deaths exceeded the number of the newcomers by far.
In the week from 19 to 25 March 1945, on 1308 dead deducted for Buchenwald and its Kommandos, Langenstein-Zwieberge had the unhappy privilege to arrive at the head, with 234 dead, in front of Ohrdruf (207) and Leau (69).
Work
As of the first days of their arrival, the deportees started to dig galleries in the still virgin site of the hills of Thekenberge. In ten months of terrible sufferings, the prisoners completed nearly 10 km of galleries, of a surface of 60.000 m2. Some were enough vast to accommodate trains of coaches. Some had cost a death per meter of projection. Life expectancy for prisoners was six weeks.
Prisoners worked in two 12-hour shifts under atrocious conditions, in dust, insufficient air, and under the blows of the kapos. Many returned to the camp exhausted, with barely enough energy to eat their soup.
The principal goal of the excavations was to hide production facilities for the Junkers factories that would build new types of jets and weapons. With this in mind, the Junkers firm arranged a small camp of three huts inside the large camp in edge of the place of call to place there deportees specialists, 869 people, arrivals of Kommandos of Halberstadt, Aschersleben, Langensalza, and Niederorschel.
The small camp, with neither reed nor straw mattress, the prisoners, like the others, were forced to dig tunnels.
Deaths
Dead prisoners were initially sent to the Quedlinburg by horse-drawn car, then by truck. The ashes of 912 victims, including 131 French, rest in the cemetery of this city.
In March, the crematory couldn't continue its work for lack of fuel, and the bodies accumulated in a hut. They were buried, either in four large pits outside the camp that contain more than 700, or close to Revier, inside the camp, in a pit where several hundreds of other bodies lie.
The corpses were transported, by two, in wooden cases carried by four prisoners after work. They emptied the cases into the pits and the downward file was going to seek a new loading until almost complete exhaustion of the mass grave. The last bodies, in full decomposition, untransportable, remained in the hut. The S.S. responsible for the loading closed again the hut with key because there had been flights of thighs of corpses.
On the evening of 9 April 1945, ahead of the advance of the American troops, who reached the Elbe, 3,000 survivors of the camp, in six columns of 500, escorted by the S.S. marched east. The majority went during 15 days and, after 300 km, were found close to Wittenberg, on Elbe.
One column was completely destroyed without a trace. Another column marched until 28 April and arrived close to Berlin with only 18 survivors. It is roughly estimated that 500 to 1500 survived these column marches.
Liberation of the camp
On 11 April 1945, the US 8th Armored Division, 83rd Infantry Division liberated the camp.
The first Allied soldier in the camp, First Lieutenant Raymond L. Reed, a medic with the U.S. 8th Armored Division writes, "Sometime between Apr. 10 – 15th I found Langenstein concentration camp when the townspeople told me there was a "Concentrations-lager" on the hill overlooking the town. I opened the gates and not a sound from the camp, no dogs, no guards, nothing. Drew my P-38 from my holster & opened the door of the 1st barrack & found a horrible sight – emaciated men 3 to 4 to a bunk, some dead, some alive. No reaction – living zombies just stared at me. Estimated 1,000 alive. Radioed back for field hospital. Only 100 remained alive 1 week later. Took book on prisoners from headquarters and gave to my commanding officer – prisoners fed only water and potato peels."
First Allied infantry soldiers to discover the camp, PFCs Norman Panagos and Irving "Ike" Olshaker of M Company, 331st Regiment, 83rd Infantry Division, report seeing German jeeps exiting the rear of the camp as the infantrymen approach the front gate. GIs were stunned at the sight and smell, and handed out what little rations and cigarettes they had on them.
Excerpt from an after action report of the 78th Armored Medical Battalion concerning the Langenstein concentration camp:
"A camp for political prisoners. In fact it was an "extermination" camp, the inmates being forced to work about 15 hour per day in the nearby mine on a small ration of dry bread and water. When prisoners became too weak to work there were generally executed by the SS guards. Mortality averaged about 300 per month. They were buried in communal graves, a new layer being added each day. Number presently is about 1100, all male, roughly divided as follows—300 Poles, 200 Russians, 200 French, 100 Belgians and Dutch, 200 Czechs and 100 Germans.
As a consequence of bad treatment by the Germans during the last days of their regime, the present death rate is between 25 and 30 per day. The average weight of the patients is 60 lbs, due to malnutrition. The men are all lousy and the barracks and wooden beds are full of lice, there is no report of typhus. Practically all have dysentery. Most of the inmates are stretcher cases."
An excerpt from an article in Stars and Stripes, Friday April 20, 1945, reads, "The smell of death was there, even among the still living. In the hospital were those about to die. There was one man who had been beaten about the hips for stealing potato peelings. He just didn't have any flesh there any more.
The rest of the men in the hospital had dysentery. They lay there in their own excrement, too weak to move. One man, stronger than the rest, stood at the door. He wore only a short nightshirt. You could see he had no thighs, no calves, no hips. His legs were bones with great knobs for knees. His body was a skeleton covered with taut, gray skin."
On 18 April all these patients were taken by military ambulances to a barracks of Halberstadt which had been transformed into a hospital. The majority of the evacuees died there in the days that followed. Their remains rest in a common grave in the city cemetery.
The Langenstein-Zwieberge Memorial
On 11 September 1949 a memorial and a commemorative plaque were inaugurated at the place of the common graves. Since 1976 there exists a museum on the ground of the Memorial of Langenstein-Zwieberge.
References and sources
Testimonies
Adler, H. G. Panorama. Roman in 10 Bildern. Olten 1968. (München: Piper 1988.)
Adler, H. G. Der Wahrheit verpflichtet. Gerlingen 1998.
Adler, H. G. Eine Reise. Wien: Zsolnay 1999.
Berti, Alberto. Die Reise zum Planeten der Nazis. Trieste – Buchenwald – Langenstein. Mailand 1989.
Bertrand, Louis. Nummer 85250. Konzentrationslager Buchenwald – Aussenkommando Langenstein-Zwieberge. Témoignage. Valdoie: Prête-moi ta plume 2005.
Berzins-Birze, Miervaldis. Im Todeslager von Salaspilsk. Riga 1964.
Burelli, Dino: Mamma sto bene... non mi sono fatto niente... Udine: A.P.O. 2006.
Campredon, Gabriel. Louis Dalle un homme libre. Saint Chély-d'Apcher: Association "Louis Dalle un homme libre" 5. Auflage 2002.
Comité "Fidélité". Jean Lepicier. Jociste angevin. Déporté et mort à Buchenwald (Kdo Langenstein). 1992.
Coupechoux, Roger. La nuit de Walpurgis. Avoir vingt ans à Langenstein. Paris: L'Harmattan 2004.
Gaben, Lucien. L'honneur d'être témoin. Albi: Imprimerie coopérative du sud ouest 1990.
Hager, Konrad. Protokoll des Unbegreiflichen. Aus dem Tagebuch eines Landpfarrers. Halberstadt o.J.
Ivanij, Ivan. Schattenspringen. Wien: Picus 1993.
Ivanij, Ivan. Die andere Seite der Ewigkeit. Zwanzig Geschichten vom Tod. Wien: Picus 1994.
Klieger, Bernard. Le chemin que nous avons fait. Bruxelles: Editions BEKA 1946.
Klieger, Bernard. Der Weg, den wir gingen. Bruxelles: Codac Juifs 1960.
De Lecat, Basqual. Le miracle. Mulhouse: Imprimerie Bader 1963.
Le Goupil, Paul. La route des crématoires. Labergement: L'Amitié par le livre 1962/1983.
Le Goupil, Paul. Un Normand dans… Itinéraire d'une guerre 1939-1945. Paris: Editions Tirésias Michel Reynaud 1991.
Le Goupil, Paul. Erinnerungen eines Normannen 1939-1945. Paris: Editions Tirésias Michel Reynaud 1995.
Leroyer, Roger. Clamavi ad te… j'ai crié vers toi j'ai tellement crié vers toi… Cestas: Eigenverlag des Authors 1996.
Leroyer, Roger. Clamavi ad te. Jena: Bussert & Stadeler 2003.
Lustiger, Gila. Die Bestandsaufnahme. Berlin: Aufbau Taschenbuch 1996.
Molette, Charles. Gérard Cendrier. Scout en franciscain mort à Buchenwald en 1945. "L'un des cinquante". Magny-les-Hameaux: Socéval 2006.
de Montangon, Jean. Un Saint-Cyrien des années 40. Éditions France-Empire 1987.
Obréjan, Maurice. L'étrange destinée d'un homme trois fois français. Paris: La Pensée Universelle 1994.
Pannier, Roger. Jusqu'au martyre. Éditions des Etannets 1995.
Maître Pierre Antoine Perrod. L'honneur d'être dupe. Éditions Horvath 1982.
Petit, Georges. Retour à Langenstein. Une expérience de la déportation. Paris: Belin 2001.
Petit, Georges. Rückkehr nach Langenstein. Erfahrungen eines Deportierten. Hürth bei Köln: Edition Memoria 2004.
de Saint Marc, Hélie. Mémoires - Les champs de braises. Paris: Perrin 1995 (2002).
de Saint Marc, Hélie. Asche und Glut: Erinnerungen. Friedberg: Edition AtlantiS 1998.
de Saint Marc, Hélie. Les sentinelles du soir. Paris: Les Arènes 1999.
de Saint Marc, Hélie. Die Wächter des Abends. Friedberg: Edition AtlantiS 2000.
de Saint Marc, Hélie und August von Kageneck. Notre histoire 1922-1945. Paris: Les Arènes 2002.
de Saint Marc, Hélie. Toute une vie. Paris: Les Arènes 2004.
Sarkowicz, Hans (Hg.) "Als der Krieg zu Ende war…". Erinnerungen an den 8. Mai 1945. Frankfurt a. M. und Leipzig: Insel 1995.
Sauvot, Jean. Tu raconteras à ton fils. Éditions Vent de Crau 1985.
de Wijze, Louis. Ontsnapping uit de dodenmarsch. Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw 1995.
de Wijze, Louis. Only my life: a survivor's story. New York: St. Martin's Press 1997.
de Wijze, Louis. Rien que ma vie. Récit d'un rescapé. Paris: L'Harmattan 2001.
Willner, Eddie, testimony to US Holocaust Memorial Museum and Steven Spielberg Shoah Foundation.
Wojnowski, Edmund. Człowiek przetrzymał. Gdańsk: Zrzeszenie Kaszubsk´-Pomorskie 1985.
Wojnowski, Edmund. Egzamin Dojrzałości. Toruń: Wydawnictwo "Żywe Kamienie" 2000.
Specialized literature
Baccaria, Laurent. Commandant de Saint-Marc. Paris: Édition académique Perrin 1989.
Jakob, Volker und Annet van der Voort. Anne Frank war nicht allein. Lebensgeschichten deutscher Juden in den Niederlanden. Berlin und Bonn: J.H.W. Dietz Nachf. 1988.
Fauser, Ellen (Hrsg.). Die Kraft im Unglück. Erinnerungen an Langenstein-Zwieberge - Außenlager des KZ Buchenwald. Halberstadt o. J.
Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Sachsen-Anhalt (Hg). Verortet. Erinnern und Gedenken in Sachsen-Anhalt. Magdeburg 2004.
Le Goupil, Paul und Roger Leroyer. Mémorial des Français déportés au camp de Langenstein-Zwieberge. Kommando de Buchenwald. Luneray : Imp. Bertout o. J.
Lustiger, Arno. Zum Kampf auf Leben und Tod. Vom Widerstand der Juden 1933-1945. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch 1994.
See also
List of Nazi-German concentration camps
References
External links
Photos taken by soldiers of the 8th Armored Division
History of U.S. 8th Armored Division, which liberated the camp
Testimony of Eddie Hellmuth Willner, former prisoner of the camp
Current photographies taken by the French photographer Raymond Faure
1944 establishments in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany
Buchenwald concentration camp
Halberstadt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenstein-Zwieberge |
Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa (), better known as Cultural Leonesa or La Cultural, is a Spanish football team based in León, in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon. Founded on 5 August 1923, it currently plays in Primera División RFEF – Group 1, holding home games at Estadio Reino de León, with a capacity of 13,346 seats.
Ahead of the 2014–15 season, the club released a kit designed to look like a tuxedo. The kit, which attracted huge attention in the media and social networking sites, was worn in a pre-season charity match in support of local charities for mining families.
History
Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa was founded on 5 August 1923.
In 1926, Cultural Leonesa won the Regional championship and in 1929 Cultural played the Segunda División B and promoted to the second division.
In 1931, the club ceased activity and several teams were created in the city with the aim to replace them, but after the Spanish Civil War, Cultural Leonesa came back to the competition.
In 1955, Cultural was promoted for the first time to La Liga, but they could only play one season in the Spanish top tier.
In 2011, the club was relegated to Tercera División due to unpaid debts to the players and took two years to recover the place in the third tier. In 2015, the Qatari Aspire Academy bought a controlling 99% of the shares of the club, thus avoiding its dissolution.
On 28 May 2017, Cultural was promoted to Segunda División after 42 years by defeating Barcelona B in the promotion play-offs. On 3 January 2018, Leeds United announced an official partnership with Cultural Leonesa's owners Aspire Academy in Qatar. The link up saw Leeds players Yosuke Ideguchi and Ouasim Bouy both join Cultural Leonesa on loan as part of the unique partnership.
On 2 June 2018, Cultural was relegated to the third level, after being defeated by Numancia on the last matchday. In the 2018–19 season the club played in Segunda División B, Group 1 and fought to be promoted back to the second tier. But it finished only in the 5th position. The club had a good start on the 2019–20 season, being in the 2nd position after first 16 games. In the 2019–2020 season, they upset Atletico de Madrid in the Copa del Rey Round of 32.
On 2 December 2020, Cultural hired Iñigo Idiakez as Head Coach who came from Luton Town in EFL Championship and previously Leicester City and Derby County.
Club structure
Season to season
1 season in La Liga
15 seasons in Segunda División
3 seasons in Primera Federación
36 seasons in Segunda División B
33 seasons in Tercera División
Players
Current squad
.
Reserve team
Out on loan
Coaching staff
Notable former players
Note: this list includes players that have appeared in at least 100 league games and/or have reached international status.
Famous coaches
Miguel Ángel Rubio
Stadium
Reserve team
Júpiter Leonés is the reserve team of the club.
Founded in 1929, later known as Cultural de León and finally changed to its current name Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa "B" Jupiter Leonés. After the 2009–10, the team was dissolved after Cultural was relegated to Tercera División due to its debts. In 2014, it was re-founded as the reserve team and after three promotions it currently plays in Tercera División, the fourth tier, after gaining promotion in the Primera División Regional de Aficionados 2017–18 season.
References
External links
Official website
Futbolme team profile
Unofficial website
Club & Stadium History at Estadios de España
Football clubs in Castile and León
Association football clubs established in 1923
1923 establishments in Spain
Sport in León, Spain
Segunda División clubs
La Liga clubs
Primera Federación clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20y%20Deportiva%20Leonesa |
David K. Gassner (born December 14, 1978) is a former professional baseball pitcher. Gassner is a 1997 graduate of Hortonville High School in Hortonville, Wisconsin and 2002 graduate of Purdue University with a degree in Education.
Career
Gassner played college baseball for the Purdue Boilermakers from 1998–2001.
He was selected by Toronto Blue Jays in the 2001 amateur entry draft, and played in their minor league organization from through
On December 15, 2003, Gassner was sent to the Minnesota Twins to complete a trade made on July 16, 2003 where the Blue Jays sent Shannon Stewart and a player to be named later (Gassner) to the Twins for Bobby Kielty.
Gassner spent the entire season with the Rochester Red Wings of the International League. On April 16, 2005 made his major league debut for the Twins against the Cleveland Indians getting the win by pitching 6 innings giving up only one earned run. Gassner was to have only one more start for the Twins, spending most of the season with the Rochester Red Wings.
Gassner missed the majority of the season with a left elbow strain and spent the entire season with the Rochester Red Wings where he compiled a 6-12 record and a 4.95 ERA.
Gassner started the season playing for the York Revolution of the Atlantic League, but on June 6, 2008 he was signed to a minor league contract by the Boston Red Sox and assigned to the Double-A Portland Sea Dogs.
On June 7 Gassner made his first start for the Sea Dogs against the Akron Aeros earning a no decision after pitching 5 innings, allowing 6 hits and 2 earned runs. He became a free agent at the end of the season. Gassner signed with the York Revolution of the Atlantic League for the 2009 season. He retired on August 26, 2009.
Awards and recognition
2001 – Big Ten Conference All-Star SP
2003 – Eastern League (AA) All-Star and League ERA Leader.
2004 – Triple-A All-Star SP
2007 – International League Pitcher of the Week
After baseball life
In 2010, Gassner was named head coach of the Appleton West varsity baseball team in Appleton, Wisconsin. He is also a substitute teacher in the fields of science and mathematics for the Appleton Area School District.
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Minnesota Twins players
Baseball players from Wisconsin
Major League Baseball pitchers
New Haven Ravens players
Rochester Red Wings players
Portland Sea Dogs players
Purdue Boilermakers baseball players
York Revolution players
People from Hortonville, Wisconsin
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players
Charleston AlleyCats players
Dunedin Blue Jays players
Fort Myers Miracle players
Gulf Coast Twins players
Syracuse SkyChiefs players
Tennessee Smokies players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Gassner |
Atwima Nwabiagya Municipal District is one of the forty-three districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as Atwima District. Later, part of the district was split off by a decree of president John Agyekum Kufuor on 12 November 2003 (effectively 17 February 2004) to create Atwima Mponua District; thus the remaining part was renamed to become Atwima Nwabiagya District. However on 15 March 2018, the northern part of the district was later split off to create Atwima Nwabiagya North District; while the remaining part was elevated to municipal district assembly status on the same year to become Atwima Nwabiagya Municipal District. The municipality is located in the western part of Ashanti Region and has Nkawie as its capital town.
References
Sources
GhanaDistricts.com
19 New Districts Created , GhanaWeb, November 20, 2003.
Districts of Ashanti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwima%20Nwabiagya%20Municipal%20District |
Jack Taylor (1945 or 1946 – 4 February 2006) was reputedly Britain's fattest man.
Taylor claimed to weigh (or 317 kg) being 48st when he worked at Morley's using their weighbridge. Also he had to wear specially made trousers of waist. He became all but a recluse, spending his days simply eating and watching videos, and venturing outside exclusively for hospital appointments. Taylor achieved notoriety in Germany for his eccentric appearance, notably his wig, which he fashioned himself from electrical tape. If anyone asked him about his "hair", he would answer "It's Jack's creation, Jack likes it and it suits him!".
His diet was said to consist of up to 15 tandooris each day. He achieved some notoriety as a result of his size, including appearing on the TV show The Fattest Men in Britain alongside Barry Austin. In one TV show, Being The Fattest Man, he was weighed at 31 stones (or 196 kg). However, Taylor believed he was much heavier, and this annoyed him greatly; he insisted the scales were faulty.
He died on 4 February 2006 at the age of 60 from a heart attack. Taylor was cremated at Rawdon crematorium in Leeds, which has special facilities to deal with larger coffins.
In 2009 a fictionalized account of his later years in life was made into TV movie called The Fattest Man in Britain.
References
External links
Part I (Archive)
Part II (Archive)
Part III (Archive)
1946 births
2006 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Taylor%20%28heavyweight%20man%29 |
The Federal Bar Association (FBA) is the primary voluntary professional organization for private and government lawyers and judges practicing and sitting in federal courts in the United States. Six times a year, the FBA prints The Federal Lawyer, which includes the latest news of interest to the federal legal community. The magazine features articles by attorneys and judges, book reviews, the latest Supreme Court rulings, judicial profiles, and thorough coverage of FBA activities.
Background
The Federal Bar Association is an income tax exempt (501-C6) organization, founded in 1920. The purpose of the FBA is:
To serve as the national representative of the Federal legal profession;
To promote the sound administration of justice;
To enhance the professional growth and development of members of the Federal legal profession;
To promote high standards of professional competence and ethical conduct in the Federal legal profession;
To promote the welfare of attorneys and judges employed by the Government of the United States;
To provide meaningful service for the welfare and benefit of the members of the Association;
To provide quality education programs to the Federal legal profession and the public;
To keep members informed of developments in their respective fields of interest;
To keep members informed of the Association's affairs, to encourage their involvement in its activities, and to provide members opportunities to assume leadership roles;
To promote professional and social interaction among members of the Federal legal profession
Foundation of the Federal Bar Association
The Foundation of the Federal Bar Association holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code as a (501-C3) organization in 1954.
The Foundation’s mission is to:
Promote and support legal research and education;
Advance the science of jurisprudence;
Facilitate the administration of justice; and
Foster improvements in the practice of Federal law.
Contributions to the Foundation of the Federal Bar Association and its restricted funds may be treated as charitable contributions for tax purposes.
