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Todd Oldham (born Jacky Todd Oldham;) is an American-born designer and president of L-7 Designs Inc and Todd Oldham Studios. His approach to fashion and style has become known to millions through his fashion lines, interior designs, books and by appearing in television shows. Oldham is based in New York City.
Biography
Early life
Oldham was born Jacky Todd Oldham in Corpus Christi, Texas to Jack and Linda Oldham. He has 2 sisters and 1 brother. At age 15, he designed his first dress when he stitched together some pillowcases. His father was a computer programmer and the family moved around due to his father’s job. At one point, his family lived in Iran. He moved to Dallas, Texas, after graduating high school. His first job was in the alterations department at the Polo Ralph Lauren. He borrowed $50 from his parents, bought 41 yards of white cotton jersey, dyed it and put together a tiny collection that he sold to Neiman Marcus.
Career
During his early days in Dallas, Oldham showed his first collection in 1981, launched his first clothing line in 1989 and won the Council of Fashion Designer Perry Ellis Award for New Fashion Talent in 1991. In 1988, Oldham moved to New York City with his business partner, Tony Longoria. Oldham served as creative consultant to Escada between 1995 and 1997. He launched a perfume line in 1995 and designed a clothing line for Target (2002–2003). In 1995, he produced a clothing line associated with the Warner Brothers film Batman Forever. Oldham designed furniture and home accessories for La-Z-Boy furniture (2003–2007) and served as creative director for Old Navy. He designed under his own label in New York from 1989-1999. When he left the fashion industry, he dispersed his archive to the Texas Fashion Collection and the RISD Museum, which held the 2016 exhibition "All of Everything: Todd Oldham Fashion," a retrospective of his fashion career.
Oldham designed The Hotel of South Beach in 1999. He is currently designing the annex to the hotel.
Todd Oldham has become widely known to American TV audiences through his many television appearances. Most notably, Oldham was the host of the "Todd Time" segment on MTV's House of Style from 1993 to 1999. His appearances on House of Style has been credited with advancing his career during the 1990s. He has also hosted Fashionably Loud on MTV in 1999 and recently served as mentor to contestants on Bravo's Top Design.
Oldham is also actively involved in book publishing. He has produced a number of books on various aspects of style for Ammo Books as part of the Place Space series. Books in the series include photos and essays on filmmaker John Waters, the artist compound in upstate New York owned by Joe Holtzman (the founder of Nest magazine), and the Rhode Island School of Design's off-campus housing and Bedrock City. Oldham has created Hand Made Modern, Without Boundaries, and various other titles. In June 2007, Oldham released a monograph of artist Charley Harper’s work titled An Illustrated Life. He has subsequently released monographs on Wayne White and Ed Emberley.
Philanthropy
Oldham is on the advisory board of the Amazon Conservation Team (ACT), to work in partnership with indigenous people in conserving biodiversity, health and culture in South America. He is also on the board of Aperture, a nonprofit foundation dedicated to promoting photography. Oldham has been involved with Habitat for Humanity, Bailey House, the oldest supportive housing program for persons with HIV and AIDS in the United States, and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.
Personal life
Oldham is openly gay. His longtime partner is Tony Longoria.
See also
LGBT culture in New York City
List of LGBT people from New York City
References
External links
Todd Oldham – Spontaneous Creations in Modern Furniture
Todd Olhdam records, 1990-2005 from The Irene Lewisohn Costume Reference Library at The Costume Institute, The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1961 births
American fashion designers
American interior designers
American gay artists
LGBT fashion designers
LGBT people from Texas
Living people
Stonewall Book Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%20Oldham |
The Amur falcon (Falco amurensis) is a small raptor of the falcon family. It breeds in south-eastern Siberia and Northern China before migrating in large flocks across India and over the Arabian Sea to winter in Southern and East African coasts.
Description
Males are characteristically dark sooty grey above with rufous thighs and vent. In flight, the wing lining is white, contrasting with the dark wing feathers. Adult males of the closely related red-footed falcon have a dark grey wing lining. In Africa, males can be confused with melanistic Gabar goshawks, but the chestnut on the vent is distinctive. Also, there may be some superficial resemblance to the sooty falcon and the grey kestrel, but those two species both have yellow feet and cere. The wings are long as in most falcons (with a span of 63–71 cm) and at rest the wing tip reaches or extends just beyond the tail-tip.
Females can be more difficult to identify as they share a pattern common to many falcons, but are distinctive in having an orange eye-ring, a red cere and reddish orange feet. Juveniles can be confused only with those of the red-footed falcon, but lack the buffy underwing coverts.
Taxonomy
The Amur falcon was long considered a subspecies or morph of the red-footed falcon, but it is nowadays considered a distinct species. Nonetheless, it is the red-footed falcon's closest relative; their relationship to other falcons is more enigmatic. They appear morphologically somewhat intermediate between kestrels and hobbies and DNA sequence data has been unable to further resolve this question, mainly due to lack of comprehensive sampling.
The genus name Falco is Late Latin and derives from falx, falcis, a sickle, referencing the claws of the bird. The species name amurensis is from Amurland in south-eastern Siberia.
Distribution and migration
The Amur falcon breeds in east Asia from the Transbaikalia, Amurland, and northern Mongolian region to parts of North Korea. They migrate in a broad front through India and Sri Lanka, sometimes further east over Thailand and Cambodia and then over the Arabian Sea, sometimes in passage on the Maldives and other islands to reach southern Africa. Birds going over India are thought to be aided by strong winds blowing westward. These winds are strong at an altitude of about 3000m and the birds are thought to fly at a height of above 1000m during migration. The route taken to return to their breeding grounds runs slightly more northward. Because of its tendency to wander long distances over the ocean while migrating, this falcon has been found in locations far outside its normal range, such as in Italy, Sweden, Tristan da Cunha, St. Helena and the United Kingdom.
Behaviour and ecology
Foraging and food
The Amur falcon feeds mainly late in the evening or early in the morning capturing a wide range of insects in the air or on the ground. They capture most of their prey in flight, sometimes by hovering, but will also pick prey by alighting on the ground. The winter diet appears to be almost entirely made up of insects but they take small birds, mammals and amphibians to feed their young in their breeding range. The rains in Africa produce swarms of termites, locusts, ants and beetles that provide ample food. Their migration over the Arabian Sea coincides with the timing of the migration of dragonflies (Pantala flavescens) and these are thought to provide food during the most arduous part of their migration route.
Nesting
During migration they stay in open forest or grasslands, roosting colonially on exposed perches or wires. Their breeding habitat is open wooded country with marshes. The breeding season is May to June and several pairs may nest close together. Abandoned nest platforms belonging to birds of prey or corvids and even tree hollows are re-used for nesting. Three or four eggs are laid (at two day intervals). Both parents take turns to incubate and feed the chicks which hatch after about a month. The young birds leave the nest after about a month.
Parasites
The Amur falcon hosts three species of lice, Degeeriella rufa, Colpocephalum subzerafae, and Laembothrion tinnunculi.
Status and conservation
The wide breeding range and large population size of the Amur falcon have led to the species being assessed as being of least concern. The flocking behaviour during migration and the density at which they occur, however, expose them to hunting and other threats. During their migration from their breeding area to the winter quarters, they are plump and are hunted for food in parts of northeastern India as well as in eastern Africa.
In 2012, mass trapping and capture of migrating Amur falcons in Nagaland (India) was reported in the media and a successful campaign was begun to prevent their killing. As part of this campaign, three birds were fitted with 5 gm satellite transmitters that allowed them to be tracked during their migration.
Gallery
See also
The Pangti Story
References
Further reading
Adventures in Nagaland and Satellite tracks of three individuals
How to make 2.5 billion termites disappear? A case for protecting the Amur falcon, Ornithological Observations, an open-content, electronic journal published by BirdLife South Africa and the Animal Demography Unit at the University of Cape Town
The Great migration of Amur Falcon, The Morung Express
External links
Atlas of Southern African Birds.
Global Raptor Information Network
Amur falcon
Amur basin
Birds of Manchuria
Birds of Southern Africa
Amur falcon
Amur falcon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur%20falcon |
Graham, Anderson, Probst & White (GAP&W) was a Chicago architectural firm that was founded in 1912 as Graham, Burnham & Co. This firm was the successor to D. H. Burnham & Co. through Daniel Burnham's surviving partner, Ernest R. Graham, and Burnham's sons, Hubert Burnham and Daniel Burnham Jr. In 1917, the Burnhams left to form their own practice, which eventually became Burnham Brothers, and Graham and the remaining members of Graham, Burnham & Co. – Graham, (William) Peirce Anderson, Edward Mathias Probst, and Howard Judson White – formed the resulting practice. The firm also employed Victor Andre Matteson.
Background
Graham, Anderson, Probst & White was the largest architectural firm under one roof during the first half of the twentieth century. The firm's importance to Chicago's architectural legacy cannot be overstated, nor can its connection to Burnham.
The firm was headquartered in Burnham's own Railway Exchange Building. In part from its connection to Burnham, the firm captured the majority of the big commissions from 1912 to 1936, including such iconic works as the Wrigley Building, Merchandise Mart, Field Museum, Shedd Aquarium, Civic Opera House, and the former central Chicago post office. Its only close rival was the equally prolific Holabird and Root.
GAP&W also created the iconic Terminal Tower in Cleveland and Federal Reserve Bank in Kansas City.
Anderson died in 1924, with Graham and White following just weeks apart in 1936. Surviving partner Edward M. Probst took over the firm, assisted by his sons Marvin Probst and Edward E. Probst.
After Mr. Probst's death in 1942, son Marvin G. Probst took over as firm president. Edward E. Probst left the firm about 1947. Just prior to Marvin Probst's death in 1970, the firm was sold to an employee, William R. Surman. From 1970 to 1993 William Surman was president of the firm. After his death in 1993, the practice was run by his son Robert Surman till the firm closed its doors in the fall of 2006.
Early on, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White became known for its classical taste and the elegance of its Beaux-Arts-inspired output, which Louis Sullivan decried as a stylistic throwback but which nonetheless withstood multiple generations of critics. Those early buildings are still popular favorites today. However, starting in 1923 with the firm's plans for the Merchandise Mart and the Straus Building, the practice soon began to move beyond the Beaux-Arts influence of Burnham and the City Beautiful movement to the bolder, starker Art Deco style with its streamlined forms. The firm's ultimate expression of the Art Deco style was found in its design of the 1931 Field Building (later known as the La Salle Bank Building), which was a commission from the estate of department store magnate Marshall Field. It was matched that year by Holabird and Root's equally stunning Chicago Board of Trade Building. After 1931, GAP&W for the most part stopped referencing the Beaux-Arts style.
Buildings
Field Museum of Natural History (D.H. Burnham & Co., 1909–12; Graham, Burnham & Co., 1912–17; GAP&W, 1917–20)
Conway Building, 1913 (D.H. Burnham & Co. and Graham, Burnham & Co.)
Continental and Commercial Bank Building, 1914 (as Graham, Burnham & Co.)
Marshall Field & Co. Annex and northeast section of main store, 1914 (as Graham, Burnham & Co.)
Union Station (Chicago), 225 South Canal Street, 1913-25 (begun as Graham, Burnham & Co.)
Kimball Building (a.k.a. DePaul University Lewis Center), 1917
Wrigley Building, 1919–1925
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Building, 1922
Butler Brothers Warehouse Building, 1922
7 E. Redwood Ave, Baltimore MD (fmr Citizens National Bank of Baltimore Building, a.k.a. Union Citizens National Bank, 1922)
Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Building (101-23 East Main Street, Louisville, KY - now known as Waterside Building), 1923
Straus Building (a.k.a. Continental National Insurance Building), 1923–24
Merchandise Mart, 1923–31
Illinois Merchants Bank Building (a.k.a. Continental Illinois Bank Building), 1924
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Passenger and Freight Stations, Carter Avenue between 10th and 11th Streets, Ashland, Kentucky, 1925
John G. Shedd Aquarium, 1925–1931
Pittsfield Building, 1926–1927
State Line Generating Plant, 1926–29
Terminal Tower, Public Square, Cleveland, 1926-1930
Builders Building (a.k.a. 222 N. La Salle St.), 1927
208 W. Washington St., Chicago (a.k.a. Concord City Centre), 1927
Civic Opera House (Chicago), 1927–1929
30th Street Station, Philadelphia, 1927-1933
Insurance Exchange Building, south section, 1928
State Bank of Chicago Building, 1928
Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) reconstruction, 1928–1940
Foreman State National Bank Building, 1930
Suburban Station, 16th Street at John Fitzgerald Kennedy Boulevard, Philadelphia, 1930
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Depot, South 10th Street, Omaha, Nebraska, renovation 1930
Field Building (a.k.a. La Salle National Bank Building), 1931
Mayflower Manor Apartments, Akron, 1931
La Rabida Children's Hospital and Research Center, 1931
U.S. Post Office Central Office, Chicago, 1932
Chicago Historical Society Building, 1932
Hurley Hall, University of Notre Dame, 1932
Reyniers Life Building, University of Notre Dame, 1947
Edens Plaza, Wilmette, Illinois, 1956
Morton Salt Headquarters, 1956–61
American Dental Association Building, 1965
County Bank and Trust Co. Building, Blue Island, IL, 1965
Hayes-Haley Hall, University of Notre Dame, 1968
CNA Center, Chicago, 1972–1973
Motorola World Headquarters, Schaumburg, IL 1973
Illinois State Library, Springfield, IL 1990
Loyola University Chicago, Administrative Offices, Forest Park, IL 1991
2 East Erie, Chicago, IL 2002
Bethlehem Steel General Office Building (Former Headquarters until Martin Tower was built in the 1970s), Bethlehem, PA 1916. Currently vacant.
Architectural sculpture
Like most of the other prominent architectural firms of the early 20th Century, GAP&W frequently used sculpture to decorate its building designs. As was the custom of the era GAP&W had specific artists that they preferred to work with. One in particular was New Yorker Henry Hering, who created the sculptured pediment for the Civic Opera House; a variety of details for the Field Museum of Natural History, including a variation on the Erectheum porch; and the allegorical figures Day and Night for the Great Hall of the Chicago's Union Station. As the century progressed, the firm moved away from the classical style favored by Hering and used for the firm's earlier Beaux Arts buildings to more contemporary art deco styled work, such as that attributed to sculptor Frank Jirouch on Cleveland's Midland Building.
Gallery
References
Bach, Ira, Chicago On Foot: Walking Tours of Chicago's Architecture, Rand McNally & Company, Chicago 1979
Bach, Ira, editor, Chicago's Famous Buildings, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1980
Chappell, Sally Kitt, Transforming Tradition: Architecture and Planning of Graham, Anderson, Probst and White, 1912–1936, University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL 1992
External links
Graham Foundation
Artnet profile
Design companies established in 1912
1912 establishments in Illinois
American railway architects
Defunct architecture firms based in Chicago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%2C%20Anderson%2C%20Probst%20%26%20White |
Archibald Simpson (14 March 1866 – January 1955) was an American professional golfer. He was also a golf course designer and a golf club maker. He was runner-up in The Open Championship in 1885 (won by Bob Martin), and 1890 (won by John Ball).
Early years
Simpson was born on 14 March 1866 in Earlsferry, Fifeshire, Scotland, to Alexander Simpson and Mary Simpson née Stewart. His was a notable golfing family, which included an elder brother, Bob Simpson, a Carnoustie-based club maker. His cousin was the golfer James Braid. As a boy, Simpson was the favourite caddy of Sir Alexander Grant, principal of the University of Edinburgh, and a regular at the Elie Golf Club course in Earlsferry, where Simpson grew up.
Family
On 28 April 1891, he married Isabella Leslie Low in Edinburgh at the Court House by warrant of Sheriff Substitute of the Lothian and Peebles. The Simpsons had four children—Archibald, Mary, Isabella and Grace. All of their children were born between 1893 and 1906. His wife Isabella was born at Panmore Works Cottages, Barry, Carnoustie, on 21 July 1867. In the 1920s he applied for, and was granted, American citizenship.
George Low Sr. apprenticed under Simpson in his club-making business.
Golf career
Fellow professional and golf historian Horace Hutchinson speculated that Simpson was first engaged in golf at Bembridge, before removing to Carnoustie, and then several years at the end of the 19th century at Balgownie, near Aberdeen, where he partnered with Ben Sayers. He was a professional and greenkeeper at the Royal Aberdeen Golf Club course between 1894 and 1911, during which he designed the new Murcar Links course to the north in 1909. He is credited with building at least two other golf courses at Aberdeen city's Deeside Golf Club, the Blair's Course as well as the Haughton Course.
Later years
He was later a professional at Royal Isle of Wight Golf Club from 1890 to 1891, Prestwick Golf Club from 1892 to 1893, and Carnoustie Golf Links in 1891–92, 1893–94 and again in 1921, after spending 10 years in Detroit, Michigan, US. In Scotland, aside from the Murcar Links course, he designed the courses at Balgownie Golf Club, Nairn, and Cruden Bay Golf Club (with Braid).
He returned to the United States in 1922, where he designed the Vincennes Country Club course in Indiana, and became a professional member there. He later moved to Tam O'Shanter in Detroit and Clovernook Golf Club in Cincinnati, Ohio, as well as working in Illinois, but retired in Detroit.
Death and legacy
Simpson died in 1955 in Detroit, Michigan. He was undoubtedly a fine golfer but is primarily known for his club-making skills and golf course architecture.
Results in major championships
Note: Simpson played only in The Open Championship.
DNP = Did not play
CUT = missed the half-way cut
? = competed, finish unknown
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Yellow background for top-10
Team appearances
England–Scotland Professional Match (representing Scotland): 1904 (tie)
References
American male golfers
Golf course architects
Golf equipment manufacturers
Golfers from Detroit
Golfers from Elie and Earlsferry
Scottish emigrants to the United States
1866 births
1955 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie%20Simpson |
Chef salad (or chef's salad) is an American salad consisting of hard-boiled eggs, one or more varieties of meat (such as ham, turkey, chicken, or roast beef), tomatoes, cucumbers, and cheese, all placed upon a bed of tossed lettuce or other leaf vegetables. Several early recipes also include anchovies. A variety of dressings may be used with this salad.
History
Food historians do not agree on the history and composition of chef's salad. Some trace it to salmagundi, a popular meat and salad dish originating in 17th-century England and popular in colonial America. Others contend chef's salad is a product of the early twentieth century, originating in either New York or California. The person most often connected with the history of this salad is Louis Diat, chef of the Ritz-Carlton in New York City during the 1940s. While food historians acknowledge his recipe, they do not appear to be convinced he originated the dish, which is more popularly attributed to either chef Victor Seydoux at the Hotel Buffalo, a Statler Hotel in Buffalo, New York or to chef Jacques Roser at the Statler Hotel in Buffalo, New York and later at the Hotel Pennsylvania in New York City. Roser worked in various culinary positions in Paris before being invited in 1922 to become head chef at the Statler Buffalo Hotel, where he first named his meat-based salad a "Cook's Salad". Roser joined the prestigious Hotel Pennsylvania around 1926, where he worked for over fifteen years. Around 1928, he renamed the salad a "Chef's Salad" Seydoux first learned his craft in Montreux, Switzerland, and continued his studies in France and England before coming to work in the United States.
Seydoux's first experiences in the U.S. included positions at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and the Ritz-Carlton. Alice Rose Seydoux, widow of Victor, claims that the salad was officially launched at the Hotel Buffalo. When the customers started requesting the off-menu salad made with cuts of meat, cheese and hard boiled eggs, the hotel decided to add it to the menu. Giving chef Seydoux the honor of naming the salad he is purported to have said "Well, it's really a chef's salad."
The chef salad probably owes much of its popularity to Louis Diat, chef at the Ritz-Carlton. Cooking a la Ritz includes Diat's recipe, which includes a base of chopped lettuce topped with julienned boiled chicken, smoked ox tongue and smoked ham, then garnished with hard-cooked egg halves and watercress, all dressed with French Dressing. The inclusion of this salad on the menu at the Ritz-Carlton would have introduced the salad to more of the public. It is possible that the inclusion of Thousand Island dressing is also linked to the Ritz, since the hotel also introduced the dressing to New York City. Several other early chef salad recipes mention crumbling Roquefort cheese over the salad.
The first known printed recipe dates to 1936 and includes many ingredients found in later recipes, but no meat. A 1926 recipe already includes the garlic-rubbed salad bowl. In a note following the recipe, the author recounts the following story:
While passing through a kitchen one day, I found the above mixture in huge bowl in the center of the chef's table, and being friendly to salads as well as cooks, I requested a sample and was served very liberally. The salad was delicious; in fact it was a sort of master composition and deserving of an appropriate name. As nothing but the best of everything enters into the food materials supplied to chef's table, the salad was born and named Cooks Salad." I have been more or less successful in ordering this particular salad; but if I wish to get this salmagundy right I order it from the chef’s table and not the salad pantry. The chef’s salad bowl is generally rubbed with garlic.''”
Menu History (see photos)
"Cook's Salad" appears on a Statler Hotel Buffalo carte du jour menu dated December 1926.
"Cook's Salad" appears on a Statler Hotel Buffalo dinner menu dated July 1928.
"Chef's Salad" appears on a Hotel Pennsylvania (NYC) dinner menu dated September 1929.
See also
List of salads
Cobb salad
References
External links
History of the Salad, including Chef Salad
Salads
Meat dishes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef%20salad |
Lopo Fortunato Ferreira do Nascimento (born 10 July 1942) is an Angolan retired politician. He served as the first Prime Minister of Angola from 11 November 1975 to 9 December 1978 and was Secretary-General of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).
At the age of 19, he was arrested but released with the obligation to move to Cuanza Norte. He continued in underground fighting and was arrested again in 1963. This time he went to court and was convicted. He was detained for six years in the Luanda civil prison under Portuguese administration where he was tortured and during interrogations he spent three to five days without sleep, always on his feet; after a few days, Lopo felt that his feet would almost explode and that a person would still start talking. He didn't speak. In January 1969 he left and joined the Nocal brewery. He went to Algeria, via Lisbon, at the end of 1973. He left Angola because the MPLA had many problems, especially with the Daniel Chipenda East Revolt, and they asked him to go reinforce the leadership work.
Nascimento was later Minister of Territorial Administration; after resigning from that post, he was replaced by Paulo Kassoma on 9 April 1992. He was elected as MPLA Secretary-General by the party's Central Committee in 1993.
He was the 66th candidate on the MPLA's national list in the September 2008 legislative election. He won a seat in that election, in which MPLA won an overwhelming majority in the National Assembly.
On 27 January 2013 he announced his retirement from active politics. On February 10, 2021, he was hospitalized for Covid-19. He subsequently recovered from the illness.
References
1942 births
People from Luanda
Members of the National Assembly (Angola)
Living people
Planning ministers of Angola
Prime Ministers of Angola
Trade ministers of Angola
Territory Administration ministers of Angola
Governors of Huíla
MPLA politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopo%20do%20Nascimento |
Skircoat Green () is an area to the south of Halifax, West Yorkshire, England. Skircoat is a ward of the Borough of Calderdale whose population at the 2011 Census was 12,712.
In the 13th century, the land was granted to the Earl Warren, and then passed to the Savile family. This was an independent township before being absorbed by the Borough of Halifax in 1892. The name was originally Schircotes and means building on the rocks. The Skircoat Green Area of Halifax is north of Salterhebble and is one of the most expensive areas of Halifax.
Schools
The main school in the Skircoat Green area is All Saints CofE J&I School. It provides primary education from Reception through to Year 6 and is consistently ranked as one of the best primary schools in Calderdale.
Shops, pubs and takeaways
Skircoat Green has a relatively wide variety of shops on its 'high street'. These include the library, two convenience stores, one of which is also the local post office, two bakeries, a deli, a dentist, two public houses, three hairdressers', one clothes shop, an estate agents, a solicitors, a curtain shop, a takeaway, a fish and chip shop, 'Gallery 339' which sells gifts and cards et cetera, a dry cleaners and a tanning salon, a children's hairdressers was opened in 2012.
