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Glen Scott Shortliffe (November 12, 1937 – May 4, 2010) was a Canadian diplomat, civil servant, businessman, and Clerk of the Privy Council.
Biography
Born in Edmonton, Alberta, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Alberta in 1960.
From 1977 to 1979, he was the Canadian Ambassador to Indonesia.
From 1979 to 1982, he was the Vice President Policy for the Canadian International Development Agency. From 1982 to 1990, he held positions as Associate Secretary to the Cabinet, Deputy Minister of Transport, and Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet/Operations .
In 1990 he was appointed Associate Secretary to the Cabinet and Deputy Clerk of the Privy Council.
From 1992 to 1994, he was the Clerk of the Privy Council and Secretary to the Cabinet.
In 1994, he co-founded the Sussex Circle consulting group.
He died May 4, 2010, in Ottawa at home.
References
1937 births
2010 deaths
Ambassadors of Canada to Indonesia
Businesspeople from Edmonton
Clerks of the Privy Council (Canada)
University of Alberta alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Shortliffe |
Riverview Park is the fourth largest municipal park in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The park is located four miles (6 km) north of Downtown in the neighborhood of Perry North and consists of .
Area
Riverview Park appears to be the first park in the city of Allegheny, Pennsylvania, (which since 1907 is a part of the city of Pittsburgh). Allegheny City created it in response to the City of Pittsburgh's creation of Schenley Park. The land the Riverview Park occupies belonged to Sam Watson and was known as Watson's Farm. Mayor William M. Kennedy and the residents of Allegheny City pooled their money and purchased Watson's farm in 1894 and then donated the land to the City of Allegheny.
Changes over time
When the park first opened, it had "meadows and grassy hills" as compared to the somewhat unmanaged landscape that park visitors enjoy today. The park also had a small zoo, an elk paddock, a bear pit, a merry-go round, and an amphitheatre. Today many of these structures are gone, but a stroll into some of the now undeveloped areas of the park may have you find some of these mementos of the past. The park now has a public pool, a playground, the only equestrian (bridle) path in the City Park system, various shelters, the Allegheny Observatory, and summertime concerts and movies.
The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.
Images
Riverview Park Map
References
Further reading
External links
at Pittsburgh Department of Parks & Recreation Website]
Riverview Park Overview at the Pittsburgh City Council Website
Riverview Park History at Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy
1894 establishments in Pennsylvania
Parks in Pittsburgh
Urban forests in the United States
Urban public parks
National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverview%20Park%20%28Pittsburgh%29 |
Slitu is a village in the former municipality of Eidsberg, Norway, now part of the municipality of Indre Østfold. Its population (2005) is 543, of which seven people lived within the border of the neighboring former municipality of Trøgstad. now also part of the municipality of Indre Østfold.
Villages in Østfold | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slitu |
Maryland Route 276 (MD 276) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Jacob Tome Memorial Highway, the highway runs from MD 222 in Port Deposit north to U.S. Route 1 (US 1) near Harrisville in western Cecil County. MD 276 connects Port Deposit with Rising Sun. MD 276 was constructed along an old turnpike from Port Deposit through Woodlawn, then north to Rising Sun to the east of the present corridor. The Woodlawn–Rising Sun piece was paved by 1910; the Port Deposit–Woodlawn stretch was paved in the late 1920s and early 1930s. MD 276 was shifted west to between Woodlawn and its present northern terminus at US 1 in the late 1950s. The highway was completely reconstructed between 1959 and 1965.
Route description
MD 276 begins at an intersection with MD 222 (Main Street) opposite Ferry Street in the town of Port Deposit two blocks east of the Susquehanna River. The two-lane undivided state highway, which is Center Street in town and becomes Jacob Tome Memorial Highway at the town limit, which the route follows northeast as it ascends the high bluff above the river. MD 276 follows the town limit along the northwestern edge of the property of former United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge, until shortly before its intersection with the northern terminus of MD 275 (Perrylawn Drive). The highway continues northeast to the hamlet of Woodlawn, where it curves north at Hopewell Road. MD 276 crosses several branches of Basin Run and briefly parallels Sale Barn Road before reaching the hamlet of West Nottingham, where the route passes to the east of the West Nottingham Academy Historic District and the namesake boarding school. The highway parallels Harrisville Road, which provides access to West Nottingham Meetinghouse, between Barnes Corner Road and MD 273 (Rising Sun Road). The two state highways meet at a roundabout in Harrisville, which is west of the town of Rising Sun. MD 276 continues north a short distance to its northern terminus at US 1 (Rising Sun Bypass) opposite Slicers Mill Road.
MD 276 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from near Waibel Road to Hopewell Road within Woodlawn. The highway was named for Jacob Tome, a lumber magnate, state senator, and philanthropist in Port Deposit in the 19th century. MD 276 was designated Jacob Tome Memorial Highway by the Maryland State Roads Commission on May 24, 1961, based on a 1961 joint resolution of the Maryland General Assembly.
History
The portion of MD 276 from Port Deposit to Woodlawn follows the path of the Old Baltimore and Philadelphia Turnpike, a collection of free and toll roads that passed through Cecil County from a ferry crossing at Port Deposit northeast through Calvert to Chester County, Pennsylvania. The connection between the turnpike and Rising Sun was east of modern MD 276 along Hopewell Road, which was paved as a macadam road from the turnpike intersection east of Woodlawn at Cathers Corner to Rising Sun by Cecil County with state aid by 1910. Wilson Avenue in Rising Sun and the highway adjacent to the town were reconstructed as a concrete road to eliminate a steep grade in 1926. That same year, work began on paving the highway from Port Deposit to Cathers Corner. A section of the highway between the two endpoints near but not in Port Deposit was paved as a concrete road in 1926. The Port Deposit end of the highway was completed in 1929. The gap in MD 276 between the concrete segment west of Woodlawn and Cathers Corner was filled between 1930 and 1933.
MD 276 was relocated to the west through a May 8, 1958, road transfer agreement between the Maryland State Roads Commission and Cecil County. The agreement transferred Hopewell Road from Cathers Corner to the town limit of Rising Sun from state to county maintenance in exchange for Kelly Road from Woodlawn north to the Rising Sun Bypass being transferred from the county to the state. Wilson Avenue in Rising Sun remained in the state highway system, as MD 811, until it was transferred to the town by a January 5, 1979, agreement. Shortly after the 1958 transfer, MD 276 was reconstructed over its entire length. The highway from Port Deposit to the Kelly Road intersection in Woodlawn was reconstructed in 1959 and 1960. MD 276 from Woodlawn to Liberty Grove Road, then MD 269, was reconstructed in 1962 and 1963, with much of the highway being relocated from what are now Sale Barn Road and Harrisville Road. The highway was relocated from Barnes Corner to MD 273 at Harrisville, bypassing the rest of Harrisville Road, in 1963 and 1964. Finally, MD 276 was reconstructed in place between MD 273 and US 1 in 1964 and 1965. The bypassed sections of MD 276 became segments of MD 813. The MD 276–MD 273 intersection was reconstructed as a roundabout in 2002 and 2003.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 276
MD 276 at AARoads.com
Maryland Roads - MD 276
276
Maryland Route 276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20276 |
Anna Roosevelt Cowles (January 18, 1855 – August 25, 1931) was the older sister of United States President Theodore Roosevelt and an aunt of Eleanor Roosevelt. Her childhood nickname was Bamie (), a derivative of bambina (Italian for "baby girl"), but as an adult, her family began calling her Bye because of her tremendous on-the-go energy ("Hi, Bamie! Bye, Bamie!"). Throughout the life of her brother, Theodore, she remained a constant source of emotional support and practical advice. On the death in childbirth of her sister-in-law, Alice Hathaway Lee, Bamie assumed parental responsibility for T.R.'s daughter, Alice Lee Roosevelt, during her early years.
Early life
Bamie was born in a brownstone home at 28 East 20th Street in New York City on January 18, 1855. She was the eldest child of businessman/philanthropist Theodore "Thee" Roosevelt (1831-1878) and socialite Martha Stewart "Mittie" Bulloch (1835-1884). In addition to brother Theodore Jr. (T.R.) (1858-1919), Bamie's siblings were socialite Elliott Roosevelt (socialite) (1860-1894) and writer/speaker Corinne Roosevelt (1861-1933). Bamie was afflicted by a spinal ailment that led to her being partially crippled and confined by corrective steel braces as a child.
Theodore Roosevelt's daughter Alice once remarked that had Bamie, with her incredible intelligence and energy, been born a 19th-century man, without the social restrictions that the era placed on women, she would have been president instead of her brother. Her niece, Eleanor Roosevelt, stated in her autobiography that Bamie had "an able man's mind." Although she was not seen as a stunningly gorgeous woman like her mother or her sisters-in-law, her natural intelligence and energy was magnetic to both men and women. She remained an emotional pillar of strength for all the Roosevelts.
Family responsibilities from a young age
Because Bamie's mother, Mittie, was often distracted by illness or by her busy social life, Bamie increasingly took a central role in running the Roosevelt household, particularly after the premature death of her father, Thee. In fact, T.R.'s elder daughter Alice remarked that Bamie almost seemed to be born into middle age, so significant were the adult responsibilities put into her hands from childhood. Unlike many children in a similar situation, Bamie had the natural maturity, judgment, and wisdom to "hold the family together," Alice said.
When T.R.'s first wife Alice died suddenly following childbirth, most probably of kidney failure (Bright's Disease) or toxemia, Bamie took custody of young Alice. Because her grieving father initially would not call her by his late wife's name, Alice was called "Baby Lee" for her mother's family, the Lees of Boston. Alice would say of Bamie that she was the most influential person in her entire life. When the young and vivacious Alice became more than her stepmother, Edith Kermit Carow, or her father could handle, they would send her up to Auntie Bye for a dose of discipline and to give her the structure that the Roosevelts in the White House were not able to exert.
Elliott's wife, Anna Rebecca Hall, had wished for Bamie to have custody of her children, Eleanor, Elliott Jr., and Gracie Hall Roosevelt, upon her death. She was separated from her husband, and died young of diphtheria. Custody of the children was not immediately possible because Elliott was still alive—though exiled by the family because of his alcoholism—and could not be bypassed in the event of litigation. Bamie considered a custody suit but realized that Anna's mother, Mary Livingston Ludlow, would not be willing to give the children into Bamie's care. She did open her home to Eleanor, who was a welcome visitor and made extended stays. Bamie was successful, though, in getting Eleanor out of the oppressive and harrowing home situation by demanding that she be sent to Allenswood School for girls in England, where Eleanor developed socially and emotionally. During Eleanor and Alice's childhood, Bamie kept them informed of each other's activities, helping to maintain something of a relationship between the two, though it was a vexing relationship, ranging from sometimes being very close and often a bitter and competitive relationship. She was close to both girls and contributed greatly to their development.
T.R.'s lifelong confidante
Throughout his life, Bamie's brother Theodore often turned to her for counsel in letters and personal conversations. In fact, it was said by their niece Eleanor that T.R. made few important significant political decisions and even fewer personal decisions without getting the input of his sister. She remained a trusted confidante for his entire career. As president, he would walk down to her residence at 18th and I in Washington so often that Bamie's house was sometimes called the "other White House." As she became more infirm, T.R. turned more and more to his daughter Alice for advice and to act as a go-between in delicate political situations.
Marriage
In 1895 at age 40, Anna Roosevelt married US Navy Lt. Commander (later Rear Admiral) William Sheffield Cowles (1846–1923), a divorcé who was 49. They had a son, William Jr. (1898–1986), who married Margaret Alwyn Krech (1900–1982) in 1920.
Later life
When niece Eleanor Roosevelt campaigned against T.R.'s eldest son, Theodore "Ted" Roosevelt III, she publicly broke with her niece after the ordeal. In a letter to her son, Bamie wrote of Eleanor:
"I just hate to see Eleanor let herself look as she does. Though never handsome, she always had to me a charming effect. Alas and alack, ever since politics have become her choicest interest, all her charm has disappeared!"
T.R.'s elder daughter Alice also broke with Eleanor over this highly distasteful (to Theodore's family) political activity that included Eleanor's riding up to Ted's speaking engagements with a teapot on her car to remind voters of Ted's supposed (but later disproved) connections to the Teapot Dome Scandal. Eleanor dismissed Bamie's criticisms by referring to her as an "aged woman." Despite all these intra-family discords, long after Bamie's death, Alice and Eleanor would later reconcile after Eleanor wrote Alice a comforting letter upon the death of Alice's daughter, Paulina Longworth.
Eleanor Roosevelt on her Aunt Bamie
Bamie and her niece, Eleanor Roosevelt, eventually reconciled, and in an article in the Ladies Home Journal, "How to Take Criticism," Eleanor referred to her Aunt Bamie, saying, "I can honestly say that I hate no one, and perhaps the best advice I can give to anyone who suffers from criticism and yet must be in the public eye, would be contained in the words of my aunt, Mrs. William Sheffield Cowles. She was President Theodore Roosevelt's sister and the aunt to whom many of the young people in the family went for advice. I had asked her whether I should do something which at that time would have caused a great deal of criticism, and her answer was: 'Do not be bothered by what people say as long as you are sure that you are doing what seems right to you, but be sure that you face yourself honestly.'"
Death
Alice and Eleanor's warmest link to their fathers' generation died on the night of August 25, 1931, aged 76. Her last words, "Never mind, it's all right," were reportedly spoken to her friend Sara Delano, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's mother, before Bamie slipped into a coma and died.
Notes
Sources
Primary sources
Roosevelt, Theodore. An Autobiography. (1913)
Caroli, Betty Boyd. The Roosevelt Women, Basic Books (1998)
Secondary sources
Beale Howard K. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (1956).
Brands, H.W. Theodore Roosevelt (2001)
Dalton, Kathleen. Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life. (2002)
Harbaugh, William Henry. The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt. (1963)
McCullough, David. Mornings on Horseback: The Story of an Extraordinary Family, a Vanished Way of Life, and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt (2001)
Morris, Edmund The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (1979)
Morris, Edmund Theodore Rex. (2001)
Mowry, George. The era of Theodore Roosevelt and the birth of modern America, 1900-1912. (1954)
External links
Women in history of Scots descent
1855 births
1931 deaths
American socialites
Bulloch family
Bamie
Schuyler family
New York (state) Republicans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamie%20Roosevelt |
Skivika (also called Skeidarvik and Skjærvika) is a village in the municipality of Fredrikstad, Norway. Its population (2005) is 1,117, of which 5 people live within the border of the neighboring municipality Sarpsborg.
Villages in Østfold | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skivika |
Stuart Duncan Macdonald Jack (8 June 1949 – 16 February 2022) was a British diplomat, latterly serving as the Governor of the Cayman Islands from 2005 until 2009.
Educated at Westcliff High School for Boys; and then Merton College, Oxford, Jack joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1972 after serving with the VSO is Laos. After joining the Eastern European and Soviet Department, Jack took posts in Tokyo and Moscow. He went on secondment to the Bank of England from 1984 to 1985, and then returning to Tokyo for another four-year posting.
In 1989, Jack served as the FCO's Diplomatic Service Inspector, before being posted to St. Petersburg as Consul-General from 1992 to 1995. He then served as Head of the FCO's Research Analysts cadre from 1996 to 1999, returning to Tokyo as Minister. After a brief spell back in the office in 2003–2004, Jack took his last posting as Governor of the Cayman Islands in 2005, retiring in 2009.
Jack was appointed as a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (C.V.O.) in 1994 after the Queen's State Visit to St. Petersburg.
Jack died on 16 February 2022, at the age of 72. A statement was issued by Cayman Islands Current Governor Martyn Roper on the 21 February 2022.
Scouting
Jack was Chief Scout of The Scout Association of the Cayman Islands from October 2006. In his youth, he was involved in Scouting, including time as a Cub Scout.
Offices held
See also
References
External links
Cayman Islands Government Web Site
1949 births
2022 deaths
20th-century British diplomats
21st-century British diplomats
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Governors of the Cayman Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Jack |
Ibbenbüren (Westphalian: Ippenbürn) is a medium-sized town in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Ibbenbüren is situated on the Ibbenbürener Aa river, at the northwest end of the Teutoburger forest and rather exactly in between the two cities Rheine in the west and Osnabrück in the east, both approximately 20 km away.
History
Ibbenbüren is mentioned in documentary evidence for the first time in 1146, when the bishop of Osnabrück at that time, Philipp of Katzenelnbogen, donated a tenth of his possessions in Ibbenbüren to the Getrudenkloster of Osnabrück. Although Ibbenbüren was already much older and a document of the year 1348 mentions the establishment of a church in the year 799, though the year 1146 is officially considered as the year of the foundation of Ibbenbüren.
In the years 1219 and/or 1234 it appears as a church village. In the transition from the High Middle Ages to the Late Middle Ages the noble gentlemen of Ibbenbüren, that is the abbot of Herford and the counts of Tecklenburg, possessed basic rule of the place. At this time Ibbenbüren belonged to the Diocese of Osnabrück. During this time the castle of Ibbenbüren was built by the noble gentlemen of Ibbenbüren starting from 1150. The last remains of this castle are the remnants of the heath tower in the proximity of the Aasee.
After the noble gentleman of Ibbenbüren died out, Ibbenbüren came under the exclusive rule of the counts of Tecklenburg. This rule lasted until the end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th century, when Ibbenbüren finally fell into the possession of Charles V in 1548 by awkward and luckless tactics used by the counts of Tecklenburg. Karl donated it to his sister Mary of Habsburg, governor of the Netherlands. Ibbenbüren was assigned to the office of Lingen. Into this period also falls the beginning of coal mining.
After Ibbenbüren repeatedly fell under control of the Netherlands and Spain in the Dutch Revolt, it was assigned to the House of Orange-Nassau after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Around this time was the beginning of iron ore mining in and around Ibbenbüren, which ended in the first half of the 19th century. By succession it came under Prussian rule in 1702. On February 1, 1724, Ibbenbüren attained municipal rights, which stood among other things in connection with the introduction of excise duty. In 1743 the first magistrate and mayor were appointed.
During the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte at the beginning of the 19th century, Ibbenbüren belonged to the first French Empire, until it was freed by Prussian and Russian troops in 1815. It came back under Prussian rule on January 1, 1816, and was assigned to the district of Tecklenburg. After the end of World War II the city Ibbenbüren and the municipality Ibbenbüren Land were formed on December 31, 1974, into the department federation Ibbenbüren, resulting in today's city of Ibbenbüren. With the simultaneous dissolution of the district of Tecklenburg and fusion with the old district of Burgsteinfurt, Ibbenbüren was assigned to the new district of Steinfurt.
On 16 May 2015, a passenger train collided with a vehicle on a level crossing at Ibbenbüren. Two people were killed and 20 were injured, three seriously.
Coat of arms
Coat of arms displays an upright golden anchor on a blue shield. The colours blue and gold represent the city colours. The origin of the anchor is not known, but the anchor is also on the coat of arms of the neighbouring earldom of Lingen, which has a harbour. The anchor could depict the port customs office, which was owned by the earl.
Transport
The town has three stations on the Löhne-Rheine railway provides connections to Osnabrück and Bielefeld.
Twin towns – sister cities
Ibbenbüren is twinned with:
Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
Gourdon, France
Hellendoorn, Netherlands
Jastrzębie-Zdrój, Poland
Prievidza, Slovakia
Notable people
Ignatz Wiemeler (1895–1952), bookbinder and educator
Bernhard Bergmeyer (1897–1987), politician (CDU)
Hermann Gösmann (1904–1979), lawyer and football administrator
Hermann Michel (1935–1984?), football player and coach
Ingrid Remmers (born 1965), politician (The Left)
Timo Dierkes (born 1967), actor
Anja Karliczek (born 1971), politician (CDU)
Tino Wenzel (born 1973), sport shooter
Kerstin Garefrekes (born 1979), footballer
Christine Wenzel (née Brinker) (born 1981), skeet shooter, Olympic medalist
Simon Rolfes (born 1982), footballer
Lars Unnerstall (born 1990), footballer
Marius Bülter (born 1993), footballer
Sebastian Klaas (born 1998), footballer
References
External links
Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Steinfurt (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibbenb%C3%BCren |
Gregory Raymond Kelly (born December 17, 1968) is an American conservative television anchor, television host, and retired lieutenant colonel in the United States Marine Corps Reserve. He is the host of Greg Kelly Reports, on Newsmax TV. He was previously the co-host of Good Day New York on Fox 5 NY WNYW, with Rosanna Scotto, from 2008 to 2017.
Background, education, and military career
Kelly is a native of Garden City, New York. His father is former New York City Police Commissioner, Raymond W. Kelly. He graduated from Fordham University with a B.A. in political science. While attending Fordham, Kelly worked at WFUV as an on-air reporter. After graduating from Fordham, Kelly became an officer in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserves. During his tour of active duty military service between 1991 and 2000 he was an AV-8B Harrier jump jet pilot assigned to Marine Attack Squadron 211, the "Wake Island Avengers". While on duty Kelly amassed 158 aircraft carrier landings and flew over Iraq in Operation Southern Watch, enforcing the United Nations imposed No-Fly Zone.
Media career
Following his career in the Marines, Kelly became a news anchor in Binghamton, New York. Later, he was a political reporter for NY1 in New York City, covering the September 11 attacks. He joined Fox News in 2002.
During the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, Kelly was an embedded reporter with the United States Army's 3rd Infantry Division, 2nd Brigade. He received a minor shrapnel wound to the face when a mortar round exploded near him. Kelly was the first television journalist to broadcast live pictures of U.S. military forces reaching the presidential palace in Baghdad.
Kelly was a host of Good Day New York from 2008 through June 2012 when he moved to the 6 and 10 PM news on Fox 5 and was replaced by Dave Price. In January 2013, Price announced his departure, and Kelly was moved back to Good Day New York. Kelly left Good Day New York in September 2017, replaced by former WABC-TV anchor Lori Stokes.
In January 2020, Kelly joined Newsmax TV, where he hosts Greg Kelly Reports in the 7 pm slot. In March 2021, Kelly joined WABC radio in New York City, to host in daytime.
In June 2021, Kelly generated controversy by tweeting, and then deleting, a statement that "Military life had its Perks, but it was also a major pain. I will tell you what took 'the sting out of it'—that when I was flying around the Pacific Ocean off of ships, I knew there was a Secretary of Defense who was white, just like me! Made a big difference with 'morale'". In September of the next year, he said on Greg Kelly Reports that the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture was "creating more division" and asked "how much can we learn about Harriet Tubman?".
Personal life
Kelly is married to Judith Grey, a creative director in advertising. They were married on November 12, 2017.
In January–February 2012 Kelly was investigated by the Manhattan District Attorney's office upon an accusation of rape. After an investigation, the District Attorney issued a letter stating that under New York state criminal law, the incident did not constitute a crime. Kelly returned to work February 13, 2012. On June 9, 2014, Kelly's accuser spoke publicly for the first time about her 2012 allegations against Kelly.
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
People from Garden City, New York
Aviators from New York (state)
American television reporters and correspondents
United States Naval Aviators
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps reservists
Fordham University alumni
21st-century American journalists
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
Newsmax TV people
WFUV people
American media critics
Critics of Black Lives Matter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Kelly |
Cryptoregiochemistry refers to the site of initial oxidative attack in double bond formation by enzymes such as fatty acid desaturases. This is a mechanistic parameter that is usually determined through the use of kinetic isotope effect experiments, based on the premise that the initial C-H bond cleavage step should be energetically more difficult and therefore more sensitive to isotopic substitution than the second C-H bond breaking step.
References
Chemical kinetics
Stereochemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoregiochemistry |
CAMY may refer to:
Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, a research and advocacy organization in the United States
Communauté d'agglomération de Mantes-en-Yvelines, an administrative entity in the Yvelines département, near Paris. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMY |
Vik (also Vik i Helgeland) is the administrative centre of the municipality of Sømna in Nordland county, Norway. The village lies along the Norwegian County Road 17, about south of the village of Berg. The local church, Sømna Church, was built in 1876.
The village has a population (2018) of 381 and a population density of .
References
Villages in Nordland
Sømna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vik%2C%20S%C3%B8mna |
Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL7 gene.
IL-7 is a hematopoietic growth factor secreted by stromal cells in the bone marrow and thymus. It is also produced by keratinocytes, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, neurons, and epithelial cells, but is not produced by normal lymphocytes. A study also demonstrated how the autocrine production of the IL-7 cytokine mediated by T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) can be involved in the oncogenic development of T-ALL and offer novel insights into T-ALL spreading.
Structure
The three-dimensional structure of IL-7 in complex with the ectodomain of IL-7 receptor has been determined using X-ray diffraction.
Function
Lymphocyte maturation
IL-7 stimulates the differentiation of multipotent (pluripotent) hematopoietic stem cells into lymphoid progenitor cells (as opposed to myeloid progenitor cells where differentiation is stimulated by IL-3). It also stimulates proliferation of all cells in the lymphoid lineage (B cells, T cells and NK cells). It is important for proliferation during certain stages of B-cell maturation, T and NK cell survival, development and homeostasis.
IL-7 is a cytokine important for B and T cell development. This cytokine and the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) form a heterodimer that functions as a pre-pro-B cell growth-stimulating factor. This cytokine is found to be a cofactor for V(D)J rearrangement of the T cell receptor beta (TCRß) during early T cell development. This cytokine can be produced locally by intestinal epithelial and epithelial goblet cells, and may serve as a regulatory factor for intestinal mucosal lymphocytes. Knockout studies in mice suggested that this cytokine plays an essential role in lymphoid cell survival.
IL-7 signaling
IL-7 binds to the IL-7 receptor, a heterodimer consisting of Interleukin-7 receptor alpha and common gamma chain receptor. Binding results in a cascade of signals important for T-cell development within the thymus and survival within the periphery. Knockout mice which genetically lack IL-7 receptor exhibit thymic atrophy, arrest of T-cell development at the double positive stage, and severe lymphopenia. Administration of IL-7 to mice results in an increase in recent thymic emigrants, increases in B and T cells, and increased recovery of T cells after cyclophosphamide administration or after bone marrow transplantation.
Disease
Cancer
IL-7 promotes hematological malignancies (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T cell lymphoma).
Viral Infections
Elevated levels of IL-7 have also been detected in the plasma of HIV-infected patients.
Clinical application
IL-7 as an immunotherapy agent has been examined in many pre-clinical animal studies and more recently in human clinical trials for various malignancies and during HIV infection.
Cancer
Recombinant IL-7 has been safely administered to patients in several phase I and II clinical trials. A human study of IL-7 in patients with cancer demonstrated that administration of this cytokine can transiently disrupt the homeostasis of both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells with a commensurate decrease in the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. No objective cancer regression was observed, however a dose limiting toxicity (DLT) was not reached in this study due to the development of neutralizing antibodies against the recombinant cytokine.
HIV infection
Associated with antiretroviral therapy, IL-7 administration decreased local and systemic inflammations in patients that had incomplete T-cell reconstitution. These results suggest that IL-7 therapy can possibly improve the quality of life of those patients.
Transplantation
IL-7 could also be beneficial in improving immune recovery after allogenic stem cell transplant.
References
Further reading
Interleukins
Immunomodulating drugs
Cancer treatments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%207 |
Berg is a village in the municipality of Sømna in Nordland county, Norway. The village lies along the Norwegian County Road 17, about north of the village of Vik, just south of the border with Brønnøy Municipality. The village of Trælnes lies just north of Berg (in Brønnøy). The village is home to some agricultural industries as well as a concrete factory.
The village has a population (2018) of 579 and a population density of . About of this urban area, with 19 residents, is located in the neighboring municipality of Brønnøy and the rest lies in the municipality of Sømna.
References
Villages in Nordland
Sømna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg%2C%20Nordland |
Dmitri Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 5 in B-flat major, Op. 92, was composed in autumn 1952. It was premiered in Leningrad in November 1953 by the Beethoven Quartet, to whom it is dedicated.
Structure
It consists of three movements, performed without a break:
Playing time is approximately 30 minutes.
The work grows from a five-note motif, C–D–E–B–C, which contains the four pitch-classes of the composer's musical monogram: DSCH (E being Es and B being H in German). This motif appears in a number of his other string quartets, including String Quartet No. 8, as well as his Symphony No. 10.
Notes
References
External links
05
1952 compositions
Compositions in B-flat major | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20Quartet%20No.%205%20%28Shostakovich%29 |
Dmitri Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 6 in G major, Op. 101, was composed in 1956. It was premiered by the Beethoven Quartet but carries no dedication. The Beethoven Quartet recorded this work on the Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga label.
Structure
It consists of four movements:
Playing time is approximately 22 minutes.
The Allegretto first movement creates a carefree mood using nursery tunes. The second movement is a cheerful round dance in E major, the third movement a chaconne in B minor. The final movement leads into a complex Allegretto showing the influence of both Alban Berg's Lyric Suite and Richard Strauss's Metamorphosen. The quartet also features the only vertical appearance of the DSCH motif (the notes D, E, C, and B played at the same time). This happens at the cadence at the end of each movement.
The quartet was written in Komarovo, Russia.
External links
06
1956 compositions
Compositions in G major | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20Quartet%20No.%206%20%28Shostakovich%29 |
Blackjack is a video game simulation of blackjack programmed by Bob Whitehead and published by Atari, Inc. for its Video Computer System (later known as the Atari 2600). The game was one of the nine launch titles available when the Atari 2600 went on sale in September 1977. The objective is identical to the card game: to beat the dealer's card total, without going over 21, to win a bet. One to three players play the computer dealer.
Gameplay
The player uses the paddle controller to enter a bet of up to 25 chips from an initial stack of 200. An up card is then presented, and the player decides whether to "hit" (accept another card) or stand. The player breaks the bank by obtaining a score of 1,000 chips, or is "busted" upon losing everything.
Due to a glitch in the program, while a player is selecting among the options of what to do with the current hand by pressing left or right with the paddle controller, the amount of the player's next bet is modified even though it is defined by a variable that will not be visible until the end of the hand, requiring the player to carefully re-enter it at the start of every hand without pressing the button carelessly or risk wagering an unintended amount.
Reception
Blackjack was reviewed favorably in Video magazine as part of a general review of the Atari VCS. It was described as "a good game for adults with several variations for single or double players", and was scored a 10 out of 10.
See also
List of Atari 2600 games
Casino, another Atari 2600 card game
References
External links
Blackjack at Atari Mania
1977 video games
Atari games
Atari 2600 games
Atari 2600-only games
Blackjack video games
North America-exclusive video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackjack%20%28Atari%202600%29 |
Lengerich can refer to two municipalities in Germany:
Lengerich, Westphalia, in the Steinfurt district, North Rhine-Westphalia
Lengerich, Lower Saxony, in the Emsland district, Lower Saxony
Lengerich (Samtgemeinde), a collective municipality in Emsland, Lower Saxony
It can also be a surname:
The Große-Lengerich Family name was shortened to*Lengerich*during naturalization to become *United States* in 1870. Because of this, the Lengerich family exists mostly in the Great Lakes region of Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengerich |
Nordvik is a village area in Vestland county, Norway. The village lies on a municipal border, with the bulk of its area located in Bergen Municipality, but extending over the border into neighboring Bjørnafjorden Municipality. In 2008, the population of the Nordvik urban area was 429, of which 383 people live in Bergen and 46 lived in what is now Bjørnafjorden. At that time the urban area had a population density of . Separate statistics for the village are no longer tracked by Statistics Norway since it is now considered part of the Søvik urban area in Bjørnafjorden rather than a distinct urban area.
References
Villages in Vestland
Populated places in Bergen
Bjørnafjorden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordvik%2C%20Vestland |
This is a list of trails in Ithaca, New York.
Multiuse and commuter trails
Many of the major trails in Ithaca and the surrounding areas lie in abandoned railroad beds. Ithaca was part of the first big railroad boom, in the 1830s. While only one short-haul rail freight line remains in Ithaca (the Ithaca Central Railroad: a branch line between Sayre, Pennsylvania and the Cargill salt mine, near Myers Point on the eastern shore of Cayuga Lake, that was the former Auburn & Ithaca Branch of the defunct Lehigh Valley Railroad), the area benefits from the use of the well-graded roadbeds that the railroads left behind.
In 2004, the City of Ithaca drew up a master plan for its trail system, to fill gaps in trail coverage and to make them more usable as commuter trails in addition to providing better access by foot and bicycle to major area natural preserves and state parks. If all of the connecting trails are completed, Ithaca will have a fairly complete network connecting most neighborhoods in the area without roads.
Cayuga Waterfront Trail
The Cayuga Waterfront Trail connects Cass Park, on the western shore of Cayuga Lake, to Stewart Park on its eastern shore.
The trail is wide with an asphalt surface, and links Ithaca's waterfront destinations, including the Tompkins County Visitors' Center, the Ithaca Youth Bureau, Stewart Park, Cascadilla Boat Club, Newman Golf Course, Farmers' Market, Cornell and Ithaca College boathouses, Inlet Island (with a planned extension to the current US Coast Guard at the Inlet Island point), Cass Park and Allan H. Treman State Marine Park.
South Hill Recreation Way
This , packed-gravel trail was developed in 1986 as a New York State Environmental Quality Bond Act Project. It runs parallel to (northeast of) Coddington Road in the Town of Ithaca, mostly following the abandoned rail bed of the Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad, which was built in 1849 to ship coal from Pennsylvania mines to Ithaca for water shipment over the Erie Canal. Eventually, it merged with the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and was abandoned in 1956. The descent into Ithaca from South Hill was via two switchbacks. The trail skips the middle switchback. Instead, it follows a short, steep asphalt-paved connector (not part of the railroad) from the upper to lower grades. The tail tracks of the switchbacks are not included in the trail; these were located northwest of Coddington Road at the end of the upper trail, and southease of the bottom of the connector, respectively. Except for the connector, the trail is a gradual downhill from Burns Road to Ithaca. Hiking paths lead off the biking trail into the Six Mile Creek gorge. The trail is a popular spot for cross-country skiing in the winter and, in the summer, connects Ithaca College students to sunning and (illegal) swimming in Six Mile Creek and the City Reservoir.
Small parking areas are located at the end of Juniper Drive and at the corner of Burns Road and Coddington Road in the Town of Ithaca.
East Ithaca Recreation Way
East Ithaca Recreation Way is a paved pedestrian/bike trail in East Hill which runs in several sections between Game Farm Road and Honness Lane and joins with the Vincent and Hannah Pew Trail to the south. It is open one-half hour before sunrise until one-half hour after sunset. Many benches exist along the trail, providing rest areas for hikers and joggers.
The northernmost section from Game Farm Road to Maple Avenue runs through Cornell-owned natural areas along Cascadilla Creek, and allows for horseback riding. The total length of this section is . From Game Farm Road to the bridge over Judd Falls Road it is built on the railroad bed of the former Elmira, Cortland and Northern Railroad (later taken into the Lehigh Valley Railroad) (1871–1976), out of service since Hurricane Agnes in June, 1972 and formally abandoned with the formation of Conrail in April 1976.
To get to the next portion of the trail, one continues for west along Maple Avenue, where the trail starts up again.
The middle section runs south from Maple Avenue to Honness Lane (crossing Mitchell Street along the way) and is built on the railroad bed of the former Elmira, Cortland and Northern Railroad (later taken into the Lehigh Valley Railroad) (1875–1936). This section of the trail is a popular way to commute to and from Cornell's main campus. The total length of this section is .
To get to the next portion of the trail, one continues east up Honness Lane and then across Pine Tree Road.
The southernmost section of the trail is also known as the Vincent and Hannah Pew Trail, and connects the trail to the Tudor Park and the Snyder Hill / Eastern Heights neighborhood. This part of the trail travels through the Pine Tree Wildlife Preserve and the East Ithaca Nature Preserve for . There is a parking area for trail users, a bus pull-off and transit plaza with connections to the trail on Pine Tree Road, benches and plantings. The trail received a federal highway grant to aid in completion in 2004.
The total length of the trail (including all three sections and connecting streets) is .
Jim Schug Trail / Dryden Lake Trail
The Jim Schug Trail, named after the Dryden Town supervisor who secured most of the land but died shortly after the beginning of construction, is in length. Like other trails in the area, it runs on an abandoned railroad bed (the Southern Central railway: for most of its existence, part of the Lehigh Valley). It begins on Main Street in Dryden, and continues to the Cortland County border, where it connects to the Finger Lakes Trail. A proposed extension of the trail would connect it northwest to the nearby village of Freeville (also in the Town of Dryden), and eventually via the Varna / Fall Creek trail to Ithaca. It is gravel-packed and suitable for bicycling, and is also level for the entire route.
Black Diamond Trail
The Black Diamond trail is the keystone of a major trail system in the Ithaca area, and has been planned since the 1970s. The section of trail from Cass Park to Taughannock Falls State Park opened in the fall of 2016. This section is now (since 1999) owned by the New York State Parks Department.
The main trail segment is the former Lehigh Valley Railroad passenger line from Ithaca to Auburn, New York, popularly known as the "Route of the Black Diamond" from the name of the Lehigh Valley's premier passenger train, which last ran on February 4, 1959. This line stretches along the western shore of Cayuga Lake from Cass Park to Taughannock Falls State Park and Trumansburg, New York, steadily rising from lake level to above sea level at the bridge across Taughannock Creek.
South of Cass Park, the about of the planned route follows the Cayuga Flood Control Channel along Route 13a, and then crosses the flood control channel (via a yet to be built bridge) directly opposite Cecil Malone Drive at Cherry Street, providing access to the Cherry Street Industrial Park, the city's Southwest district, and eventually to the new housing development planned there. From there, it follows the DL&W right of way built in 1849 as part of the Cayuga & Susquehanna railroad, crossing over the fish ladder and eventually goes underneath the Route 13 bridge near the Town/City of Ithaca line, and then proceeds parallel to its south side, terminating in Robert H. Treman State Park. This urban section of the trail is estimated to cost $5 million, mostly for the construction of three new bridges: the bridge connecting to Cecil Malone Drive, one near the fish ladder and a third bridge crossing over the Cayuga Inlet near the trail branch connecting to Buttermilk Falls.
This last connecting trail is planned to branch near the City / Town of Ithaca line to connect to the (planned) Gateway Trail, through Buttermilk Falls State Park and towards South Hill Recreation way. A pedestrian/bicycle bridge already stretches over Route 13 near Buttermilk Falls to provide access to the planned Gateway trail. This "bridge to nowhere" was built before any rights to the abandoned DL&W were secured, and at the time was widely criticized as a spectacularly-visible example of a "pork barrel" waste of tax money, as the trail it connects to will not be usable for several years, if ever.
Much more information, including the master plans, are available online at the NY State Parks website.
Lansing Town Trail (Phase 1 open)
The Phase 1 walking trail on farmland owned by the Town of Lansing opened on January 22, 2011. It is a loop trail mostly in open fields with magnificent views of the Cayuga Lake Valley and hills to the south east. Although intended for hiking, X-C Skiing (rated easy), and snowshoeing, it may be expanded for multipurpose use in the future.
East-South Trail (planned)
The East-South connector trail extends from the terminus of South Hill Recreation Way near the intersection of Coddington Road and Burns Road, crosses Route 79/Slaterville Springs Road, runs along it for a short distance, and then connects through Snyder Hill to the planned Pew trail. Almost all of this connector trail will likely be either in the form of bike lanes along the road, or simply the addition of signage to indicate that bikes and cars will share the road. Although Burns Road has fairly light traffic, Route 79 is a major corridor, so safety might be an issue if the route is not separated from traffic.
Because it crosses a shallow valley to join South Hill and East Hill, Burns Road has fairly steep sections, but this likely remains the best route to connect the two existing trails.
Varna Trail / Fall Creek Trail (planned)
The Varna and Fall Creek trails are one continuous segment on the Lehigh Valley (Elmira, Cortland & Northern) railbed from Varna to the East Ithaca Recreation Way at its northeast terminus, passing through the Monkey Run nature preserve in the Cornell Plantations. As is the case for many of the other planned trails, several bridges need to be repaired or built along its route before it can be completed. Part of the route is already used by the Cayuga Trail.
Gateway Trail / Buttermilk Falls Corridor (planned)
The Gateway trail goes up South Hill, connecting the Black Diamond trail in the city's Southwest area with the northern branch of the South Hill Recreation Way, using the former DL&W right-of-way.
Lower Buttermilk falls to somewhat past Stone Quarry road
This portion is in good shape and the land belongs to the State of New York and Pennsylvania Lines LLC. It would take some work to connect it to the "bridge to nowhere", but it currently has a connection to the Buttermilk Falls parking lot and to near the southern end of Spencer Road. This section continues parallel to Spencer Rpad and goes past Stone Quarry Road, which might require some signage.
Portion near Emerson
This portion belongs to Emerson, still has old railroad ties and would need substantial work. It has a substandard bridge over the extension of S. Cayuga Street. It then connects to the end of Turner Place near Hillview Place. Because Hillview is too narrow for a completely-separate path, the current plan involves the use of bike lanes or shared roadway signage for the last connection. The most favorable routing would go through Emerson Power Transmission property, and rights have not yet been negotiated. Despite the steepness of the only possible route and barriers to completion, completing this connector trail is frequently cited as a priority by State and County officials when discussing the Black Diamond Trail, because of the connection to the heavily used South Hill Recreation Way. It would provide a completely new connection to the Southwest area, avoiding the indirect route that automobile traffic currently must take.
East Shore Trail (planned)
This trail would extend along the hillside above the eastern shore of Cayuga Lake, connecting the City and Town of Ithaca with Lansing. It would use the abandoned Central New York Southern Railroad grade (popularly known as the Ithaca-Auburn Short Line). Bridges were removed from the line when it was dismantled in the 1920s; two were replaced by footbridges built by the sewer district which uses this right of way and used for monitoring sewer lines, but they are posted "No Trespassing" and have locked fences at both ends.
Hiking trails and paths
Finger Lakes Trail System
The main Finger Lakes Trail passes south of Ithaca proper and follows the south boundary inside Robert H. Treman State Park. An orange-blazed connecting trail from upper Lick Brook links it with the trail system at Buttermilk Falls State Park, near the S end of Lake Treman. The portion of the Finger Lakes Trail between Watkins Glen and Caroline is maintained by volunteers of the Cayuga Trails Club.