Chapters
The Federal Bar Association has nearly 100 local chapters across the country and in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Local chapters provide benefits, including:
Networking opportunities with federal judiciary and other practitioners
More than 700 hours of CLE credit
Focus on legislative issues at the local, state, and national level
Leadership opportunities on both the local and national level
Membership communications such as newsletters and e-communications
Sections
The FBA has 24 substantive law sections. In addition to networking opportunities, many sections distribute quarterly newsletters providing current information on their particular area of the law.
Admiralty Law Section
Alternative Dispute Resolution Section
Antitrust & Trade Regulation Section
Banking Law Section
Bankruptcy Law Section
Civil Rights Law Section
Criminal Law Section
Environment, Energy & Natural Resources Section
Federal Litigation Section
Government Contracts Section
Health Law Section
Immigration Law Section
Indian Law Section
Intellectual Property Section
International Law Section
Labor & Employment Law Section
LGBT Law Section
Qui Tam Section
Section on Taxation
Securities Law Section
Social Security Law Section
State & Local Government Relations Section
Transportation & Transportation Security Law Section
Veterans & Military Law Section
Divisions
The FBA has 6 career divisions:
Corporate and Association Counsel Division
Federal Career Service Division
Judiciary Division
Law Student Division
Senior Lawyers Division
Younger Lawyers Division
External links
http://www.fedbar.org/
References
American bar associations
Organizations established in 1920
1920 establishments in the United States
Lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Bar%20Association |
Golden Square High School in the city of Bendigo in the state of Victoria, Australia, was established in temporary accommodation at Camp Hill Primary School in central Bendigo in 1960. With the completion of the new school's buildings, it moved to 50 MacDougall Road in the Bendigo suburb of Golden Square in 1962, providing for forms 1 to 6, now known as years 7 to 12.
In 1978 it became a 7-10 school and was one of the original feeder schools to Bendigo Senior High School. In 1986, a Hearing Impaired Unit was established and in 1990 it underwent a name change to become Golden Square Secondary College.
The college catered for students from a range of backgrounds, drawn from around 30 urban and rural primary schools.
Former students of the school include Bendigo West MP Bob Cameron; AFL and Richmond footballer Wayne Campbell; VFL and Carlton footballer Rod Ashman; First Lady of East Timor Kirsty Sword Gusmão; Australian Armed Forces Brigadier James Simpson; Software Developer Brendan Sheehan (student 2006 to 2008) ; journalist Adrian Lowe of the Melbourne daily newspaper The Age ; Anglican Bishop of Bendigo Andrew Curnow (2003-2017); water skiing champion Kaye Thurlow; and Pete Miller, inventor of the "Bed Beer".
The Golden Square Secondary College campus closed on 28 November, 2008. It merged with Kangaroo Flat and Flora Hill secondary colleges as part of the implementation of the Bendigo Education Plan. Its buildings were demolished.
In 2022 it was announced by the Victorian State Government that the site would be officially handed over to the Dja Dja Wurrung Clans Aboriginal Corporation to begin building the Dja Dja Wurrung Corporate and Community Centre.
Merger and closure
The Golden Square Secondary College campus closed on 28 November, 2008 with its students and teachers merging with Crusoe College and Bendigo South East College as a result of the implementation of the Bendigo Education Plan. Its buildings were demolished with the exception of the Gymnasium.
New schools were built on the existing Kangaroo Flat and Flora Hill secondary colleges’ sites, at 57-75 Olympic Parade, Kangaroo Flat and 56-64 Ellis St, Flora Hill respectively.
With the merger, the Kangaroo Flat Secondary College underwent a major upgrade, and a name change to Crusoe College in 2008. Since it opened in 1962 it has also been the Kangaroo Flat Technical School and the Bendigo South West Secondary College.
The former Flora Hill Secondary College was renamed Bendigo South East College. Since its establishment in 1916, the school has also been known variously as the Bendigo School of Domestic Arts (housed in the original Quarry Hill State (Primary) School), Bendigo Girls School, Flora Hill Girls School, Flora Hill High School and Flora Hill Secondary School).
See also
Bendigo South East Secondary College
Eaglehawk Secondary College
Weeroona College
Crusoe Secondary College
Bendigo Senior Secondary College
References
Public high schools in Victoria (state)
Educational institutions established in 1960
1960 establishments in Australia
Bendigo
Education in Bendigo
Demolished buildings and structures in Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Square%20Secondary%20College |
Modinos v. Cyprus 16 EHRR 485 (25 March 1993) is a judgment of the European Court of Human Rights concerning Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
Case
The case was initiated by Alexandros Modinos, a gay rights activist who had founded Apeleftherotiko Kinima Omofilofilon Kiprou (AKOK), or "Cypriot Homosexual Liberation Movement", in 1987. At the time, Modinos was involved in a sexual relationship with another male adult, and claimed to suffer great strain, apprehension, and fear of prosecution by reason of Section 171 of the Criminal Code of Cyprus, which criminalized certain homosexual acts.
Judgment
The court ruled by 8 votes to one that the existence of a prohibition continuously and directly affected the applicant's private life, thus there was an interference with his right to respect for private life. As the Government limited their submissions to maintaining that there was no interference, and did not seek to argue that there existed a justification under Article 8(2) for the impugned legal provisions, the Court did not find that—in the light of the above-mentioned fact and having regard to its judgment in Dudgeon v. United Kingdom and Norris v. Ireland—a re-examination of the question was called for.
References
,
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Cyprus
European Court of Human Rights case law on LGBT rights
LGBT rights in Cyprus
1993 in LGBT history
1993 in case law
1993 in Cyprus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modinos%20v.%20Cyprus |
Baskerville is a serif typeface designed in the 1750s by John Baskerville (1706–1775) in Birmingham, England, and cut into metal by punchcutter John Handy. Baskerville is classified as a transitional typeface, intended as a refinement of what are now called old-style typefaces of the period, especially those of his most eminent contemporary, William Caslon.
Compared to earlier designs popular in Britain, Baskerville increased the contrast between thick and thin strokes, making the serifs sharper and more tapered, and shifted the axis of rounded letters to a more vertical position. The curved strokes are more circular in shape, and the characters became more regular. These changes created a greater consistency in size and form, influenced by the calligraphy Baskerville had learned and taught as a young man. Baskerville's typefaces remain very popular in book design and there are many modern revivals, which often add features such as bold type which did not exist in Baskerville's time.
As Baskerville's typefaces were proprietary to him and sold to a French publisher after his death, some designs influenced by him were made by British punchcutters. The Fry Foundry of Bristol created a version, probably cut by their typefounder Isaac Moore. Marketed in the twentieth century as "Fry's Baskerville" or "Baskerville Old Face", a digitisation based on the more delicate larger sizes is included with some Microsoft software.
History
Baskerville's typeface was part of an ambitious project to create books of the greatest possible quality. Baskerville was a wealthy industrialist, who had started his career as a writing-master (teacher of calligraphy) and carver of gravestones, before making a fortune as a manufacturer of varnished lacquer goods. At a time when books in England were generally printed to a low standard, using typefaces of conservative design, Baskerville sought to offer books created to higher-quality methods of printing than any before, using carefully made, level presses, a high quality of ink and very smooth paper pressed after printing to a glazed, gleaming finish.
While Baskerville's types in some aspects recall the general design of William Caslon, the most eminent punchcutter of the time, his approach was far more radical. Beatrice Warde, John Dreyfus and others have written that aspects of his design recalled his handwriting and common elements of the calligraphy taught by the time of Baskerville's youth, which had been used in copperplate engraving but had not previously been cut into type in Britain. Such details included many of the intricate details of his italic, such as the flourishes on the capital N and entering stroke at top left of the italic 'p'. He had clearly considered the topic of ideal letterforms for many years, since a slate carved in his early career offering his services cutting tombstones, believed to date from around 1730, is partly cut in lettering very similar to his typefaces of the 1750s. The result was a typeface cut by Handy to Baskerville's specifications that reflected Baskerville's ideals of perfection. According to Baskerville, he developed his printing projects for seven years, releasing a prospectus advertisement for the project in 1754, before finally releasing his first book, an edition of Virgil, in 1757, which was followed by other classics. At the start of his edition of Paradise Lost, he wrote a preface explaining his ambitions.
In 1758, he was appointed University Printer to the Cambridge University Press. It was there in 1763 that he published his master work, a folio Bible.
Reception
The crispness of Baskerville's work seems to have unsettled (or perhaps provoked jealousy in) his contemporaries, and some claimed the stark contrasts in his printing damaged the eyes. Baskerville was never particularly successful as a printer, being a printer of specialist and elite editions, something not helped by the erratic standard of editing in his books. Abroad, however, he was much admired (if not directly imitated, at least not his style of type design), notably by Pierre Simon Fournier, Giambattista Bodoni and Benjamin Franklin (who had started his career as a printer), who wrote him a letter praising his work. His work was later admired in England by Thomas Frognall Dibdin, who wrote that "in his Italic letter...he stands unrivalled; such elegance, freedom and perfect symmetry being in vain to be looked for among the specimens of Aldus and Colinaeus...Baskerville was a truly original artist, he struck out a new method of printing in this country and may be considered as the founder of that luxuriant style of typography at present so generally prevails; and which seems to have attained perfection in the neatness of Whittingham, the elegance of Bulmer and the splendour of Bensley." Thomas Curson Hansard in 1825 seems to have had misgivings about his work, praising his achievement in some ways but also suggesting that he was a better printer than a type designer. On his death his widow Sarah eventually sold his material to a Paris literary society connected to Beaumarchais, placing them out of reach of British printing. A. F. Johnson however cautions that some perhaps over-patriotic British writers on type design have over-estimated Baskerville's influence on continental type design: "there seems to be no trace of a Baskerville school outside Great Britain, except of course in the use of actual Baskerville types. Didot proceeded from the "romains du roi" and would have so proceeded if Baskerville had never printed. Even in England, where there was a Baskerville period in typography, the modern face came from the French, and not as a development from Baskerville."
Baskerville's styles of type and printing, although initially unpopular in Britain, proved influential for a brief transitional period in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, with printers and type designers such as Joseph Fry, Isaac Moore who may have been Fry's punchcutter, and Wilson of Glasgow. Bulmer, cut by the brother of Baskerville's foremen, was one design inspired by it, as is the Bell type cut by Richard Austin. Austin's biographer Alastair Johnston has described this period as a "glorious but short-lived" period of innovative type design in Britain "of harmonious types that had the larger-on-the-body proportions of the Romain du Roi, with the modelling of Baskerville but more colour and fine serifs". Philip Gaskell particularly highlights as a successful typeface of this period the Wilson foundry of Glasgow's 'startling' English-sized (14 pt) roman of 1760, following soon from Baskerville's first editions of 1757 and cut extremely large for its point size: "Baskerville's influence is obvious, but Wilson has outdone the master in the width, weight and even the size of the face. I think myself that with its large x-height, generous width and clean execution, this elegant fount carries out Baskerville's ideas better than did Baskerville himself." This period saw an increasing influence of Didone printing from the Continent, in particular the types of the Didot family and the editions published by Bodoni. The style then disappeared from view altogether following a full trend towards Didone typefaces, often with a much darker style of impression; Updike suggests that this change mostly happened around 1815–20. The Scotch Roman genre which proved popular in Britain and America is something of an intermediate between Didone typefaces and Baskerville's influence. The succession of more extreme "Didone" typefaces quickly replacing Baskerville's style has led to Baskerville being called "transitional" on the road to the Didone style which dominated printing for a long period, although of course Baskerville would not have considered his design "transitional" but as a successful end in itself.
The original Baskerville type (with some replaced letters) was revived in 1917 by Bruce Rogers, for the Harvard University Press, and also released by G. Peignot et Fils in Paris (France). Modern revivals have added features, such as italics with extra or no swashes and bold weights, that were not present in Baskerville's original work.
Baskerville is used widely in documents issued by the University of Birmingham (UK) and Castleton University (Vermont, USA). A modified version of Baskerville is also prominently used in the Canadian government's corporate identity program—namely, in the 'Canada' wordmark. Another modified version of Baskerville is used by Northeastern University (USA), and the ABRSM.
Characteristics
Key features of Baskerville are its E where the bottom arm projects further than the upper, a W with no centre serif, and in the lower-case g where the bottom loop is open. Some fonts cut for Baskerville have an 'R' with a straight leg; in others it is curved. Many characters have obvious ball terminals, in contrast to the more wedge-shaped serifs of earlier fonts. Most distinctive is the italic, in which the J has a centre-bar and many other italic capitals have flourishes, the 'p' has a tail pointing downwards and to the left (similar to the entrance stroke that would be made with a pen) and the w has a clear centre loop and swash on the left. In general, Baskerville's type has been described as 'rounder, more sharply cut' than its predecessors. (Some of these distinctive features are discarded in many revivals, as seen below.) Baskerville's type featured text figures or lower-case numbers, the only form of Arabic numerals in use at the time (Roman numerals would be used to align with the capitals). The capitals are very bold, and (like Caslon's) have been criticised for being unbalanced to the lower-case at large sizes.
Baskerville also produced a font for Greek, which survives at Oxford. It has sometimes been criticised as unidiomatic, and has not been particularly popular. He also had cut ornaments, many apparently copied or influenced from those offered by the Enschedé type foundry of Haarlem.
Metal type versions
The following foundries offered versions of Baskerville:
The original punches were sold by Baskerville's widow and eventually ended up in the possession of G. Peignot et Fils by way of Beaumarchais. Charles Peignot donated them to Cambridge University Press in 1953.
Since Baskerville's equipment was in France and therefore unavailable to them, the Fry type foundry of Bristol produced its own version in the late eighteenth century, presumably cut by typefounder Isaac Moore who also showcased them on his own specimen. These designs feature a slightly different 'a' at large sizes, which has been followed in many Baskerville revivals. Mosley comments that "In its larger sizes it is one of the most elegant types which have ever been cut, and it is by no means a simple derivative. The curves of the lower-case letters are flatter than Baskerville's and the serifs are slightly more tapered." Fry's version was showcased in a specimen attached to a 1787 reprint of John Smith's Printer's Grammar, in which it was frankly admitted that "The plan on which they first sat out was an improvement of the Types of the late Mr. Baskerville of Birmingham" but, presumably failing to achieve sufficient popularity, they additionally created copies of Caslon's types.
When Fry's successors closed, their version was acquired and issued (and some sizes possibly recut) by Stephenson Blake under the name "Baskerville Old Face"; many imitations follow its design, often adding lining figures at cap height and cropping the descenders as was necessary for "standard line" American printing.
The Fry Foundry version was also copied by American Type Founders. Finding Moore's italic unsatisfactory, they added an italic based on the slightly later Bell typeface cut by Richard Austin.
The British Monotype Corporation cut a copy of Baskerville in 1923 for its hot metal typesetting system, showcased in Penrose's Annual of 1924; it was extremely popular for printing in Britain during the twentieth century. As with other Monotype revivals, the design is now sometimes called Baskerville MT. It is bundled with OS X in a somewhat slender digitisation.
Schriftgießerei D. Stempel issued a revival in 1926 under the name "Original-Baskerville".
Linotype AG, the German arm of Mergenthaler Linotype, adapted the Stempel cutting of the face for linecasting in 1927.
Linotype's Baskerville was cut in 1923 by George W. Jones, and was re-cut in 1936. A bold version was cut by Chauncey H. Griffith in 1939. It may sometimes be called Baskerville LT.
More loosely, the Scotch Roman genre of transitional types reflects the influence of Baskerville's work, with increasing influence of Didone type from the continent around the beginning of the nineteenth century; the font Georgia is influenced by this genre. Due to the cachet of the name, some completely unrelated designs were named 'Baskerville' in the hot metal period.
Cold type versions
As it had been a standard type for many years, Baskerville was widely available in cold type. Alphatype, Autologic, Berthold, Compugraphic, Dymo, Star/Photon, Harris, Mergenthaler, MGD Graphic Systems, Varityper, Hell AG and Monotype, all sold the face under the name Baskerville, while Graphic Systems Inc. offered the face as Beaumont.
Digital versions
As a somewhat precise design that emphasises contrast between thick and thin strokes, modern designers may prefer different revivals for different text sizes, printing methods and onscreen display, since a design intended to appear elegant in large text sizes could look too spindly for body text. Factors which would be taken into account include compensation for size and ink spread, if any (the extent of which depends on printing methods and type of paper used; it does not occur on screens). Among digitisations, František Štorm's extremely complete range of versions is particularly praised for featuring three optical sizes, the text version having thicker strokes to increase legibility as metal type does. Meanwhile, the common digitisation of Baskerville Old Face bundled with many Microsoft products features dramatic contrasts between thin and thick strokes. This makes it most suited to headings, especially since it does not have an italic.
Another common question facing revivals is what to do with some letters such as 'N' in italics. On faithful revivals such as the Storm digitisation (shown at top right) they have a swash, but this may be thought too distracting for general use or to space poorly in all-caps text. Accordingly, many revivals substitute (or offer as an alternate) capitals without swashes.
Dieter Hofrichter, who assisted Günter Gerhard Lange in designing a Baskerville revival for Berthold around 1980, commented:
We went to Birmingham where we saw original prints by Baskerville. I was quite astounded by how sharp the printing of his specimens is. They are razor-sharp: it almost hurt your eyes to see them. So elegant and high-contrast! He showed in this way what he could achieve. That was Baskerville's ideal - but not necessarily right for today.
Many companies have provided digital releases (some of older Baskerville revivals), including Linotype, URW++, Bitstream and SoftMaker as well as many others. These may have varying features, for example some lacking small caps. Monotype Baskerville is installed on Macs as part of macOS, while many Windows computers receive Moore's adaptation under the name of Baskerville Old Face in the URW digitisation (that described above) without an italic or bold weight.
Adaptations
A particularly idiosyncratic Baskerville revival is Mrs Eaves (1996), designed by Zuzana Licko. Named after Baskerville's housekeeper-turned-wife, it uses a low x-height to create a bright page without reducing stroke width. Not intended for extended body text, it is often used on book titles and headings. It uses a variety of ligatures to create effects with linked characters. Licko later created a sans-serif companion, Mr. Eaves.
Big Moore by Matthew Carter is a recent, complex digitisation of the larger sizes of Isaac Moore's early adaptation, that often called Baskerville Old Face, adding an italic. Harriet is an adaptation by Okaytype inspired by American nineteenth-century printing.
Gallery
Some examples of volumes published by Baskerville.
Notes
References
.
.
- general survey of printing including of the years after Baskerville & his influence on printing. Many illustrations.
External links
Typophile: Baskerville
John Baskerville I Love Typography, Sep. 23, 2007
Open Baskerville – an open-source revival of Moore's Baskerville, without an italic
Transitional serif typefaces
Typefaces with text figures
Public domain typefaces
Typefaces with optical sizes
Letterpress typefaces
Photocomposition typefaces
Digital typefaces
Monotype typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskerville |
Salem Community College (SCC) is a public community college in Salem County in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Salem Community College's main campus is in Carneys Point Township. SCC is authorized to grant associate degrees, including Associate in Arts, Associate in Fine Arts, Associate in Science, and Associate in Applied Science certificates. SCC also offers the only degree program in the US for scientific glassblowing.
Salem Community College was founded as Salem County Technical Institute in 1958. Recognizing the college-level caliber of the institute's programs, the Salem County Board of Chosen Freeholders requested approval to grant degree-awarding authority to the institute. The New Jersey Commission on Higher Education evaluated the institute's programs and granted the requested approval. On September 3, 1972, Salem Community College was established. It is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.
Notable alumni
Evan Edinger (born 1990), American-born YouTuber based in London
Paul Joseph Stankard (born 1943), glass artist and flameworker
See also
New Jersey County Colleges
Lampworking
References
External links
Official website
- Main campus
- Salem Center
1958 establishments in New Jersey
Carneys Point Township, New Jersey
Universities and colleges established in 1958
Garden State Athletic Conference
Glassmaking schools
New Jersey County Colleges
NJCAA athletics
Two-year colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges in Salem County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem%20Community%20College |
Shaye J. D. Cohen (born October 21, 1948) is an American Hebraist, historian, and rabbi. He is a modern scholar of Hebrew Bible. Currently he is the Littauer Professor of Hebrew Literature and Philosophy in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations of Harvard University.
Background and career
He received his undergraduate degree from Yeshiva University, his M.A. from the Jewish Theological Seminary, and his Ph.D. in Ancient History, with distinction, from Columbia University in 1975.
Cohen is an ordained Conservative rabbi and for many years was the Dean of the Graduate School and Shenkman Professor of Jewish History at the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York City. Before arriving at Harvard in July 2001, he was for ten years the Samuel Ungerleider Professor of Judaic Studies and Professor of Religious Studies at Brown University.
The focus of Cohen's research is the boundary between Jews and gentiles and between Judaism and its surrounding culture. He is also a published authority on Jewish reactions to Hellenism and to Christianity.