Spring Hall
Spring Hall, in Mansion Lane, is a large Gothic Revival building which was rebuilt and restyled in 1871 by William Swinden Barber for Tom Holdsworth. As of 2014 it houses Calderdale Register Office.
References
Areas of Halifax, West Yorkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skircoat%20Green |
Mumtaz Husain, better known as Mumtaz Mufti (; September 11, 1905 – October 27, 1995), was a writer from Pakistan.
Initially a religious skeptic influenced by authors like Freud, Havelock Ellis, Alfred Adler and Fyodor Dostoevsky, he would eventually come back to Islam through Sufism.
Critic Nasir Abbas Nayyar described his writing style as psychological realist.
Early life
Mumtaz Mufti was born Mumtaz Husain in Batala, Punjab (now in India). He was the son of Muhammad Hussain and his first wife Sughra Khanum. He was employed as a civil servant under British rule, having earlier started his career as a school teacher. Soon after the partition in 1947, he migrated to Pakistan with his family.
Writing career
Mumtaz Mufti started writing Urdu short stories while working as a school teacher before 1947. At the beginning of his literary career, he was considered, by other literary critics, a non-conformist writer having liberal views, who appeared influenced by the psychologist Freud. Pakistan's famous writer Ashfaq Ahmed was one of his close friends. According to Ashfaq Ahmed, Mufti used to read unpopular literature by a Swedish writer before 1947. Mufti initially did not like the 1947 partition plan of British India, but changed his views later to become a patriotic Pakistani. In his later life, he used to defend Islam and its principles. His transformation from Liberalism to Sufism was due to his inspiration from a fellow writer Qudrat Ullah Shahab. Despite all the changes in his viewpoints, he did manage to retain his individual point of view and wrote on subjects which were frowned upon by the conservative elements in the society.
The two phases of his life are witnessed by his autobiographies, Ali Pur Ka Aeeli (1961) and Alakh Nagri. According to forewords mentioned in his later autobiography, Ali Pur Ka Aeeli is an account of a lover who challenged the social taboos of his times, and Alakh Nagri is an account of a devotee who is greatly influenced by the mysticism of Qudrat Ullah Shahab.
The book Talaash ("Quest") was the last book written by Mumtaz Mufti. It reportedly highlights the true spirit of Quranic teachings.
Awards and recognition
1986: Sitara-e-Imtiaz (Star of Excellence) Award by the President of Pakistan
1989: Munshi Premchand Award (a literary award from India)
Legacy
His son, Uxi Mufti, a literary critic himself, created a Mumtaz Mufti Trust after his death in October 1995. This trust has been observing Mumtaz Mufti's death anniversary events in different cities of Pakistan. His friends and admirers, including Ashfaq Ahmed, Bano Qudsia and Ahmad Bashir have appeared as speakers at these events. Another famous writer Kishwar Naheed comments in one of her book review that Mumtaz Mufti had plenty of human weaknesses but also appreciated him as a learned critic. There is a road named after him in the city of Multan, Pakistan.
Books
Short stories
Gehma Gehmi, 1949, 256 p.
Asmarain, 1952, 327 p.
Ghubare, 1954, 220 p.
Ghurya ghar, 1965, 312 p.
Raughani putle, 1984, 244 p.
Muftiyane, 1989, 1526 p. (collected short stories)
Kahi na jae, 1992, 178 p.
Chup, 1993, 269 p.
Samai ka bandhan, 1993, 192 p.
Talash, 1996, 278 p. (last book, the theme being Islam)
Play
Nizam saqqah, 1953, 169 p.
Autobiographical novels
Alipur ka Eli, 1961, 1188 p. (first part of the autobiography)
Alakh nagri, 1992, 996 p. (second part of the autobiography)
Travelogues
Hind Yatra, 1982, 359 p. (travel to India)
Labbaik, 1993, 320 p. (account of a Hajj pilgrimage undertaken in 1968)
Essays
Piyaz ke chilke, 1968, 184 p. (literary criticism and views on Pakistani nationalism)
Aukhe log, 1986, 311 p. (impressions of famous Pakistani writers)
Aukhe avalre, 1995, 258 p. (biographical sketches of famed Pakistani authors)
References
1905 births
1995 deaths
Pakistani autobiographers
Pakistani novelists
Pakistani male short story writers
Urdu-language short story writers
Pakistani dramatists and playwrights
Scholars of Sufism
Urdu-language novelists
Pakistani literary critics
Writers from Lahore
Punjabi people
20th-century novelists
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
20th-century Pakistani short story writers
20th-century Pakistani male writers
Converts to Islam from atheism or agnosticism
Pakistani Sufis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumtaz%20Mufti |
Inositol pentakisphosphate (abbreviated IP5) is a molecule derived from inositol tetrakisphosphate by adding a phosphate group with the help of Inositol-polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK). It is believed to be one of the many second messengers in the inositol phosphate family. It "is implicated in a wide array of biological and pathophysiological responses, including tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis, therefore specific inhibitors of the kinase may prove useful in cancer therapy."
IP5 also plays a role in defense signaling in plants. It potentiates the interaction of the plant hormone JA-Ile by its receptor.
References
Organophosphates
Inositol
Phosphate esters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol%20pentakisphosphate |
An Choyoung (born September 25, 1979) is a professional Go player.
Biography
An became a professional in 1993 at the age of 14. He was promoted to 8 dan in 2004, then 9 dan in 2005. He participated in the first China-Korea Kangwon-Land Cup where he won 2 games.
Titles & runners-up
References
1979 births
Living people
South Korean Go players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Cho-young |
Sedan Crater is the result of the Sedan nuclear test on July 6, 1962 and is located within the Nevada Test Site, southwest of Groom Lake, Nevada (Area 51). The crater was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 21, 1994.
The crater is the result of the displacement of of earth. Over 10,000 people per year visit the crater through free monthly tours offered by the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office. Its closest Soviet counterpart is the slightly wider Chagan crater which filled in to create Lake Chagan.
History and description
The crater was created on July 6, 1962 by a thermonuclear explosion. The device was buried below the desert floor in Area 10 of Yucca Flat and was the largest cratering shot in the Plowshare Program. The explosion created fallout that affected more US residents than any other nuclear test, exposing more than 13 million people to radiation. Within 7 months of the excavation, the bottom of the crater could be safely walked upon with no protective clothing and photographs were taken.
Russian thistle, also known as tumbleweed, is the primary plant species growing in the crater along with some grasses. Analysis in 1993 observed that the original perennial shrubs once living there had shown no recovery.
Statistics
Maximum depth
Maximum diameter
Volume
Weight of material lifted
Maximum lip height
Minimum lip height
See also
Barringer crater
Notes
References
External links
Sedan Nuclear Test – Original Military Film – YouTube
Nevada National Security Site History – Sedan Crater (PDF)
The Nuclear Sedan Crater of Nevada
All Around Nevada – Sedan Crater, {7} reference replacement link
Explosion craters
Nuclear history of the United States
Peaceful nuclear explosions
Tourist attractions in Nye County, Nevada
National Register of Historic Places in Nye County, Nevada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan%20Crater |
Yusuf Haji Nur (, ; died 23 June 2019) was a Somali politician and lawyer. He was Chief Justice of Puntland.
On 1 July 2001, he declared himself acting President of Puntland after the end of the presidential term of Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed. However, the former President rejected Yusuf Haji's claim and insisted that he was the legitimate President, which led to a two-year civil war in Puntland. Yusuf served as interim President until 14 November 2001. He later became an independent lawyer and headed PARA LEGAL, a law firm for people who couldn't afford to pay for legal proceedings.
On 16 August 2016, Puntland President Abdiweli Mohamed Ali appointed Nur as Chief Justice of the Puntland Supreme Court. Prior to this, Nur held this position under Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed. On 21 August 2016, Yusuf took office.
In June 2019, Yusuf Haji Nur died in Turkey. On 23 June, Puntland President Said Abdullahi Dani expressed his condolences to the politician's close relatives and friends. Also expressing condolences on the death of Nur were the Director of information for the President of Somalia, Abdinur Mohamed Ahmed, and the speaker of the Puntland House of Representatives, Abdihakin Mohamed Ahmed Dhobo Daarid. He was buried on 28 June 2019.
References
Presidents of Puntland
Year of birth missing
2019 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20Haji%20Nur |
Harley Quinn Crazy Train (previously Blackbeard's Lost Treasure Train) is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. It was manufactured by Zierer and opened in 1999, classified as a junior roller coaster. It is a smaller, family-oriented coaster. It is considered a junior coaster rather than a kiddie coaster, as adults can ride without a child and the restraints are slightly larger than that of a children's roller coaster.
Harley Quinn Crazy Train has a single 20-car train, by far the longest in the park. Each car has a single row of two seats for a total of 40 riders. It also has one of the longest stations in the park, with an individual entrance gate for every row except the first (the operator panel and computer shed are in the way). Because there is only one train, no block safety system is needed and the station also serves as the main brake run. In the early 2007 season, it was reprogrammed to complete two circuits of the track in each cycle. It makes two loops around a figure-8 track.
References
External links
Official site
Six Flags Great Adventure
Roller coasters operated by Six Flags
Roller coasters introduced in 1999
Roller coasters in New Jersey
DC Comics in amusement parks
Harley Quinn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley%20Quinn%20Crazy%20Train |
Jīlū was a district located in the Hakkari region of upper Mesopotamia in modern-day Turkey.
Before 1915 Jīlū was home to Assyrians and as well as a minority of Kurds. There were 20 Assyrian villages in this district. The area was traditionally divided into Greater and Lesser Jīlū, and Ishtāzin - each with its own Malik, and consisting of a number of Assyrian villages. In the summer of 1915, during the Assyrian genocide, Jīlū was surrounded and attacked by Turkish troops and neighboring Kurdish tribes under the leadership of Agha Sūtū of Oramar. It is now located around Yeşiltaş, Yüksekova.
After a brief struggle to maintain their positions, the Assyrian citizens of Jīlū were forced to flee to Salmas in Iran along with other refugees from the Hakkari highlands. Today their descendants live all over the world including Iraq, Syria, Iran, Lebanon, Russia, the United States, Canada, Australia and Europe. In Syria's al-Hasakah Governorate there are two villages, Tel-Gorān and Abū-Tīnā, established in 1935 by Jīlū refugees from Iraq on the banks of the Khabur River.
Geography and Nature
The Jīlū district is home to the second highest mountain range in Turkey, the Cilo-Sat range, which are an eastern extension of the Taurus Mountains. The highest peak in the Cilo-Sat range is Toura Jelu (also known as Cilo dağı, maximum elevation 4,168 m), from the summit of which one can see as far as the city of Mosul in Iraq. The southern slopes of the massif are covered with broad-leaved forests (primarily oak), and the northern slopes are covered with steppes and shrub thickets where the inhabitants of Jīlū and Dīz would graze their herds during the summer. Among the animals which abound in these mountains are bears, leopards, wolves, foxes, chamois, wild goats, and ovis (wild sheep), of which there are three varieties. There are also many birds, especially the large yellow partridge, and the red-legged variety.
History
Not much is known about Jīlū's pre-Christian history due to its inaccessibility and instability, restricting any form of fieldwork, though prehistoric rock carvings have been found in the Gevaruk valley near Sāţ and on the Tirisin Plateau. These have been dated to 10,000 years ago.
According to the Acts of Saint Mari, it was his disciple St. Ţomīs who was the first to bring Christianity to the region of Gawar and Zozān (including Jīlū) in the 1st century AD.The text also mentions that he was martyred somewhere in the Gawar plain, not far from Jīlū, and that later on a church was established on his burial site. Indeed, the ancient church in the Jīlū village of Sāţ (modern-day İkiyaka) is dedicated to St. Mārī, and is the only church in the Hakkari region or northern Iraq historically known to have had been. Mārī was also the name of one of the area's earliest bishops. He was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Catholicos Mār Dādīshoʿ in 424 AD.
A hitherto unpublished text of the Acts of St. Mammes of Caesarea, who lived in the 3rd century AD, also credits him with having traveled to the village of Oramar (modern-day Dağlıca) where he built a church, known today as El Ahmar Kilisesi. A church also in Oramar dedicated to his disciple St. Daniel is now the village mosque. Afterwards, St. 'Azīzā - reputedly a disciple of Mar Awgin - is credited with having arrived in Jīlū during the 4th century AD, establishing a monastery in the village of Zêrīnī. The earliest surviving manuscript from the Jīlū district was copied in this monastery and dates back to 1212/3.
The Jīlū district is also home to one of the region's oldest churches, founded by St. Zayʿā and his disciple St. Tāwor in 427 AD. According to the Saint's vita, Jīlū at that time was the center of a kingdom named Jīlām-Jīlū and the church construction project was led by its king Bālaq son of King Zūraq. This church for many centuries was the cathedral of the Mār Sargīs Metropolitan Bishops of Jīlū. Most Jīlū's ancient churches are still standing, despite having been abandoned and in a state of decay for nearly a century.
5th century, Church of the East origins
The Jīlū district was also important in the history of the Church of the East from an early period. At the synod of Catholicos Mār Isaac in 410 AD Beth-Bghāsh, located in the Jīlū village of Bé-Baghshé, was confirmed as a suffragan diocese of the ecclesiastical province of Adiabene. The future Catholicos-Patriarch Timothy I, an influential figure in the Church of the East's missionary movement, became bishop of Beth-Bghāsh c.770 AD, upon the retirement of his elderly uncle Gīwargīs, and remained in the diocese until his election as Catholicos-Patriarch in 780 AD. Although a native of Hazzah near Arbil, his family is traditionally held to have originated from Jīlū.
15th century, destruction and revival
In 1448 the Jīlū district was ravaged by the Qara Qoyunlu and many of its villages lay abandoned for over a century. This is probably the reason why the colophon of a manuscript copied in 1490 at Bé-Silim in the Baz district mentions only the metropolitan of Mosul. Normally, Baz would have been included in either the diocese of Beth-Bghāsh or Jīlū.
Most of the refugees from Jīlū fled to Assyrian districts in neighboring Iran. Evidence for this appears in the inclusion of Jīlū in the title of the metropolitan of Salamas around 1552, and the copying of a manuscript in the village of Naze north of Urmia in 1563 by the priest Paul of Oramar. Additionally, many Chaldean families in the Urmia region trace their ancestry to settlers originally from Jīlū. Among the most well known are the Malek-Yonan family of Geogtapa, who are descended from a Jīlū chieftain who founded the village in the 16th century. He also built a church there dedicated to St. Zayʿā which he set with stones brought from the original church in Jīlū.
Later in the 16th century, many inhabitants from Jīlū returned to rebuild their homes and churches. Those of Zêrīnī found the church of St. 'Azīzā in ruins and, after rebuilding it, they acquired a text of the saint's legend from the town of Bakhdida in the Nineveh Plains.
16th-17th century
Since the 16th century, and probably even earlier, the village of Mātā d-ʿUmrā d-Mār Zayʿā was the seat of a metropolitan bishop of the Church of the East. The diocese of this metropolitan bishop included the Hakkari districts of Jīlū, Baz, Tkhuma, Chāl (modern-day Çukurca), Ţāl, and Rékān.
The first historical mention of the diocese of Jīlū is from 1580, when the metropolitan of Jīlū, Siirt and Salamas, was elevated to the patriarchate of the Chaldean Catholic Church as Mār Shim'on IX Dinha (1580-1600). That year the new patriarch consecrated a metropolitan for Jīlū named Mār Sargīs, who was among the signatories of a letter from him to Pope Gregory XIII, and he is probably the same as the Metropolitan Mār Sargīs of Jīlū mentioned in hierarchies listed in the reports of 1607 and 1610 sent by Catholic patriarch Mār Shim'on X Eliyā (1600-1638) to Pope Paul V.
In 1610 also, the large village of Sāţ is recorded as being the residence of bishop named Mār Gīwargīs, who was probably a suffragan of Mār Sargīs. The report of 1610 also mentioned that the Malik of Jīlū was named David, and he commanded 4,000 fighting men; the Malik of Ishtāzin was named 'Caitar', and he was in charge of 500 fighters; and Sāţ was led by a man named 'Chartus', probably also a Malik, who in his turn commanded 300 fighters.
In the late 17th century the diocese severed its ties with Catholicism, along with the rest of the Qudshānis patriarchate, and returned to being traditionalist. The metropolitan bishops of Jīlū were usually nominated from the same clan and all bore the hereditary title Mār Sargīs. An exception to this appears to have been the patriarch Mār Shim'on XV Michael Mukhattas (1740-1780), who is said to have been metropolitan of Jīlū before being elevated to the patriarchate and, indeed, the Cathedral of Sts. Zayʿā and Tāwor is commonly held to have served at certain times as the residence of the patriarchs of that line.
It is during this period that a new line of bishops belonging to the same clan as the metropolitans of Jīlū, Bé-Yagmālā, was established at the village of Gāgawran (modern-day Aksu) in the nearby Gāwār plain. These distant blood-relatives, who took the name Mār Slīvā, probably began as suffragans of Mār Sargīs and are first mentioned in a manuscript colophon from 1743.
19th century
Nineteenth-century bishop Mār Yawsip Sargīs was described by Sir Austen Henry Layard, who met him at the village of Nahrā in late August 1849, as "... a young man of lofty stature and handsome countenance..." and likened his look to that of a hunter or warrior.
In 1891 he was visited by British explorer and writer Isabella Bird, who described him as "a magnificent-looking man with a superb gray beard, the beau-ideal of an Oriental ecclesiastic."
This bishop was approached by the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1890 and 1895, but on both occasions he refused to convert to Catholicism. It is around this time that the inhabitants of the large and isolated village of Sāţ converted to the Catholicism in their entirety.
20th century, post-genocide
The last of these metropolitan bishops to reside at Mātā d-Mār Zayʿā was Mār Zayʿā Sargīs, who was consecrated at 11 years of age. During the Assyrian genocide the bishop moved to the Salamas district between 1915 and 1918, then remained at the Baqubah refugee camp between 1918 and 1920, before moving to Mosul in 1920. From 1921 onward his see was fixed at the village of Khirshéniyah, immediately to the northwest of Alqosh in the Dohuk Governorate, where a small church was built dedicated to St. Zayʿā. Then in 1941 his see was moved to Baghdad, where a large Jīlū émigré community existed at Camp al-Sikak (the "Railroads Camp") with a mud-brick church dedicated to St. Zayʿā built in the 1920s.
After the Iraqi revolution in 1958, a new Cathedral dedicated to St. Zayʿā was built at Karrādat Maryam, with large contributions in money and in kind from Jīlū entrepreneurs Lira and Supar. On 24 June 1959 the new cathedral was dedicated by Metropolitan Mar Yawsip Khnanishu and Bishop Mār Īshoʿ Sargīs. This dedication was marked by the attendance of high-profile officials, among them the new Iraqi president Abd al-Karim Qasim, as well as other religious leaders.
In the mid-1980s the cathedral was appropriated by the Iraqi government, which planned to turn the surrounding area into a restricted area. In return, a parcel of land was given in the Mechanics' quarter (Hayy al-Mīkānīk) of Dora, Baghdad. A new cathedral was built there and dedicated in 1986, forming the only parish of the "diocese of Baghdad" to which the current bishop from this line, Mar Yawsip Sargis, was assigned. In 2002 the bishop left for the United States and has since been unable to return to his diocese. He currently resides in exile at Modesto, California. For many years after the 2003 invasion of Iraq the cathedral in Baghdad was closed, reopening in 2009. With the death of the resident parish priest in 2011, the cathedral is no longer used for regular worship.
Legend and Tradition
According to Lalayan (Assyrians of the Van District, 1914), there was an oral legend concerning the origins and history of the Maliks of Greater Jīlū. The tradition is probably full of historical errors, but must have some element of truth to it.
It narrates that a man named Mandū, from the clan of "Nebuchadnezzar," for some unknown reason set out from the city of Āthor (Mosul), traveling in the company of his four brothers: Bārut, Yôsip, Bākus and Issé. Mandū had promised that he would settle in a place where they could feed him the head and shanks of a sheep (a dish called pāchā). After a long journey Mandū and his brothers arrived at a place named Pāchū, where a poor man fed them pāchā. Mandū observed that he had reached his destination and decided to stay there and become the head of that district. He chose a good place, later known as Zārānīsh (Zêrīnī), just opposite from Pāchū. There he built a house for himself.
One day as Mandū was walking in the forest, he saw four birds but did not know from where they had come. He also saw a black stone, and nearby, a locked church. In his dream that night he saw the key to the church and a candelabra buried under the black stone. The next morning he went and found the key under the black stone, opened the church and entered it to pray. From that day that church became a place for worship for all the residents of the village. One day, as Mandū was walking according to his habit, he saw a large cave filled with human bones. He inquired and was told that some people had escaped from the Persians and had hidden themselves in this cave. The Persians found the cave and lit a fire before its entry, killing those inside it.
Around the village there used to live some pagans who Mandū converted to Christianity, killing those who refused to. Mandū did not molest those from four well-known families though, and ordered them to go and live in a nearby village. They went as ordered and their descendants still remained for some time but did not increase. Each had remained one family only. Descendants of Malik Mandū became Maliks of Greater Jīlū, and also took the name of Mandū.
The same tradition recounts that during the reign of one of the Maliks, the Mar Shim'on (Catholicos-Patriarch of the Church of the East) fled from Āthor (Mosul) and sought refuge in Alqosh. The Persians then came and conquered the area and took Mār Shim'on to Persia, permitting him to live in the town of Ushnū, where he settled as a refugee and built a large cathedral. After a while Malik Mandū is said to have freed Mār Shim'on from the Persians and brought him to Zêrīnī. For 60 years after that time the Mār Shim'ons lived in Zêrīnī. The grave of one of them was even said to be located in the village cemetery. It is not clear why they left Zêrīnī and settled in the village of Tirqônis, and later in Qudshānis, which was given to them as a gift by Malik Mandū. They did not stay long in Qudshānis either because the village was near Julamerk, and prone to the raids of its Kurdish Emir (prince).
He was therefore obliged to move to the district of Dīzan. Malik Mandū was not pleased that Mār Shim'on had left Qudshānis. He conferred with the Kurdish Emir of Julamerk on how he could return Mār Shim'on to Qudshānis. He went to Dīzan and burned Mār Shim'on's residence near the village of Rabbān Dād-Īsho'. Later they collected money and built a new one for him in Qudshānis, and invited him to live in it. In this manner Mār Shim'on was made to accept the invitation to go and settle in Qudshānis.
It continues to tell that the 'throne' of Malik Mandū was inherited by Malik Ahron. He attacked the Kurdish castle of Khirwāt (modern-day Hirvata near the Gawar Plain), took it and destroyed it. It was a great victory. Malik Ahron was followed by another who took the name Mandū. He also, like former Maliks, was a man of war. When there was a conflict with Malik Khubyar of Bāz, he attacked the district and killed a number of its inhabitants. Malik Mandū was followed by Malik Sulaymān and during his reign the Ottoman Government thought it was necessary to post its representatives in those parts. The Government appointed a local Rayyis (Chief) each in Julamerk, Gawar, and Shamdinan (Shamsdin). These Chiefs tried in every way to prevent fighting between the various tribes in the area. Therefore, Malik Sulaymān and Malik Shlëmun who followed him, both had kept peace among the other tribes.
Malik Shlëmun was followed by Malik Wardā. It was said that he was bribed by the Kurdish chief of Oramar, not to aid the Assyrian tribes of Dīzan, Ţyāré, Tkhūmā when they were attacked by Kurdish Emir Badr Khān Beg of Bohtan and his allies. During the massacres of Badr Khan the Kurds attacked, plundered, killed and stole their cattle, but Malik Wardā did not interfere to defend the Assyrian tribes. Malik Īshū, who followed Malik Wardā, attacked the Assyrian Tkhuma Tribe and took away 2,000 head of sheep. After that the tribe of Dīzan attacked Tkhūmā, occupied the lands of Qarāsū, and put their own cattle in their planted fields. Malik Īshū attacked the Dīzan tribe, and took their cattle. He then controlled their fields and collected their farming produce for himself.