Cayuga Trail
The long Cayuga Trail originates at the Stewart Avenue bridge over Fall Creek, and passes eastward through the Cornell University campus and plantations, generally paralleling Fall Creek. It crosses the Creek on a suspension bridge in the vicinity of Forest Home, and again via the Route 13 bridge. After the second crossing, it turns westward again, using the LV railbed part of the way, and ending in the vicinity of Varna. The Cayuga Trail was built and is maintained by volunteers from the Cayuga Trails Club.
Natural features and attractions
Cascadilla Creek
A trail leads from the College Avenue Bridge down along the gorge to Court and Linn Street in Ithaca, providing a convenient route between downtown Ithaca and the Cornell University campus. A path also extends through the Cornell Campus from the College Avenue Bridge upstream to the Hoy Road Bridge. The trail is closed during the winter.
Six Mile Creek
Access to this gorge trail can be found within the Town and City of Ithaca. Two major access points within the city are via the South Hill Recreation Way, or via a small parking lot at the intersection of Giles and Water streets. On a given summer day, you might find both human fishermen and a great blue heron. The trail also provides access to the old City Reservoir, a popular (but illegal and unsafe) swimming destination in the summer.
State parks
Allan H. Treman and Taughannock Falls State Parks are both near Lake Cayuga and are oriented towards shorter, lighter walks and hikes, while Buttermilk Falls and Robert H. Treman State Parks are marked by their waterfalls, and focus on hiking trails which follow their respective creeks, and are thus more difficult although still rewarding trails.
Allan H. Treman State Marine Park
Buttermilk Falls State Park
Robert H. Treman State Park (Also extends into the Town of Newfield)
Taughannock Falls State Park (In town of Ulysses)
Water access
Allan H. Treman State Marine Park
Cayuga Inlet
Fall Creek (via Stewart Park)
Beebe Lake
References
External links
The Ithaca / Tompkins County Hiking Site
Town of Ithaca Prioritized Bicycle and Pedestrian Improvements
Ithaca-Tompkins County Transportation Commission Bicycle Suitability Map (final draft as of 2007)
Ithaca-Tompkins County Transportation Council Study (1996)
Tompkins County Transportation Alternatives (2005)
Tompkins County Hiking Trails
Cornell Plantations Natural Areas (includes maps)
2025 Long-Range Transportation Outlook (includes maps)
A Running Map for Six Mile Creek
Take A Hike - Finger Lakes / Guidebook to Ithaca area hiking trails (includes maps)
Take Your Bike - Finger Lakes / Guidebook to Ithaca area biking trails (includes maps)
Take 200 Waterfalls / Guidebook to trails to waterfalls in the Ithaca area (includes maps)
http://www.ithacamaps.org/download/maps/SixMileCreekTrails.jpg
http://www.zevross.com/sixmile/kiosk1.pdf
http://www.lansingtown.com/index.php/pathways-documents
Ithaca, New York
Ithaca
Bike paths in New York (state)
Protected areas of Tompkins County, New York
Tourist attractions in Ithaca, New York
New York (state) geography-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trails%20in%20Ithaca%2C%20New%20York |
George Washington Preparatory High School is a public four-year high school of Los Angeles Unified School District in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Founded in 1926, the school has a Los Angeles address but is not located in the city limits of Los Angeles. The mascot is the General, a reference to the school's namesake George Washington. The school colors are red and blue. The school serves many areas in South Los Angeles and unincorporated areas around South Los Angeles, including Athens, West Athens and Westmont.
In addition it serves the LAUSD section of Hawthorne. It was the location for a 1986 TV movie Hard Lessons, depicting Denzel Washington as the new principal, who sets out to rid the school of gang violence and drugs and restore educational values to the school. The current principal is Tony Booker. Two famous former principals are George McKenna, whom Denzel Washington portrayed in the movie Hard Lessons; and past LAUSD Board Member Marguerite LaMotte.
History
George Washington Preparatory High School was founded in 1927 as a six-year high school that slowly developed into a four-year school. The first graduating class was 1928 with 5 seniors. The school was badly damaged by the 1933 Long Beach earthquake and the students went to school in tents for a year or two. In 1935 Washington High began accepting 11th and 12th graders only, and before 1950, Washington Senior High School had expanded to include grades 10 through 12.
It was in the Los Angeles City High School District until 1961, when it merged into LAUSD.
In January 1983, a new founder, the famed George McKenna, redefined Washington High School as a college preparatory school, and George Washington Preparatory High School, "The Prep," became an academic institution for grades 9–12.
Background
The reorganization of Washington Preparatory High School into Small Learning Communities (SLCs) began in 2006. The purpose of the SLC is to develop a sense of unity and cohesiveness and to foster the individual needs of students. The SLCs that were established as a result of this effort are: Etech (Engineering and Technology); ELMS (Ethics, Leadership, and Mediation Scholars); S.T.A.R.S (Visual and Performing Arts); BIZ (Business); SHAPE (Health and Fitness); and Law and Justice. The three Magnet programs have remained intact. During subsequent years, Washington added Performing Arts, Math/Science, and Communication Arts Magnets and achieved honors in scholastic, athletic and extra-curricular competition. As of 2009, in order to graduate and participate in senior activities such as prom, senior picnic, and grad night seniors must earn 230 credits, pass the California High School Exit Exam, and maintain 95% attendance.
Demographics
During the 2008–09 school year, there were a total of 2,440 students attending the high school.
46.7% Hispanic, 0.2% White, 52.4% Black, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander
Notable alumni
Art Laboe, Disc Jockey
Estes Banks, NFL running back
Barbara Billingsley, television and film actress
Eddie Bressoud, Major League Baseball
Steve Bryant, National Football League
Raphel Cherry, NFL defensive back
Don Clark, NFL offensive guard
Dick Dale, surf guitarist
Clarence Davis, NFL running back
Kori Dickerson, NFL tight end
Drakeo the Ruler, rapper
Karl Farmer, NFL wide receiver
Mark Fields, NFL linebacker
Gil Garcetti, L.A. County DA
Teresa Graves, American actress and singer.
Ice Cube, rapper and actor
Robert Illes, (television), Emmy winning Writer/producer
James Lofton, NFL Hall of Fame wide receiver
Hugh McElhenny, class of 1947, professional football player
Jerry Norman, college basketball coach
Eva Pigford, model and actress
Oliver Ross, NFL offensive lineman
Ernie Shelton, NCAA champion high jumper, 1955–56
Louie Walker, NFL linebacker
Raymond Washington, American gangster
Esther Williams, actress
Stanley Williams, founder of the Crips
Murry Wilson, songwriter, talent manager, record producer
References
External links
Washington Preparatory High School
High schools in Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles Unified School District schools
Educational institutions established in 1926
Public high schools in California
1926 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Washington%20Preparatory%20High%20School |
Eike is a village in Karmøy municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located along the western shore of the Førresfjorden, just southeast of the town of Haugesund. The village of Eike, lies just south of the border with the neighboring municipality of Tysvær. Eike is considered part of the larger urban area of Førre, which is centered over the border in Tysvær. The village of Norheim lies about to the west and the village of Vormedal lies about to the southwest.
References
Villages in Rogaland
Karmøy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eike%2C%20Rogaland |
Philemon (; c. 362 BC – c. 262 BC) was an Athenian poet and playwright of the New Comedy. He was born either at Soli in Cilicia or at Syracuse in Sicily but moved to Athens some time before 330 BC, when he is known to have been producing plays.
Except for a short sojourn in Egypt with Ptolemy II Philadelphus, he passed his life at Athens. He there died, nearly a hundred years old, but with mental vigour unimpaired, about the year 262 BC, according to the story, at the moment of his being crowned on the stage.
He attained remarkable popularity, for he repeatedly won victories over his younger contemporary and rival Menander, whose delicate wit was apparently less to the taste of the Athenians of the time than Philemon's comedy. A statue of him was built centuries later, in the 2nd century AD. However, later generations preferred the refined style of Menander, and only stray fragments survive today. No manuscripts of his work have been located.
Surviving titles and fragments
Of his ninety-seven works, fifty-seven are known to us by titles and fragments. Two of his plays were the basis for two Latin adaptations of Plautus (Mercator being adapted from Emporos, and Trinummus from Thesauros).
Adelphoi ("Brothers")
Agroikos ("The Country-Dweller")
Agyrtes ("The Beggar-Priest")
Aitolos ("Aetolus")
Anakalypton ("The Man Who Reveals, or Unveils")
Ananeoumene ("The Renewed Woman")
Androphonos ("The Man-Slayer")
Apokarteron ("The Starving Man")
Apolis ("One Exiled From the City")
Arpazomenos ("The Captured, or Seized, Man")
Auletes ("The Flute-Player")
Babylonios ("The Babylonian Man")
Chera ("The Widow")
Ekoikizomenos
Emporos ("The Merchant")
Encheiridion ("Handbook")
Epidikazomenos ("The Claimant")
Euripos ("Euripus")
Ephebos ("The Adolescent")
Ephedritai
Gamos ("Marriage")
Heroes ("The Heroes")
Hypobolimaios ("The Changeling")
Iatros ("The Physician")
Katapseudomenos ("The False Accuser")
Koinonoi ("Companions")
Kolax ("The Flatterer")
Korinthia ("The Woman From Corinth")
Lithoglyphos ("The Stone-Carver," or "Engraver")
Metion, or Zomion
Moichos ("The Adulterer")
Myrmidones ("The Myrmidons")
Mystis ("Woman Initiated Into The Mysteries")
Neaira ("Neaira")
Nemomenoi ("Those Who Share")
Nothos ("The Bastard")
Nyx ("Night")
Paides ("Children")
Palamedes ("Palamedes")
Panegyris ("The Assembly")
Pankratiastes
Pareision ("The Gate-Crasher")
Phasma ("The Phantom, or Spectre")
Philosophoi ("Philosophers")
Pittokopumenos ("Pitch-Plastered")
Pterygion
Ptoche ("The Poor Woman"), or Rhodia ("The Woman From Rhodes")
Pyrphoros ("The Fire-Bearer")
Pyrrhos ("Pyrrhus")
Sardios ("The Man From Sardis", or possibly "Carnelian")
Sikelikos ("The Sicilian Man," possibly belongs to Diphilus)
Stratiotes ("The Soldier")
Synapothneskontes ("Men Dying Together")
Synephebos ("Fellow Adolescent")
Thebaioi ("Men From Thebes")
Thesauros ("The Treasure")
Thyroros ("The Door-Keeper")
Further reading
References
William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, v. 3 (1870), p. 261.
Ancient Greek dramatists and playwrights
New Comic poets
4th-century BC Athenians
4th-century BC Greek poets
3rd-century BC Greek writers
360s BC births
260s BC deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philemon%20%28poet%29 |
The larger Kvernaland area is an amalgamation of villages in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located along the north end of the lake Frøylandsvatnet. The village is located in both the municipalities of Klepp and Time (and a very small part extends into Sandnes municipality as well). The eastern part of the village (in Klepp) is also known as Orstad and the western part of the village (in Time) is known as Frøyland or simply as Kvernaland. The village of Klepp stasjon lies just southwest of the village on the west side of the lake and the small village of Foss Eikjeland lies just north of the village, along the river Figgjo.
The village has a population (2019) of 7,358 which gives the village a population density of . About of the village is located in Klepp and that part has 4,058 residents. There are 3,267 residents in the part located in Time. There is also a very small part of Kvernaland () located in Sandnes municipality with 33 residents.
Kvernaland is home to several factories, mainly producing equipment for agriculture. The largest is Kverneland Group, the world's largest manufacturer of ploughing and agricultural equipment. The Museum of the municipality of Time (Time Bygdemuseum) is also located in Kvernaland. Their football club is called Frøyland IL. The Øksnevadporten Station, located on the Jæren railway line, is located in Orstad.
Kvernaland is a parish in the Church of Norway. It is unique in Norway in that the parish crosses municipal boundaries. The Frøyland og Orstad Church is located in Orstad, but it serves the whole village.
References
Villages in Rogaland
Klepp
Time, Norway
Sandnes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvernaland |
Homeoviscous adaptation is the adaptation of the cell membrane lipid composition to keep the adequate membrane fluidity.
The maintenance of proper cell membrane fluidity is of critical importance for the function and integrity of the cell, essential for the mobility and function of embedded proteins and lipids, diffusion of proteins and other molecules laterally across the membrane for signaling reactions, and proper separation of membranes during cell division.
A fundamental biophysical determinant of membrane fluidity is the balance between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Regulating membrane fluidity is especially important in poikilothermic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, protists, plants, fish and other ectothermic animals. The general trend is an increase in unsaturated fatty acids at lower growth temperatures and an increase in saturated fatty acids at higher temperatures.
A recent work has explored the importance of the homeoviscous adaptation of the cell membrane for a psychrotolerant bacteria living in the cold biosphere of earth.
References
Membrane biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoviscous%20adaptation |
Alfonso R. Bernard, Sr. (born August 10, 1953) is the founder, CEO and pastor of the Christian Cultural Center Megachurch in Brooklyn, New York. In the 2020s, the CCC is a 37,000+ member church that sits on an -acre campus in Brooklyn, New York.
Early life and education
Bernard was born in Panama, the son of an Afro-Panamanian mother and a Castilian Spaniard father. His father disowned him and in 1957, he and his mother moved to the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. As part of the 1960s desegregation movement in the public school system, he was bused to school in Ridgewood, Queens and then attended Grover Cleveland High School. Bernard worked after school in the garment district pushing racks for $2.00 per hour to assist his mother in their single parent household. He landed a clerk position with Bankers Trust Company during his senior year of high school.
Bernard gained a Master of Urban Studies and a Master of Divinity from Alliance Theological Seminary. He has been awarded an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree from Wagner College and an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree from Nyack College/Alliance Theological Seminary.
Career
As a young man, Bernard was a part of the Muslim American movement. He became a born again Christian in January 1975.
In 1978 he and his wife Karen, started a Bible study in the kitchen of their Brooklyn railroad apartment. Bernard left his 10-year banking career in 1979 to go into ministry full-time, and they rented a small storefront in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Later that year Household of Faith Ministries was incorporated. In 1988, Household of Faith turned an abandoned Brooklyn supermarket into a 1000-seat sanctuary, naming it Christian Life Center in June 1989, with a membership of 625. In 1995 they purchased a vacant lot adjacent to Starrett City and the church moved into its new home on December 31, 2000.
Bernard has served as the President of the Council of Churches of the City of New York, as well as the Boards of Directors for the Commission of Religious Leaders (CORL), the Brooklyn Public Library and the New York City Economic Development Corporation.
Bernard has founded the New School of Biblical Theology in Orlando Florida and the Brooklyn Preparatory School in New York City.
During the campaigning for the 2016 presidential elections, Bernard joined the board of Donald Trump's "Evangelical Executive Advisory Board". The purpose of the board was to "provide advisory support to Mr. Trump on those issues important to Evangelicals and other people of the faith in America,” the campaign said in a statement. Bernard then stepped down in 2017 quoting a "deepening conflict in values between myself and the administration."
In 2018, Bernard put forward a plan to build an urban village within the CCC complex. The site was designed to include over 2,000 apartments, a grocery store, greenspace, a trade school, a performing arts center and daycare center. Half of the apartments would be reserved for people on low incomes.
Personal life
Bernard has been married to Karen since 1972. They met in high school when he 15 and she 16. In an interview, he revealed that they were once headed for divorce because of some decisions that he had made and that he had made his "ministry his mistress". They have 7 sons and several grandchildren together.
His eldest son, Alfonso R. Bernard Jr., died from an asthma attack on 4 February 2015 at the age of 39 and is survived by his wife Janel and four children.
Recognition
In 2018, he was recognised as one of New York’s 50 Most Powerful People in Brooklyn by City & State
In 2016 the New York Times recognised him as The Power Pastor
In 2007 he was given a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Consulate General of Israel in New York
Published works
Happiness Is (Touchstone, 2011)
Chasing Donkeys: Finding God's Purpose at the Crossroads of Everyday Life (2013)
Four Things Women Want from a Man (Howard Books, 2017)
References
External links
Christian Cultural Center's official website
A.R. Bernard's official website
"The Influentials: Religion", New York Magazine
American Christian clergy
People from Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
Panamanian emigrants to the United States
1953 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20R.%20Bernard |
Rykene or Rygene is a village located along the river Nidelva in Agder county, Norway. The village is primarily located in Arendal municipality, but a small portion of the village lies across the river in the neighboring municipality of Grimstad. Rykene is located about north of the town of Grimstad and about the same distance south of the city of Arendal. Historically, the village grew up due to its close proximity to forests as the timber was floated down river to the sawmills in Rykene. The village of Lindtveit lies about to the northwest, the village of Løddesøl lies about to the north, the village of Gjennestad lies about to the northeast. The village sits at the junction of Norwegian County Road 407 and Norwegian County Road 408.
The village has a population (2022) of 763 which gives the village a population density of . An area of lies in Grimstad with 22 residents while the rest of the village lies in Arendal on the north side of the river.
The village sits along the river Nidelva, at a waterfall called Rygene. The village used to have the same name as the waterfall, but the spelling of the village was later changed to Rykene. The name comes from the Old Norse name: rjúkandi which means "smoking", possibly referring to the mist at the base of the waterfall. The name has the same etymology as the municipality of Rjukan. The waterfall has since been dammed and now is the site of the Rykene Power Station which has a maximum output of and a mean annual output of .
The local sports team is Rygene IL. The historic Øyestad Church is located just outside of the village.
Media gallery
References
Villages in Agder
Arendal
Grimstad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rykene |
Lomaiviti Fijian Provincial Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the Lomaiviti Archipelago and was coextensive with Lomaiviti Province.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the elections of 2001 and 2006, Simione Kaitani won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts
Lomaiviti Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomaiviti%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%29 |
Piano Concerto No. 2 in F major, Op. 102, by Dmitri Shostakovich was composed in 1957 for the 19th birthday of his son Maxim, who premiered the piece during his graduation concert at the Moscow Conservatory. It contains many similar elements to Shostakovich's Concertino for Two Pianos: both works were written to be accessible for developing young pianists. It is an uncharacteristically cheerful piece, much more so than most of Shostakovich's works.
Instrumentation
The work is scored for solo piano, two flutes, piccolo, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, timpani, snare drum and strings.
Movements
The concerto lasts around 20 minutes and has three movements, with the second movement played attacca, thereby moving directly into the third:
Reception
In a letter to Edison Denisov in mid-February 1957, barely a week after he had finished work on it, the composer himself wrote that the work had "no redeeming artistic merits". It has been suggested that Shostakovich wanted to pre-empt criticism by deprecating the work himself (having been the victim of official censure numerous times), and that the comment was actually meant to be tongue-in-cheek. In April 1957, he and his son performed a two piano arrangement of the work for the Ministry of Culture, and then it was later premiered for the public at the Moscow Conservatory.
Despite the apparently simple nature of this concerto, the public has always regarded it warmly, and it stands as one of Shostakovich's most popular pieces. In 2017, the concerto was voted 19th in the Classic FM Hall of Fame.
Recordings
Despite his dismissal of the concerto, the composer performed it himself on a number of occasions, and recorded it along with his first concerto. Both are played at fast tempo rarely matched in modern recordings. On the third recording, one can hear some of the passages played by Shostakovich were not as clean and it was a sign of his deteriorating hand. In his recordings of the second movement, Shostakovich presents slight variations in some passages that are not written in the score. Some examples include a repeated chord Shostakovich plays from bar 33 that is from the first beat of bar 34 is written as a tie in the score.
Maxim's own son, Dmitri Maximovich Shostakovich, also recorded the piece, with his father conducting I Musici de Montreal. Dmitri the younger approaches his grandfather's tempi and phrasing.
Other recordings include those by Leonard Bernstein as soloist and conductor for Columbia Records, Marc-André Hamelin for Hyperion Records, and Dmitri Alexeev with Jerzy Maksymiuk conducting the English Chamber Orchestra. There has been a recording of this concerto by the Mariinsky Orchestra with soloist, Denis Matsuev and Valery Gergiev as conductor.
In Fantasia 2000, Yefim Bronfman plays the concerto's first movement (Allegro) as the story teller of "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" by Hans Christian Andersen. Bronfman has also recorded both of the concertos with the Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestra conducted by Esa-Pekka Salonen.
Ballet
The concerto is used in two different ballets. Kenneth MacMillan's Concerto premiered in on 30 November 1966 at the Deutsche Oper Berlin, then became a Royal Ballet repertoire. Alexei Ratmansky created Concerto DSCH for the New York City Ballet, and premiered in 2008.
References
Sources
Concertos by Dmitri Shostakovich
Shostakovich 2
1957 compositions
Compositions in F major | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano%20Concerto%20No.%202%20%28Shostakovich%29 |
The Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best (Lead) Actor is one of the annual film awards given by the Boston Society of Film Critics.
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Multiple winners
Daniel Day-Lewis - 4
Colin Farrell - 2
Denzel Washington - 2
References
Boston Society of Film Critics Awards
Film awards for lead actor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%20Society%20of%20Film%20Critics%20Award%20for%20Best%20Actor |
Sutro Heights Park is an historic public park in the Outer Richmond District of western San Francisco, California. It is within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the Sutro Historic District.
It is located above the Cliff House in the Lands End area, with views of the Seal Rocks, Ocean Beach, and the Pacific Ocean.
History
The park is on the site of the former "Sutro Heights" estate of Adolph Sutro, a Comstock Lode silver baron, and a major land owner/developer in and mayor of San Francisco.
In 1881, Adolf Sutro purchased of undeveloped land south of Point Lobos (San Francisco) and north of Ocean Beach at the western edge of the city. It included a promontory overlooking the Pacific, with scenic views of the Marin Headlands, Mount Tamalpais, and the Golden Gate. Sutro built his mansion on a rocky ledge there, above the first Cliff House.
The grounds consisted of a spacious turreted mansion, a carriage house, and outbuildings set in expansive gardens. The estate dominated the Lands End area, with an elaborate entrance gate. He spent in excess of a million dollars to recreate an Italian style garden. It was filled with fountains, planted urns, and statues, Victorian flower beds, hedge mazes, parterres, forests of trees, a glass plant conservatory, and other garden structures. Vista points included the "observation plaza" overlooking the Cliff House, and the "Dolce far Niente Balcony," a long terrace-like structure along the cliff overlooking Ocean Beach. To provide garden decorations, he imported over 200 concrete replicas of Greek and Roman statuary from Belgium, to provide examples of European culture to visitors.
By 1883 Sutro opened his estate's gardens, named Sutro Heights, to the public and allowed strolling the grounds for the donation of a dime. That small fee helped to pay the 17 gardeners, machinists, and drivers he employed to maintain the grounds.
Other features he developed on his land holdings in the Lands End area include: the Sutro Baths (1894-1964), the second and elaborate Victorian style Cliff House (1896-1907) and an amusement park named Sutro Pleasure Grounds at Merrie Way (1896-1898). To provide inexpensive transportation for visitors to these he built a passenger steam train from downtown San Francisco to Lands End.
Adolph Sutro died in 1898, land rich but cash poor following his frustrating tenure as Mayor of San Francisco. His daughter Emma Sutro Merritt moved to the Sutro Heights estate then. As she aged she could not maintain the grounds, and the house became seriously deteriorated, though she lived there until her death in 1938. Throughout the 1920s, ‘30s, and ‘40s, people took away many of the rose garden plantings and vandalized the statues.
Park
The Sutro family donated the estate to the City of San Francisco in 1938. In 1939 the Works Progress Administration (WPA) demolished the residence. Remaining statuary was removed, with the exception of The Lions, copies of those in London's Trafalgar Square at the entrance gate, and a statue of Diana the Huntress (Artemis), a concrete copy of the Louvre's Diana, itself a Roman copy of a Greek statue. The city park then opened.
Sutro Heights Park is no longer a city park, it is part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It is maintained by a neighborhood group, Friends of the GGNRA, many of whom live on the surrounding streets.
See also
Cliff House, San Francisco
Lands End, San Francisco
Sutro Baths
49-Mile Scenic Drive
Golden Gate National Recreation Area
References
External links
NPS−Golden Gate National Recreation Area: Visiting Lands End
NPS-GGNRA: Lands End History and Culture
Vestiges of Lands End — digital guidebook.
Parks in San Francisco
Golden Gate National Recreation Area
Urban public parks
History of San Francisco
Historic district contributing properties in California
Richmond District, San Francisco
National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Protected areas established in 1938
1938 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutro%20Heights%20Park |
Kodal is a village and parish in Sandefjord municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. Kodal is mostly a rural area, with a population of 971 as of 2014. It is located ten kilometers north of Sandefjord city center and eleven miles south of the town center in Andebu. Kodal has one gas station, an elementary school, a kindergarten, grocery store, sports center, church, and two traffic schools. Several burial mounds dating back to the Viking Age have been found in the area. Kodal Church (Kodal kirke) is located in Prestbøen.
Agriculture is an important industry in Kodal, but large amounts of iron and phosphorus also occur. The amount of granite is estimated to be 100 million tons.
Etymology
Previous written forms of the name were Kvodal (from 1376), Kuadal (1390), Quadal (1414), and Quodal (1558). Its current spelling Kodal is kept from the 17th century. The first portion of the name, Ko-, may refer to the smaller river now known as Ivjua, which was formerly known as Kvaða/Kvæða. The name may also have derived from the word “Kóð”, which translates to “shallow waters.” It may have derived from the word “Kvaða”, which means resin and perhaps may have referred to Kodal's vast Spruce forests. The ending, -dal, most likely derives from “valley.”
Recreation
An ancient hill fort can be seen 5 km from the village centre in Kodal, connected by a hiking trail from the village centre. A closer parking lot can be found at Kodalveien 414. The trail is marked by blue paint on trees and rocks, and a variety of interpretive signs describing the fauna and flora can be found on the trail to Bygdeborgen.
Gallisvannet is the largest lake in Kodal and is located 44 meters above sea level.
References
Villages in Vestfold og Telemark
Andebu
Sandefjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodal |
Poker television programs had been extremely popular, especially in North America and Europe, following the poker boom. This has especially become the case since the invention of the "pocket cam" in 1997 (and its first use in the United States in 2002), which allows viewers at home to see each player's hole cards. However, viewership has been declining dramatically in recent years, due to laws that restricted online play in the United States.
History
Poker has been appearing on television somewhat regularly since the late-1970s. In the United States, CBS started airing the final table of the World Series of Poker (WSOP) Main Event as an annual one-hour show around this time and later by ESPN, which were casino-produced shows produced under a time-buy arrangement for sports omnibus programming such as the CBS Sports Spectacular. For many years, the coverage was less than robust because viewers at home could not see what cards the players had or follow their progress visually through graphics. Instead, the coverage essentially involved the commentators guessing what cards the players had in a documentary style production.
In 1997, the hole cam, which allows audiences to see the hidden cards that players held in their hands, was introduced in Europe. The hole cam was patented by WSOP bracelet winner Henry Orenstein and first used in the Late Night Poker television series. It was used again in the inaugural Poker Million tournament in 2000 which boasted the attraction of the first £1,000,000 poker game on live television. By 1996, however, the ESPN one-hour highlight show only included hands that were shown down, so that the commentators, including Gabe Kaplan, could comment, in post-production, on the hands while they were being played out. The commentators referred to this as "taking a peek at the cards", and provided the first contemporary announcing on hands during the play in poker history. By 2001, however, Late Night Poker had been cancelled in the UK and televised poker could no longer be found in Europe. In the US, the 1999, 2000, and 2001 World Series of Poker events were only broadcast in one-hour documentaries on the Discovery Networks.
In 1999, documentary filmmaker Steven Lipscomb produced and directed a documentary on the WSOP for the Discovery Channel. It was the first U.S. poker production funded entirely by a television network rather than the casino. When the 1999 WSOP aired, it doubled its audience over the hour time slot. Seeing the audience reaction, Lipscomb believed there was an untapped market and began pitching poker series ideas to cable and network television. Because poker had been on the air for over twenty years, with little viewer interest, broadcasters were unwilling to commit resources to put a series on the air.
In October 2001, Lipscomb wrote a business plan. Along with poker player Mike Sexton and poker business woman Linda Johnson, Lipscomb approached casino mogul and avid poker player, Lyle Berman, whose company Lakes Entertainment agreed to fund the World Poker Tour (WPT)—the first organized and televised tour of poker tournaments in the world.
In June 2002, WPT filmed its first episode at Bellagio in Las Vegas. Wanting to create a compelling, action-packed show, WPT took eight months to edit the first WPT episode. ESPN, who resumed their coverage of the World Series of Poker in 2002, featured pocket cam technology in their return broadcast—albeit, in a very limited capacity—prior to the WPT's first show.
During this time, the “WPT Format” was created featuring the WPT hole cam, interactive graphics and “live sports feel”. These new features put viewers into the minds and at the heart of the action. The first WPT episode aired on March 30, 2003, on the Travel Channel and became an instant success (the highest rated show in network history).
A few months later, ESPN's broadcast of the 2003 World Series of Poker adopted many features characteristic of the emerging WPT series, with an improved graphic display detailing the exciting action of the Main Event's final table. This coupled with the unlikely outcome in the 2003 WSOP Main Event—where Tennessee accountant Chris Moneymaker won $2.5 million after winning his seat through a $39 PokerStars satellite tournament—and the ensuing publicity only further sparked the already accelerated interest in the game initiated by the WPT.
These events are considered the main contributor to poker's booming popularity—increasing the number of entrants into live poker tournaments (at all levels), the growth of online poker and the overall greater interest in the game—but above all others, the 2003 World Series of Poker Main Event (and subsequent broadcast on ESPN) is most cited as poker's Tipping Point; commonly referred to as the "Moneymaker Effect".
Poker gained further exposure in Canada and much of the United States as a result of the 2004-05 NHL lockout, which caused sports networks in both countries to air poker as replacement programming for their NHL coverage.
The much improved ratings of poker television programs from this point on lead to ESPN covering many more events of the World Series of Poker (in addition to the Main Event as in the past) since 2003, as well as covering some other tournaments outside of the World Series, such as the United States Poker Championship. Since its first broadcast, WPT has also expanded its tour stops from 12 events at seven casino partner locations to 23 domestic and international tournaments and 14 casino partners in Season VI.
Since the introduction of the hole cam and WPT television format, poker has become almost ubiquitous in the US and Europe. While poker originally aired on sports channels such as ESPN and Sky Sports has expanded to such "non traditional" networks as Bravo and GSN. All poker television programs make heavy use of the aforementioned pocket cam and television format, plus generally feature a "straightman" and a "comedian" type of commentators, with one often being a professional poker player.
With the ability to edit a tournament that lasts days into just a few hours, ESPN's World Series of Poker broadcasts generally focus on showing how various star players fared in each event. Key hands from throughout the many days of each year's WSOP Main Event are shown, and similar highly edited coverage of final tables is also provided. For the events in the WSOP before the Main Event, only the final table is covered in television coverage, similar to how the Main Event was televised before ESPN's airing of the 2003 World Series Main Event.
The World Poker Tour does not offer general coverage of the multi-day poker tournaments. Instead, the WPT covers only the action at the final table of each event. With aggressive play and increasing blinds and antes, the important action from a single table can easily be edited into a two-hour episode. Although the tournament fate of fewer stars are chronicled this way, it allows the drama to build more naturally toward the final heads up showdown.
Although most poker shows on television focus on tournaments, High Stakes Poker shows a high-stakes cash game. In this game professional and amateur players play no limit Texas Hold 'em with their own money (the minimum to enter the game is $100,000). This game has allowed spectators to observe differences between cash games and tournaments, and to see how players adjust their play to the different format.
Poker's growth in Europe led to the creation of two FTA channels: The Poker Channel and Pokerzone. Both began broadcasting during 2005.
Televised poker experienced a sudden disruption in 2011 after the lawsuit United States v. Scheinberg et al. was filed. Two of the defendants in that case, PokerStars and Full Tilt Poker, were the primary sponsors of most of the shows that were airing on American television at the time. Since it was discovered that online gambling (other than sports betting) was not illegal and the state law used to file the lawsuit was not applicable to foreign companies, the lawsuit was resolved in 2012, with the two companies merging and without any admission of guilt.
Although once popular, poker television programs have steadily been losing their audience and never fully recovered from the disruption caused by the Scheinberg lawsuit. ESPN is on contract to show World Series of Poker programming through 2017, though viewership has dropped dramatically since the early boom.
The over-the-top content platform PokerGO was launched in 2017 and is based in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is a subscription-based streaming service specializing in poker content including cash games, tournaments, and documentaries. PokerGO streamed the World Series of Poker from 2017 to 2020 in partnership with ESPN, before CBS Sports became the new domestic television partner in 2021.
In December 2022 on YouTube-based Hustler Casino Live, the biggest pot in televised U.S. poker broadcast history was set. The No-Limit Hold'em cash game had stakes of $200/$400/$800/$1,600 and Alan Keating would win the $1,158,000 pot with a flush against "Handz".
In February 2023 on PokerGO's No Gamble, No Future Cash of the Titans, Patrik Antonius would win a $1,978,000 pot with two pair against Eric Persson to break the record set on Hustler Casino Live. Following that record-breaking pot, there were three pots that also amounted to larger than the previous record pot that was set on Hustler Casino Live.
Poker television programs
Here is a list of poker television programs that have aired on television in either North America or Europe.
North America
1 ESPN did not air the WSOP in 1996 or 1999–2001; The Discovery Channel did air one-hour specials of the 2000 & 2001 Main Events
2 World Series of Poker bracelets events and select coverage of the Main Event have streamed on exclusively on PokerGO from 2017 onwards.
3 In 2021, CBS Sports became the new domestic television partner for the WSOP alongside PokerGO.
Europe
Notes
Topics of television programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker%20on%20television |
"They're Here" is a song by British band EMF from their second album, Stigma. It reached number 29 on the UK Singles Chart.
Track listings
CDR 6321 (CD)
"They're Here" (album version)
"Phantasmagoric"
"The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys"
R 6321 (7-inch)
"They're Here" (album version)
"Phantasmagoric"
12R 6321 (12-inch)
"They're Here" (Cenobite mix)
"They're Here" (Mosh mix)
"Phantasmagoric"
References
1992 singles
1992 songs
EMF (band) songs
EMI Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They%27re%20Here |
Høyjord is a minor village in the municipality of Sandefjord, Norway, with a population of 379 as of 2005. It is famous for the Høyjord Stave Church. Høyjord, which was part of the former municipality of Andebu, was transferred along with Andebu into Sandefjord on 1 January 2017. Some Høyjord residents wanted the village transferred to neighbouring Re, but the village was ultimately merged into Sandefjord. The village is home to an elementary school, kindergarten, and various sports and youth organizations. Illestadvannet Lake is used for recreation and swimming. It is also home to the only stave church still found in Vestfold County.
Høyjord's population was 385 as of 2020 and the village had a total area of 0.4 km2 according to Statistics Norway. Its name derives from the Old Norse “Haugagerði.” The Medieval stave church in Høyjord is the only stave church in Vestfold and one of three remaining center post churches (midtmastkirke) in Norway. The stave church is commonly dated to around the year 1300, however, parts of the church were constructed in the 1100s and in 1275.
Høyjord, pronounced "Høyjol", derives from the farm name Haugagerði, which means "fenced-in land of several mounds." The village name was previously written Haughagiaurdi (in 1374), Haughagiorde (1400), Haagiord and Haajord (1593), and later Høijord and Høyjord.
References
Villages in Vestfold og Telemark
Andebu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yjord |
Grills is the plural of grill.
As a surname, Grills may refer to:
Caroline Grills (1890–1960), Australian serial killer
Dave Grills (born 1959), Australian politician
Lee Grills (1904–1982), Canadian politician
Leo Grills, known as Lucky Grills (1928–2007), Australian actor and comedian
See also
Grylls, a surname
Grillz, a 2005 song
Grill (jewelry) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grills |
Berger is a town in the municipality of Svelvik in Vestfold, Norway. The town has a population of 1 125 (2021), and lies on the western side of the Drammensfjord.
History
The town of Berger grew into an industrial center around the Berger and Fossekleven factories. In 1880, Berger Factory was established by Jens J. Jebsen. Fossekleven Factory was established in 1889 by Jørg Jebsen, a younger brother of Jens J. Jebsen. Both were nephews of factory owner Peter Jebsen who operated a textile factory at Arna outside Bergen. Berger and Fossekleven factories were situated at the waterfall Fossekleiva and were in operation until 2002. The former factory buildings now house the Berger Museum and the Fossekleiva Cultural Center.
Culture
Berger museum
was reopened in 2015, and is associated with the Vestfold museums (Norwegian: ). Based on Berger and Fossekleven factories, the museum shows the history of Norwegian textile history and has a number of displays relating to textile production.
Berger church
Berger church (Berger kirke) was built in 1895 and was designed by architect Schak Bull. Between 1948 and 1949, the church received a comprehensive internal restoration in collaboration with architect Arnstein Arneberg.
References
Villages in Vestfold og Telemark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berger%2C%20Vestfold |
Veridian may refer to:
Veridian Corporation, an American aerospace and defense company, acquired by General Dynamics in 2003
Veridian Engineering, Inc., a subsidiary of American aerospace and defense company Veridian Corporation which was acquired by General Dynamics in 2003
Veridian Credit Union, a credit union in Iowa, United States
Veridian (software), a digital library platform developed by the people of Greenstone
Veridian Dynamics, a fictional company in the U.S. television series Better Off Ted
Veridian Events, an event center in Missouri, United States
"Veridian", a song by Northlane from their 2017 album Mesmer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veridian |
The D arm is a feature in the tertiary structure of transfer RNA (tRNA). It is composed of the two D stems and the D loop. The D loop contains the base dihydrouridine, for which the arm is named. The D loop's main function is that of recognition. It is widely believed that it acts as a recognition site for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, an enzyme involved in the aminoacylation of the tRNA molecule. The D stem is also believed to have a recognition role although this has yet to be verified.
It is a highly variable region and is notable for its unusual conformation due to the over-crowding on one of the guanosine residues. It appears to play a large role in the stabilization of the tRNA's tertiary structure.
References
RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%20arm |
Skotselv is a village in the municipality of Øvre Eiker, Norway. Its population (2005) is 684, of which 8 people live within the border of the neighbouring municipality of Modum. It has a railway station on the Randsfjord Line.
History
Skotselv as a small village has existed since the Viking era. At that time the main river, now called Drammenselva, rose higher than today's level, making transport and trade by ship highly accessible. The village first started to grow significantly during the first half of the 16th century when the powerful Ulleland family established several sawmills along the river, using the river as a mean of transporting the goods to the region's capital, Drammen.
Iron Mill period
In 1649, Hassel Ironworks (Hassel jernverk) started operation as the area's first iron mill, which was run by the Hassel family . They mainly produced ovens, but expanded into general ironware factory later on. It continued to be the biggest influence on the community until it was finally closed down in 1888.
Cellulose Mill period
Established the same year as the iron mill shut down, the Skotselv Cellulose Mill (Skotselv Cellullosefabrikk) remained Skotselv's most important workplace. Several modernizations were made during the first part of the 20th century and the company was sold to Labor Union in 1913. The new ownership managed to turn the tide and the growth lasted all the time to 1978 when it was closed for good.
Skotselv Power Station
Skotselv Power Station (Skotselv Kraftverk) is a hydroelectric dam on the Bingselva. It has installed a Kaplan turbine. The power plant uses the fall in the river. It is owned and operated by Øvre Eiker Energi AS.
Local attractions
Düvelgården - historic manor house associated with Hassel jernverk
Bingenselven - local park suitable for camping and outdoor grilling
Notable people
Timo André Bakken - cross-country skier
Nikolai Eilertsen - bass guitarist
Christopher Hornsrud (1859–1960)- Prime Minister of Norway from January to February 1928
Picture gallery
References
External links
Skotselvs website
Photos from Skotselv
Villages in Buskerud
Øvre Eiker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotselv |
Ashbel Parsons Willard (October 31, 1820 – October 4, 1860) was state senator, the 12th lieutenant governor, and the 11th governor of the U.S. state of Indiana. His terms in office were marked by increasingly severe partisanship leading to the breakup of the state Democratic Party in the years leading up to the American Civil War. His brother-in-law John Edwin Cook was involved in John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, and was executed. Willard went to the south to advocate unsuccessfully for his release, and became despised by southerners who accused him of having a secret involvement in the raid. He died two months before the start of the war while giving a speech on national unity, and was the first governor of Indiana to die in office.
Early life
Family and background
Ashbel Parsons Willard was born on October 31, 1820, in Oneida County, New York, the son of Erastus and Sarah Parsons Willard. His father farmed and was the county sheriff. There he attended Hamilton College and studied law with Judge Barker. He moved to Marshall, Michigan, in 1842 and lived there for about a year. In 1843 he made a trip to Texas on horseback and on his return stopped in Carrolton, Kentucky; he so liked the town he settled there for a year and became a local school teacher. After living there about a year there he moved again to Louisville, Kentucky, where he continued teaching. In his spare time he read and studied.
In the 1844 election Willard, a Democrat, stumped all around the Louisville area and southern Indiana for James Polk who ultimately won the election. While on the stump the people of New Albany, Indiana, so liked him that they invited him to come live in their community. He accepted their offer and moved there in the spring of 1845 and set up a law office. Finding there to be a lack of clients, he also worked for a time as a writer in the clerk's office to obtain extra income. He met Carline C. Cook, a town native, and was married to her in 1847. The couple had three children, but the oldest, Ashbel P. Willard Jr. died from scarlet fever at age three. New Albany remained Willard's home for the rest of his life.
Legislator
In 1849 Willard became a New Albany councilman, furthering his local popularity. In 1850 he was elected to the Indiana House of Representatives as New Albany's representative. He chaired the states Ways and Means Committee, became Speaker of the House. His rapid progress quickly led him to become a leader in the state Democratic Party. In the General Assembly he was known for his wit and oratory, and won most debates he entered.
In 1852 he was nominated to the candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Indiana at the state Democratic Convention. His quick rise in the party was attributed to his exceptional oratory and political skills. The ticket won, in large part because of the stumping of Willard, and he served with Governor Joseph A. Wright. Willard was bitterly antagonistic towards the Know-Nothing party, newly formed from disaffected Whigs, the Free Soil Party, and the Liberty Party. His derision toward them in the Senate created problems for him when its member later joined the Republican Party. During his time as President of the Senate, the senate was closely split between the parties. When the measure to enter a joint session to elect a new United States Senator, the Senate had a tie vote. Knowing that given the number of Know-Nothings in the House they would be a majority in a joint session, Willard refused to break the tie and Indiana remained several years with only one Senator in Congress.