Cohen has received several honors for his work, including an honorary doctorate from the Jewish Theological Seminary and various fellowships. He has been honored by appointment as Croghan Distinguished Visiting Professor of Religion (Williams College), the Louis Jacobs Lecturer (Oxford University), the David M. Lewis Lecturer (Oxford University), Lady Davis Fellowship (Visiting Professor) of Jewish History (Hebrew University of Jerusalem), the Block Lecturer (Indiana University), the Roland Visiting Lecturer (Stanford University) and the Pritchett Lecturer (University of California, Berkeley).
He appeared on a Nova episode as an expert on Jewish history. He also appears in PBS's Jesus to Christ Documentary.
Cohen has published many essays, co-authored many books, and written a number of books individually, including: Josephus in Galilee and Rome: His Vita and Development As a Historian (1979), From the Maccabees to the Mishnah (1988), The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties (2001), Why Aren't Jewish Women Circumcised?: Gender and Covenant in Judaism (2005), and The Significance of Yavneh and Other Essays in Jewish Hellenism (2010).
Published works
Cohen, Shaye J. D., Josephus in Galilee and Rome: His Vita and Development As a Historian, Brill Academic Publishers, 2002.
Cohen, Shaye J. D., From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Westminster John Knox Press, 1988.
Cohen, Shaye J. D. The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties, University of California Press, 2001.
Cohen, Shaye J. D. Why Aren't Jewish Women Circumcised?: Gender and Covenant in Judaism, University of California Press, 2005.
Cohen, Shaye J. D. The Significance of Yavneh and Other Essays in Jewish Hellenism, Mohr Siebeck, 2010.
Awards
2006: National Jewish Book Award in the Women's Studies category for Why Aren't Jewish Women Circumcised?: Gender and Covenant in Judaism
References
1948 births
Living people
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American rabbis
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American rabbis
American Conservative rabbis
American Hebraists
American historians of religion
American male non-fiction writers
Brown University faculty
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Harvard University faculty
Historians of Jews and Judaism
Jewish American historians
Jewish Theological Seminary of America semikhah recipients | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaye%20J.%20D.%20Cohen |
We Have A Right () is a political campaign launched to protect personal freedoms in Bahrain by the society of liberal intellectuals, Al Muntada, on 22 November 2005.
The aim of the We Have A Right campaign is to counter the threat to civil liberties posed by religious extremist parties that dominate the political space opened up by the extensive reforms of King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa since 1999. Both Sunni and Shia Islamist parties have used their new freedom to operate to try to curtail individual rights by seeking to pass legislation to force gender segregation at the University of Bahrain, ban consumption of alcohol and introduce Sharia Law.
According to an Al Muntada spokesman, We Have A Right was launched "to decry threats to Bahrain's civil society and individual freedom by waves of extremism, fanaticism, intolerance and intellectual terrorism." Adel Fakhro, the chairman of the Al Muntada, said at the first meeting: “What we fear is that the Bahraini citizen would lose his right to live in peace in a tolerant society in which every individual would respect the other.”
Bahraini liberals have argued that the principle of respect for personal freedoms is a guarantee of social stability, a favourable business environment, employment opportunities as well as protection from fanaticism.
The liberal societies behind We Have A Right have been criticised for their failure to gain the support of left wing parties, National Democratic Action and Nationalist Democratic Rally Society; both parties support the objectives but have felt that Al Muntada was too close to the government. Opponents of the campaign have suggested that it is mainly concerned with the right to consume alcohol and sought to portray it as ‘unIslamic’, dubbing it 'We have a right...to drink alcohol'.
External links
Campaign to protect freedoms, Gulf Daily News, 21 February 2006
'Civil liberties are under threat', Bahrain Tribune, July 19, 2006
Liberals celebrate first anniversary of 'union', Gulf News, August 2, 2006
Liberalism in Bahrain
Election campaigning
Human rights in Bahrain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Have%20a%20Right |
Christopher King (born 2 June 1956) is an Australian actor and entertainer.
After a brief appearance in soap opera Number 96, King became best known for his six-year stint as orderly (later nurse) Dennis Jamison in Channel Nine's long-running soap opera The Young Doctors (1976–1982).
Talent management
He ran his own talent school with his first wife Susie, whilst raising his 7 children. Natalie Imbruglia is one of his former pupils.
He continued to have guest roles in shows such as murder call, all Saints etc
He also was arts and crafts director, supporting many ventures on the Central Coast including the local theatre, Laycock Street Theatre.
Although having slowed down after a major stroke, Chris continues to defy all odds, and is still found treading the boards in local theatre productions. He is also a director of the Mingarra Club on the Central Coast.
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
Australian male television actors
Male actors from Hobart | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20King%20%28actor%29 |
"Oldest language" may refer to:
the emergence of language itself in human evolution
origin of language
proto-language, a stage before the emergence of language proper
mythical origins of language
a Proto-Human language, the hypothetical, most recent common ancestor of all the world's languages
the date of attestation in writing (epigraphy).
see list of languages by first written accounts.
the conservative nature of a given language (low rate of language change, viz. "old" in the sense of "has not changed much for a long time"), see
glottochronology
historical linguistics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest%20language |
Mohamed Salleh bin Abas (Jawi: محمد صالح بن عباس; 25 August 1929 – 16 January 2021) was a Malaysian judge and politician. He was a Lord President of the Federal (then Supreme) Court of Malaysia. He was dismissed from his post during the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis. This action was condemned internationally and widely considered to be the event that triggered a marked reduction in the independence of the Malaysian judiciary.
Early life
Salleh was born in Kampung Raja, Besut, Terengganu. He left in 1949 for the United Kingdom, where he graduated with a degree in law from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. In 1957 when he returned, he joined the legal service. He then served in Kota Baru, Kelantan as a magistrate. Soon after independence that same year, he was transferred to the national capital of Kuala Lumpur, where he served as Deputy Public Prosecutor. He then returned to Britain to obtain a master's degree in international law and constitution at the University of London. He returned in 1962, upon which he was appointed state legal adviser and Deputy Public Prosecutor for both Negeri Sembilan and Melaka. He returned to Kuala Lumpur a year later, and served in a variety of posts under the Attorney-General, culminating in an appointment as Solicitor-General.
At the age of 50, he wanted to retire but was persuaded otherwise by then Lord President of the Federal Court, Tun Suffian Hashim. Salleh was appointed a Federal Court judge instead. Although the work bored him, he continued. When Suffian retired in 1982 and was replaced by Raja Azlan Shah, Salleh became Chief Justice of Malaya. However, within two years, the Sultan of Perak died. Raja Azlan was forced to resign to ascend the throne, and Salleh became Lord President in 1984.
During Salleh's tenure, the Federal Court became officially the highest court in the land. Previously, its decisions could have been appealed to the British Privy Council, but due to concern over this colonial legacy, the link was officially cut. Salleh later expressed regret over this, as he believed he might not have been fired had the link to the Privy Council been maintained. In 1985, the Federal Court was renamed the Supreme Court.
Constitutional crisis
United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was the major component party and leader of the governing Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, and its President presumably will became Prime Minister of Malaysia. In the 1987 UMNO leadership election, Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah had challenged the incumbent UMNO President and Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, and was widely touted to win the Presidency. However, Mahathir won 761 votes to Razaleigh's 718 and remained President. Many of Razaleigh's supporters refused to accept this and argued that the election was tainted. 12 UMNO members filed suit in the High Court, attempting to get a court order for new elections. As part of their evidence, they presented claims that 78 of the 1,479 delegates eligible to vote in the elections were illegal and that several documents involved in the election had been tampered with. Later, one of the 12 plaintiffs withdrew from the suit. Although Razaleigh was not involved in the case, it was widely believed he had been funding and supporting the suit.
On 30 September 1987, the High Court gave the parties two weeks to reach a negotiated settlement. A "Unity Panel" was formed to negotiate between the Mahathir and Razaleigh camps, but it soon appeared the differences were interminable. Razaleigh's supporters wanted new elections held, while Mahathir's supporters insisted that the elections stand and that Razaleigh's camp accept a compromise "face-saving" solution. On 19 October, the plaintiffs announced the continuation of the suit.
Mahathir, who had never been fond of the judiciary, began making heated statements about it at this time. Mahathir declared, "The judiciary says, 'Although you passed a law with a certain thing in mind, we think that your mind is wrong, and we want to give our interpretation.' If we disagree, the courts will say, 'We will interpret your disagreement.' ... We know exactly what we want to do, but once we do it, it is interpreted in a different way." Mahathir also lambasted "black sheep ... who want to be ... fiercely independent" and play to public opinion. Soon after, nine judges sitting on the High Court were reassigned to different divisions; Justice Harun Hashim, who presided over the UMNO case, was transferred from appellate and special powers cases to commercial crimes. However, because the UMNO case was already in progress, his transfer did not take effect until the case closed. Harun later ruled that under the evidence presented, it was clear several UMNO delegates had come from unregistered branches of the party. In line with the law, he declared he was forced to declare UMNO an illegal society, and thereby dismissed the case of the plaintiffs. Mahathir soon formed a new party, UMNO Baru (New UMNO), to replace UMNO. Within a year, the suffix "Baru" was dropped, making it just plain "UMNO".
Mahathir was upset with the judiciary's increasing independence, and in 1988, the government tabled a bill in Parliament to amend Articles 121 and 145 of the Constitution. These amendments divested the courts of the "judicial power of the Federation", giving them only such power as Parliament might grant them. The Attorney-General was also empowered to determine the venues in which cases would be heard.
At this point, Salleh who was then Lord President of the Supreme Court, began making strong statements about defending the autonomy of the judiciary. However, he did not name Mahathir and spoke in rather general terms. However, Salleh was pressured by his fellow judges into taking stronger action. He convened a meeting of all 20 federal judges in the national capital of Kuala Lumpur. They decided not to directly challenge Mahathir, and instead address a confidential letter to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) and the rulers of the various states. The letter stated, "All of us are disappointed with the various comments and accusations made by the Honourable Prime Minister against the Judiciary, not only outside but within the Parliament." However, instead of calling for any direct action to be taken, the letter only stated the judges' "hope that all those unfounded accusations will be stopped". The King, Sultan Mahmud Iskandar of Johor, back in 1973 when he was still the heir apparent to the Johor throne had been prosecuted for criminal charges by Salleh as the Public Prosecutor. Tunku Mahmud then was convicted and sentenced to six months in jail eventually. It is not known what the King did upon receipt of the letter, but it appears he informed Mahathir, and that they agreed to take disciplinary action against Salleh Abas.
Salleh, who had gone overseas soon after the letter was sent, was summoned by Mahathir upon his return. Salleh later claimed that at the meeting, Mahathir accused him of bias in the UMNO case, and demanded his resignation. Salleh was also immediately suspended from his post as Lord President. Although Salleh initially agreed, when he was later informed that his suspension was to be backdated so as to nullify some of his earlier actions in then-pending cases such as the UMNO case, he withdrew his resignation. The government then initiated impeachment proceedings against Salleh. Salleh later claimed that the government attempted to bribe him to resign.
Salleh was represented by Anthony Lester, QC, who objected to the tribunal's composition. It was argued Abdul Hamid had a vested interest in the case's outcome since if Salleh was impeached, he would remain Lord President. It was also claimed that the tribunal was improperly constituted because two of the judges were relatively junior and that the two foreign judges were from countries not noted for judicial independence. Salleh demanded to be tried by peers of equal standing – retired Lord presidents if need be. He also demanded that the tribunal make its hearings public. All of these claims were rejected by the tribunal, and Salleh withdrew from the proceedings.
Instead, Salleh asked the Supreme Court to stay the proceedings because of the tribunal's alleged improper constitution and because the King had been "wrongfully advised". The Supreme Court, in an emergency session, unanimously ruled that the proceedings stay. Four days later, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong suspended the five Supreme Court judges who had issued the order, on Mahathir's advice. The government announced that it would attempt to impeach those five judges as well for "gross misbehaviour" and conspiring "to make the order". This reduced the number of judges on the Supreme Court to four, with two of them also sitting on the tribunal. The government-appointed new judges to fill the void, who refused to hear any further motions by Salleh Abas. The tribunal eventually found Salleh guilty, and he was officially relieved of his position. Of the five judges who had supported him, two were convicted, and the other three were acquitted.
Post-conviction and politics involvement
Soon after his dismissal in 1988, Salleh was conferred the "Darjah Pahlawan Yang Amat Gagah Perkasa (P.Y.G.P.)", by the Sultan of Kelantan.
Salleh contested the 1995 general election for the Lembah Pantai parliamentary constituency (an area in Kuala Lumpur which includes the neighbourhood of Bangsar) under the Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46) ticket, and failed to be elected.
In the 1999 general election, Salleh was elected as Terengganu State Assemblyman for the constituency of Jertih on the ticket of Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) which managed to form the new state government and had Salleh appointed as a Terengganu State Executive Councillor (EXCO). However he did not run again in the 2004 general election due to poor health.
Later developments
Mahathir Mohamad stepped down from the premiership in 2003 and chose Abdullah Ahmad Badawi to be his successor. In 2006, the relationship between the two became less than warm as Mahathir started to criticise the latter's policies. It was during this time when the first serious calls were made for a judicial review of the 1988 crisis. Among the loudest advocates of the review was Tun Salleh Abas himself. The administration however dismissed the calls. A minister in the Prime Minister's Department Nazri Aziz, who was then de facto Law Minister, said that he was not convinced of the need to review the case.
After the 2008 general election which saw heavy losses for BN, Abdullah reshuffled his Cabinet. Within days of his appointment, new de facto Law Minister Zaid Ibrahim stated that the government had to openly apologise for its handling of the crisis, calling it one of his three main goals: "In the eyes of the world, the judicial crisis has weakened our judiciary system." However, he rejected the idea of reviewing the decision: "I am not suggesting that we re-open the case. I am saying that it’s clear to everyone, to the world, that serious transgressions had been committed by the previous administration. And I believe that the prime minister is big enough and man enough to say that we had done wrong to these people and we are sorry."
The Bar Council welcomed the proposal. Newly appointed Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Minister Shahrir Abdul Samad also voiced support: "The Government has apologised for so many other things to the people, such as the untimely destruction of temples and other issues. So, why not an apology to a former Lord President?"
Death
During the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia, on 14 January 2021, Salleh had tested positive for COVID-19 and was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Sultanah Nur Zahirah Hospital in Kuala Terengganu.
Salleh died from COVID-19-complicated pneumonia at 3.20 a.m. three days later, at the age of 91. He was laid to rest beside the grave of his first wife Toh Puan Azimah Mohd Ali at the Sheikh Ibrahim Muslim Cemetery in Jalan Pusara, Kuala Terengganu.
Election results
Honours
Honours of Malaysia
:
Companion of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (JMN) (1966)
Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (1971)
Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN) – Tan Sri (1983)
Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (SSM) – Tun (1985)
:
Recipient of the Order of the Most Distinguished and Most Valiant Warrior (PYGP) (1988)
:
Companion of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (SMT) (1963)
Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (DPMT) – Dato' (1968)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (SPMT) – Dato' (1983)
See also
List of deaths due to COVID-19 - notable individual deaths
Notes and references
Further reading
Barbarism to Verdict: A History of the Common Law (Harper Collins, 1994) by Justin Fleming
External links
. A book by Tun Salleh Abas.
1929 births
2021 deaths
People from Terengganu
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
20th-century Malaysian judges
Chief justices of Malaysia
Members of the Middle Temple
Alumni of Aberystwyth University
Alumni of the University of London
Parti Melayu Semangat 46 politicians
Malaysian Islamic Party politicians
Members of the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly
Terengganu state executive councillors
Grand Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
Companions of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia
21st-century Malaysian politicians
Knights Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salleh%20Abas |
Po Leung Kuk Tsing Yi Secondary School (Skill Opportunity) () was a skill opportunity secondary school on the Tsing Yi Island in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It was the skill opportunity school founded by Po Leung Kuk in 1998. At its opening ceremony, Anson Chan, the then-Acting Chief Executive of Hong Kong, gave an opening speech on 5 March 1999.
The school was closed in 2004 when the Hong Kong Government decided to close all skill opportunity schools and the building was transferred to Tung Wah Group of Hospitals for a new primary school, TWGHs Chow Yin Sum Primary School, in 2005.
References
External links
School website
Educational institutions established in 1998
Tsing Yi
Secondary schools in Hong Kong
Defunct schools in Hong Kong
Po Leung Kuk
Educational institutions disestablished in 2004
1998 establishments in Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%20Leung%20Kuk%20Tsing%20Yi%20Secondary%20School%20%28Skill%20Opportunity%29 |
Naomi Wilkinson (born 30 June 1974, in Bristol, England) is an English television presenter.
Career
Wilkinson was a presenter of Milkshake!, the early-morning programming block for young children on Channel 5 and Finger Tips for CITV. Wilkinson took over as the host from Fearne Cotton in series four and remained as the host until the series closed. Prior to joining Milkshake! in 2000, Wilkinson co-presented the breakfast show Wakey! Wakey! for the now-defunct children's channel Carlton Kids. As well as presenting for Milkshake, she has also starred in Milkshake shows such as Havakazoo and Monkey Makes. Wilkinson left Milkshake! in 2012 after 12 years as a main presenter. She now works on shows for CBBC.
Wilkinson went to the United States and became the host of Make Way for Noddy on PBS Kids and The Sunny Side Up Show on PBS Kids Sprout.
Wilkinson joined Steve Backshall on CBBC and BBC Two presenting Live 'n' Deadly in 2010. In 2012, she joined the Ed Petrie vehicle All Over the Place for its second series on CBBC as well as Marrying Mum and Dad in which she also presents with Ed Petrie. Wilkinson currently presents a nature documentary for children on CBBC called Naomi's Nightmares of Nature. Naomi also co-presents CBBC's "Wild & Weird" with Tim Warwood. In 2015, Naomi was one of the judges on the Countryfile photographic competition and has now become a regular presenter on the show itself.
In 2018, she joined 26 other celebrities at Metropolis Studios, to perform an original Christmas song called Rock With Rudolph, written and produced by Grahame and Jack Corbyn. The song was released in aid of Great Ormond Street Hospital and was released digitally on independent record label Saga Entertainment on 30 November 2018 under the artist name The Celebs. The music video debuted exclusively with The Sun on 29 November 2018 and had its first TV showing on Good Morning Britain on 30 November 2018. The song peaked at number two on the iTunes pop chart.
In 2020 amid the COVID-19 crisis Wilkinson rejoined The Celebs which now included Frank Bruno and X Factor winner Sam Bailey to raise money for both Alzheimer's Society and Action for Children. They recorded a new rendition of Merry Christmas Everyone by Shakin' Stevens and it was released digitally on 11 December 2020, on independent record label Saga Entertainment. The music video debuted exclusively on Good Morning Britain the day before release. The song peaked at number two on the iTunes pop chart.
Television
Wilkinson has been a television presenter since 1999. She started work on Milkshake! for Channel 5 in 2000 where she was producer and presenter. She also worked as a presenter on Three of the strands programmes, Havakazoo (from series 3 onwards) and 'Monkey Makes' from 2002-2005 and 'The Milkshake! Show'. She has been a regular presenter on CBBC since 2011 after leaving Milkshake – she has her own show: Naomi's Nightmares of Nature. She also voiceovered for the Community Channel.
In 2013 and 2014, she presented a live show called WILD on CBBC. Wilkinson has also appeared three times on CBBC panel show The Dog Ate My Homework since 2015.
Personal life
She was born in Bristol in 1974. Her entertainment career first started at Butlin's, where she was a Redcoat. In February 2013, she was nominated in the Female On-Screen Talent category for excellence in the Royal Television Society's awards. Wilkinson is one of nine presidents of The Young People's Trust for the Environment.
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
Television personalities from Bristol
Butlins Redcoats
English television presenters
English expatriates in Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi%20Wilkinson |
John Biscoe (28 April 1794 – 1843) was an English mariner and explorer who commanded the first expedition known to have sighted the areas named Enderby Land and Graham Land along the coast of Antarctica. The expedition also found a number of islands in the vicinity of Graham Land, including the Biscoe Islands that were named after him.
Early life
Biscoe was born in Enfield, Middlesex, England. In March 1812, aged seventeen, he joined the Royal Navy and served during the 1812–1815 war against the United States. By the time of his discharge in 1815, he had become a justice Master. Thereafter he sailed on board merchant shipping as a mate or master, mostly to the East or West Indies.
Southern Ocean expedition, 1830–1833
In 1830, the whaling company Samuel Enderby & Sons appointed Biscoe master of the brig Tula and leader of an expedition to find new sealing grounds in the Southern Ocean. Accompanied by the cutter Lively, the Tula left London and by December had reached the South Shetland Islands. The expedition then sailed further south, crossing the Antarctic Circle on 22 January 1831, before turning east at 60°S.
A month later, on 24 February 1831, the expedition sighted bare mountain tops through the ocean ice. Biscoe correctly surmised that they were part of a continent and named the area Enderby Land in honour of his patrons. On 28 February, a headland was spotted, which Biscoe named Cape Ann; the mountain atop the headland would later be named Mount Biscoe. Biscoe kept the expedition in the area while he began to chart the coastline, but after a month his and his crews' health were deteriorating. The expedition sailed toward Australia, reaching Hobart, Tasmania in May, but not before two crew members had died from scurvy.