Malik Īshū was followed by Malik Mirzā. Nothing is known about this Malik. During the time of Malik Khālil who followed Malik Mirzā, Kurdish tribes attacked Jīlū tribes and stole 2,000 head of sheep. Malik Khālil complained to the Ottoman government, later taking 400 strongmen from his tribe and 40 Turkish soldiers to attack the Kurdish chief of Oramar. He was forced to pay Malik Khālil 200 Liras, 682 sheep, seven mules, four cows, and some carpets and other things. Afterwards, in 1909 Malik Khālil traveled to Europe to collect money. He was dressed in his native clothes and was introduced into the presence of Pope Pius X. He explained to the Pope that he was Malik of Jīlū and added that there was no education in his country and requested Pope's permission to collect money to open schools.
The Pope gave his permission and in a short time he collected 18,000 Vatican Liras and returned home where he began to build a school building. He again went back to Europe to collect money. It appeared that he was impersonating a Catholic monk in his travels in Germany. As Lalayan had learned from a German Consul he knew, the German Government arrested Malik Khālil since they suspected him of fraud, i.e. collecting money for himself in the name of the Church, and he had requested the Consul to introduce him personally to German Government!
Lalayan (Assyrians of the Van District, 1914), also recounts the oral legend concerning the origins and history of the Maliks of Lesser Jīlū. It narrates that Malik Zāmū, considered the head of his clan, along with his brother Bayrijjé and their relatives, had come from the village of Ţirnākhīr in the Bohtān region and settled in the village of Ţelānā in Greater Jīlū. They had been exiled from their former homes by Kurds. Several Maliks inherited his position. One of the Maliks made strong kinship ties with one of the well-known families of Ţelānā by giving his daughter in marriage to one of their sons. It is not known when they settled in Zīr. From this clan was born a strongman named Aro, who later brought Ţelānā under his rule, and assumed the title and authority of Malik. He was succeeded by his son Malik Gewargīs, and then his grandson Malik Khammū, of whom nothing particular is known.
Notable Jīlū Assyrians
Margaret George Shello (1942–1969)
Peshmerga combat woman, Kurdistan Democratic Party Activist, and commander of a guerrilla unit during the First Kurdish Iraqi War (1961-1970). Also known as "Daya Kurdistan" (the mother of Kurdistan).
Fadi Merza Be-Gulawi
World champion Muay Thai kickboxer
Malik Andrious
Malik of Greater Jilu in the early 1920s. He was deported with Catholicos-Patriarch Shimun XXI Eshai of the Assyrian Church of the East to Cyprus in 1933 after the Simele massacre.
Malik Qambar
Malik Qambar was a Catholic-Assyrian national leader and general of the Assyro-Chaldean battalion formed in 1920 as part of the French Foreign Legion.
See also
List of Assyrian tribes
List of Assyrian settlements
Assyrian Church of the East
Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318
Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552
Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552
Tyari
Gawar
Nochiya
Arosh and Halmon
Öveç, Şemdinli
Beyyurdu, Şemdinli
References
Sources
Assyrian tribes
Hakkari | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilu |
Peter Jennings Reporting was a continuing series of documentaries produced and hosted by ABC News anchor Peter Jennings that aired on ABC. Many of these documentaries were produced by Jennings's production company, PJ Productions, and are currently distributed in DVD format by Koch Vision. The series debuted in 1990.
Documentaries include The Search for Jesus in 2000 and Jesus and Paul — the Word and the Witness in 2004. International news was also a focus of these documentaries, covering the tense relations between India and Pakistan, the conflict in Bosnia, the crisis in Haiti, the war in Iraq, and the drug trade in Central and South America. Important domestic issues also reported were gun control policy, the politics of abortion, the crisis in funding for the arts and a highly praised chronicle of the accused bombers of Oklahoma City. The series earned many awards, including the 2004 Edward R. Murrow award for best documentary for The Kennedy Assassination — Beyond Conspiracy.
Awards
Peter Jennings Reporting won Peabody Awards in 1990 for Guns and 1995 for Hiroshima - Why the Bomb was Dropped.
Peter Jennings Reporting won Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Awards in 1991 for From the Killing Fields, 1992 for A Line in the Sand: War or Peace?, and 1995 for While America Watched--The Bosnia Tragedy.
References
External links
The Documentary Group Official Site (Successor Production Company to PJ Productions)
PJ Productions Official Site (Now Offline)
1990 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
1990s American documentary television series
2000s American documentary television series
ABC News
American Broadcasting Company original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Jennings%20Reporting |
Cha Cha Cha is the third album by English rock band EMF, released in 1995 under the EMI label.
Critical reception
Trouser Press wrote that "flashes of EMF’s early techno-pop sound surface in 'Bleeding You Dry,' by far the most listenable track on 1995’s Cha Cha Cha. Almost every other cut on this would-be comeback, however, finds the band groping-unsuccessfully — for some new musical direction."
Track listing
"Perfect Day" – 3:35
"La Plage" – 3:44
"The Day I Was Born" – 3:50
"Secrets" – 3:56
"Shining" – 6:10
"Bring Me Down" – 4:20
"Skin" – 4:22
"Slouch" – 2:17
"Bleeding You Dry" – 5:20
"Patterns" – 3:37
"When Will You Come" – 3:39
"West of the Cox" – 4:08
"Ballad O' the Bishop" – 4:09
"Glass Smash Jack" – 4:20
Japanese bonus track
"Angel"
References
1995 albums
EMF (band) albums
Parlophone albums
Albums produced by Jonny Dollar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%20Cha%20Cha%20%28album%29 |
Benson Kelley Whitney (born August 17, 1956, in Saint Paul, Minnesota) was the United States Ambassador to Norway from 2006 to 2009.
Early life and education
Whitney grew up in Minnesota branch of the prominent American Whitney family and is of close relation to Vanderbilt family. He graduated high school from Verde Valley School in Sedona, Arizona, in 1974. He graduated with a B.A. from Vassar College magna cum laude in Poughkeepsie, New York, and a J.D. from the University of Minnesota Law School magna cum laude. While at Minnesota he was an editor of the Law Review and member of the Order of the Coif.
Career
Whitney went on to practice law with Popham, Haik, Schnobrich, and Kaufman Ltd. where he specialized in regulatory industries such as health care, cable television and election law. He became the managing general partner of the Gideon Hixon Fund, an evergreen venture capital fund which focused on early-stage technology and health care companies in Minnesota and California. He was elected president of the Minnesota Venture Capital Association. He was also chief executive officer of Whitney Management Company, a private investment advisory firm. Whitney's entrance into politics came in 2004, where he was the Minnesota executive director and finance chair for the Bush-Cheney 2004 presidential campaign, as well as Minnesota finance chair for the Republican National Committee.
Diplomatic service
Benson K. Whitney was nominated as the U.S. Ambassador to the Kingdom of Norway by President George W. Bush on September 23, 2005. His nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on October 28, 2005, and he was sworn in by U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice on November 28, 2005. He presented his credentials to King Harald V of Norway on January 12, 2006.
Personal life
Whitney has been a trustee, director, chairman or advisor of a number of non-profits including the Guthrie Theater, Wilderness Inquiry, Persephone Fund, Headwaters Fund, Minnesotans for Term Limits, and the Minneapolis Academy. He is a member of the Basilica of St. Mary in Minneapolis where he has served as a liturgical minister. Whitney and his wife Mary have four children.
Benson is a descendant of the prominent American Whitney family and is of close relation to the Vanderbilt family. His father married Chief Justice Kathleen A. Blatz of the Minnesota Supreme Court in 2005, who was only one year his son's senior.
Whitney has donated $20,000 to Minnesota Action Network, a Republican independent expenditure committee, in order to help support Tim Pawlenty in the Minnesota gubernatorial election of 2018.
Sources
US embassy in Norway bio on Whitney
United States Department of State: Ambassadors to Norway
U.S. Embassy Oslo ‐ Public Affairs Newsletter, July 2009
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to Norway
People from Saint Paul, Minnesota
University of Minnesota Law School alumni
Vassar College alumni
Whitney family
Minnesota Republicans
Presidency of George W. Bush | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson%20K.%20Whitney |
Fangchenggang ( ''The port of Fangcheng'') is a prefecture-level city in the south of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. The city was formerly called "Fangcheng Pan-Ethnicities Autonomous County" (25 December 1978 – 23 May 1993).
Fangcheng is the southernmost port in China and is located in Fangchenggang. It primarily services bulk carriers, of up to 180,000 deadweight tonnes in size. The closest airport is located in Nanning, about 170 km away (4 hours drive). As of December 2018, the region had large amounts of land reclamation in progress to build new and additional ports.
History
Geography and climate
Fangchenggang is a coastal city in southern Guangxi, bordering Vietnam. Its area is , of that urban.
Administration
Fangchenggang has 2 urban districts, 1 county, 1 county-level city, 19 townships, 13 towns, 283 villages, and 19 sub-districts.
Districts:
Gangkou District ()
Fangcheng District ()
County-level city:
Dongxing ()
County:
Shangsi County ()
Demographics
Fangchenggang has a total population of 717,966. Ethnic groups and their corresponding numbers are Han 390,286 or 54.36%, Zhuang 287,207 or 40% Yao 26,749 or 3.73%, Jing 12,288 or 1.71% and all other minorities combined 1,436 or 0.02%. Population density is 116 people per km2 and population growth is 7.75% annually.
Fangchenggang is a linguistically diverse city. The local languages include Qin-Lian Yue(a branch of Yue or Cantonese), Hakka, Zhuang, Yao, Vietnamese, of which the most dominant language is Yue.
Economy
Fanchenggang, the last part of which "gang" means port is as its name implies an important port for Guangxi, and other than Beihai the only major Chinese port on the Tonkin Gulf.
Besides port related industries there is substantial tourism, commercial fishing, hydropower, food and beverage production, and agriculture. Agricultural products include rice, corn, peanuts, oranges, and sugarcane. Other natural resources are coal, limestone, and spring water. The first phase of Fangchenggang Nuclear Power Plant, a nuclear power plant project is under construction here.
Fangchenggang is served by a railway branch from Qinzhou East through a half an hour train journey and to Nanning, a one and a half hour train ride. Since the end of 2013, the city's Fangchenggang North Railway Station has high-speed (D-series) train service from Nanning. As of March 2019, there were two trains daily (T type) to Qinzhou and 9 trains (D type) daily to Nanning railway station.
Flora and fauna
Like much of Guangxi, there are many forested mountains and stream filled valleys. The area along the border with Vietnam is relatively undeveloped and draws considerable tourism. Fangchenggang's forests contain more than 500 types of plants, more than 4000 medicinal plants and herbs, 25 species of mammals, and many species of insects, reptiles, amphibians, and birds. Many nationally protected animals can still be found in Fangchenggang such as gibbons, frogs, butterflies, and tortoises. In the ocean waters, whales, dolphins, and dugongs can be seen.
The city flower of Fangchenggang Camellia nitidissima (金花茶, lit. 'golden flower tea', Mandarin: Jīnhuāchá, Fangcheng Yue: [kɐm˦˥ fa˦˥ tɕʰa˧˩], Fangcheng Hakka: [kim˦˥ fa˦˥ tɕʰa˩˧] ), which is and a kind of quite rare Camellia plant only attribute in the area near the border between Vietnam and Guangxi. The flowers of Camellia nitidissima are made as bagged dried flowers for making tea and sell as a local specialty.
Culture
Tea-picking opera
Mandarin Chinese: 採茶戲; pinyin: Cǎichá Xì; Fangcheng Yue dialect: 採茶 [tɕʰɔj˩˧.tɕʰa˨˩], Fangcheng Hakka dialect: 採茶 [tɕʰɔj˨˩.tɕʰa˩˧]
Tea-picking opera is the most popular traditional Chinese opera in Fangchenggang, in some grant occasions, celebrations and events such as fuels, traditionally the organizers of those will hire a Tea-picking opera theatre company to perform.
Opera theatre also perform on a provisional and simple stage held by themselves on the side of streets, those locations are often fixedly chosen.
Nowadays, tea-picking opera actors generally speak Fangcheng Yue dialect in performances, but not entirely, they always consciously or unconsciously make their pronunciation approach to Guangzhou Cantonese, the standard and authoritative dialect to Cantonese.
Cuisine
Notable people
Chen Jitang
References
External links
Official Website (Chinese)
Cities in Guangxi
Prefecture-level divisions of Guangxi
Gulf of Tonkin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangchenggang |
Educational Action Challenging Homophobia (EACH) is a charity based in the United Kingdom which "affirms the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) people and reduces discrimination experienced because of sexual orientation or gender identity." Since 2003, EACH has delivered training and consultancy services on sexuality and gender identity matters across the statutory, voluntary and private sectors. It also provides support to those affected by homophobic, biphobic or transphobic bullying through its nationwide, freephone helpline.
EACH was named Charity of the Year 2018 by the Ben Cohen Stand Up Foundation and in 2019 co-developed the Welsh Government's statutory anti-bullying guidance for Welsh schools in partnership with Youthworks. The book How To Stop Homophobic & Biphobic Bullying: A Practical Whole-School Approach, published in summer 2020, revises 2015's widely-acclaimed That's So Gay! Challenging Homophobic Bullying to provide a detailed overview of EACH's work with children, young people and their teachers.
Early history
In 2007, the Department for Education commissioned EACH and Stonewall to create web-based guidance for UK schools—"Safe to Learn: Homophobic Bullying"—which continues to be widely used and applauded by many working within education.
In 2009, EACH was awarded a Big Lottery grant for the Reach project, a research project which utilised the knowledge and experience of young people to produce a toolkit for challenging homophobic, sexist and cyberbullying. With the help of over 3,500 13-21 year-olds across the West of England, the result was a DVD of films and connected activities on homophobia, sexism and cyberbullying plus guidance notes for teachers to help them understand their legal obligations and Ofsted requirements.
The young people involved in the project were subsequently awarded the 2013 Diana Anti-Bullying Award at a conference in London in February 2014. and the Reach Teaching Resource achieved the PSHE Association's Quality Assurance 'Kite Mark' the same year.
In January 2015, EACH received funding from the Ben Cohen StandUp Foundation towards its Youth Volunteering Programme. The EACH Youth Volunteering Programme provided opportunities for young people across Avon and Somerset to challenge homophobic, transphobic and cyber bullying. Young people aged 13–24 were encouraged to participate in a range of exciting activities and events providing opportunities to discuss prejudice-based bullying in a safe and non-judgmental environment, in which they devised youth-led awareness campaigns that promoted affirming representations of gay and transgender lives.
EACH was subsequently invited to contribute to "Safe to Learn: Bullying Out of School" and "Safe to Learn: Gender-related Bullying," the final guidance in the suite designed by the DCSF for UK schools. EACH has contributed to the Department's advice on preventing and tackling bullying and consulted closely with the Church of England in its creation of guidance to church schools to help challenge homophobic school bullying.
Inspiring Equality in Education
In March 2015, The Government Equalities Office and Department for Education awarded EACH funding from a £2m package of support to promote lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT+) equality and challenge prejudice-based bullying in schools. EACH was one of only eight organisations selected nationally and led a consortium of local and national charities to work with West of England schools, delivering training to over 700 professionals.
The programme, 'Inspiring Equality in Education,' was created to help address the findings that schools often lack confidence and feel under-resourced to deal effectively with homophobic, biphobic or transphobic bullying, and draws on decades of professional practice gained from primary, secondary, rural, urban, faith and secular schools to ensure a safe and equal learning environment for all. The resource includes policy and practice guidance covering what the law says, teaching about LGBT+ identities and relationships, handling disclosures, staff training and development, improving anti-bullying policies and one-to-one support for LGBT+ young people.
The culmination of Each's work was the formulation of a bundle of school resources for KS1-4, Inspiring Equality in Education, which included 17 lesson plans, policy and practice guidance and an educational film, 'What is Gender?', to help young people explore gender diversity.
The Learn Equality-Live Equal Programme
Following on from this, the Department for Education and the Government Equalities Office commissioned EACH for a programme running from March 2017 to March 2019, entitled 'Learn Equality-Live Equal.' EACH worked in partnership with the National Children's Bureau's Sex Education Forum and Anti-Bullying Alliance to deliver targeted support to over 350 schools in the East Midlands, West Midlands, South West and East of England. The programme promoted a whole school approach to effect change, aiming to equip teaching and non-teaching staff with the knowledge and skills to tackle prejudice and build inclusive school environments.
See also
LGBT rights in the United Kingdom
List of LGBT rights organisations
LGBT sex education
Gay bashing
References
External links
Official website
Educational organisations based in the United Kingdom
LGBT organisations in the United Kingdom
Charities based in England
Anti-homophobia
2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 2002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational%20Action%20Challenging%20Homophobia |
Mariya Karpovna Bayda (; February 1, 1922 – August 30, 2002) was a medical orderly in the 514th Infantry Regiment during World War II who fought in Crimea. When she was surrounded by Wehrmacht submachine gunners, she fought a heated gun battle against them, killing fifteen, wounding several more, and routing the rest, escaping wounded. For her wartime exploits, Bayda was awarded the honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1942.
Early life
Bayda was born in 1922 to a Russian family in the Krasnoperekopsk Raion of Crimea. After her parents died when she was young she was raised by her grandparents. In 1936, she dropped out of the school in Dzankoy without completing her studies. She worked on a state run farm, in a hospital, and then in a cooperative society in of the village of Voinka. After the house she lived in was bombed she began working at a train station to help civilians evacuate the city.
Military career
In 1941, she joined the Red Army and was assigned as a nurse in the 3rd Battalion of 514th Rifle Regiment, 172nd Rifle Division of the Red Army of the North Caucasian front; she held the rank of senior sergeant and was deployed to the front lines that same year. In addition to providing first aid she dug trenches and captured German soldiers to be interrogated. In the autumn of 1941 she was transferred to a naval infantry battalion. Due to the unit's inadequate weaponry the Germans managed to takeover a hill they had been defending, but after orders from the company commander they managed to retake control. After the regiment was later withdrawn Bayda was reassigned to the medical division of a reconnaissance unit.
On 7 June 1942 she earned the nickname "fearless Marusia" after she killed 16 enemy combatants, one of whom was an officer, with her submachine gun and attacked four more German soldiers by hitting them on the head with the butt of her rifle in order to rescue her commander and eight other soldiers who were captured by the Germans. For her actions that day she was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 20 June 1942.
On 12 July 1942, after being severely wounded in battle, Bayda was taken prisoner and sent to Slavuta concentration camp in Ukraine and later Ravensbruck after she was held in Simferopol. She was released from captivity by the American forces on 8 May 1945.
Later life
After the war, she was discharged from military service. For many years, she headed the Sevastopol city department of civil registration, and she was repeatedly selected the deputy of city council. In 1976, she was recognized as an Honourable Citizen of Sevastopol.
Awards
Hero of the Soviet Union (20 June 1942)
Order of Lenin (20 June 1942)
Order of the Patriotic War 1st class (11 March 1985)
campaign and jubilee medals
See also
List of female Heroes of the Soviet Union
Yekaterina Mikhailova-Demina
Vera Kashcheyeva
References
Bibliography
1922 births
2002 deaths
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Soviet prisoners of war
Women in the Russian and Soviet military
Russian women in World War II
Recipients of the Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, 2nd class | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya%20Bayda |
The friarbirds, also called leatherheads, are a groups of 18 relatively large honeyeaters in the genus Philemon. Additionally, the single member of the genus Melitograis is called the white-streaked friarbird. Friarbirds are found in Australia, Papua New Guinea, eastern Indonesia, and New Caledonia. They eat nectar, insects and other invertebrates, flowers, fruit, and seeds.
The friarbirds generally have drab plumage. They derive their name from the circular pattern at the crown of their heads and their neutral coloring, which makes them resemble friars. In many instances, their plumage is mimicked by smaller orioles, which use the aggressive nature of the friarbirds to avoid aggression themselves.
Taxonomy
The genus Philemon was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot. Vieillot did not specify a type species but this was designated as the Buru friarbird by George Gray in 1840. The genus name is from Ancient Greek philēmōn meaning "affectionate" or "kissing".
The genus contains the following 18 species:
Meyer's friarbird (Philemon meyeri)
Brass's friarbird (Philemon brassi)
Little friarbird (Philemon citreogularis)
Grey friarbird (Philemon kisserensis)
Timor friarbird (Philemon inornatus)
Morotai friarbird (Philemon fuscicapillus)
Seram friarbird (Philemon subcorniculatus)
Buru friarbird (Philemon moluccensis)
Tanimbar friarbird (Philemon plumigenis)
Helmeted friarbird (Philemon buceroides)
New Guinea friarbird (Philemon novaeguineae)
New Britain friarbird (Philemon cockerelli)
New Ireland friarbird (Philemon eichhorni)
Manus friarbird (Philemon albitorques)
Silver-crowned friarbird (Philemon argenticeps)
Noisy friarbird (Philemon corniculatus)
New Caledonian friarbird (Philemon diemenensis)
Formerly, some authorities also considered the black-eared oriole (as Philedon bouroensis) a species within the genus Philemon.
References
Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friarbird |
The similarity heuristic is a psychological heuristic pertaining to how people make judgments based on similarity. More specifically, the similarity heuristic is used to account for how people make judgments based on the similarity between current situations and other situations or prototypes of those situations.
At its most basic level, the similarity heuristic is an adaptive strategy. The goal of the similarity heuristic is maximizing productivity through favorable experience while not repeating unfavorable experiences. Decisions based on how favorable or unfavorable the present seems are based on how similar the past was to the current situation.
For example, a person may use the similarity heuristic when deciding on a book purchase. If a novel has a plot similar to that of novels read and enjoyed or the author has a writing style similar to that of favored authors, the purchasing decision will be positively influenced. A book with similar characteristics to previously pleasurable books is likely to also be enjoyed, causing the person to decide to obtain it.
Background
The similarity heuristic directly emphasizes learning from past experience. For example, the similarity heuristic has been observed indirectly in experiments such as phonological similarity tests. These tests observe how well a person can distinguish similar sounds from dissimilar ones based on a comparison to previously heard sounds. While not involving a decision making process characteristic to heuristics in general, these studies show a reliance on past experience and comparison to the current experience. In addition, the similarity heuristic has become a valuable tool in the field of economics and consumerism.
Real-world examples
The similarity heuristic is very easy to observe in the world of business, both from a marketing standpoint and from the position of the consumer. People tend to let past experience shape their world view; thus, if something presents itself as similar to a good experience had in the past, it is likely that the individual will partake in the current experience. The reverse holds true for situations that have proven unfavorable. A very basic example of this concept is a person deciding to get a meal at a particular restaurant because it reminds them of a similar establishment.
Marketing
Companies often use the similarity heuristic as a marketing strategy. For example, companies will often advertise their services as something similar to a successful competitor, but better — such a concept is evident in the motion picture industry. Trailers for upcoming films will promote the latest movie as being made by a particular director, citing said director's past film credentials. In effect, a similarity heuristic is created in an audience's mind; creating a similarity between the coming attraction and past successes will likely make people decide to see the upcoming film.
Automotive parts companies and their distributors and dealers leverage similarity heuristics when they interchange the term, "OEM" (original equipment manufacturer), and "OE" (original equipment). For example, the OE design specifications may ask for a certain durability factor, corrosion resistance, and material composition. The OEM realizes they can produce the same part less expensively and with possibly greater profit, if they do not adhere to all or most of the OE design specifications. By marketing their product as "OEM" against a well-known brand or product (e.g., Mercedes-Benz), they predict that enough customers will purchase their OEM product vs. the OE product. The converse happens when the OE factory (e.g., Mercedes-Benz) promotes their brand of a commodity product (e.g., anti-freeze/coolant, spark plugs, etc.) as superior or better quality than the commodity product.