Governor
Campaign
In 1856 Willard was nominated to run as the Democratic Candidate for Governor on the Democratic ticket. He was opposed in the election by Oliver P. Morton, the most influential man among the Know-Nothing opposition. The remnants of the Whig party supported his bid and did not field their own candidate. The election was referred to as the "battle of the Giants", and was one of the most divisive in the history of the state. Both men being among the most astute politicians in the history of the state.
The state Democratic party had been undergoing a major division during the two years preceding the campaign. The former Governor Wright was very unpopular with the party's leadership, and party leader Jesse D. Bright. Wright and other members were expelled from the party when they failed to support the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which the leaders treated as a loyalty test. Many of the expelled and their constituents launched numerous personal attacks against Willard. Much like the nation, Indiana had split along northern and southern lines. Resident of southern Indiana, who were predominantly of southern ancestry, went democrat. Northern Indiana residents who were dominantly of northern origin, voted for the Know-Nothings. Willard won the close election by about six thousand votes.
Deadlock
Shortly after his election, Willard traveled to a Mississippi governors' meeting where he openly voiced his support for state-rights, southern slavery, and the Fugitive Slave Law. His statements caused an uproar in Indiana among his adversaries. Willard's term was marked with severe partisanship and in-fighting in the Democratic Party. The Know-Nothing Party fell apart during the first two years of his term, but was replaced by the strengthening Republican Party, which absorbed most its members. The divisive atmosphere left the General Assembly in deadlock for most of his term, leading him to call the first special session of the body in state history, because the parties could not agree on the terms of a budget.
In 1857 mid-term elections, the Republicans gained control of the Senate, and the Democrats retook the House after absorbing the remaining Whigs. The state still only had one US Senator, and the governor was hoping to have the assembly elect one, and nominate Jesse D. Bright to return to the Senate. The opposition was more hostile to Bright, primarily because of his actions regarding slavery. The Republicans were still angry over Willard's blocking their Senate pick, so the Senate decided to reciprocate his actions, refusing to enter the joint session necessary to elect a senator. Willard instructed the Democrats to meet without the Republicans and elect a Senator anyway. The dubious legality of the issue was considered outrageous by the Republicans and raised the tension to a fever pitch.
In 1857 the move by pro-slavery forced in Kansas to legalize slavery caused a stir nationwide. Willard came out in support of the pro-slavery position, and supported President James Buchanan or Stephen Douglas. The event was the breaking point for the state's Democratic party. Most of the party's newspapers came out strongly against Willard, and numerous members began to switch to the Republican Party. In 1858 the legislature launched an investigation on the sale of public land in northeast Indiana. They discovered that over $100,000 had been embezzled by commissioners that had been appointed by the governor. Legislators began accusing Willard of corruption. He ignored their attacks, but removed the commissioners.
John Brown's raid
While governor, Willard's brother-in-law John Cook was involved in John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia), armed insurrection to free slaves in Virginia, and sentenced to death. Willard, determined to save his brother-in-law, went to him in prison and arranged to have his cell left open so he could escape. Cook refused to be released and was subsequently executed despite Willard's pleas to Virginia Governor Henry A. Wise to stay his death sentence. Governor Wise accused Willard of being behind the entire affair, claiming to have secret intelligence from Washington D.C. Wise claimed that Willard had sought Brown's services through his brother-in-law and secretly commissioned the insurrection. Willard was vilified in newspapers across the South and even in some part of the North.
Willard found himself on the opposite side of the slavery debate as his brother-in-law. Although Indiana was a free state, he thought Southerners should maintain the right to determine the slavery issue for their selves. Unable to run for reelection, Willard helped ensure the nomination of Thomas A. Hendricks for governor in 1860 to run against Republican Henry S. Lane, who had Oliver Morton as a Lieutenant Governor.
Death and legacy
Willard had been in poor health for some years, and it began to deteriorate quickly in 1860. That year the Democratic Party was struggling with internal problems, and the nation was on the brink of Civil War. Willard attended the state Democratic convention in Columbus, his last political appearance in the state. His party was so wracked with problems, it was proposed by a party member that the crowd give three cheers for the Republican candidates, who they believed would save the Union. Willard quickly ascended to the podium and rebuked the crowd and begged for unity. His speech was so forceful, he quickly became more ill than ever. His lungs began hemorrhaging, but his doctors were able to stop the bleeding. Shortly after, Willard traveled to St. Paul, Minnesota, on a tour to promote goodwill among the states. Willard died from internal bleeding while giving a speech there on October 4, 1860. He was the first Governor of Indiana to die in office. He was laid in state in Indianapolis and his bier was attended by thousands, and buried in New Albany. His grave was unmarked until May 30, 1928, when the State of Indiana erected a gravestone after they were petitioned by the Floyd County Historical Society to appropriate $500.00 to erect a gravestone.
Willard was succeeded by his Lieutenant Governor Abram Hammond who fulfilled the final three months of his term. Willard's death had profound negative consequences for the state Democratic Party, who lost the election primarily because they were unable to field a new candidate very quickly, although it has been debated whether they could have won. Although he helped keep the Democrats in control of the General Assembly going into the Civil War, things quickly feel apart for his party. As the primary enforcer of party unity, the duty fell to Jesse D. Bright, who was soon caught up in scandal. Many members of the party joined the Republicans and two decades would pass before his party would regain power.
See also
List of governors of Indiana
Bust of Governor Ashbel Parsons Willard at Indiana Statehouse
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Biography and portrait from Indiana State Library
Ashbel Willard at FindAGrave
1820 births
1860 deaths
Democratic Party governors of Indiana
People from Oneida County, New York
Methodists from Indiana
People from New Albany, Indiana
Democratic Party members of the Indiana House of Representatives
Lieutenant Governors of Indiana
19th-century American politicians
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
Democratic Party Indiana state senators
American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashbel%20P.%20Willard |
Helgelandsmoen is a village located in Buskerud, Norway.
Helgelandsmoen is situated in Hole on the border between Norderhov in Ringerike. The village had 551 residents as of 1 January 2014, located mainly in the Hole, but extends partially into neighboring Ringerike. The village was the site of Helgelandsmoen Leir, a former military camp. The Army base was established in 1868 to house the 2nd Akershus Infantry Brigade (Akershusske Infanteribrigade). Helgelandsmoen Leir was closed in 2004. Helgelandsmoen Industrial AS (Helgelandsmoen Næringspark) is an industrial park located on the site of the former army camp. The property, which includes a hotel, restaurant, conference and exhibition center, is located beside the Storelva River, about eight kilometers south of Hønefoss.
References
Villages in Buskerud
Hole, Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgelandsmoen |
Abram Adams Hammond (March 21, 1814 – August 27, 1874) was the 12th governor of the U.S. state of Indiana. He succeeded to the office upon the death of Governor Ashbel P. Willard and completed the remaining three months of Willard's term.
Early life
Abram Adams Hammond was born in Brattleboro, Vermont March 21, 1814, the son of Nathaniel and Patty Ball Hammond. He moved to Indiana at the age of six when his family settled in Brookville, Indiana. He attended school and later studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 1835 he moved to Greenfield where he opened a law office. He married Mary Ansden in 1838 and the couple had one daughter. In 1840 he moved again this time to Columbus where he partnered in a law office with John H. Bradley. He was briefly the prosecuting attorney for Bartholomew County.
He moved again in 1846 to Indianapolis where he and his partner relocated their law office. They moved again in 1847 to Cincinnati, Ohio. Still on the move, they returned to Indianapolis in 1849 adding Hugh O'Neal to their law firm. In 1850 the Indiana legislature created a Court of Common Pleas and Hammond was selected to become its first judge. He held the post only briefly and resigned in 1852 to move to San Francisco to form a new law office with Rufus A. Lockwood. He returned to Indiana in 1853 and in 1855 moved to Terre Haute, Indiana where he formed yet another law office with Thomas H. Nelson. He remained in Terre Haute until he was elected lieutenant governor.
Political career
In 1852 John C. Walker was nominated by the Democratic Convention to be the candidate for lieutenant governor. But when it was found he was ineligible due to his age the party's Central Committee choose Hammond, and former Whig. The remnants of the state Whig Party completely integrated with the state Democratic party in 1852, and Hammond was one of its many pro-slavery member who merged. Hammond was included in the 1856 Democratic ticket as lieutenant governor with Governor Ashbel P. Willard, in hopes of drawing the Whigs who had gone to the Republican Party.
When Governor Ashbel Willard died on October 5, 1860, Hammond was raised to the position of Governor where he served for three months. The death of Willard left the Democratic party without a candidate for governor. Hammond did not seek reelection as the party was in the midst of splitting with many member leaving to join the new Republican Party. Hammond supported Stephen Douglas. Hammond continued to advocate for the peaceful solution to the issue of slavery.
His only act of significance was an address to the General Assembly on January 11, 1860. In it he suggested several new laws, and offered a temporary solution to the problems caused by the gridlock in the assembly. His main theme, though, was to maintain harmony in the Union. He said,
It gives me great pleasure to say that Indiana as a state, has hitherto faithfully kept the bond of Union with all her sister States. Her record is unstained by any act of bad faith. She has never attempted, directly or indirectly, the evade or avoid any of the requirements of the Federal Constitution, and no man could doubt that if the same could be said of every other state, instead of discord, harmony would reign throughout our borders. Let us take pride in maintaining the high position we have thus far occupied as a conservative, union-loving state, and while we throw our weight into the scale in favor of any practice mode of settling the present trouble, let us continue to aid in the permanent and more lasting settlement that must flow from any restoration of amity and cordiality among our people, North and South.
In his speech, Hammond convinced the Assembly to send delegates to a Peace Congress held among most of the states in an attempt to negotiate a compromise on the slavery issue and avoid war. A delegation was sent, but voted unanimously against the conventions Crittenden Compromise, which would have given concessions to the south to avoid the war. The nation was, however, already set for war, and Indiana would become to first western state to mobilize forces for the invasion of the south less than four months later.
Soon after he had completed his term as governor, Hammond came to be severely afflicted with rheumatism and asthma, and retired from public life. He moved to Denver where he believed the warmer and drier climate would ease his suffering. He died there on August 27, 1874. His body was returned to Indianapolis for a ceremony and he was buried in Crown Hill Cemetery.
See also
List of governors of Indiana
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Biography and portrait from Indiana State Library
Abram Hammond at FindAGrave
1814 births
1874 deaths
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
Governors of Indiana
Indiana Democrats
Politicians from Brattleboro, Vermont
Democratic Party governors of Indiana
Indiana Whigs
19th-century American politicians
People from Brookville, Indiana
People from Hancock County, Indiana
Indiana lawyers
People from Greenfield, Indiana
People from Columbus, Indiana
American prosecutors
Politicians from Indianapolis
19th-century American judges
People from Terre Haute, Indiana
Deaths in Denmark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram%20A.%20Hammond |
Dmitri Shostakovich composed his String Quartet No. 7 in F-sharp minor, Op. 108, in 1960. He dedicated it to the memory of his first wife Nina Vassilyevna Varzar, who died in December 1954. This piece was composed in the year that would have marked her 50th birthday. This quartet was premiered in Leningrad Glinka Concert Hall by the Beethoven Quartet on May 15, 1960.
Shostakovich had written so many chamber music works, he had founded his characteristic approach to chamber music quite early in his career. Of his many chamber works, the String Quartet No. 7 is Shostakovich's shortest string quartet works with the duration of 13 minutes. The work has a four-movement structure. However the "fourth" movement is not considered as a separate movement, therefore the piece counts as a three-movement work. This quartet also has no break in between movements with the attacca in between all movements that Shostakovich notated.
Music
I. Allegretto
The first movement begins with a descending line by the first violin that emphasized they key of F minor as the central of tonality in this movement. The thematic material then gets an answer from a cello with three eight-notes. The counterpoint in this movement can be described as a conversation of two opposite characters starts at the beginning of the movement. In the opening, there are two distinct character through the rhythmic pattern. The first violin has two sixteenth-notes followed by an eight-note while the cello answer it with straight three eight notes in the lower register. The melodic material in the first violin always starts on F until m. 39, Shostakovich decided to starts the thematic material on A.
The secondary theme (mm. 46), it introduces a new three eight-notes thematic material on cello. Instead of focusing on F minor, Shostakovich shifted the attention to E minor. Later on, the first violin also has the thematic material in the higher register. In this second theme, the second violin and viola have steady sixteenth-notes throughout the entire section. The recapitulation begins in mm. 106 with the recomposition of the first theme through pizzicato and straight eight-notes. The recapitulation also brings back the F# minor tonality again. In addition, Shostakovich also put the second theme in the recapitulation as well with unstable harmony. The coda restores the metric instability in the exposition. The movement ends in the major with one last espressivo on cello.
II. Lento
The second movement begins with stand alone four measures of arpeggiation across four strings on the second violin. This accompanimental figure appears throughout the whole movement. All four instruments are muted throughout. The first violin enters at measure 5 from the high register. The viola and cello enter much later in m. 14 with a glissando and hold steady notes. In this movement, Shostakovich lightens the textures in comparison to the outer movements.
III. Allegro – Allegretto
The third movement opens fff, marking a contrast with previous movement. In measure 12, the theme is introduced by the viola, which also becomes the subject of a fugue throughout all four instruments. This "Allegro" section ends with pizzicato on cello.
The "Allegretto" section that follows is waltz-like in character. The section starts with first violin with a new theme answered by the other instruments. Throughout the movement, the theme from the first movement recurs in between the "Allegretto" theme. This movement ends with cello pizzicato leading to an F major triad.
References
Further reading
07
1960 compositions
Compositions in F-sharp minor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20Quartet%20No.%207%20%28Shostakovich%29 |
Complete Poems, originally edited and published in 1979 by Nicholas Gerogiannis and revised by him in 1992, is a compilation of all the poetry of Ernest Hemingway. Although Hemingway stopped publishing poetry as his fame grew, he continued to write it until his death in 1961.
Known primarily for novels and short stories, Hemingway was, in his youth, a poet. At a time when he declared the novel was dead (prior to reading close friend Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby), Hemingway was composing the short prose pieces that would make him famous. Another friend, T. S. Eliot, told Hemingway that he had real promise as a poet. Hemingway's first book included poetry, but such creative endeavors were abandoned just as Hemingway would abandon his condemnation of the novel.
References
External links
Hemingway's Blank Verse at American Poets Abroad
Poetry by Ernest Hemingway
American poetry collections
1979 poetry books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20Poems |
Ilseng is a village in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located mostly in Stange Municipality, however, part of the village extends across the border into Hamar Municipality. The Rørosbanen railway line passes through the village, stopping at the Ilseng Station which is the first stop after Hamar Station in Hamar. Ilseng is also the site of Ilseng Prison.
The village has a population (2021) of 992 and a population density of . The village does include land in two neighboring municipalities with and 964 residents in Stange and and 28 residents in Hamar.
References
Stange
Hamar
Villages in Innlandet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilseng |
Charles Michel (1832-1913) was an American ophthalmologist best known for publishing the first clinical report of successful electrology in 1875.
Early life and education
Michel was born in Charleston, South Carolina. He received an M.D. degree at the Medical College of the State of South Carolina (now known as Medical University of South Carolina) in 1857. During the Civil War he served in Confederate Army as a surgeon and medical inspector.
Career
After the war and until his death, Charles Michel spent practicing ophthalmology in St. Louis, Missouri. He eventually became a Professor of Ophthalmology at the Missouri Medical College and a surgeon and ophthalmic surgeon at Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Infirmary and at Martha Parsons Hospital for Children respectively, in St. Louis, Missouri.
Achievements
Michel was practicing in St. Louis, Missouri, when he began using a battery-powered needle epilator to treat trichiasis (ingrown eyelashes) in 1869. This direct current–powered method was called electrolysis because a chemical reaction in the hair follicle causes sodium hydroxide to form, which damages the follicle. Electrolysis is also sometimes called galvanic electrolysis.
References
1832 births
1913 deaths
American ophthalmologists
American surgeons
Medical University of South Carolina alumni
Washington University School of Medicine faculty
People from Charleston, South Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Michel%20%28ophthalmologist%29 |
The All-Polish Youth () refers to two inter-linked Polish far-right ultranationalist youth organizations, with a Catholic-nationalist philosophy. Its agenda declares that its aim is "to raise Polish youth in a Catholic and patriotic spirit".
The inter-war incarnation was created in 1922 as part of the National Democracy movement, and was modelled after the inter-war fascist movement Falanga. During World War II it operated underground and was clamped down on the break of 1945/1946 by the Communist authorities.
The present incarnation was created on December 2, 1989. Its manifesto from 1989 states that "one's country is the greatest earthly good. After God, your foremost love belongs to the Homeland, and foremost after God you must serve your own country," and declares itself opposed to "doctrines promoting liberalism, tolerance, and relativism.
The All-Polish Youth was affiliated with the League of Polish Families (2001-2006), but was never officially its youth wing. In the 21st century it has been a fierce opponent of LGBT rights leading it to be widely condemned as homophobic by various organisations.
The All-Polish Youth has strong alliance with National Movement party, but is independent and not part of this party.
Term "All-Polish"
The term all-Polish was coined by Jan Ludwik Popławski and was synonymous to Polish nationalism as a whole. It signified the struggle to unite Poland into one country (as its territory had been partitioned and seized by the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire and the country did not formally exist for 123 years). It also emphasized the importance of relations within the nation, as well as the equal status of all citizens with Polish nationality, regardless of their social and economic backgrounds.
Inter-war All-Polish Youth
The organisation, properly the Academic Union "All-Polish Youth" (Związek Akademicki "Młodzież Wszechpolska"), was founded in 1922 as an ideological youth organisation with a strong nationalist sentiment, and was the largest student organisation in the Second Polish Republic. The Founding Convention of the All-Polish youth took place in March 1922, with Roman Dmowski being selected honorary chairman.
The term "All-Polish" is intended to represent a desire to unify all Polish lands, and accentuate national ties and the equality of all people of Polish origin regardless of their wealth or social status. The idea for creating the organization occurred when Poland was partitioned and not officially on the world map, therefore it aimed to unite Poles from all three partitions. In the inter-war period, members of the organisation participated actively in academic life, and became the heads of many student organisations. The All-Polish Youth was the largest student organization in Poland during the 1930s. The goals of the organization were mainly focused on three issues:
Defending the autonomy of universities against centralising forces of the government
Campaigning for lower tuition fees
Limitation of non-Polish, especially Jewish students, from higher education
All-Polish Youth was the least radical of organizations of the National Democracy camp. Nevertheless, some of its members praised Mussolini and his Italian fascism for its hardline stances towards the left and realisation of "national revolution". Part of the members, including Jędrzej Giertych, also praised Hitler's Germany economical changes, but understood that it is with the contradiction with Polish national interests and changed his views a year after NSDAP obtained power in Germany. According to Jan Mosdorf, a pre-war chairman of All-Polish Youth who was murdered in Auschwitz, the organization was against fascists and Hitlerites. Some Members of the All-Polish Youth also praised authoritarian regimes of the Mediterranean, Salazar's Portugal and Franco's Spain.
They also favoured economically boycotting the Jews and limiting their access to higher education (numerus clausus). The All-Polish Youth also actively campaigned for ghetto benches, segregated seating for Jewish students.
Modern days
The modern incarnation of the All-Polish Youth was founded in Poznań in 1989, on the initiative of Roman Giertych, the former leader of the League of Polish Families (LPR). Continuing the tradition of its precursors, the organisation maintains its aim of raising youth with their ideology, and operates across all of Poland, working with high-school and university students. Following the incident, Leokadia Wiącek was expelled from All-Polish Youth, and the League of Polish Families cut ties with the group. As it was later determined, during the private party Leokodia Wącek was not a member of the organisation and the main Polish television channel Telewizja Polska apologized to All-Polish Youth for accusing them of neo-nazi connotations.
All-Polish Youth have declared that it is only by making Poland a Catholic state that its future will be secured, and chairman Konrad Bonisławski has stated "We do not want to become like Holland with its free drugs and gay marriage. Since joining the European Union we have seen attempts to destroy our Catholic values."
All-Polish Youth have gained considerable press coverage due to their staunch opposition of abortion and, particularly, homosexuality (which their website condemns as "unnatural behaviour" and describes gay rights marches as "militant homosexualism"). This has led to (sometimes violent) clashes with pro-choice and gay rights demonstrators.
All-Polish Youth have been widely condemned as homophobic by various organisations including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and even the United Nations (which, in their Universal Periodic Review, describes All-Polish Youth as an "extremist homophobic grouping"), as well as a multitude of gay rights organisations such as OutRage! and the Polish Campaign Against Homophobia. In 2004, 2005, and 2006, All-Polish Youth members and sympathizers violently attacked people who were taking part in pro-gay demonstrations, throwing eggs, bottles and rocks at them, and were reported to have shouted "Send the fags to the hospital", "Perverts, get out of Kraków", "Let's gas the fags" and "We'll do to you what Hitler did to the Jews".
From 2012 onwards, the organisation has been heavily involved in playing a major role as part of the National Movement party, a party which the organisation was one of the several co-founders.
In January 2019, the organisation's leader from 2015 to 2016, Adam Andruszkiewicz, was appointed as Poland's deputy minister for digital affairs.
Former member (joined 2000), Lubusz chapter leader (2003–2004) and chairman (2005 and 2006) Krzysztof Bosak became the Confederate Party candidate for the presidential election 2020 after winning the presidential primaries held at the party convention in Warsaw on January 18, 2020.
In August 2019, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination called the Polish government to delegalize and criminalize All-Polish Youth (along with several others) for promoting and inciting racial discrimination.
Idea
The All-Polish Youth is a nationalist and Catholic organization. It states that it recognizes God as the highest of all universal principles and deems the Catholic Church as the nation's mentor and the only way of pursuing holiness. Members of the All-Polish Youth highlight the purported need to ensure due respect to the Church, as well as its position within the State. According to the organization's 1989 manifesto, they claim that the Catholic ethic should be irrevocable both in public and private spheres of life. The organization advocates for the development of the Catholic State of the Polish Nation which should "become a pillar of the Western culture based upon Christian principles". The All-Polish Youth considers the notion of a nation to be understood as "a community united by faith, history, culture, land, speech, and customs, to be the most prominent of the earthly values".
The All-Polish Youth perceives the state as a necessary form of social coexistence, which politically engages the nation's members, and argues that its improvement should be permanently cared for. According to the organization, family means "oneness of faith and blood and is supposed to be a keystone of tradition and mores". Members of the All-Polish Youth believe that family should be protected from what they describe as "moral threats", and that families shall should receive support in both (undefined) material and spiritual respect. They claim that culture should be “a spiritual right of the nation's life and a proof of spirit's superiority over materiality and that it shall be cared for and maintained as such".
The All-Polish Youth opposes “doctrines which preach arbitrariness,” such as liberalism, relativism and tolerance. The organization is characterized by hard Euroscepticism. Its members claim to stand for national solidarity and disapprove of class warfare. In terms of economy, it approves of common private ownership and denounces buyout of national wealth by foreign
capital.
Activity
According to its statute, the All-Polish Youth is a community-minded organization aimed at
rearing its members, most of them being high school or university students, using nationalist and
Catholic virtues.
The All-Polish Youth is the mastermind or co-organizer of such periodically reoccurring initiatives
as:
Independence March (Polish: Marsz Niepodległości) – an annual manifestation taking place since 2010 in order to celebrate the Polish National Independence Day (11.11).
The All-Polish Youth was one of the initiators of the event. It regularly participates in the manifestation that has been increasingly associated with far-right extremism. In 2021, far-right activists and groups from Hungary, Estonia, Belarus, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, USA and Portugal joined the event and joined the “Nationalistic Column” formed by Polish far-right organizations and movements, including but not limited to: “Trzecia Droga”, “Szturmowcy”, Autonomiczni Nacjonaliści, the National Radical Camp (ONR), All-Polish Youth, National Rebirth of Poland (NOP).
"I Love Poland" (Polish: Kampania Społeczna "Kocham Polskę") – a social campaign aimed at promoting modern-day patriotism, celebrating the anniversary of the formation of the Home Army. The All-Polish Youth finds Valentine's Day to be a highly commercialized holiday, so they work to turn the tables and use this day to turn Poles' attention towards the need to love their Fatherland.
"A Helpful Hand" (Polish: "Pomocna dłoń/;) – an initiative established to help freshmen students overcome difficulties typically associated with starting education at a university.
"Buy what's Polish" (Polish: "Kupuj Polskie") – a social campaign which is usually carried out before Christmas and Easter. Its main goal is to promote consumer patriotism, as well as to make Poles aware of the benefits resulting from buying Polish products.
Picket "In the Name of the Ladies" (Polish: Pikieta "W imieniu dam") – a protest organized in cooperation with the National Women's Organization on International Women's Day. The demonstration's main purpose is to promote traditional values and voice condemnation of abortion and sexualization of the public sphere of life.
The All-Polish Youth publishes their own magazine titled Wszechpolak (a word formed from the organization's name, referring to an active member of it) and runs their own web portal Narodowcy.net. It also used to organize a March of Tradition and Culture (Polish: Marsz Tradycji i Kultury) as a way of expressing discontent with LGBT organizations and their manifestations. Additionally, the All-Polish Youth initiated such happenings as "A Polish flag in a Polish household" (Polish: "Polska flaga w polskim domu") and "School Strike" (Polish: "Strajk szkolny"; a protest against limiting the syllabus on history lessons during the second Cabinet of Donald Tusk).
Leaders
Roman Giertych (2 December 1989 – 1994)
Damian Pukacki (1994–1995)
Dariusz Wasilewski (1995–1997)
Piotr Sosiński (February 1997 – 23 October 1999)
Wojciech Wierzejski (23 October 1999 – 24 June 2000)
Maciej Twaróg (24 June 2000 – 15 July 2002)
Piotr Ślusarczyk (15 July 2002 – 7 February 2004)
Radosław Parda (7 February 2004 – 16 April 2005)
Marcin Kubiński (16 April 2005 – 7 November 2005)
Krzysztof Bosak (7 November 2005 – 17 December 2006)
Konrad Bonisławski (17 December 2006 – 14 March 2009)
Robert Winnicki (14 March 2009 – 13 April 2013)
Tomasz Pałasz (13 April 2013 – 21 March 2015)
Adam Andruszkiewicz (21 March 2015 – 2 July 2016)
Bartosz Berk (2 July 2016 – 14 April 2018)
Ziemowit Przebitkowski (since 14 April 2018 - 26 March 2022)
Marcin Kowalski (26 March 2022 - )
See also
Polish YMCA
Footnotes
References
External links
Official website
All-Polish Youth English-version website
All-Polish Youth Lubusz chapter statute
Youth organisations based in Poland
Youth wings of political parties in Poland
Christian youth organizations
Nationalist organizations
Anti-communism in Poland
Far-right politics in Poland
Catholicism and far-right politics
Christian political organizations
National Democracy
Polish nationalism
Youth organizations established in 1922
1922 establishments in Poland
Youth organizations established in 1989
Organizations that oppose LGBT rights in Poland
Anti-communist organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Polish%20Youth |
Maryland Route 275 (MD 275) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Perrylawn Drive, the highway runs from MD 222 and MD 824 in Perryville north to MD 276 in Woodlawn in western Cecil County. MD 275 provides an eastern bypass of the town of Port Deposit. The state highway also serves to connect the town of Rising Sun (via MD 276) and Interstate 95 (I-95). MD 275 was constructed along a new alignment in the mid-1960s.
Route description
MD 275 begins at a four-way intersection with MD 222 and MD 824 (Blythedale Road) in the town of Perryville. MD 222 heads west toward Port Deposit as Bainbridge Road and south as Perryville Road toward an interchange with I-95 (John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway) and the center of Perryville. MD 275 heads north as Perrylawn Drive, a limited-access two-lane undivided highway. The highway heads north along a long, sweeping curve that passes to the east of the town limits of Port Deposit. MD 275 parallels Mill Creek and crosses the stream twice along its course. The state highway reaches its northern terminus at MD 276 (Jacob Tome Memorial Highway) in the community of Woodlawn.
MD 275 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial for its entire length.
History
MD 275 was constructed along a new alignment between July 1965 and October 1967.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 275
MD 275 at AARoads.com
275
Maryland Route 275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20275 |
Aulifeltet is a village in the municipality of Nes, Akershus, Norway. Its population is 2,683, of which 512 people live within the border of the neighboring municipality Sørum.
References
Villages in Akershus
Nes, Akershus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulifeltet |
Macuata Fijian Provincial Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate was coextensive with Macuata Province.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 2001 election, Isireli Leweniqila won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuata%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
High's of Baltimore, LLC, doing business as High's Dairy Stores, is a chain of gas stations and convenience stores in and around Baltimore, Maryland. , the chain has 60 locations, the majority of which are in Maryland, plus four in Pennsylvania. At one time, High's was the largest ice cream store in the world with over 500 stores, including locations in Virginia, Delaware, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C.
History
The original iteration of High's was High's Ice Cream, an ice cream parlor founded by L.W. High in Richmond, Virginia in 1928 and purchased by James R. High Jr. with two partners in 1938, at which time there were 16 stores and an ice cream plant in Richmond. In 1941, Convenient Systems, Inc. of Winston-Salem, North Carolina purchased the chain, then numbering 50 stores. Gregory remained at the helm until 1976. The company was acquired by the Capital Milk Producers Cooperative, who grew the chain to 350 High's Dairy Stores and Restaurants, and sold the Virginia and West Virginia stores in 1987 to Southland Corporation, who converted many of them to 7-Eleven stores, and closed the rest.
Fuel at High's gas stations was previously supplied by Shell and Citgo. High's first made a foray into proprietary fuel branding in 2011, when it was rolled out at a prototype station in Chester, Maryland. On March 1, 2012, High's, then based in Hanover, Maryland, was acquired by the Carroll Independent Fuel Company. Following the Carroll deal, most High's stores broke their ties with Shell and Citgo, began selling High's-branded fuel supplied by Carroll, and underwent remodels. Some High's locations continue to sell Shell-branded fuel. High's is now based in Carroll's Baltimore headquarters.
Ice cream
The right to produce High's brand of ice cream was sold in 1989 to Kay's Ice Cream, based in Knoxville, Tennessee (which was subsequently acquired by C. F. Sauer Company in 1990). Until 2010 there was a High's Ice Cream parlor remaining in Portsmouth, Virginia, but it sold Hershey's brand ice cream. At the time of its closing, it still had the original High's interior (though showing its age) including the white and black checkerboard floor tiles that High's Ice Cream stores were known for. High's still sells its own brand of ice cream in quart sized containers, along with several selections of hand dipped varieties.
References
External links
Official website
Culture of Baltimore
Companies based in Baltimore
Economy of the Eastern United States
Convenience stores of the United States
1932 establishments in Virginia
Retail companies established in 1932
Ice cream parlors in the United States
American companies established in 1932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%27s%20Dairy%20Store |
SodaStream International Ltd. () is an Israel-based manufacturing company best-known as the maker of the consumer home carbonation product of the same name. The company's soda machines, in the style of soda siphons, add carbon dioxide to water from a pressurized cylinder to create carbonated water for drinking. It also sells more than 100 types of concentrated syrups and flavourings that are used in the process of making carbonated drinks. In 2018, SodaStream distributed its products to 80,000 individual retail stores across 45 countries.
The company was founded in 1903 in England. After it merged with Soda-Club in 1998, it was relaunched with an emphasis on healthier drinks, and went public on the Nasdaq stock exchange in November 2010. SodaStream is headquartered in Kfar Saba, Israel, and has 13 production plants. In August 2018, the company was acquired by PepsiCo for US$3.2 billion. PepsiCo was attracted to the company due to its technological innovations and a desire to move into providing more healthy products; SodaStream has since launched a variety of PepsiCo flavours into their range.
Until 2015, the company's principal manufacturing facility was located in Mishor Adumim, an industrial park within the Israeli settlement of Ma'ale Adumim in the West Bank, which generated controversy and a boycott campaign. In October 2015, under growing pressure from activists of the Palestinian-led BDS movement, SodaStream closed its facility in Mishor Adumim and relocated it to the town of Lehavim in Israel proper.
Product
The SodaStream Sparkling Water Maker is a device that forces carbon dioxide (CO2) gas (stored under pressure in a cylinder) into water, making it sparkling (fizzy). The product includes a machine, a carbon dioxide cylinder, and one or more reusable beverage bottles. The bottle, filled with water, is inserted into the machine, and with a button push or two, compressed CO2 from the cylinder is injected, creating carbonated water. Varieties of concentrated syrups are available, to create regular or diet soft drinks by adding a small amount of concentrate to the bottle after carbonation.
Different flavours are created by adding fruit-flavoured concentrates. During its heyday, several famous brands were available in SodaStream concentrate form including Tizer, Fanta, Sunkist and Irn-Bru. SodaStream and Kraft Foods entered into a partnership in January 2012 involving the use of the Crystal Light and Country Time brand flavours with the SodaStream home carbonation system. That July, the two companies expanded their partnership to include the Kool-Aid flavour line. In 2013, SodaStream partnered with Ocean Spray to market three Ocean Spray flavours for use with the SodaStream home soda maker.
In February 2013, SodaStream and Samsung announced that Samsung refrigerators with built-in SodaStream sparkling water dispensers would be available in the United States beginning in April.
Excluding the purchase price of the machine, typical cost to the end user (2015, United States dollars) is 25 cents per litre of carbonated water generated plus another 50 cents per litre for the soda syrup.
History
The forerunner of the machine, the "apparatus for aerating liquids", was created in 1903 by Guy Hugh Gilbey of the London gin distillers W & A Gilbey Ltd. and was sold to the upper classes (including the royal household). Flavoured concentrates such as cherry ciderette and sarsaparilla were introduced in the 1920s, along with commercial carbonation machines, and the first machine for home carbonation of drinks was produced in 1955.
SodaStream machines were popular during the 1970s and 1980s in the UK, and are associated with nostalgia for that period. Their slogan, "Get busy with the fizzy", started as an advertising jingle in 1979 and proved so popular that they added it to their logo. The slogan was dropped in 1996 after 17 years.
Subsidiary of Cadbury Schweppes; purchase by Soda-Club
In 1985, after various changes of ownership, SodaStream became a wholly owned subsidiary of Cadbury Schweppes, although it operated as an autonomous business within the group.
In 1998, SodaStream was bought by Soda-Club, an Israeli company founded in 1991 by Peter Wiseburgh, who from 1978 to 1991 had been Israel's exclusive distributor for SodaStream, creating the world's largest home carbonation systems supplier. In 2003, Soda-Club closed the SodaStream factory in Peterborough, moving the company's gas cylinder refilling and refurbishment department to Germany. Under the ownership of Soda-Club, the brand has been relaunched in many markets, with new machines and new flavours available in 41 countries. In 2012, SodaStream teamed with Yves Béhar to introduce SodaStream Source, a line of soda machines designed with a special emphasis on sustainability. Béhar's design earned SodaStream a Good Housekeeping Institute seal of approval in 2013.
2010 NASDAQ IPO
SodaStream International Ltd. went public on the NASDAQ stock exchange in November 2010. The stock offering was jointly led by J.P. Morgan Securities and Deutsche Bank Securities.
At the time, the IPO was the eighth largest for an Israeli company on the NASDAQ and during the year 2010 one of the top-performing IPOs generally. To celebrate SodaStream's listing on the NASDAQ, CEO Daniel Birnbaum was invited to ring the exchange's closing bell on 3 November 2010. By August 2011, SodaStream's market capitalisation had risen from $367 million to $1.46 billion.
During 2012, the stock experienced aggressive growth, with earnings per share growing 57%. In June 2013, Israeli financial newspaper Calcalist incorrectly predicted a $2 billion Pepsi takeover of SodaStream, sending SODA stock higher before the rumours were promptly debunked by PepsiCo.
Analysts had expected another 27% growth in 2013 with earnings projected to grow 30% over the next 5 years. 2013's actual net earnings were down relative to 2012 despite an increase in sales; in 2014, the company's stock dropped to its lowest value since 2012. Barclays PLC analyst David Kaplan cited US Secretary of State John Kerry's warnings about the economic effects of boycotts and the company's failure to clarify the reasons for missed earning targets as causes for the drop.
In October 2014, SodaStream announced its revenue for 2014 was expected to decline to $562.7 million, a 9% decrease from the previous year, while a report by Zacks Equity Research stated that net income for 2014 is expected to be 42% lower than in 2013. Zacks Equity Research cited declining sales in the United States, where an increasing number of consumers are choosing "more natural, less caloric and water based beverages" as opposed to traditional carbonated soft drinks.
Sales
Some 20% of households in Sweden owned SodaStream machines as of 2010. In January 2011, the company marked the sale of its millionth soda maker in the country. Europe accounts for 45% of SodaStream's sales.
Since May 2012, SodaStream has been sold in over 2,900 Walmart locations in the United States. In June, equity research firm Monness Crespi Hardt & Co. stated that SodaStream's machines were selling out at Walmart. SodaStream's U.S. sales grew from in 2007 to in 2011. Despite record sales, profit margins are declining. SodaStream's estimated 2013 net income ($41.5 million on an annual revenue of $562 million in 2013, compared to 2012's $43.86 million of net income on $436.32 million of revenue) fell short of targets and investor expectations. Sodastream also sells its product at most Bed Bath & Beyond stores.
Marketing
In its marketing, the company focuses on environmental attractiveness of using tap water and returnable gas cylinders. SodaStream has been involved in environmental projects, including waste reduction, beach cleanup and reforestation.
In 2011, SodaStream partnered with the Israel Union for Environmental Defense to launch an initiative promoting waste reduction and an improvement in the quality of tap water. Also in 2011, SodaStream launched a campaign with Erin O'Connor to raise awareness to the effects of plastic bottle waste on the environment. As part of the company's support for Climate Week, in 2012 SodaStream donated £1,000 to a school in Crediton, Devon in the United Kingdom to fund an educational beach cleaning initiative. SodaStream partnered with Trees for the Future in 2012 to launch the Replant Our Planet initiative: for each home beverage carbonation system sold from its Rethink Your Soda product line, SodaStream committed to planting hundreds of thousands of trees in Brazil. SodaStream Italy and the Municipality of Venice partnered in 2012 to organize Join the Stream: fight the bottle, a cleanup initiative with its starting point at the Lido di Venezia. Actress Rosario Dawson launched the first annual Unbottle the World Day in New York City in July 2012. The campaign, initiated by SodaStream to raise awareness to the impact of cans and plastic bottles on the environment, calls on the United Nations to designate one day of the year a "Bottle Free Day".
Advertising campaigns
In 2010, SodaStream launched an international campaign to raise awareness of bottle and can consumption. The campaign involves the display of cages in various countries, each containing 10,657 empty bottles and cans. Begun in Belgium, the Cage campaign has since visited 30 countries with the message that the waste produced by one family over the course of five years from beverage containers – 10,657 bottles and cans – can be replaced by a single SodaStream bottle. When a cage went on display in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2012, Coca-Cola demanded that SodaStream remove its products from the cages and threatened to sue SodaStream. SodaStream responded by dismissing the threats and announcing that it would display the cage outside Coca-Cola's headquarters in Atlanta.
A 30-second television commercial promoting sustainability, showing soda bottles exploding each time a person makes a drink using a SodaStream machine, was banned in the United Kingdom in 2012. Clearcast, the organization that approves TV advertising in the UK, explained that they "thought it was a denigration of the bottled drinks market". The same ad, crafted by Alex Bogusky, ran in the United States, Sweden, Australia, and other countries. An appeal by SodaStream to reverse Clearcast's decision to censor the commercial was rejected. A similar advertisement, which featured a pair of Coca-Cola and Pepsi deliverymen reacting to the exploding bottles, was expected to air during Super Bowl XLVII in February 2013, but was rejected by CBS for its direct references to Coke and Pepsi. The previous SodaStream ad was shown in its place. SodaStream CEO said "The banned ad was a win because of the quality as well as the quantity of the exposure we received".
The company's 2020 advertising campaign featured Snoop Dogg in the United States and Priyanka, the first season winner of Canada's Drag Race, in Canada.
Influencer marketing
Since 2016, SodaStream has worked with influencer marketing in social media.
Production facilities
SodaStream has 13 production facilities worldwide. From 2016, SodaStream's principal manufacturing facility is in Idan HaNegev Industrial Park north of Beersheba, Israel. The plant provides employment for around 1,400 workers, many of them Negev Bedouins. The cornerstone for the plant was laid in 2011, it opened in 2015. An additional plant, which began operating in 2011 in Ashkelon, produces SodaStream syrups and flavours. Another plant operated in the Alon Tavor industrial zone near the Israeli city of Afula, between 2011 and 2015, but was closed once the Idan HaNegev facility was opened.
In Europe, the company employs 250 people, in two main sites; at SodaStream's European commercial and logistics center, which is located in Rijen, Netherlands and at a manufacturing facility in Limburg an der Lahn, Germany. SodaStream's US headquarters is at Mount Laurel, New Jersey.
Controversies
As part of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) activist campaign launched in 2005 to pressure Israel to end the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, SodaStream was criticized for operating its primary manufacturing plant in the Mishor Adumim industrial zone in the West Bank.
The Court of Justice of the European Union ruled in 2010 that SodaStream was not entitled to claim a "Made in Israel" exemption from EU customs payments for products manufactured in the West Bank because Israeli settlements in the West Bank are outside the territorial scope of the EC-Israel Agreement.
In January 2014, Oxfam accepted the resignation of Scarlett Johansson, a Jewish-American actress, as ambassador for that organisation, a role she had held for eight years, after she became a brand ambassador for SodaStream. Oxfam has stated that "businesses, such as SodaStream, that operate in settlements further the ongoing poverty and denial of rights of the Palestinian communities that we work to support" and opposes all trade with the settlements citing their illegality under international law. Johansson reportedly resigned because of "a fundamental difference of opinion in regards to the boycott, divestment and sanctions movement". In her statement she described SodaStream as "not only committed to the environment but to building a bridge to peace between Israel and Palestine, supporting neighbours working alongside each other, receiving equal pay, equal benefits and equal rights". SodaStream CEO Daniel Birnbaum also accused Oxfam of supporting the BDS movement against Israel as a whole, a charge Oxfam denied, saying that "this is about trade from the settlements" and specific to settlements outside Israel's pre-1967 border. which Oxfam states, due to their location, pose an obstacle to any future two-state solution.