The expedition wintered in Hobart before heading back toward the Antarctic. On 15 February 1832, Adelaide Island was discovered and two days later the Biscoe Islands. A further four days later, on 21 February, more extensive coastline was spotted. Surmising again that he had encountered a continent, Biscoe named the area "Graham Land", after First Lord of the Admiralty Sir James Graham. Biscoe landed on Anvers Island and claimed to have sighted the mainland of the Antarctic continent.
Biscoe again began charting the new coastline the expedition had found and by the end of April 1832 he had become the third man (after James Cook and Fabian von Bellingshausen) to circumnavigate the Antarctic continent. On the journey home, in July, the Lively was wrecked at the Falkland Islands. The expedition nonetheless returned to London safely by the beginning of 1833.
In 1833, Biscoe was again commissioned by Samuel Enderby & Sons to make another voyage of exploration. However, he resigned from the effort, probably because of his health. He instead engaged in the West Indies trade in a much warmer climate. He next took part in sailing ventures in Australian waters.
John Biscoe died at sea in 1843 while on a voyage to bring his family from Tasmania back to England. He was 49 years old.
Memorials
A group of islands and a mountain are named for him. The Biscoe Islands were discovered off the west coast of Graham Land in February 1832, during his Antarctic circumnavigation aboard Tula and Lively. Mount Biscoe is a distinctive 700m black peak, the high point of Cape Ann in East Antarctica. Discovered by Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen (by air in 1929) and Mawson (1930), it is thought to have been seen by Biscoe in 1831.
Two British research ships have been named in his honour. After conversion to an ice-strengthened research ship for the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, HMS Pretext was renamed . She reverted to RRS Pretext in 1956, to allow the name to be used for , a new ship with a longer range and greater cargo-carrying capacity.
Footnotes
Bibliography
John Biscoe, edited George Murray, From the Journal of a Voyage towards the South Pole on board the brig Tula, under the command of John Biscoe, with the cutter Lively in company, Royal Geographical Society, London: 1901.
External links
Information page for the John Biscoe archives held at the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge.
Chronology of Antarctic Events
1794 births
1843 deaths
British sailors
Explorers of Antarctica
19th-century explorers
People from Enfield, London
Biscoe Islands
Recipients of the Royal Geographical Society Founder's Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Biscoe |
Våle is a village in Tønsberg municipality, and former municipality, in Vestfold og Telemark county, Norway. Våle is a rural, agricultural area, with Kirkevoll/Brekkeåsen, Rånerudåsen, Svinevoll, Sørby and Gretteåsen as more dense housing areas. The administrative centre was Sørby.
The parish of Vaale was established as a municipality January 1, 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). According to the 1835 census the municipality had a population of 2,408. On 16 July 1873, an uninhabited part of Vaale was moved to Ramnes municipality following a royal resolution. In 1947 a part of Botne with 8 inhabitants was moved to Våle. On January 1, 2002 Våle was merged with Ramnes to form the new municipality Re, which on Januari 1, 2020 was merged into Tønsberg. In 1996 Våle had a population of 3,868.
Våle Church (Våle kirke) is located in Nord-Jarlsberg rural deanery. The Medieval church building was built in 1190 of stone and brick.
Våle is known for being the village where the Jarlsberg cheese first was produced. Famous residents of Våle include the author Kåre Holt (1916–1997).
The name and coat of arms
Until 1921 the name was written "Vaale". The municipality (originally the parish) was named after the old farm Våle (Norse Válir), since the first church was built there. The name is the plural form of váll m (see Våler).
The municipality coat of arms was a mistletoe, since mistletoe grows in several places in the village. In Norse mythology Höðr killed Baldr with a mistletoe sprig, and Váli (Våle in Norwegian) has to avenge his death.
References
Other sources
1838 establishments in Norway
Populated places established in 1838
Populated places disestablished in 2002
Villages in Vestfold og Telemark
Former municipalities of Norway
Tønsberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5le |
Ramnes is a village in Tønsberg municipality, and former municipality in Vestfold og Telemark county, Norway. The village of Ramnes was the administrative centre of the municipality.
Summary
The parish of Ramnæs was established as a municipality January 1, 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). According to the 1835 census the municipality had a population of 2,716. On 16 July 1873 an uninhabited part of Våle municipality was moved to Ramnes following a royal resolution. On January 1, 2002, Ramnes was merged with Våle to form the new municipality of Re, which on January 1, 2020, merged into Tønsberg. In 1996 Ramnes had a population of 3,579.
The municipality and originally the parish was named after the old farm Ramnes (Old Norse Rafnnes), since the first church was built there. The first element is rafn m 'raven', the last element is nes n 'headland'. (Here the headland is made by the meeting of two rivers.)
Ramnes Church
Church (Ramnes kirke) is a medieval era stone church for the parish of Ramnes in Nord-Jarlsberg rural deanery. The building material is stone and brick and it was built in 1150. The baptismal font from the 1100s. The towers are from the early 1600s. The altarpiece and pulpit and from the second half of the 1600s. The church is of long plan and has 250 number of seats.
References
Other sources
External links
Ramnes Church
1838 establishments in Norway
Populated places established in 1838
Populated places disestablished in 2002
Former municipalities of Norway
Villages in Vestfold og Telemark
Tønsberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnes |
The Agassiz Family is a family of Swiss origin, from the small village of Agiez near Lake Neuchatel. The family has included a number of high-profile members, such as the scientists Louis and Alexander Agassiz, as well as the founder of the Longines watch firm, Auguste Agassiz.
Family history
The early history of the family is sketched out in A Short History of the English Branch of the Agassiz Family, by A.R.N. Agassiz and in Jules Marcou's Life, Letters, And Works of Louis Agassiz.
The family was of the Protestant faith and many of their early members were ministers in the Church. The Rev. Jean Pierre Moise Agassiz (1705-1784) was Pastor of Lucens, Thierrens and Constantine, all of which were near Lake Neuchatel. His fourth son, the Rev. Philippe Louis Agassiz was the father of the Rev. Louis Benjamin Rudolph Agassiz, who was the father of the naturalist Louis Agassiz and Auguste Agassiz. Louis's son, Alexander, was a geologist like his father but his interests also turned to mining operations.
Auguste Agassiz moved to the Swiss town of Saint-Imier and set up his own watch firm in 1833 in partnership with Florian Morel and Henri Raiguel. In 1847 Agassiz became the firm's sole owner and in 1852 his nephew Ernest Francillon joined the firm. In 1866 Francillon acquired two plots of land called Les Longines ('long and narrow fields') and he built a factory there, allowing all the staff to be under one roof for the first time. In 1889 he registered the Longines brand and its famous winged hourglass symbol.
The Reverend Jean Pierre Moise Agassiz had another son, David Louis Agassiz (1737–1807). He left Switzerland with his friend Jacques Necker, moving to Paris to take a job in finance. Necker went on to become minister of finance to Louis XVI, while David Louis moved to England and anglicised his name to Lewis Agassiz. He became a City magnate, amassing a fortune that would be worth many millions today. He married Mary Griesdale.
His elder son Arthur David Lewis Agassiz (1771–1866) managed the family business and lost a great deal of his father's fortune. He married Jeanne Suzanne Prevost Rouviere (1776–1842). Among their many children, was Mary Ann (1799–1850), who married Joseph Frederick Edlmann (1794–1857), born in Hollenburg, Austria, and sent with the blessing of his uncle Reyer, of the Trieste trading company, Reyer und Schlitz, to open an office in London, after the fall of Napoleon. They lived in Peckham and are both buried in Nunhead Cemetery. Their son Frederick Joseph Edlmann (1829–1890), was a partner of the merchant bank Brown Shipley in the City of London, and bought the house Hawkwood, near Bromley, Kent. Another son, Joseph Ernest Edlmann (1831–1895) was a Major in the King's Dragoon Guards, based in Coventry, and lived in Kent House, Leamington Spa.
Arthur's daughter Aldine Agassiz married the clergyman Charles Benjamin Tayler.
David Louis's younger son was James John Charles Agassiz (1772–1858) was a Commander in the Royal Navy and was known for his gallantry in command of HMS Hound off the coast of Estaples, when he sent fire ships in amongst the French fleet. He was praised in despatches by Admiral Lord Nelson.
James John Charles Agassiz's elder son Lewis Agassiz (1793–1866) served in the Royal Marines and was leading one of the firing parties into Washington D.C. as part of the burning of Washington during the War of 1812. The Agassiz family was granted a coat of arms, depicting a torch for this action. He also fought in the Battle of Fort Peter. After he left the Royal Marines, Lewis Agassiz wrote A Journey to Switzerland, a travel book describing his family's travels in Europe back to his ancestral home. He continued to travel widely, becoming a friend of the King of Prussia who was godfather to one of his children and who bought another a commission in the British Army. Lewis Agassiz lived in the last years of his life at Stour Lodge, Bradfield, Essex.
His eldest surviving son, Lewis Nunn Agassiz, also had a military career, but went on to become a pioneer in Canada. He and his family founded the town of Agassiz, British Columbia. Lewis Nunn Agassiz's daughter, Margaret Eliza Florence Askin Agassiz, later wrote an account of pioneer life titled Memories of a Pioneer Life in British Columbia: A Short History of the Agassiz Family.
Lewis Agassiz's other children included the Rev. Rodolph Agassiz (d 1899), Rector of Radnage, who married Matilda Isabella Shafto, granddaughter of Sir Cuthbert Shafto of Bavington Hall, Northumberland, from whom the Canadian mountain biker Graham Agassiz descends, and Alfred Agassiz, who emigrated to New Zealand and has many descendants among the Te Whakatohea tribe of the Māori.
The Agassiz family is now scattered throughout the world, in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Australia and New Zealand. However, the name is extremely rare, with only a few dozen Agassiz families existing.
References
Further reading
Swiss families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agassiz%20family |
"Emerald Knights" is a 6-part story that was originally published in Green Lantern vol. 3, issues #101-106. It is the story of Kyle Rayner teaming up with a pre-Parallax Hal Jordan.
This story was later collected by DC Comics in 1998 as the trade paperback Green Lantern: Emerald Knights (), which included the last pages of Green Lantern vol. 3, issue #99 and issue #100, as well as Green Arrow vol. 2, #136.
Background
Kyle had been battling his sometime nemesis Grayven when he fell into a time-warp and wound up in the 30th Century, where he met the Legion of Super-Heroes. When asking to get back, the 30th century Brainiac put Kyle in a time-machine, intending to send Kyle back to his regular time. However, Kyle wound up being transported 10 years further back, to a time when Hal Jordan, many years before he became Parallax, was battling Sinestro (set during Green Lantern vol. 2, #9, implied to be the result of either a time platform malfunction or simply lacking historical records of this time period). Kyle helped Hal defeat Sinestro, and Kyle and Hal both wound up being transported back to Kyle's own time when Sinestro accidentally shoved Hal into Kyle as the Guardians were sending him home.
Story
The main thrust of the story deals with a much younger Hal having to come to grips with the new reality he's in; specifically, the fact that he's (at that time) one of the most reviled villains, and that his friend Ollie Queen is dead. The other heroes are also unnerved at seeing their comrade back in prime condition and without any of the taint of the villainy his future self did. Kyle, for his part, mixes feelings of awe - at being teamed with 'the greatest Green Lantern' - and self-pity, as he now feels that he's being pushed out of the limelight.
Hal winds up having some solo adventures in Kyle's time, including fighting Kalibak, another of Darkseid's sons, when Kalibak tries to challenge Hal to prove his own skill, and Vince Hardy, an old acquaintance who Hal knew during his fighter-pilot days. Hardy had fought against Hal for control of a fighter jet they were test-piloting, which Hardy intended to sell to arms dealers, but Hal fought him off and crashed the fighter jet, which resulted in him being discharged due to the need for a scapegoat for the lost plane, since Hardy had escaped during the fight. Hardy now intends to send a plane to Seattle with a bomb supplied by The Eden Corps, a group of radical environmentalists who were responsible for Ollie's death. Teamed up with the current Green Arrow, Connor Hawke (although he is shocked to learn of Connor's connection to Oliver), Hal first loses his ring to Hardy, but eventually gets it back and saves the day with Connor's help, Hal preventing the plane from crashing into a mountain before capturing Hardy. The two later visit Ollie's grave, reflecting on how they each feel like they have lost him twice, given the limited time Connor spent with him and the fact that Hal comes from a time before his friendship with Oliver was as close as it would become later.
The last two issues deal with Kyle vs. Hal vs. Hal. Parallax (before the events of Zero Hour #0) was jumping through space-time when he notices a disturbance and investigated. Sensing his past self in a time when he shouldn't have been there, Parallax intends to send Hal back to his proper time. Kyle fought against Parallax, but is unable to stop Parallax and Hal from squaring off against each other. After Parallax and Hal fight each other to a standstill - even travelling all the way back to Coast City mere seconds before it was destroyed as Parallax attempts to win Hal over - Kyle intervenes yet again. Kyle explained that both men had to go back to their proper places in time - and what's more, they had to have no knowledge of these experiences. Hal refuses to go back if it meant that he would turn into Parallax, but Kyle explained that Hal had to go back - and Parallax had to go back, despite the fact that he would be defeated - because Parallax was needed to stop the Sun-Eater during The Final Night.
Acknowledging that he is proud to have him carry on the Green Lantern tradition, Hal hugged Kyle, whispering to him "You'll know what to do with it", before all three joined forces: Parallax would be responsible for returning everyone to their proper place in time, Hal's ring would wipe his and Parallax's minds of these events, and Kyle's ring acted to boost their power. With both Hal and Parallax back in their proper time - Hal having defeated Sinestro on his own and Parallax revealing himself as the main villain behind Zero Hour - Kyle reflects on recent events with Jen, his girlfriend... before revealing that Hal gave Kyle a copy of his Green Lantern ring.
Aftermath
Kyle eventually copies Hal's power ring and gives it to Alan Scott's daughter, Jennifer-Lynn Hayden, allowing her to follow in her father's footsteps as the first female Green Lantern of Earth. In Green Lantern: The New Corps, during a weeks-long adventure in space, Rayner attempts to rebuild the Green Lantern Corps, recruiting Magaan Van'n Intraktus of the planet Van'n, Hammeroon (a bounty hunter from Ilskado System), Anya Savenlovich (a lieutenant colonel from Soviet Union Air Force who was in suspended animation after participating in a space mission in 1964), Garl Rathbone (a miner from the debris belt over the planet Daffith), and Sool (a judge, also from Daffith).
However, the group later discovered Van'n Intraktus was a traitor. Van'n had used his ring to enslave his home planet and planned to invade and conquer other worlds. The Green Lanterns eventually stopped the renegade after a battle, but at the cost of one of their own, Hammeroon. This led Kyle to the realization that he was not the right person to choose the future corps members and took all of the power rings back, until the time was right for the Corps' rebirth. After erecting a memorial for Hammeroon, Rayner returned to Earth. The former "New" Lanterns, no longer having their power rings, decided to continue their intergalactic adventures.
Jennifer eventually gave back the power ring Kyle had given her after she regained her Starheart powers and became the superheroine Jade once more. Even so, she is still considered to many as a member of the Corps. John Stewart would eventually take the ring and return as a Green Lantern. Kyle would later be possessed by Ion, the willpower entity, granting him the vast power he needed to create a new generation of Guardians. During Green Lantern: Rebirth, Hal Jordan was resurrected and returned to his role as the Green Lantern of Sector 2814, along with Guy Gardner. Jordan's murderous activity during Emerald Twilight was retconned as being influenced by a fear entity, Parallax. After defeating and imprisoning Parallax, Ganthet and the reborn Guardians succeeded in rebuilding the Green Lantern Corps.
Title
The title is in keeping with some of the major storylines that have been told in dealing with Parallax, including Emerald Twilight (Hal going insane at losing Coast City and eventually becoming Parallax) and Emerald Fallout (Guy Gardner, in possession of a yellow power ring, fights with Hal, but winds up losing his power when his ring's charge fades - Guy needed to recharge from a Green Lantern power source).
References
Comics set on fictional planets
1998 comics debuts
1998 comics endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald%20Knights |
Sir Alexander Colin Cole (16 May 1922 – 18 February 2001) was a long serving officer of arms at the College of Arms in London. Eventually, he would rise to the rank of Garter Principal King of Arms, the highest heraldic office in England and Wales.
Early life and education
Colin Cole was born in Surrey on 16 May 1922, the elder son of Edward Cole, a prosperous staples manufacturer. The family descends from John Cole, a yeoman in the parish of Twickenham, Middlesex, in the mid-17th century.
Cole was educated at Dulwich College (where his portrait stands in the stairwell to the Great Hall), Pembroke College, Cambridge, and Brasenose College, Oxford where he read Law. During World War II he served as a captain in the Coldstream Guards.
He was called to the bar at Inner Temple in 1949 and pursued a legal career before aspiring to be an officer of arms.
In 1944 Colin Cole married Valerie Card. They had four sons and three daughters.
Heraldic career
In 1953 Cole was Fitzalan Pursuivant Extraordinary at the coronation of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Shortly after this, began his migration from the bar to the College of Arms. This came as a result of the revival, in 1954, of the High Court of Chivalry (which had not sat since 1737) to hear the case of Manchester Corporation versus Manchester Palace of Varieties for wrongfully displaying the city's coat of arms. Cole represented the Palace of Varieties but he lost the case.
After a short term as Fitzalan Pursuivant Extraordinary, Cole was appointed an officer in ordinary (a full member of the College of Arms) as Portcullis Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary in 1957. He became Windsor Herald of Arms in Ordinary in 1966. Cole also served as the college's registrar and librarian from 1967 to 1974. He was appointed Garter Principal King of Arms four years later, in 1978 and held that position until 1992.
As Garter, Cole liberalised the rules devised by Sir Anthony Wagner for the admittance of new officers to the college. Previously they had always been university graduates who had also served a heraldic apprenticeship. Under Cole's leadership, this rule no longer applied and the majority of the pursuivants appointed had no pretensions to scholarship.
Cole's strong streak of shrewdness and worldly wisdom was deployed to the benefit of the college; its role was advanced when he was at the helm. His heraldic practice became the largest and most successful of the last century. His achievements and service to his sovereign led to Her Majesty appointing him both KCVO in 1988 and KCB in 1992: the two knighthoods being in her personal gift.
Many believe that Cole's chief achievement as Garter King of Arms was the part he played in the restoration of the College building. The structure of the building was overhauled and the brickwork and stone balustrades repaired under the direction of the estate agents Cluttons. This was one of the first times the repair of an important historic building had been entrusted to such a firm rather than to a specialist architect.
A member of the Court of Common Council from 1964, Cole became Sheriff in 1977 but had to turn down the opportunity to proceed to Lord Mayor as his duties as Garter would have clashed. He was a Master of the Scriveners, Liveryman of the Basketmakers, and on the Court of the Painter Stainers Companies. He was also a very active freemason.
Coats of arms designed
Margaret Thatcher and Denis Thatcher
Honours and appointments
Colin Cole was appointed a Member of the Royal Victorian Order in 1977, was promoted to CVO in 1979, and KCVO in 1983. He was also made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1992.
Military in bearing and vocabulary, Cole was proud of his rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, RARO (Brevet 1973). Until his knighthood in 1983, he called himself Colonel Cole on the strength of his position in the Honourable Artillery Company. He was honorary Colonel, 6/7 Battalion, the Queen's Regiment, from 1981 to 1986, President of The Royal Society of St George from 1982 to 1998, and Knight Principal of the Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor from 1995.
Arms
References
See also
John Brooke-Little
The College of Arms
Heraldry
1922 births
2001 deaths
People from Surrey
Coldstream Guards officers
English officers of arms
Coats of arms designers
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
People educated at Dulwich College
British Army personnel of World War II
Garter Principal Kings of Arms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Cole%20%28officer%20of%20arms%29 |
The Schofield Equation is a method of estimating the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of adult men and women published in 1985.
This is the equation used by the WHO in their technical report series. The equation that is recommended to estimate BMR by the US Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics is the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation.
The equations for estimating BMR in kJ/day (kilojoules per day) from body mass (kg) are:
Men:
Women:
The equations for estimating BMR in kcal/day (kilocalories per day) from body mass (kg) are:
Men:
Women:
Key:
W = Body weight in kilograms
SEE = Standard error of estimation
The raw figure obtained by the equation should be adjusted up or downwards, within the confidence limit suggested by the quoted estimation errors, and according to the following principles:
Subjects leaner and more muscular than usual require more energy than the average.
Obese subjects require less.
Patients at the young end of the age range for a given equation require more energy.
Patients at the high end of the age range for a given equation require less energy.
Effects of age and body mass may cancel out: an obese 30-year-old or an athletic 60-year-old may need no adjustment from the raw figure.
To find actual energy needed per day (Estimated Energy Requirement), the base metabolism must then be multiplied by an activity factor.