In addition, the use of a reverse similarity heuristic can be a highly valuable marketing tool. For example, when Nintendo wished to launch its Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in the United States, it did so in the middle of a video game depression; Atari had managed to make video games one of the least popular American pastimes. Initial showing of the NES were met poorly — clearly, a similarity heuristic was in place, and people had created biases against anything relating to interactive television gaming. Nintendo's goal, then, became the differentiation of their system from the past examples. Employing a dissimilarity heuristic, Nintendo managed to create enough of a gap from the former video game industry and market a successful product.
Hiring
Job interviews often use similarity heuristic in identifying candidates suitable for the culture within the company. The Human Resource rounds of job interviews often focus on educational background and experiences of candidates that can qualify them for similarity or dissimilarity with the employees promoted within the company.
Legacy admissions
Similarity heuristic is sometimes used in legacy preferences to strengthen the candidacy of applicants in admissions of educational institutions. It's argued, implicitly, that kids of alumni will often find themselves in the company of other similarly situated family friends, and hence be more likely to be successful themselves.
Problem Solving
Some professions, such as software developers, regularly utilize the similarity heuristic. For software developers, the similarity heuristic is utilized when performing debugging tasks. A software bug exhibits a set of symptoms indicating the existence of a problem. In general, similar symptoms are caused by similar types of programming errors. By comparing these symptoms with those of previously corrected software flaws, a developer is able to determine the most probable cause and take an effective course of action. Over time, a developer’s past experiences will allow their use of the similarity heuristic to be highly effective, quickly choosing the debugging approach that will likely reveal the problem’s source.
Problem solving in general is benefited by the similarity heuristic. When new problems arise similar to previous problems, the similarity heuristic selects an approach that previously yielded favorable results. Even if the current problem is novel, any similarity to previous issues will help choose a proper course of action.
See also
Case-based reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Similarity (philosophy)
References
Further reading
Colet, Ed (1999). Interpreting Data Mining Results: The Influence of Heuristics. Retrieved February 21, 2006.
Heuristics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity%20heuristic |
Carlos Ferro is an American actor, screenwriter, director, and producer.
Early life
Carlos' first career in the entertainment industry was as a DJ. Leaving music for a career in theatre and television, his work eventually led to a stint as an artist in residence at Cornell University.
Performance
Carlos starred in the show SAL, originally produced at the Climate Theatre in San Francisco then at the Zephyr Theatre in Hollywood. His portrayal of Sal Mineo, co-produced and co-written by him, received a Bay Area Theatre Critics Circle Award nomination for Best Solo Performance.
Since then, he has continued acting in television, both on-camera (in Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Genesis") and in animation voice-over (Justice League, Spawn). He also had a short speaking role as Olivero Sisko in Big Top Scooby-Doo!. He has worked with director John Landis and actors Jerry Lewis, Harvey Fierstein and Dudley Moore.
Video game voice acting
Film production
Extended stays in London and Madrid inspired Carlos to found Argumento Films in 2004. Its first release "RASTROS" was his film writing and directing debut.
Music video production
In 2005 Carlos made his foray into the world of music videos, producing and directing musical artist Stoomie's "Two For a Tenner – Yes Please (Melrose Edit)."
References
External links
Music Video "Two For a Tenner – Yes Please (Melrose Edit)"
Interview on Tomopop
Living people
American documentary filmmakers
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
American music video directors
Cornell University staff
Film directors from San Francisco
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Ferro%20%28American%20actor%29 |
Gawar may refer to:
Yüksekova, known in Syriac as Gawar, a city in Turkey
Gawar language, and Afro-Asiatic language of Cameroon
See also
Gavar, a town in Armenia
Gaur (disambiguation)
Gawar-Bati language, an Indo-Aryan language of Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawar |
Otto III (11 February 1261 – 9 November 1312), a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was the Duke of Lower Bavaria from 1290 to 1312 and the King of Hungary and Croatia between 1305 and 1307. His reign in Hungary was disputed by Charles Robert of the Angevin dynasty.
Biography
Otto was born in Burghausen, the son of Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria, and Elizabeth of Hungary. He succeeded his father in 1290 as duke of Lower Bavaria, together with his younger brothers, Louis III and Stephen I. Otto was in opposition to Habsburg and tried to regain Styria which Bavaria had lost in 1180. He supported Adolf, King of Germany against Habsburg and fought on his side in the Battle of Göllheim. The Hungarian crown was offered to Otto, a grandson of Béla IV of Hungary, in 1301 but he did not accept before 1305.
In August 1305, his opponent, Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, who had inherited Bohemia from his father, renounced his claim to Hungary on behalf of Otto III. Since the Habsburg Albert I of Germany was blocking the way through Austria, Otto disguised himself as a merchant, and reached Buda in November 1305.
Otto was then crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary in Székesfehérvár by the Bishops of Veszprém and Csanád on 6 December 1305. However, he was not able to strengthen his rule. In the course of 1306, Otto's second opponent Charles of Anjou occupied Esztergom, Szepes Castle, Zólyom and some other fortresses in the northern parts of the kingdom, and in the next year he also occupied Buda. In June 1307, Duke Otto III visited the powerful Voivode of Transylvania, Ladislaus Kán, but the latter imprisoned him. On 10 October 1307, the magnates presented at the assembly in Rákos proclaimed Charles king, but the most powerful aristocrats (Matthew III Csák, Amadé Aba and Ladislaus Kán) ignored him as well. At the end of the year, Ladislaus Kán set Otto free who then left the country, but the Voivode of Transylvania still denied to hand over the Holy Crown of Hungary to Charles, whose legitimacy could be questioned without the coronation with the Holy Crown.
Otto abdicated the Hungarian throne in 1308. Otto's involvement in Austrian and Hungarian affairs weakened his position in Bavaria and finally led to failure due to financial problems. In Hungarian historiography he is noted as an anti-king during the interregnum of 1301–1310.
During his presence in Hungary 1305–1308 Lower Bavaria was ruled by his brother Stephen I. In 1310 a new war against Habsburg devastated Burghausen. Otto died in 1312 and was succeeded in Lower Bavaria by his son Henry XV, who shared power with his cousins, Henry XIV and Otto IV, both sons of Stephen I. John I, a son of Henry XIV, was the last duke of Lower Bavaria before Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor inherited the country and reunited the duchy in 1340.
Marriages and children
In January 1279, Otto married Catherine, a daughter of Rudolf I of Germany and Gertrude of Hohenberg. Their twins, Henry and Rudolph, were born in 1280 and died the same year.
Catherine died on 4 April 1282. Otto remained a widower for twenty-three years. On 18 May 1309, Otto married his second wife Agnes of Glogau. She was a daughter of Henry III, Duke of Silesia-Glogau, and Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg. They had two children:
Agnes of Wittelsbach (1310–1360).
Henry XV, Duke of Bavaria (28 August 1312 – 18 June 1333).
Otto died in Landshut.
Ancestors
References
Sources
External links
Historisches Lexikon Bayerns: Ungarisches Königtum Ottos III. von Niederbayern, 1305–1307 (Sarah Hadry)
A listing of descendants of Otto I, Count of Scheyern, including Henry XIII and his children
Life Synopsis of Ottokar III Duke of Bavaria and his short rule as King of Hungary
|-
1261 births
1312 deaths
13th-century dukes of Bavaria
14th-century dukes of Bavaria
Kings of Hungary
House of Wittelsbach | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20III%2C%20Duke%20of%20Bavaria |
Namosi Fijian Provincial Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate was coextensive with Namosi Province.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 2001 and 2006 elections, Ratu Suliano Matanitobua won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namosi%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Adela Micha Zaga (born May 25, 1963) is a Mexican journalist notable for conducting several radio and TV newscasts and pioneering the Big Brother reality show in Mexico. She is a graduate of the Universidad del Nuevo Mundo (currently closed by the SEP)
Past work
Micha's work encompasses numerous radio and TV news shows, with highlights including special reports like Confesiones desde la cárcel con Gloria Trevi (Confessions from Jail with Gloria Trevi); cultural events like La muerte del poeta Jaime Sabines (The Death of Poet Jaime Sabines); and technology shows like El hilo negro.
She pioneered the Mexican version of the Big Brother reality show, conducting it for two seasons.
Micha speaks Spanish, English and French, and has interviewed the likes of Bill Clinton, Vicente Fox, Shakira, Martha Sahagún, Fernando Botero, Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Rosario Robles, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, Rigoberta Menchú, Richard Gere, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards from The Rolling Stones, U2, Julia Roberts, Jennifer Aniston, María Félix, Susan Sarandon, Luciano Pavarotti, Victoria Abril, Alfonso Cuarón, Salma Hayek, Gael García, Fonseca, Alejandro Fernández, Alejandra Guzmán, Los Tigres del Norte, Thalía, Carlos Fuentes, and Anita Borg.
She had a world exclusive interview with Consuelo González, one of two women rescued from the FARC in the Colombian government's Operation Emmanuel, and also interviewed Ingrid Betancourt, the most high-profile FARC hostage rescued by the Colombian government – a Mexican exclusive.
She has covered stories in Washington and Asia. During president's Vicente Fox tour in Asia she was a special guest and companion of her now former partner Jorge Castañeda. During the visit to the Palace of Huan Ching and the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses, the pair played hide and seek between the figures of more than 2,200 years old.
Her self-authored profile was included in Gritos y susurros (Screams and Whispers) — a book about 36 outstanding women in Mexico.
She has won several journalism awards for newscasts she has directed and designed, including Somos o nos hacemos and Cuidado... Mujeres trabajando, and she recently won a New York Latin ACE Award.
On September 30, 2012, Adela Micha received a Honoris Causa degree from the Autonomous and Popular University of Veracruz for "being an example of journalism. Her image and voice are recognized by millions of Mexicans who choose her as an informative option". The "Award" as Micha called the honorary title, was given by the rector of the UPAV, Guillermo Zúñiga Martínez. Other guests at the ceremony were the government secretary of Veracruz, Gerardo Buganza Salmeron and the director of social communication of the government of Veracruz, Georgina Domínguez Colio. It is worth noticing that the degree was given at a time when the governor of that state, Javier Duarte de Ochoa (PRI) has been strongly criticized by the murder of eight journalists in the state since the beginning of his mandate.
At the ceremony Adela Micha was met with discontent by members of the university who demonstrated against her and the way she conducts her daily work by throwing two eggs, one of which struck her shoulder. Both the outgoing president, Felipe Calderón (PAN) and the incoming Enrique Peña Nieto (PRI), condemned the protest in their Twitter accounts.
According to IMDb, she has worked on dramatic and other TV series as well.
Current work
Her current work includes hosting two radio newscasts –Imagen Informativa Segunda Emisión and Mujeres eligiendo for Grupo Imagen's Imagen Informativa radio network–, conducting and producing a TV newscast –Las Noticias por Adela for Televisa's FOROtv.– and writing for the Excélsior Mexican nationwide newspaper.
References
External links
Adela Micha biography at Esmas.com
Adela Micha Official website
1963 births
Living people
Mexican television presenters
Journalists from Mexico City
Mexican women journalists
Mexican Jews
Mexican women television presenters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adela%20Micha |
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and succinyladenosine (S-Ado) in cerebrospinal fluid, urine. These two succinylpurines are the dephosphorylated derivatives of SAICA ribotide (SAICAR) and adenylosuccinate (S-AMP), the two substrates of adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL), which catalyzes an important reaction in the de novo pathway of purine biosynthesis. ADSL catalyzes two distinct reactions in the synthesis of purine nucleotides, both of which involve the β-elimination of fumarate to produce aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (AICAR) from SAICAR or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from S-AMP.
Types
ASLD is divided into three categories based on the severity of symptoms: the fatal neonatal form, type I and type II. However, as symptoms occur along a spectrum there are no set criteria to determine which category a patient should be ascribed to.
Fatal neonatal form
Patients with this form of ASLD present with fatal neonatal encephalopathy, respiratory failure, a lack of spontaneous movement and intractable seizures. Possible prenatal symptoms such as microcephaly, intrauterine growth restriction, loss of fetal heart rate variability and hypokinesia have been reported. Death occurs within the first few weeks of life.
Type I
This is the most common form of ASLD. Symptoms become apparent in the first months of life and include seizures, microcephaly and severe psychomotor retardation are purely neurological. Some patients display axial hypotonia, peripheral hypertonia and normal tendon reflexes. Autistic-like behaviour including poor eye contact, stereotypies, agitation, tantrums and self injurious behaviour may occur.
Type II
This is considered to be a mild to moderate form of ASLD. They may demonstrate a milder degree of psychomotor retardation and transient visual and auditory contact disturbances Seizures, if they occur, begin later than in Type I, typically between 2 and 4 years old but sometimes as late as 9 years old. Speech is impaired with receptive language skills and nonverbal communication skills being better than expressive language skills. Ataxia may occur and cause increasingly severe gait disturbances.
Signs and symptoms
Among the signs and symptoms of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency are the following:
Aggressive behavior
Microcephaly
Autism
Brachycephaly
Mild cerebellar hypoplasia
Seizures
Pathophysiology
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency is responsible for a range of symptoms that involve psychomotor retardation, often accompanied by epileptic seizures, and autistic features. Two common theories were proposed to account for these effects, the first is that they result from decreased concentrations of purine nucleotides needed for purine biosynthesis. Decreased concentrations, however, could not be found in various tissues taken from ADSL-deficient people, probably because purines are furnished via the purine salvage pathway. The second is the buildup of accumulating succinylpurines causes neurotoxic effects. In the severely affected individuals, the concentration levels of SAICA riboside and S-Ado are comparable, whereas in people with milder forms of the disease, the ratio of S-Ado is more than double that of those more severely affected, while SAICA riboside concentration levels remain comparable.
Biochemical studies of the enzyme have focused on proteins of ADSL from nonhuman species, the ADSL structure from the crystallized protein of Thermotoga maritime has been used, along with DNA sequencing data, to construct homology models for a variety of other organisms, including human ADSL. A variety of studies have been done using the equivalent enzyme from Bacillus subtilis, which shares a significant percentage of identity along with about some percentage of similarity in amino acid sequence with the human enzyme. Homology models overlaid on each other show a high degree of overlap between the enzymes.
The family of enzymes to which ADSL belongs and that catalyze β-eliminations in which fumarate is one of the products are homotetramers with four active sites composed of amino acid residues from three distinct subunits. Much is known about the active site of human ADSL due to studies of the active site in the B. subtilis ADSL through affinity labeling and site-directed mutagenesis. While there is some variability among species in the sequencing of ADSL, the active site of the enzyme contains many residues that are conserved across species and have been shown to be critical to the enzyme's function. His68 and His141 seem to serve as the general acid and base catalysts, and are critical to the catalyzing reaction of the substrate. His89 seems to enhance the binding of the substrate's phosphoryl group and orient adenylosuccinate for catalysis. All three histidines are conserved throughout the 28 species for which the structure of ADSL is known. Glu275 and Lys268 have also been shown to contribute to the active site, indicating there are four active sites, each of which is formed from regions of three subunits. ADSL deficiency in different people is often caused by different mutations to the enzyme, more than 50 different mutations in the ADSL gene have been discovered
Diagnosis
In terms of the diagnosis of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency one should look for (or exam/method):
MRI
Demonstration of succinylpurines in extracellular fluids like plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and/or urine using high-pressure liquid chromatography, with or without mass spectroscopy
Genetic testing - genomic cDNA sequencing of the ADSL gene and characterization of mutant proteins.
Treatment
Treatment of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency can be done via epilepsy management with anticonvulsive drugs. Additionally the following options include:
D-ribose and uridine administration
Ketogenic diet
S-adenosyl-l-methionine
Prognosis
The prognosis of this condition in childhood usually has a stable outcome, whereas in neonatal is almost always fatal, according to Jurecka, et al.
See also
Adenylosuccinate
Adenylosuccinate lyase
List of genetic disorders
References
Further reading
External links
Inborn errors of purine-pyrimidine metabolism
Autosomal recessive disorders
Rare diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylosuccinate%20lyase%20deficiency |
Charles Emory Apgar (June 28, 1865 – August 17, 1950) was an American business executive and amateur radio operator. He is known for making early recordings of radio transmissions at the start of World War I. The recordings that he made of a wireless telegraphy station owned by a German Empire-based company operating from the United States were used to expose an espionage ring. They provided evidence of clandestine messages being sent in violation of a prohibition intended to maintain United States neutrality. This proof of illicit operation led to the government seizing control of the facility to stop the activity. Apgar's efforts received extensive coverage in newspapers and technical science magazines at the time. His contributions were praised by government investigators. Publications continued to remark on his work many years later.
Biography
Apgar was born in Gladstone, New Jersey on June 28, 1865. He was a student at Centenary Collegiate Institute in 1880. He attended Wesleyan University in 1887-88 though he never graduated. He then married Helen May Clarke and they had three children: Charles Emory Apgar Jr., who died at a young age; Lawrence C. Apgar, who became a professor of music; and Dr. Virginia Apgar, who was a pioneer in obstetrics and neonatology. They owned a suburban home in residential Westfield, New Jersey, from New York City.
Apgar was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Westfield. He became a Master Mason at a Freemasonry lodge in 1906. He worked as a business executive in a variety of positions for New York Life Insurance Company and later for the brokerage firm Spencer Trask & Co. In 1915, during the time when his recordings gained notoriety, he was employed as a salesman for Haynes Automobile Company. He was also an amateur astronomer whose calculations of the motions of Jupiter's satellites were regularly published in the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. He died in Westfield at the age of 85.
Amateur radio
Apgar became interested in wireless telegraphy after reading about an amateur who had heard election returns transmitted by a newspaper on election night (i.e. before the results could be widely distributed the following morning.) He built his first "home-made" wireless telegraphy equipment on December 11, 1910 – one month after the election. He listened to news bulletins from the New York Herald station OHX in Manhattan. The station had been created to send news to approaching ocean liners and receive reports about their voyage.
After the passage of the Radio Act of 1912, he was licensed to use the call sign 2MM from 1913 to 1915. At the experimental wireless station inside his home in Westfield he operated a 450watt amateur station. The equipment he constructed could use a wavelength of during an era when few amateurs went beyond . It was described as a "high-grade plant" of "extraordinary efficiency." In April 1913 he became an associate member of the recently founded Institute of Radio Engineers. He was an early participant in the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) by October 1913. He soon began publishing descriptions of wireless equipment that he had designed in technical magazines.
He built equipment that could greatly amplify the sound from his radio receiver. Connected to a device that he called a "loud talker-horn" (an early type of loudspeaker) it could be heard away. An editor of a magazine was so impressed that he enthusiastically described it as "One of the greatest feats ever produced by any amateur..." Apgar also devised a method to record the signals from stations that he listened to. His accounts of the equipment he used to make the recordings were featured in magazines such as The Wireless Age and Electrical Experimenter. His recordings were colloquially referred to as "canned messages."
Wireless recordings
Apgar's equipment was mostly homemade with the exception of the headphones and of an improved Audion designed by Edwin Howard Armstrong that was part of the circuit used to detect and amplify the signal. It was connected to a Dictaphone which allowed him to record Morse code transmissions on wax cylinders made by Edison Manufacturing Company. His first recording was made October 12, 1913, of the New York Herald station, which by this time was using the call sign WHB. By October 1914, he had recorded other transmissions including the United States Navy station NAA sending time signals.
Sayville station
Apgar then became interested in wireless station WSL in Sayville, New York, on the coast of Long Island. In the evenings, he spent time tuning his radio to the messages sent by Sayville to other stations, a practice known as "listening in." It was a high power commercial station designed for long distance communication. The station was operated by the Atlantic Communications Company which was primarily owned by the German company Telefunken. The station was built to establish two-way communication with the Nauen Transmitter Station POZ in Europe which was jointly owned by the Imperial German Army and Imperial Mail. Nauen was the only station in Europe capable of transmitting to North America at the time. It was mostly sending news that Sayville received and distributed by landline telegraph to American wire services.
During construction in August 1912, the US Navy began observing Sayville because it was reportedly controlled by a company that was under the influence of the government of the German Empire. The company claimed that it had no such connection. It had become operational in July 1913. These were the first regular transmissions between the United States and Germany. The equipment that Apgar built was sensitive enough that he also often clearly heard the Nauen station that was distant. Apgar listened to Sayville and made his first recordings of it in November 1913. In February 1914, Apgar sent some of these cylinder recordings to the operators of Sayville, at their request.
At the start of World War I, the United States declared that it was neutral in the conflict. In August 1914, President Woodrow Wilson issued an executive order that prohibited radio communication of an "unneutral nature" from United States territory. Any communication that could aid military activities would have jeopardized neutrality. This was due to an article in the Hague Convention that stated: "belligerents are forbidden to erect on the territory of a neutral power a wireless telegraphy station or other apparatus for the purpose of communicating with belligerent forces on land or sea." The US Navy stationed personnel at the facility to inspect the messages before they were sent and enforce the order if needed. Sayville was considered one of the three most important stations to which this order applied.
During the war the German transatlantic telegraph cable was intentionally cut by the British which resulted in the German embassy becoming heavily reliant on the new wireless station. The summer residence of German ambassador Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff in Cedarhurst, New York, on Long Island had a direct telegraph line to Sayville to relay diplomatic communication to Germany by wireless. The US Navy began to have doubts about the legitimate operation of the station after they learned that a technical advisor there, physicist and engineer Jonathan Zenneck, was a captain in the German marines. The station was soon suspected of violating the presidential prohibition by including secret messages despite the government censorship.
During the summer months, reception of wireless signals was difficult due to adverse atmospheric conditions that increased static. Long distance communication was possible only during the night for brief intervals. To alleviate this limitation Sayville "quietly" (such that only a few government officials were aware of it) made major improvements to its equipment. In April 1915, the transmitter was upgraded from 35 to 100 kilowatts and three tall antenna towers were installed, transforming it into one of the most powerful transatlantic stations in this part of the world. By May the Telefunken station at Sayville and another at Tuckerton, New Jersey, were accused of sending messages to a German U-boat providing information that allowed the submarine to "ambush" and sink the RMS Lusitania. This led to greater scrutiny of activity at the station.
Investigation
Apgar noticed the peculiar messages sent from Sayville. He informed an inspector from the Department of Commerce Radio Bureau about the odd messages and his recordings of them. Apgar knew L. R. Krumm, Chief Radio Inspector for the Port of New York and New Jersey, and the inspector had been aware of his recordings for some time. Krumm visited Apgar to examine his apparatus and witness a demonstration. Krumm then alerted the United States Secret Service and suggested that they contact Apgar. At the request of William J. Flynn, Chief of the Secret Service, Apgar commenced making regular recordings of the station on June 7, 1915. This continued every night for two weeks. He alternated between two cylinder recorders to ensure uninterrupted capturing of the messages while he replaced a full cylinder with a new blank one. During this time he made 11 hours of permanent recordings that captured 25,000 words transmitted by the station. Apgar was paid for this work by the government through Flynn.
The original messages, approved by government censors, were suspected to contain subsequently altered Morse code that could be used as a cipher. The Sayville station was equipped with a type of Wheatstone system that used perforated paper tape to automatically key the transmitter. An operator produced the tape containing the message before sending. The tape was then run through the transmitter control equipment at a high speed. It operated at 150 wpm (words per minute), significantly faster than the 50 wpm that a highly skilled operator could send manually. The transmissions were so rapid that it made the messages unintelligible to a listener. It was a "meaningless, musical hum or buzz which puzzled all hearers" and sounded like a "titanic bumblebee." Apgar transcribed the previous night's recording each morning by playing the wax cylinder on a phonograph at a much slower speed. He would then telephone the Secret Service to file a report about the transmissions. He made 175 recordings of these suspicious messages, each cylinder containing 4 minutes of transmission time. In addition to his daily reports he turned over the original cylinder recordings to government investigators.
The messages from Sayville were then discussed by the Cabinet of the United States. The recordings proved that the suspected covert messages were present within the approved transmissions. Apgar's "canned" messages are credited with establishing the truth about the Sayville station's activity, though the exact nature of the messages on the recordings remained an official secret. This evidence led to Wilson ordering the US Navy to seize the facility on July 8, 1915. The seizure caused consternation among officers in the Imperial German Navy. The US Navy operated the station in trust to send commercial messages for the duration of the war.