According to Birnbaum, the boycott had no impact on the growth rate of SodaStream, and he said, all SodaStream products sold in Norway, Sweden and Finland are manufactured in China.
In January 2014 a Paris court ruled that Association France Palestine Solidarité (AFPS), a group campaigning to remove SodaStream from stores, must compensate SodaStream €6500 because the group falsely claimed the products are sold "illegally and fraudulently" due to their use of the "Made in Israel" label while being partly manufactured in the West Bank.
Human Rights Watch stated that "It is impossible to ignore the Israeli system of unlawful discrimination, land confiscation, natural resource theft, and forced displacement of Palestinians in the occupied West Bank, where SodaStream is located". The United Church of Canada launched a campaign to boycott SodaStream products manufactured in the West Bank.
In July 2014, UK department store John Lewis removed all SodaStream products from its stores, amidst growing BDS pressure and declining sales. Its Oxford Street, London store had been the site of biweekly protests against the sale of SodaStream products. In July 2014, after two years of weekly BDS protests, SodaStream also closed its Brighton store.
Birnbaum said that the factories are apolitical. "We don't take sides in this conflict. He described the factory as "building bridges between us and the Palestinian population, and we provide our Palestinian employees with respectable employment opportunities and an appropriate salary and benefits". SodaStream employed 500 West Bank Palestinians. Addressing the location of SodaStream's Ma'ale Adumim plant, Birnbaum said "we're here for historical reasons." The choice was made by company founder Peter Weissburgh, back in the 1990s, long before SodaStream was taken over by the current owners, who appointed Birnbaum in 2007. Birnbaum said that factory presence was a reality and he would not bow to political pressure to close it: "We will not throw our employees under the bus to promote anyone’s political agenda...I just can't see how it would help the cause of the Palestinians if we fired them."
Supporters of the factory cited the West Bank's high unemployment rate and low GDP as evidence the jobs were badly needed. Opponents argued that the small number of jobs provided by the factories in the settlements did not outweigh the effect the Israeli presence had on the Palestinian economy. Others argued that SodaStream was exploiting local cheap labour. Workers' incomes at the factory were substantially above the 1450 shekel/month Palestinian Authority minimum wage.
All but one of the Palestinian employees interviewed by The Christian Science Monitor supported Johansson's stance and opposed a boycott of SodaStream, stating that a boycott would only hurt them. One Palestinian employee said he was ashamed to work for SodaStream and felt like a "slave" working on an assembly line for twelve hours a day. Another Palestinian employee interviewed by Reuters reported that: "Most of the managers are Israeli, and West Bank employees feel they can't ask for pay rises or more benefits because they can be fired and easily replaced."
In December 2014, Harvard University Dining Services halted SodaStream machine purchases for its dining facilities due to demonstrations by the Harvard College Palestine Solidarity Committee and the Harvard Islamic Society. A few days later, however, Harvard's President Drew Faust reversed the decision, claiming she had not been aware of it in the first place.
When French host Cyril Hanouna aired a homophobic prank on French TV in May 2017, SodaStream first refused to stop advertising and supporting Hanouna's program, but eventually decided to withdraw its advertising.
Firing of Palestinian workers
In July 2014, SodaStream fired 60 Palestinian workers after they had complained about not receiving sufficient food to break Ramadan fasts during night shifts. The workers were not allowed to bring their own food into the plant due to Jewish dietary restrictions being enforced. According to SodaStream the workers had called for a wildcat strike. According to the workers they were fired after filing a formal complaint. SodaStream claimed that the workers were given a hearing and that they were not denied severance pay.
SodaStream announced that its factory in Ma'ale Adumim would be closed by the end of 2015 in order to save $9 million in production costs. The plant's operations were transferred to a new factory in Lehavim, where it reportedly "employ a significant number of Bedouin Arabs". The move laid off 500 Palestinian workers, although 74 Palestinian workers moved with SodaStream when it relocated. However, the Israeli government initially refused to renew the Palestinians' work permits. SodaStream protested the government decision. Around a year later, the Israeli government renewed the working permits of the 74 Palestinian workers and they returned to SodaStream.
Some news sources reported that SodaStream blamed the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement (BDS) for the closing of its plant. Mahmoud Nawajaa, the BDS coordinator in Ramallah, called the loss of Palestinian jobs at SodaStream "part of the price that should be paid in the process of ending the occupation". SodaStream CEO Daniel Birnbaum blamed Benjamin Netanyahu for the Palestinian job losses. According to Birnbaum, all of the Palestinian employees had passed Israeli security clearance, but were denied permits to work after Netanyahu intervened. Birnbaum claimed that Netanyahu wanted the Palestinians fired so he could then blame BDS. Netanyahu's office denied Birnbaum's claims.
See also
List of Israeli companies
Economy of Israel
References
Further reading
External links
Official SodaStream site
SodaStream UK advert from 1980 on YouTube
"Get busy with the fizzy" lyrics
YouTube video about Sodastream's factory in Mishor Adumim
Carbonated drinks
Carbonated water
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Drink companies of Israel
Food and drink companies established in 1903
1903 establishments in England
Home appliance manufacturers of Israel
Israeli brands
2010 initial public offerings
2018 mergers and acquisitions
Mergers and acquisitions of Israeli companies
PepsiCo subsidiaries
Kitchenware brands
British companies established in 1903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SodaStream |
Lengerich () is a town in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the southern slope of the Teutoburg Forest, approx. 15 km south-west of Osnabrück and 30 km north-east of Münster.
Transportation
Lengerich is situated at the Wanne-Eickel-Hamburg railway and offers half-hourly connections to Münster and Osnabrück.
The A1 autobahn also runs through Lengerich and the Lengerich/Tecklenburg exit is located to the west of the city.
Mayors
The mayor is the pharmacist Wilhelm Möhrke (independent), the predecessor was Friedrich Prigge.
International relations
Lengerich, Westphalia is twinned with:
Leegebruch (Brandenburg, Germany)
Wapakoneta (Ohio, United States)
Warta (Poland)
Lengerich's neighboring municipalities, Ladbergen and Lienen, are sister cities in the United States with Wapakoneta's neighbors New Knoxville and Saint Marys, respectively.
Notable people
Friedrich Kipp (1878–1953), writer
Wolfgang Sidka (born 1954), football professional and coach
Rudolf Smend (1851–1913), Theologian (Old Testament)
Julius Smend (1857–1930), theologian
Kai Strauss (born 1970), blues musician
Wolfgang Streeck (born 1946), sociologist and director at the Max Planck Institute for Society Research in Cologne
References
External links
Steinfurt (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengerich%2C%20Westphalia |
Råholt is a village in the municipality of Eidsvoll, Norway. It is located at an average elevation of 189 meters above teh sea level. Its population (2022) is 14,830.
Råholt has experienced growth following the airport at Gardermoen, and expansion still takes place.
References
Villages in Akershus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5holt |
Altınordu Futbol Kulübü (formerly known as Altınordu Spor Kulübü) is a Turkish professional football club based in İzmir. It was founded in 1923 as a breakaway from Altay SK. Team colours are red and navy. The club also had a basketball team and played in Turkish Basketball League and Turkish Basketball Championship. They have two Turkish basketball titles: Turkish Basketball Championship in 1967 and Basketball Super League in 1966–67 season. Currently the club focuses on youth development of local talent, exclusively fielding Turkish football players as principle.
History
Another club founded out of Altay SK is Göztepe S.K. in 1925. Altınordu merged with Altay SK and Bucaspor between 1937 and 1939 and renamed as Üçokspor. Altınordu played in the First League between 1959 and 1965 and between 1966 and 1970. The team declined slowly after 1968 and relegated to the third league in 1978. It returned to the second league the next year and remained 13 seasons in it. It declined again since 1991 and lost her professional status in 1995–96 season.
It regained one league after matches of Amateur Football Championship in Trabzon in 2003. The team's performance improved season by season and it missed directly promotion by goal difference only against Konya Şekerspor in the third group of the third league in 2007–08 season. It participated in extra play-off matches in Trabzon and was promoted to the second league (which is the third tier of the Turkish League) after beating both Bingöl Belediyespor and Keçiörengücü by 1–0. However, the spell in the second league was not successful and the team was again relegated to the third league after drawing with Fethiyespor 2–2 at an away match on 9 May.
League participations
Turkish Super League: 1959–65, 1966–70
TFF First League: 1965–66, 1970–78, 1979–92, 2014–
TFF Second League: 1978–79, 1992–96, 2008–09, 2011–12, 2013–14
TFF Third League: 2003–08, 2009–11, 2012–2013
Amateur League: 1925–59, 1996–03
Honours
Football
Play-off Runners-up (1) 2020–21
Turkish Football Championship
Runners-up (3): 1927, 1932, 1935
Basketball
Turkish Basketball Championship
Winners (1): 1967
Basketball Super League
Winners (1): 1966–67
Turkish Basketball Cup
Winners (1): 1967–68
Players
Current squad
Other players under contract
Out on loan
References
External links
Official website
Official English website
Altınordu on TFF.org
Football clubs in Turkey
Association football clubs established in 1923
1923 establishments in Turkey
Sports clubs and teams in İzmir
Süper Lig clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1nordu%20F.K. |
"Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" is a song by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, which was released on the second side of his seventh studio album Blonde on Blonde (1966). The song was written by Dylan, and produced by Bob Johnston. Dylan has denied that the song references any specific individual, although critics have speculated that it refers to Edie Sedgwick, who Dylan had spent time with in December 1965.
After several takes on January 25 and 27, 1966, in New York, the final version was finally achieved in the early hours of March 10 in Nashville. Released as a single in March 1967, "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" peaked at number 81 on the American Billboard Hot 100 chart in June 1967. Critics have not rated the song amongst Dylan's best, although the song's humor has been praised. From 1966 to 2013, Dylan played the song live in concert over 500 times.
Background and recording
The song was one of the first compositions attempted by Dylan and the Hawks when in January 1966 they went into Columbia recording studios in New York City to record material for Dylan's seventh studio album, which was eventually released as the double album Blonde on Blonde. Two takes of the song were attempted on January 25, and four takes on January 27, but none of the recordings were deemed satisfactory. Frustrated with the lack of progress made with the Hawks in the New York sessions (only one song, "One of Us Must Know (Sooner or Later)", had been successfully realized), Dylan relocated to Nashville, Tennessee in February 1966, following the recommendation of his producer Bob Johnston. Johnston hired experienced session musicians, who were joined by Robbie Robertson of the Hawks, and Al Kooper, who had both played at the New York sessions.
Dylan completed the lyrics for the song between the New York and Nashville sessions. In Nashville, the evening of the first day of recording, February 14, was devoted to "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat". Present at the session were Charlie McCoy (guitar and bass), Kenny Buttrey (drums), Wayne Moss (guitar), Joe South (guitar and bass), Kooper (organ), Hargus Robbins (piano) and Jerry Kennedy (guitar). Earlier in the day Dylan and the band had achieved satisfactory takes of "Fourth Time Around" and "Visions of Johanna" (which were included on the album), but none of the 13 takes of "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" recorded on February 14 were to Dylan's satisfaction. Dylan soon left Nashville to play some concerts with the Hawks. He returned in March for a second set of sessions. A satisfactory take of "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" was finally achieved in the early hours of March 10, 1966. Dylan sang on the track, and played electric guitar and harmonica. Kennedy was absent, but, in addition to the musicians from the earlier session, Henry Strzelecki was on bass, and Robertson was on lead guitar, though Dylan himself plays lead guitar on the song's opening 12 bars.
Releases
Blonde on Blonde, Dylan's seventh studio album, was issued as a double album on June 20, with "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" as the third track on side two. The album version had a duration of three minutes and fifty-eight seconds.
The song was included on an EP in West Germany in late 1966. On April 24, 1967, an edited version lasting 2 minutes and 20 seconds was issued as a single in the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands. The Netherland release had a different duration, fading out at 3:42. A UK release of the 2:20 version followed, on May 5, with an Italian release the following month. The single was also released, either in 1967 or around 1967, in Australia, Denmark, France, Greece, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, and West Germany. The singles had "Most Likely You Go Your Way and I'll Go Mine" as the B-side. The single reached number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100, and 97th place on the Cashbox chart.
The first take from January 25 was released on The Bootleg Series Vol. 7: No Direction Home: The Soundtrack (2005). The recording sessions were released in their entirety on the 18-disc Collector's Edition of The Bootleg Series Vol. 12: The Cutting Edge 1965–1966 (2015) with highlights from the February 14, 1966, outtakes appearing on the 6-disc and 2-disc versions of that album.
Composition and lyrical interpretation
Fashion victim
Dylan's lyrics affectionately ridicule a female "fashion victim" who wears a leopard-skin pillbox hat. The pillbox hat was a fashionable ladies' hat in the United States in the early to mid-1960s, most famously worn by Jacqueline Kennedy. Dylan satirically crosses this accessory's high-fashion image with leopard-skin material, perceived as more downmarket and vulgar. The song was also written and released after pillbox hats had been at the height of fashion.
The narrator of the song is addressing a woman that he wants to be with. In one verse, the narrator has been advised by the doctor not to see the woman, then finds her with the doctor at his office: "You know, I don't mind him cheatin' on me / But I sure wish he'd take that off his head / Your brand new leopard-skin pill-box hat". In the last verse, the narrator says that he is aware than the woman has a new partner: "I saw him makin' love to you / you forgot to close the garage door".
Possible allusion to Edie Sedgwick
Some journalists and Dylan biographers have speculated that the song was inspired by Edie Sedgwick, an actress and model associated with Andy Warhol. Dylan had spent time with Sedgwick in December 1965, and according to Sedgwick's former housemate Danny Fields, Sedgwick owned a leopard-skin hat. Dylan's biographer Clinton Heylin wrote that, "for a brief moment, Dylan seemed fascinated by this ill-fated starlet". Scholar of English Graley Herren wrote in 2018 that "most Dylanologists consider Sedgwick the subject of jealous mockery" in the song. It has been suggested that Sedgwick was an inspiration for other Dylan songs of the time as well, particularly some from Blonde on Blonde; Heylin thought that "One of Us Must Know (Sooner or Later)" was an example.
Asked in a 1969 interview with Jann Wenner what the song was about, Dylan replied:
When asked by his biographer Anthony Scaduto whether songs on Blonde on Blonde such as "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" referred to specific people, Dylan said that the numbers were "coming down hard on all the people, not just specific people". another of Dylan's biographers, Robert Shelton interpreted the song as "A sustained joke about mindless excess", where "the hat could mean any trend in fashion or speech, popular or high culture".
Influences
"Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" is a 12-bar blues,; melodically and lyrically it resembles Lightnin' Hopkins's "Automobile Blues", English language scholar Douglas Mark Ponton wrote that although Dylan has sometimes uses Delta blues themes such as love, sex, mourning and anxiety when composing original blues songs, "he also brings his own kind of lyrical inventiveness to the form, taking it into new semantic territory." Ponton takes "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" as an example, where Dylan takes a piece of clothing that is outside the traditional blues lexicon into his song, rather than using the metaphor of an automobile for a woman that had been used by Robert Johnson and Hopkins. Another possible influence, identified by Craig McGregor in The Sydney Morning Herald, is "In the Evenin'".
Critical reception
McGregor rated the "very funny" song as one of the best on Blonde on Blonde. When the single was released, a Billboard reviewer considered that both sides were "powerful off-beat" numbers with "strong dance beats and compelling Dylan lyrics loaded with teen sales appeal". A staff writer for Cash Box described "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" as a "raunchy blues-type item" that Dylan's fans would find agreeable.
Musicologist Wilfrid Mellers described the music as "a frisky boogie rhythm, with plangent blue notes so rapid that they sound more like chortles than sighs". He felt that Dylan "defuses negative emotions with humour" in the song. Conversely, music critic Paul Williams felt that it was "the only really mean-spirited song on the album". "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" was dismissed as a "minor song" by Michael Gray, who thought that it was merely a "good joke and a vehicle for showing Dylan's electric lead guitar-work". However, Gray did acclaim Dylan's delivery of "You know it balances on your head / Just like a mattress balances / On a bottle of wine", arguing that "it would be hard to find a better instance of words, tune and delivery working so entirely together". Author John Nogowski rated the song as "B+", and described it as a "standard blues, with some funny lyrics". He noted that the track is the only one that credits a guitar solo to Dylan, but felt "He's no Eric Clapton, but it's fun, nevertheless." Neil Spencer gave the song a rating of 4/5 stars in an Uncut magazine Dylan supplement in 2015.
A 2015 Rolling Stone listing of Dylan's best songs included "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" in 67th position, referring to it as "a little masterpiece of inside-out innuendo and twisted double-entendre". The same year, USA Today ranked 359 of Dylan's songs, placing the track at number 200. Jim Beviglia had rated it 166th amongst Dylan's songs in his 2013 book.
Live performances
According to his website, Dylan played "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" 535 times in concert from 1966 to 2013. The site lists the earliest live performance as February 26, 1966, but the first known live performance was on February 5. A live version from May 17, 1966, was included on The Bootleg Series Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live 1966, The "Royal Albert Hall" Concert (1998). On July 7, 1984, Dylan performed the song with Clapton and Chrissie Hynde at Wembley Stadium as part of his tour with Santana. The next day, at Slane Castle, Dylan was due to duet with Bono on the track, but Bono forgot the lyrics and left the stage.
Usage by other artists
Several bands and artists have covered "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" live. These include Old Crow Medicine Show, Beck and Joan Osborne. Cat Power has covered the song as part of her Cat Power Sings Dylan show, including a performance at the Royal Albert Hall in November 2022 in which she recreated the "Royal Albert Hall" concert.
In 2013, experimental hip-hop band Death Grips released a song entitled "You Might Think He Loves You for Your Money but I Know What He Really Loves You for It’s Your Brand New Leopard Skin Pillbox Hat". The song takes its title from a lyric in "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat", although no reference to Dylan's song itself is made within their song.
Personnel
The personnel for the album version were as follows.
Musicians
Bob Dylanvocals, electric guitar, harmonica
Charlie McCoyacoustic guitar
Robbie Robertsonelectric guitar
Wayne Mosselectric guitar
Joe Southelectric guitar
Al Kooperorgan
Hargus Robbinspiano
Henry Strzeleckielectric bass
Kenneth Buttreydrums
Technical
Bob Johnstonproduction
Charts
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Lyrics, from Bob Dylan's official website
1966 songs
1967 singles
Bob Dylan songs
Columbia Records singles
Song recordings produced by Bob Johnston
Songs written by Bob Dylan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard-Skin%20Pill-Box%20Hat |
Fosby is the administrative centre of Aremark, Norway. Its population in 2005 is 318.
Villages in Østfold
Aremark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosby |
Dmitri Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 9 in E-flat major, Op. 117, was composed in 1964 and premiered by the Beethoven Quartet. The Ninth Quartet was dedicated to his third wife, Irina Antonovna Shostakovich, a young editor he married in 1962.
Background
The final version of the Ninth Quartet was preceded by another which Shostakovich admitted to partially destroying:
[I]n an attack of healthy self-criticism, I burnt it in the stove. This is the second such case in my creative practice. I once did a similar trick of burning my manuscripts, in 1926.
Shostakovich took three years to complete the new Ninth Quartet, finishing it on 28 May 1964. The premiere was by the Beethoven Quartet in Moscow on 20 November 1964. Dmitri Tsyganov, the first violinist, recalled that Shostakovich had told him that the first Ninth Quartet was based on "themes from childhood", and was "completely different" from the final version.
Structure
The piece has five movements, played without pause:
Its duration is approximately 24 minutes.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
09
1964 compositions
Compositions in E-flat major | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20Quartet%20No.%209%20%28Shostakovich%29 |
Missingmyr is a village in the municipality of Råde, Norway. In 2019, its population was 908.
References
Villages in Østfold | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missingmyr |
The following lists events that happened during 1893 in Australia.
Incumbents
Premiers
Premier of New South Wales – George Dibbs
Premier of South Australia – John Downer (until 16 June) then Charles Kingston
Premier of Queensland – Samuel Griffith (until 27 March), Thomas McIlwraith (until 27 October) then Hugh Nelson
Premier of Tasmania – Henry Dobson
Premier of Western Australia – John Forrest
Premier of Victoria – William Shiels (until 23 January) then James Patterson
Governors
Governor of New South Wales – Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey until March, then Robert Duff
Governor of Queensland – Henry Wylie Norman
Governor of South Australia – Algernon Keith-Falconer, 9th Earl of Kintore
Governor of Tasmania – Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston
Governor of Victoria – John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow
Governor of Western Australia – William C. F. Robinson
Events
30 January – The Federal Bank collapses, starting the Australian banking crisis of 1893.
4 February – 1893 Brisbane flood devastates Queensland.
14 June – Gold discovered at Kalgoorlie, Western Australia by Paddy Hannan and two others.
Queensland is granted its Coat of Arms
Coolgardie and Esperance are both declared as towns
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria spends time hunting kangaroos and emus in Australia
Arts and literature
Sport
Tarcoola wins the Melbourne Cup
Victoria wins the inaugural Sheffield Shield
Births
10 January – Albert Jacka (died 1932), recipient of the Victoria Cross
11 January – Charles "Chook" Fraser (died 1981), rugby league footballer and coach
13 January – Roy Cazaly (died 1963), Australian Rules footballer
8 October – William Morrison (died 1961), Governor General of Australia
2 December – Raphael Cilento (died 1985), medical administrator
9 December – Ivo Whitton (died 1967), golfer
Deaths
4 September – Francis William Adams, writer (born 1862)
17 October – Josiah Howell Bagster, land agent and politician (born 1847)
Footnotes
Australia
Years of the 19th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893%20in%20Australia |
, sometimes referred to as , is a Japanese tokusatsu television series broadcast on TV Tokyo and its affiliates from October 7, 2005, to March 31, 2006, lasting 25 episodes (with one additional "Overview" special, summarizing the events of episodes 1 through 13, aired before episode 14). The series was created and directed by Keita Amemiya (Kamen Rider ZO, Zeiram) with supporting direction from Makoto Yokoyama (Power Rangers) and Kengo Kaji (Uzumaki). The creature designer was Yasushi Nirasawa, known for his later work as the designer of the Imagin for Kamen Rider Den-O, as well as for his work designing the monsters of Kamen Rider Blade and Kamen Rider Kabuto.
Since 2007, the show has also been aired in other countries such as Italy (on MTV), Malaysia (on 8TV), and Spain (on Canal Buzz). The show's HD remastered version was broadcast on TV Tokyo starting July 8, 2016. The television series is the first installment of the "GARO" metaseries, which is composed of several installments, including a live action television series, films, TV & film specials, and anime series. The television series has been licensed for a North American release by Kraken Releasing.
Plot
Garo focuses on the life of Kouga Saejima, who has assumed the title of Makai Knight to protect humanity against dark demonic manifestations called "Horrors". In his quest to destroy them, he encounters a young girl named Kaoru, whom he saves from a Horror, though he learns that she is stained with its demonic blood. As a rule, those that have been stained by the blood of a Horror must be killed, or else they will die painfully in approximately 100 days. Kouga spares Kaoru and tries to find a way to purify her before her remaining time expires. Thus, the series focuses on Kouga's developing relationship with Kaoru, and his responsibilities protecting humanity in accordance with the wishes of his father, the previous Garo. In the process, he encounters another Makai Knight named Rei Suzumura, who eventually becomes his ally. Later Kouga confronts his father's former disciple who is revealed to be the cause of a recent series of Horror attacks in preparation of a more sinister advent of the Horrors' originator, Messiah.
Horrors
The main antagonistic form in the series, Horrors are demons that reside in a realm known as the netherworld, and thrive on the darkness of humanity. The Horrors enter the human world through everyday objects known as Inga Gates, which are created through a mass of darkness. When the Horrors first come through, they also known as Inga Horrors, and must possess the body of the first human with inner darkness they come across. Because the Horrors feed on humans it is a Makai Knight's duty to hunt and slay the demons. Later entries in the series reveal more types of Horrors.
Episodes
Cast
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
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:
:
:
Keiru (Voice):
Beru (Voice):
Rose (Voice):
Songs
Opening themes
"Theme of GARO"
Music by TRYFORCE and JAM Project
Lyrics & Composition: Hironobu Kageyama
Arrangement: Kenichi Sudō
Artist: JAM Project
Ending themes
Lyrics & Composition: Masaki Kyomoto
Arrangement: Harukichi Yamamoto
Artist: Masaki Kyomoto (ep. 1–13) and Garo Project (ep. 22)
Lyrics & Composition: Masaki Kyomoto
Arrangement: Harukichi Yamamoto
Artist: Masaki Kyomoto (ep. 14–21) and Garo Project (ep. 23 & 24)
Sequels and spin-offs
In all the sequels and spinoffs in the Garo series, Hironobu Kageyama continues to reprise his role as the voice of Zaruba in each entry.
Video games
A video game based on the series was produced by Bandai for the PlayStation 2, under the name Golden Knight Garo. Two versions were released: a 'normal' version with the game disk, instructions, and standard pamphlets, and a more expensive 'Limited Edition' version which came with a green 'Fire' recolor of the metal Zaruba ring from the "Equip and Prop Vol. 1" Garo toy.
A mobile game titled was released on May 27, 2016, commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Garo franchise. The game includes all characters from the live action series and the anime series.
Novels
was released on March 31, 2007.
was released on October 26, 2006. The novel's new edition including one new episode was released on October 30, 2010.
was released on November 27, 2010.
Beast of the Demon Night
is a two-part mini-series that premiered on Family Gekijo in December 2006.
Red Requiem
In July 2009, Tohokushinsha Film announced that a GARO feature film will be released in the fall of 2010. was theatrically released in Japanese theaters on October 30, 2010. The story is a sequel to the original TV series, with Keita Amemiya reprising his role as head director. Ryosei Konishi and Hironobu Kageyama reprise their roles as Kouga/Garo and voice of Zaruba, with Makoto Yokoyama returning to choreograph the action sequences as well. Red Requiem uses 3D image technology developed by the Tohokushinsha group company Omnibus Japan for its visual effects.
Kiba
, released on September 7, 2011, is a spin-off V-Cinema featuring the story of Barago and Kiba the Dark Knight.
Makai Senki
is a second season of the Garo television series that premiered in select Japanese theaters on September 24, 2011, before beginning broadcast on TV Tokyo on October 6, 2011.
Soukoku no Maryu
was released in Japanese theaters on February 23, 2013, serving as an epilogue to Makai Senki, depicting Kouga Saejima's journey to the Promised Ground to retrieve Gajari's body. Ryosei Konishi was initially the only confirmed member of the cast, but Ray Fujita, Shouma Yamamoto, Ozuno Nakamura, Yukijirō Hotaru, Hironobu Kageyama, and Hiroyuki Watanabe were later confirmed to appear in the film. Guest stars include Yuki Kubota as Kakashi, Anna Aoi as Meru, Tetsuya Yanagihara as Esaruto, and Keiko Matsuzaka as Judam.
Yami o Terasu Mono
A third TV series titled was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April 5 to September 20, 2013. The series is set in the near future, and features an entirely new story with a new Garo named Ryuga Dougai venturing into the Horror-plagued Vol City. The series also presents a brand new main cast that includes Wataru Kuriyama, Tsunenori Aoki, Junya Ikeda and fashion model Miki Nanri.
Tougen no Fue
In March 2013, the Garo team announced a new film titled , which was released in Japanese theaters on July 20 of that year. Set during the time of Soukoku no Maryu, Tougen no Fue follows Makai Priestesses Jabi and Rekka as they travel to the northern forests to protect the mystical and titular flute. Yasue Sato, Mary Matsuyama, Masahiro Kuranuki, and Kanji Tsuda reprise their roles from the franchise as Makai Priestess Jabi, Makai Priestess Rekka, Makai Priest Shiguto, and Makai Knight Kengi, respectively, also appearing in the film are Kumi Takiuchi and Miku Oono.
Zero: Black Blood
is a spin-off six-episode miniseries starring Ray Fujita as his character Rei Suzumura from the original TV series. Rounding out the cast are Riria as Yuna, Naoki Takeshi as Kain, and Thane Camus as Ring. Keita Amemiya serves as executive director, with Ryu Kaneda directing and Yasuko Kobayashi writing. It was broadcast on Family Gekijo in March 2014 and shown in Japanese theaters in a limited release. JAM Project performed the opening theme "ZERO-BLACK BLOOD-" and Fujita's band Dustz performs the ending .
Makai no Hana
A fourth Garo television series titled was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April 4 to September 26, 2014, and takes place between Makai Senki and Yami o Terasu Mono. With the exception of Yukijiro Hotaru reprising his portrayal of Gonza, it features a new cast consisting of Masei Nakayama as Raiga Saejima, the son of Kouga and Kaoru who inherited his father's title as the Golden Knight Garo, Atomu Mizuishi as Crow the Phantom Knight, and Natsumi Ishibashi as Mayuri, a mysterious tool with mystical powers that takes the form of a young woman.
Anime series
An anime adaptation of Garo was released in October 2014, titled in Japan as . It is produced by Studio MAPPA and directed by Yuichiro Hayashi. Taking place in the fictional country of Valiante in the Middle Ages, head writer Yasuko Kobayashi explained that, with the exception of Zaruba, it is unrelated to any characters or stories in the rest of the Garo continuity, though still exists as part of the larger universe's timeline. The series has been licensed by Funimation as Garo: The Animation, making it the first Garo installment to see a North American release.
A second series titled , taking place in Japan's Heian period, was announced for a 2015 release, alongside a film sequel of the first series titled Garo: Divine Flame, to coincide with the Garo tenth anniversary.
A film sequel of the first series titled was released in Japanese theaters on May 21, 2016.
A third series titled was broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 6, 2017, to March 30, 2018.
A film sequel of the second series titled premiered in Japanese theaters on October 6, 2018.
Gold Storm Sho
is both a film and a television series that serve as sequels to Yami o Terasu Mono. Wataru Kuriyama and Miki Nanri reprise their roles and are joined by new cast members, among them Masahiro Inoue as the series antagonist Jinga. The film adaptation was released in Japanese theatres on March 28, 2015, while the television series was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April 3 to September 18, 2015.
Bikuu
is a film starring Sayaka Akimoto reprising her role as Bikuu from Makai no Hana. It was released in Japanese theaters on November 14, 2015. Akimoto performs the ending theme .
Makai Retsuden
is an omnibus television series which features the cast of the previous live action series. It celebrates the 10th anniversary of the Garo franchise and was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April 8 to June 24, 2016.
Ashura
is a special episode, with the Garo production team collaborating with New Japan Pro-Wrestling to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the Garo franchise. It features Hiroshi Tanahashi as Gouki and Togi Makabe and was broadcast on TV Tokyo on July 1, 2016. Taking place between Makai Senki and Makai no Hana, Kaoru tells a young Raiga the story of one of the first Makai Knights to bear the Garo title: Gouki.
Zero: Dragon Blood
A brand new television series about Ray Fujita's character Rei Suzumura was originally announced as one of many new projects the Garo Project team were working on in 2015 and it was originally just known as Zero. In June 2016, it was announced that the series would be titled to be broadcast in 2017. It was broadcast on TV Tokyo from January 6 to March 31, 2017.
Live stage shows
features Masahiro Inoue's character Jinga and is connected to Garo: Kami no Kiba. It was held between November 29 to December 3, 2017, at Space Zero in Yoyogi.
features Masahiro Inoue's character Jinga and is connected to Kami no Kiba: Jinga. It was held between January 5 to January 14, 2019, at The Galaxy Theatre in Higashishinagawa.
Kami no Kiba
is a film of the series featuring Wataru Kuriyama's character Ryuga Dougai, along the main cast of Yami o Terasu Mono and Gold Storm Sho. It was released in Japanese theaters on January 6, 2018.
Kami no Kiba: Jinga
In November 2017, series creator Keita Amemiya announced plans for a spin-off television series, titled , featuring Masahiro Inoue's character Jinga was in the works. In July 2018, it was announced that the series is scheduled to be broadcast in October of that year. It was broadcast on Tokyo MX from October 4 to December 27, 2018.
Gekkou no Tabibito
is film that stars Masei Nakayama as Raiga Saejima serving as a sequel to the Makai no Hana television series, also including Hiroki Konishi who reprise his role as the original protagonist Kouga Saejima. After the production announcement in November 2014, it was announced in November 2018 that the film is scheduled to be released in theaters in 2019. It was released in Japanese theaters on October 4, 2019.
A three part mini series, P Garo Saejima Kouga was streamed on YouTube prior to the release of the film.
Versus Road
Garo: Versus Road is a television series, which celebrates the 15th anniversary of the Garo franchise that premiered on Tokyo MX on April 2, 2020. It features a brand new cast that includes Koya Matsudai, Yuhi, Tokito, Toman, Naoya Shimizu, and Shutaro Kadoshita. This series is set in a different continuity from those of previous entries in the franchise.
Hagane o Tsugu Mono
is a television series scheduled to premiere on Tokyo MX and BS Nittele in January 2024, featuring Wataru Kuriyama's character Ryuga Dougai.
References
External links
GARO at TV Tokyo
GARO PROJECT
2005 Japanese television series debuts
2006 Japanese television series endings
Tokusatsu television series
Japanese horror fiction television series
Martial arts television series
TV Tokyo original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Waipio Valley is a valley located in the Hamakua District of the Big Island of Hawaii. "Waipio" means "curved water" in the Hawaiian language.
The valley was the capital and permanent residence of many early Hawaiian Aliʻi (chiefs/kings) up until the time of King Umi. This was a place celebrated for its nioi tree (Eugenia reinwardtiana) known as the Nioi wela o Paakalana ("The burning Nioi of Paakalana"). It was the location of the ancient grass palace of the ancient "kings" of Hawaiʻi with the nioi stands. Kahekili II (king of Maui) raided Waipio in the 18th century and burned the four sacred trees to the ground. The first chief who had a court in this valley was called Kahaimoelea.
The shore line in the valley is a black sand beach, popular with surfers. A few taro farms are located in the valley. Several large waterfalls fall into the valley to feed the river which flows from the foot of the largest falls at the back of the valley out to the ocean.
The valley floor at sea level is almost below the surrounding terrain. A steep road leads down into the valley from a lookout point located on the top of the southern wall of the valley. The road rises in at a 25% average grade, with significantly steeper grades in sections. Some portions of the road can reach up to a 45% grade, which would make Waipio Valley Road the steepest in the world, compared to Baldwin Street's 35%. This is a paved public road but it is open only to 4 wheel drive vehicles. It is the steepest road of its length in the United States.
A foot trail called Waimanu or Muliwai Trail leads down a steep path to the Waimanu Valley, which is only accessible by the trail or by boat. The trail is accessible to hikers, who need a Waimanu camping permit from the state unless they do the trek as a strenuous day hike. At the upper end of the valley, Waimanu Gap at elevation leads to the south end of Waimanu Valley.
Waipio Valley Road was closed to visitors from February 25, 2022 "as a precautionary safety measure and to further assess and mitigate the road’s conditions". Officials stated there was roadway and slope failure and the closure includes visitors both in vehicles and on foot.
On April 26, 2022, a group of Big Island residents announced they would be suing Mayor Mitch Roth and Hawaii County's Public Works Director Ikaika Rodenhurst over the closure of the road. The plaintiffs argued that the closure of Waipio Valley Road to all but residents violated their constitutional rights to equal protection against intentional and arbitrary discrimination. After mediation, the mayor amended the proclamation. The access to the valley floor with a covered 4WD vehicle was reopened September 19, 2022 for Big Island residents, county-permitted tour company operators and those seeking to practice their Native Hawaiian traditional or customary rights.
In Hawaiian folklore
It has a role in local Hawaiian folklore as a place where the gateway to Lua-o-Milu (the Underworld) was hidden from view by sand.
In popular culture
The valley was the site of the final scene in the 1995 sci-fi film Waterworld, at which the main characters found dry land.
References
External links
Getty Images Waipio Pictures
Canyons and gorges of Hawaii
Valleys of Hawaii
Landforms of Hawaii (island)
Royal residences in Hawaii
Beaches of Hawaii (island)
Black sand beaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waipio%20Valley |
In semiotics, the study of sign processes (semiosis), the meaning of a sign is its place in a sign relation, in other words, the set of roles that the sign occupies within a given sign relation.
This statement holds whether sign is taken to mean a sign type or a sign token. Defined in these global terms, the meaning of a sign is not in general analyzable with full exactness into completely localized terms, but aspects of its meaning can be given approximate analyses, and special cases of sign relations frequently admit of more local analyses.
Two aspects of meaning that may be given approximate analyses are the connotative relation and the denotative relation. The connotative relation is the relation between signs and their interpretant signs. The denotative relation is the relation between signs and objects. An arbitrary association exists between the signified and the signifier.
For example, a US salesperson doing business in Japan might interpret silence following an offer as rejection, while to Japanese negotiators silence means the offer is being considered. This difference in interpretations represents a difference in semiotics.
Triadic relation
The triadic (three part) model of the sign separates the meaning of a sign into three distinct components:
1. The representamen, which is the medium, or ‘sign vehicle’, through which the sign is represented. For example, this could be written/spoken words, a photograph, or a painting.
2. The interpretant, or what is meant by the sign
3. The object, or that to which the sign refers
Together, these three components generate semiosis. For example, an exclamation mark can be broken down into these components. The representamen is the exclamation mark itself, the interpretant is the idea of excitement or an elevated volume of speech, and the object is the actual excitement or elevated volume of speech to which it refers.
While it might appear that the latter two are the same, the subtle difference lies in the fact that the interpretant refers to the idea of something, and the object is the thing itself.
The representamen component of the sign can be further broken down into three categories, which are icon, index, and symbol. These denote the degree of abstraction from the object to which they refer. A symbol, which is the most abstract, does not resemble or bear any physical relation to the thing that it represents in any way. For example, a peace sign has no relation to peace aside from its social construction as a symbol that represents it. An icon is slightly less abstract, and resembles to some degree the thing that it represents, and bears some physical likeness to it. A good example of this would be a painted portrait. An index is the least arbitrary category of representamen, and has a definite physical tie to that which it represents. This could be something like a weather vane blowing in the wind indicating that it is windy out, or smoke, which indicates a fire.
The triadic model of the sign was proposed by Charles Peirce. In contradistinction to Ferdinand de Saussure's dyadic model, which assumed no material referent, Peirce's model assumes that in order for a sign to be meaningful, it must refer to something external and cannot be self-contained, as it is for Saussure. Thus, Peirce's model includes the addition of an 'object'. The ‘representamen’ and ‘interpretant’ components of the triadic model are comparable to Saussure's dyadic model of the sign, which breaks down into signifier and signified.
Sign relation
Connotative relation
Denotative relation
See also
Connotation and denotation
Connotation
Denotation
Connotation in semiotics
Denotation in semiotics
Denotational semantics
Fully abstract
Information theory
Ideasthesia
Logic of information
Meaning in linguistics
Pragmatic maxim
Pragmatics
Peirce, Charles Sanders
Relation
Semantics
Semiotic information theory
Sign relation
Triadic relation
Notes
Concepts in the philosophy of language
Meaning (philosophy of language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning%20%28semiotics%29 |
"Hopeful" is a song by Japanese recording artist Ami Suzuki, taken from her fourth studio album (and first in Avex) Around the World. The up-tempo, dance-pop song was written by Ami Suzuki (lyrics) and Shunsuke Yazaki (music).
Background
The original version of the song, arranged by its composer Shunsuke Yazaki, was first introduced in commercial spots announcing Ami's comeback to music in the Avex Trax label. It was set to be digitally released on February 9, 2005 (Suzuki's birthday), through Japanese music download sites such as Mu-Mo and Mora. Later, the song was remixed by Japanese DJ and trance producer Overhead Champion, and this one became the lead version, being used in the music video for "Hopeful". This version was included in Suzuki's Avex first single "Delightful", and also in the Around the World album. Thus, the original version of "Hopeful" was never released physically, though it was included in some promotional CD singles with the cover showing Ami holding the Avex logo in her hands prior to the release of "Delightful".
Initially, it was "Hopeful" the song chosen to give name to Suzuki's first studio album in Avex. However, due to unknown reasons, the album title ended up being Around the World instead of Hopeful.
Music video
The music video was directed by Wataru Takeishi. It shows Suzuki sleeping over some highly-technological machine, that keeps her floating in a room that is apparently closed from everyone. A girl makes an appearance then, she enters this room and insert a CD into the machine where Suzuki is floating and sleeping. When the CD starts to be read, the machine activates and Suzuki awakes slowly. Her sleep and consequent awakening in the video most likely refers to her absence and subsequent comeback in the major music industry. The music video has three different scenarios, each one in bright red, yellow and gray colors. The red one is where Ami is with her hair down and in a white dress, seen floating, first sleeping and then awake. In the yellow scenes Ami appears in a white suit and a futuristic hairstyle, being surrounded by some machines. The gray scenario shows Ami with a business suit slightly modified, doing a choreography with a dance crew.
First, a short version of the video was included in the DVD of the "Eventful" single. The full version was included in the DVD of the album Around the World.
Track listing
References
Ami Suzuki songs
2005 singles
2005 songs
Songs written by Ami Suzuki
ja:Hopeful | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopeful%20%28Ami%20Suzuki%20song%29 |
Dmitri Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 10 in A-flat major, Op. 118, was composed from 9 to 20 July 1964. It was premiered by the Beethoven Quartet in Moscow and is dedicated to composer Mieczysław (Moisei) Weinberg, a close friend of Shostakovich. It has been described as cultivating the uncertain mood of his earlier Stalin-era quartets, as well as foreshadowing the austerity and emotional distance of his later works. The quartet typified the preference for chamber music over large scale works, such as symphonies, that characterised his late period. According to musicologist Richard Taruskin, this made him the first Russian composer to devote so much time to the string quartet medium.
Music
The work has four movements:
Playing time is approximately 22 minutes.
I. Andante
The first movement is in sonata rondo form and makes use of soft dynamics. Opening with a four-note motif on solo violin, the movement is largely written in E minor, a minor sixth away from the main key of A-flat major. This E minor/A-flat major dialogue recurs throughout the quartet. Themes in both keys are heard separately, then simultaneously, before being recapitulated in A-flat.