These are as follows:
Sedentary people of both genders should multiply by 1.3. Sedentary is very physically inactive, inactive in both work and leisure.
Lightly active men should multiply by 1.6 and women by 1.5. Lightly active means the daily routine includes some walking, or intense exercise once or twice per week. Most students are in this category.
Moderately active men should multiply by 1.7 and women by 1.6. Moderately active means intense exercise lasting 20–45 minutes at least three time per week, or a job with a lot of walking, or a moderate intensity job.
Very Active men should multiply by 2.1 and women by 1.9. Very active means intense exercise lasting at least an hour per day, or a heavy physical job, such as a mail carrier or an athlete in training.
Extremely active men should multiply by 2.4 and women by 2.2. Extremely active means an athlete on an unstoppable training schedule or a very demanding job, such as working in the armed forces or shoveling coal.
The FAO/WHO uses different PALs in their recommendations when recommending how to calculate TEE. See Table 5.3 of their working document. Energy Requirements of Adults, Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation, (See table 5.2).
These equations were published in 1989 in the dietary guidelines and formed the RDA's for a number of years. The activity factor used by the USDA was 1.6. In the UK, a lower activity factor of 1.4 is used. The equation has now been replaced by the Institute of Medicine Equation in September 2002 in the US, however is still currently used by the FAO/WHO/UNU.
See also
Harris–Benedict equation
Institute of Medicine Equation
References
Mass
Nutrition
Obesity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schofield%20equation |
Christopher John Heintz (born August 6, 1974) is a former Major League Baseball catcher. He played with the Minnesota Twins from 2005–2007. He is currently a hitting coach for the GCL Philadelphia Phillies. He is the brother of PGA Tour golfer Bob Heintz.
College career
Heintz attended the University of South Florida, where he played baseball for the Bulls. While at South Florida, he was named to the All-Tournament Team of the 1996 Conference USA baseball tournament, in which South Florida finished second. He is a member of the USF Athletic Hall of Fame.
Minor League career
Heintz was drafted by the Chicago White Sox as a catcher in the 19th round of the 1996 Major League Baseball Draft. After six seasons in their farm system, the ChiSox released Heintz. He signed with the St. Louis Cardinals in , and spent the season with their Eastern League double A affiliate, the New Haven Ravens. At the end of the season, he became a rule 55 free agent, and signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates, and spent with the Altoona Curve, also in the Eastern League.
MLB debut
He signed with the Minnesota Twins following the season, and spent and with their triple A affiliate, the Rochester Red Wings. His .304 batting average, eight home runs and 58 runs batted in in 2005 was good enough for a September call-up, and he made his major league debut on September 10, 2005, replacing Mike Redmond in the eighth inning of a 7–5 loss to the Cleveland Indians at Jacobs Field.
Heintz spent the next two seasons with Rochester making the occasional appearances with the major league roster. The Twins released Heintz following the season. He signed with the Baltimore Orioles for . After one season with their triple A affiliate, the Norfolk Tides, Heintz retired. In 199.1 major league innings caught, Heintz had a 1.000 fielding percentage.
Coaching
During the season, Heintz began coaching with the Twins' Midwest League affiliate, the Beloit Snappers. On October 20, 2009, he replaced Jake Mauer as manager of the Gulf Coast League Twins. He will also run the Twins' extended Spring Training.
At the start of the 2010 season, the South Florida Bulls baseball team hired Heintz as an assistant coach.
Heintz was named as the hitting coach for the GCL Phillies for the 2018 season.
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
Minnesota Twins players
Major League Baseball catchers
People from Syosset, New York
Baseball players from Nassau County, New York
Minor league baseball managers
Bristol White Sox players
South Bend Silver Hawks players
South Florida Bulls baseball players
Hickory Crawdads players
Winston-Salem Warthogs players
Birmingham Barons players
Charlotte Knights players
New Haven Ravens players
Altoona Curve players
Rochester Red Wings players
Norfolk Tides players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Heintz%20%28baseball%29 |
The Video Collection 93:99 is the third music video compilation by American singer-songwriter Madonna. Released by Warner Music Vision, Warner Reprise Video and Warner Bros. Records on November 9, 1999, it contained music videos for singles released between 1993 and 1999. Originally, the collection was titled The Video Collection 92–99, and had included the 1992 video "Erotica", but it was omitted due to its sexually explicit content; instead the 1998 song "The Power of Good-Bye" was added. The videos in the collection were selected personally by Madonna, who felt the 14 videos to be her best work.
After its release, the collection was critically appreciated, with one group of reviewers noting the artistic capabilities of Madonna while the others noting her ability to re-invent her image from one video to another. It reached a peak of eight on Billboards Top Music Video sales chart. In 2008, was certified platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipment of 100,000 copies across United States. A box set titled The Ultimate Collection was released in 2000, which contained The Video Collection 93:99 and The Immaculate Collection compilations.
Background
On September 2, 1999, Warner Bros. Records announced the release of the video album, then titled as The Video Collection 92–99. Released in VHS and DVD, the collection featured 14 videos, including "Drowned World/Substitute for Love", which was not released in the United States as a single, hence was not commercially available prior to the release of Video Collection. The videos in the collection was selected personally by Madonna, who felt the 14 videos to be her best work. The collection had included the 1992 song "Erotica", but it was later omitted due to the sexual content present in the music video; instead the song "The Power of Good-Bye" was added and the collection was renamed as The Video Collection 93:99.
The video release was supposed to be in mid-October, but was pushed to November 2, 1999. The DVD release was to also include an accompanying compact disc with the audio to the videos as a double-disc greatest hits album, but was cancelled and the release only included a DVD. The original plan was to have the release coincide with a 1999 concert tour, which Madonna had mentioned in an interview with Larry King that same year. This was also cancelled and postponed until 2001, Madonna instead releasing an audio greatest hits collection GHV2 and embarked on the Drowned World Tour that same year.
Critical reception
Heather Phares from AllMusic gave it five out of five stars and said: "Madonna's Video Collection: 1993–1999 adds to her status as one of the best represented artists on DVD. [...] Though it doesn't offer much in the way of DVD-specific features, the artistry of directors like Mark Romanek, Stephane Sedaoui, David Fincher, Jean-Baptiste Mondino, as well as Madonna herself, is on full display with videos like 'Take a Bow', 'Bedtime Story', 'Human Nature', 'Frozen', and 'Ray of Light'. All in all, it's a worthwhile collection of memorable videos from one of pop's trendsetters." Francis Dass from New Straits Times commented: "Madonna, the pop icon of the 20th century, remains at the forefront of self-promotion and marketing with the release of her music video compilation on VCD format. The collection shows that she is still able to maintain her relevance to the nasty world of music and she is still the queen of re-invention." Eileen Fitzpatrick from Billboard described the compilation as "a gorgeous waterfall of clips that flow from one to the next". She concludes her review saying "Madonna's ever-evolving vocals make this one a true gem".
Jay Webb from The Dallas Morning News felt that the videos on the collection showed "Madonna's true artistic self" but added that such artistic phase was incompletely catalogued in the collection. Jeremy Kinser from The Advocate gave the collection a positive review, complimenting "the showcase of such classic and artistic videos". He listed "Ray of Light", "Bad Girl" and "Take a Bow" as the high-points of the collection, while the inclusion of "Fever" and "Human Nature" was criticized. Jose Promis from AllMovie felt that "[t]he decision to include virtual non-hits such as 'Love Don't Live Here Anymore' over smashes such as 'You'll See' or 'I'll Remember' is bewildering, making this collection a decidedly mixed bag."
Commercial performance
The collection debuted at 3 on Billboards Top Music Videos. It also debuted at number 36 on Top Video Sales chart on December 4, 1999, and the second week it moved 23 places to 13. The next week it reached a peak of eight on the chart, remaining at the position for three additional weeks. Video Collection reached the peak of eight again on the Billboard issue dated February 5, 2000. It was present on the Music Video chart for a total of 32 weeks. On November 13, 2008, the DVD was certified platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipment of 100,000 copies. It was also certified platinum in Argentina by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers (CAPIF) for shipment of 8,000 copies, as well as gold in Brazil by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos (ABPD) for shipment of 25,000 copies. After seventeen weeks of staying at the top of the Danish Top 10 DVD chart, Video Collection made a re-entry on the chart at the number three, in August 2001. In Denmark, the video collection sold 135 copies as of 2000.
The Ultimate Collection
On September 18, 2000, a box set titled The Ultimate Collection was released, which contained The Video Collection 93:99 and The Immaculate Collection. R.S. Murthy from New Straits Times said that "this boxed set offers Madonna fans and the Madonna initiates a very good collection of her videos, and helps them understand the wonder that Madonna is." Jeremy Jennings from the St. Paul Pioneer Press listed the box set as one of the most promising collection in his list of "Best Fall CDs" for 2000. Robin Givhan from The Washington Post called the collection "A veritable homage to the many faces of Madonna, from her current ghetto cowboy incarnation to her old boy-toy persona, the collection featured duded-up music videos and many pictures—a reminder of Madonna as the queen of re-invention."
Track listing and formats
The collection was released on VHS, LaserDisc, VCD (Asia only) and DVD. A special limited edition karaoke VCD was also released with the same track list. This VCD showed the lyrics of the song on the video, and the user was able to mute the right audio channel, which contained the full vocal version of the song, or the left audio channel, which contained the instrumental version of the song.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
1999 video albums
Madonna video albums
Music video compilation albums
Madonna compilation albums
Warner Records video albums
Warner Music Vision video albums
Reprise Records video albums
Maverick Records video albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Video%20Collection%2093%3A99 |
Svarstad is a village in Larvik, Norway. Its population (2011) is 566, and it is situated on the Numedalslågen river, approximately north of urban Larvik and south of Hvittingfoss in Kongsberg municipality. Svarstad Church was built in 1657 and is located here.
Svarstad ski center ran 8 ski slopes for both children and adults until the start of winter 2015, when it closed due to bankruptcy. Holemyra is a fairly sizable forested area located in the midst of Svarstad, and this is also a popular picnic and hiking area with residents.
References
Villages in Vestfold og Telemark
Populated places on the Numedalslågen
Larvik | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarstad |
Sociedad Deportiva Lemona was a Spanish football team based in Lemoa, in the autonomous community of Basque Country. Founded in 1923, it last played in Segunda División B – Group 2, holding home matches at Estadio Arlonagusia, with a capacity of 5,000 seats.
The club were losing finalists in the Copa Federación de España in the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons.
Lemona was disbanded in July 2012 due to financial problems.
Season to season
20 seasons in Segunda División B
14 seasons in Tercera División
Honours
Tercera División: 2000–01, 2001–02
RFEF Basque tournament: 1995–96, 1996–97, 1999–2000, 2010–11, 2011–12
Notable former players
Juan Cuyami
Javier Iturriaga
Iosu Iglesias
Markel Robles
Zigor Goikuria
Álvaro Martínez
Gaizka Toquero
Notable former coaches
Iñigo Liceranzu
Aitor Larrazábal
References
External links
Official website
Futbolme team profile
Defunct football clubs in the Basque Country (autonomous community)
Association football clubs established in 1923
Association football clubs disestablished in 2012
1923 establishments in Spain
2012 disestablishments in Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD%20Lemona |
Sokil () may refer to:
Sokil Kyiv, Ukrainian professional ice hockey team
Maria Sokil (1902–1999), Ukrainian opera singer
List of places named Sokil, several rural settlements in Ukraine
See also
Sokal (disambiguation)
Sokol (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokil |
Sutherland v United Kingdom originated as a complaint by Mr Euan Sutherland to the European Commission of Human Rights that the fixing of the minimum age for lawful homosexual activities at 18 rather than 16, as for heterosexual activities, violated his right to respect for private life under Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The complaint was first filed on 8 June 1994 and ultimately led to the equalisation of the age of consent for homosexual and heterosexual acts.
Facts
The Applicant, Mr Euan Sutherland was born in 1977, and after realising he was homosexual, had his first sexual encounter with another homosexual man at the age of 16. Although the Applicant was never prosecuted, there was a justified fear that he may be since, in 1990, 455 prosecutions had given rise to 342 convictions and, in 1991, 213 prosecutions gave rise to 169 convictions. This fear led the Applicant to bring the complaint to the Commission.
Under section 12(1) of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 it was an offence for a person to commit buggery with another person and under section 13 it was an offence for a man to commit an act of "gross indecency" with another man, whether in public or private. The Sexual Offences Act 1967 stated that no offence is committed if both parties are aged 21 or over and consented to the acts.
Judgment
The Commission considered the application and following a hearing published its findings on 1 July 1997. The published findings show that the Commission considered a very wide range of opinions and factors, including the rationale for a higher age of consent for homosexual acts, opinions from medical staff as to what a suitable age limit is and whether a different age for heterosexual and homosexual acts is discriminatory.
The commission found that the existence of different age limits was discriminatory and that no valid grounds existed to justify that discrimination. They therefore found that the age of consent for homosexual acts should be lowered to 16. In arriving at their conclusion the commission cited their reasoning in the previous cases, Dudgeon v United Kingdom and Norris v. Ireland.
In response to the commission's findings the Applicant and the UK Government, on 13 October 1997, submitted an agreement that a Bill would be proposed to Parliament the summer of 1998 to reduce the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16. They agreed that once the legislation was passed the Government would pay reasonable costs and the parties would apply to the Court for approval of a friendly settlement.
The Government brought the Crime and Disorder Bill to Parliament in June 1998 which contained a provision to reduce the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16. Those provisions were accepted by the House of Commons, but were rejected by the House of Lords. The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Bill was introduced to the House of Commons on 16 December 1998 and the relevant provisions were again endorsed by that house, but were later rejected by the House of Lords.
The provisions were then reintroduced for a third time under the Parliament Act 1911 such they could pass into force after a delay of one year.
On 28 January 2000, the Bill was re-introduced before the House of Commons and was passed by 263 votes to 102. It was then introduced into the House of Lords on 29 February 2000, where, on 11 April 2000 its Second Reading was not opposed, but some Lords stated they would propose amendments. As a result, the Bill was adopted under the Parliament Act at the end of the 2000 Parliamentary year and the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000 received Royal Assent on 30 November 2000 and was brought into force on 8 January 2001.
Following a series of requests for extensions, the Court received notification from the Government on 23 January 2001 that the age of consent had been equalised and then on 1 February 2001 that the Government had paid the Applicant's costs. Accordingly, on 27 March 2001, the case was struck out of the Court's lists.
References
External links
Commission report
Judgement from the ECHR
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights cases involving the United Kingdom
1997 in United Kingdom case law
1997 in LGBT history
United Kingdom LGBT rights case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland%20v%20United%20Kingdom |
Strickland v. Sony was a court case that focused on whether violent video games played a role in Devin Moore's first-degree murder/shooting of three people in a police station. In August 2005, former attorney Jack Thompson filed the lawsuit against Sony.
History
Devin Moore was convicted in 2005 for the 2003 shooting of two police officers and a dispatcher as he was being detained for allegedly stealing a car. He grabbed one officer's .45 caliber pistol and killed all three before fleeing the station in a police cruiser he stole from the station. He was eventually caught and sentenced to death by lethal injection.
In March 2005, Thompson announced he was filing a lawsuit on behalf of the families of two of the three victims in Fayette, Alabama. He was also featured in a 60 Minutes special on the case.
On August 12, 2005, the third victim's family later joined the lawsuit.
On November 1, 2005, Thompson sent an email to various websites commenting on the opening day of the civil trial. In it, he compared Sony and Take-Two Interactive's sale of the Grand Theft Auto video game to Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor during World War II. According to Thompson, certain regional governments in Japan had prevented the sale of the Grand Theft Auto games to minors, though Sony continued to sell the game where its sale was not restricted in Japan and abroad (Microsoft is doing the same for its own video game console). Thompson also compared the distribution of violent games to the distribution of pornography.
On November 4, 2005, Blank Rome submitted a motion to have Thompson removed from the case, stating that Thompson would "turn the courtroom into a circus."
On November 7, 2005, Thompson withdrew from the case, stating, "It was my idea [to leave the case]." He was quick to mention that the case would probably do well with or without his presence. This decision followed scrutiny from Judge James Moore; however, Thompson claimed he received no pressure to withdraw. At the same time, Judge Moore had taken the motion to revoke Thompson's license under advisement. Jack Thompson appeared in court to defend his right to practice law in Alabama (using Pro Hac Vice), following accusations that he violated legal ethics.
Just before leaving the case, Thompson filed a motion with the court, quoting noted designer Warren Spector (Deus Ex, Thief) as being critical of Rockstar's actions, taken from a speech Spector gave at the Montreal International Game Summit. He even implied that Spector could be served a subpoena to testify, even though the court's jurisdiction did not extend to Spector's place of residence. On November 9, 2005, Spector lashed out at Thompson for taking his comments out of context, saying "Take two or three things, from different contexts, mash them together and you can mislead people pretty dramatically."
On March 29, 2006, the Alabama Supreme Court upheld Judge Moore's ruling against the dismissal of the case. Law firm Blank-Rome, representing the defendants, had previously attempted unsuccessfully to have the suit dismissed during the pre-trial since it argued that the defendants had a right under the 1st Amendment to sell mature games to minors. At the time of the sale, there was no law preventing such a sale. Thompson called the ruling "exciting" because "no one has ever before survived a motion to dismiss." At the same time, the Alabama Supreme Court agreed to hear arguments as to whether the Fayette County Court had the jurisdiction to preside over the case at all.
On July 29, 2009, the court granted summary judgement to Take-Two. One of the plaintiffs filed an appeal on Aug. 10, 2009 which the Alabama Supreme Court affirmed the lower court's ruling in Sept. 2010. The plaintiffs eventually chose not to seek further action and the case is officially closed.
Devin Moore
Devin Moore was apprehended several hours after the shootings in Mississippi. According to the Associated Press, after his recapture he said, "Life is a video game. Everybody's got to die sometime." Once in custody, Moore quickly confessed. He told detectives that he shot the men because he didn't want to go to jail.
Moore faced trial in 2005 and pleaded not guilty. The trial judge barred the defense from introducing evidence to the jury that Grand Theft Auto incited Moore's shooting spree. Moore's attorney, Jim Standridge, contended that Moore was suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder at the time of the crimes. Standridge argued that Moore had been emotionally and physically abused by his father as a child.
In August 2005, Moore was convicted as charged. On October 9, 2005, he was sentenced to death by lethal injection. Jim Standridge appealed the case. On February 17, 2012, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals upheld Moore's conviction in a 5-0 decision. The case will automatically be appealed to the Alabama Supreme Court, and can then be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
Alabama license revoked
On November 18, 2005, Judge Moore rejected Thompson's request to withdraw, and instead revoked his Pro Hac Vice admission (a temporary license to practice in a given jurisdiction), in an 18-page decision. Thompson responded with a letter to Alabama's Judicial Inquiry Commission, questioning Judge Moore's ethics and accusing him of violating the first 3 Alabama Canons of Judicial Ethics Thompson also claimed the judge had "absolutely no authority" in preventing him from withdrawing from the case, and so therefore the court's decision to kick him off the case was a "legal nullity". He accused the court of punishing him for "aggressively telling the truth" while it "looked the other way when Blank Rome elegantly told those lies."
Judge Moore has also referred this matter to the Alabama State Bar for "appropriate action" remarking among other things: "Mr. Thompson's actions before this Court suggest that he is unable to conduct himself in a manner befitting practice in this state."
On November 21, 2005, Thompson claimed that "We had heard going into this civil case, before it was even filed, that a particular Western Alabama lawyer had to be part of our litigation team or Judge Moore would not give us a fair hearing. This lawyer himself claims, openly, that 'Judge Moore will not allow you to survive summary judgment if I am not on the case.' For too long we have heard swirling around this Judge allegations of improper influence." Thompson alluded that the "fixer" was local lawyer Clatus Junkin, although Junkin denied he had any influence over any judges, or that he had made such a comment, as he was "not that dumb [...] or foolish enough to imply that [he] could [influence Judge Moore]." He also declined Thompson's request to join the plaintiffs' team, citing disagreements over Thompson's demands of complete control of any contact with the news media. Judge Moore noted that even though he had banned comments on the case outside the courtroom, Thompson had issued 7 different communications between the start of the case and the day he revoked Thompson's Pro Hac Vice. After being thrown off the case, Thompson requested that Judge Moore recuse himself from the case. Moore ignored him, stating "I can't consider it because he's no longer practicing in the state of Alabama. If some other lawyer in the case asks me to recuse myself, I'll consider it in court."
On December 13, 2005, Thompson announced that he will be "assisting plaintiffs' counsel during the discovery process and in the courtroom at trial" when the civil trial begins in 2006 (the judge ruled on both Thompson's dismissal from the case, and dismissal of the case itself, during pretrial hearings). He also claimed he "will likely be a witness in the case." Although he gave no details as to what he would be a witness to, except that he claimed he had "warned, in writing," Take-Two and Rockstar Games "that murders such as those in Alabama would occur by teens who had rehearsed the murders on their virtual reality killing simulators." Judge Moore forbade Thompson from "[communicating] with the court or the judge" or he "would be held in contempt of court." While that order was appealed, it has not yet been ruled on.