Encoded messages
After listening to the recordings it took the Secret Service four months to decode the hidden messages. A covert message interspersed with the censor approved text might include the addition of "5-8-K-14-B" for example. This would direct the recipient to the fifth and eighth words on page 11, and the fourteenth word on page 2, of a rare edition of a German dictionary.
A variety of alternate methods of encoding were used. For long distance communication in this era it was standard practice to employ repetition to ensure successful reception. The message "Pr 3." would be sent "Pr 3. Pr 3." for example. The Sayville transmissions varied this practice by sometimes sending "Pr Pr 3 Pr. 3." – a significant variation that a casual listener might overlook. These were alleged to be a key to an acrostic code.
Other methods of obfuscation included using innocuous English or American sounding fictitious names such as "Frederick Chappell" to refer to the German submarine Deutschland or "Theodore Hooper" as a code name to refer to Capt. von Papen, the German military attaché in Washington, DC. The phrase "Expect father to-morrow" would be interpreted as "The political situation between America and Germany grows worse. It is imperative that you take care of your New York affairs." These names and phrases were concealed in communications that masqueraded as commercial messages. Copies of these were provided to the government by the Providence Journal which accused the German Embassy of revealing secret information about the movements of the allied navy fleet. The headline of the story was subtitled: "Ambassador Breaks Pledges and with Captain Boy-Ed Has Tricked United States Authorities for Months." In 2004, that same newspaper reported that much of John R. Rathom's reporting was a fraud: "In truth, the Providence Journal had acquired numerous inside scoops on German activities, mostly from British intelligence sources who used Rathom to plant anti-German stories in the American media."
Significance and legacy
Hiram Percy Maxim has noted that he and other amateurs also noticed these messages: "Apgar, the old sleuth, smelled something just about the time the rest of us did." Flynn describes the importance of Apgar's contributions to the government seizure: "It was really his absolutely faithful records of all of the signals sent out from Sayville that caused the United States to seize the famous station." Extensive coverage in the media in 1915 included a magazine cover story about Apgar that referred to him as "A Wireless Detective in Real Life."
A 1923 article by William J. Burns, then director of the Bureau of Investigation, in Popular Radio included a photo of Apgar. It was captioned "The Radio Detective Who Unfathomed the Famous 'Nauen Buzz'" and the description read:
During the early days of the World War the incredibly rapid and undecipherable radio signals between the most powerful broadcasting station in Germany and the station of the "Telefunken Company" at Sayville, Long Island, N. Y., aroused the attention of the U. S. officials. But it was radio amateur, Charles E. Apgar of Westfield, N. J., who finally found the solution by means of amplifiers that recorded these signals on wax phonograph cylinders. By this means the messages were de-coded – and the Long Island station was promptly seized. This picture shows Mr. Apgar operating the same apparatus which he used on that historic occasion.
The Sayville incident has been described as one of the first "overt acts" that led to American entry into World War I two years later. The specific information recorded on the wax cylinders remained a closely guarded secret in the government archives for many years.
The cylinders that he recorded were acquired by NBC in 1934. An example was displayed, along with the original receiving set that Apgar donated, as part of a museum exhibit in the lobby of Rockefeller Center. Apgar's work received renewed attention early during World War II when amateur radio operators began listening for "fifth column" activity such as odd coded messages sent from "mystery" stations. His work was noted by the ARRL in 2015 during a commemoration held on the 100th anniversary of the sinking of Lusitania. At this time he was also inducted into the CQ Amateur Radio Hall of Fame.
Some of Apgar's homemade equipment has been preserved at The Henry Ford museum. His original wax cylinders are believed to be lost, but some samples of his recordings survive. An interview of Apgar by George Hicks was broadcast on station WJZ and the NBC Blue Network on Dec. 27, 1934. A tape copy of the original aluminum phonograph discs and a transcript is in the Recorded Sound Collection of the Library of Congress. A recording of this broadcast donated by Thorn Mayes is in the collection of the Antique Wireless Association. Broadcast historian Elizabeth McLeod considers Apgar's cylinders to be the earliest surviving recordings of a radio transmission based on research done by Dr. Michael Biel. Apgar has been referred to as a "pioneer home-recorder." He has also been credited with making the first permanent record of a wireless message.
Fictional portrayal
After Flynn's retirement from the Secret Service, his experiences were adapted by Courtney Ryley Cooper into a 20-part spy thriller. These were published as weekly installments in The Atlanta Constitution's magazine section during 1918. The title of the series was The Eagle's Eye: A True Story of the Imperial German Government's Spies and Intrigues in America. An episode titled "The Great Hindu Conspiracy" begins with a minor character named Charles E. Apgar. He is described as a "wireless expert" who is recruited to record messages from Sayville. The fictional Apgar is said to be "quite a linguist." The letter combinations hidden in the messages remind the character of Hindi. This observation is an important clue in the espionage investigation featured in the storyline. The episodes were also released as a serial film titled The Eagle's Eye. Fifteen of the episodes were republished as chapters in a book in 1919, though the story with Apgar was not included.
Notes
References
American electrical engineers
20th-century American inventors
Radio pioneers
Amateur radio people
1950 deaths
1865 births
People from Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey
People from Westfield, New Jersey
Wesleyan University alumni
Engineers from New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20E.%20Apgar |
The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd is a short audio and video series distributed via podcasting. Created by Grant Baciocco and Doug Price, it is a family friendly show in the style of old-time radio. The show also draws much inspiration from The Rocky & Bullwinkle Show. The show first began in April 2004 on Dementia Radio but gained its popularity via podcasting. The show originates from Hood Avenue Studios in Burbank, California.
Plot
Seasons 1–6 (and live episodes)
When his Time and Space Travel Device is stolen by the evil mastermind Dr. Steve and his sock-shaped assistant Fidgert. Dr. Floyd, his young protégé Dr. Grant and their faithful robot companion C.H.I.P.S. must do what they can to get it back. Bent on achieving fame and fortune, Dr. Steve plans to race through history, stealing historical items and then returning to the future to sell them on eBay. Can Dr. Floyd and his crew thwart the evil machinations of Dr. Steve and Fidgert?
In almost every episode the cast visits a famous historical figure.
At the end of Season 6, Dr. Grant passed his "Protégé 101" test (with a score of 98%) and thus tested out of protégé classification (and therefore must leave Dr. Floyd); C.H.I.P.S.' parents are in dire trouble and C.H.I.P.S must help them without Dr. Floyd's help (because bringing humans to C.H.I.P.S.' planet is forbidden and would get C.H.I.P.S. into big trouble); and Dr. Steve returns the Time and Space Travel Device to Dr. Floyd (because Dr. Floyd has stopped him every time he has used it for personal gain.)
Season 7
At the start of Season 7, Dr. Steve (and later Dr. Floyd) go down to the Saddle River City Library to do some book browsing. The Librarian asks if there is some Doctor Convention in town, mainly because there have been so many doctors coming to the library. Dr. Floyd heads to the classical literature section placed in the basement of the Library. He finds Dr. Steve trying to find a book on 'the life and times of Berry Malaho'. Dr. Floyd then gives Dr. Steve a lesson on the Dewey Decimal System and then says he's in the wrong area as the classical literature is in the 800's. As Dr. Floyd shows him to the right section of the Library, they are stopped by three Doctors in different coats who are named collectively 'The Literati'. Their goal is to 'bring about the total destruction and complete annihilation of Dr. Floyd!' The Literati invented the Translitora which "looks somewhat like a laser cannon", but was built to destroy Dr. Floyd.
Dr. Steve however says that there can only be one person against Dr. Floyd- himself. Dr. Steve pushes the button on the Translitora, its effect grabbing both Dr. Floyd and Dr. Steve. In a flash Dr. Floyd and Dr. Steve both vanish. The Literati are thrilled that they have now gotten rid of Dr. Floyd. However, Dr. Floyd finds that he and Dr. Steve are now stuck in the stories of Classic literature with the remote control.
In every episode in Season 7, the cast visits a famous classical novel/book.
The final two episodes of Season 7 try to wrap up this Season by sending Dr. Grant and CHIPS back to Dr. Floyd's Lab, (with mini episodes only found on by members of the show, e.g. The Imagination Nations Rangers/Members and eventually getting Dr. Steve and Dr. Floyd out of Classical Literature. Eventually Fidgert steals the Time and Space Travel Device and Dr. Floyd, Dr. Grant and CHIPS are again trying to chase Dr. Steve and Fidgert.
Season 8
This season begins with Dr. Floyd and company fleeing from Dr. Steve throughout time and space, until Dr. Steve ultimately corners them. He then shoots Dr. Floyd with a mysterious weapon, causing Dr. Floyd to permanently disappear.
The rest of the season covers the events leading up to this season.
History
The first episode was aired on Dementia Radio on April 4, 2004 and began podcasting on November 7, 2004. Each episode is approximately 7 minutes long, though some are longer and some are shorter. The shows have featured guest stars from around the entertainment world playing historical figures. June Foray, Jeffrey Tambor, Don Novello, Frank Conniff, Rick Overton, Kira Soltanovich and Ron Lynch are among the celebrities who have played parts on the show.
The show was nominated for Best Comedy Podcast in the first ever Podcast Awards.
In September 2010, the creators announced on their website that Season 8 (their current season) would be their final season and that after the final episode is aired, they will be releasing all their episodes online for free to download.
Awards
Characters
Main characters
Dr. Floyd – (Doug Price) "The World's Most Brilliant Scientist" and the hero of the show. His main pet peeve is that Dr. Grant always talks about his small head.
Dr. Grant – (Grant Baciocco) Dr. Floyd's young protégé
C.H.I.P.S. – (Moira Quirk) Dr. Floyd and Dr. Grant's faithful robot companion
Dr. Steve – Evil mastermind and Dr. Floyd's nemesis
Fidgert – Dr. Steve's "sock-shaped" assistant
Minor characters
Mr. Narrator – narrator of the shows, who interacts with the characters at times
Flight Attendant Krystee – a flight attendant on Dr. Floyd's Time & Space Ship
Ensign Tim Porary – red shirted expendable crewman
Mrs. Doris Floyd – (Leslie Carrara-Rudolph) mother of Dr. Floyd
Mr. Beardychins – Mrs. Floyd's Pomeranian puppy
Dr. Doug – wayward protégé of Dr. Floyd
Historical figures
Al Capone – (Ryan Smith) Episodes 105, 106 & 107
Wilbur Wright – (Chris Waffle) Episodes 109 & 110
Orville Wright – (Tim Waffle) Episodes 109 & 110
Molly Pitcher – (Carla Ulbrich) Episodes 201 & 202
Johann Pachelbel – (Rob Paravonian) Episodes 203 & 204
David Livingstone – (Grant Baciocco) Episodes 208, 209 & 210
Henry Morton Stanley – (Doug Price) Episodes 208, 209 & 210
Cleopatra – (Deven Green) Episodes 211 & 212
Mark Antony – (Joel Bryant) Episodes 211 & 212
Meriwether Lewis – (Jeff Smith) Episodes 302 & 303
William Clark – (Matthew Dunn) Episodes 302 & 303
P.T. Barnum – (Luke Ski) Episodes 304, 305 & 306
H.G. Wells – (Rick Overton) Episode 308
Orson Welles – (Rick Overton) Episode 308
Annie Oakley – (Kira Soltanovich) Episodes 311 & 312
Buffalo Bill Cody – (Frank Conniff) Episodes 311 & 312
Jimmy Hoffa – (Doug Price) Episode 401
Ted Hustead & Wall Drug – (Grant Baciocco) Episode 403 & 404
Alva J. Fisher – (Tony Foster) Episode 405
George Washington – (Jeffrey Tambor) Episodes 407 & 408
Alexander Hamilton – (Chris Hardwick) Episode 407
Thomas Jefferson – (Jeremy Aengel) Episode 407
Henry Knox – (Doug Price) Episode 407
Edmund Randolph – (Grant Baciocco) Episode 407
Martha Washington – (Leslie Carrara-Rudolph) Episode 408
Gilbert Stuart – (Mike Hollingsworth) Episode 408
Benjamin Franklin – (Chuck McCann) Episodes 410 & 411
Pablo Picasso – (Lance Anderson) Episode 413
Galileo – (Don Novello) Episodes 414 & 415
Susan B. Anthony – (June Foray) Episodes 501, 502 & 503
William Bradford (1590-1657) – (John Billingsley) Episodes 507 & 508
Mary Brewster – (Bonita Friederecy) Episodes 507 & 508
Amelia Earhart – (Maria Bamford) Episodes 513 & 601
Fred Noonan – (Frank Conniff) Episodes 513 & 601
Blackbeard – (Joel Hodgson) Episodes 602 & 603
Sherlock Holmes (Stan Freberg) Episodes 709 & 710
Francois Barbe-Marbois – (Doug Price) Episode SE001
James Monroe – (Doug Price) Episode SE001
Robert R. Livingston – (Grant Baciocco) Episode SE001
Episodes
References
External links
Tech Talk for Families interview with Grant, Doug, and the characters from the show
Science fiction podcasts
American radio dramas
2004 podcast debuts
Children's podcasts
Historical fiction podcasts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Radio%20Adventures%20of%20Dr.%20Floyd |
Tolgay Özbey (born 12 April 1986) is an Australian professional soccer player, who last played for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW as a striker.
Biography
Australian Clubs
Early in his career, Özbey was recognized for his contributions as a striker with Blacktown City Demons during which he was chosen as the NSW Premier League "Player of the Year" in 2006 and won the competition's top goal scorer award (Andreas Golden Boot Award) back-to-back in 2006 and 2007.
The successful period in 2006 led to his recruitment on loan by A-League side Sydney FC for their 2005–06 season finals campaign. Özbey's first appearance for Sydney came on 12 February 2006, as a substitute in the first leg of the semi-final against Adelaide United at Hindmarsh Stadium. Although Özbey was given a few minutes of game time during the final minutes of the first leg of the semi-final against Adelaide, he remained an unused substitute for the rest of Sydney FC's campaign in which Sydney became eventual champions with their 1–0 victory over the Central Coast Mariners.
Özbey's stint at Sydney FC lead to his signing by former mentor Nick Theodorakopoulos who had just taken over charge at A-League side Newcastle Jets for the 2006–07 season.
Özbey's time at Newcastle didn't last long after Theodorakopoulos was sacked early on in the season.
Following his attempt at an A-League career, Özbey returned to the NSW Premier League in 2008 with the Marconi Stallions. After a disappointing year with the Stallions, he signed with Sydney Olympic FC for the 2008 season. Özbey had previously played at Sydney Olympic FC during his youth career.
In July 2009, he had trials in Turkey and was signed soon after by Bursa Nilüferspor and participated in the TFF Third League (TFF 3. Lig).
Following the completion of the TFF 3. Lig 2009 season in which Bursa Nilüfer S.A.Ş. finished fourth and missed the opportunity to participate in the TFF 3. Lig Promotion Group, Özbey returned to Australia to again team up with Aytek Genç and many of his old comrades from the successful 2006 and 2007 Blacktown City Demons teams to play for Blacktown City FC in the NSW Premier League 2010 season.
The 2010 NSW Premier League season proved to be fruitful for Özbey at Blacktown as he won a league record, third Golden Boot award with 22 goals from 19 matches bringing his total goals scored wearing the Blacktown guernsey to 76 from 75 matches. Furthermore, Özbey was voted the 2010 NSW Premier League Player of the Year.
East Bengal
Following the completion of the 2010 NSW Premier League Finals Series, Özbey joined Indian club, East Bengal FC who will be competing in the All India Football Federation (AIFF) I-League as well as the AFC Cup to which East Bengal FC qualified after defeating arch rivals Mohun Bagan AC 1–0 in the 2010 AIFF Federation Cup (India). On 26 April in the 2011 AFC Cup at Barabati Stadium in Cuttack, he gave his side lead by finding the net the 20th minute, and then scored the all important equaliser in the 93rd minute against South China AA to manage a 3–3 draw. He also scored against Prayag United in East Bengal's 2–1 win, which secured a runner-up finish in the I-League.
Mohun Bagan
Tolgay Ozbey switched to cross-city rivals Mohun Bagan for the 2012–13 season signing a 2-year deal worth Rs 3.3 crore. The transition was not smooth as the two clubs and the player involved themselves in reciprocal verbal attacks. Early in the season, he picked up an injury in the Federation Cup (India) and was out of action for a few months. He played a big part in Mohun Bagan's survival after being docked off all their points in the I-League. He appeared in 17 I-League matches for the club and scored 10 goals. He scored his first I-League goal for Mohun Bagan against Prayag United on 27 January 2013. He was a frequent scorer in the later half of the season as he scored braces against Sporting Clube de Goa and Pailan Arrows. He also scored goals against United Sikkim, Shillong Lajong, Air India (football club), Mumbai FC, ONGC FC.
Tolgay scored his first derby goal for Mohun Bagan in the last match of the season. The Australian striker had a good run down the right side of the East Bengal defense, before taking a powerful left-footed shot in the last minute of the match in Mohun Bagan's 2–3 loss in the Calcutta Premier Division decider.
However, following some problems with the Mohun Bagan officials, he opted to leave the club.
Mohammedan Sporting
Ozbey signed for newly promoted Mohammedan on a one-year deal for 2013–14 I-League season, hence joining the elusive list of players who have played for all three Kolkata giants. He started the season in style, scoring a goal in the Durand Cup final on 19 September 2013.
Dempo
On 12 January 2014, Özbey signed for Goan giant Dempo SC in a one-year deal. He immediately responded to this new signing and scored four (4) goals against the defending champions Churchill Brothers S.C. On 30 May he signed an extension with the club.
Return to Australia
Mid-way through the 2015 National Premier Leagues NSW season, Ozbey returned to Sydney Olympic, and debuted against Manly United. Whilst injury would go on to hamper the rest of his season, Ozbey returned for Olympic in their 2015 FFA Cup campaign against Gungahlin United and Hume City.
In November 2015, it was announced that Ozbey had joined Rockdale City Suns for the 2016 National Premier Leagues NSW season.
Personal life
Özbey is of Turkish descent and is nicknamed Tolly. Tolgay is a Galatasaray fan and writes regular columns for the Bengali tabloid Ebela.
References
External links
Tolgay Özbey Joins Sydney FC for the Finals
Tolgay ozbey football player
1986 births
Living people
Australian people of Turkish descent
Australian men's soccer players
A-League Men players
National Soccer League (Australia) players
Blacktown City FC players
Marconi Stallions FC players
Newcastle Jets FC players
Sydney FC players
Sydney Olympic FC players
Sydney United 58 FC players
Rockdale Ilinden FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in India
Australian expatriate sportspeople in India
I-League players
Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players
Dempo SC players
Indian Super League players
FC Goa players
Men's association football forwards
Expatriate men's footballers in Fiji
Calcutta Football League players
Soccer players from Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolgay%20%C3%96zbey |
Mount Watatic is a monadnock located just south of the Massachusetts–New Hampshire border, in the United States, at the southern end of the Wapack Range. It lies in Ashburnham, Massachusetts and Ashby, Massachusetts. The Wapack Trail and the Midstate Trail both cross the mountain.
The name is probably a corruption of the Native American term Wetu-tick, "wigwam brook", and probably applied first to the nearby large stream and thereafter to the mountain and the pond.
The east and south side of the mountain drains into the Souhegan River watershed, to the Merrimack River thence the Atlantic Ocean; the west and north sides drain into the Millers River watershed, to the Connecticut River, thence into Long Island Sound.
Mount Watatic was the site of a ski area that operated from the 1930s until 1984. An attempt to reopen the ski area in 1988 failed.
Mount Watatic was also once home to state fire tower #31 that looked out over central Massachusetts, until its removal in 1996. Phone lines to the tower ran up the Ashby and Ashburnham sides of the mountain over the years.
Conservation
In 2000, the summit of the mountain was sold to Industrial Communications and Electronics for the development of a cellular telephone tower and a road to the summit. In 2002, prior to development of the communications tower, the mountain was purchased for $2,500,000 by the Ashby Land Trust, the Town of Ashby, the Ashburnham Conservation Trust, the Town of Ashburnham, Mass Dept of Fish and Wildlife and Mass Dept of Conservation and Recreation. Unfortunately by this point a road had already been blasted into the ski area (back) side of the mountain, making several of the still maintained ski trails unusable. The purchase resulted in the permanent protection of approximately of the mountain, including the summit, as conservation land. In July 2010, Mount Watatic was named one of the "1000 Great Places in Massachusetts" by the State Commission of Massachusetts.
Watatic Ski Area
Mount Watatic was once home to a small ski area that operated from the 1930s until its closure in 1984. The ski area started with a small rope tow and expanded to the summit some time later thought to be in the 1960s. At its height, the ski area had snow making and night skiing, impressive features at the time. The area also included multiple rope tows, two T-bars and double chairs that eventually replaced the old rope tows and one T-bar. In 1984 the ski area eventually succumbed to competition and its poor location in relation to major roads. There was one attempt to reopen the ski area in 1988 under the name Ski Adventure that was in the end unsuccessful. The land of the former ski area is currently held in conservation and is accessible to the public for hiking. Hikers can find the old grown in trails and remnants of the area's structures still visible on the back side of the mountain.
References
Southern New Hampshire Trail Guide (1999). Boston: The Appalachian Mountain Club.
Flanders, John (1991) Wapack Trail Guide. West Peterborough, New Hampshire: Friends of the Wapack.
External links
Mount Watatic State Reservation Department of Conservation and Recreation
Friends of the Wapack
Mount Watatic – New England Trail Review
Mount Watatic Reservation maps Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation
Watatic, Mount
Defunct ski areas and resorts in Massachusetts
Mountains of Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Mountains of Worcester County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Worcester County, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Watatic |
Utopia was the name of several science fiction series published by Erich Pabel Verlag, Rastatt.
Together with the Terra series of the rival publisher Arthur Moewig Verlag, Munich,
the Utopia series were the most important science fiction work in the early years of West Germany.
Utopia Zukunftsromane
Utopia Zukunftsromane (future novels) was a dime novel series which was produced between 1953 and 1968
and reached 596 volumes.
To distinguish Zukunftsromane from Großband ("big issue", see below) they also were unofficially called "Kleinband" ("little issue").
Subseries (selection) and spin-off
All of the first 43 issues of Zukunftsromane belonged to the subseries Jim Parkers Abenteuer im Weltraum
(adventures in space) written by Alf Tjörnsen and other authors.
Sixteen more Parkers novels were printed within Zukunftsromane #48 to #129.
Apparently caused by the success of Moewigs series Perry Rhodan 1962 a new subseries started
within Zukunftsroman #320 to #352: Mark Powers - Der Held des Weltalls (hero of space, Freder van Holk and others).
In the end of 1962 Mark Powers became a separate series with 48 volumes.
After the separate series was finalised some more Powers novels were printed within Zukunftsromane starting with #404.
Within Zukunftsromane #550 to #590 the subseries ad astra was published
(21 volumes, 1967/68, H. G. Francis and others).
Utopia Großband / Kriminal
1954 Pabel started a new series: Utopia Großband ("big issue")
Whereas a volume of Zukunftsromane normally had 64 pages a volume of Großband typically had 96 pages.
Großband was finished 1963 with volume #204.
Already with #197 Großband was renamed to "Sonderband" ("special issue") - the same name Utopia Magazin (see below)
started what causes confusion until today.
The volumes #26/28/30/32 of Großband were subtitled "Kriminalroman aus der Welt von morgen"
("detective story from the world of tomorrow").
Subsequently, Pabel started a separate series with amazing detective stories: Utopia Kriminal (1956–58, 27 volumes).
Utopia Magazin
1955 Pabel issued "Utopia Sonderband", a magazine with short stories and science fiction related articles.
With volume #3 Sonderband was renamed to "Utopia SF Magazin",
with volume #10 it was renamed to Utopia Magazin.
Utopia Magazin was finished 1959 with volume #26.
Editors of Utopia Magazin (and temporarily of the other Pabels series) were Walter Ernsting and Walter Spiegl.