It also features sul ponticello playing, an extended technique involving use of the upper harmonics of the strings, and makes use of an anapest rhythm which recurs throughout Shostakovich's oeuvre. The movement contains a derivation of Shostakovich's "musical signature", the DSCH motif, a cryptogram of the composer's name using the German lettering system for musical notes. The movement ends morendo, denoting gradually dying away in volume.
A typical performance takes around 5 minutes.
II. Allegretto furioso
The second movement is in E minor and makes extensive use of the Locrian mode. The emotional indicator 'furioso' is unique in Shostakovich's string quartets. Its beginning, four whole tone steps, references a subject used by Shostakovich in his Fifth Symphony and Eighth String Quartet.
A typical performance takes around 5 minutes.
III. Adagio (attacca)
The third movement is written in A minor, a semitone away from the tonic A-flat major, although it also employs the A-flat major and E minor tonalities which recur throughout the work. It is written in the passacaglia form, frequently used in Shostakovich's music, and described as an example of the influence of Baroque period composition on his work. The passacaglia theme is developed, played with and without ground bass, and with added bars and beats throughout the movement. It also features a self-quote of the 'hymn motif' of his Fourth Quartet.
A typical performance takes around 7 minutes.
IV. Allegretto – Andante
The fourth movement is continuous from the third, played with no pause in between. It is written in A-flat major, the tonic key of the work. It also employs D minor, creating dissonance a tritone away from the tonic. It is written in sonata rondo form and makes extensive use of drones and folk song rhythms. In this movement, the themes of each of the preceding
three movements are heard again, against the new rondo theme, including the passacaglia theme of the third movement, which is played fortississimo, creating a contrast against the movement's largely muted texture. The movement ends, marked morendo as with the first movement, creating an uncertain finish. The DSCH cryptogram also returns in this movement.
A typical performance takes around 9 minutes.
Composition
The string quartet was dedicated to Polish composer Mieczysław Weinberg, a close friend and pupil of Shostakovich. The composers had a mutually influential relationship, as well as a degree of rivalry, which, in part, motivated the dedication. In 1964, Shostakovich wrote:
[Weinberg] wrote nine quartets and with the last of them overtook me, since at the time I only had eight. I therefore set myself the challenge of catching up and overtaking Weinberg, which I have now done.
The string quartet is written in the traditional four movements, his only quartet composed after his Sixth Quartet, composed in 1956, to do so. This makes it unlike Shostakovich's other quartets at the time, which deviated from tradition by using a variety of movement structures. Its juxtaposition of chromatic and triadic melodies has been noted for its similarity to his Eighth String Quartet, and the melody in the first movement has been said to recall the theme of the first movement of his Fifth Symphony. The structure of the quartet, particularly its combination of calm, relatively quiet introduction and fast, urgent second movement resembles his Tenth Symphony. Its melodies have been described as emblematic of Shostakovich's preference for intervals such as the major and minor third.
Featuring more minims and semibreves than any of the composer's previous work, it anticipates an interest in silence and slow development that characterises the composer's late period. Its extensive use of glissandi, sforzandi, and oscillating semitones has also been described as emblematic of his late style. It employs the rhythm of the "betrayal" motif from Shostakovich's opera, Lady Macbeth. It has also been described as reminiscent in structure of his Third Quartet, for the sequence of the second movement's scherzo, into the third movement's slow passacaglia. Conversely, it foreshadows the austere, subdued mood of Shostakovich's later work, his first quartet since 1956 to not have every movement marked with attacca.
The work was composed over ten days at the Dilijan composers' retreat in Armenia.
Some of Shostakovich's works at the time had been subject to condemnation by the Communist Party. His opera Katerina Izmailova was a 1962 revision of Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, which had been banned by the Communist government in 1936. Because of this controversy, it premiered with no publicity. Similarly, his Thirteenth Symphony was censored for its sympathy to the Jewish survivors of the Babi Yar massacres. Ian MacDonald wrote that an attitude of "disgust" to this reception shaped the "puritanical fury" found in the Tenth String Quartet. The formal choice itself to increasingly compose string quartets over symphonies has been used to support this reading of his work, due to the fact that the string quartet and other chamber forms do not appear on the official list of Soviet genres.
Reception
Its anxious mood has been linked to Shostakovich's declining physical health at the time of composition. Its sparseness has also been suggested to in part result from his health issues and a consequent inability to handwrite complex lines.
Approaches which view the work through the lens of Shostakovich's health or relationship to the government have been described as reductive, such as by critic Thomas May, who wrote that this criticism "tends to obscure the musical and artistic experience" and does not account for the "profound sense of ambivalence" the work contains in spite of its aggressive moments. The quartet has also been interpreted as a representation of the struggle between evil, represented by the theme of the second furioso movement, and human emotions. In this interpretation, the lack of this theme in the fourth movement, where all the other themes are restated, symbolises the possibility of overcoming evil. This interpretation has, however, also been criticised as reductive. The quartet's similarity in structure and melodies to other Shostakovich works has led some critics to describe it as a relatively insignificant composition, such as Ian MacDonald, who wrote in The New Shostakovich that it lacks "the depth or breadth of [its] finest predecessors".
Other critics are more positive, such as Richard Taruskin, who described MacDonald's book as a 'travesty', and suggesting that his dismissal of the Tenth Quartet results from a flawed, overly biographical approach to the composer. Additionally, Judith Kuhn wrote that the quartet's second movement is 'perhaps the most successful and exciting of the composer’s attempts to use the string quartet to depict large-scale conflict'.
Influence
The work was arranged for string orchestra by Rudolf Barshai in his Chamber Symphony. Barshai was a friend and colleague of Shostakovich, and frequent conductor of his music, including the premiere of his Fourteenth Symphony. His arrangement is highly faithful to Shostakovich's original, different primarily in its addition of double bass, largely used to emphasise the cello part. Additionally, Anatoli Dmitriev arranged a reduction for piano four hands.
Performances and recordings
The work was premiered by the Beethoven Quartet in Moscow in 1964. Following this, it was premiered in the UK by the Alberni Quartet in 1966. Over twenty recordings of the work have been made, the first by the Weller Quartet in 1965. These also include recordings by ensembles that Shostakovich knew and worked with, such as the Borodin Quartet, the Beethoven Quartet, both of whom have released multiple recordings of the work, and the Fitzwilliam Quartet, who recorded it in 1998. Several recordings have also been made of Rudolf Barshai's arrangement for string orchestra, including by the Kiev Virtuosi, conducted by Dmitry Yablonsky in 2017 and the Dmitri Ensemble, conducted by Graham Ross, in 2015.
References
10
1964 compositions
Music dedicated to family or friends
Compositions in A-flat major | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20Quartet%20No.%2010%20%28Shostakovich%29 |
Unexplained EP is an extended play (EP) by English band EMF. One of the tracks on the EP is a cover of Iggy & the Stooges' 1973 song "Search and Destroy". Released on 20 April 1992, the EP peaked at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart, number 16 on the Irish Singles Chart, and number 10 on the Portuguese Singles Chart.
Track listing
"Getting Through"
"Far from Me"
"The Same"
"Search and Destroy"
Charts
References
1992 debut EPs
EMF (band) EPs
Parlophone EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexplained%20%28EP%29 |
Frederick James Koenekamp, A.S.C. (November 11, 1922 – May 31, 2017) was an American cinematographer. He was the son of cinematographer Hans F. Koenekamp.
Koenekamp worked in television and feature films from the 1960s, earning two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on The Man from U.N.C.L.E. He was nominated for an Oscar for Patton (1970) and Islands in the Stream (1977) and won the Oscar for The Towering Inferno (1974), along with Joseph Biroc. Other films shot by Koenekamp include Papillon (1973), Fun with Dick and Jane (1977), The Swarm (1978) and The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension (1984). He was a frequent collaborator of director Franklin J. Schaffner.
Early life and education
Fred J. Koenekamp was the son of American cinematographer H. F. Koenekamp, ASC. Hans was the cameraman of Mack Sennett and his career worked with the likes of Charlie Chaplin, Gloria Swanson and the Keystone Cops. Hans would later receive the ASC Presidents Award in 1991. On occasion, as a young boy, Fred would go with his father on the weekends to visit the studios which he worked in. He took particular interest in the Camera and Special Effects Department at Warner Bros.
Despite this background in film, Koenekamp developed a much greater interest in aviation and enrolled in the commercial aviation program at the University of Southern California. When World War II broke out, Koenekamp enlisted in the Navy and served in the South Pacific for three and a half years. Koenekamp would resume his education after the end of the war.
Career
At the age of 23, Fred received a phone call from Herb Aller, head of the cameraman's union, and was offered a job as a film loader at RKO Pictures. It was during this time in which Fred developed a fascination with the picture business.
During this time, Bill Ellington, head of the camera department at RKO, and Ted Winchester, an associate at RKO, began to mentor Fred and during their spare time in the loading rooms, would teach Fred how to operate and take care of cameras.
The first five years of Koenekemp's career were fairly tumultuous and Fred found himself unemployed and employed again on several occasions. In 1953, Koenekamp received an offer from Bill Ellington to return to RKO to work on several 3D film setups and tests. As business began to pick up at RKO once again, Koenekamp received his first job as an assistant cameraman on Underwater! starring Jane Russell and directed by John Sturges. Koenekamp found himself in Hawaii for seven weeks and developed a skill for underwater photography.
As a result of his experience with underwater photography, Koenekamp found himself at MGM working as an assistant cameraman on a project with Esther Williams. This would initiate Koenekamp's 14-year stint at MGM.
After five years working as an assistant cameraman at MGM, Koenekamp became an operator. His first film as an operator was The Brothers Karamazov, a film adapted and directed by Richard Brooks. Moving from assistant cameraman to operator, Koenekamp described the increase in responsibilities as a daunting task. It was during this time in which Koenekamp learned how to light scenes, compose shots, and work with a director. At MGM, Fred developed close working relations with Robert Surtees, ASC and Milton Krasner, ASC. Koenekamp worked with Surtees as a technician on Raintree County, the first film shot with Panavision 70.
Koenekamp became an operator for Gunsmoke as business began to slow down at MGM. When the series wrapped, Fred found himself a four-year stint working on The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and earned himself two Emmy nominations for his work on the 1964–65 and 1965–66 seasons. Koenekamp would receive his first credit as a cinematographer for 1966's The Spy with My Face, a big screen adaptation of The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Within the next three years, Koenekamp worked on four more features with MGM—Doctor, You've Got to Be Kidding!, with Sandra Dee and George Hamilton; Stay Away, Joe (1968) and Live a Little, Love a Little, and Heaven with a Gun, with Glenn Ford. Koenekamp would then move on to work with Warner Bros. on The Great Bank Robbery.
In the midst of working on The Great Bank Robbery, Koenekamp received a call from his agent regarding interviewing with director Franklin J. Schaffner for Patton (1970). A week later, Frank received a call informing him that he was selected to be the cinematographer for the film. Patton shot in several locations including England, Greece, North Africa and Spain, and while shooting, Koenekamp developed a very close working relation with Franklin J. Schaffner. It was for Patton which Koenekamp received his first Academy Award for Best Cinematography nomination.
Koenekamp worked with Fox and director John Guillermin for 1974 action-drama disaster film The Towering Inferno. Fred worked with cinematographer Joseph Biroc on the film, and the two would win their first Academy Award for Best Cinematography. Koenekamp and Biroc would go on to work on four more features together.
Koenekamp reunited with Franklin J. Schaffner to work on Islands in the Stream and received his third Academy award nomination.
Legacy
Koenekamp retired at the age of 67 as a result of his displeasure with the quality of the films he was working on. His last film was Flight of the Intruder (1991).
Throughout his career as a cinematographer, Koenekamp preferred to work with the same crew. He had three assistants—Mike Benson, Ed Morey and Chuck Arnold, all of which he eventually made operators. All three would eventually become cinematographers as well.
Koenkamp was honored with an ASC Award for Outstanding Achievement on February 20, 2004.
Koenekamp died, at the age of 94, on May 31, 2017, and was buried at Eternal Valley Memorial Park in Santa Clarita, California.
Filmography
Films
Television
Awards and nominations
Nominated
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964–67)
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment - Cinematography
Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Achievement in Cinematography
Patton (1970)
Academy Award for Best Cinematography
The Towering Inferno (1974)
BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography
Islands in the Stream (1977)
Academy Award for Best Cinematography
Won
Patton (1970)
Golden Laurel Award
The Towering Inferno (1974)
Academy Award for Best Cinematography
A.S.C. Lifetime Achievement Award (2005)
References
Daily Variety, Peripheral Vision: Wide Range of Koenekamp's Work Underscores his Versatility. November 29, 2016.
American Cinematographer. A Versatile Veteran. November 29, 2016.]* American Cinematographer. ASC frames Koenekamp for lifetime achievement
Academy Awards Database
Index for Motion Picture Credits
1922 births
2017 deaths
American cinematographers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Best Cinematographer Academy Award winners
Film people from Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20J.%20Koenekamp |
Ochtrup () is a town in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated approximately 20 km west of Rheine and 20 km east of Enschede.
History
An early mention of the town was „Ohtepe“ (the eastern Epe or Ostepe) in the year 1143. A Christian church was established there in 1203.
Between November 25 and November 30, 2005, the town was often off the German power grid, and was the topic of national news. The cause was a heavy snow storm with very wet snow. The power poles and cables between Gronau and Ochtrup were encrusted with a thick layer of ice. Due to the increased weight and the heavy storm most power poles toppled. Emergency generators from all regions of Germany were installed and operated in the following days and weeks. Dairy farmers were economically impacted as were other companies in the area. The collapse of the power poles, even today, is not completely understood. Some were 65 years old and rusted, but some were newer and constructed with special steel. Politicians in North Rhine-Westphalia blamed the power company, RWE for failure to replace older poles.
Sights
The pottery museum of Ochtrup is in the house of an old pottery family whose name was Eiling. The authentic furniture shows the visitor how people lived in the 19th and the 20th century. The oldest objects dating from the 14th /15th century are restored Blackwood ware. The “Ochtruper Nachtigall” and the “Siebenhenkeltopf” are the most interesting objects. In the past, the “Siebenhenkeltopf” was a chamber pot with seven identical handles.
St. Lamberti Church is a Catholic church in a neogothic style which was inaugurated in 1873.
Stüwwenkopp dating from 1593 is an old weir in the town center which was a part of the medieval defensive wall of Ochtrup. Originally, Ochtrup was a village which developed around Saint Lamberti Church. In the Middle Ages, however, Ochtrup was transformed into a fortification surrounded by a moat and a wall. The dimension of the fort can still be seen on the present town maps as its borders were formed by the streets Nordwall, Ostwall, Südwall and Westwall which still surround the town center. The German word Wall means moat. Ochtrup as a fortification was meant to defend the trade road between Rheine and Münster, and as such the town was attacked and conquered various times, e.g. in the Thirty Years' War.
The Jewish Cemetery of Ochtrup is in the Eastern part of the town. The oldest tomb dates from 1824.
Twin Towns
Ochtrup is twinned with:
Valverde del Camino (Huelva, Spain) -- since 1991
References
External links
Steinfurt (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochtrup |
Dmitri Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 11 in F minor, Op. 122 was finished on January 30, 1966, in Moscow. It was premiered by the Beethoven Quartet and is the first in a series of four quartets to be dedicated to members of the Quartet. was the dedicatee of the Eleventh, the quartet's second violinist, who died on August 16 of the previous year.
Structure
The piece has seven movements, all of them in continuous playing, without pause:
The quartet begins with a violin which introduces the main theme; this will be developed throughout the quartet. It is immediately followed by the second movement, always with a dialogue in two voices and adorned with glissandi; this movement's structure is similar to a canon. The second movement leads to the dissonant beginning of the third, with the whole quartet playing a series of fast notes and long, dissonant chords. The fourth movement and the fifth form a diptych in which fast melodies and repetitive motions are present. In the fourth, the first violin plays fast notes while the rest of the group plays long chords; in the fifth, the ostinato in the second violin simplifies the motion presented in the previous movement. The sixth movement is much longer and consists of long chords and short melodic lines. The last movement is a recapitulation of all the themes presented in the previous movements.
Playing time is approximately 16 minutes.
Notes
11
1966 compositions
Compositions in F minor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20Quartet%20No.%2011%20%28Shostakovich%29 |
Paul Earl Heinbecker (born 1941) is a Canadian retired career diplomat and a former Canadian ambassador to Germany and permanent representative of Canada to the United Nations in New York City. He currently lives in Ottawa, Ontario.
Heinbecker is married to Ayşe Köymen. They have two daughters, Yasemin and Céline.
Education and diplomatic career
Heinbecker earned an honours B.A. from Waterloo Lutheran University (now Wilfrid Laurier University) in 1965. He has honorary doctorates from Laurier and St. Thomas Universities.
Heinbecker joined the Department of External Affairs immediately after graduation; his postings abroad were in Ankara, Stockholm, Paris and Washington.
From 1989 to 1992, Heinbecker served as Chief Foreign Policy Advisor and speechwriter for Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and as Assistant Secretary to the Cabinet for Foreign and Defence Policy.
In 1992, he was appointed ambassador to Germany. In the Department of Foreign Affairs in the late 1990s, he was the senior official responsible for the development of the Canadian human security agenda. He led the Canadian task forces on the Zaire and the Kosovo conflicts, participating in the diplomacy that ended the Kosovo war. He also served as chief negotiator of the Kyoto Protocol to the International Climate Change Convention.
In 2000, Heinbecker was appointed Canadian representative to the United Nations. There he was a strong proponent of the International Criminal Court and argued for compromise to avoid the Iraq War of 2003.
Recent work
Heinbecker was a Distinguished Fellow at the Centre for International Governance Innovation and the inaugural director of the Centre for Global Relations at Wilfrid Laurier University.
Heinbecker gained media attention in 2003 when he promoted a Canadian compromise at the United Nations which, if successful, would have obviated the Iraq war. A frequent commentor on Canadian foreign policy, he is the author or editor of numerous articles and books. Heinbecker’s most recent book is entitled, “Getting Back in the Game”. It has three components: Heinbecker’s history working as a Canadian Diplomat, an account of Canadian foreign policy, and the optimistic vision for Canadian foreign policy in the future. It promotes a future in which the government of Canada can take a stand and advocate for issues like climate change and the Middle East. He stresses in this novel the key role Canada plays in the rehabilitation of global governance. Heinbecker also edited a book alongside Patricia Goff entitled, "Irrelevant or Indispensable? The United Nations in the 21st Century".
In 2005, he criticized fellow diplomat Franco Pillarella for the latter's claim that he was unaware that Maher Arar was being tortured in Syria or that torture was even practised there.
On October 12, 2010, Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon said "Not being able to speak with one voice as a country had a negative impact on Canada's bid" for a seat in the United Nations Security Council, with reference to Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff's comments, which included "I know how important it is for Canada to get a seat on the Security Council, but Canadians have to ask a tough question: 'Has this government earned that place?' We're not convinced it has." On October 13, Heinbecker said that the failure to win a seat was the result of the government's policies, not of Ignatieff's criticism.
References
Sharp rebuke for ambassador at Arar inquiry, CBC News, 16 June 2005
Cannon blames Ignatieff for Canada's UN vote loss; Liberal leader refuses to accept blame, CBC News, 12 October 2010
Policy cost Canada UN seat: ex-ambassador, CBC News, 13 October 2010
1941 births
Living people
People from Waterloo, Ontario
People from Ottawa
Wilfrid Laurier University alumni
Academic staff of Wilfrid Laurier University
Permanent Representatives of Canada to the United Nations
Ambassadors of Canada to Germany
Members of the Order of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Heinbecker |
Dmitri Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 12 in D-flat major, Op. 133, was composed in 1968. It is dedicated to Dmitri Tsyganov, the first violinist of the Beethoven Quartet, which premiered the work in Moscow on June 14.
Structure
The work lasts approximately 26 minutes and is in two movements:
The piece contains twelve-tone elements, such as the opening in the cello:
References
Notes
Sources
External links
12
1968 compositions
Compositions in D-flat major | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20Quartet%20No.%2012%20%28Shostakovich%29 |
Assyrians in Turkey (, Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ) or Turkish Assyrians are an indigenous Semitic-speaking ethnic group and minority of Turkey who are Eastern Aramaic–speaking Christians, with most being members of the Syriac Orthodox Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Pentecostal Church, Assyrian Evangelical Church, or Ancient Church of the East.
They share a common history and ethnic identity, rooted in shared linguistic, cultural and religious traditions, with Assyrians in Iraq, Assyrians in Iran and Assyrians in Syria, as well as with the Assyrian diaspora. Assyrians in such European countries as Sweden and Germany would usually be Turoyo-speakers or Western Assyrians, and tend to be originally from Turkey.
The Assyrians were once a large ethnic minority in the Ottoman Empire, living in the Hakkari, Sirnak and Mardin provinces, but, following the Sayfo (1915, also known as the Assyrian genocide), most were murdered or forced to emigrate to join fellow Assyrians in northern Iraq, northeast Syria, and northwest Iran. Most of those who survived the genocide and stayed in Turkey left the country for Western Europe in the 2nd half of the 20th century, due to conflicts between the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Turkish Land Forces. As of 2019, an estimated 18,000 of the country's 25,000 Assyrians live in Istanbul. According to Yusuf Çetin, Spiritual Leader of the Syriac Orthodox Community, as of 2023, there are 25,000-30,000 Assyrians in Turkey, including 17,000 to 22,000 in Istanbul, most of them in Yeşilköy, where the new Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church was inaugurated on 8 October 2023.
History
Ottoman era
The Ottoman Empire had an elaborate system of administering the non-Muslim "People of the Book." That is, they made allowances for accepted monotheists with a scriptural tradition and distinguished them from people they defined as pagans. As People of the Book (or dhimmi), Jews, Christians and Mandaeans (in some cases Zoroastrians) received second-class treatment but were tolerated.
In the Ottoman Empire, this religious status became systematized as the "millet" administrative pattern. Each religious minority answered to the government through its chief religious representative. The Christians that the Ottomans conquered gradually but definitively with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 were already divided into many ethnic groups and denominations, usually organized into a hierarchy of bishops headed by a patriarch.
As for the 5 Assyrian Tribes of Hakkari, The Shimun Patriarchate in Qodshanis, who the Tribes worshipped because it was the Assyrian Church of the East's Holy See: was directly subservient to the Sublime Porte, who the see paid the taxes to which they collected from the tribes.
Those who had converted to Protestantism did not want to pay an annual tribute to the older churches through local bishops who then passed some of it up to the Patriarch who then passed some of it to the Porte in the form of taxes. They wanted to deal directly with the Porte, across ethnic lines (even if through a Muslim administrator), in order to have their own voice and not be subjected to the rule of the Patriarchal system. This general Protestant charter was granted in 1850.)
Gaunt has estimated the Assyrian population at between 500,000 and 600,000 just before the outbreak of World War I, significantly higher than reported on Ottoman census figures. Midyat, in Diyarbekir vilayet, was the only town in the Ottoman Empire with an Assyrian majority, although divided between Syriac Orthodox, Chaldeans, and Protestants. Syriac Orthodox Christians were concentrated in the hilly rural areas around Midyat, known as Tur Abdin, where they populated almost 100 villages and worked in agriculture or crafts. Syriac Orthodox culture was centered in two monasteries near Mardin (west of Tur Abdin), Mor Gabriel and Deyrulzafaran. Outside of the area of core Syriac settlement, there were also sizable populations in the towns of Diyarbakır, Urfa, Harput, and Adiyaman as well as villages. Unlike the Syriac population of Tur Abdin, many of these Syriacs spoke other languages.
Under the leadership of the Patriarch of the Church of the East, based in Qudshanis, Assyrian tribes ruled the Hakkari mountains (east of Tur Abdin, adjacent to the Ottoman–Persian border) with aşiret status—in theory granting them full autonomy—with subordinated farmers. Hakkari is very mountainous with peaks reaching up to separated by steep gorges, such that many areas could only be accessed by footpaths carved into the side of mountains. The Assyrian tribes sometimes fought each other on behalf of their Kurdish allies. Church of the East settlement began to the east on the western shore of Lake Urmia in Persia, in the town of Urmia and surrounding villages; just north, in Salamas, was a Chaldean enclave. There was a Chaldean area around Siirt in Bitlis vilayet (northeast of Tur Abdin and northwest of Hakkari), which was mountainous but less so than Hakkari, but the bulk of Chaldeans lived farther south, in modern-day Iraq and outside of the zone that suffered genocide during World War I.
Republic of Turkey
After 1923, local politicians went on an anti-Christian campaign that negatively affected the Syriac communities (such as Adana, Urfa or Adiyaman) that had not been affected by the 1915 genocide. Many were forced to abandon their properties and flee to Syria, eventually settling in Aleppo, Qamishli, or the Khabur. The Syriac Orthodox patriarchate was expelled from Turkey in 1924, despite its declarations of loyalty to the new Turkish government. Unlike Armenians, Jews, and Greeks, Assyrians were not recognized as a minority group in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. The remaining population lived in submission to Kurdish aghas, and were subjected to constant harassment and abuse which pushed them to emigrate. Turkish laws denaturalized those who had fled and confiscated their property. Despite their actual citizenship rights, many Assyrians who remained in Turkey had to re-purchase their own properties from Kurdish aghas or risk losing their Turkish citizenship. Some Assyrians continued to live in Tur Abdin until the 1980s; this was the last substantial Christian population in Turkey living rurally in its original homeland. Some scholars have described ongoing exclusion and harassment of Syriacs in Turkey as a continuation of the Sayfo.
Unlike other persecuted Christian groups like the Greeks and Armenians, the Assyrian community of Turkey managed to sustain its numbers after the Assyrian Genocide but they had many hardships nevertheless. In the 1960s, it became increasingly unsafe for Assyrians/Syriacs in Midyat, the regional centre of Tur Abdin. Muslims incited violent anti-Christian protests as a response to events unfolding in Cyprus. This led to many Assyro-Syriacs not seeing a future for themselves in their ancestral homeland. By the 1980s the Assyrian population of Turkey was around 70,000 people, although down from the 300,000 or so in total who survived after the genocide. The currently diminished number of 28,000 Assyrians today was caused largely due to Kurdish insurgencies in the 1980s and the bad state of most of the Middle East, along with the forever looming issue of Turkish governmental discrimination. By the end of the conflict in the late 1990s, less than 1,000 Assyrians were still in Tur Abdin or Hakkari, with the rest living in Istanbul.
In 2001, the Turkish government invited Assyrians/Syriacs to return to Turkey, but some speculate that the offer was more of a publicity stunt, as a land law passed a short time before caused Assyrians who owned untilled farms or land with forests on them (which a large amount did, as those in diaspora could not till or maintain the properties they owned while living elsewhere) to have the land they owned confiscated by the state and sold to third parties. Another law made it illegal for non-Turkish nationals to purchase land in Mardin province, where most Assyrians would have immigrated to. Regardless of those laws a few did come, such as those who still had their citizenship and could buy property and managed to avoid having their land taken – but many more who could have come back could not due to the laws passed.
Some Assyrians who have fled from ISIL have found temporary homes in the city of Midyat. A refugee center is located near Midyat, but due to there being a small Assyrian community in Midyat, many of the Assyrian refugees at the camp went to Midyat hoping for better conditions than the refugee camp had. Many refugees were given help and accommodation by the local Assyrian community there, perhaps wishing that the refugees stay, as the community in Midyat is in need of more members.
In 2013, Assyrians were allowed to open the first school operating in their mother tongue since 1928. The same year, 55 Syriac churches, monasteries, and cemeteries in Mardin Province confiscated by the Turkish state were returned to them. On 8 October 2023, the Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church opened, the first church built since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. As of 2023, the Syriac community owns 113 properties registered in the name of community foundations.
Language
Unlike Armenians, Jews, and Greeks, Assyrians were not recognized as a minority group in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and could not open schools teaching their language. The last Assyrian-language school was closed in 1928.
On 18 June 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court ruled in favor of Assyrians' right to use their mother tongue as stated in the Treaty of Lausanne. The Ministry of Education accepted the decision and a first kindergarten opened in 2014. In 2023, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced the opening of a new Assyrian school, funded by the government.
Classical Syriac and modern Surayt are taught are Mardin Artuklu University.
In a 2017 survey, 64% of Assyrians in Istanbul declared "Assyrian" as their mother tongue, while 27% declarer Turkish.
Religion
The Assyrians are an ethnic group divided into a variety of different Christian churches, and those churches vary dramatically in liturgy and structure, and even dictate identity (see Terms for Syriac Christians). The predominant Christian denomination among Assyrians in Turkey is the Syriac Orthodox Church, with their 15,000–20,000 followers being called Syriacs. Due to migration, the Syriacs' main residential area in Turkey today is Istanbul, where between 12,000 and 18,000 live. Between 2,000 and 3,000 Syriac Orthodoxs still live in Tur Abdin, and they are spread among 30 villages, hamlets, and towns. Some of these locations are dominated by Syriacs while others are dominated by the Kurds. Additionally, there are a few Syriac Orthodox Christian communities in Izmir, Ankara, İskenderun, Diyarbakir, Adıyaman, Malatya, Elazığ, and a few other places. As part of the return movement some Syriac Orthodox returned to Tur Abdin villages from Germany, Sweden and Switzerland.
The second largest denomination is the Chaldean Catholic Church in Turkey, which has around 7,000–8,000 members who live primarily in Diyarbakir, Mardin, Sirnak province, and Istanbul. In 2016 it was estimated that there were about 48,594 Chaldean Catholics in Turkey. Diyarbakir was the city in which the Chaldean Catholic Church was founded when it separated in 1552 from the Assyrian Church of the East. Prior to the Sayfo there was also a large community of Nestorians, or followers of the Assyrian Church of the East, and Syriac Catholics. The Nestorian Tribes lived in the Hakkari mountains on the southeastern edge of Turkey's border, which is now part of the modern day Sirnak and Hakkari provinces. Additionally, the Patriarch of the Nestorian church had his See until mid-1915 based in a village in that region known as Qodshanis after he and his followers settled there in the 1660s, making Turkey the center of their church structure.
The Syriac Catholic Church had their See in Mardin during the 1800s after being driven out of Aleppo due to oppression by the Syriac Orthodox Church. A large community lived in the southeast in the Tur Abdin region until they were massacred and forced to flee during the Sayfo to Lebanon, where the See was reestablished. There is still a tiny Syriac Catholic community that lives in Mardin and Istanbul, but most Syriac Catholics now live in Iraq, Syria, or Lebanon. Syriac Protestant Churches exist in Turkey as well.
References
Sources
See also
Assyrian homeland
Christianity in Turkey
Minorities in Turkey
External links
Ethnic groups in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians%20in%20Turkey |
Dmitri Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 13 in B-flat minor, Op. 138, was first conceived in 1969, and completed in 1970 as Shostakovich was undergoing treatment at the Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics in Kurgan.
The work consists of one movement:
Playing time is approximately 19 minutes.
The piece was dedicated to Vadim Borisovsky, violist of the Beethoven Quartet, and the viola is accordingly given a prominent role in the piece. The quartet opens with a twelve-tone theme played on the viola, and concludes with a high B♭ held first by the viola, then with the violins in unison until reaching a sforzando. The work also requires the players to tap on the bodies of their instruments with their bows at several points.
References
External links
13
1970 compositions
Compositions in B-flat minor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20Quartet%20No.%2013%20%28Shostakovich%29 |
Henry XIII (19 November 1235 – 3 February 1290), member of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was Duke of Lower Bavaria.
Family
He was the younger son of Otto II and Agnes of Brunswick.
Biography
In 1254, he succeeded his father together with his brother Louis II in Bavaria and the Palatinate.
The brothers divided their land in 1255 against the law. Henry received Lower Bavaria and Louis Upper Bavaria and the Palatinate. It was the first of many divisions of the duchy. Henry resided in Landshut and, in 1255, the work for the main castle of Burghausen Castle was begun.
As the division of the duchy was against the law, it caused anger of the Bishops in Bavaria who allied with Ottokar II of Bohemia in 1257. In August 1257, Ottokar invaded Bavaria, but Henry and Louis managed to repulse the attack. It was one of the rare concerted and harmonious actions of both brothers who often argued. Henry was also later several times at war against the Archbishopric of Salzburg and the Bishop of Passau. During the conflict of King Rudolph I of Germany with Ottokar II, Duke Henry repeatedly changed allegiance.
During Duke Henry's reign, the Bavarian Peace Ordinances were put into place in his domains, stating, "Anyone out of doors at night without a lantern is violating the peace and is suspect of crime." The ordinances extend further for the city of Landshut that anyone carrying a sword or dagger by day or night was liable to heavy penalties.
Henry XIII was succeeded by his oldest son Otto III, who also became King of Hungary. Henry's branch died out in 1340 and was inherited by Louis' son Emperor Louis IV.
Marriage and children
In 1250, Henry married Elizabeth of Hungary, a daughter of Béla IV of Hungary and Maria Laskarina. The couple were married for twenty-one years and had ten children:
Agnes (January 1254 – 20 October 1315). Joined the Cistercian Monastery at Seligenthal as a nun.
Agnes (17 July 1255 – 10 May 1260). She shared her name with her older sister.
Agnes (29 October 1256 – 16 November 1260). She shared her name with her two older sisters.
Elizabeth (23 April 1258 – 8 August 1314). Joined the Cistercian Monastery at Seligenthal as a nun.
Otto III, Duke of Bavaria (11 February 1261 – 9 November 1312), married Catherine of Habsburg
Henry (23 February 1262 – 16 September 1280).
Sophie (c. 1264 – 4 February 1282). Married Poppo VIII, Count of Henneberg.
Catherine (9 June 1267 – 9 January 1310). Married Frederick Tuta, Margrave of Meissen.
Louis III, Duke of Bavaria (9 October 1269 – 9 October 1296).
Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria (14 March 1271 – 10 December 1310).
References
Sources
1235 births
1290 deaths
13th-century dukes of Bavaria
House of Wittelsbach | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20XIII%2C%20Duke%20of%20Bavaria |
"The Children's Crusade" is the over-arching title of a seven-issue comic book crossover and limited series, and specifically the two bookends thereof. It was published in 1993 and 1994 by DC Comics as a part of the Vertigo imprint.
The two bookends which open and close the crossover were written by Neil Gaiman and Alisa Kwitney, with the middle five issues being the newly created or resurrected Annuals from the then-on-going Vertigo titles (bar the Arcana Annual, which re-launched a new Books of Magic series). These were written by those titles' then-authors: Dick Foreman, Jamie Delano, Nancy Collins, Rachel Pollack and John Ney Rieber, respectively.
This storyline marked the first attempt by the then-brand-new Vertigo comic line to do a crossover within its titles. Its relative lack of success, and the subsequent retooling of the Vertigo imprint to feature comics that do not tend to share a universe, make it unlikely to be repeated in such a manner. Subsequently, therefore, while individual characters (in particular John Constantine) occasionally guest-star in other titles, such a wide-ranging crossover has not been attempted.
Titles
In addition to the two Children's Crusade issues, the crossover ran through five newly created/resurrected Annuals. In reading order the event runs as follows: Children's Crusade #1, Black Orchid Annual #1, Animal Man Annual #1, Swamp Thing Annual #7, Doom Patrol Annual #2, Arcana Annual #1, and Children's Crusade #2.
Collected edition
In 2013, Vertigo announced, for the first time ever, to publish the entire title in one collected edition. Following delays, the collection would eventually be released in 2015 as Free Country: A Tale of the Children's Crusade including the two issue mini-series, as well as a "brand-new middle chapter written by DEAD BOY DETECTIVES writer Toby Litt and drawn by artist Peter Gross" in place of the annuals of the original crossover.
Characters
Alongside Edwin Paine and Charles Rowland, the "Dead Boy Detectives", it focused on the children who played major roles in these books: Suzy, Maxine Baker, Tefé, Dorothy Spinner and Timothy Hunter respectively.
Advertising
The crossover was advertised in the trade press, amongst them the fledgling Hero Illustrated. The advert featured a specially written five-panel strip in which Charles Rowland and Edwin Paine read the Vertigo Press release advertising the "big crossover in October and November [1993] in some of the Vertigo Annuals".
The crossover's tagline was "The Children's Crusade, it's no Fairy Tale" and the author of the comic-strip-advert (likely Neil Gaiman, about whom it says "whoever he is") writes archly, through the character of Charles Rowland:
"It says here that the Vertigo Universe will never be the same again.
Of course, it was never the same before".
Plot summaries
The story starts with the ghosts of two boys, Edwin and Charles (seen previously in issue #25 of The Sandman and later in The Dead Boy Detectives), who have set up shop as detectives for hire, with nothing but the knowledge of the great mystery novels and films. The two boys are approached by a young girl that finds their ad and enlists them to locate her brother who, along with several other children, disappeared from the small English hamlet they all live in, called Flaxdown.
It turns out that all the children of the village as well as all other children who have ever disappeared (see "The Children's Crusade" & "The Pied Piper of Hamelin") were taken to a place called "Free Country". Free Country is a place where children never grow old and are free from the abuse and tyranny of adults (child abuse is a recurring theme). Free Country is run by a council of various children who have existed there hundreds of years. The council is attempting to bring over all the children in the world, but Free Country is having trouble supporting them all. To help bolster Free Country's power they bring over five innately powerful children. As long as the children stay in Free Country they provide the place with power.
The comics include many references to the works of Robert Browning.
Arcana: The Books of Magic
Written by John Ney Rieber and with art by Peter Gross, the Arcana Annual reintroduced Timothy Hunter from Neil Gaiman's The Books of Magic mini-series. The story concentrated mostly on a young dancer called Marya, who leaves behind Free Country and an overly attentive admirer named Daniel to recruit Timothy Hunter to their cause. Tim is destined to be the greatest magician of his age, and his support would greatly strengthen Free Country - but before she can find him, the young magician is kidnapped "respectfully" by a falconer named Tamlin.
Tamlin is apparently working on behalf of an unnamed Queen implied to be Titania, but when he takes Tim to a dying corner of Faerie he admits that he has his own agenda: Faerie is dying, and the falconer thinks that Tim may be able to save it. He gives Tim a gift of a magical stone, and leaves him to find his own way back to the real world. When he does, Tim meets with Marya and agrees to go to Free Country to see if he can help there. Marya doesn't return with him, deciding to stay in the real world and fulfil her dream of becoming a dancer.
The Arcana Annual also acted as a prelude to a monthly The Books of Magic comic, which continued the stories of Tim and Tamlin, and Marya and Daniel.
Arcana: The Books of Magic Annual #1 was included in the collected edition of The Books of Faerie.
Prose adaptation
In 2003, a prose adaptation of the crossover was released as part of the Books of Magic prose novels series. The Books of Magic: The Children's Crusade was written by Carla Jablonski.
References
External links
Article on The Children's Crusade
Comics by Neil Gaiman
The Books of Magic
Fantasy comics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Children%27s%20Crusade%20%28comics%29 |
The Taita falcon (Falco fasciinucha) is a small falcon found in central and eastern Africa. It was first described from the Taita Hills of Kenya from which it derives its name.
Description
The Taita falcon is a small, rare raptor species. The biology and ecology of this falcon is not well-understood. It is robust, long winged with a short tail, and is adept at aerial hunting. This falcon bears some resemblance to the African hobby, with which it is often confused; however, the white throat and rufous patches on the nape offer a unique characteristic for identification. The wingspan of the males is , and that of females is . Males weigh and the females . The plumage of the males is more brightly coloured than the females.
Abundance, Distribution and Habitat
The Taita falcon is globally listed as Vulnerable (VU). This species is predicted to be represented by less than 1500 individuals of 500 breeding pairs in its distribution range and only 50 nest sites are known. However, because of their cryptic nature and occupancy of rather remote or inaccessible areas, it is difficult to achieve an accurate assessment of this falcon’s true conservation status. There may also be drastic fluctuations in populations, where breeding pairs decrease unevenly through the landscape.
The Taita falcon has a wide – yet fragmented distribution – from northern South Africa by the Mpumalanga/Limpopo Escarpment, up to Southern Ethiopia, which caps the northern extremity of this falcon’s distribution in Africa. Recently, a pair was observed near the JG Strijdom Tunnel in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. These typically cliff-dwelling falcons are closely associated with highlands and mountainous terrain, in areas of low rainfall. Small, isolated localities support a few breeding pairs where the habitat is suitable. These falcons seem to prefer closed, unfragmented woodlands.
Breeding and Nesting Behaviour
Breeding success is temporally and spatially variable (Jenkins et al, 2019). The Taita falcon typically nests in cliff holes, protected from direct sunlight (Hartley et al, 1993). Some falcons in Malawi and Zambia have also been found nesting on small granite inselbergs. In the Zimbabwean falcon populations, breeding is predicted to start after July and end around October. Incubation of the eggs is predicted to occur from late August to early September. However, there seems to be variation in breeding season among populations in different locations, where East African pairs are seen to start breeding around April to September. The nest is situated on bare rock and the clutch size is two to four eggs. The incubation period is 31–33 days, and the chicks fledge after approximately 42 days. Taita Falcons are very secretive about the positions of the nests and will readily – and viciously – attack other animals that pose as a threat, such as trumpeter hornbills. The breeding success of the Taita falcon is not well-understood.
Hunting Behaviour and Diet
The Taita falcon is a small, fast-flying raptor that catches its prey in the air. This falcon is active mostly from dawn till mid-morning and then again in the mid to late afternoon. It has very small wings relative to its robust build; therefore, this falcon can reach high speeds for hunting. However, owing to its build, flapping flight is costly.
Cliffs are predicted to be a suitable habitat for this species. They provide protection of their eggs because of their inaccessibility, Taita falcons can utilize the orographic lift that is associated with cliffs to reduce flight costs, and they provide naturally good vantage points for hunting prey.
Taita falcons are typically hunting small birds mostly caught in habitats close to the nest, such as red-billed queleas, swifts, hirundines and green-spotted doves. These falcons have been observed to use several different hunting methods, such as speculative hunting – quartering from a cliff top – and stooping from high position to directly pursue prey. They have even been observed as cooperative hunters in Zimbabwe.
Threats to Conservation
The Batoka Gorge along the Zambezi River by Victoria Falls was historically the core for Taita falcon distribution, where six breeding pairs were identified during surveys in the 1990’s. However, this habitat patch no longer supports these breeding pairs. These population reductions are particularly problematic because of the lack of biological and ecological information on these raptors. Therefore, one can only speculate the factors playing a role in these declines of the Taita falcon in Africa.