On February 16, 2006, Thompson sent a letter to the Alabama Bar, accusing Judge Moore of breaking the bar rules by publicly disclosing that he had filed a complaint about Thompson with the Alabama Bar. He accused Judge Moore of denying Devin Moore a fair trial, and claimed the FBI was investigating the Florida Bar's "disciplinary process". Thompson gave the Alabama Bar until "five o'clock p.m., Eastern time, February 17, 2006" to drop the complaint, or else he would file a "federal lawsuit in the United States District Court in the Southern District of Florida on Monday, February 20, 2006."
The Alabama State Bar rules state that a court official who revokes Pro Hac Vice due to conduct must refer the matter to the Bar for review, and the Bar decides if an investigation is needed. No complaint is required to open an investigation.
Thompson's deadline of February 17 passed, without action from either party.
On February 22, 2006, Thompson followed up with another letter, announcing that he had filed a lawsuit against the Alabama Bar, for investigating a complaint " which in fact was not even filed" in "violation of its own Bar Rules."
The Alabama Bar has not yet been served notice with any complaint from Thompson, nor has any Florida court acknowledged a civil suit being filed.
Thompson announced that the Strickland v. Sony plaintiffs were still his clients, and vowed to represent them in-court when the trial resumed.
On October 9, 2007, Thompson filed a lawsuit against the Alabama Bar with the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida. The case was assigned to the same judge who had previously presided over attempts by Thompson to sue the Florida Bar, which were voluntarily withdrawn. Thompson claimed that his rights of "speech, petition, and religion" were violated when his Pro Hac Vice status was revoked.
References
External links
Boston Globe - "Ala. appeal in game-blame killings nixed"
2005 in United States case law
Grand Theft Auto
2010 in United States case law
2006 in United States case law
Video game censorship
Video game controversies
Video game case law
Sony litigation
Murder in Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strickland%20v.%20Sony |
MVS is an IBM mainframe computer operating system, commonly known as Multiple Virtual Storage.
MVS may also refer to:
Maritime Volunteer Service, a UK Charity supplying Maritime Training and Support
Marquez Valdes-Scantling, an American football player
Metal vapor synthesis, a technique in chemistry
Mezinárodní všeodborový svaz, a Czechoslovak trade union federation
Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine (Ministerstvo Vnutrishnikh Sprav - )
Mobile Visual Search
Mucuri Airport, in Buenos Aires (IATA code MVS)
MVS Comunicaciones, a Mexican media company
MVS Radio, a group of international Spanish-language radio networks
MVS TV, a Mexican cable television network
Neo Geo MVS arcade game system from SNK | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVS%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The TCDD (Turkish Republic Railways) 56501 Class is a class of 2-10-0 steam locomotives provided by Germany during the Second World War. They were numbered 56501-56553 .
Overview
After the outbreak of the Second World War, the United Kingdom was unable to supply locomotives ordered by TCDD. Nazi Germany stepped in and offered the Turks DRG BR 52-type Kriegloks. 10 were supplied in 1943, and 43 more were lent to the Turks in 1943/1944, the loan of which was made permanent after Turkey declared war on Germany towards the end of the war in Europe. In response to the initial German move the Allies gave TCDD 20 LMS Stanier Class 8F which formed the 45151 Class and 29 USATC S200 Class which formed the 46201 Class.
All 53 survived into the 1980s.
References
External links
56501 to 56553 Trains of Turkey
56501
Steam locomotives of Turkey
2-10-0 locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCDD%2056501%20Class |
Ullaskar Dutta (16 April 1885 – 17 May 1965) was an Indian revolutionary associated with Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar of Bengal, and was a close associate of Barindra nath Ghosh. He was the principal bomb maker of the Jugantar group until Hemchandra Kanungo returned from Paris learning political theory and explosive chemistry.
Early life
Ullaskar was born on 16 April 1885 to a Baidya family in the village of Kalikachha, Sarail, then located under the Brahmanbaria subdivision of the Bengal Province's Tipperah District (present-day Bangladesh). His father Dwijadas Duttagupta was a member of the Brahmo Samaj and had a degree in agriculture from the University of London. After passing entrance examination in 1903, he took admission in the Presidency College, Kolkata and his passion was for the subject Chemistry. However, he was rusticated from the college for hitting a British professor, Professor Russell, who made some derogatory comment about Bengalis.
Revolutionary activities
Ullaskar was a member of the Jugantar party and he became expert in bomb-making. Khudiram Bose used a bomb manufactured by Ullaskar and Hem Chandra Das in an attempt to murder the notorious magistrate, Kingsford. However, police caught many members of the Jugantar group including Ullaskar Dutta, Barindra Ghosh and Khudiram.
Trial and sentence
In the famous Alipore bomb case, Ullaskar was arrested on 2 May 1908 and he was sentenced to death by hanging in 1909. Later, on appeal, the verdict was reduced to transportation for life and he was deported to the Cellular Jail in Andaman.
Cellular jail
Ullaskar was subjected to brutal torture and repeated electrocution in the Cellular Jail and is said have lost his mental balance. He was set free in 1920 and he returned to Kolkata.
Later life
Ullaskar was again arrested in 1931 and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment. He returned to his home village Kalikachha when colonial rule ended in 1947. After a lonely life of 10 years, he returned to Kolkata in 1957.
After returning to Kolkata he married his childhood friend Lila, daughter of Bipin Chandra Pal at that time she was a physically challenged widow woman and went to Silchar, the district town of Cachar District of Assam and spent his later life there. He died on 17 May 1965 in Kolkata, West Bengal. Recently, two roads in Kolkata and Silchar were named after him.
Works
Dvipantarer Katha (The Tale of Deportation)
Amar Karajiban () (translated into English as Twelve Years of Prison Life in 1924).
References
External links
Cellular jail website
Anushilan Samiti
Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule
1885 births
1965 deaths
Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
Alumni of the University of London
Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal
Brahmos
Indian revolutionaries
Indian prisoners sentenced to death
Prisoners and detainees of British India
Bengali-language writers
Indian independence activists from West Bengal
People from Sarail Upazila | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullaskar%20Dutta |
Victims Family is a hardcore punk band formed in 1984 in Santa Rosa, California, by bass guitarist Larry Boothroyd and guitarist and vocalist Ralph Spight. Devon VrMeer completed the trio as drummer. Their sound blended punk, heavy metal and jazz, making them difficult to categorize into a single genre. Allmusic says, "Since its inception, the trio has refused to be pigeonholed to any single musical style — incorporating elements of hardcore punk, jazz, funk, hard rock, and noise into its challenging sound". They were known as one of the most musically diverse bands in the San Francisco underground music scene. Over the years, Victims Family went through four drummers and two break-ups. Their name was taken from a piece by the cartoonist B. Kliban.
History
In 1984, Victims Family played their first show at the Kennilworth Recreation Center in Petaluma, California, where they later opened for Faith No More and Suicidal Tendencies. In summer 1985, the band made their first U.S. tour, which they booked themselves by mailing out a cassette demo. They played with NOFX in Albuquerque and challenged Tales of Terror to a drinking contest in Dallas. Also that year, they opened for the Dead Kennedys, Descendents and Social Unrest at the Novato Theater, where they first caught the attention of Jello Biafra. In 1986, they opened for the Butthole Surfers and Camper Van Beethoven at Mabuhay Gardens in San Francisco, and recorded their first album, Voltage and Violets, for Ruth Schwartz's Mordam Records, and regularly played The Farm and Club Foot in San Francisco. 1986 was also the year they played at a pizza parlor in Oakland with Nomeansno, beginning a long friendship between the two bands.
In 1987, they barely completed a tour of the United States and missed their dates in Canada after being banned from that country for one year. Highlights included playing with Capitol Punishment in Fresno and Scratch Acid in Dallas. A second album, Things I Hate To Admit, was recorded in 1988 at Prairie Sun Studio in Cotati, California.
In 1988, they began their friendship with Primus, with whom they shared the stage many times in the years to follow.
In 1989, they were invited by Konkurrent, a record label in Amsterdam, for a European tour. VrMeer had left the band to raise a family, so Eric Strand was recruited as drummer. The band embarked on a five-week tour of Europe with Snuff from London supporting them. Highlights included helping to break down the Berlin Wall and being strip searched in Norway. After returning from Europe, Strand was replaced by the roadie Tim Solyan who continued to drum for Victims Family throughout the height of their touring days.
Their third album, White Bread Blues, produced by the Nomeansno drummer John Wright, followed in 1990 and was received on a much wider critical and commercial scale than their earlier albums. It included the song "'Caged Bird", which reached No. 6 on the Dutch national radio charts. Around this time, Mr. Bungle and Green Day, then little known acts, often opened for Victims Family. Also in 1990, they supported Tad and Nirvana on the midwest leg of their cross-country tour. Numerous tours of the US and Europe cemented the group's reputation as an incendiary live act. Their fourth album, The Germ, released in 1992 and also produced by John Wright, was their first for Alternative Tentacles Records. The band's schedule began to take its toll, and in 1992 they took a break.
Ten months later, in spring 1993, Victims Family reformed, to play a sold-out show at the Kennel Club in San Francisco. A fifth album, Headache Remedy, was released by Alternative Tentacles in February 1994. Four Great Thrash Songs, the last album of the classic line-up was recorded live in 1994 at their final show at Melkweg in Amsterdam, the band's home from home. Founding members Spight and Boothroyd also formed the bands Saturn's Flea Collar and Hellworms, both of which toured the US and Europe and recorded albums for Alternative Tentacles.
After the demise of Hellworms, Spight and Boothroyd continued under the name Victims Family with a new drummer David Gleza of My Name and they recorded the album Apocalicious in 2001. The band continued to tour relentlessly, including two trips to Texas for SXSW, and two more tours of Europe, causing the band to lose Gleza to tour fatigue. This time Spight and Boothroyd decided not to look for another drummer.
On December 11 and 12, 2004, Victims Family reunited, with Solyan back on drums, at the Phoenix Theatre in Petaluma, California, and in San Francisco at the Bottom of the Hill, to celebrate their 20th anniversary with all their different incarnations, including The Freak Accident (Spight's solo project) and Meowmeow and the Meowmeows (Boothroyd's new band). Also included at this time was a Saturn's Flea Collar 10th anniversary reunion and a Hellworms reunion. This sparked subsequent shows with both Hellworms and Victims Family. In 2006, Boothroyd began playing with the Bay Area band that came to be known as Triclops! and began touring and releasing records with them. The Freak Accident released an LP on Alternative Tentacles and toured Europe with Nomeansno. Triclops! released a full-length album, Out of Africa, on Alternative Tentacles in March 2008, and a their follow-up, Helpers On The Other Side, also on Alternative Tentacles, in 2010.
Solyan has been in a few bands over the years including The Kehoe Nation (for whom he played select drum tracks on Music For Livers), Wingnut, Jerry Rigg & the El Chupos. He is currently back with Bryan Kehoe in a duo of guitar and drums called Black Cat Grave.
In 2009, the band appeared at the Phoenix Theater in Petaluma with Nomeansno and also for Alternative Tentacles 30th Anniversary shows in San Francisco with Alice Donut, Jello Biafra and the Guantanamo School of Medicine, Spight's latest band.
In 2010, Victims Family was invited to play in the Czech Republic with Nomeansno, Le Silo (Japan), and a group of Cuban dancers and typewriter players to celebrate a friend's 50th birthday. This turned into a whirlwind mini-tour in Europe where they played nine shows in nine days. In 2012, they released the "Have A Nice Day" single on Alternative Tentacles, made another short tour of Europe and played a handful of Northern California shows.
Line-up
Ralph Spight – guitar, vocals
Larry Boothroyd – bass guitar
Tim Solyan – drums (1989–1994; 2004–present)
Past drummers:
Devon VrMeer (1984–1988)
Eric Strand (1988–1989)
Dave Gleza (2001–2002)
Discography
Albums
1986 Voltage and Violets LP – Mordam Records
1988 Things I Hate to Admit LP – Mordam Records
1990 White Bread Blues LP/CD – Mordam Records (1990's CD issue contains Things I Hate to Admit; reissued 2010 on Saint Rose Records)
1992 The Germ LP/CD – Alternative Tentacles
1994 Headache Remedy LP/CD – Alternative Tentacles
1995 Four Great Thrash Songs LP/CD – Alternative Tentacles
2001 Apocalicious LP/CD – Alternative Tentacles
Singles and compilations
1986 The Only Way and Times Beach on Lethal Noise compilation – not on a label
1986 Devon Drool, Sir Onslaught and Work on Bay Mud compilation – not on a label
1986 Lock of Interest on Viva Umkhonto! compilation – Mordam Records/Konkurrel Records
1988 Son of a Church Card/Quivering Lip 7-inch – Mordam Records
1990 Burly Jalisco on Sasquatch compilation 7-inch – Kirbdog
1990 Sinatra Mantra on The Big One – Flipside Records
1991 My Evil Twin on split 7-inch with Coffin Break – Rave Records
1991 Ill in the Head on Virus 100 Compilation LP – Alternative Tentacles
1993 Maybe if I... 7-inch – Alternative Tentacles
1996 Project Fake ~ A tribute to the Minutemen – Easy Money Records
2001 Dr. Schlesinger on split 7-inch with Fleshies – Alternative Tentacles
2002 Fridge on compilation Apocalypse Always – Alternative Tentacles
2002 Victims Family w/ The Jayroon Lovers Bonjour, Gutentag, Hallo. - Strike Records
2012 Have A Nice Day/Let's Cancel The Future 7-inch – Alternative Tentacles
External links
Alternative Tentacles
Victims Family homepage
Saint Rose Records
Alternative Tentacles artists
Hardcore punk groups from California
Musical groups established in 1984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victims%20Family |
Cova da Beira () is a former NUTS3 subregion of Portugal integrated in the NUTS2 Centro region. It was abolished at the January 2015 NUTS 3 revision. It lies in the fertile valley between the Serra da Estrela and Gardunha mountains. It covers an area of 1,373 km2, with a population of 92,460 inhabitants for a density of 67 inhabitants/km2. The major cities are Covilhã (pop. 31,500 - city proper), Fundão (pop. 9,000 - city proper) and Belmonte (pop. 6,800 - city proper). The subregion has a significant economic output related mainly with textiles, food industry, agriculture and mining. The most significant productions include woollen, fabrics, olive oil, wine, wood, cherries, peaches and other vegetables. Some of the most important wolframite (most important mineral source of the metal tungsten) mines in the world are explored within its limits. Other important mines extract lead and tin. Mineral water is bottled from several sources. There is a state-run university in the city of Covilhã (University of Beira Interior ) and a major state-run Hospital Center with buildings in Covilhã and Fundão (Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira ).
Municipalities
Cova da Beira subregion has 3 municipalities (concelhos in Portuguese):
Belmonte
Covilhã
Fundão
See also
Cova da Beira IPR
References
Former NUTS 3 statistical regions of Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cova%20da%20Beira%20Subregion |
The term "Hong Kong passport" can refer to the following passports which are used primarily by residents of Hong Kong:
Contemporary passports
British National (Overseas) passport, which is a type of British passport
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport, a type of Chinese passport
Defunct passport
The passport for British Dependent Territories citizen Hong Kong passport, which is an older type of British passport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Kong%20Passport |
Union Station is a 1950 crime drama film noir directed by Rudolph Maté and starring William Holden, Nancy Olson and Barry Fitzgerald.
Plot
At Chicago Union Station (though filmed at Los Angeles Union Station), Police Lieutenant William "Bill" Calhoun is approached by an apprehensive passenger named Joyce Willecombe who believes that two men aboard her train may be up to no good.
The two men deposit a suitcase in a storage locker. When Bill retrieves it, Joyce recognizes the clothing as belonging to Lorna Murchison, the blind daughter of wealthy Henry Murchison, Joyce's employer. When Mr. Murchison is brought in, he admits Lorna has been kidnapped and held for ransom, but does not want the police to get involved as they might endanger his daughter's life. Bill and his boss, Inspector Donnelly, persuade him to accept their help. The railway station where Calhoun works has been chosen as the location to pay off the ransom. Bill and Donnelly race against time to save Lorna and bring the kidnappers to justice.
When the kidnappers make contact with Murchison at the station, Joyce recognizes them. The police trail one of them, Gus Hadder, but he spots them and runs, only to die in an accident. The police prevent his death from being reported in the newspapers. Later, Joyce spots Joe Beacom, the leader of the gang, and sees a third kidnapper, Vince Marley. Beacom drives away (though Joyce memorizes the license plate number), but the police arrest Marley. When he refuses to talk, Donnelly tells Bill to kill him and make his death look accidental. When the policemen pretend to prepare to throw Marley in front of an arriving train, he breaks and tells them where Lorna is being held. However, Beacom and his girlfriend Marge Wrighter have already taken Lorna somewhere else by the time they break in.
When a patrolman spots Beacom's car, a gunfight breaks out. The policeman is killed, and Wrighter is fatally wounded in the crossfire. In the hospital, she tells Bill and Donnelly that Beacom intends to kill Lorna after he gets the ransom. She also reveals that Beacom used to work at the station.
Beacom, dressed as an employee, forces a parcel clerk at gunpoint to accept the suitcase with the ransom money and switch it with another one that looks just like it. The clerk tells the messenger who brought the ransom to take the second suitcase somewhere else. However, Joyce notices part of a coat sticking out of it. Bill tries to apprehend Beacom, but is shot in the shoulder. Beacom flees to the municipal tunnel underneath the station, where he left Lorna, with Bill in hot pursuit. Bill manages to shoot and kill Beacom and rescue Lorna. Afterward, Joyce (who has developed an attraction to Bill, and vice versa) notices Bill's wound.
Cast
William Holden as Lt. William Calhoun
Nancy Olson as Joyce Willecombe
Barry Fitzgerald as Inspector Donnelly
Lyle Bettger as Joe Beacom
Jan Sterling as Marge Wrighter
Allene Roberts as Lorna Murchison
Herbert Heyes as Henry L. Murchison
Don Dunning as Gus Hadder
Fred Graff as Vince Marley
James Seay as Detective Eddie Shattuck
Parley Baer as Detective Gottschalk (as Parley E. Baer)
Ralph Sanford as Detective Fay
Richard Karlan as Detective George Stein
Bigelow Sayre as Detective Ross
Charles Dayton as Howard Kettner
Jean Ruth as Pretty Girl
John Crawford as Hackett (uncredited)
George Lynn as Detective Moreno (uncredited)
Background
The film was based on Nightmare in Manhattan, an Edgar-winning novel by Thomas Walsh. Sydney Boehm's script for the film version was nominated for an Edgar in the screenplay category. Aside from changing the setting from New York City's Grand Central Station to Chicago's Union Station (though the Los Angeles Union Station was the actual filming location), and changing the kidnap victim from a little boy to a blind, teen-aged girl, the script was quite faithful to its source material.
William Holden and Nancy Olson also appeared in Sunset Boulevard the same year.
Filming locations
Filming locations include: Union Station, Downtown Los Angeles, California. Also, it looks like it was filmed on Chicago's South Side El from 1892 to Indiana station, where the train is uncoupled to go on the Stockyards Branch, which ran until 1957. Normally, the branch ran as a shuttle. It terminated at Exchange station, which was the terminal after 1956.
Reception
The staff at Variety gave actor William Holden a good review, writing, "William Holden, while youthful in appearance to head up the railway policing department of a metropolitan terminal, is in good form."
Channel 4's film review notes, "Despite the barely believable plot, the film has a real edge. Made in 1950, it obviously can't push to the extremes of Dirty Harry but it shares the same mean spirit. Maté capitalizes on the story's setting by using innocent passengers and the station's dramatic spaces to heighten the feverish atmosphere."
Critic Jerry Renshaw lauded the film and wrote, "On the surface, Union Station is a fairly routine action film for 1950, with its high level of suspense, strong-arm police procedural tactics, and caper-film trappings. However, a definite noir outlook is belied by the fact that the police play as rough as the bad guys, blurring the lines of good and evil. Audiences are used to seeing Barry Fitzgerald as a kindly Irish priest in most roles; during the scene on the empty platform, though, Fitzgerald's Inspector Donnelly tells the cops in his most charming Father O'Flaherty voice, 'Make it look accidental.' That's one of the more chilling moments of noir, more suited to James Ellroy than Fifties Hollywood. Director Maté also helmed the classic D.O.A. in 1950."
References
External links
1950 films
1950 crime drama films
American crime drama films
American crime thriller films
American black-and-white films
Film noir
Films based on American novels
Rail transport films
Films set in Chicago
Paramount Pictures films
Films directed by Rudolph Maté
1950s crime thriller films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20Station%20%28film%29 |
Christopher Frederick Andrews (born 15 October 1942) is an English-German singer-songwriter whose musical career started in the late 1950s.