VPM reprints
End of the 1970s merged Pabel-Moewig Verlag (VPM), Rastatt started 3 paperbook series of reprints:
Utopia Bestseller, 44 novels by K. H. Scheer (1978–82)
Utopia Bestseller aus Zeit und Raum 39 novels by Wolf Detlef Rohr (1979–82)
Utopia Classics 87 novels by German and international authors (1979–86)
Other publishers
Between 1957 and 1960 57 issues of the pulp series Luna were published by Walter Lehning Verlag, Hanover.
Originally the full name was Luna Utopia-Roman, with issue 29 the name was changed to Luna Weltraum (utopischer Roman).
There was also a series by this publisher originally called UTR Luna Utopia Taschen Roman (10 paperbacks / 3 dime novel formats, 1957–59).
In the 1980s the East German publishing house Das Neue Berlin, Berlin
produced the paperbacks SF-Utopia.
See also
Zukunftsfantasien
External links and book
http://www.dsfdb.org/reihen.php?a_z=U // title lists of Utopia Zukunftsromane etc.
http://www.sf-hefte.homepage.t-online.de/ // title lists of Utopia Zukunftsromane etc.
http://www.dieter-von-reeken.de/utogross/frame.htm // covers of Utopia Großband / Utopia Kriminal
http://www.dieter-von-reeken.de/utomag/frame.htm // covers and contents of Utopia Magazin
http://www.fictionfantasy.de/load.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4478 // title list of Mark Powers (separate series) and short (German) article.
http://www.fictionfantasy.de/load.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4832 // SciFi-Paperback and Pulp-Series from 1945 to 1980
http://scifi.gmxhome.de/mark.htm // title list of Mark Powers
Volksbücher und Heftromane, volume 1, paperback,
Science fiction book series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia%20%28German%20science%20fiction%29 |
Maryland Route 273 (MD 273) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Telegraph Road, the highway runs from U.S. Route 1 (US 1) near Harrisville east to the Delaware state line near Appleton, where the highway continues east as Delaware Route 273 (DE 273). MD 273 is the main east–west highway of northern Cecil County, connecting Conowingo (via US 1), Port Deposit (via MD 276), and Rising Sun with Newark, Delaware, via the communities of Calvert and Fair Hill, where the highway intersects MD 272 and MD 213, respectively. The state highway also provides access to the Fair Hill Training Center and the Fair Hill Natural Resources Management Area.
MD 273 west of Fair Hill was constructed as one of the original state roads starting in the early 1910s. MD 273 west of and through Rising Sun was the original course of US 1, which was paved from the Susquehanna River to northeast of Rising Sun in the 1910s. The state highway east of Rising Sun was paved in several sections between the mid-1910s and the late 1920s. The portion of original US 1 west of Octoraro Creek comprised a western segment of MD 273 from the late 1920s to the late 1950s. The section of US 1 that followed present-day MD 273 was reconstructed in the early to mid-1950s, shortly before MD 273 was extended west to its present western terminus when US 1 was placed on the Rising Sun Bypass in the late 1950s. The highway was reconstructed from east of Rising Sun to the Delaware state line in several stages from the late 1950s to the early 1970s.
Route description
MD 273 begins west of Harrisville at a perpendicular intersection with US 1, which heads south as Conowingo Road and north as the Rising Sun Bypass. The state highway heads south then immediately turns east onto Rising Sun Road. Rising Sun Road to the west of the intersection is officially MD 273A; that auxiliary highway is signed as MD 273 eastbound from US 1, and is closed to through traffic westbound. MD 273 heads east as a two-lane undivided road through the hamlet of Harrisville, where the highway passes the Nathan and Susannah Harris House located on the north side of the road, before meeting MD 276 (Jacob Tome Memorial Highway) at a roundabout. The state highway enters the town of Rising Sun, where its name changes to Main Street and the highway intersects the western end of MD 274 (Queen Street). After leaving the town limits, MD 273 becomes Telegraph Road and intersects Half Mile Turn and Sylmar Road; Half Mile Turn is a one-lane ramp from Sylmar Road to MD 273. The state highway passes north of the Jeremiah Brown House and Mill Site and the Plumpton Park Zoo before crossing North East Creek.
MD 273 continues east through farmland to the community of Calvert, where the highway intersects MD 272, which heads south as North East Road and north as Chrome Road. Brick Meetinghouse Road partially parallels the present course to the south, providing access to the East Nottingham Friends Meetinghouse and the Elisha Kirk House. MD 273 crosses Little North East Creek, intersects Blue Ball Road at a roundabout in Blue Ball Village, and meets Little Elk Creek Road, which leads to Little Elk Farm and the historic home Hopewell. The state highway crosses Little Elk Creek just west of Rock United Presbyterian Church located north of the road as the highway reaches Fair Hill, where Fair Hill Drive parallels MD 273 to the south before the intersection with MD 213, which heads south as Singerly Road and north as Lewisville Road. Beyond MD 213, MD 273 passes through Fair Hill Natural Resources Management Area, a state park most well known for the Fair Hill Training Center, an equestrian training facility, and also the site of the Fair Hill Fairgrounds that hosts the Cecil County Fair. The state highway passes under three service bridges within the park and parallels an abandoned alignment located north of the road as it crosses Big Elk Creek. MD 273 leaves the state park just west of a roundabout with Appleton Road in Appleton. The route reaches its eastern terminus at the Delaware state line, where the road continues east as DE 273 (Nottingham Road) toward the city of Newark.
History
The portion of MD 273 west of Fair Hill was included in the planned state road system by the Maryland State Roads Commission in 1909. The planned state road continued west from MD 273's present terminus near Harrisville along the present and old alignments of US 1 to the Conowingo Bridge over the Susquehanna River. The portions of the state road between Oakwood and Octoraro Creek and from the east town limit of Rising Sun to between Sylmar Road and North East Creek were paved as macadam road in 1910 and 1911. The highway between Oakwood and the Conowingo Bridge was completed as a concrete road in 1914. The road from east of Sylmar Road to east of Calvert was under construction by 1915 and completed by 1919. Part of the gap between Octoraro Creek at Porters Bridge and Rising Sun was filled with construction of a concrete road in two stages, the first completed by 1919 and the second completed by 1921. The road from Appleton to the Delaware state line was completed as a concrete road in 1921 and 1922, and the highway from east of Calvert to east of Blue Ball was completed in 1923. The gap between Blue Ball and Fair Hill was completed by 1927, the same year US 1 was marked from the Conowingo Bridge through Rising Sun to Sylmar. The final piece of MD 273 to be paved was from Fair Hill to Appleton, which was built as a concrete road in 1929 and 1930.
US 1 bypassed the portion of the state road west of Octoraro Creek when the highway's modern route crossing the Susquehanna River at Conowingo Dam was completed in 1928. The old highway west of Octoraro Creek—which followed Old Conowingo Road, Ragan Road, and Connelly Road—became a western section of MD 273. This section was transferred from state to county maintenance in a road transfer agreement on May 8, 1958. The main section of MD 273 was extended west slightly when US 1 was relocated onto the Half Mile Turn to eliminate the right-angle turn at the intersection of Telegraph Road and Sylmar Road in 1935. US 1 was reconstructed through Cecil County in the early to mid-1950s, including the Harrisville–Sylmar portion of what is now MD 273. The U.S. Highway was reconstructed and widened from Conowingo through Harrisville to Rising Sun in 1952 and 1953. The highway from Rising Sun to Sylmar was reconstructed and widened in 1954 and 1955. MD 273 was extended west through Rising Sun and Harrisville to its present western terminus when US 1's Rising Sun Bypass opened in 1957.
The first section of MD 273 east of Sylmar to be reconstructed was through Calvert, bypassing Brick Meetinghouse Road, which became MD 809. This section was built in conjunction with the relocation of MD 272 at Calvert between 1956 and 1958. The highway from east of Fair Hill to the Delaware state line was reconstructed between 1963 and 1965. As part of this work, the highway was relocated and a new bridge was built at Big Elk Creek; part of the old highway on the east side of the creek was transferred from the state to Fair Hill Training Center through an agreement on July 16, 1970. MD 273 was reconstructed from Sylmar Road to west of Calvert between 1969 and 1971. The highway from west of Little Elk Creek to east of Fair Hill was reconstructed and relocated between 1971 and 1973. The new highway bypassed Fair Hill Drive, which was transferred to the county after the new highway was completed and the old highway was resurfaced according to an October 8, 1969, road transfer agreement. The final portion of MD 273 to be reconstructed, from east of Calvert to west of Little Elk Creek, was started in 1972 and completed in 1973. MD 273's western terminus was moved to a perpendicular intersection with US 1 in 2001. The highway's roundabout with MD 276 in Harrisville was built in 2002 and 2003, the same years Main Street through Rising Sun underwent a streetscape project.
In September 2016, construction began on $2.1 million project to build a roundabout at Appleton Road in Appleton; the roundabout opened to traffic in 2017. A roundabout was constructed at the intersection with Blue Ball Road near Fair Hill. Construction of the $2.5 million project was originally supposed to begin in March 2016 and be finished in December of that year but was delayed by utility relocations and design errors. Construction of the roundabout at Blue Ball Road began by July 2017 but was then stalled by the original contractor. In 2019, a new contractor was brought in to finish the project, with construction completed in 2020.
Junction list
Auxiliary route
MD 273A is the designation for the section of Rising Sun Road from a one-lane eastbound ramp from northbound US 1 to its intersection with MD 273. The route starts as a one-lane eastbound ramp before it turns into a two-lane undivided road. MD 273A was designated in 2001 when MD 273's western terminus was relocated to a perpendicular intersection with US 1.
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 273
MD 273 at AARoads.com
Maryland Roads - MD 273
273
Maryland Route 273
U.S. Route 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20273 |
The Warta Mouth National Park () is the youngest of Poland's 23 national parks. It was created on 19 June 2001 in the region of the lowest stretch of the Warta river, up to its confluence with the Odra (Oder), which marks the Polish–German border. The park covers an area of within Lubusz Voivodeship.
The park was created on the area of the former Słońsk Nature Reserve, which had existed since 1977, and parts of the Ujście Warty Landscape Park. The ground here is swampy and muddy, which makes it a haven for birds. This is why the former Słońsk preserve, which is now part of the park, was in 1984 covered by the Ramsar Convention, whose purpose is to protect such areas.
The park has its headquarters in the village of Chyrzyno, near Kostrzyn nad Odrą.
Waters
The park's main river is the Warta, which divides it into two parts – Southern (including the former Słońsk reserve) and Northern – the so-called Northern Polder. In the South, yearly changes in the level of the water reach up to four meters, and the park here serves as a gigantic, seasonal lake for excessive water. The water level here raises usually late in the fall, but it is the highest in the spring (March–April). The Northern part is rich in various canals and it is separated from the Warta by a levee.
Wildlife
Plant life is highly heterogeneous in biological sense. It is to large extent natural, although hundreds of years of human activity have influenced it, especially in the forested areas. On the other hand, nature in swampy areas closer to the Warta, is mainly untouched and as such is an interesting object of studies for biologists from Poland and other European countries. This is because most major river valleys in Europe have been changed by humans.
The area of the park is one of the most important regions of birds’ lairs in Poland. There are 245 species of birds here and lairs of 160, including 7–8 species of ducks. Twenty-six species are endangered (according to the BirdLife International list); among them are Acrocephalus paludicola, Crex crex, Limosa limosa, Grus grus, Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus minutus, and Chlidonias niger.
Moreover, in the park there are 34 species of mammals, including otters (Lutra lutra) and beavers (Castor fibre).
The main threat to the park's ecosystem is the return of bigger plants to the delicate systems of meadows and pastures. Their regrowth endangers lairs of birds, so the park's authorities have taken necessary steps to fight this phenomenon.
Since 31 May 1996 there has been Centre of Natural Education at Chyrzno, which since fall of that year has been organizing courses for pupils and students. Among activities undertaken by the centre are trips to the park, ornithology camps, and ecology workshops. In the park there are some walking and cycling trails and two nature walks Ptasim szlakiem (“Along birds’ trail”), which cross through the most valuable parts of the Słońsk reserve.
The park's Board owns a small lodge with five overnight rooms for 15 persons and a guest-house for about 30 visitors.
Notes
References
EDEN
Awarded "EDEN – European Destinations of Excellence" non traditional tourist destination 2009
Destinet.eu
National parks of Poland
Parks in Lubusz Voivodeship
Natura 2000 in Poland
Ramsar sites in Poland
2001 establishments in Poland
Protected areas established in 2001
Central European mixed forests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warta%20Mouth%20National%20Park |
Van Deusen is a surname of Dutch origin, sometimes spelled VanDeusen or Van Dursen. Notable people with the surname include:
Abraham Pietersen Van Deusen (before 1607–c. 1670), Dutch colonist in New Amsterdam
Carol Van Deusen, a partner of balloonist Larry Walters
Charles Van Deusen, a detective who was involved in the Omaha Race Riot of 1919
Katherine S. Van Deusen, wife of U.S. General William Westmoreland
Mary Westbrook Van Deusen (1829-1908), American author
J.B & J.D. Van Deusen Shipbuilding firm started by Joseph B. Van Deusen and James D. Van Deusen in 1865
See also
Van Deusen's rat (Rattus vandeuseni)
Surnames of Dutch origin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Deusen |
Calais-Fréthun station (French: Gare de Calais-Fréthun) is an SNCF international railway station in the suburbs of Calais, France. It is one of four stations serving the town; the others are Calais-Ville in the town centre, Fontinettes in the suburbs, and Beau Marais in the suburbs.
The station has four platforms, two on the high-speed line for Eurostar services, and two for SNCF TER Hauts-de-France regional services. The TER platforms are also used by some TGV long-distance services.
TGV
The TGV stops here on journeys from Lille-Europe to Calais, Boulogne and Rang-du-Fliers-Verton-Berck, and Paris.
TER Hauts-de-France
The local trains are run by TER Hauts-de-France which covers the region. The station is served by regional trains to Calais, Boulogne, Arras, Amiens and Lille.
Eurostar
Calais-Fréthun is the first station on the continental side of the Eurostar route and passengers can alight here to connect onto the SNCF or LGV Nord services. three services a day called in each direction travelling between London and Brussels via Lille-Europe. However, these were suspended in 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus pandemic, and as of Summer 2023 there is as yet no date for their resumption.
After the 'Additional Protocol to the Sangatte Protocol' was signed by France and the United Kingdom on 29 May 2000, juxtaposed controls were set up in the station. Eurostar passengers travelling to the UK clear exit checks from the Schengen Area (carried out by the French Border Police) as well as UK entry checks (conducted by the UK Border Force) in the station before boarding their train.
Notes
References
External links
Railway stations in Pas-de-Calais
Railway stations served by Eurostar
Railway stations in France opened in 1993
Station
French railway stations with juxtaposed controls | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais-Fr%C3%A9thun%20station |
The Color Kittens is a children's book by Margaret Wise Brown, illustrated by Alice and Martin Provensen, and published, as part of the Little Golden Books series, in 1949.
Plot
The story revolves around two kittens, "Hush" and "Brush," who attempt to create their favorite color green by mixing the primary colors red, yellow and blue, and black and white. Their attempts lead to pink, orange and purple before "almost by accident," they mix yellow and blue to successfully create green. Now they have the colors to paint everything they see around them. Later when they fall asleep, they dream about things in various colors.
Publication history
The Color Kittens, 1949, USA, Simon and Schuster
The Colour Kittens, 1973, Australia, Golden Press
The Color Kittens, (Kathi Ember, illustrator) 1994, USA, Western Publishing
The Color Kittens, 2003, USA, Random House
Reception
Children's book author and illustrator Paul O. Zelinsky, for whom the book was a childhood favorite and inspiration, said that, "In a way, the book was written to teach facts about color, but its real subject is the huge pleasure to be found in the seeing and feeling of color [...]". Suzanne Rahn notes that Hush and Brush's active creativity and exploration have some parallels among Brown's other cat characters, such as the drastically less-humanized Pussycat, who are much more passive in their representation of the creative state Brown called “Cat Life”.
References
External links
http://bookweb.kinokuniya.co.jp/htmy/0307102343.html
1949 children's books
Children's fiction books
American picture books
Little Golden Books
Books by Margaret Wise Brown
Children's books about cats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Color%20Kittens |
Aiki is a 2002 Japanese film about a martial artist in a wheelchair, directed and written by Daisuke Tengan. It is loosely based on the life of a Danish practitioner of the Roppokai branch of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, Ole Kingston Jensen, who started training in Daitō-ryū after he was handicapped in an accident and now is the highest ranking non-Japanese member of the Roppokai.
The film premiered at the 2002 Venice Film Festival.
See also
Aiki (martial arts principle)
References
External links
Interview with Ole Kingston Jensen at aikidojournal.com
2002 martial arts films
2002 films
Japanese martial arts films
Jujutsu
2000s Japanese films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiki%20%28film%29 |
Cáo Dàyuán (), born January 26, 1962) is a professional Go player.
Biography
Cao started learning Go when he was 11. He won the 4th World Amateur Go Championship in 1982 and turned professional in 1985. He was promoted to 9 dan in 1986.
Titles & runners-up
Ranks #10 in total number of titles in China.
External links
Sensei's Library profile
GoBase.org profile
GoGameWorld profile
1962 births
Living people
Go players from Shanghai | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao%20Dayuan |
During the tremendous U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command (SAC) expansion of the early and mid-fifties, bases become overcrowded, with some of them supporting as many as 90 B-47s and 40 KC-97s. The first B-52 wings were also extremely large – composed of 45 bombers and 15 or 20 KC-135s, all situated on one base. As the Soviet missile threat became more pronounced and warning time became less, SAC bases presented increasingly attractive targets. It was necessary to break up these large concentrations of aircraft and scatter them throughout more bases. Several KC-97 squadrons were separated from their parent B-47 wings and relocated to northern bases. The B-47 dispersal program was a long range one and would be affected primarily through the phase out of wings in the late fifties and early sixties.
With the B-52 force, which was still growing, dispersal became an active program in 1958. Basically the B-52 dispersal program called for larger B-52 wings already in existence to be broken up into three equal-sized wings of 15 aircraft each, with two of them being relocated, normally to bases of other commands. In essence, each dispersed B-52 squadron became a strategic wing. This principle would also be followed in organizing and equipping the remained of the B-52 force. Headquarters USAF established the entire force at 42 squadrons in 1958. Ideally, each B-52 wing would have an air refueling squadron of 10 or 15 aircraft.
By the end of 1958, SAC had activated 14 strategic wings, but only three had aircraft assigned. The others were in various stages of development, with some having only a headquarters and one officer and one airman authorized".
Redesignation to AFCON status
When the B-52 dispersal began in the fifties, the new units created to support this program were named strategic wings and given four-digit designations, for example, the 4137th Strategic Wing. Under the USAF organization and lineage system, these four-digit units fell into the MAJCOM (major air command controlled) category and their lineage (histories, awards, and battle honors) ended with their discontinuance and could never be revived. In sharp contrast, AFCON (Headquarters USAF controlled) units, which were readily distinguished by having one, two or three digit designations, could go through a series of inactivations and activations and still retain their lineage.
Headquarters SAC was well aware of the historical significance of records and accomplishments of the strategic wings and the need to perpetuate this lineage as well as the lineage of many illustrious unit that were no longer active.
In order to retain the lineage of the combat units and to perpetuate the lineage of many currently inactive units with illustrious World War II records, Headquarters SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue its strategic wings that were equipped with combat aircraft and to activated AFCON units, most of which were inactive at the time.
The reorganization process, which extended from 1 January through 1 September, was applied to 22 B-52 strategic wings, three air-refueling wings, and the 4321st Strategic Wing at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. These units were discontinued and two and three-digit AFCON units were activated. In most cases, the bombardment squadron that had been assigned to the strategic wings were inactivated and bombardment squadrons that had previously been assigned to the newly activated wings were activated. While these actions were almost tantamount to redesignation, they were not official redesignation. Therefore, the records, awards and achievements of the strategic wing could not be inherited by the bomb wings".
6th Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 25 March 1967.
At: Eielson AFB, AK.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 18th Strategic Aerospace Division.
Equipment: KC-135A/Q's, RC-135D's, RC-135E, & RC135S's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 12th Strategic Aerospace Division on 2 July 1968.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Strategic Aerospace Division on 30 June 1971.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 47th Air Division on 1 October 1976.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Air Division on 1 October 1985.
Changed equipment in: 1985 to KC-135s, RC-135s, TC-135s.
Redesignated as: 6th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing on 1 April 1988.
Detachment 1 Designated on 25 March 1967.
Located at: Shemya Air Force Base
43d Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 4 February 1970.
Activated on: 1 April 1970.
At: Andersen AFB, Guam.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force. (Attached to the Air Division, Provisional, 57 from 1 June 1972 to 1 November 1973).
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135s
Reassigned to: Strategic Air Command, 3rd Air Division on 1 January 1975.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 3rd Air Division on 31 January 1982.
Redesignated on: 4 November 1986 as 43rd Bombardment Wing.
It activated again in Apr 1970, replacing the 3960 Strategic Wing at Andersen AFB, Guam. On 1 July 1970, the 43d also assumed tasks formerly handled by the Bombardment Wing, Provisional, 4133, including a combat mission. Employed attached aircraft and aircrews of other Strategic Air Command units to participate in "Arc Light" combat missions in Southeast Asia from 1 July to mid-Aug 1970, and again from Feb 1972 to Aug 1973. Following the end of combat operations, provided routing training and ground alert with B-52 and KC-135 aircraft, the latter provided by other Strategic Air Command units on loan. During 1975, provided logistical and medical support to thousands of Vietnamese refugees evacuated from their homeland and located temporarily at Guam awaiting resettlement in the United States. Trained to remain proficient in strategic and conventional warfare capabilities. Beginning in 1974, controlled TDY tankers and crews participating in the Pacific (formerly Andersen) Tanker Task Force that supported Strategic Air Command operations in the western Pacific. In Jul 1986, activated the 65 Strategic Squadron to control the TDY air refueling forces.
Strategic Wing, Provisional, 72
Established: Late 1972
At: Andersen AFB, Guam
Discontinued: 15 November 1973
Activated on paper on 16 June 1952, but not operational until it absorbed the residual resources of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing in October 1952. Designated as the 72nd Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Ramey AFB, PR. Conducted global strategic reconnaissance, Mar. 1953–1955, with RB-36 Peacemaker aircraft, gradually shifting to a bombardment-training mission beginning in 1954. Redesignated as the 72nd Bombardment Wing (Heavy)in 1955 Converted to B-52Gs and added refueling to its global mission in 1958. It was inactivated on 30 June 1971. Established as the Strategic Wing (Provisional), 72 in late 1972 at Andersen AFB, Guam, with approximately 100 B-52Gs. The Strategic Wing (Provisional), 72 flew 8,010 sorties over South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and Cambodia and flew the last sorties of the Vietnam War on 15 August 1973. The wing lost 6 B-52Gs (one aircraft lost skirting around a typhoon en route to target, and five shot down over Hanoi during combat operations in December 1972.
95th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 2 October 1966.
At: Goose AB, Canada.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command.
Equipment: KC-135s (attached).
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 45th Air Division on 2 October 1966.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 45th Air Division on 31 March 1970.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 45th Air Division on 1 January 1975.
Inactivated on: 30 September 1976.
98th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 25 June 1966.
At: Torrejon AB, Spain.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command.
Equipment: KC-135s (attached)/ Spanish Tanker Task Force.
Inactivated on: 31 December 1976.
Detachment 1
Activated on: 25 June 1966.
Located at: RAF Upper Heyford, UK
Relocated to: RAF Mildenhall, UK 1 April 1970
Equipment: RC-135s KC-135s
Inactivated on: 31 December 1976.
306th Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 14 August 1976.
At: Ramstein AB, Germany.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command.
Equipment: KC-135s, RC-135s.
Moved to: RAF Mildenhall, UK in 1978.
Reassigned to: Strategic Air Command, 7th Air Division on 1 July 1978.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 7th Air Division on 1 January 1982.
Inactivated on: 1 March 1992.