Tourism and increased air traffic is predicted to be a significant disturbance to raptors along the Batoka Gorge. Further, the decrease in the quality of the Zambezi River is associated with fluctuating insect abundance, which then impacts the insectivorous birds – such as the black swift – as well as the predators that feed on these birds, such as the Taita falcon. Organochlorine pesticide sprays also cause imbalances in invertebrate communities and the insectivorous species that eat them; thus, also the availability of prey for raptors that feed on these insect-eating birds.
Woodland cover decreases with increased rural human settlements and light intensity agriculture and subsistence farming on both sides of Batoka Gorge. These more open, disturbed habitats are better suited to other raptor species – particularly Lanner falcons – rather than the highly specialized Taita falcons. This increase in woodland fragmentation decreases the amount of suitable habitat available to these falcons, thus threatening their conservation status. Because the conservation of these birds depends on the availability of nesting sites and food, appropriate environmental conditions are essential. The threat of the construction of hydroelectric power about 50km below Victoria Falls may also pose as a serious and significant threat to the conservation of avifaunal communities in this area.
The scarcity of the Taita falcon in East Africa may be owing to the competition for food and nest sites with the larger and more dominant peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and predation of young by the peregrine falcon, lanner falcon (Falco biarmicus), and owls.
References
Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). Raptors of the World. Illustrated by Kim Franklin, David Mead, and Philip Burton. Houghton Mifflin.
A.C. Kemp (1991), Sasol Birds of Prey of Africa, New Holland Publishers Ltd.
External links
Taita falcon - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
Falco (genus)
Birds described in 1895
Taxa named by Oscar Neumann | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taita%20falcon |
Nadroga Navosa Fijian Provincial Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate was coextensive with Nadroga Navosa Province.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 2001 election, Pita Nacuva won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadroga%20Navosa%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Panio Gianopoulos (born July 7, 1975) is an American writer and editor.
Career
Panio Gianopoulos is the author of How to Get Into Our House and Where We Keep the Money, a short story collection about men and women struggling to find and keep love, received a starred review from Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus praised the stories for their humor and insights, calling the book "witty, discerning, and laugh-out-loud funny.”
His stories, essays, and poetry have appeared in various magazines and newspapers, including Tin House, Salon, Northwest Review, The Rattling Wall, Chicago Quarterly Review, Big Fiction, The Brooklyn Rail, Catamaran Literary Reader, and The Los Angeles Review of Books. A recipient of a New York Foundation for the Arts Award for Non-Fiction, Gianopoulos has been included in the anthologies The Bastard on the Couch, Cooking and Stealing: The Tin House Non-Fiction Reader, and "The Encyclopedia of Exes". A former book editor, he has worked at Crown Publishing, Talk Miramax Books, Bloomsbury Publishing, and Backlit Fiction.
Personal life
He has been married to the actress Molly Ringwald since 2007. They have three children, daughter Mathilda Ereni (born October 22, 2003), and twins, Adele Georgiana and Roman Stylianos (born July 10, 2009).
Bibliography
A Familiar Beast, Nouvella (2012)
How to Get Into Our House and Where We Keep the Money, Four Way Books (2017)
References
External links
Gianopoulos interview 2012 (Huffington Post)
1975 births
Living people
American editors
American essayists
American short story writers
American writers of Greek descent
Place of birth missing (living people)
Writers from New York City
Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni
University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panio%20Gianopoulos |
Parnon or Parnonas () or Malevos (Μαλεβός) is a mountain range, or massif, on the east of the Laconian plain and the Evrotas valley. It is visible from Athens above the top of the Argive mountains. The western part is in the Laconia prefecture and the northeastern part is in the Arcadia prefecture. The Parnon range separates Laconia from Arcadia. Its summit offers panoramic views of southeastern Arcadia and South Kynouria and much of Laconia that includes the northern and the central portions and reaches as far as the Taygetos mountains. It also views a part of the central Arcadia and the southern Argolis prefectures. It views the Myrtoan and the Laconian Gulfs.
Geography
Physical
The Parnon Massif is divided into three parts. The northernmost, which is the highest, runs from just north of Ano Doliana in North Kynouria, eastern Arcadia, southeast to Platanaki Pass. Platanaki, ancient Glyppia, is on the ancient route from Therapnes to South Kynouria between the peaks of Parnon, , and Psaris, . Altitudes on the north rise from to increasing toward the peak to to with a tree line at . Below it are forests of Black Pine and fir; above it, grasslands.
Between the pass and Kounoupia to the south is of central Parnon, lower in altitude than the northern. The remaining , even lower in altitude but still mountainous, runs from Kounouria to the sea at Epidaurus Limera, which is in Monemvasia. Parnon proper does not extend into the Malea Peninsula.
In addition to the range of Parnon, two forelands can also be defined, east and west. Kynouria is located in the east foreland. In the west two lengths can be distinguished: from the northern flank of Parnon to Gkoritsa in Therapnes (on the road to Platanaki Pass), which is to , and southward into the Malea Peninsula, to wide.
Political
The nearest places are:
Ano Doliana, north
Agios Petros, north
Kastanitsa, northeast
Agios Vasileios, east
Platanaki, east
Palaiochori, east
Kosmas, southeast
Geraki, south
Kallithea, southwest
Vamvakou, west
Geology
The Parnon range is predominantly limestone. The mountain is home to the fifth deepest cave in Greece, the Peleta Sinkhole (depth as of 2006 is -543 m) and the impressive vertical cave Propantes (-360m).
See also
List of mountains in Greece
References
External links
Parnon Trail
Greek Mountain Flora
Landforms of Arcadia, Peloponnese
Landforms of Laconia
Mountain ranges of Greece
Landforms of Peloponnese (region) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnon |
TCDD (Turkish Republic Railways) 45171 Class is a class of 2-8-0 steam locomotives. The class was formed when 50 USATC S160 Class were bought in 1947.
TCDD also acquired USATC S200 Class 2-8-2s which formed the 46201 Class.
Two examples are preserved: 45172 at Çamlık Railway Museum and 45174 at the TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum in Ankara. Several examples of the base S160 class also exist in Britain and other parts of the world.
2-8-0 locomotives
45171
ALCO locomotives
Baldwin locomotives
Lima locomotives
USATC S160 Class
Standard gauge locomotives of Turkey
Steam locomotives of Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCDD%2045171%20Class |
Mary Burnett Talbert (born Mary Morris Burnett; September 17, 1866 – October 15, 1923) was an American orator, activist, suffragist and reformer. In 2005, Talbert was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.
Career
Mary Morris Burnett was born in Oberlin, Ohio in 1866. As the only African-American woman in her graduating class from Oberlin College in 1886, Burnett received a Bachelor of Arts degree. She entered the field of education, first as a teacher in 1886 at Bethel University in Little Rock, then as an assistant principal of the Union High School in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1887, the highest position held by an African-American woman in the state. In 1891, she married William H. Talbert and moved to Buffalo, New York, where she joined Buffalo's historic Michigan Avenue Baptist Church.
Talbert earned a higher education degree at a time when a college education was controversial and extremely rare for women and people of color. When women's organizations were segregated by race, Talbert was an advocate of women of all colors working together to advance their causes.
Described by her peers as "the best-known colored woman in the United States," Talbert used her education to take part in anti-lynching and anti-racism work, alongside supporting women's suffrage. In 1915, she spoke at the "Votes for Women: A Symposium by Leading Thinkers of Colored Women" in Washington, D.C. During her national and international lecture tours, Talbert spoke to audiences about oppressive conditions in African-American communities and the need for legislation to address these conditions.
As a founder of the Niagara Movement, Talbert helped to launch organized civil rights activism in America. The Niagara Movement was radical enough in its brief life to both spawn and absorb controversy within the Black community, preparing the way for its successor, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Central to the efforts of both organizations, Mary Talbert helped set the stage for the civil rights gains of the 1950s and 60s. Talbert's long leadership of women's clubs helped develop black female organizations and leaders in New York and the United States.
Talbert saved the Frederick Douglass home in Anacostia, D.C. after other preservation efforts had failed. Buffalo's 150-year-old Michigan Avenue Baptist Church, to which the Talbert family belonged, has been named to the United States National Register of Historic Places. Many prominent African-Americans worshiped or spoke there. The church also had a landmark role in abolitionist activities. In 1998, a marker honoring Talbert, who served as the church's treasurer, was installed in front of the Church by the New York State Governor's Commission Honoring the Achievements of Women.
In October 2005, Talbert was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York. She has several clubs and buildings named after her, including:
National Association of Colored Women (NACW) branches named after her in Buffalo, New York; Detroit, Michigan; Gary, Indiana; and New Haven, Connecticut;
City Federation of Women's Clubs named after her in Florida and Texas;
Talbert Hall at the University at Buffalo;
Talbert Mall Housing Development (later renamed Frederick Douglass Towers), Buffalo, New York; and
Mary B. Talbert Hospital (merged with Booth Memorial Hospital, later taken over by Cleveland Metropolitan Hospital), Cleveland, Ohio.
Talbert died on October 15, 1923, and is buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery. A small collection of Talbert family papers, concerned mostly with property and estate matters, survives in the Research Library of the Buffalo History Museum.
Accomplishments
Established the Christian Culture Congress, a literary society and forum in 1901, which brought Black leaders such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Mary Church Terrell to Buffalo to speak at the Michigan Avenue Baptist Church.
Protested the exclusion of Blacks from the 1901 Pan-American Exposition Planning Commission, which resulted in the inclusion of a Negro Exhibit on cultural and economic achievements of African Americans. During the same year, Talbert lectured at the Biennial Conference of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACWC) in Buffalo as was instrumental in local arrangements.
Joined the Phyllis Wheatley Club, the first club in Buffalo to affiliate with the NACWC, eventually served as the club's president.
Co-organized the Niagara Movement, a precursor to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the beginning of 20th century American civil rights activism.
Co-founded Buffalo's first chapter of the NAACP in 1910, as well as NAACP chapters in Texas and Louisiana; elected Board member and vice president of the NAACP; served as National Director of the NAACP Anti-Lynching Campaign in 1921; eighth recipient and the first woman to be awarded the highest honor by the NAACP, the Spingarn Medal.
Served as a YMCA secretary in Romagne, France during World War I; offered classes to African-American soldiers; sold thousands of dollars of Liberty Bonds as a traveling speaker; served on the Women's Committee of National Defense.
Appointed to the Women's Committee on International Relations, which was responsible for selecting female nominees for positions in the League of Nations.
Joined the Empire State Federation of Colored Women as a Charter Member, eventually serving as the Federation's Parliamentarian and President.
Elected President (1916–1921) of the NACWC; represented the NACWC as the first African-American delegate to the International Council of Women (ICW) at their 5th congress in Norway in 1920
Restored the Frederick Douglass home in Anacostia, D.C.; elected president-for-life of the Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association
Lectured in 11 European nations on the conditions of African-Americans in the United States, earning extensive press coverage.
Cofounded the International Council of Women of the Darker Races in Washington, D.C., in 1922.
First Worthy Matron of Naomi Chapter No.10 Prince Hall Order Eastern Star, subordinate chapter of Eureka Grand Chapter Prince Hall Order Eastern Star Inc. State of NY.
References
Bibliography
Axinn, J., & Stern, M. J. (2005). Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need (6 ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
Brown, Nikki L.M. Private Politics and Public Voices: Black Women's Activism from World War I to the New Deal. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, c2006. (The work of Talbert and the National Association of Colored Women is featured throughout.)
Brown, Hallie Q. "Homespun Heroines and Other Women of Distinction." Xenia, OH: Aldine Publishing Co., 1926, pp. 217–219
Brown, M. J. (2000). Eradicating this Evil: Women in the American Anti-Lynching Movement, 1892-1940. New York: Routledge.
Davis, Marianna W. "Contributions of Black Women to America." Columbia, SC: Kenday, 1982
Eberle, Scott. "Second Looks: A Pictorial History of Buffalo and Erie County." Norfolk, VA: Donning Co., c1987, p. 99
Eggenberger, David, ed. "Encyclopedia of World Biography, Twentieth Century Supplement, v.15. Palatine, IL: Jack Heraty & Associates, Inc., c1987, pp. 396-399
Hardy, Gayle. "American Women Civil Rights Activists." Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., c1993, pp. 370–375.
Heck, James R. "Contributions of Blacks in Western New York at the Turn of the Century." Buffalo, NY: Buffalo Public Schools, c1987, pp. 81–84
Logan, Rayford, ed. "Dictionary of American Negro Biography." New York: W.W. Norton & Co., c1982, pp. 576–577
Nahal, Anita, and Lopez D. Matthews Jr.,"African American Women and the Niagara Movement, 1905-1909," Afro-Americans in New York Life and History, Vol.32, No.2, July 2008, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/African+American+women+and+the+Niagara+Movement%2c+1905-1909.-a0182027493
Ovington, M. W. (1920, December 17). Talbert Timeline, from African American History of Western New York: http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/hwny-talbert.html#phylis%20wheatley%20club
"Profiles of Negro Womanhood," v.1. Yonkers, NY: Educational Heritage, 1964–6, p. 317
"Remembering a Remarkable Woman." Buffalo News, 1 October 1998, p. B-4 (photograph with caption)
The New York Public Library by Hallie Q. Brown. (1999). Mary Burnett Talbert, from Digital Schomburg African American Women Writers of the 19th Century: http://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/digs/wwm97253/@Generic__BookTextView/4179;pt=4040
Talbert, Mary. "What Role is the Educated Negro Woman to Play in the Uplifting of her Race?" in Culp, Daniel Wallace, ed. Twentieth Century Negro Literature. Toronto, Canada; Naperville, IL; Atlanta, GA: J. L. Nichols & Co., 1902.
Talbert, M. B. (1922, October 21). Letter from Mary B. Talbert to Mary White Ovington. NAACP Papers, The Anti-Lynching Campaign 1912–1955, Part 7: http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/lynch/doc18.htm
Talbert, Mary. "Women and Colored Women." The Crisis, August 1915, p. 184
Woloch, N., & Johnson, P. E. (2009). originally from Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia
Williams, Lillian Serece. "Mary Morris Burnett Talbert," in Hine, Darlene Clark, ed. "Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia." Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publications, c1993, pp. 1137–1139
Williams, Lillian Serece. Strangers in the Land of Paradise: The Creation of an African-American Community, Buffalo, New York, 1900-1940. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, c1999 (Talbert and family are mentioned throughout)
External links
Mary B. Talbert: A Selected Bibliography with links where available, courtesy of the Buffalo History Museum.
Women of the Hall: Mary Burnett Talbert
Uncrowned Queens: Mary Morris Burnett Talbert
Talbert Timeline
1866 births
1923 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
Oberlin College alumni
Burials at Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo)
Spingarn Medal winners
American anti-lynching activists
American suffragists
Presidents of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs
African-American suffragists
20th-century African-American women
Women civil rights activists
19th-century African-American women
19th-century African-American people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Burnett%20Talbert |
The Canton Tower (), formally Guangzhou TV Astronomical and Sightseeing Tower (), is a -tall multipurpose observation tower in the Haizhu District of Guangzhou (alternatively romanized as Canton). The tower was topped out in 2009 and it became operational on 29 September 2010 for the 2010 Asian Games. The tower briefly held the title of tallest tower in the world, replacing the CN Tower, before being surpassed by the Tokyo Skytree. It was the tallest structure in China prior to the topping out of the Shanghai Tower on 3 August 2013, and is now the second-tallest tower and the fifth-tallest freestanding structure in the world.
Naming and etymology
There had been a long discussion about the naming of the Canton Tower since the commencement of its construction in 2005 after the groundbreaking ceremony. In September 2020, at the request of the tower's investor, Guangzhou Daily launched a contest for naming proposals. The contest attracted over valid entries, among which "Haixin Tower" () was awarded the first prize. The name alluded to the city's historical setting as the start of the Maritime Silk Road and the tower's geographical proximity to Haixinsha Island. However, this name was considered obscure to people unfamiliar with the history of the city. Local residents continued to refer to the tower by various nicknames including "Slim Waist" (), "Twisted Firewood" (; a metaphor for "stubborn" in Cantonese) and "Yangdianfeng" (; homophone of "epilepsy" in colloquial Chinese).
The Naming was reconsidered in 2010. After surveying a broad range of public opinions, "Canton Tower" was decided as the official English name and announced at the end of September 2010. The new English name, which alludes to the city's prosperous past, was considered the most identifying and least ambiguous among the multitude of proposals.
History
Canton Tower was constructed by Guangzhou New Television Tower Group. It is designed by the Dutch architects Mark Hemel and Barbara Kuit of Information Based Architecture, together with Arup, the international design, engineering and business consulting firm headquartered in London, United Kingdom. In 2004, Information Based Architecture and Arup won the international competition, in which many internationally large architectural offices participated. The same year the IBA – Arup team in Amsterdam, developed the tower's concept design. In later stages, IBA cooperated mainly with the local Chinese office of Arup and a Local Design Institute. Subsequently, in 2005, the groundbreaking of the Canton Tower took place.
The tower, although not fully completed, opened to the public on 1 October 2010 in time for the 16th Asian Games, hosted by Guangzhou in November 2010. The rooftop observatory finally received its official opening in December 2011.
Structure and construction
The Canton tower's twisted shape or hyperboloid structure corresponds to the Russian Empire patent No. 1896, dated 12 March 1899 received by Vladimir Shukhov, the Russian engineer and architect. The structure is similar to the Adziogol Lighthouse (designed by Vladimir Shukhov in 1910) in Ukraine's Dnepr delta.
Structural concept
The tower was designed by Information Based Architecture and Arup. The Arup team led by structural engineer Prof. Dr. Joop Paul introduced near mass customization to the joint design, in combination with parametric design methods, and applied a simple structural concept of three elements: columns, rings and braces, to this more complex geometry.
The waist of the tower contains a open-air skywalk where visitors can physically climb the tower. There are outdoor gardens set within the structure, and at the top, just above , a large open-air observation deck.
The interior of the tower is subdivided into programmatic zones with various functions, including TV and radio transmission facilities, observatory decks, revolving restaurants, computer gaming, restaurants, exhibition spaces, conference rooms, shops, and 4D cinemas.
A deck at the base of the tower hides the tower's functional workings. All infrastructural connections – metro and bus stations – are situated underground. This level also includes exhibition spaces, a food court, a commercial space, a parking area for cars and coaches. There are two types of elevators: slow-speed panoramic and high-speed double-decker.
The zone from consists of a 4D cinema, a play-hall area, restaurants, coffee shops and outdoor gardens with teahouses. The highest and longest open-air staircase in the world, the Skywalk, starts at the height of and spirals almost higher, all the way through the waist. Parts of the skywalk's floors are laid with transparent glass.
The top zone of the tower begins above the stairway, housing various technical functions as well as a two-story rotating restaurant, a tuned mass damper and the upper observation levels. From the upper observation levels it is possible to ascend even higher, via a further set of the stairs, to a terraced observation square rising above the tower's top ring.
The twist
The form, volume and structure of the towers is generated by two ellipses, one at foundation level and the other at a horizontal plane at . These two ellipses are rotated relative to another. The tightening caused by the rotation between the two ellipses forms a "waist" and a densification of material halfway up the tower. This means that the lattice structure, which at the bottom of the tower is porous and spacious, becomes denser at waist level. The waist itself becomes tight, like a twisted rope; transparency is reduced and views to the outside are limited. Further up the tower the lattice opens again, accentuated here by the tapering of the structural column-tubes.
Rooftop observatory
The indoor public observatory is 449 m above the ground, which takes the form of a terraced elliptical space, roughly half the size of a standard football field. Opened in December 2011, the rooftop at 488 m was the highest and largest outdoor observation deck in the world, taking over the title from the observation deck of Burj Khalifa at 452m. This remained the case until 14 October 2014, when the record of highest outdoor observatory was retaken by Burj Khalifa when it opened its new observatory called at the Top – Sky, at a height of 555m.
Sixteen transparent "crystal" passenger cars, each with a diameter of and able to carry four to six people, travel on a track round the edge of the tower's roof, taking between 20 and 40 minutes to circumnavigate the rooftop. The installation is described by the media as a Ferris wheel; however, its passenger cars are not suspended from the rim of a wheel and remain horizontal without being fully rotated, and the track, which follows the incline of the roof, is closer to the horizontal than the vertical.
Architectural lighting design
At night, the tower glows and emits light, rather than being uplit. Lighting designer Rogier van der Heide is known for this concept, which he also applied at the Marunouchi Building in Tokyo. Each node in the lighting design is individually controllable to allow for animations and color changes across the entire height of the tower. As all lighting is based on LED technology, and all fixtures are located on the structure itself, the lighting scheme consumes only 15% of the allowed maximum for façade lighting.
At the time of the design of Canton Tower, lighting designer Rogier van der Heide was Global Leader of Arup Lighting.
Measurements
The Canton Tower's main body stands at . Combined with the tower's antenna, the Canton Tower has a total height of , making it the second tallest tower in the world, second tallest in Asia, and the tallest in the People's Republic of China. The tower has a total of 112 floors.
The Canton Tower weighs a total of , including the tower's antenna which weighs and the main body, which includes all the features of the tower, which weighs a total of .
The Canton Tower occupies a total floor area of . In addition, the tower's net usable area measures .
Events
In lieu of a traditional stadium setting, the opening ceremonies of the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou were held on Haixinsha Island. The Canton Tower and Pearl River were used as a focal point of the event.
The Canton Tower hosted an annual Christmas Concert on Christmas Eve inside the tower's ground floor, making it the first concert to be held in the Canton Tower. Celebrated on Christmas Eve, the concert was held on 24 December 2012.
Geography
The Canton Tower is situated alongside the Yiyuan Road (Yuejiang Road West), in the Haizhu District of Guangzhou, and is situated south of the Zhujiang New Town. Additionally, several famous landmarks surround the tower, including pagodas, a park towards the south, and several high-rise apartments, buildings, and skyscrapers, both commercial and residential.
See also
Cantonese architecture
2010 Asian Games
Guangdong
Guangzhou
Guangzhou Broadcasting Network
Guangzhou TV Tower
List of hyperboloid structures
List of tallest freestanding structures in the world
List of tallest towers in the world
Gallery
Construction history
Diagrams
References
External links
Canton Tower official website :: GzTvTower.info
Towers completed in 2010
Observation towers in China
Buildings and structures in Guangzhou
High-tech architecture
Hyperboloid structures
Haizhu District
Communication towers in China
Tourist attractions in Guangzhou
Restaurant towers
2010 establishments in China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton%20Tower |
Pitt is a fictional character who appears in a comics series by American publisher Full Bleed Studios. Created by Dale Keown, Pitt is a human/alien hybrid, created by an alien race known as the Creed, genetically engineered to serve as a killing machine. He appears more alien than human, with red, pupil-less eyes, gray skin, absence of a nose, sharp oversized teeth and large talons.
Publication history
In 1993, Dale Keown began publishing his character Pitt at Image Comics. Pitt first appeared in Pitt #1 (cover-dated January 1993; on sale November 1992). Pitt #1 was the second best-selling comic book of November 1993, surpassed only by the collector's edition of Superman (vol. 2) #75. Pitt then appeared in Youngblood #4 (February 1993).
In 1995, the publication of Pitt was moved over to Full Bleed Studios (Dale Keown's own company) for issues #10–20. Issue #20 was the final issue.
Fictional character biography
In 1981, Allen and Annie Bracken, while on their way from the hospital, were taken by a Creed spaceship where their emperor Zoyvod took a fertilized egg from Annie and then returned them to Earth. While the Brackens were on Earth with what would become Pitt's brother Timmy, Zoyvod combined his genetic structure with the fertilized egg that would become Pitt.
In the Creed Imperial stronghold the egg grew in a gestation tank, until the creature unexpectedly awoke and escaped. He was ultimately caught and Wroth, another Creed hybrid (and half-brother to Pitt), assaulted him. Believing him dead, a Creed alien named Quagg was supposed to get rid of the body, but was attacked by Pitt while flying to the corpse dumping grounds. In the fight, Pitt was blasted out through the door of the shuttle.
On the ground, Pitt clawed his way out of the dumping ground and lived in the wilds until Zoyvod sent a team out to retrieve him. Quagg and his team did manage to retrieve him, but only Quagg survived the mission. Pitt was then trained by Quagg and given his name. For years he worked as Zoyvod's assassin until an attack on the planet Chakra where someone named the Seer melded the consciousness of the child Jereb - an alien with 'immense spiritual power" - with Pitt. The merger apparently changed Pitt, turning him into a fugitive. Eventually he ended up on Earth.
When Pitt arrived on Earth, he materialized in a New York City subway near Timmy and saved him and his grandfather from muggers. Immediately after, he disappeared into the city, drifting around while trying to adapt to the new world. On Earth he was followed by the Creed. Timmy, having a genetic structure similar to Pitt, was attacked instead of Pitt, bringing Timmy and Pitt together again. This was also the first time Rai-Kee met Pitt, who had been masquerading as "Bobbie Harras" a New York City Police Officer. During the fight, Jereb left Pitt and entered Timmy, enabling him to defeat Zoyvod.
After the fight, Timmy was kidnapped by the Creed. To affect his rescue, Pitt teamed up with Axiom - a New York-based superhero group. Pitt's half brother Wroth was working with Professor Holdsworth, the leader of Axiom. Holdsworth wanted the power in Timmy, and Wroth wanted Pitt. Their plan was foiled, however. Holdsworth's fate was not revealed but Wroth escaped [6-8]. He returned later and was defeated by Zoyvod who had taken over Pitt's body for a short while.
Due to the war between the Creed and the Cenobite, Pitt would have been attacked by the Cenobite, had they found him on Earth. The Cenobite Eurial therefore hid him in an alternate dimension known as Shimmerspace until they were gone. There, Pitt met Jereb again. While in Shimmerspace, Jereb could see all time at once: past, present, and future. He told Pitt some of the things that would happen to him. Pitt was only in Shimmerspace very shortly but when he came out, five years had passed on Earth.
While Pitt had been in Shimmerspace, an organization bent on world domination known as the ThinkTank had created Pitt clones - one of which was sent to steal some alien artifacts from a military installation. For this, the U.S. Army sent both troops and their best officer Captain Curtis to kill Pitt. They only succeeded in killing Captain Curtis and the US soldiers, and Pitt went to the White House where he killed Bill Clinton's double on the lawn. Pitt somehow found out about the ThinkTank being behind it all and went to the Crossbow Technologies building where he killed their leaders, the Guileys.
Powers
Pitt has vast super strength, he uses pain as a stimulant; and can leap 10 km in one bound. He also has razor sharp claws that tear through most, possibly all substances. Pitt has some durability, being able to survive attacks that would kill or disable superhuman beings with relative ease; and can heal near fatal wounds very quickly. He has limited psychic powers (mind reading), and uses his opponents' aggression to lock-on to his enemies.
Advertiser
References
Fictional extraterrestrial–human hybrids in comics
Image Comics characters with accelerated healing
Image Comics characters with superhuman strength
Image Comics superheroes
Image Comics titles
1992 comics debuts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt%20%28character%29 |
Aldona Zofia Wos (born March 26, 1955) is a Polish-American former physician and Republican politician who served in various positions at several government agencies under Presidents George W. Bush and Donald Trump and nonprofit organizations. She was the United States Ambassador to Estonia from 2004 until early December 2006, the fifth since the country regained its independence in 1991. From 2013 until 2015, she was Secretary of the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. From 2017 to 2021, Wos served as vice-chairwoman of the President's Commission on White House Fellowships, which is tasked with reviewing candidates for White House fellowships.
She is married to USPS Postmaster General Louis DeJoy.
Early life and medical career
Wos is the daughter of Wanda and Paul Zenon Wos. Her father was part of the Home Army during the German and Soviet occupation of Poland in World War II. Aldona Wos was born in 1955 in Warsaw, where she lived until the age of six, when her family moved to Long Island, New York.
Wos earned a medical degree from Medical University of Warsaw. She returned to New York to complete her residency and a fellowship with a specialty in lung diseases. Wos practiced medicine in Manhattan for eighteen years.
Political career
In 1997, Wos left her medical practice and moved to Greensboro, North Carolina, with her husband Louis DeJoy, who was CEO of New Breed Logistics Inc. from 1983 to 2014. In North Carolina, she and her husband have organized and hosted fundraisers for a number of national and state-level political campaigns, and have been significant contributors to several Republican candidates. Wos raised nearly $1 million for the campaign to elect Elizabeth Dole to the U.S. Senate in the 2002 elections and served as vice chairwoman of George W. Bush's North Carolina fundraising organization.
In May 2002, Wos was appointed to a seat on the board of directors of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council. President Bush re-appointed her to second term on the council beginning in 2004.
In June 2004, President Bush appointed her the U.S. Ambassador to Estonia. She was sworn in on August 13, 2004. As ambassador, she helped organize the state visit of President Bush to Estonia, which took place on 27th and 28 November 2006. For her efforts in facilitating US cooperation with the Estonian police, she was awarded a special police medal, given to her by Raivo Aeg, the head of the Estonian Police. She left her diplomatic post in December 2006.
In March 2007, Polish President Lech Kaczynski awarded Wos the Commander Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland.
Wos was part of the second campaign to elect Pat McCrory as Governor of North Carolina. In May 2011, she hosted a luncheon for the Women for Pat McCrory in the lead-up to the former Mayor of Charlotte's announcement as a Republican candidate for the 2012 North Carolina gubernatorial election. She later served as co-chairwoman for the campaign and after McCrory's win, she was a part of his transition team. In June 2012, Wos was appointed to the board of governors of the University of North Carolina by the state's Republican-controlled General Assembly.
Secretary of North Carolina Health and Human Services
In December 2012, North Carolina Governor-elect Pat McCrory announced that Wos will be a member of his Cabinet as Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Wos declined her $128,000 salary and was instead paid a token $1. On January 31, 2013, a performance audit was released, criticizing the previous administration's lack of record keeping concerning various funds, as well as naming other budgetary problems. Wos released her responses to the audit in an appendix, agreeing on all points with the auditor, including the conclusion that DHHS had consistently exceeded budgeted amounts for administrative costs due to lack of oversight by the previous administration.
When speaking to the General Assembly in February 2013, Wos laid out her department priorities as "Medicaid and information technology." In April 2013, Wos announced the governor's plan to overhaul the Medicaid system in North Carolina which she and McCrory criticized as "broken". This early plan would have brought in a few "entities — likely including private companies — to function as insurance companies for Medicaid recipients." These entities would operate state-wide and serve as insurance plans from which Medicaid recipients can choose. The plan faced criticism from healthcare professionals who were concerned that it would permit "out-of-state and for-profit providers to get a major foothold in North Carolina, rather than letting proven in-state and nonprofit providers, such as Community Care of N.C., take the lead". At least one public health expert alleged that the Medicare crisis was contrived in order to justify privatization. Additionally, an investigation in North Carolina Health News alleged that McCrory, Wos and Medicaid head Carol Stickel withheld information that would have shown that North Carolina Medicaid administrative costs were lower than those of most other states, rather than 30% higher as alleged by the McCrory administration. The overhaul plan suffered an additional setback when the person hired to spearhead it, Carol Steckel, resigned in September 2013 to join the private sector. The state chose not to implement the proposed plans.
In July 2013, DHHS went live with its NCTracks system for managing Medicaid billings, a system contracted in 2008 under the previous administration. By October, the system was facing criticism from health care providers that were concerned that the system was not reimbursing them quickly enough. In January 2014, an error in the system caused the private medical information of almost 49,000 children to be mailed to the wrong addresses. Throughout 2013 and early 2014, DHHS worked to resolve glitches with the NCTracks Medicaid billing system. The department announced that the system was working effectively by July 2014. Wos stated that she was disappointed that the state elected not to move forward with her proposal to reform the state's entire Medicaid program. By 2015, DHHS announced that the glitches in NCTracks were resolved, and Wos had "[convinced] the legislature of the need to invest in the state's medical examiner system."
Also in the summer of 2013, DHHS began processing SNAP food stamp applications through its new integrated NC FAST system. Due to various glitches there were almost immediate delays in families receiving food stamps. A number of food stamp recipients were forced to go to food kitchens while their benefits were processed. The delays were very persistent, and on January 24, 2014, the United States Department of Agriculture sent a letter to Wos stating that as of that date, North Carolina had a backlog of 20,243 SNAP cases that had not been processed within the 30 day deadline required by US law. 11,493 of these cases were over 60 days old, 8,002 were over 90 days old, and 5,934 were over 120 days old. 8,963 of these cases were categorized as "hardship" cases, where the processing deadline is 7 days because the applicant has very little income. USDA threatened to withhold funding from DHSS on March 12, 2014, if the agency did not come into compliance. On April 16, 2016, Wos announced, and USDA confirmed, that DHHS had come into compliance with federal timeliness guidelines.
In August 2013, Wos faced criticism for hiring two young former McCrory campaign workers, and giving them large pay raises at a time when McCrory had declared a salary freeze for state employees. 24-year-old Matthew McKillip was named Chief Policy Advisor to Wos, having worked for McCrory's campaign, and having previously served as a research assistant for eleven months at the conservative think tank, the American Enterprise Institute. McKillip received a $22,500 raise in April 2013, bringing his salary to $87,500. DHHS Communications Director Ricky Diaz, also 24 and also a former McCrory campaign worker, received a $23,000 raise in April, bringing his salary to $85,000 per year. Diaz resigned from the department in January 2014.
Wos resigned on August 15, 2015, stating in a press conference that it was "simply time to go home" and spend time with her family. Asked by the press if she would "change any of the decisions that she made over a sometimes rocky tenure," she replied, "not at all." Wos was replaced by Rick Brajer, a former medical technology executive. After being sworn in, Brajer asserted to the press that Wos's resignation was unrelated to the ongoing federal investigation into DHHS. In August 2016, federal officials ended the investigations into employee and consultant contracts "with no finding of criminal wrongdoing".
Although Wos's tenure as secretary earned criticism for issues such as computer glitches, McCrory praised how she "streamlined" the health care delivery systems. McCrory also praised Wos for the state's $130 million Medicaid budget surplus during her tenure, after years of major budget shortfalls. For her service to the state, McCrory awarded Wos with the Order of the Long Leaf Pine.
2015 to present
In May 2017, President Donald Trump appointed her his vice-chairwoman of the President's Commission on White House Fellowships. The president uses the commission to interview and recommend candidates for White House fellowships. In June 2019, she was considered for the post of Ambassador to Canada, and Trump announced his intent to nominate her on February 11, 2020. On February 25, 2020, her nomination was sent to the Senate. On July 23, 2020 she testified before the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. On January 3, 2021, her nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the U.S. Senate.
In February 2022, she was appointed Interim President of the Institute of World Politics following the departure of her predecessor.
Family and charity work
Wos's grandmother and aunts were imprisoned in Ravensbrück concentration camp, while her father and grandfather, Paul Wos, Sr., were held in Flossenbürg concentration camp. Her Catholic family helped twelve Jews escape from the Warsaw Ghetto. They were reunited after the Allied Forces liberated the concentration camps. She has spoken publicly about the need to remember Holocaust victims.
Wos and her husband Louis DeJoy have twin children and live in Greensboro, North Carolina, in an Irving Park Neighborhood home, which has been the location of several notable political fundraising events.
Her husband donated $747,000 to Duke University in 2014, funding Blue Devil Tower and the DeJoy Family Club at the football stadium. The same year, their son was accepted to the school and joined the school's tennis team as a walk-on.
Wos has been involved in efforts to raise money for a number of nonprofit organizations and private schools as well. She served on the board of the United Way of Greater Greensboro, and has been involved with the Family Services of the Piedmont, Hospice and Palliative Care of Greensboro, and the Triad Stage Theatre. She was also instrumental in raising the finances for the Greensboro Ballet gala, held in February 2011, to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the ballet company and school once attended by her children. Wos and DeJoy also founded The Louis DeJoy and Aldona Z. Wos Family Foundation which awards several scholarships to students. The foundation also hosts a professional–amateur golf championship as a prelude to the Wyndham Championship.
References
External links
Official website of The Louis DeJoy and Aldona Z. Wos Family Foundation
1955 births
Living people
State cabinet secretaries of North Carolina
Ambassadors of the United States to Estonia
Polish emigrants to the United States
People from Greensboro, North Carolina
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class
North Carolina Republicans
American women ambassadors
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Medical University of Warsaw alumni
Trump administration personnel
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldona%20Wos |
Donald J. Bonebrake (born December 8, 1955) is an American musician who first emerged as the drummer of the punk rock band the Eyes (also featuring Charlotte Caffey of the Go-Go's). He is best known as an original member of and drummer for punk band X, of which he is still an active member.
Career
Bonebrake, born in Burbank, California, and having spent his youth in the San Fernando Valley, is the only founding member of X from California (the other three are from Illinois). Bonebrake also performed with two of the band's side projects: the country/folk music/punk band the Knitters (with his bandmates John Doe and Exene Cervenka), and Auntie Christ (with Cervenka).
While a member of X, Bonebrake briefly guested as the drummer for the Germs, and during 1981, he and Doe served as members of the Flesh Eaters, performing on that band's second album, A Minute to Pray, a Second to Die.
In 2010, Bonebrake joined the Rancid side project Devil's Brigade.
In 2013, Bonebrake joined the World Takes, helmed by Stephen Maglio. The band released an album, Love Songs for eX's, and toured with the Meat Puppets.
In 2021, Dave Grohl revealed that he and Bonebrake are cousins through Grohl's grandmother.
Although most of his work has been within the punk genre, Bonebrake heads two jazz ensembles: the Bonebrake Syncopators, who play early jazz standards in a swing and western swing style; and Orchestra Superstring who play Afro-Cuban jazz and Latin jazz. In both jazz groups, Bonebrake plays vibraphone or marimba rather than a drum kit. Bonebrake has also performed as timpanist with the Palisades Symphony. His marimba playing goes back at least as far as his first work with the Flesh Eaters.
References
External links
Revolution Rock audio interview
Living people
American punk rock drummers
American male drummers
X (American band) members
The Knitters members
Musicians from California
1955 births
American rock drummers
20th-century American drummers
The Flesh Eaters members
Germs (band) members
20th-century American male musicians
Devils Brigade (band) members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20J.%20Bonebrake |
Encounter was a literary magazine founded in 1953 by poet Stephen Spender and journalist Irving Kristol. The magazine ceased publication in 1991. Published in the United Kingdom, it was an Anglo-American intellectual and cultural journal, originally associated with the anti-Stalinist left. The magazine received covert funding from the Central Intelligence Agency who, along with MI6, discussed the founding of an "Anglo-American left-of-centre publication" intended to counter the idea of Cold War neutralism. The magazine was rarely critical of American foreign policy and generally shaped its content to support the geopolitical interests of the United States government.
Spender served as literary editor until 1967, when he resigned. The revelation of the covert CIA funding of the magazine occurred that year. He had heard rumours but had not been able to confirm them. Thomas W. Braden, who headed the CIA's International Organizations Division's operations between 1951 and 1954, said that the money for the magazine "came from the CIA, and few outside the CIA knew about it. We had placed one agent in a Europe-based organization of intellectuals called the Congress for Cultural Freedom." Frank Kermode replaced Spender, but he too resigned when it became clear the CIA was involved. Roy Jenkins observed that earlier contributors were aware of U.S. funding but believed it came from philanthropists, including a Cincinnati gin distiller.
Encounter experienced its most successful years in terms of readership and influence under Melvin J. Lasky, who succeeded Kristol in 1958 and would serve as the main editor until the magazine ceased publication in 1991. Other editors in this period included D. J. Enright.
Founding and first editors
In October of 1953 Encounter first launched, it included a monthly Anglo-American journal of politics and culture, and was sponsored by the Paris-based Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF). The CCF was an organization of largely center-left artists and intellectuals founded in 1950. In line with its title, it was dedicated to countering on behalf of the non-communist West the overtures and influence in the culture of the Soviet Union, which remained under the rule of Joseph Stalin until 1953, and the Communist Party for several further decades.
The covert partial funding of Encounter by the Central Intelligence Agency (and Britain's MI6), via such American organizations as the Farfield Foundation, and thence to the CCF, was revealed in 1967 in the pages of Ramparts, The New York Times, and the Saturday Evening Post. According to CIA official Ray S. Cline the journal "would not have been able to survive financially without CIA funds". Its bibliography shows shifting patterns of high-journalistic political allegiance, especially in the cultural sphere. Shifts on both sides of the Atlantic triggered by the rise of the "neoconservative" tendency in opposition to the prevailing left-liberalism in elite opinion are evident.
The choices for the first two Encounter co-editors, the American political essayist Irving Kristol (1920–2009) and the English poet Stephen Spender (1909–95) were telling, and in retrospect, can be seen to have set in template much of the course of the magazine's evolution even over its final twenty-three years succeeding Spender's resignation in 1967, after the revelations of covert CIA-funding.
Irving Kristol and the New York intellectuals
Irving Kristol edited the political articles in Encounter from 1953 until 1958, and though still a self-described liberal at the time, he was already laying the foundations of his eventual stance, from the late 1970s until his death in 2009, as the "godfather of neoconservatism." Influenced by his experiences in the City College of New York cafeterias of the late 1930s, where Marxists, Trotskyists and Stalinists argued freely, Kristol had already, as early as 1952, in his writings in Commentary during the McCarthy years, set the tone for the neo-populist critique of liberal "new class" elites he would later seed during his almost forty-year stint (1965–2002) as founding co-editor of The Public Interest, the public-policy quarterly.
Stephen Spender and the English literary legacy
Stephen Spender cut a larger figure in strictly cultural circles, though with strong political engagements of his own – he was, at 44, one of England's leading men of letters of his generation, having been a prime constituent of the 1930s "MacSpaunday" generation of young English poets whose other members included Louis MacNeice, W.H. Auden, and C. Day Lewis. During his brief Communist phase in the 1930s, he had served in the Spanish Civil War with the anti-Franco International Brigades and later contributed to the essay collection The God That Failed (1949) edited by Richard Crossman. The other contributors who had become disillusioned with Communism included Louis Fischer, André Gide, Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, and Richard Wright; Koestler and Silone would in turn become from its outset regular contributors to Encounter. Spender's apprenticeship in the editor's chair had come over a decade before when he served as deputy to the English aesthete Cyril Connolly in editing, for its first two years, the influential literary monthly Horizon (1940–49), many of whose writers would show up in Encounter in due course throughout the 1950s and after.