Career
Andrews was born in Romford, Essex, England, and by his mid teens had formed his own group, Chris Ravel and the Ravers. On 14 March 1959, he made his British television debut, performing on the Oh, Boy! show. He would later return in April to perform a cover of Cliff Richard's, "Move It".
For Adam Faith, Andrews wrote "The First Time" (No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart, 1963) and "We Are in Love" (No. 11, 1964), and then a string of hits for Sandie Shaw. They included "Girl Don't Come" (No. 3, 1964/65), "I'll Stop at Nothing" (No. 4, 1965), "Message Understood" (No. 6, 1965) and "Long Live Love" (No. 1, 1965). The latter remained a chart topper in the UK Singles Chart for three weeks. "Girl Don't Come" was covered by Cher on her debut album, All I Really Want to Do.
Also in 1965, Andrews as a solo artist, got to No. 3 in the same listings with "Yesterday Man", which peaked in Germany at No. 1 for four weeks; followed up with a No. 13 hit in the UK "To Whom It Concerns". The instrumental section of this song was used as the theme for RTÉ's long-running TV programme, The Late Late Show, until 1999, and a re-arranged version returned as the show's theme music in September 2009. As well as obtaining a high placing in the UK chart, "Yesterday Man" climbed to No. 1 in Ireland and Germany. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Later releases were not as successful, but his own hits are seen as early examples of bluebeat influenced white pop music. Although his chart appearances dwindled in Britain by 1966, his chart topping success continued in mainland Europe for a number of years, particularly in Germany, and Andrews often recorded in foreign languages. It is possible that Chris Andrews' huge success in Germany was connected to the fact that his two UK hits, at least, were rhythmically redolent of Oom-pah music (although not intentionally so; see above), thus making them more acceptable to older German audiences who would not have liked many of the other Anglophone songs which became hits there.
In South Africa, his later single releases proved particularly popular, with "Pretty Belinda" (1969), "Carol OK" and "Brown Eyes" (both 1970) all topping the charts there. "Yo Yo" reached No. 7 at the end of 1970.
Andrews remains active in his career as a singer-songwriter, working primarily in continental Europe and in the United Kingdom. He lives with his second wife Alexandra, who is also his manager, in Selm, Germany, and Mallorca. Because of the Brexit vote, Andrews also obtained German citizenship in 2016.
Songwriting credits
"To Whom It Concerns" – Keith
"Groovy Baby 1969
"As Long as You're Happy Baby" – Sandie Shaw
"Come Closer" – Adam Faith
"Don't Run Away" – Sandie Shaw
"The First Time" – Adam Faith
"Girl Don't Come" – Sandie Shaw
"Heart of Stone" – Suzi Quatro
"Here's Another Day" – Adam Faith
"How Can You Tell" – Sandie Shaw
"If Ever You Need Me" - Sandie Shaw
"I'll Remember Tonight" – The Mamas & the Papas
"I'll Stop at Nothing" – Sandie Shaw
"Long Live Love" – Sandie Shaw
"Message Understood" – Sandie Shaw
"Nothing Comes Easy" – Sandie Shaw
"Nothing Less than Brilliant" – Sandie Shaw
"Our Love Has Gone" – The Fortunes
"Run" – Sandie Shaw
"Show Me" – Sandie Shaw
"Think It All Over" – Sandie Shaw
"Think Sometimes About Me" – Sandie Shaw
"Today" – Sandie Shaw
"Tomorrow" – Sandie Shaw
"We Are in Love" – Adam Faith
"You Don't Love Me" – The Roulettes
"You've Not Changed" – Sandie Shaw
Discography
Singles
See also
List of artists under the Decca Records label
Number 1 Singles in Ireland 1965
List of artists who reached number one in Ireland
Number-one hits of 1966 (Germany)
List of performances on Top of the Pops
References
External links
Official website
1942 births
Living people
People from Romford
Musicians from Essex
English male songwriters
English male singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
English record producers
English expatriates in Germany
20th-century German male singers
Decca Records artists
Atco Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Andrews%20%28singer%29 |
See Arusha (disambiguation).
The Arusha Agreement was a treaty signed on 24 September 1969 in Arusha, Tanzania, between the European Community and the three East African states of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. The agreement entered into force on 1 January 1971, concomitant with the second Yaoundé Convention, with the aim of establishing better economic relations between the EC and the African states. At the end of their validity time, the Lomé Convention was signed which substituted the previous agreements and enlarged them to 46 ACP countries.
History
In 1967, three East African countries (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda) that were not members of the Associated African and Malagasy States (AAMS), but were instead member states of the Commonwealth of Nations combined to establish the East African Community (EAC). On 26 July 1968 the EEC signed an initial Association Agreement with the EAC. That Agreement did not enter into force because it was not ratified by all the countries involved. On 24 September 1969 in Arusha, a second Agreement was signed between the EEC and the EAC. That Agreement was signed at the same time as the Convention of Association between the EEC and the AAMS (Yaoundé II); both the Arusha Agreement and the Yaoundé II Convention entered into force on 1 January 1971 for a period of five years.
Content
The Arusha Agreement established a trade association (partial free-trade areas and joint institutions) but, unlike the Yaoundé II Convention, without financial and technical cooperation. Accordingly, the Agreement covered trade (Title I), the right of establishment and the provision of services (Title II), payments and capital (Title III), institutional provisions (Title IV), and general and final provisions (Title V).
See also
East African Community
List of treaties
References
ACP–European Union relations
Treaties entered into by the European Union
Treaties of Uganda
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of Tanzania
1969 in Uganda
1969 in Kenya
1969 in Tanzania
1971 in Uganda
1971 in Kenya
1971 in Tanzania
Arusha
Treaties concluded in 1969
Treaties entered into force in 1971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusha%20Agreement |
Hans is a Germanic male given name in Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Faroese, German, Norwegian, Icelandic and Swedish-speaking populations. It was originally short for Johannes (John), but is now also recognized as a name in its own right for official purposes. The earliest documented usage was in 1356 in Sweden, 1360 in Norway, and the 14th century in Denmark.
The name "Hansel" (; IPA: /ˈhɛn.zəl/, [ˈhɛnzl̩]) is a diminutive, meaning "little Hans". Another diminutive with the same meaning is (IPA: /ˈhɛns.çən/), found in the German proverb "", which translates roughly as: "What Hansel doesn't learn, Hans will never learn".
Alternate forms
Other variants include: Han, Hawns, Hanns, Hannes, Hanse, Hansi (also female), Hansie, Hansele, Hansal, Hensal, Hanserl, Hännschen, Hennes, Hännes, Hänneschen, Henning, Henner, Honsa, Johan, Johann, Jan, Jannes, Jo, Joha, Hanselmann, Hansje.
Pet, diminutive, alternative and other language forms are:
(Dutch, German, Swedish, Icelandic, Finnish)
Honza (Czech)
Hovhannes ( (Hovhannes) (reformed); (Yovhannēs) (classical))
Jack (English)
Johnny/Johnnie (English)
John (English)
יוֹחָנָן yokhanán, Yohanan or יְהוֹחָנָן yehokhanán, Yehohanan (Hebrew)
Yohanna () the Arabic language derivative, used among Arabic-speaking Christians
Yahya (), used among Arab and non-Arab Muslims
(Irish-language derivation of ; in Irish and Scottish Gaelic refers to the Apostle)
Evan, (Welsh a pre-Christian Celtic subsequently equated to John)
Jevan (variation of Evan)
(Italian)
(Maltese)
(Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Dutch, Polish, Czech, Slovak, German)
(Slovak)
, diminutives: (Slovenian)
(Hungarian); diminutives:
(Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian)
(Aragonese)
(Catalan)
(French)
, (medieval French), still in use, but rare
(Breton)
(Portuguese)
(Galician)
(Germanic: German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Dutch)
, (short forms of Johannes)
(Icelandic)
(Lithuanian)
(Serbian)
(Spanish and Filipino)
(Finnish)
Ants (Estonian)
(Latvian)
Ian (Scottish derived from Gaelic )
(Romanian)
(; Bulgarian, Croatian, Russian and other Slavic languages)
Sean (Irish , after the French )
Shane (anglicized form of )
Shaun (anglicised form of )
Shawn (anglicised form of )
(Welsh)
(Kirundi)
Yohanes (Eritrean)
(Western Lombard)
Feminine forms are:
Hansina, Hansine
(Norwegian)
Ioana
Jana
Jane
(Portuguese and Catalan)
(French)
Joanne
Joan
Johanna
(Norwegian)
Jean
Janice, Janet, both shortened as "Jan"
Non-English variants adopted as English names include Jeanette
, ,
Arts and entertainment
Authors
Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875), Danish author
Hans Henning Atrott (1944–2018), German author and theorist
Hans Einer (1856–1927), Estonian language teacher, author of schoolbooks and a cultural figure
Hans Fallada (1893–1947), German writer
Hans Herbjørnsrud (born 1938), Norwegian author
Hans Holzer (1920–2009), Austrian-American author and parapsychologist
Hans Henny Jahnn (1894–1959), German playwright and novelist
Hans Lorbeer (1901–1973), German politician and writer
Hans Erich Nossack (1901–1977), German writer
Painters and sculptors
Hans Coumans (1943–1986), Dutch painter
Hans Rudolf Giger (1940–2014), Swiss painter, sculptor, and set designer
Hans Holbein the Younger (1497–1543), German Renaissance portraitist
Hans Seyffer (1460–1509), German sculptor
Other arts and entertainment
Hans Albers (1891–1960), German singer and actor, stage name
Hans Christensen (1924–1983), Danish-born American silversmith
Hans Clarin (1929–2005), German actor
Hans Conried (1917–1982), American comedian and actor
Hans Kaldoja (1942–2017), Estonian actor
Hans Klok (born 1969), Dutch magician
Hans Matheson (born 1975), Scottish actor
Hans Moser (actor) (1880–1964), Austrian actor born Jean Julier
Hans Heinz Moser (1936–2017), Swiss actor
Hans Werner Olm (born 1955), German cabaret performer and comic
Hans Rosenthal (1925–1987), German entertainer and presenter, named
Hans Roosipuu (1931–2017), Estonian film director
Hans H. Steinberg (born 1950), German actor
Hans Söhnker (1903–1981), German actor
Hans Strydom (born 1947), South African actor
Dolph Lundgren (born Hans Lundgren) (born 1957), Swedish actor and martial artist
Hans Wegner (or Hans Jørgensen Wegner, 1914–2007), Danish furniture designer
Medicine
Hans Asperger (1906–1980), Austrian pediatrician for whom Asperger syndrome is named
Hans Berger (1873–1941), German neurologist
Hans Sauer (1857–1939), South African general practitioner, lawyer, and businessman
Military and paramilitary
Hans Aumeier (1906–1948), German Nazi SS deputy commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp executed for war crimes
Hans Berndtson (born 1945), Swedish Army lieutenant general
Hans Bothmann (1911–1946), German Nazi SS concentration camp commandant
Hans Dreyer (1930/31–2015), South African Police major general and head of Koevoet
Hans Hagnell (1919–2006), Swedish politician
Hans Helwig (1881–1952), German Nazi SS concentration camp commandant
Hans Horrevoets (1974–2006), Dutch sea sailor
Hans Hüttig (1894–1980), German Nazi SS concentration camp commandant
Hans Kalm (1889–1981), Estonian-born military officer
Hans Krebs (Wehrmacht general) (1898–1945), last German Army chief of staff during World War II
Hans Krebs (SS general) (1888–1947), Moravian-born Nazi SS officer executed for war crimes
Hans Loritz (1895–1946), German Nazi SS concentration camp commandant
Hans von Luck (1911–1997), German officer
Hans Möser (1906–1948), German Nazi SS concentration camp officer executed for war crimes
Hans Osara (c. 1560–1601), Finnish lieutenant in the Cudgel War
Hans Oster (1887–1945), German brigadier general and deputy head of military intelligence
Hans Simonsson (1880–1965), Swedish Navy vice admiral
Music
Hans Guido von Bülow (1830–1894), German pianist and conductor
Hans Gruber (conductor) (1925–2001), Canadian conductor
Hans Hartz (1943–2002), German singer
Hans Werner Henze (1926–2012), German composer
Hans Söllner (born 1955), German singer-songwriter
Hans Zimmer (born 1957), German film composer
Hans Poulsen (1945–2023), Australian songwriter/musician
Politics
Hans Apel (1932–2011), German politician
Hans Bentzien (1927–2015), East German writer and politician
Hans Barchue (died 2023), Liberian politician
Hans Blix (born 1928), Swedish diplomat and politician
Hans, Count von Bülow (1774–1825), Prussian statesman
Hans Eichel (born 1941), German politician
Hans Ekström (born 1958), Swedish politician
Hans Filbinger (1913–2007), German politician
Hans Frank (1900–1946), German Nazi lawyer and governor general of Nazi-occupied Poland executed for war crimes
Hans Friderichs (born 1931), German politician and businessman
Hans Dietrich Genscher (1927–2016), German politician
Hans Gualthérie van Weezel (born 1941), Dutch politician and diplomat
Hans Gustafsson (1923–1998), Swedish politician
Hans Hamilton (1758–1822), Anglo-Irish politician
Hans Koschnick (1929–2016), German politician
Hans Kruus (1891–1976), Estonian historian, academic and politician
Hans Rasmus Hansen (1896–1971), Danish politician
Hans Rebane (1882–1961), Estonian politician, diplomat and journalist
Hans Reingruber (1888–1964) was a German academic and transport minister of East Germany
Hans Strijdom (1893–1958), South African politician and Prime Minister
Hans Unander (born 1970), Swedish politician
Hans Vijlbrief (born 1963), Dutch state secretary
Hans-Jochen Vogel (1926–2020), German politician
Hans Wiegel (born 1941), Dutch politician
Science
Hans Albert Einstein (1904–1973), Swiss-American professor of hydraulic engineering, son of Albert Einstein
Hans Ankum (1930–2019), Dutch legal scholar
Hans Avé Lallemant (1938–2016), Dutch-born American geologist
Hans Bethe (1906–2005), German-American nuclear physicist, Nobel laureate
Hans Bos (born 1950), Dutch biochemist and cancer researcher
Hans Capel (1936–2023), Dutch physicist
Hans Cohen (1923–2020), Dutch microbiologist
Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851), Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields
Hans Freeman (1929–2008), German-born Australian protein crystallographer who elucidated the structure of plastocyanin
Hans Geiger (1882–1945), German physicist, inventor of the Geiger counter
Hans Hass (1919–2013), Austrian diver, naturalist and film-maker
Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981), German born, British physician and biochemist. Identified citric acid cycle
Hans Küng (1928–2021), Swiss Catholic theologian and author
Hans Lauda (1896–1974), Austrian industrialist
Hans Lowey, Austrian-American chemist
Hans Merensky (1871–1952), South African geologist
Hans Oeschger (1927–1998), Swiss climatologist
Hans Steffen (1865–1937), German geographer and explorer of Patagonia
Hans Trass (1928–2017), Estonian ecologist and botanist
Sports
Hans Christian Bernat (born 2000), Danish professional footballer
Hans Christensen (footballer) (1906–1992), Danish footballer
Hans Dersch (born 1967), American breaststroke swimmer
Hans Eller (1910–1943), German rower
Hans Erkens (born 1952), Dutch footballer
Harold Goldsmith, born Hans Goldschmidt (1930–2004), American Olympic foil and épée fencer
Hans Halberstadt (1885–1966), German-born American Olympic fencer
Hans Knecht (1913–1996), Swiss road racing cyclist
Hans Krankl (born 1953), Austrian football player and trainer
Hans Lutz (born 1949), German track and road cyclist
Hans Maier (1916–2018), Dutch Olympic water polo player
Hans Maier (rower) (1909–1943), German Olympic rower
Hans Nüsslein (1910–1991), German tennis player
Hans Parrel (born 1944), Dutch water polo player
Hans Podlipnik-Castillo (born 1988), Chilean tennis player
Hans Sarpei (born 1976), Ghanaian soccer player
Hans Stolfus (born 1976), American beach volleyball player
Hans von Tschammer und Osten (1887–1943), German sports director
Hans Vonk (born 1970), South African soccer player
Hans Wouda (born 1941), Dutch water polo player
Other fields
Hans Werner Aufrecht (born 1936), German automotive engineer, one of the founders of AMG Engine Production and Development
Hans Benno Bernoulli (1876–1959), Swiss architect
Hans Biebow (1902–1947), German chief of Nazi administration of the Ghetto, executed for war crimes
Hans Claessen (1563–1624), Dutch founder of the New Netherland Company
Hans von Dohnanyi (1902–1945), German jurist and resistance fighter
Hans Otto Hoheisen (1905–2003), South African conservationist and philanthropist
Hans Mayer (1907–2001), German literary scholar
Hannes Meyer (or Hans Emil Meyer, 1889–1954) Swiss architect and second director of the Bauhaus
Hans Niemann (born 2003), American chess player
Hans Scholl (1918–1943), German resistance fighter
Hans Wesemann (1895–1971), German journalist and Gestapo agent
Hans Wittwer (1894–1952), Swiss architect and Bauhaus teacher
Hans of Denmark, Scandinavian king under the Kalmar Union.
Hans-Adam I, Prince of Liechtenstein.
Hans-Adam II, the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein, since 1989.
Fictional characters
Characters named Hans in Grimms' Fairy Tales:
Clever Hans
Hans in Luck
Hans Married
Hans My Hedgehog
Hans Stupid
Strong Hans
Hans, a henchman of James Bond's opponent in You Only Live Twice
Hans, a German enemy character in the fighting game Human Killing Machine
Hans Castorp, main character in The Magic Mountain
Hans, a supporting character in SpongeBob SquarePants
Hans Guck-in-die-Luft, a character from one of the poems in Struwwelpeter
Hans Moleman, from The Simpsons
Hans Geering, in the BBC sitcom 'Allo 'Allo!
Hans Gruber, antagonist from Die Hard
Hans, Disney character and the main antagonist of Frozen
Hans, one of the main characters from the 1990s animated movie The Nutcracker Prince
Hans Zarkov, protagonist from Flash Gordon
Hans Gudegast, the name given to the mountain climber in Cliff Hangers, a pricing game on the U.S. television game show The Price Is Right
Hans Landa, from Inglourious Basterds
Hans Volter, the main antagonist from the video game Killing Floor 2
Super Hans, in the British TV comedy Peep Show
Hans and Franz, recurring sketch characters on Saturday Night Live
Sgt Hans Schultz, in the situational comedy Hogan's Heroes, portrayed by John Banner
Hans Axgil, from the novel The Danish Girl, played by Matthias Schoenaerts in the 2015 film of the same name
Hans Hubermann, the foster father of Liesel Meminger from the novel The Book Thief
Hans, in Jules Verne's novel Journey to the Center of the Earth
Hanschen Rilow, from the musical Spring Awakening
Hans Zoë (also translated as Hange Zoë or Hanji Zoë), from the manga series Attack on Titan
See also
Hans-Jörg Butt (born 1974), German footballer
Hans-Christian Hausenberg (born 1998), Estonian decathlete and long jumper
Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born 1949), libertarian writer and theorist
Hans-Ulrich Indermaur (born 1939), Swiss television moderator, reporter, and writer
Hans-Joachim Kulenkampff (1921–1998), German actor and presenter
Hans-Joachim Marseille (1919–1942) German captain and fighter pilot, flying ace during the World War II
Hans-Ulrich Rudel (1916–1982), German ground-attack pilot, the most decorated German serviceman in World War II
Hanns, a given name
Hansen (surname)
Hanson (surname)
References
External links
Hans on BehindTheName.com
Faroese masculine given names
Danish masculine given names
Dutch masculine given names
Estonian masculine given names
German masculine given names
Norwegian masculine given names
Scandinavian masculine given names
Swedish masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20%28name%29 |
Maarja-Liis Ilus, sometimes better known by her performing name Maarja (born 24 December 1980) is an Estonian pop musician and presenter. She has represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest twice. She was only 15 when she participated in the 1996 contest.
Discography
Albums
Maarja-Liis (1996)
First in Line (1997)
Kaua veel (1998)
Heart (1998) (only in Japan)
City Life (2000)
Look Around, together with Hinkus (2005)
Läbi jäätunud klaasi, together with Rein Rannap (2006)
Homme (2008)
Jõuluingel (2009)
Kuldne põld (2012)
Important singles
Hold Onto Love (1997)
First in Line (1998)
All the Love You Needed (2001)
He Is Always On My Mind (2003)
Tulilinnud (2015)
Nii sind ootan (2015)
Musical theatre
Miss Saigon, Ellen (2002)
The Sound of Music, Maria (2003)
Rent, Maureen Johnson (2004)
Cats, Grizabella (2005)
Evita, Eva Perón (2009)
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Singers from Tallinn
Estonian pop singers
21st-century Estonian women singers
Estonian musical theatre actresses
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Estonia
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1996
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1997
English-language singers from Estonia
20th-century Estonian women singers
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarja-Liis%20Ilus |
Chris Andrews (born 25 May 1964) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin Bay South constituency since the 2020 general election, and previously from 2007 to 2011 as a Fianna Fáil TD for the Dublin South-East constituency.