307th Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 21 January 1970
Activated on: 1 April 1970.
At: U-Tapao, Thailand.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force. (Attached to Air Division, Provisional, 17 from 1 June 1972 to 31 December 1974).
Equipment: B-52Ds, KC-135A's.
Changed equipment in: 1973 to B-52s.
Changed equipment in: 1974 to B-52s, KC-135s.
Changed equipment in: 1975 to B-52s, KC-135s,
Reassigned on: Strategic Air Command, 3rd Air Division on 1 January 1975.
Inactivated on: 30 September 1975.
Strategic Wing, Provisional, 310
Established: 1 June 1972
At: U-Tapao RTNAF, Thailand.
Attached to: Air Division, Provisional, 17
Equipment: KC-135A's (Young Tiger Tanker Task Force)
Assigned Squadron's: Air Refueling Squadron, Provisional, 901
Air Refueling Squadron, Provisional, 902
Discontinued on: 1 July 1974
376th Strategic Wing (1970–1991)
Replaced 4252nd Strategic Wing
Established: 1 April 1970
At: Kadena AB, Okinawa (Island returned to Japan on 15 April 1972)
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force 1 April 1970
3rd Air Division 1 January 1975*Equipment: B-52D's (to Mid 1970) KC-135A/Q's RC-135's
Assigned Squadron's: 909th Air Refueling Squadron
82nd Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
Inactivated: O/A 1991
3918th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 February 1964.
At: RAF Upper Heyford, England
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 7th Air Division.
Inactivated on: 31 March 1965.
3920th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 February 1964.
At: RAF Brize Norton, England
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 7th Air Division.
Inactivated on: 31 March 1965.
3960th Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 1 November 1965.
At: Andersen AFB, Guam.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 3rd Air Division.
Inactivated on: 1 April 1970.
Resources absorbed by 43rd Strategic Wing in 1970.
3970th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 February 1964
At: Torrejon AB, Spain.
Assigned to: Sixteenth Air Force, 65th Air Division.
Reassigned to: Strategic Air Command on 15 April 1966.
Inactivated on: 25 June 1966.
Replaced by 98th Strategic Wing in 1966
3973d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 February 1964.
At: Moron AB, Spain.
Assigned to: Sixteenth Air Force, 65TH Air Division..
Reassigned to: USAFE on 15 April 1966.
4026th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 August 1958.
At: Wurtsmith AFB, MI.
Equipment: KC-135's. (B-52H's were delivered to the 379th BW Spring/Summer 1961)
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force on 1 January 1959.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 40th Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Inactivated on: 9 January 1961
Replaced by 379th Bombardment Wing in 1961.
4038th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 August 1958.
At: Dow AFB, ME.
Equipment: B-52G's KC-135's.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 820th Air Division on 1 January 1959
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 6th Air Division on 1 April 1961.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963
Replaced by 397th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4039th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 8 August 1958.
At: Griffiss AFB, NY.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force. 820th Air Division on 5 January 1959
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 6th Air Division on 1 April 1961.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Resources absorbed by 416th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4042d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 August 1958.
At: K. I. Sawyer AFB, MI.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force on 9 January 1959.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 40th Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 410th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4043d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 April 1959.
At: Wright-Patterson AFB, OH.
Assigned to: Second Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 40th Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Resources absorbed by 17th Bombardment Wing in 1959.
4047th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1961
At McCoy AFB, FL.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force, 823rd Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s.
Inactivated on: 1 April 1963.
Aircraft and crews reassigned to the 306th Bombardment Wing 1 April 1963 from the 99th Bombardment Wing / 347th Bombardment Squadron at Westover AFB Massachusetts.
4062nd Strategic Wing (Missile)
Activated on: 1 December 1960.
At: Hill AFB, UT.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 22nd Air Division.
Equipment: Minuteman I (RAILROAD BASED UNIT).
Inactivated on: 20 February 1962.
The Unit Never Became OPERATIONAL
4080th Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 15 June 1960.
At: Laughlin AFB, TX.
Reassigned to Second Air Force.
Moved to: Davis Monthan AFB, AZ on 1 July 1963.
Equipment: CH-3, AQM-34, U-2, DC-130.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 12th Strategic Aerospace Division on 12 July 1963.
Inactivated on: 25 June 1966 and resources absorbed by the 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing.
4081st Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 April 1957.
At: Ernest Harmon AFB, Newfoundland.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Equipment: KC-97's.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 45th Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Inactivated on: 25 June 1966.
4082d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 April 1957.
At: Goose AB, Newfoundland.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 45th Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Inactivated on: 2 October 1966.
4083d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 April 1957.
At: Thule AB, Greenland.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Inactivated on: 1 July 1959.
4123d Strategic Wing "Strength through Unity"
+Activated on: 10 December 1957.
At: Carswell AFB, TX.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 19th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Moved to: Clinton – Sherman AFB, OK, on 1 March 1959.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 816th Air Division on 1 March 1959.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 816th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 April 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 70th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (redesignated 70th Bombardment Wing on Activation at Clinton-Sherman AFB) in 1963.
4126th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 3 February 1959
At: Beale AFB, CA.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135's.
Changed equipment in: 1961 to B-52s, KC-135's, Titan Is.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 March 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 456th Strategic Aerospace Wing in 1962.
4128th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 5 January 1959.
At: Amarillo AFB, TX.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 47th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 November 1962
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Resources absorbed by 461st Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4130th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 October 1958.
At: Bergstrom AFB, TX.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 19th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s and KC-135s.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 4th Air Division on 1 July 1963.
Inactivated on: 1 September 1963.
Resources absorbed by 340th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4133d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 September 1958.
At: Grand Forks AFB, ND.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 821st Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 821st Strategic Air Division on 1 February 1962.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Air Division on 1 July 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 319th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4134th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 May 1958.
At: Mather AFB, CA.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Air Division
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 320th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4135th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 December 1958.
At: Eglin AFB, FL.
Assigned to: Second Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 822nd Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 39th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4136th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 September 1958.
At: Minot AFB, ND.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 821st Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Air Division on 1 July 1962.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 November 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 450th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4137th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1959.
At: Robins AFB, GA.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force, 822nd Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 465th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4138th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 January 1959.
At: Turner AFB, GA.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force, 822nd Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by the 484th Bombardment Wing.
4141st Strategic Wing "Peace Through Power"
Activated on: 1 September 1958.
At: Glasgow AFB, MT.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 821st Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 821st Strategic Aerospace Division on 15 February 1962.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Air Division on 1 July 1962.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 April 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by the 91st Bombardment Wing.
4157th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1962.
At: Eielson AFB, AK
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-47's, B-52s, KC-97's, KC-135A's, RC-135E, RC-135S (with J-57 Engines), RC-135D's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 18th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 July 1965.
Inactivated on: 25 March 1967.
Detachment 1
Located at: Shemya Air Force Base
Resources absorbed by 6th Strategic Wing on 25 March 1967.
4158th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 November 1963.
At: Elmendorf AFB, AK
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-47's, KC-97's.
Reassigned in: Fifteenth Air Force, 18th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 July 1965.
Inactivated on: 25 June 1966.
4170th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1959.
At: Larson AFB, WA.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 18th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's, Titan I's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by the 462nd Strategic Aerospace Wing.
4228th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1958.
At: Columbus AFB, MS.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 4th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by the 454th Bombardment Wing.
4238th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 March 1958
At: Barksdale AFB, LA.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 4th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 April 1963
Replaced by 2nd Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4239th Strategic Wing "First Always"
Activated on: 1 July 1956.
At: Kincheloe AFB, MI.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 40th Air Division
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 449th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4241st Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 October 1958.
At: Seymour Johnson AFB, NC.
Assigned to: Second Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 822nd Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Inactivated on: 15 April 1963.
Resources absorbed by 68th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4245th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 5 January 1959.
At: Sheppard AFB, TX.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 816th Air Division.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 816th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 April 1962.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Resources absorbed by 494th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4252d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 12 January 1965.
At: Kadena AFB, Okinawa.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 3rd Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 31 March 1970.
Resources absorbed by 376th Strategic Wing in 1970.
4258th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 2 June 1966.
At: U-Tapao, Thailand.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command.
Equipment: B-52, KC-135s.
Inactivated on: 31 March 1970.
Replaced by the 307th Strategic Wing in 1970
4320th Strategic Wing (Missile)
Organized on: 1 February 1958.
At: Francis E. Warren AFB, WY.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 1st Missile Division.
Discontinued on: 12 February 1958.
Replaced Strategic Missile Wing (Provisional) of Air Research and Development Command. Replaced by 706th Strategic Missile Wing
4321st Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 October 1959.
At: Offutt AFB, NE.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 17th Air Division.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 818th Strategic Aerospace Division on 15 August 1962
Inactivated on: 1 January 1963
Replaced by 385th Strategic Aerospace Wing on 15 November 1962.
See also
Strategic Air Command wings
References
Strategic wings of the United States Air Force | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20Air%20Force%20strategic%20wings |
Andromeda X (And 10) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 2.9 million light-years away from the Sun in the constellation Andromeda. Discovered in 2005 by Zucker et al., And X is a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). Aided by the application of stellar photometry to data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey similar to the Andromeda IX discovery, the new finding indicates that this type of extremely faint satellite might be common in the Local Group, potentially providing further support for hierarchical cold dark matter models.
See also
List of Andromeda's satellite galaxies
References
External links
SEDS webpage for Andromeda X
Andromeda X: Andromeda's Newest Satellite Galaxy
Dwarf spheroidal galaxies
5056921
Local Group
Andromeda Subgroup
Andromeda (constellation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda%20X |
Lotus is a board game for two to four players, developed by Dominique Tellier and published by Ravensburger Spieleverlag. The objective of the game is to move one's pieces off the board before the other players. The game board is hexagonal, and contains a large image of a Chinese dragon in the middle, as well as a Chinese character in each board position.
Gameplay
For a two-player game, one player is given ten white pieces while the other player gets ten black pieces. The pieces are stacked in the middle of the board as one stack of four pieces, one stack of three pieces, one stack of two pieces, and one stack of one piece. For a three or four-player game, each player gets six pieces, stacked in the middle in stacks of three, two, and one.
During the game, each player takes turns moving their pieces in an attempt to get to the exit space on the game board. A player can only move a piece that is at the top of a stack or is the only piece left in a stack. The height of the stack determines how far a piece can be moved on the board.
The board has two entrance positions, both of which can be freely chosen by players to move their pieces to, but it has only one exit position. During the game, pieces cannot be moved backwards.
During a player's turn, they may stack any of their colored pieces on top of any other pieces or empty positions. After the game starts, there is no limit to how many pieces can be in a stack. Players can freely choose which of their pieces to move, regardless of which part of the board they are on.
The board also includes trampoline spaces, which allow players to double their dice roll upon landing.
There are two types of play for when players have no possible moves. In regular gameplay, if no piece of a player's color is on top of a stack or by itself on a square, they cannot move any of their pieces. A player can, however, move any other player's pieces forward, or they can lose their turn, giving their adversaries an advantage in both cases.
The finishing position is after the last square on the board. Pieces that get to the finishing position are removed from the game. The game is over when a player has removed all their pieces via the finishing position.
References
External links
Board games introduced in 1998
Abstract strategy games
Ravensburger games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus%20%28board%20game%29 |
Timothy Charles Harrington (1851 – 12 March 1910), born in Castletownbere, County Cork, was an Irish journalist, barrister, nationalist politician and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. As a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party he represented Westmeath from February 1883 to November 1885. In 1885 he was elected for the new constituency of Dublin Harbour, which he represented until his death in 1910. He served as Lord Mayor of Dublin three times from 1901–04.
He was educated at the Catholic University of Ireland and Trinity College Dublin. He owned two newspapers, United Ireland and the Kerry Sentinel and was a member of the so-called Bantry band of prominent nationalist politicians from the Bantry vicinity. They were also more pejoratively known as the Pope's brass band. Tim Healy was another prominent member of this unofficial group.
In 1884, Harrington published a pamphlet, "Maamtrasna Massacres - Impeachment of the Trials" in which he dismantled the Crown Prosecution's case against the eight men accused of the murders of the Joyce family on 17 August 1882. He provided evidence that Crown Prosecutor George Bolton had deliberately suppressed evidence that would have acquitted Myles Joyce, who was hanged, and four men who were sentenced to twenty years of penal servitude.
Harrington was secretary and chief organiser of the Irish National League (INL), supporter of Charles Stewart Parnell and was largely responsible for devising the agrarian Plan of Campaign in 1886. He became a Parnellite Nationalist when the party split in 1891 continuing as secretary of the INL. In 1897 he proclaimed himself an Independent Nationalist and sided with William O'Brien's United Irish League from its early days. He was briefly considered as a possible alternative to John Redmond as leader of the re-united Irish Parliamentary Party in 1900 when he stood in the general election that year as a Nationalist again.
Thereafter he became excluded from Redmond's closed circle of confidants, he retained sympathy with O'Brien, and represented the interests of the tenant farmers at the 1902 Land Conference negotiations which led to the enactment of the unprecedented Wyndham Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903.
Harrington is celebrated by a statue erected in 2001 at the east end of Castletownbere near the Millbrook bar.
On Saturday, 7 September 1901, the then Lord Mayor of Dublin, Tim Harrington kicked off at the official ceremony to open Bohemian FC's new home, Dalymount Park.
Notes
References
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Vol. II 1886-1918, edited by M. Stenton & S. Lees (The Harvester Press 1978)
Who's Who of "The Long Gestation" Irish Nationalist Life 1891-1918, Patrick Maume, Gill & Macmillan (1999)
External links
1851 births
1910 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Irish journalists
Irish land reform activists
Irish barristers
Irish Parliamentary Party MPs
Parnellite MPs
Independent Nationalist MPs
United Irish League
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Westmeath constituencies (1801–1922)
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
Lord Mayors of Dublin
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Politicians from County Kerry
Politicians from County Cork
Lawyers from County Cork
Writers from County Cork
People from Castletownbere | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20Harrington |
Fedor Vladimirovich Andreev (, born March 2, 1982) is a former figure skater with dual Russian and Canadian citizenship. In single skating, he is the 2003 Canadian bronze medalist and the 1999 junior national champion. In 2010, he switched to ice dancing and competed for Russia with partner Jana Khokhlova for one season.
Personal life
Andreev was born in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. His family emigrated to Canada when he was seven. He is the son of ice dance coach/choreographer Marina Zueva, and was formerly coached by his stepfather, Alexei Tchetverukhin. In addition to skating, Andreev also took part in SCCA autocross and drag races. He enjoys drifting and has worked as a model for Abercrombie & Fitch, runway shows, as well as commercials. As of February 2017, he was working at Boston Consulting Group. He became engaged to American ice dancer Meryl Davis on July 13, 2017, and they married in Provence, France in June 2019.
Single skating
Early in his career, Andreev skated at the Minto Skating Club in Ottawa, Ontario. He was the 1999 Canadian junior national champion and won several medals on the junior grand prix circuit the following season. In 2000, he moved with his mother to Michigan. He moved up to the senior ranks in 2001-2; his best results were a bronze medal at the Nebelhorn Trophy in 2002 and a 3rd-place finish at the 2003 Canadian nationals. He was coached for a time by Richard Callaghan.
In 2003, Andreev briefly considered switching to pair skating with Jennifer Kirk, but the partnership never fully formed. Recurring injuries kept Andreev from competing for several years. He injured his back while training quads which forced him to leave skating in 2005. He did not compete in the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 seasons.
Andreev returned to competition in the 2007-2008 season and was coached in Detroit by Callaghan. He placed 8th at the 2008 Canadian Championships.
In the 2008-2009 season, he placed 9th at the 2009 Canadian Championships. Later that season, Andreev changed his country affiliation to Azerbaijan in an attempt to represent that country at the 2009 World Championships. He was prevented from doing so because his paperwork was not completed in time. Andreev hoped to qualify for the 2010 Olympics, but was unable to compete at the qualifying event, again due to problems with his paperwork. His goals for the 2009-10 season were to compete at the European Championships and at Worlds, but he was again unsuccessful.
Ice dancing
In May 2010, it was reported that Andreev planned to switch disciplines and compete in ice dancing with Jana Khokhlova, representing Russia. Andreev stated about the switch, "Igor had always wanted to get me into ice dancing. In the last two years I coached ice dancing a lot and helped out when Igor and Marina were away at competitions, so I gained a lot of knowledge of the rules. I showed elements and steps for other couples sometimes, so ice dance is no longer new to me." Khokhlova and Andreev began training together in the second week of July, working on the ice 5–6 hours a day. They trained in Canton, Michigan with his mother Marina Zueva and Igor Shpilband.
Khokhlova and Andreev made their debut at the Golden Spin of Zagreb in December 2010 and went on to compete at 2011 Russian Nationals, where they finished fifth in the short dance and third in the free dance for fourth place overall. In June 2011, Andreev injured his knee in a bad fall. On September 27, 2011, it was reported that Andreev had decided to retire because of the injury, and that the Khokhlova-Andreev partnership had therefore ended.
Programs
Ice dancing
Single skating
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
Ice dancing with Khokhlova for Russia
Singles career for Canada
References
External links
Canadian male single skaters
Russian male ice dancers
Living people
Russian emigrants to Canada
Figure skaters from Moscow
1982 births
Naturalized citizens of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedor%20Andreev |
An oceanarium can be either a marine mammal park, such as Marineland of Canada, or a large-scale aquarium, such as the Lisbon Oceanarium, presenting an ocean habitat with marine animals, especially large ocean dwellers such as sharks.
First marine mammal parks
Marineland of Florida, one of the first theme parks in Florida, United States, started in 1938, claims to be "the world's first oceanarium"
Marineland of Florida was developed as Marine Studios near St. Augustine in Marineland, Florida, which was followed in Florida by Miami Seaquarium, opened in 1955 and in California by Marineland of the Pacific, opened in 1954 near Los Angeles, and Marine World, Africa USA, opened in 1968 near San Francisco.
SeaWorld
SeaWorld San Diego was opened in 1964, developed by four fraternity brothers Milt Shedd, Ken Norris, David DeMott and George Millay.
SeaWorld Aurora opened in 1970 near Cleveland, Ohio.
SeaWorld Orlando was opened in 1973.
SeaWorld (San Diego, Aurora, Orlando) was sold to Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (a publishing company listed on the New York Stock Exchange) in 1976.
They purchased Marineland of the Pacific in 1986 and closed the park.
They had opened SeaWorld San Antonio in 1988.
In 1989 they sold SeaWorld (San Diego, Aurora, Orlando, San Antonio) to Anheuser-Busch, the world's largest brewer and owner of the Busch Gardens Safari Parks, for US$1.1 billion.
In 2001, Anheuser-Busch sold SeaWorld Ohio to Six Flags, which combined the park with the neighboring Geauga Lake to form Six Flags Worlds of Adventure. The animal aquatics portion of the park closed prior to 2004 when Six Flags sold the park to Cedar Fair.
World's largest marine life park
When a new 170,000-square-foot exhibit at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago opened on April 27, 1991, it debuted as the largest indoor marine mammal facility in the world. The position as world's largest oceanarium has since shifted repeatedly in recent years. From 2005 to 2012 it was the Georgia Aquarium in the United States with an initial total water volume of , later it expanded to , and home to 100–120,000 animals of 700 species. In 2012 it was surpassed by Marine Life Park in Singapore with a total water volume of and over 100,000 animals of more than 800 species. In 2014, the Singapore park was surpassed by the Chimelong Ocean Kingdom in China, the current record holder, with a total water volume of .
Marine public aquariums
Modern marine aquariums try to create natural environments. A host of marine animals swim together in the four-story cylindrical tank of the New England Aquarium in Boston, which opened in 1969.
At the National Aquarium in Baltimore, which opened in 1981, a walkway spirals up through the center of two gigantic cylindrical tanks, the Atlantic Coral Reef and the Shark Alley, which display sharks, sawfish, and other sea creatures.
Since then, many new aquariums have sought even greater realism, often concentrating on local environments. Monterey Bay Aquarium in California, which opened in 1984, is an example.
The Afrykarium is the only themed oceanarium devoted solely to exhibiting the fauna of Africa and located in Wrocław, Poland. A part of the Wrocław Zoo, the idea behind the Afrykarium is to comprehensively present selected ecosystems from the continent of Africa.
Nur-Sultan, the capital of Kazakhstan, is home to the only oceanarium in Central Asia.
See also
Manila Ocean Park
Moscow Oceanarium
Nordsøen Oceanarium, Hirtshals, Denmark.
Dolphinarium
Public aquarium
UnderWater World Guam
Notes
Further reading
Lou Jacobs, Wonders of an oceanarium: The story of marine life in captivity. Golden Gate Junior Books, 1965.
Joanne F. Oppenheim, Oceanarium. BBooks, 1994. .
Patryla, Jim. (2005). A Photographic Journey Back To Marineland of the Pacific. Lulu Publishing. .
Brunner, Bernd. The Ocean at Home: An Illustrated History of the Aquarium. Reaktion Books, 2011.
External links
Oceanarium — The Bournemouth Aquarium, UK
Oceanarium, West Australia — suppliers of marine aquarium specimens
Marine Life Park - Resorts World @ Sentosa
Oceanographical terminology
Oceanarium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanarium |
Sovetsky (masculine), Sovetskaya (feminine), Sovetskoye (neuter), or Sovetskiye (plural) is something named after the Soviet Union.
Places
Sovetsky District (disambiguation), several districts in the countries of the former Soviet Union
Sovetsky Okrug (disambiguation), various divisions in Russia
Sovetsky Urban Settlement (or Sovetskoye Urban Settlement), several municipal urban settlements in Russia
Sovetsky, Russia (Sovetskaya, Sovetskoye), several inhabited localities in Russia
Sovetsky, Baku (Sovetskaya), historical inhabited locality in Baku's Yasamal district
Sovietskyi (Sovetsky), an urban-type settlement in Crimea
Sovietske (Sovetskoye), an urban-type settlement in Crimea
Sovetskiy, Kyrgyzstan, an urban-type settlement in Kyrgyzstan
Sovetsky Airport, an airport in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia
Sovietsky Hotel, a hotel located in Moscow
Sovetskaya (Antarctic Research Station), the Soviet Antarctic research station
Sovetskaya (lake), a lake in the Antarctic, under the station
Sovetskaya Mountain, a mountain on Wrangel Island
Sovetskoye, Altai Krai, a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Sovetsky District of Altai Krai
Sovetskoye, Jalal-Abad, a village in Jalal-Abad Region, Kyrgyzstan
Sovetskoye, Kemin, a village in Kemin District, Kyrgyzstan
Savieckaja Square, the Soviet name for the central square of Hrodna, Belarus
Other
Sovetskaya metro station, a metro station of the Samara Metro, Samara, Russia
Sovetskoye Shampanskoye, a generic brand of sparkling wine
See also
Soviet (disambiguation)
Soviet Union (disambiguation) including Sovetsky Soyuz
Sovetsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetsky |
Ko Iso (; born April 10, 1987) is a professional Go player.
Biography
Ko became a professional in 2002. He was promoted to 7 dan after making it through the preliminary rounds of the Meijin tournament.
Promotion record
Runners-up
References
External links
Player page at Japanese Go Association
1987 births
Living people
Taiwanese Go players
Japanese Go players
Sportspeople from Taipei | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%20Iso |
Branka Prpa, (born 1953 in Split, PR Croatia, FPR Yugoslavia) is a historian, author, and former director of Belgrade's Historical Archives (Istorijski arhiv Beograda).
Biography
In 1972, against the wishes of her family, she left Split for Belgrade to study history at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy. Soon, she got married, had a son, and remained living in the capital even after she graduated. In 1988, her book about Serb publishing in Dalmatia entitled Srpsko-dalmatinski magazin was published. Prpa, an ethnic Croat, is better known to the public as the girlfriend of the slain Belgrade journalist and newspaper owner Slavko Ćuruvija with whom she lived in an unmarried union. Prpa was with her common-law spouse on the day of his murder in April 1999. They were walking hand in hand, about to enter the front door of their apartment building when they were approached from behind by unknown men who murdered Ćuruvija and pistol-whipped Branka Prpa, briefly knocking her unconscious.