Spender's range of cultural contacts, in and out of the academic world, combined with the high-stakes sense of Cold War cultural mission driving the Paris-based CCF, enabled Encounter to publish, especially during its first fourteen years prior to the revelation of the early CIA funding and the defections so provoked, an international range of poets, short-story writers, novelists, critics, historians, philosophers and journalists, from both sides of the Iron Curtain. The long tail of the Bloomsbury, World War I, and Bright Young Things generations of the early 20th century was a marked feature of the early years of Spender's tenure as the editor of the Encounters literary pages, with contributors such as Robert Graves, Aldous Huxley, Nancy Mitford, Bertrand Russell, Edith Sitwell, John Strachey, Evelyn Waugh, and Leonard and Virginia Woolf – Virginia in posthumous diary form, her surviving husband Leonard as a political essayist and reviewer.
Oxbridge and London academics
Encounter provided a prime forum for academics from the colleges of Oxford, Cambridge, and London Universities—Isaiah Berlin, Hugh Trevor-Roper, and A. J. P. Taylor among them—who discussed European history and the intellectuals helping to shape it. Trevor-Roper used the magazine as an outlet for his attacks, one on Arnold Toynbee's bestselling ten-volume Study of History, and on The Origins of the Second World War by A. J. P. Taylor.
Early outings by Encounter belletrists came when Nancy Mitford and Evelyn Waugh playfully debated over successive issues the fine points of upper-class vs. lower-class English usage ("U and non-U"), as did C. P. Snow and others, if less playfully, Snow's depiction within of a yawning chasm of mind between the "Two Cultures" of the hard sciences and the humanities. Among the magazine's early luminaries in aesthetics and the history of art were Stuart Hampshire and Richard Wollheim.
Political contours
On the political side of Encounter, Kristol brought on board many members of the group usually known as The New York Intellectuals, both journalist, literary and polemical or social-scientific, among whom he had passed the years of his apprenticeship: the sociologists Daniel Bell and Nathan Glazer, who, respectively, would later serve as his successive co-editors (and, like Spender, political foils, especially in Bell's more pronounced case) at The Public Interest, Sidney Hook, and, not least, the ideological hummingbird and scourge of "Midcult" Dwight Macdonald, who spent a year (1955–56) in London as associate editor, a tenure with which he would later attempt to make a retrospective reckoning in his "Politics" column in Esquire for June 1967 in what he would describe several months later as his "Confessions of an Unwitty CIA Agent". Mainline Americans for Democratic Action-style left-liberal Democrats such as Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. and John Kenneth Galbraith rounded out the American contours in politics, while the early English contributions in politics came largely from the social-democratic, anti-Communist, anti-unilateral nuclear disarmament wing of the Labour fold, as represented by C.A.R. Crosland (Anthony Crosland) (a close friend of Daniel Bell), R.H.S. Crossman (Richard Crossman), and David Marquand, with occasional contributions from Conservative journalists such as Peregrine Worsthorne and the young Henry Fairlie broadening the coverage.
Encounter provoked controversy, with some British commentators arguing the journal took an excessively deferential stand towards United States foreign policy. Cambridge literary critic Graham Hough described the magazine as "that strange Anglo-American nursling" which had "a very odd concept of culture indeed". The Sunday Times referred to Encounter as "the police-review of American-occupied countries".
Discussing the Encounter of the 1950s, Stefan Collini in 2006 wrote that although Encounter was not "narrowly sectarian in either political or aesthetic terms, its pages gave off a distinct whiff of Cold War polemicizing".
Melvin Lasky and the 1960s
The transition to Kristol's replacement on the political side of Encounter in 1958 by Melvin J. Lasky (1920–2004) was seamless, and a key factor both in the broadening of the magazine's international scope to include a deeper extension of its European coverage, from the Soviet bloc not least, as well as its coverage of the newly decolonized nations of Africa and Asia. After combat with the seventh army and postwar service in Berlin under military governor Lucius Clay, Lasky founded the German-language monthly Der Monat (The Month), and, amid an adult life spent largely ever since in Germany, was enlisted in 1955 back in New York to edit the first two numbers of The Anchor Review (1955–57), an annual published by the new Anchor Books imprint of Doubleday, fruit of the 1950s quality-paperback revolution spearheaded by Jason Epstein, and whose international roster of high-humanist contributors – Auden, Connolly, Koestler, Silone – made it resemble a concurrent mini-Encounter.
Ties to Eastern Bloc dissidents
During his 32 years at Encounter, Lasky, with his balding head and Van Dyke beard centrally cast as an inverted Lenin, proved instrumental in the long and dedicated cultivation of contacts from among the persecuted writers of Poland (i.a. Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Herbert), East Germany, Hungary, Romania, the Soviet Union, and then-Yugoslavia, and devoted extensive front-cover coverage throughout the 1960s and 1970s to the judicial travails in Russia of Andrei Sinyavsky (aka "Abram Tertz", under which nom de plume several samizdat short stories appeared), Yuli Daniel, Joseph Brodsky and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and in Poland to the case of Leszek Kołakowski, the philosopher exiled to the West in 1968 by the Polish Communist Party, and who became one of the magazine's defining contributors, whose blend of intellectual history and anti-Soviet militancy made him a sort of Slavic cross between Isaiah Berlin and Sidney Hook. A special 65-page anthology in April 1963, "New Voices in Russian Writing," presented, with the aid of translations by poets W. H. Auden, Robert Conquest, Stanley Kunitz and Richard Wilbur, a selection of the latest works of the rising generation of Russian poets and short-story writers, among them Andrei Voznesensky, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, and Vasily Aksyonov ("Matryona's Home," the most-read short story by Solzhenitsyn, was held over until the next issue).
Focus on decolonized nations
As for the nations of the so-called developing world, thanks in part to Spender's early attention to matters echt-English, the aftermath of the British Empire not least, Indian affairs, especially as they involved writers and intellectuals, were prominent on the contents page, with the heterodox essayist and memoirist Nirad Chaudhuri among the earliest of the magazine's long-serving correspondents from the subcontinent. Lasky, for his part, having written and published Africa For Beginners in 1962, made a point of devoting a special issue to that continent, along with others devoted to Asia and Latin America.
Changing times
The 1960s would prove to be the high-water mark of Encounters time on the world newsstand. As distinguished symposiasts from diverse spheres debated in its political sections such matters as the advisability of Britain's entry into the European Economic Community, the expansion of its tax-funded higher-education system, the aftermath of empire and the strains of assimilating the influx of immigrants from the decolonized nations, and the latest false dawn for socialists in Cuba, a rising generation of critics and scholars engaged the newly arrived high thinkers of the age – Clifford Geertz, R.D. Laing, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Konrad Lorenz, György Lukács, Marshall McLuhan – and speculated on the prospect of other false dawns in culture rather than politics. In the case of the imagined Arcadia presaged by the new wave of "high pornography", reformers like Olympia Press founder Maurice Girodias weighed in for the defense, with conservative sociologist Ernest van den Haag countering with a measured defense of the social need for both pornography and censorship, with the young George Steiner, dissenting from what to him seemed the neo-totalitarian import entailed by the literal stripping of literary characters of any vestige of privacy, in contrast to the more artful metaphoric indirections of such masters as Dante.
English poets
Encounter was eclectic in the poets it published. Its literary co-editors generally had a background in poetry, with Spender succeeded by the literary critic Frank Kermode. There were the critics, novelists and poets Nigel Dennis (1967–70) and D. J. Enright (1970–72), and the poet Anthony Thwaite (1973–85). Poets affiliated from the 1950s with The Movement —Kingsley Amis, Robert Conquest, Donald Davie, Enright, Thom Gunn, Elizabeth Jennings, Philip Larkin, and John Wain–contributed to the magazine, in many cases, in fiction and in essays also. Conquest, an independent historian of the Stalin years in Russia (The Great Terror, 1968), held a skeptical attitude toward left-liberalism. Amis published in Encounter in 1960 an article against the expansion of higher education, that proved influential.
Left-liberals vs. early neoconservatives
The more explicit development of that very skepticism, as it happened, came to mark the evolution of the political side of Encounter as it entered the 1970s and beyond. The ideological fissures in the world of Anglo-American political/literary journals began to see hairline crack turn to outright cleavage in the wake of the rise of the neoconservative movement. The biweekly New York Review of Books, founded in 1963, began to enlist from its outset a regular roster of the cream of the very sort of prestige British humanists and scientific essayists who had so distinguished themselves in the pages of Encounter in its first ten years, creating a rival outlet for them whose greater prominence in the much larger American market would only deepen after the 1967 high-profile resignations of Spender and Kermode, both of them at the very summit of Anglo-American literary life.
The then largely intra-Democratic rifts issuing from reactions to, for instance, the Vietnam War, student radicalism and the New Left, urban strife, the Great Society, the rise of Black Power and affirmative action, played out on the contents pages of the highbrow journals in a sharpening of sides among the political contributors to the liberal-to-radical (in politics if not in art and literature) New York Review in opposition to the post-1970 rightward shift of Commentary under Norman Podhoretz; the New York Review had already as of its third year (1965, when Kristol and Bell founded The Public Interest) shed the future neoconservatives who had marked its first two years. Another sign of the times came in 1972, when Daniel Bell, firmly of the social-democratic, anti-Stalinist, Old Left/Menshevik tendency, resigned from his co-editorship of The Public Interest, rather than strain his long friendship with Irving Kristol, who had recently left the Democratic fold and come out, for Richard Nixon, easing into his final four decades in the ideological orbit of, e.g., the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal. Some among the nascent neoconservatives, like Bell's successor Nathan Glazer, would remain Democrats, while others would form the Reagan Democrats and go on to play a pivotal role in the 1980 and 1984 elections.
1970s
The economic crisis of the 1970s, afflicting all the world's advanced democracies with a corrosive blend of decade-long inflation, sector-wide industrial strikes, overburdened welfare states expanded under pressure of an affluence-driven "revolution of rising expectations", the overturning of the supremacy of Keynesian economics under a simultaneous inflation and recession long thought inconceivable, and the resulting unraveling of the postwar, bipartisan social-democratic consensus – such was the stuff of a good portion of the debate on domestic affairs within Encounter throughout the 1970s. Those from the center-left addressing such topics included the veteran analysts of capitalism Andrew Shonfield and Robert Skidelsky, biographer of Keynes, and economic historian of Depression Britain. Among those from the developing New Right to assail eminent thinkers leftward was the Australian-born LSE political scientist Kenneth Minogue, among whose many contributions was a stinging rebuke to John Kenneth Galbraith for offering, in his 1977 documentary series The Age of Uncertainty, far more wit than wisdom – a charge to which the Harvard economist replied, wittily.
Novelist and political writer, Ferdinand Mount, then in his thirties and later to serve as a Thatcherite policy adviser early the next decade, did regular double duty as political essayist and book reviewer. And thirty years after The Road to Serfdom had made the name of Friedrich A. Hayek known among the non-economist educated public, the Austrian-born thinker, in the decade that saw his writings earn him both the Nobel Prize in Economics and a starring role in the education of the English prime minister newly arrived at its end, contributed four essays in the history of ideas, among them one on "The Miscarriage of the Democratic Ideal" and another on his cousin Ludwig Wittgenstein. Shirley Robin Letwin took the American liberal legal philosopher Ronald Dworkin to task for promoting judicial activism in his signature work Taking Rights Seriously, while the conservative philosopher Roger Scruton, a recent Encounter hand, examined the cultural roots of latter-day ills, and economist EJ Mishan> assayed the parasitic moral hazards arising from economic growth. And lively debate over the north–south divide, the Brandt Report, and western foreign aid to the 'Third World' was on hand courtesy of the prestigious development economist Peter Bauer and his critics.
Hazards of détente
In foreign affairs in the 1970s, Encounters prime interests, along with Euro-terrorism and Euro-communism, included the strains upon the detente with the Soviet Union inaugurated during the Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford years posed by the military buildup and underlying intentions, conventional and nuclear, of the Soviet Union, the latter's renewed adventurism-by-proxy in the Middle East and in Africa, and its ongoing abuses in human rights and in the coerced psychiatric treatment of dissidents. One of the prime set-pieces among the hawk-vs-dove needle-matches underway came with a six-installment series in which the eminent diplomat-historian — and "containment" theorist of the first years of the Cold War — George F. Kennan, then in his early seventies, squared off against his critics in the form of several interviews he had granted to George Urban of Radio Free Europe, with detailed rejoinders — and another mutual follow-up round — in succeeding issues by the veteran historian of the Russian empire at the University of London's School of Slavonic and Eastern European Studies, Hugh Seton-Watson, by Richard Pipes of Harvard — the latter due in several years for a post helping Ronald Reagan plot strategy toward the Soviet Union — and Leopold Labedz, Polish-born editor of Survey, a quarterly journal of Soviet-bloc affairs. The exchanges, marked each time on the part of Kennan's critics by a ritual and almost incantatory deference to his stature and role as almost Old Testament wise man, grew increasingly testy on both sides, with Seton-Watson accusing Kennan of allowing his aristocratic-utopian hand-wringing over Western cultural degeneracy to vanquish his sense of the moral urgency and legitimacy of the west's need to better defend itself against a newly hardened foe, with Pipes accusing him of an overly-optimistic estimate of relaxation in Soviet military strategy since the death of Stalin, charges amplified by Labedz. Kennan, for his part in reply, fired back from several angles with a long-running complaint of his, perhaps best summarized as: nobody understands me.
Contributing literary figures
The range of literary figures, some young and others established, whose first contributions to Encounter came during the 1970s included novelists Martin Amis, Italo Calvino, Elias Canetti, Margaret Drabble, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, Paul Theroux, D.M. Thomas, William Trevor, critics and essayists Clive James, Gabriel Josipovici, Bernard Levin, David Lodge, Jonathan Raban, Wilfrid Sheed, Gillian Tindall, poets Alan Brownjohn, Douglas Dunn, Gavin Ewart, James Fenton, Seamus Heaney, Erica Jong, Michael Longley, John Mole, Blake Morrison, Andrew Motion, Tom Paulin, Peter Porter, Peter Reading, Peter Redgrove, Vernon Scannell, George Szirtes, and R. S. Thomas.
1980s and end of the Cold War
The final decade for Encounter, the 1980s, was marked by regular elegy for old and distinguished friends of the magazine who had aged along with it, chief among them the Hungarian-born writer Arthur Koestler and the French political philosopher and journalist Raymond Aron. Longtime social-democrat friend of the magazine Sidney Hook died at 86 in July 1989, missing by less than six months the peaceful revolutions in Eastern Europe, previewed his memoir Out of Step: An Unquiet Life in the Twentieth Century in Encounter in the mid-1980s. As Brezhnev gave way to Andropov, then to Chernenko and finally to Gorbachev, such contributors as former Labour cabinet secretary (Lord) Alun Chalfont were dedicated to exposing what they saw as the errors of assorted unilateralist disarmers in the peace movement and foes of nuclear deterrence such as the English historian E.P. Thompson, as the NATO agreement to counteract Soviet SS-20s in the European theater took shape. The Polish resistance still covertly active after the crushing of the Solidarity trade union movement by martial law received ongoing coverage. Encounters range of political contributors edged closer to the stateside neoconservative orbit found in the 1980s grouped round, such as Commentary, the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal, and the American Spectator.
Edward Pearce, a regular contributor to the magazine in the 1980s, claimed that Encounter's editors reassigned him from political writing to theatre criticism after he repeatedly used his Encounter column to criticise the Thatcher government.
Though the literary side of Encounter throughout the 1980s featured a far smaller proportion of writers at the forefront of their national literatures as had its 1960s incarnation under Stephen Spender, and a 1983 change in cover design scrapped its austere "Continental" template in favor of a glossy look more characteristic of proverbially "slick" periodicals familiar from American newsstands, given the lofty heights from which it would recede, it still sustained its nonpolitical autonomy and ample proportions when the English poet Anthony Thwaite was replaced in 1985 by Richard Mayne, an English journalist, broadcaster, translator from the French, the magazine's Paris correspondent and "M." columnist, and former assistant to Jean Monnet, architect of the European Economic Community.
Encounter published its final issue in September 1990, almost a year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of Communist rule in the European satellites, and a year before the largely peaceful demise of Soviet rule itself. The magazine's end was brought about due to its increasing debts. The Bradley Foundation acquired the name a helped close down the Encounter organization in 1991.
Recognition
Thanks to the uncommon distinction, disciplinary and geographic range of the contributors it brought together in one venture, especially during the years 1953–67 prior to the CIA-funding revelations, Encounter earned regard as a high-water mark in postwar periodical literature. In a review of recent work by Stephen Spender in The New Republic in 1963, the American poet John Berryman wrote, "I don't know how Spender has got so many poems done, especially because he does many things besides write poetry: he is a brilliant and assiduous editor (I would call Encounter the most consistently interesting magazine now being published)." In the early 1970s, the American monthly Esquire said of Encounter that it was "probably not as good now as when it was backed by the CIA, but [it is] still the best general monthly magazine going." In the late 1970s, The Observer was of the opinion that "Encounter is a magazine which constantly provides, in any given month, exactly what a great many of us would have wished to read... there is no other journal in the English-speaking world which combines political and cultural material of such consistently high quality", while the International Herald Tribune called Encounter "one of the few great beacons of English-language journalism... a model of how to present serious writing." In a review in 2011 in The New Republic of a posthumous collection of essays by Irving Kristol, Franklin Foer wrote that "Encounter... deserve[s] a special place in the history of the higher journalism... [it] was some of the best money that the [CIA] ever spent. The journal, published out of London, was an unlikely coupling of the New York intelligentsia with their English counterparts—an exhilarating intermarriage of intellectual cultures. I am not sure that any magazine has ever been quite so good as the early Encounter, with its essays by Mary McCarthy and Nancy Mitford, Lionel Trilling and Isaiah Berlin, Edmund Wilson and Cyril Connolly. In his typically self-effacing manner, Kristol heaped credit upon Spender for the achievement."
Most prolific authors
The following is a list of all authors who appeared in Encounter at least ten times:
Dannie Abse (16)
Anna Adams (11)
F.R. Allemann (15)
Kingsley Amis (11)
Raymond Aron (37)
W.H. Auden (33)
A. J. Ayer (12)
Luigi Barzini (25)
Daniel Bell (16)
Max Beloff (71)
Bernard Bergonzi (22)
Vernon Bogdanor (13)
Francois Bondy (70)
Jorge Luis Borges (13)
John Bossy (14)
Malcolm Bradbury (24)
Edwin Brock (16)
D.W. Brogan (32])
Alan Brownjohn (42)
Zbigniew Brzezinski (10)
Alastair Buchan (19)
Anthony Burgess (13)
Alun Chalfont (10)
Michael Charlton (10)
Nicola Chiaromonte (10)
Robert Conquest (21)
Hilary Corke (42)
Maurice Cranston (33)
C.A.R. Crosland (18)
R.H.S. Crossman (17)
Brian Crozier (10)
Marcus Cunliffe (30)
Nigel Dennis (43)
Milovan Djilas (12)
Douglas Dunn (52)
Alistair Elliot (14)
D.J. Enright (80)
Martin Esslin (25)
Gavin Ewart (37)
H.J. Eysenck (15)
Henry Fairlie (24)
François Fejtő (11)
Leslie Fiedler (11)
Constantine FitzGibbon (17)
John Fuller (11)
Roy Fuller (22)
P. N. Furbank (18)
T.R. Fyvel (27)
John Gohorry (19)
Geoffrey Gorer (17)
Julius Gould (15)
K.W. Gransden (17)
Günter Grass (11)
Robert Graves (13)
Herb Greer (11)
Geoffrey Grigson (30)
John Gross (18)
Paul Groves (13)
Louis J. Halle (10)
Michael Hamburger (19)
Stuart Hampshire (19)
Patrick Hare (14)
Anthony Hartley (64)
Ronald Hayman (18)
John Holloway (20)
Sidney Hook (30)
Michael Howard (18)
G.F. Hudson (12)
Ted Hughes (10)
Michael Hulse (16)
Dan Jacobson (15)
Elizabeth Jennings (18)
Jenny Joseph (11)
Elie Kedourie (20)
Frank Kermode (31)
Roy Kerridge (11)
Arthur Koestler (19)
Leszek Kołakowski (12)
Irving Kristol (46)
Leopold Labedz (22)
Walter Laqueur (26)
Melvin J. Lasky (72)
Laurence Lerner (39)
Norman Levine (10)
Penelope Lively (12)
Michael Longley (13])
John Loveday (12)
Edward Lowbury (10)
Richard Löwenthal (39)
Edward Lucie-Smith (15)
Herbert Lüthy (18)
George MacBeth (14)
Dwight Macdonald (17)
Colin MacInnes (24)
Alasdair MacIntyre (12)
John Mander (24)
Golo Mann (17)
David Marquand (21)
Derwent May (11)
Gerda Mayer (10)
Richard Mayne (including "M." and "R.M" of "Books Encountered" feature) (172)
George Mikes (19)
Stephen Miller (10)
Kenneth Minogue (21)
E. J. Mishan (13)
John Mole (39)
Jan Morris (pre-April 1973 as James Morris) (39)
Blake Morrison (10)
Ferdinand Mount (16)
Kathleen Nott (15)
Frank Ormsby (17)
Tom Paulin (16)
Edward Pearce (66)
Peter Porter (56)
Isabel Quigly (11)
Jonathan Raban (11)
Herbert Read (10)
Peter Reading (19)
Peter Redgrove (38)
Goronwy Rees (including as columnist "[R.]") (158)
Jean-François Revel (61)
Eric Rhode (13)
Theodore Roethke (11)
David Rokeah (18)
Alan Ross (20)
Carol Rumens (11)
Malcolm Rutherford (13)
William Sansom (12)
Vernon Scannell (27)
Leonard Schapiro (10)
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. (12)
Peter Scupham (10)
Hugh Seton-Watson (16)
Edward Shils (22)
Andrew Shonfield (22)
Ruth Silcock (10)
Burns Singer (18)
Stephen Spender (45)
George Steiner (24)
Christopher Sykes (31)
David Sylvester (17)
George Szirtes (17)
D.M. Thomas (14)
R.S. Thomas (20)
Anthony Thwaite (38)
Gillian Tindall (13)
Charles Tomlinson (10)
Philip Toynbee (18)
William Trevor (11)
Hugh Trevor-Roper (14)
George Urban (13)
John Wain (42)
Vernon Watkins (10)
George G. Watson (20)
John Weightman (86)
Peter Wiles (12)
Nicholas Snowden Willey (14)
Angus Wilson (26)
Richard Wollheim (12)
Peregrine Worsthorne (15)
David Wright (17)
See also
CIA and the Cultural Cold War, for the general concept
Congress for Cultural Freedom – CIA program to fund European magazines
Who Paid the Piper?, book by Frances Stonor Saunders published by Granta Books (UK) in 1999 (US edition published as The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters, The New Press, 2000)
References
Cold War propaganda
Congress for Cultural Freedom
Defunct literary magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct political magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1953
Magazines disestablished in 1991
Magazines published in London
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Poetry magazines published in the United Kingdom
CIA activities in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encounter%20%28magazine%29 |
James Ramsay Hunt (1872 – July 22, 1937) was an American neurologist.
Early life and education
James Ramsay Hunt was born in Philadelphia in 1872. He received his M.D. degree from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1893. He then studied in Paris, Vienna, and Berlin, and returned to practice neurology in New York, working at Cornell University Medical School from 1900 to 1910 with Charles Loomis Dana. In 1910, he joined the faculty at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and what later became their Neurological Institute of New York. He did major research on the anatomy and disorders of the corpus striatum and the extrapyramidal system, and described several movement disorders. He was consulting physician at several New York hospitals, including Lenox Hill Hospital, New York Hospital, Babies Hospital, the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, the Psychiatric Institute, Letchworth Village for Mental Defectives, Montefiore Hospital, and the Craig Colony for Epileptics, and was appointed professor of neurology at Columbia in 1924.
1920–1934
He served as president of the American Neurologic Association in 1920, the New York Neurologic Society in 1929, the American Psychopathological Society in 1932, and the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disorders in 1934. He was also a founder of the American Society for Clinical Investigation, and a member of the Association of American Physicians, the American Psychiatric Association, the Association for the Study of Internal Secretions, and the American Medical Association.
World War I
During World War I, he was a lieutenant and later a lieutenant colonel in the Army Medical Corps, and served in France as a director of neuropsychiatry.
Syndromes
Hunt described three discrete syndromes, the best known of which is herpes zoster oticus, also known as Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2.
Personal life
He married Chicagoan Alice St. John Nolan in 1908, and was survived by two children, James Ramsay Hunt Jr. and Alice St. John Hunt.
Other associated eponyms
Ramsay Hunt's atrophy: a term for wasting of the small muscles of the hands without sensory loss.
Ramsay Hunt's zone: a delimited skin area supplied by the ganglion geniculi of the nervus intermedius.
Ramsay Hunt's paralysis: a disturbance with symptoms resembling those of Parkinsonism, but less intense than in Parkinson's disease.
See also
Ramsay Hunt syndrome
References
1872 births
1937 deaths
American neurologists
United States Army Medical Corps officers
United States Army personnel of World War I
Physicians from Philadelphia
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Ramsay%20Hunt |
Southside 1-1000 is a 1950 semidocumentary-style film noir directed by Boris Ingster featuring Don DeFore, Andrea King, George Tobias and Gerald Mohr as the off-screen narrator. It is about a Secret Service agent (Don DeFore) who goes undercover and moves into a hotel run by a beautiful female manager (Andrea King), so that he can investigate a counterfeiting ring. The agent is up against hardened felons such as the gang member played by George Tobias, an unusual example of casting against type for the typically comic actor. It is one of Ingster's two film noirs, the other being Stranger on the Third Floor (1940), which is considered the first noir film.
Plot
Based on a true story, the US Secret Service searches for a gang of counterfeiters, whose brilliant engraver Eugene Deane (Morris Ankrum) has secretly made his plates while in San Quentin prison on a life sentence, and had them smuggled out by a priest tricked into serving as a mule. The film starts as documentary-style section in which a male narrator explains the crucial role of paper currency in underpinning trade in the economy. Then the narrator explains how the US Treasury Department ensures that the value of this currency is safeguarded by using its intrepid Secret Service agents, who find fake bills in circulation and track down and arrest the counterfeiters who created them. This part of the film, which has a patriotic and jingoistic feel, shows newsreel-style stock footage of Treasury Department agents ("T-Men") and US soldiers fighting in the then-active Korean War.
When counterfeit $10 bills spread across the country, showing up at casinos and racetracks, the Treasury Department realizes that the bills are Deane's work. The officers set up surveillance on the counterfeit gang and find a travelling salesman who has been distributing the bills across the country, hoping to capture and interrogate him. However, a ruthless member of the counterfeiting gang (George Tobias) gets to the salesman first and kills him by throwing him out a window before he can talk and possibly lead the agents to the gang.
The Secret Service then puts undercover agent John Riggs (Don DeFore) on the case. Riggs poses as a thief who is interested in buying and selling counterfeit bills, to learn more about the gang and gather evidence. Riggs works the clues, which leads him to a Los Angeles hotel where the dead salesman lived. Riggs moves into the hotel as part of his undercover work, where he gets recruited by gang members. He also meets the beautiful hotel manager, Nora Craig (Andrea King).
While Riggs is romantically attracted to Craig, he also realizes that she may be connected to the counterfeiting gang. Riggs finds out that Craig is not only the manager of the hotel, but also the boss of the counterfeiting gang, commanding a crew of hardened felons. He finds out that her father is Deane, the old engraver in prison. The movie's climax arrives when the counterfeiters realize Riggs is a federal agent and threaten to kill him. As other federal agents and police invade the gang's lair, it ends up set on fire. The gang and officers have a pitched gun battle amidst cable car rail trestles and bridges, and Craig plunges to her death.
Cast
Don DeFore as John Riggs/Nick Starnes
Andrea King as Nora Craig
George Tobias as Reggie
Barry Kelley as Bill Evans
Morris Ankrum as Eugene Deane
Robert Osterloh as Albert
Charles Cane as Harris
Kippee Valez as Singer
Joe Turkel as Frankie
John Harmon as Nimble Willie
G. Pat Collins as Hugh B. Pringle – Treasury Agent
Douglas Spencer as Prison Chaplain
Joan Miller as Mrs. Clara Evans
William Forrest as Prison Warden
Production
The final fight-to-the-death scene was filmed aboard Los Angeles' "Angels Flight", a cable-car service hanging 40 feet above the ground.
It was the last in a series of movies King Brothers made for Allied Artists.
Reception
A November 1950 review in The New York Times commented: "In the cinema's library of routine gangster fiction, Southside 1-1000 merits a comfortable middle-class rating being neither especially exciting nor particularly dull".
Film critic Craig Butler of Allmovie wrote, "Southside 1-1000 is a good pseudo-noir film told in pseudodocumentary fashion, but it also must register as a bit of a disappointment. It's functional and all the parts fit together smoothly, making it run like a fairly well-oiled machine -- but it lacks real spark. Given director Boris Ingster's impressive work on the seminal Stranger on the Third Floor, one expects something a bit more unusual or off the beaten path – or at least distinctive. Instead, Southside looks like it could have been the work of any competent director". Michael Barrett of PopMatters rated it 4/10 stars and called it "an unnecessary and forgettable entry in the genre".
References
External links
Southside 1-1000 information site and DVD review at DVD Beaver (includes images)
1950 films
1950 crime films
American crime films
American black-and-white films
Film noir
Allied Artists films
Counterfeit money in film
Films scored by Paul Sawtell
1950s English-language films
1950s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southside%201-1000 |
Eric Andrew Posner (; born December 5, 1965) is an American lawyer and legal scholar who has served as a counsel for the Department of Justice Antitrust Division since 2022. As a law professor at the University of Chicago Law School, Posner has taught international law, contract law, and bankruptcy, among other areas. He is the son of retired Seventh Circuit Judge Richard Posner.
Education
Posner attended Yale University, earning B.A. and M.A. degrees in philosophy, summa cum laude. and received his J.D. degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard Law School in 1991. He clerked for Judge Stephen F. Williams of the D.C. Circuit.
Career
Posner started his teaching career at the University of Pennsylvania Law School from 1993 to 1998. In 1998, Posner joined the University of Chicago Law School where he is now the Kirkland and Ellis Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Esther Kane Research Chair. He has also been a visiting professor at Columbia Law School and NYU School of Law. From 1998 to 2011, he was an editor of The Journal of Legal Studies. He is the author or co-author of many books and articles, on subjects including international law, cost-benefit analysis, and constitutional law. At Chicago he teaches Antitrust, Contracts, Public International Law, and Financial Regulation, amongst other courses. Beginning in 2022, Posner began service as Counsel to the Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust at the United States Department of Justice.
Work
Posner's published books have ranged over several topics including international law, foreign relations law, contracts, and game theory and the law. In 2005, Posner posted about the trial of the deposed Iraqi President Saddam Hussein.
In June 2013, Posner and Jameel Jaffer, fellow at the Open Society Foundations, participated in The New York Times Room for Debate series. Posner responded to concerns about expanded National Security Agency (NSA) programs that vacuum information about the private lives of American citizens. Those who oppose the surveillance claim that the collection and storing of unlimited metadata is a highly invasive form of surveillance of citizens' communications. Posner claimed that Americans obtain the services they want by disclosing private information to strangers such as doctors and insurance companies. Posner in 2013 argued that since 2001 there had not been a single instance of "war-on-terror-related surveillance in which the government used information obtained for security purposes to target a political opponent, dissenter or critic".
In 2015, Posner co-founded the book review The New Rambler. Posner's position concerning the heightened standing of the executive branch of government was criticized in 2016 by Jeremy Waldron in his book Political Political Theory as not sufficiently sensitive to issue of legislative priorities. In 2018, Posner co-wrote an article advocating a system of market-oriented, privately sponsored work visas as a supplement to U.S. immigration policy.
Law and Emotions
Posner has argued for increased attention towards the role of emotions in legal theory. In 2001, Posner's Law and the Emotions detailed the implications of emotional decision making in legal decisions and procedures, as well as in rational choice theory. In particular, he argues that the American legal system's deeply rooted basis in cognitive science often eschews, or has yet to develop, significant acknowledgement of the role emotions play in criminology and contract theory. For example, a person who commits a criminal act while in an emotional state may receive a harsher or lighter punishment depending on whether they were motivated by hatred or shame. Indeed, consideration of the emotional component is often systemic or even codified, but any analysis thereof has been historically ignored.
Rational choice theory
Posner claims that a person who is in an emotional state rarely acts on reflex, instead remaining in control of their actions. Though the actions of an individual may be colored by a changing set of values, abilities, and preferences particular to their emotional state, these actions nonetheless remain guided in a procedural manner. Therefore, the mere observation that an individual's preferences are usually consistent while calm does not invalidate the role of rationality throughout the more temporary preferences of each emotional state. In other words, while emotional preferences modify the action tendency of any set of possible behaviors, the cognitive decision to commit to an action is nevertheless bound by reason.
Selected bibliography
Books
Law and Social Norms (Harvard University Press, 2000).
The Limits of International Law (Oxford University Press, 2005) (with Jack Goldsmith).
Terror in the Balance: Security, Liberty, and the Courts (Oxford University Press, 2007) (with Adrian Vermeule).
Perils of Global Legalism (University of Chicago Press, 2009)
Law and Happiness (University of Chicago Press, 2010)
Climate Change Justice (Princeton University Press, 2010) (with David Weisbach)
The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic (with Adrian Vermeule)(Oxford University Press 2011) ,
Contract Law and Theory (Aspen 2011)
Economic Foundations of International Law (Harvard 2013) (with Alan Sykes)
The Twilight of Human Rights Law (Oxford University Press 2014)
Radical Markets (Princeton University Press 2018) (with E. Glen Weyl)
Last Resort: The Financial Crisis and the Future Bailouts (University of Chicago Press, 2018)
The Demagogue's Playbook: The Battle for American Democracy from the Founders to Trump (All Points Books, 2020)
Articles
"Understanding the Resemblance Between Modern and Traditional Customary International Law", 40 Va. J. Int'l Law 639 (2000; with Jack L. Goldsmith)
"Law and the Emotions", 89 Georgetown Law Journal 1977 (2001)
"Moral and Legal Rhetoric in International Relations: A Rational Choice Perspective", 31 J. Legal Stud. S115 (2002; with Jack Goldsmith)
"Do States Have a Moral Obligation to Comply with International Law?", 55 Stan. L. Rev. 1901 (2003)
"A Theory of the Laws of War", 70 U. Chi. L. Rev. 297 (2003)
"Transnational Legal Process and the Supreme Court's 2003–2004 Term: Some Skeptical Observations", 12 Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law 23 (2004)
"Judicial Independence in International Tribunals", 93 Cal. L. Rev. 1 (2005; with John Yoo)
"Optimal War and Jus ad Bellum", 93 Georgetown L.J. 993 (2005) (with Alan Sykes)
"Terrorism and the Laws of War", 5 Chi. J. Int'l L. 423 (2005)
"International Law and the Disaggregated State", 32 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 797 (2005)
"International Law and the Rise of China", 7 Chi. J. Int'l L. 1 (2006; with John Yoo)
"International Law: A Welfarist Approach", 73 U. Chi. L. Rev. 487 (2006)
"An Economic Analysis of State and Individual Responsibility Under International Law", Amer. L. & Econ. Rev. (forthcoming; with Alan Sykes)
"Deference to the Executive in the United States after September 11: Congress, the Courts, and the Office of Legal Counsel," 35 Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 213 (2012).
"Is the International Court of Justice Biased?," J. Legal Stud. (forthcoming) (with Miguel de Figueiredo).
Newspaper columns
"Judges v. Trump: Be Careful What You Wish For," The New York Times, February 15, 2017
"A Threat That Belongs Behind Bars," The New York Times, June 25, 2006
"Apply the Golden Rule to al Qaeda?", The Wall Street Journal, July 15, 2006, p. A9
"Bitcoin is a Ponzi scheme—the Internet's favorite currency will collapse", Slate Magazine, April 11, 2013
Personal life
He has a wife and two children. He is a son of the former United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit judge Richard Posner.
References
External links
EricPosner, official website
CV
Facebook page
Blog
University of Chicago Law School biography
Posner participates in a panel, The Middle East: Crisis and Conflict at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library
Video (and audio) of debates and discussions involving Eric Posner on Bloggingheads.tv
20th-century American Jews
1965 births
Living people
University of Chicago Laboratory Schools alumni
Yale University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
University of Chicago faculty
University of Pennsylvania Law School faculty
International law scholars
American scholars of constitutional law
Scholars of contract law
Immigration law scholars
The New Rambler
21st-century American Jews
United States Department of Justice lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Posner |
Aingae, commonly known as Cofán or Kofán, is the primary language of the Ai (Cofán) people, an indigenous group whose ancestral territory lies at the interface between the Andean foothills and Amazonia in the northeast of Ecuador (Sucumbíos province) and southern Colombia (Putumayo & Nariño provinces).
While past classifications have identified Cofán as belonging to linguistic families such as Chibchan or Andean B, it is now widely agreed to be a language isolate, with no known genetic relatives. Although still robustly learned by children in Ecuadorian communities, it is considered an 'endangered language with estimates of around 1500 native speakers.
History and Current Status
Aingae is a language isolate of Amazonia spoken by the Cofán people in Sucumbios Province in northeastern Ecuador and the departments of Putumayo and Nariño in southern Colombia. The language has approximately 1500 speakers and is relatively vital in Ecuador and severely endangered in Colombia. However, language attitudes about Aingae are positive and it is considered foundational to Cofán identity and community (Cepek 2012).
The Ai are traditionally hunter-gatherers who historically spanned over a large territory (AnderBois et al. 2019). In Ecuador, the Cofán have resisted conquest by the Inca and colonization by the Spanish, as well as anti-indigenous policies by the Ecuadorian government. The pre-Colombian Cofán population is estimated at 60,000 to 70,000. Though the origin of the Cofán is the Eastern Andean Cordilleras, Inca encroachment pushed the Cofán to the eastern lowlands, which they still inhabit today. The Cofán have undergone de facto segregation codified by the Ecuadorian government, a measles outbreak in 1923 that reduced the population to a few hundred, and illegal oil extraction that threatened the environment in Cofán territory and the Cofán way of life. The Cofán have played a major role in the Indigenous movement in Ecuador, and in 2018 they won a judicial case recognizing their right to decide over environmental activities in their territory and prohibiting the continued operation of mining activities.
The Cofán's religious tradition is shamanistic, and a key cultural value of the Cofán is harmonious conviviality. In addition, participation in cultural practices such as drinking yaje and traditional skills like hunting and housebuilding, rather than descent or ethnicity, plays a large role in determining one's status as an ai (Cepek 2012). The Cofán credit their strong linguistic identity for their ability to withstand colonial oppression and protect their traditional way of life.
Aingae is a language isolate. The language has considerable Amazonian borrowings from Tukanoan and Cariban languages, as well as many Quechuan borrowings. While there have been previous claims of genetic ties or language contact of Aingae to Barbacoan, Chicham, and Chibchan, it has been determined that there are no substantial borrowings. No complete grammar of the language has been produced.
The name of the language, Aingae, which consists of the stem ai ('person, Cofán person, civilized person') and the manner clitic =ngae, means 'in the manner of the people'. Though the speakers use the word Aingae, the language is also known by the Spanish denomination Cofán.
Writing System (Orthography)
Aingae has two principal orthographies, both using the Latin alphabet. The first was developed by missionaries Marlytte and Roberta Borman, and first employed in M. Borman (1962). This orthography was influenced by Spanish and thus contained some needless complexity such as representing the phoneme /k/ with before front vowels, and with elsewhere. Borman also conveyed aspirated obstruents via reduplication instead of via <h> insertion like in the modern orthography. More recently, the Cofán community has created and widely adopted a new writing system which aimed to solve some of the opacities of Borman's script. A comparison between the two orthographies can be observed in the tables below:
* The prenasalized voiced stops and affricates are written without a homorganic nasal at the beginning of words. This is because word-initially, voiced stops are realized with less nasality than they are word-medially, hence the orthographic representation. However Repetti-Ludlow et al. (2020) found that there is still some nasalisation present.
** Both Borman and Community orthographies show inconsistency between the use of and
Phonology
Aingae has 27 consonants as well as 5 oral monophthongs and 6 oral diphthongs, each with a nasal counterpart which is contrastive. The language is currently considered to have an unknown amount of dialectal variation. It is quite likely that there is some, but no concrete research and evidence has been put forward to make a strong claim either way, warranting further investigation.
Consonants
The 27 consonant phonemes are listed below in the table with their IPA representations. In Aingae, there is a three-way, contrastive distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and prenasalized plosives and affricates. There are no such distinctions for fricatives. All consonants can be word-initial, except for /ʔ/ and /ɰ/. Note that glottal stop, although phonologically contrastive, can be realized as creakiness.
Vowels
The 5 oral vowels and their nasal counterparts are listed in the table below with their IPA representation. The 6 diphthongs and their nasal counterparts in IPA representation are the following: [ai]/[ãĩ], [oe]/[õẽ], [oa]/[õã], [oi]/[õĩ], [ɨi]/[ɨ̃ĩ], and [ao]/[ãõ].
Diphthongs
When vowels appear adjacent to one another, they either become a diphthong (for the pairs listed above) or a glide is inserted if a diphthong does not exist for that pair. For example:
Note that the vowel pair /ae/ is realized as [ai].
Triphthongs do not exist in Aingae, and glottal stops are inserted phonemically when a sequence of three vowels would occur as in example (1) below.
Nasalization
Nasalization is a major feature of the Aingae sound system. As already seen, there are contrastive prenasalized consonants as well as contrastive nasal counterparts to all monophthongs and diphthongs. Example (4) below demonstrates their contrasting nature:
(4a) /hi/ [hi] 'to come'
(4b) /hĩ/ [hĩ] 'to exist'
Along with being contrastive, nasalization also plays a key phonological role in the surface realization of morphemes, working both backwards and forwards. The consonants /p/, /t/, /ʋ/, and /j/ all become nasalized when following a nasal vowel, becoming /ᵐb/, /ⁿd/, /m/, and /ɲ/, respectively, as in examples (5) and (6).