Early life and family
He is the grandson of Todd Andrews, a leading Irish republican figure and member of Fianna Fáil following the foundation of the party. His father Niall Andrews and his uncle David Andrews both served as Fianna Fáil TDs, while his first cousin Barry Andrews was elected a Fianna Fáil TD at the 2002 general election and is now an MEP. He was the fourth member of his family to have sat in the Dáil. He is a cousin of the comedy writer and performer David McSavage, and another cousin, Ryan Tubridy, was the host of The Late Late Show on RTÉ One. Andrews is married with two daughters.
Andrews graduated from Maynooth University with a degree in community and youth work.
Political career
In May 2007, Andrews topped the poll in the Dublin South-East constituency, on his second attempt, gaining 6,600 first preferences. He was a member of Dublin City Council from 1999 to 2004, 2006 to 2007 and 2014 to 2020.
He was convenor of the Oireachtas Finance Committee, and was a member of the Trade, Enterprise and Employment Committee and the European Scrutiny Committee in the 30th Dáil.
Support for Palestine
During the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict he called for an economic, diplomatic and political boycott of Israel, for its ambassador to Ireland to be expelled, and for shops to remove "settler produce" from Israel. He said that Israel had the right to defend itself, but that its disproportionate response meant that "...it can only now be classified as a terror state". He later told a Russian reporter that there was no electricity in Gaza throughout his time there. On 30 May 2010, he was one of three Irish politicians who were prevented from leaving Cyprus by authorities to join an international flotilla carrying aid to the blockaded Gaza Strip.
In March 2011, Andrews set off on another flotilla to Gaza. His shipmates included Sinn Féin's Aengus Ó Snodaigh. In November 2011, Andrews was reported to be on board another ship heading to Gaza on a humanitarian mission.
Twitter account controversy and departure from Fianna Fáil
In the aftermath of the 2011 general election, in which he and many other Fianna Fáil members lost their seats as TDs, Fianna Fáil were struggling in the polls. In August 2012, Andrews left the Fianna Fáil party. He said that he was disillusioned with the lack of direction the party was taking after it was revealed he had been using a Twitter account to anonymously attack party leader Micheál Martin and other senior members, including a constituency rival, Councillor Jim O'Callaghan. Andrews stated that his decision to quit the party was not related to the Twitter account even though his resignation followed two days after he had been confronted about his online trolling activity and cyberbullying of party colleagues.
As a member of Sinn Féin
In September 2013, he joined Sinn Féin and successfully contested the 2014 local elections for the Pembroke South Dock local electoral area of Dublin City Council for the party.
In February 2015, he was selected to contest the new constituency of Dublin Bay South at the 2016 general election; however, he failed to be elected.
He was the Sinn Féin candidate for the Dublin Bay South constituency at the 2020 general election and was elected. Daniel Ceitinn was co-opted to Andrews' seat on Dublin City Council following his election to the Dáil.
In December 2020, Andrews apologised for liking tweets about Laurel Hubbard that were perceived as transphobic by transgender rights campaigners. The tweet criticised transgender women participating in female sports.
See also
Families in the Oireachtas
References
1964 births
Living people
Chris
Fianna Fáil TDs
Members of Dublin City Council
Members of the 30th Dáil
Members of the 33rd Dáil
Politicians from County Dublin
Sinn Féin TDs (post-1923)
People educated at Newpark Comprehensive School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Andrews%20%28politician%29 |
The Bulgarian State Railways (, abbreviated as БДЖ, BDZ or BDŽ) are Bulgaria's state railway company and the largest railway carrier in the country, established as an entity in 1888. The company's headquarters are located in the capital Sofia. Since the 1990s the BDŽ has met serious competition from automotive transport. Up to 2002 the company also owned/managed the state railway (up to total of & (Septemvri to Dobrinishte only) track gauge railway tracks) infrastructure in the country, when according to EU regulations a new state company, the National Railway Infrastructure Company, was founded and became the owner of the infrastructure.
Bulgaria is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Bulgaria is 52.
History
On 1 January 2002, the new Railway Transport Act entered into force, passed by the National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria, according to which the National Company Bulgarian State Railways were split into two separate enterprises – a railway carrier (Bulgarian State Railways EAD) and an infrastructure enterprise (Railway Infrastructure National Company)
The European Commission formally warned Bulgaria in May 2010 for failure to implement the First Railway rules on track access charges.
In October 2010 further restructuring was announced, with BDŽ EAD becoming a holding company, and all rolling stock allocated to passenger & freight subsidiaries.
Company structure
Since the last reforms in 2007, a new organisational structure has been approved.
BDŽ Inc. (a holding company with one shareholder, the Republic of Bulgaria)
BDŽ Putnicheski Prevozi Ltd. (Bulgarian state railways Passenger transportations) - responsible for the passenger services. The company carried 21.3 million passengers in 2019.
Bulgarian State Railways Freight Transportations Ltd. - Freight operations and expedition with subsidiary BDZ SPED Ltd. The company carried 13.3 million tonnes of freight in 2009 in 3.1 million tonne-kilometers. Privatisation was attempted in 2012, but called off in 2013 due to financial problems.
BDŽ Traktzionen Podvizhen Sustav Ltd. - locomotive management and servicing.
BDŽ-Koncar Inc. - joint venture between BDŽ EAD {Bulgarian State Railways single-member joint-stock company} and KONČAR Group from Croatia with main scope of work locomotive repairs and modernization.
Still there are many problems with the organisational structure of the holding. There is an evident lack of effectiveness in the administration and the main goal of the Ministry of Transport, Information Technologies and Telecommunication is to make the company profitable.
Train
The National rail carrier offers its customers medium and long-distance travel with the following passenger train categories:
fast train with mandatory booking (БВЗР, RБВ);
fast train (БВ);
passenger train (ПВ)
suburban passenger train (КПВ) and
international express (МБВ).
Fast trains with mandatory booking (БВЗР) are direct descendants of the last commercial category – "express". Fast train timetables with mandatory booking are compiled based on a thorough analysis of the current traffic on major railways. Basically and inviolably rules when developing the schedule of high-speed trains with mandatory reservation is a condition that they stop at a minimum number of stations, which ensure that they move as quickly as possible from point A to point B along the route. For the express traffic of this category of trains, the good technical condition of traction and rolling stock, which has a railway operator, is also important.
In 2017 (from July 1, 2017) for the first time in the history of Bulgarian State Railways and thanks mainly to the renovated with European funds of the 1st and 8th RAILWAY lines, it became possible to release another fast train БВЗР with a maximum speed of 150 km / h. These are the BVZR "Sunny Beach" , which for this purpose serves promoted to Končar Ellok – Zagreb electric locomotives of the 46 200 series and with cars of the 21 – 50 series (second – class coupes), 10 – 50 (first – class coupes) and 84 – 9784-97 (bistro car).
Current traction
List of BDŽ locomotives
Gallery
References
Footnotes
External links
Official website
Unofficial map of Bulgarian Railways
Boosting Railway infrastructure in Bulgaria
Bulgarian Locomotive Forum
Bulgarian State Railways classes linst @ Trainspo
Live train routes in Bulgaria
Companies based in Sofia
Government-owned companies of Bulgaria
Railway companies of Bulgaria
1885 establishments in Bulgaria
Railway companies established in 1885
Bulgarian brands
Government-owned railway companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%20State%20Railways |
Jenna Stephens, also known as Jenna Stephens Goldsworthy or Tia Carter but better known by her original name of Tracie Marguerite Andrews (originally registered as Tracey Marguerite Andrews) (born 9 April 1969), is an English murderer who killed her fiancé, Lee Raymond Dean Harvey (born 20 September 1971), on 1 December 1996. She was sentenced to life imprisonment after being found guilty of murder at her trial in July 1997 and served fourteen years in prison.
Background
Tracie Andrews was the middle child of three siblings and has several half-siblings. Her parents had a volatile relationship and they separated when Andrews was six years old; their separation had a lasting effect on Andrews. In 1990 Andrews gave birth to a baby daughter, but separated from her partner a year later. Andrews had aspirations of becoming a model, but originally began working as a barmaid.
Multiple partners recalled Andrews as being possessive, not liking them having a social life without her presence. Andrews was also prone to explosive displays of anger. In October 1994 she began a relationship with a local man named Lee Harvey, moving in with him three months after they met. Their off-again-on-again relationship was marked by volatility, with both being possessive and jealous of each other's relations with other men and women. The couple frequently argued, which sometimes escalated into violence and led to the police being summoned.
Friends and family members of both Andrews and Harvey were uneasy about their dysfunctional relationship. Harvey had confided in both his friends and his own mother regarding Andrews' emotional problems. Police were called to the house in late October 1996, just over a month before Harvey was murdered. After discovering that Andrews had bitten Harvey on the neck on one occasion, Harvey's mother told him that they should separate for the sake of his daughter. Other family members of Harvey warned against him pursuing a relationship with Andrews, and Andrews' mother also told her daughter not to continue their flawed relationship.
Murder
On Sunday 1 December 1996, after another day of fierce arguments, Andrews and Harvey went to a local pub for the evening in an attempt to reconcile. Andrews claimed that on the way back to their flat in The Becks, Alvechurch, Worcestershire, late that evening the pair became involved in a road rage incident with two men. She claimed a car had followed her and Harvey and that two men from the car had confronted and attacked them after stopping them on a country lane. In reality, Andrews had stabbed Harvey over 42 times with a pen knife after they had stopped in his car following an argument. Harvey's sister later said she knew from the time she was told about the murder that Andrews had killed him.
At a press conference on 3 December 1996, Andrews elaborated on the supposed attack, saying that a "fat man with staring eyes" had stabbed Harvey after getting out of a Ford Sierra in which he was a passenger. Over the next two weeks, police carried out investigations to track down Harvey's murderer.
The couple's car had stopped near a cottage, and the commotion had alerted a male resident living metres away, who discovered Harvey stabbed on the road and a bruised and bloodied Andrews standing by him. He immediately ran back to his house to call the emergency services. Police noted that Harvey's car had apparently not stopped on the road in any hurry, but had been neatly parked on the side of the road. Harvey had been stabbed in the back, throat and chest 42 times, with a fatal wound through an artery in the neck.
Police investigation
Although Andrews claimed that she and Harvey had been attacked in a road rage incident, in her press conference of 3 December she said that the driver of the attacker's car was not to blame and appealed for him to come forward, something which the police questioned as the driver had supposedly facilitated the attack on Harvey. Andrews seemed to contradict her original statement, giving different times to her original story, and police had to step in and stop her while she told her story to the press. Police also noted that Andrews had a lot to say for a person who was supposedly in shock.
After the press conference, police began to question Andrews' story. A witness statement from a child in an adjacent cottage said she could clearly hear an argument between a man and a woman after the car had parked up on the night. Police did not find any evidence that a second car had overtaken Harvey's car to stop it before the attack, noting that there were no tyre marks on the grass verges next to the narrow single-lane country road that would be expected if such an event had taken place. In Harvey's hand were found more than 80 strands of Andrews' hair, which pathologists determined would have had to have been taken from her head with considerable force, i.e. through a physical struggle. Most notably, two witnesses came forward after Andrews' press conference to say that they had seen Harvey's white Ford Escort car driving past them on the lane Harvey was murdered on, that night, but that no car was following it and that no other cars had been seen by them on that lane that evening. This disproved Andrews' story that she and Harvey had been attacked in a road rage incident after being followed by a car whilst driving home.
Having invented her story of how Harvey was murdered, Andrews had then gone on to hold Harvey's mother's hand and the hand of his sister while she recounted the fabricated story in the national press conference of 3 December.
Attempted suicide and arrest
With suspicion mounting on Andrews, she attempted suicide on the day after the press conference by taking an overdose of pills. Andrews' suicide attempt and the confirmation that no road rage incident could have occurred convinced police of the need to arrest her. She was still in hospital two days later when police first arrested her and questioned her about the murder. After being discharged from hospital, she was charged with the murder of Lee Harvey on 19 December 1996 and released on bail.
Further evidence
Police then discovered a pen knife-shaped blood stain and impression in Andrews' boot, convincing police that she had carried the murder weapon in her boot after the murder and had disposed of it at hospital. It was known that there had been a pen knife in Harvey's car on the night of the murder. Andrews had spent long periods of time in the toilet at the hospital for unknown reasons, apparently to dispose of the murder weapon. After examining her heavily blood-stained jumper, the police also determined that the blood had been sprayed onto her after she had stabbed through Harvey's carotid artery, explaining the distinctive blood stain pattern.
Trial
Andrews appeared at Birmingham Crown Court charged with murder on 1 July 1997, and was found guilty on 29 July 1997. The prosecution had been able to skilfully deconstruct her story so as to demonstrate its implausibility. Seven minutes had passed between Harvey being fatally stabbed and him being discovered by the occupant of the adjacent cottage, during which time Andrews had made no attempt to summon help from the houses on the road or from anyone else. Police stated that Andrews had tried to leave the vehicle at the location where Harvey was murdered and that an argument had then occurred. Many of Harvey's stab wounds had been in his back, indicating that Andrews had stabbed him whilst he retreated to the car. Andrews' mother stated after the trial that she could not understand why her daughter had invented the implausible story she gave.
Andrews was sentenced to life imprisonment, with a recommendation that she serve at least 14 years. Andrews appealed the sentence, claiming that she was the victim of a miscarriage of justice because of damaging publicity surrounding her case. In October 1998, the appeal was denied.
Confession
In April 1999, Andrews admitted that she did stab Harvey to death, and that her entire story had been invented. Changing her story, Andrews then said that she had stabbed Harvey in "self defence". There is no evidence to support this claim, however, particularly as Harvey was stabbed mostly in the back while he apparently retreated to his car.
Release
Andrews was released in July 2011. She was banned from travelling within 25 miles of her victim's family without supervision. After her release, Andrews changed her name to Tia Carter and altered her appearance, undergoing £5,000 surgery through the National Health Service to change the shape of her distinctive jaw, and later changed her name again to Jenna Stephens/Jenna Stephens Goldsworthy. In 2017, she married bouncer Phil Goldsworthy.
When plans to release her were announced, a fellow female inmate and former prison lover of Andrews said that Andrews had continued to act possessively and aggressively in relationships while in prison, revealing that Andrews had attacked and strangled her after seeing her speaking with her ex-girlfriend. The woman said she was opposed to Andrews' release and warned she would kill again.
Media based on the case
The 1998 Catatonia song "Road Rage" was partially inspired by the murder.
Maureen Harvey, Lee's mother, has written a book called Pure Evil: How Tracie Andrews Murdered My Son, Deceived the Nation and Sentenced Me to a Life of Pain and Misery. It was published in 2007.
In May 2002, the ITV documentary series Real Crime released an episode on the murder titled Tracie Andrews: Blood on Her Hands, featuring interviews with the police investigative team and the mothers of both Andrews and Harvey.
The murder was covered in a 2018 episode of the Pick TV/Sky documentary series Britain's Most Evil Killers.
CBS Reality aired a documentary on the killing in 2018, titled Evidence of Evil: The Road Rage Killer.
References
1969 births
Living people
1996 murders in the United Kingdom
1996 in England
1997 in England
20th-century English criminals
Crime in Worcestershire
British female murderers
English female criminals
English people convicted of murder
English prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
History of Worcestershire
Incidents of violence against men
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
People from Alvechurch
Place of birth missing (living people)
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by England and Wales
Violence against men in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracie%20Andrews |
Route 4 is an east–west primary state highway connecting rural Litchfield County to the Greater Hartford area of the U.S. state of Connecticut. It runs from the town of Sharon to the town of West Hartford.
Route description
Route 4 begins at the junction of Route 41 and Route 343 in Sharon as a rural, minor arterial road. In Cornwall, it briefly overlaps with US 7 to cross the Housatonic River on the Cornwall Bridge. Farther east in Cornwall, it intersects with Routes 125, 43, and 128 before crossing into Goshen. In Goshen, it meets Route 63 at a roundabout in the center of town. After entering Torrington, the road becomes more of a principal arterial road upon meeting the southern end of Route 272. After skirting the northern edge of downtown, it meets the Route 8 freeway at exit 44 and briefly overlaps with US 202 just east of the interchange. The road turns southeast and returns to more of a rural character, meeting the southern end of Route 183 before entering Harwinton, where it turns easterly at the junction with the eastern end of Route 118. Shortly thereafter, it meets the western end of Route 72. In Burlington, it meets the northern end of Route 69 near the center of town and descends into the Farmington River valley before meeting the southern end of Route 179. After turning southeast, it follows the Farmington River and enters the town of Farmington where it crosses the river just before entering the village of Unionville. From here to its eastern end, it becomes a suburban primary arterial road known as Farmington Avenue. In the center of Unionville, Route 4 intersects Route 177 and it intersects the southern end of Route 167 on the east end of the village. After crossing the Farmington River once again, it intersects Route 10 in the center of town. The road then meets SR 508 which provides access to I-84 while Route 4 eastbound traffic continues through one of the state's few jughandles. After passing the University of Connecticut Health Center, it enters the town of West Hartford. State maintenance continues for another to the intersection of Boulevard, where Route 4 ends and Farmington Avenue continues as a local road through West Hartford Center continuing into Hartford until ending at an intersection with Asylum Avenue just west of Union Station and I-84 exit 48/48A.
A section in Harwinton around the Cooks Dam area and a section in Sharon are designated state scenic roads.
History
Most of modern Route 4 was first improved as portions of various turnpikes in the 19th century. The section of modern Route 4 between Sharon and Cornwall Bridge was the Sharon and Cornwall Turnpike; from Cornwall Hollow to Torrington, it was part of the Goshen and Sharon Turnpike (which used West Cornwall Road and Route 128 between Sharon and Cornwall Hollow); the portion between Harwinton to Burlington was the eastern half of the Litchfield and Harwinton Turnpike (the western half is Route 118); and the portion from Farmington to West Hartford was part of the Farmington and Bristol Turnpike (which used George Washington Turnpike and Red Oak Hill Road between Burlington center and Route 10).
The road between Cornwall Bridge through Torrington to Collinsville in Canton (part of the Goshen and Sharon Turnpike and the Torrington Turnpike) was designated as State Highway 123 in 1922. The road from Collinsville to Farmington center was designated as State Highway 138 at the same time. Route 4 was created in 1932 from these two state highways, running as a continuation of old New York State Route 361 from Amenia, New York to Farmington at Route 10. In the Torrington area, Route 4 originally ran further north than it does today, along the current alignment of U.S. Route 202 from Torrington to Collinsville, then southward along modern Route 179 to Unionville, where it continued east on its current alignment. Route 4 was relocated in 1963 to its present-day route through the area, taking over part of Route 72 and part of Route 116 (now Route 118.
The Hartford and West Hartford Horse Railroad was incorporated in 1863 to run horsecar service on Farmington Avenue. It was later electrified and extended to Unionville as the Farmington Street Railway, following Farmington Avenue except for a small section of private right-of-way in eastern Farmington. It was acquired by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in 1909 and became part of the Connecticut Company Hartford Division in 1910. Streetcars on the line were replaced by buses on June 5, 1933.
The west end was truncated in 1966 to end at Route 41 and the section connecting to the state line was renumbered to Route 361 to match the New York route. New York has since turned its Route 361 over to the county. In the Hartford area, Farmington Avenue east of Route 10, from Farmington to downtown Hartford, used to be part of the original U.S. Route 6 alignment. When US 6 was rerouted in 1956, Farmington Avenue was assigned to an extended Route 4. The route designation was later truncated to end in West Hartford where state maintenance of the road ended.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
Gribblenation - CT Route 4 end photos
004
Transportation in Hartford County, Connecticut
Transportation in Litchfield County, Connecticut
U.S. Route 202
U.S. Route 6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%204 |
Constance Egan (1890 - 31 December 1975) was an English author and editor.
Biography
Constance Egan was born in 1890.
She was the second wife of Raymond Brooke-Little, an electrical engineer, and mother of John Brooke-Little. John founded the Society of Heraldic Antiquaries (now known as The Heraldry Society) in 1947, and Egan became managing editor of its journal The Coat of Arms. She served in this role until 1965, employing the editorial skills honed in the 1920s as the editor of Home Chat.
Her written works include several children's story works, such as the Epaminondas books (Epaminondas and the lettuces, Epaminondas and his mammy's umbrella, Epaminondas helps in the garden, Epaminondas tries to be brave, Epaminondas and the puppy, Epaminondas and the eggs) from the late 1950s and early 1960s, using the character from the folk tales also written about by Sara Cone Bryant in Epaminondas and His Auntie in the early 20th century. The storyline, depiction and illustrations of the African-American characters has been criticized as being racist and depicting stereotypes. Egan also wrote about the adventures of Jummy the Baby Elephant.
Egan died in 1975.
References
1890 births
1975 deaths
Heraldists
English children's writers
English women writers
British women children's writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance%20Egan |
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