(5a) /ha-pa/ [ha.pa] (go-SS) 'to go'
(5b) /hẽ-pa/ [hẽ.ᵐba] (sound-SS) 'to sound'
(6a) /hi-ʔja/ [hiʔ.ja] (come-VER) 'does come'
(6b) /hĩ-ʔja/ [hĩʔ.ɲã] (exist-VER) 'does exist'
Note that nasalization of vowels can cross consonant boundaries when the vowels are separated by a glottal fricative /h/ or glottal stop /ʔ/ (even when a glide is present) as in example (*) above and example (7) below:
(7a) /tsɨi-ʔhe/ [tsɨiʔ.he] (walk-IPFV) 'walking'}
(7b) /tsõ-ʔhe/ [tsõʔ.hẽ] (do-IPFV) 'doing'
Additionally, oral vowels become nasalized when preceding prenasalized consonants and when following nasal consonants, as in examples (8) and (9). They also become nasalized when either preceded or followed by a nasal vowel, as in examples (10) and (11).
(8) /dɨ.ʃo-ⁿde.kʰɨ/ [dɨ.ʃõ.ⁿde.kʰɨ] (child-PLH) 'children'
(9) /ɲoɲa-pa/ [ɲõɲã.ᵐba] (make-SS) 'make
(10) /ho.ʋaʔ-kã-o/ [ho.ʋaʔ.kãõ] (DIST-CMP-AUG) 'exactly like that'
(11) /bɨtʰo-ĩ/ [bɨtʰõĩ] (run-MVM) 'run'
Syllable Structure
Aingae syllable structure is (C)V(ʔ), with many variations thereof. At minimum a syllable can be a singular vowel and at maximum can be consonant onset with a diphthong nucleus and glottal stop coda. Note that vowel length is not a relevant feature in syllable structure. A complete list of the structures allowed is given in the table below with examples for each.
Prosody
Generally speaking, in the absence of a glottal stop, stress in Aingae is found on the penultimate syllable as in examples (12a) and (12b). When a glottal stop is present however, stress is found on the syllable with the second mora before the glottal stop (Dąbkowski, 2020), compare examples (13a) and (13b). This is a stress pattern that is currently cross-linguistically unattested.
(12a) [ˈfe.tʰa] 'open'
(12b) [fe.ˈtʰa.hi] 'open-PRCM'
(13a) [ˈfe.tʰa.ʔhe] 'open-IPFV'
(13b) [fɨn.ˈdɨi.ʔhe] 'sweep-IPFV'
Stress can in some cases be contrastive, compare (14a) and (14b). (R-L)
(14a) [ˈnẽ.pi] 'disappear'
(14b) [nẽ.ˈpi] 'arrive'
Morphology
Morphology in A'ingae consists of stems, clitics, and suffixes. Free stems include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbials, and meteorological stems (such as words for "wind", "rain", and "sun").
While many stems are free, there are also a number of bound stems, which typically express states of being or properties, and are in a class of "flexible stems" by themselves. In the following sentence, bia "long" is one of these bound stems.
Beyond stems, A'ingae has both bound suffixes and clitics, specifically enclitics that appear after the stem. There are no known prefixes or proclitics. In glossed content, suffixes are typically notated with a hyphen, and clitics are notated with an equal sign. The language has a very rich inventory of clitics, that can appear either at sentence level or constituent level. Sentence-level clitics occur at second position, meaning they attach to the end of the first word in a sentence, and mark qualities such as subject and sentence type.
Constituent-level clitics can either attach to the noun phrase or subordinate clause, or to the predicate clause. Clitics in the noun phrase occur in a fixed order, and can mark case, negation, and other grammatical features.
Suffixes also mark certain grammatical features. Some example include sentential type/mood, nominalization, and aspect. Passive, causative, and shape features are also indicated with suffixes.
Also present in the language is the process of reduplication, which expresses iterative aspect.
Inflectional Template
Clitics and suffixes in the language have a relatively fixed order of how they will attach to a verb or predicate phrase.
Pronouns
Syntax
Constituent order in matrix clauses in A'ingae is relatively flexible, with SOV (or SO-predicate) considered basic. In embedded clauses, word order is more rigidly SOV/SOPred. Clauses must minimally consist of a predicate.
Subordinate clauses are strictly predicate-final.
Case and Alignment
Case markers are constituent-level clitics.
The full list of case markers is shown below.
Note that there are two accusative case markers. Accusative 2 typically is used in negative sentences or when the P-argument is not yet present or does not exist, in contexts of expressing desire, causation, or creation.
Sentences follow a nominative-accusative pattern. A'ingae displays optional agreement—optional agreement in person using second position clitics, and optional agreement in number using the clitic ='fa--both of which agree with the subject argument. Within the noun phrase, there is no agreement.
Sentence Type
A'ingae distinguishes between several different sentence types. These distinctions are indicated using different morphosyntactic strategies. Declarative sentences can contain the optional veridical clitic ='ya. There are several imperative types, depending on what speech act is being performed, using either the imperative clitics =ja or ='se or the diminutive suffix ='kha. There is a distinction between yes/no interrogative and content interrogative sentences, with the former using the interrogative clitic =ti and the latter using the indeterminate/interrogative wh-word in the initial position (jungaesû ("what"), maki ("when"), mani ("where"), majan ("which"), mikun ("why"), mingae ("how")). Exhortative sentences use the hortative particle jinge. Prohibitive sentences use the clitic =jama. Below are some examples of these sentence types.
Assertive/Declarative
Imperative
Yes/no-Interrogative
Content Interrogative
Exhortative
Prohibitive
Useful Words and Phrases
Sample Passage
A'ingae passage
"Umbakhûnisû Fingian tuyakaen kuejete afakhujefa majan de titshe kiankhe, tsunjeninde jakansû tumbia savutshia upûijenga findiyechu ji
Tansifate tsa majan utie tise jakansû findiyechu upûijema ushichhachhu titshe kiañe
Tsumbate, umbanisû fingian ûfa kiame tise ushafanga, tsama tise titshe ûfani jakansû tise upûijema findi; usefapanga umbakhûnisû fingian ushambipa anthe
Tsunsite kueje savutshi chanjun, tsuinkhûte favatsheyi jacansu tise upûijema ushicha
Tsumbate umbanisû fingian tansiñachovedaya tsa kueje khuanginga injani titshe kiankhe."
IPA phonetic transcription
"
[ˈt͡sõ.mba.teˈõ.mba.ni.sɨ fĩ.ŋgiãˈɨ.fakiã̰.mẽˈti.seˈu.ʃa̰.fã̰.ŋgaˈt͡sa.maˈti.seˈti.t͡sʰeˈɨ.fa̰.niˈha.kã.sɨ ˈti.se o.ˈpuḭ.hẽ.mã ˈfĩ.ndi o. ˈse.faʔ.pã.ŋga õ. ˈmba.kʰɨ.nḭ.su ˈfĩ.ŋgiã u. ˈʃã.mbi.pa ã.tʰḛ]
"
English translation
"The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak.
They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other.
Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt.
Then the Sun shone out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak.
And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two."
Further reading
Dąbkowski, Maksymilian. 2021. Aingae (Ecuador and Colombia) - Language Snapshot. Language Documentation and Description 20, 1-12.
Baldauf, R. B., Kaplan, R. B., King, K. A., & Haboud, M. (2007). Language planning and policy in Latin America: Language Planning and Policy in Ecuador (Vol. 1). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Borman, M. B. (1976). Vocabulario cofán: Cofán-castellano, castellano-cofán. (Serie de vocabularios indígenas Mariano Silva y Aceves, 19). Quito: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Borman, M. B. (1990). Cofan cosmology and history as revealed in their legends: The Cofan Alphabet. Quito, Ecuador: Instituto Linguistico de Verano.
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Cofán". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Gijn, E. V., Haude, K., & Muysken, P. (2011). Subordination in native South-American languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co.
Klein, H. E., & Stark, L. R. (2011). South American Indian languages: retrospect and prospect. Austin: University of Texas Press.
References
ACC1:accusative case
ACC2:accusative case
ADN:adnominalizer
ANA:anaphoric
ANA.LOC:anaphoric locative
ANG:angular
CMP:comparative
DIST2:distal
DMN:diminutive
HORT2:hortative
IMP3:imperative mood
LAT:lateral
NEW:new topic
PLH:human plural
PLS:plural subject
PRCM:preculminative
PRHB:prohibitive mood
RPRT:reportative
SFC:surface
SH:shape
External links
Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: COFÁN
ELAR archive of A'ingae language documentation materials
Cofán (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
Indigenous languages of the South American Northern Foothills
Languages of Colombia
Languages of Ecuador
Language isolates of South America
Endangered language isolates
Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n%20language |
William (Bill) Teron, (November 15, 1932 – March 12, 2018) was a Canadian real estate executive who was known as the "Father of Kanata".
Born in Gardenton, Manitoba, he moved to Ottawa when he was eighteen. He started his own company, Golden Ridge Developments Ltd. He is responsible for two suburban developments in the Ottawa area - the development of the former hamlet of Bells Corners, Ontario into a garden suburb (through the development of housing estates called Lynwood Park and Arbeatha Park in the early 1960s) - and the development of Beaverbrook, the beginning of the city of Kanata (later amalgamated into greater Ottawa) from a greenfield site in the Township of March, west of the Ottawa Greenbelt.
From 1973 to 1979, he was the chairman and President of Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). In 1976, Teron served as Deputy Minister of the Ministry of State for Urban Affairs. He is the founder of Teron International Building Technologies.
In 1982, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1978, he was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada. He is also the recipient of the Silver, Gold and Diamond Queen's Jubilees medals and received the Jane Jacobs Lifetime Achievement Award in 2013.
Teron died on March 12, 2018, at the age of 85.
References
1932 births
2018 deaths
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Officers of the Order of Canada
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Businesspeople from Ottawa
People from Eastman Region, Manitoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Teron |
Peerage of England
|Duke of Cornwall (1337)||None||1377||1399||
|-
|Duke of Lancaster (1362)||John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster||1362||1399||
|-
|Duke of York (1385)||Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York||1385||1402||New creation
|-
|Duke of Gloucester (1385)||Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester||1385||1397||New creation
|-
|Duke of Ireland (1386)||Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland||1386||1388||9th Earl of Oxford; Marquess of Dublin in 1386, letters patent cancelled few months later; New creation; attainted, when all his honours became forfeit
|-
|Earl of Surrey (1088)||Richard FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Surrey||1376||1397||11th Earl of Arundel
|-
|Earl of Warwick (1088)||Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick||1369||1401||
|-
|Earl of Norfolk (1312)||Margaret, 2nd Countess of Norfolk||1375||1399||
|-
|Earl of Kent (1321)||Joan of Kent||1352||1385||Died, title extinct
|-
|rowspan="2"|Earl of March (1328)||Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March||1360||1381||Died
|-
|Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March||1381||1398||
|-
|Earl of Devon (1335)||Edward de Courtenay, 3rd Earl of Devon||1377||1419||
|-
|Earl of Salisbury (1337)||William de Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury||1344||1397||
|-
|Earl of Suffolk (1337)||William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk||1369||1382||Died, title extinct
|-
|Earl of Pembroke (1339)||John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke||1375||1389||Died, title extinct
|-
|rowspan="2"|Earl of Stafford (1351)||Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford||1372||1386||Died
|-
|Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford||1386||1392||
|-
|Earl of Kent (1360)||Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent||1360||1397||
|-
|Earl of Cambridge (1362)||Edmund of Langley, 1st Earl of Cambridge||1362||1402||Created Duke of York, see above
|-
|Earl of Richmond (1372)||John V, Duke of Brittany||1372||1399||
|-
|Earl of Buckingham (1377)||Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Buckingham||1377||1397||Created Duke of Gloucester, see above
|-
|Earl of Nottingham (1377)||John de Mowbray, 1st Earl of Nottingham||1377||1382||Died, title extinct
|-
|Earl of Northumberland (1377)||Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland||1377||1406||
|-
|Earl of Nottingham (1383)||Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Earl of Nottingham||1383||1399||New creation
|-
|Earl of Suffolk (1385)||Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk||1385||1388||New creation; cr. Baron de la Pole in 1384; found guilty of high treason, and all his honours became forfeited
|-
|Earl of Huntingdon (1387)||John Holland, 1st Earl of Huntingdon||1388||1400||New creation
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron de Ros (1264)||Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros||1353||1383||Died
|-
|John de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros||1383||1394||
|-
|Baron le Despencer (1264)||none||1326||1398||Attainted
|-
|Baron Basset of Drayton (1264)||Ralph Basset, 4th Baron Basset of Drayton||1344||1390||
|-
|Baron Berkeley (1295)||Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley||1368||1418||
|-
|Baron Fauconberg (1295)||Thomas de Fauconberg, 5th Baron Fauconberg||1362||1407||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron FitzWalter (1295)||Walter FitzWalter, 4th Baron FitzWalter||1361||1386||Died
|-
|Walter FitzWalter, 5th Baron FitzWalter||1386||1406||
|-
|Baron FitzWarine (1295)||Fulke FitzWarine, 5th Baron FitzWarine||1377||1391||
|-
|Baron Grey de Wilton (1295)||Henry Grey, 5th Baron Grey de Wilton||1370||1396||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Mauley (1295)||Peter de Mauley, 3rd Baron Mauley||1355||1383||Died
|-
|Peter de Mauley, 4th Baron Mauley||1383||1415||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Neville de Raby (1295)||John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby||1367||1388||Died
|-
|Ralph Neville, 4th Baron Neville de Raby||1388||1425||
|-
|Baron Umfraville (1295)||Gilbert de Umfraville, 3rd Baron Umfraville||1325||1381||Died; Peerage became dormant; and in abeyance since 1421
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Bardolf (1299)||William Bardolf, 4th Baron Bardolf||1363||1385||Died
|-
|Thomas Bardolf, 5th Baron Bardolf||1385||1407||
|-
|Baron Clinton (1299)||John de Clinton, 3rd Baron Clinton||1335||1398||
|-
|Baron De La Warr (1299)||John la Warr, 4th Baron De La Warr||1370||1398||
|-
|Baron Ferrers of Chartley (1299)||Robert de Ferrers, 5th Baron Ferrers of Chartley||1367||1416||
|-
|Baron Lovel (1299)||John Lovel, 5th Baron Lovel||1361||1408||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Scales (1299)||Roger de Scales, 4th Baron Scales||1369||1386||Died
|-
|Robert de Scales, 5th Baron Scales||1386||1402||
|-
|Baron Tregoz (1299)||Thomas de Tregoz, 3rd Baron Tregoz||1322||1405||
|-
|Baron Welles (1299)||John de Welles, 5th Baron Welles||1361||1421||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron de Clifford (1299)||Roger de Clifford, 5th Baron de Clifford||1350||1389||Died
|-
|Thomas de Clifford, 6th Baron de Clifford||1389||1391-3||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Ferrers of Groby (1299)||Henry Ferrers, 4th Baron Ferrers of Groby||1372||1388||Died
|-
|William Ferrers, 5th Baron Ferrers of Groby||1388||1445||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Furnivall (1299)||William de Furnivall, 4th Baron Furnivall||1364||1383||Died
|-
|Joane de Furnivall, suo jure Baroness Furnivall||1383||1407||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Latimer (1299)||William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer||1335||1381||Died
|-
|Elizabeth Latimer, suo jure Baroness Latimer||1381||1395||
|-
|Baron Morley (1299)||Thomas de Morley, 4th Baron Morley||1379||1416||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Strange of Knockyn (1299)||Roger le Strange, 5th Baron Strange of Knockyn||1349||1381||Died
|-
|John le Strange, 6th Baron Strange of Knockyn||1381||1397||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Botetourt (1305)||John de Botetourt, 2nd Baron Botetourt||1324||1385||Died
|-
|Joan de Botetourt, suo jure Baroness Botetourt||1385||1406||
|-
|Baron Boteler of Wemme (1308)||Elizabeth Le Boteler, de jure Baroness Boteler of Wemme||1361||1411||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Zouche of Haryngworth (1308)||William la Zouche, 2nd Baron Zouche||1352||1382||Died
|-
|William la Zouche, 3rd Baron Zouche||1382||1396||
|-
|Baron Beaumont (1309)||John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont||1369||1396||
|-
|Baron Monthermer (1309)||Margaret de Monthermer, suo jure Baroness Monthermer||1340||1390||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Strange of Blackmere (1309)||Elizabeth le Strange, suo jure Baroness Strange of Blackmere||1375||1383||
|-
|Ankaret Lestrangee, suo jure Baroness Strange of Blackmere||1383||1413||
|-
|Baron Lisle (1311)||Robert de Lisle, 3rd Baron Lisle||1356||1399||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Audley of Heleigh (1313)||James de Audley, 2nd Baron Audley of Heleigh||1316||1386||Died
|-
|Nicholas de Audley, 3rd Baron Audley of Heleigh||1386||1391||
|-
|Baron Cobham of Kent (1313)||John de Cobham, 3rd Baron Cobham of Kent||1355||1408||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Saint Amand (1313)||Almaric de St Amand, 2nd Baron Saint Amand||1330||1382||Died
|-
|Almaric de St Amand, 3rd Baron Saint Amand||1382||1402||
|-
|Baron Cherleton (1313)||John Cherleton, 4th Baron Cherleton||1374||1401||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Say (1313)||John de Say, 4th Baron Say||1375||1382||Died
|-
|Elizabeth de Say, suo jure Baroness Say||1382||1399||
|-
|Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1313)||Robert Willoughby, 4th Baron Willoughby de Eresby||1372||1396||
|-
|Baron Holand (1314)||Maud de Holland, suo jure Baroness Holand||1373||1420||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Dacre (1321)||Hugh Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre||1375||1383||Died
|-
|William Dacre, 5th Baron Dacre||1383||1398||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron FitzHugh (1321)||Hugh FitzHugh, 2nd Baron FitzHugh||1356||1386||Died
|-
|Henry FitzHugh, 3rd Baron FitzHugh||1386||1425||
|-
|Baron Greystock (1321)||Ralph de Greystock, 3rd Baron Greystock||1358||1417||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Grey of Ruthin (1325)||Reginald Grey, 2nd Baron Grey de Ruthyn||1353||1388||Died
|-
|Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn||1388||1441||
|-
|Baron Harington (1326)||Robert Harington, 3rd Baron Harington||1363||1406||
|-
|Baron Burghersh (1330)||Elizabeth de Burghersh, 3rd Baroness Burghersh||1369||1409||
|-
|Baron Maltravers (1330)||Eleanor Maltravers, 2nd Baroness Maltravers||1377||1405||
|-
|Baron Darcy de Knayth (1332)||Philip Darcy, 4th Baron Darcy de Knayth||1362||1398||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Talbot (1332)||Gilbert Talbot, 3rd Baron Talbot||1356||1387||Died
|-
|Richard Talbot, 4th Baron Talbot||1387||1396||
|-
|Baron Leyburn (1337)||John de Leyburn, 1st Baron Leyburn||1337||1384||Died, title extinct
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Poynings (1337)||Richard Poynings, 4th Baron Poynings||1375||1387||Died
|-
|Robert Poynings, 5th Baron Poynings||1387||1446||
|-
|Baron Grey of Rotherfield (1330)||Robert de Grey, 4th Baron Grey of Rotherfield||1376||1388||Died, Barony dormant
|-
|Baron Cobham of Sterborough (1342)||Reginald de Cobham, 2nd Baron Cobham of Sterborough||1361||1403||
|-
|Baron Bourchier (1342)||John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Bourchier||1349||1400||
|-
|Baron Manny (1347)||Anne Manny, 2nd Baroness Manny||1371||1384||Title succeeded by the Earl of Pembroke, and extinct in 1389
|-
|Baron Bryan (1350)||Guy Bryan, 1st Baron Bryan||1350||1390||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Burnell (1350)||Nicholas Burnell, 1st Baron Burnell||1350||1383||Died
|-
|Hugh Burnell, 2nd Baron Burnell||1383||1420||
|-
|Baron Scrope of Masham (1350)||Henry Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Masham||1350||1391||
|-
|Baron Musgrave (1350)||Thomas Musgrave, 1st Baron Musgrave||1350||1382||Died, title considered as forfeited
|-
|Baron Saint Maur (1351)||Richard St Maur, 3rd Baron Saint Maur||1361||1401||
|-
|Baron le Despencer (1357)||Thomas le Despenser, 2nd Baron le Despencer||1375||1400||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Lisle (1357)||Warine de Lisle, 2nd Baron Lisle||1360||1382||Died
|-
|Margaret de Lisle, 3rd Baroness Lisle||1382||1392||
|-
|Baron Montacute (1357)||John de Montacute, 1st Baron Montacute||1357||1400||Succeeded as Earl of Salisbury in 1397, see above
|-
|Baron Beauchamp of Bletso (1363)||Roger Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Bletso||1363||1380||Died, none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony
|-
|Baron Botreaux (1368)||William de Botreaux, 1st Baron Botreaux||1368||1391||
|-
|Baron Aldeburgh (1371)||William de Aldeburgh, 1st Baron Aldeburgh||1371||1388||Died, none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony
|-
|Baron Scrope of Bolton (1371)||Richard le Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton||1371||1403||
|-
|Baron Cromwell (1375)||Ralph de Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell||1375||1398||
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Clifton (1376)||John de Clifton, 1st Baron Clifton||1376||1388||Died
|-
|Constantine de Clifton, 2nd Baron Clifton||1388||1395||
|-
|Baron Thorpe (1381)||William de Thorpe, 1st Baron Thorpe||1381||1390||New creation
|-
|Baron Windsor (1381)||William de Windsor, 1st Baron Windsor||1381||1384||New creation; died, title extinct
|-
|Baron Camoys (1383)||Thomas de Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys||1383||1419||New creation
|-
|Baron Falvesley (1383)||John de Falvesley, 1st Baron Falvesley||1383||1392||New creation
|-
|Baron Devereux (1384)||John Devereux, 1st Baron Devereux||1384||1393||New creation
|-
|Baron Lumley (1384)||Ralph de Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley||1384||1400||New creation
|-
|rowspan="2"|Baron Beauchamp of Kidderminster (1387)||John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp||1387||1388||New creation; first peerage creation by letters patent ever; died
|-
|John de Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp||1388||1400||
|-
|Baron le Despencer (1387)||Philip le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer||1387||1401||New creation
|-
|}
Peerage of Scotland
|Earl of Mar (1114)||Margaret, Countess of Mar||1377||1393||
|-
|Earl of Dunbar (1115)||George I, Earl of March||1368||1420||
|-
|Earl of Fife (1129)||Robert Stewart, Earl of Fife||1371||1420||
|-
|Earl of Menteith (1160)||Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith||1360||1390||
|-
|rowspan=2|Earl of Lennox (1184)||Margaret, Countess of Lennox||1373||1385||Died
|-
|Donnchadh, Earl of Lennox||1385||1425||
|-
|Earl of Ross (1215)||Euphemia I, Countess of Ross||1372||1394||
|-
|Earl of Sutherland (1235)||Robert de Moravia, 6th Earl of Sutherland||1370||1427||
|-
|Earl of Angus (1330)||Margaret Stewart, Countess of Angus||1361||1389||Resigned Earldom
|-
|rowspan=3|Earl of Douglas (1358)||William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas||1358||1384||Died
|-
|James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas||1384||1388||Died
|-
|Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas||1388||1400||
|-
|Earl of Carrick (1368)||John Stewart, Earl of Carrick||1368||1390||
|-
|rowspan=2|Earl of Strathearn (1371)||David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn||1371||1386||Died
|-
|Euphemia Stewart, Countess of Strathearn||1386||1410||
|-
|Earl of Moray (1372)||John Dunbar, Earl of Moray||1372||1391||
|-
|Earl of Orkney (1379)||Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney||1379||1400||
|-
|Earl of Buchan (1382)||Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan||1382||1404||New creation
|-
|Earl of Angus (1389)||George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus||1389||1403||New creation
|-
|}
Peerage of Ireland
|rowspan=2|Earl of Ulster (1264)||Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster||1363||1382||Died
|-
|Roger Mortimer, 6th Earl of Ulster||1382||1398||
|-
|Earl of Kildare (1316)||Maurice FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Kildare||1329||1390||
|-
|rowspan=2|Earl of Ormond (1328)||James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond||1338||1382||Died
|-
|James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond||1382||1405||
|-
|Earl of Desmond (1329)||Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond||1358||1398||
|-
|Baron Athenry (1172)||Walter de Bermingham||1374||1428||
|-
|rowspan=2|Baron Kingsale (1223)||John de Courcy, 8th Baron Kingsale||1358||1387||Died
|-
|William de Courcy, 9th Baron Kingsale||1387||1410||
|-
|Baron Kerry (1223)||Maurice Fitzmaurice, 6th Baron Kerry||1348||1398||
|-
|Baron Barry (1261)||David Barry, 6th Baron Barry||1347||1392||
|-
|Baron Gormanston (1370)||Robert Preston, 1st Baron Gormanston||1370||1396||
|-
|Baron Slane (1370)||Thomas Fleming, 2nd Baron Slane||1370||1435||
|-
|}
References
Lists of peers by decade
1380s in England
1380s in Ireland
14th century in Scotland
14th-century English people
14th-century Irish people
14th-century Scottish earls
1380s in Europe
14th century in England
14th century in Ireland
Peers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20peers%201380%E2%80%931389 |
Billy Zoom (born Stuart Tyson Kindell; February 20, 1948) is an American guitarist, best known as one of the founders of the punk rock band X.
At 68 years old, Zoom was diagnosed in 2015 with an aggressive form of bladder cancer and began immediate treatment. He has since stated that he is "cancer-free" but will continue receiving chemotherapy treatments.
Early life
The son of a big band woodwinds player, Kindell began playing a variety of instruments, including violin, accordion, piano, clarinet, tenor, alto, and baritone saxophones, flute, banjo, and guitar.
Upon moving to Los Angeles in the 1960s, he worked as a session guitarist while attending technical school for training in electronics repair. He has a reputation as an expert in the maintenance, restoration, and modification of vintage tube amplifiers and combo organs. He has performed custom technical work on the amps for a host of electric guitarists and bassists.
Zoom became a Christian around the time X started, having grown up in a secular household. While being a self-described conservative, Zoom has criticized American two-party system.
Career
After submitting a string of demos to every record label he could find under his name Ty Kindell, he chose his stage name to get attention from executives who may have already rejected him.
Zoom is best known as a guitarist and founding member of punk rock band X, which he formed in 1977. He stayed with the band until 1986, performing on five studio albums and many tours and live concerts, and rejoined in 1999. He has also worked with rockabilly legend Gene Vincent, the Blasters, Etta James, Big Joe Turner, Mike Ness, and dozens of other major recording artists.
On stage, he is known for his wide-legged stance, big grin and tendency to make eye contact with audience members. He adopted this presence in reaction to many guitarists whose body histrionics and facial expressions gave the impression that they were playing very difficult parts on their instruments. Zoom wanted to make everything look easy.
In June 2008, in honor of his contributions to both the world music community and the legacy of Gretsch guitars, Gretsch unveiled the G6129BZ Billy Zoom Custom Shop Tribute Silver Jet.
References
External links
1948 births
Living people
American punk rock guitarists
American Christians
X (American band) members
The Blasters members
Guitarists from California
American rockabilly musicians
People from Savanna, Illinois
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
Country musicians from California
Country musicians from Illinois
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Zoom |
Maryland Route 274 (MD 274) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Joseph Biggs Memorial Highway, the state highway runs from MD 273 in Rising Sun east to MD 272 in Bay View. In conjunction with MD 272, MD 274 connects Rising Sun with Interstate 95 (I-95) in central Cecil County. The highway was built near Rising Sun in two segments, one before 1910 and the other in the mid-1920s. MD 274 was completed to Bay View in the early 1940s. The highway was relocated at Bay View in the late 1960s and reconstructed the rest of the way to Rising Sun in the late 1970s and early 1980s. MD 274 had a truck bypass using MD 273 and MD 272 via Calvert.
Route description
MD 274 begins at an intersection with MD 273 (Main Street) in the town center of Rising Sun. The highway follows two-lane undivided Queen Street south to the town limit, where the route intersects the Octoraro Rail Trail. At this point, the highway continues southeast as Joseph Biggs Memorial Highway. The highway was named for Joseph B. Biggs, a county commissioner of Cecil County in the 1970s. MD 274 follows the ridge separating North East Creek to the northeast from Principio Creek and Stony Run to the southwest. The highway passes through the hamlets of Farmington and Greenhurst. In the latter hamlet, MD 274 intersects Calvert Road and parallels Ebenezer Church Road; the parallel segments of these roads are MD 274A and MD 274B. The highway passes south of the Chesapeake Bay Golf Club at Rising Sun and then intersects Old Farmington Road and Old Bayview Road in Bay View. There, MD 274 reaches its eastern terminus at MD 272 (North East Road) across from the entrance to Cecil College and a short distance north of MD 272's interchange with I-95 (John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway).
History
A section of present-day MD 274 was constructed as a macadam road by Cecil County with state aid from Farmington north to Pierce Road south of Rising Sun by 1910. The gap between that section and MD 273 in Rising Sun was filled by 1927. MD 274 was extended southeast to Post Road near Greenhurst (also known as College Green) as a concrete road in 1929. The highway remained a spur from Rising Sun to Greenhurst until the highway to Bay View was completed in 1942. The first section of MD 274 to be placed in its modern form was the segment between Old Bay View Road, then MD 699, and modern MD 272; this piece was built in 1965. This highway was extended northwest to Old Farmington Road in 1968 and 1969. MD 274 was reconstructed from Post Road through Farmington to the town limit of Rising Sun between 1978 and 1980. The final stretch of MD 274 to be reconstructed was from Post Road to Bay View, which bypassed what is now Ebenezer Church Road at Greenhurst, between 1982 and 1984. Queen Street in Rising Sun was maintained by the town until the town's section of the state highway was transferred to state maintenance in a January 5, 1979, road transfer agreement.
Junction list
Auxiliary routes
MD 274 has a pair of auxiliary routes around Greenhurst. These highways form much of the old alignment of MD 274 left behind when the highway was relocated there in the early 1980s.
MD 274A is the designation for Calvert Road, which runs from the intersection of MD 274 and MD 274B north and west to a dead end, between which the highway meets the southern end of county-maintained Calvert Road.
MD 274B is the designation for the state-maintained portion of Ebenezer Church Road. The state highway begins south of Principio Road, south of which Ebenezer Church Road becomes a county highway. MD 274B parallels MD 274 north to its terminus at MD 274 and MD 274A.
Former truck route
Maryland Route 274 Truck was a truck bypass of MD 274. The signed route followed MD 273 from MD 274's western terminus in Rising Sun east to MD 272 at Calvert and MD 272 from Calvert south to MD 274's eastern terminus in Bay View.
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 274
MD 274 at AARoads.com
274
Maryland Route 274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20274 |
Alan Hake is the co-founder of Must Destroy Records, but was also a key figure in many important Scottish underground bands of the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was a key member of Exploding Tortoise. Hake went on to be a founder member of 18 Wheeler, signed to Creation Records in the early 1990s, and continued to contribute occasional bass until they split in 1998. Together with Ian Scouser and Tremendous Mike, he then founded Must Destroy Records after several years working for Alan McGee's Poptones record label.
References
External links
Must Destroy Homepage
Must Destroy My Space
British bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Hake |
Michael William Head (born 24 November 1961) is an English singer-songwriter and musician from Liverpool, England. He is most famous as the lead singer and songwriter for Shack and the Pale Fountains, both of which also feature his younger brother John Head. Though the bands never achieved mainstream success, they have a strong following and NME have described him as "a lost genius and among the most gifted British songwriters of his generation."
The Pale Fountains
Head first gained attention as a member of the Pale Fountains in the early 1980s with his best friend Chris "Biffa" McCaffrey. The band suffered from critical and commercial apathy, and the band split around 1987. Shortly afterwards, McCaffrey died from a brain tumour.
In 2008, Head reformed The Pale Fountains to play a couple of gigs to celebrate 25 years since their inception.
Shack
In 1986, Head formed Shack with John on lead guitar, Peter Wilkinson on bass and Mick Hurst on drums.
The group debuted in 1988 with Zilch, falling victim to the commercial indifference which earlier plagued The Pale Fountains' career. The follow-up, Waterpistol, was recorded in 1991 at London's Star Street Studio, but shortly after the finished disc was mixed the studio burned to the ground, and the completed master was lost. Producer Chris Allison had the only surviving copy of the album, but unaware of a fire that demolished the studio, carelessly left his copy of the tape in a rental car while in the U.S.; upon returning to the UK and learning of the studio's fate he managed to contact the rental car company and rescue the DAT, but the record company had collapsed and there was no one to distribute it.
Waterpistol was not released until 1995, by which point Shack had split up. The siblings reformed Shack soon after with bassist Ren Parry and drummer lain Templeton, returning in 1999 with H.M.S. Fable and Here's Tom With the Weather (2003). They signed to Oasis guitarist Noel Gallagher's Sour Mash label and released ...The Corner of Miles and Gil in 2006. A Best Of album, Time Machine was released in 2007.
Michael Head introducing The Strands
After touring for a while with childhood heroes Love, Head went on to form Michael Head introducing The Strands, again with brother John on guitar. In 1997, they released the critically acclaimed album The Magical World of the Strands.
2008 was a relatively quiet one for Head, starting with Shack being part of Liverpool, The Musical, which was part of the European City of Culture celebrations and ending with another new venture, Michael Head & The Red Elastic Band.
Michael Head & the Red Elastic Band
In September 2013, Michael Head & the Red Elastic Band released their debut record, an EP entitled Artorius Revisited, on Violette Records, following this with a limited edition release of the double A-side 7" single "Velvets in the Dark / Koala Bears" in March 2015.
In October 2017, Michael Head & the Red Elastic Band released an album called Adiós Señor Pussycat. It reached No. 1 on the UK Independent Albums Chart and No. 57 on the UK Albums Chart.
In early 2019, Michael Head parted company with Violette Records, entering the studio in August of that year with producer and songwriter/musician Bill Ryder-Jones to begin recording a new album with the provisional title New Brighton Rock. Four of the new songs were played live for the first time at Michael Head & the Red Elastic Band's first and only live show of 2019, held at Liverpool's Invisible Wind Factory. The show generated a positive response on social media and was followed by a short tour in early 2020.
The album Dear Scott was released on Modern Sky UK in June 2022. It received a 4-star review in The Guardian and a 5-star review in Mojo magazine. The album peaked at number 6 on the official UK chart, making it Michael Head's highest-ever charting album. The album was also number one in the UK Independent Chart. The album release was followed by a UK tour in June 2022, with further dates in 2022 to follow. On 11 and 16 November 2022 respectively, Uncut and Mojo published their 75 Best Albums of 2022 yearend lists, where the former ranked Dear Scott the third best and the latter the best album of the year.
Discography
The Magical World of the Strands (1997) - LP (Michael Head introducing The Strands)
"Somethin' Like You" (1998) - No. 150 (UK) - single (Michael Head introducing The Strands)
Artorius Revisited EP (2013) - 12" vinyl / CD (Michael Head & the Red Elastic Band)
Velvets In The Dark/Koala Bears (2015) - 7" single (Michael Head & the Red Elastic Band)
Adios Senor Pussycat (2017) - LP (Michael Head & the Red Elastic Band)
Dear Scott (2022) - LP (Michael Head & the Red Elastic Band)
References
External links
Shack website
English male songwriters
English male singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
English new wave musicians
Male new wave singers
Musicians from Liverpool
Living people
1961 births
Shack (band) members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Head%20%28musician%29 |
The Communauté d'agglomération Saumur Val de Loire is an intercommunal structure in the Loire Valley gathering 45 communes including Saumur. It is located in the Maine-et-Loire département, in the Pays de la Loire région, western France. It was formed on 1 January 2017 by the merger of the former Communauté d'agglomération de Saumur Loire Développement, the Communauté de communes Loire Longué, the Communauté de communes du Gennois and the Communauté de communes de la région de Doué-la-Fontaine. Its area is 1233.7 km2. Its population was 99,236 in 2018, of which 26,599 in Saumur proper.
Composition
The Communauté d'agglomération de Saumur Val de Loire gathers 45 communes:
Saumur
Allonnes
Antoigné
Artannes-sur-Thouet
Bellevigne-les-Châteaux
Blou
Brain-sur-Allonnes
La Breille-les-Pins
Brossay
Cizay-la-Madeleine
Le Coudray-Macouard
Courchamps
Courléon
Dénezé-sous-Doué
Distré
Doué-en-Anjou
Épieds
Fontevraud-l'Abbaye
Gennes-Val-de-Loire
La Lande-Chasles
Longué-Jumelles
Louresse-Rochemenier
Montreuil-Bellay
Montsoreau
Mouliherne
Neuillé
Parnay
Le Puy-Notre-Dame
Rou-Marson
Saint-Clément-des-Levées
Saint-Just-sur-Dive
Saint-Macaire-du-Bois
Saint-Philbert-du-Peuple
Souzay-Champigny
Tuffalun
Turquant
Les Ulmes
Varennes-sur-Loire
Varrains
Vaudelnay
Vernantes
Vernoil-le-Fourrier
Verrie
Villebernier
Vivy
References
External links
Saumur
Saumur
States and territories established in 2017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9%20d%27agglom%C3%A9ration%20Saumur%20Val%20de%20Loire |
Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (FFLAG) is a voluntary organisation and registered charity in the United Kingdom which offers support to parents and their lesbian/gay/bisexual and transgender children. They have a national telephone helpline (0300 688 0368 <changed in 2020>) as well as several parent support groups and are a support group recognised by the UK Government. FFLAG also works outside the UK with other LGBT family support organisations particularly in Europe.
Formation
Rose Robertson
The organisation has its roots in 1965 when Rose Robertson (1916 - 2011), a former World War II SOE agent set up Parents Enquiry, inspired by events she had seen whilst working with the resistance in occupied France. Rose was herself heterosexual, her maiden name being Laimbeer, Rose had married George Robertson in 1954, he died in 1984. Rose launched Britain's first helpline to assist, inform and support parents and their lesbian, gay and bisexual sons and daughters three years before the Sexual Offences Act 1967 decriminalised homosexuality in England and Wales in a period of severe Homophobia, when LGBT+ people regularly experienced prejudice, harassment and oppression. Rose used her own home and money to help young LGBT+ people in need.
Parents Enquiry
Rose Robertson was receiving over 100 phone calls and letters a week from highly distressed gay teenagers, many of whom had self harmed. Rose often mediated between parents mostly successfully, who had rejected their own sons and daughters due to sexuality. Despite being verbally abused, physically attacked, targeted with extreme homophobia and Right-wing extremists, arson attacks on her home, excrement through the letterbox, abusive phone calls and hate mail she did not give up and persevered until her death in helping young LGBT+ people.
Obituaries to Rose appeared in The Telegraph, The Guardian and The Pink Paper news papers and at the Peter Tatchell Foundation. The Manchester Parents Group had produced a video introduced by Sir Ian McKellen in 1990 in which Rose Robertson appeared, one of the last surviving VHS Video copies, although in worn condition was transferred by a volunteer to Mpeg video in 1999 for preservation.
National Movement
The helpline that Rose created ran for three decades and Rose's work inspired parents in various parts of the country to set up their own groups and helplines. Among the first were those in Manchester, Leicester and Scotland.
By 1993 it was felt that there was a need for a national organisation to act as an umbrella group to support and co-ordinate the local groups and to respond to the increasing request for information from the media, social services and other organisations and individuals.
FFLAG
'Friends and Families of Lesbians and Gays' (FFLAG) was the successor to Parents Enquiry set up in 1993, and became a registered charity in 2000 with aims were to support parents and their lesbian, gay and bisexual daughters and sons and to campaign for human and civil rights. FFLAG is a totally voluntary organisation; it has no statutory funding and is totally dependent on donations.
The equal rights legislation FFLAG has campaigned for include:
The repeal of section 28
Equalisation of the age of consent
Lifting the ban on gays and lesbians in the armed forces
Adoption rights for same sex couples
Civil partnership
Same sex marriage
In 2000 FFLAG joined with parent's organisations in Italy, France, Belgium, Germany and Spain to set up EuroFFLAG, now followed by the European Network of Parents of LGBTQI children.
FFLAG's vision
FFLAG's vision: is a world free from ignorance and prejudice about sexuality and gender identity in which LGBT+ people are valued and respected
Their mission:
To support families with LGBT+ members
To be the national umbrella organisation for affiliated groups supporting families with LGBT+ members
To support and develop a network of local family support groups
To provide direct individual support where local family support groups are not involved
To educate and advocate for a world in line with their vision
To work with other organisations to achieve their vision
To ensure that they have the necessary resources to achieve their mission
Support Resources
FFLAG's website provides information about helpful resources including their downloadable booklets. The booklet 'A Guide For Family & Friends' looks at issues and emotions that parents and families may face when their LGB loved one comes out. Another booklet 'How Do I Tell My Parents?' considers ways of telling parents as well as discussing the issues that often worry lesbian, gay and bisexual people when they want to talk to their family about their sexuality. The booklets, originally written by Rose Robertson, were rewritten by FFLAG Parents in 2012 and updated again in 2017. The booklets contain quotes and experiences from parents and LGB young people.
FFLAG has found that many of the enquiries currently received are from parents of trans youngsters. They have decided to extend their remit to include support for family and friends of trans people.
On 31 March 2018, coinciding with Trans Visibility Day, FFLAG launched its new booklet 'A Guide For Family & Friends - information for family and friends with a transgender member'.
There are plans for a second new booklet 'How Do I Tell My Parents? - I'm transgender' to be available later this year.
Trustees
President of the organisation is Jenny Broughton, Hugh Fell is Chair of Trustee's alongside fellow Trustee's Sorrel Atkinson, Janet Kent, Hilary Beynon and Sarah Furley.
Patrons
Long standing Patrons of the organisation are Baron Cashman of Limehouse, Angela Mason CBE, Sir Ian McKellen CH CBE, Baroness Massey of Darwen, Professor Ian Rivers, Deidre Sanders and Peter Tatchell.
See also
PFLAG
References
External links
'Parents Talking', free online video resource, produced 1990
LGBT organisations in the United Kingdom
LGBT family and peer support groups
Social welfare charities based in the United Kingdom
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Families%20and%20Friends%20of%20Lesbians%20and%20Gays |
Naitasiri Fijian Provincial Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate was coextensive with Naitasiri Province.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 2001 election, Ilaitia Tuisese won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naitasiri%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
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