Slobodan Antonić criticised her scientific conclusions about the role of the Serbian quisling forces in The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia and considered her work on the subject to be meet the criteria of historical revisionism.
References
External links
Bol se leči pameću, Ilustrovana Politika, December 3, 2003
Croatian emigrants to Serbia
20th-century Serbian historians
1952 births
Living people
University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy alumni
Writers from Split, Croatia
Croats of Serbia
21st-century Serbian historians
Serbian women historians
Croatian women historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branka%20Prpa |
Lewis Michael Arquette (December 14, 1935 – February 10, 2001) was an American actor. He was best known for playing J. D. Pickett on the television series The Waltons, on which he worked from 1978 to 1981.
Life and career
Arquette was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Mildred Nesbitt Le May and actor Cliff Arquette. He was related to explorer Meriwether Lewis, for whom he was named. His family's surname was originally "Arcouet", coming from his partial French-Canadian ancestry. His children are actors Patricia, Alexis, Rosanna, David, and Richmond Arquette. He is the former father-in-law of actress Courteney Cox, film composer James Newton Howard, and actors Thomas Jane and Nicolas Cage. Arquette frequently appeared in movies with his sons.
While living in Chicago, Arquette managed The Second City theater for several years. In 1970, the family moved to a Subud commune (described by Patricia as a "hippie commune") in Front Royal, Virginia. His wife, Brenda Olivia "Mardi" (née Nowak), died in 1997 from breast cancer. She was Jewish and the daughter of a Holocaust refugee from Poland, while Lewis Arquette, raised a Catholic, was a convert to Islam.
Arquette died in Los Angeles, California on February 10, 2001, at the age of 65, due to congestive heart failure.
Filmography
Actor
Writer
The Lorenzo and Henrietta Music Show (1976) TV Series (writer)
Producer
The Lorenzo and Henrietta Music Show (1976) TV Series (executive producer)
Himself
This Is Your Life – Cliff Arquette (1960) TV Episode .... Himself
The Jonathan Winters Show – Episode dated April 3, 1969 (1969) TV Episode .... Himself
References
External links
1935 births
2001 deaths
Male actors from Chicago
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Television producers from Illinois
American television writers
American male television writers
Lewis Arquette
Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park
People from Front Royal, Virginia
Screenwriters from Virginia
Screenwriters from Illinois
American people of French-Canadian descent
American people of English descent
20th-century American male actors
American Muslims
Converts to Islam from Catholicism
American Subud members
20th-century American screenwriters
Television producers from Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Arquette |
The Załuski Library (, ) established in Warsaw in 1747 by Józef Andrzej Załuski and his brother, Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, both Roman Catholic bishops, was a public library nationalized and renamed upon its founders' death into the Załuski Library of the Republic () which existed until the final demise of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.
Overview
The library was the first Polish public library, the largest library in Poland, and one of the earliest public libraries in Europe. After the Kościuszko Uprising (1794), Russian troops, acting on orders from Czarina Catherine II, seized the library's holdings and transported them to her personal collection at Saint Petersburg, where a year later it formed the cornerstone of the newly founded Imperial Public Library. In the 1920s the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic returned some of the former Załuski Library holdings to the recently established Second Polish Republic following the Treaty of Riga, and they were later included in the National Library (Biblioteka Narodowa), founded in 1928 (hence, the latter considers itself the continuation of the Załuski Library). The majority of the original Załuski collection was, however, deliberately destroyed by the German troops during the planned destruction of Warsaw in October 1944, following the collapse of the Warsaw Uprising.
History
Creation
The Załuski brothers' greatest passion was book collecting, including collecting historical manuscripts and incunabula. Józef Andrzej Załuski and his brother Andrzej Stanisław Załuski acquired the collections of earlier Polish bibliophiles such as Jakub Zadzik, Krzysztof Opaliński, Tomasz Ujejski, Janusz Wiśniowiecki, Jerzy Mniszech and Jan III Sobieski (the latter, from his granddaughter, Maria Karolina Sobieska). Beginning from the 1730s the brothers planned the creation of a public library.
Operation
The Załuski Library was considered the first Polish public library and one of the largest libraries in the contemporary world. In all of Europe there were only two or three libraries that could boast such holdings. The library initially held some 200,000 items, which grew to some 400,000 printed items, maps and manuscripts by the end of the 1780s. It also accumulated a collection of art, scientific instruments, and plant and animal specimens.
This library, open on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m., asked patrons to be quiet and to say a prayer in the intention of the Załuski brothers. The library initially lended out its collection items, but soon reversed this policy by prohibiting to take the books outside the library, as the book theft became a growing problem, to an extent that the bishop patrons decided to ask the pope for help. Responding to their request, in 1752 pope Benedict XIV issued a papal bull that threatened to excommunication individuals taking the books from this library; even that did not eliminate the problem completely.
After the brothers' deaths, the newly formed Commission for National Education took charge of the library, renaming it the Załuski Library of the Republic.
Looting and destruction
Twenty years later in 1794, in the aftermath of the second Partition of Poland and Kościuszko Uprising, Russian troops, on orders from Russian Czarina Catherine II, emptied the library and dispatched the whole collection to Saint Petersburg. The looted books formed the foundations of the Imperial Public Library on its formation a year later; meanwhile, its looted Polish predecessor was abolished and destined by the victorious three powers to be sent into oblivion along with its owner, the Polish state itself.
Parts of the collections were damaged or destroyed as they were mishandled while being removed from the library and transported to Russia, and many were stolen. According to the historian Joachim Lelewel, the books from the Zaluskis' collection "could be bought at Grodno by the basket". The collection was later dispersed among several Russian libraries.
Successor
Some parts of the Zaluski collection returned to Congress Poland on two separate dates in the nineteenth century: 1842 and 1863. In the 1920s, in the aftermath of the Polish-Soviet War and the Treaty of Riga around 50,000 collection items were repatriated to Poland by the RSFSR's government. which served as the cornerstone of the National Library of Poland re-established in 1928. The latter has therefore always regarded itself as the direct continuation of the Załuski Library with its service to be considered merely "interrupted" by the Partitioning Powers for 133 years, and has continued to officially state the year 1747 as its date of foundation, as well as to number and celebrate its anniversaries accordingly.
Repeated destruction
In World War II, the German soldiers deliberately destroyed the collection (held in the Krasiński Library at the time) during the planned destruction of Warsaw in October 1944, after collapse of the Warsaw Uprising. Only 1800 manuscripts and 30,000 printed materials from the original library survived the war.
Present times
After the war, some of the items were successfully recovered and returned to the National Library of Poland, the successor to the Załuski Library. In 2023, George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews, a member of the British Royal Family, personally handed over the 1523 L’histoire de Primaleon de Grece by Francisco Vázquez after he realized the provenance of this book in his collections.
Building
For the purpose of establishing the library, the brothers acquired the 17th-century Daniłowicz Palace in Warsaw, originally built for Mikołaj Daniłowicz of Żurów and ruined during the Swedish Deluge.
The building's reconstruction in rococo style was accomplished by Francesco Antonio Melana and his brother in 1745, thus enabling the Załuski brothers to officially establish the Załuski Library (Biblioteka Załuskich) two years later. The establishment had two stories, with a large and lavishly decorated reading room located on the second floor, and was topped with a small tower containing an astronomical observatory.
Following the library's looting and closure, its original seat was used for flour storage after 1807, and was subsequently altered into a tenement house in 1821. The building was destroyed by the Germans during World War II.
After the war, the original building was rebuilt under the Polish People's Republic. During the building's reconstruction, the busts of Polish monarchs that had originally adorned the library's interiors, and which had been hidden during the Partitions of Poland, were discovered and placed on the building's facade; hence the building has come to be called the "House Under the Kings" (Dom pod Królami). It has thereafter served as the headquarters of the Society of Authors ZAiKS.
Gallery
See also
Polish National Library
Jagiellonian Library
Royal Library in Warsaw
Minuscule 569
Ossolineum
Notes
References
Jan Kozłowski, Szkice o dziejach Biblioteki Załuskich. Publisher: Zakład Narodowy Imienia Ossolińskich, Polish Academy of Sciences, Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Heinz Lemke, Die Brüder Zaluski und ihre Beziehungen zu Gelehren in Deutschland und Danzig, Berlin 1958
Marian Łodyński, Z dziejów "Biblioteki Rzeczypospolitej Załuskich zwanej" w l. 1785-94, Warszawa 1935
Jan Kozłowski, Biblioteka Załuskich w dwunastu odsłonach, "Roczniki Biblioteki Narodowej" 33:2001
Jan Kozłowski, Źródła do rekonstrukcji Biblioteki Załuskich, Z badań nad polskimi księgozbiorami historycznymi, 15(1993)
Stanisław Roszak, Środowisko intelektualne i artystyczne Warszawy w połowie XVIII w. Między kulturą Sarmatyzmu a Oświecenia, Toruń 1997
Tadeusz Zarzębski, Biblioteka Rzeczypospolitej Załuskich zwana (Fakty z dziejów), "Roczniki Biblioteki Narodowej" 27/28:1991/92
Pamiątki dziejów Biblioteki Załuskich, opr. Joanna Płaza i Bożena Sajna, Biblioteka Narodowa, Warszawa 1997
Piotr Bańkowski, Ze studiów nad rękopisami byłej cesarskiej biblioteki publicznej w Petersburgu Nakładem "Przeglądu Bibliotecznego", Kraków 1937
External links
FYI France Essay The Strange Life of One of the Greatest European Libraries of the Eighteenth Century: the Zaluski Collection in Warsaw
Welcome In the House under the Sign of the Kings
1740s establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1747 establishments in Europe
Infrastructure completed in 1795
Rococo architecture in Warsaw
Libraries in Warsaw
Poland
Buildings and structures in Warsaw
Defunct libraries
Demolished buildings and structures in Poland
Art and cultural repatriation
Warsaw Uprising
Germany–Poland relations
Poland–Russia relations
Deposit libraries
Rebuilt buildings and structures in Warsaw
Libraries established in 1747
Book burnings
Buildings and structures demolished in 1944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C5%82uski%20Library |
Medusa, formerly known as Bizarro, is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the ride debuted as the world's first floorless roller coaster on April 2, 1999. It was repainted and rethemed to Bizarro in 2009. In 2022, it was repainted and renamed back to Medusa.
History
Medusa was part of a $42 million expansion at Six Flags Great Adventure announced in January 1999, and was one of three roller coasters introduced in the expansion. The ride officially opened on April 2, 1999 as the first Floorless Coaster in the world.
On October 23, 2008, Six Flags announced that Medusa would be re-designed for the 2009 operating season. On April 1, 2009, Six Flags officially announced the details of Bizarro. Although no changes were made to the track layout, a new theme highlighting Superman's evil clone, Bizarro, was added. Bizarro opened on May 23, 2009, at the start of Memorial Day weekend. The track was repainted blue with dark purple supports and multiple special effects were added such as rings in the shape of Bizarro's S shield that the train passes through, and fire effects. The three trains also received on-board audio. Six Flags introduced an "alternate reality game" to market the re-themed ride.
On March 2, 2022, it was announced that Bizarro would be renamed back to Medusa. The rebranded Medusa reopened in July 2022. The track was painted green prior to the ride's reopening.
Ride experience
Layout
Once the train is loaded and secured, the floor retracts and the front gate that block the train from leaving while loading, open. After leaving the station, the train makes a left turn to climb the tall chain lift hill. Once riders reach the top, they go through a small pre-drop before dropping to the left at a 55-degree angle. The train then reaches a top speed of as it enters a vertical loop, followed by a diving loop. Upon exiting the dive loop, the train passes the station and goes through a zero-g roll, followed by a cobra roll over the ride entrance. Out of the cobra roll, the train rises up into a mid-course brake run which is located next to the lift hill. Similar to the first drop, the train drops to the left and enters a 270-degree helix, before passing through two Interlocking corkscrews. After the corkscrews, the train goes through a small dip and makes a left turn into the final brake run, before making another left turn to reenter the station.
Trains
Medusa operates with three steel and fiberglass trains. Each train has eight cars that have four seats in a single row. In the first few years of the ride's operation as Bizarro, the middle two seats of the last row were removed on each train to install a computer and power module for the on-board audio. This reduced the capacity of the trains from 32 to 30 riders per train. Each seat on every train had a speaker to the left and right of the rider, with a recording of a montage of movie quotes being played for the duration of the ride. For the 2013 season, the on-board audio speakers and the computer module were removed; this returned the train's capacity back to 32. By late-2013, Six Flags proposed that the audio equipment would be given to Six Flags America so that the park's stand-up roller coaster Apocalypse could be fitted with an audio track for the 2014 season.
Track
The ride's track is approximately in length and the height of the lift is approximately . The first drop is . From 1999 to 2008, the ride was painted with lime green track and purple supports. Upon the retheming to Bizarro in 2009, the track was repainted blue with dark purple supports. Upon the retheming to Medusa in 2022, the ride was repainted with green track and orange supports.
See also
Scream (roller coaster), a floorless roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain. It is a mirror image of Medusa.
Medusa (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom), a floorless roller coaster at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom
References
External links
Six Flags Great Adventure Medusa ride page
Six Flags Great Adventure
Roller coasters operated by Six Flags
Roller coasters introduced in 1999
Roller coasters in New Jersey
Bizarro
Warner Bros. Global Brands and Experiences attractions
Floorless Coaster roller coasters manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard
1999 establishments in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusa%20%28Six%20Flags%20Great%20Adventure%29 |
Ra Fijian Provincial Communal is an electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 are reserved fis a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate was coextensive with Ra Province.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Parson Drove is a fen village in the Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire, England. A linear settlement, it is west of Wisbech, the nearest town. The village is named after the central thoroughfare along which the village developed, a green drove, much wider than the current metalled road (B1166). The population at the 2001 Census was 1,030. The population is included in the civil parish of Wisbech St Mary.
The city of Peterborough is to the west, and the town of King's Lynn is to the east.
History
The area was farmed by the Romans, who left evidence of their presence in several places throughout Parson Drove and the surrounding parish.
Samuel Pepys wrote about Parson Drove in his diary for 17 September 1663, describing it as a "heathen place" where he found his uncle and aunt in a "sad poor thatched cottage", after which he took them to a "miserable inn" (the Swan Inn), where he was staying, and where his uncle's horse was subsequently stolen. A lawyer's clerk from London was, by his uncle and aunt, suspected as the thief, who was then detained at the inn. At about midnight Pepys, after he had retired to a "cold, stony chamber", was informed that the horse was found.
John Peck (1787 – 1851), was a well-known member of the local community. He set up a farm in Parson Drove and later lived at Inham Hall.
He served on local drainage boards. He held the office of Parish Constable for 35 years. He kept diaries throughout his life, and these were transcribed in the 1990s and have become a useful source of local history.
Landmarks
Parson Drove has buildings dating from the 16th century, ten of which are Grade II listed. The village has three public houses, including The Swan Inn, in which Pepys stayed in the 17th century.
The village churches are The Emmanuel Church, Southea (also known as the "New Church") which dates from 1873 and contains chandeliers originally from St Paul's Cathedral
, and St John the Baptist (also known as the "Old Church") which dates from the 12th century, and includes additions and renovations from the 14th, 15th, and 17th centuries; it is Grade II* listed, and under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.
The Cage was built in 1829 as a village lock-up for local criminals and stray livestock, and housed the village fire pump for nearly 100 years.
The last working temporary woad mill in Britain was in Parson Drove. It stood opposite St John the Baptist church, and closed in 1910. It was demolished in 1914 and the last permanent woad mills at Algarkirk (1927) and Skirbeck (1932). A model of the woad mill is in Wisbech & Fenland Museum.
Education
The village is served by the Alderman Payne Primary School - formerly known as the Payne County Primary School, the Payne Council School and the Parson Drove Council School. It is a designated Community School operating under the control of Cambridgeshire County Council. The school is named for Alderman John William Payne.
Sport
The local football club, Parson Drove, play in the Eastern Counties League Division One North.
References
External links
Parson Drove village website
"Chapelry of Parson Drove", Wisbech Hundred: Chapelry of Parson Drove, British History Online
Villages in Cambridgeshire
Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
Fenland District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parson%20Drove |
Two Evil Eyes (Italian: Due occhi diabolici) is a 1990 anthology horror film written and directed by George A. Romero and Dario Argento. An international co-production of Italy and the United States, Two Evil Eyes is split into two separate tales, both based largely on the works of Edgar Allan Poe: "The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar", directed by Romero and starring Adrienne Barbeau; and "The Black Cat", directed by Argento and starring Harvey Keitel, which blends a number of Poe references into a new narrative. Both of the tales were filmed and take place in contemporary Pittsburgh.
Prior to Two Evil Eyes, Romero and Argento had worked together on Dawn of the Dead (1978).
Plot
"The Facts in the Case of Mr. Valdemar"
40-year-old Jessica Valdemar visits Steven Pike, her elderly husband's lawyer, with some paperwork for Mr. Pike's approval. Pike sees that Jessica's 65-year-old husband, Ernest Valdemar, who is dying from a terminal illness, is liquidating a number of his assets for cash and suspects Jessica of having undue influence on him. Pike talks to Ernest Valdemar over the phone, who confirms the decision. Pike reluctantly agrees to let Jessica have access to the money, but warns her that if anything were to happen to Valdemar within the next three weeks before the transfer of his estate over to Jessica is finalized, she will be investigated by the authorities.
Jessica returns home to Valdemar's mansion where she meets with Dr. Robert Hoffman. Hoffman and Jessica have been conspiring to cheat Ernest out of his estate by hypnotizing him and having him do what they wish from his deathbed. Robert wants to elope with Jessica after they acquire Ernest's $3 million assets. Later, Ernest dies while under hypnosis. Wanting to keep his death secret for the time being, Robert and Jessica hide his body in the basement freezer. During the night, Jessica hears moaning coming from the basement, but cannot wake up Robert, who has put himself under a hypnotic-induced slumber.
The next morning, Jessica and Robert hear the moaning from the basement. They open the freezer, and Valdemar's voice claims that his soul is alive and trapped in a dark void between the living and the dead. Valdemar tells them that he sees "others" looking at him. Jessica withdraws $300,000 from a bank and stores it in a safe, an action Robert sees. Valdemar's undead corpse tells Robert that the "others" are vengeful spirits that want to use him to enter our world. Valdemar tells Robert to wake him up from his hypnotic state. In a panic, Jessica shoots Valdemar's corpse and wants to bury the body and leave town with the money they have. While Robert heads outside to dig a hole to bury the body, Jessica goes back into the cellar only to find Valdemar's body walking towards her, saying that he is controlled by "the others". Robert returns inside and sees Jessica and Valdemar struggling on the balcony, where the undead walking cadaver shoots Jessica in the head and she falls off the balcony, dead.
Robert attempts to wake Valdemar from his hypnosis, but Valdemar tells Robert that it is too late, for without his body as a conduit, "the others" cannot return to their realm. "They're with you now!" exclaims Valdemar, who finally falls dead. Robert then steals all the cash that Jessica had stored in the safe and flees the house. Robert goes back to his apartment, where he puts himself under a hypnotic sleep. Shortly after, the ghostly "others" enter his apartment and kill him by shoving the hypnotic digital counter into his chest. The ghosts then form themselves into a mist and enter Robert's dead body.
Several days later, the police led by Detective Grogan arrive at Robert's apartment to answer complaints about a "strange smell" and constant moaning coming from the apartment. Grogan finds the apartment ransacked. The decomposed body of Robert, under the control of "the others", appears and attacks Grogan, while telling him that there is nobody to wake him up and that he is trapped forever.
"The Black Cat"
Crime scene photographer Rod Usher enters a building decorated with the abject remains of dismantled corpses. A naked woman lies bound to a table, sliced in two by a huge pendulum-like blade. Rod is frequently called upon the local authorities—led by Detective LeGrand—to document crime scenes in the area.
After arriving at his house, Rod works in his darkroom developing the photos when his work is interrupted by the appearance of a black cat, which has apparently been adopted by his live-in girlfriend Annabel. Annabel is a violinist who gives private lessons to local high school students who show up at the house after their school classes.
Over the next several days, an antipathy grows between Rod and the cat, a situation worsened by Annabel's excessive protection of it. Driven to distraction by the cat's apparent hatred of him, Rod eventually strangles it during a photo shoot he has set up, with the cat being the subject. Rod then uses the photos of him strangling the cat in his newest photography book, Metropolitan Horrors. As Annabel begins to realize what has happened to her pet, the couple argues violently, and Rod has a nightmare in which he is executed by medieval persons for murdering the cat.
One day, when Annabel finally spots his book in a shop window, with the strangled cat on the front cover, she immediately makes plans to leave Rod. Meanwhile, Rod is drinking heavily at a local bar. He becomes unnerved when the barmaid, Eleonora, gives him a stray black cat, identical to Annabel's cat. Rod notices that the feline has an identical white marking on its chest. Rod brings the cat home and sets about to kill it again, but Annabel rescues it, prompting Rod to kill her with a meat cleaver. When his suspicious next-door neighbor and landlord, Mr. Pym, arrives at his door, Rod assures him that nothing is wrong.
Rod conceals Annabel's remains behind a wall in the house and invents a story to explain Annabel's disappearance to her music students, Betty and Christian, when they show up the next day for their violin lessons. Christian, who doubts Rod's story, confides in Mr. and Mrs. Pym about his suspicions that Rod might have killed Annabel. When a friend of Annabel's in New York keeps phoning the house to ask about her whereabouts, Rod disconnected the phone. When the black cat appears from behind the wall, Rod kills it with a saw and disposes of it in a dumpster.
The next day, Detective LeGrand arrives with his partner to question Rod about Annabel's whereabouts. After looking around the house, the detectives leave, but return when a mewing sound is heard through one of the walls. Rod is handcuffed and the fake wall he put up is torn down, revealing that the cat had given birth in Annabel's tomb and its offspring are now feasting on the remains of their mistress. Rod grabs a pick-axe from LeGrand's partner and kills both policemen. Rod tries to make his escape when his neighbors arrive at the front door after hearing the commotion. Rod attempts to climb out a second floor window by using a rope tied around a tree in his backyard. However, he gets tangled in the rope and slips, the rope tightening around his neck, hanging him.
Cast
"The Facts in the Case of Mr. Valdemar"
Adrienne Barbeau as Jessica Valdemar
Ramy Zada as Dr. Robert Hoffman
Bingo O'Malley as Ernest Valdemar
Jeff Howell as Policeman
E.G. Marshall as Steven Pike
Chuck Aber as Mr. Pratt
Tom Atkins as Detective Grogan
Mitchell Baseman as Boy at Zoo
Barbara Byrne as Martha
Larry John Meyers as Old Man
Christina Romero as Mother at Zoo
Anthony Dileo Jr. as Taxi Driver
Christine Forrest as Nurse
"The Black Cat"
Cinzentinha as The Cat
Harvey Keitel as Rod Usher
Madeleine Potter as Annabel
John Amos as Detective LeGrand
Sally Kirkland as Eleonora
Kim Hunter as Mrs. Pym
Holter Graham as Christian
Martin Balsam as Mr. Pym
Jonathan Adams as Hammer
Julie Benz as Betty
Lanene Charters as Bonnie
Bill Dalzell III as Detective
J. R. Hall as 2nd Policeman
Scott House as 3rd Policeman
James G. MacDonald as Luke
Peggy Sanders as Young Policewoman
Lou Valenzi as Editor
Jeffrey Wild as Delivery Man
Ted Worsley as Desk Editor
Tom Savini as the Monomaniac (uncredited)
Production
Two Evil Eyes was originally intended to be an anthology film consisting of four segments based on Edgar Allan Poe stories, each by a different director. John Carpenter and Stephen King were considered to direct two of the segments, but Carpenter had scheduling issues, and King was uninterested in serving as a director again after his experience directing the 1986 film Maximum Overdrive.
Romero collaborator Tom Savini provided the special make-up and gore effects for Two Evil Eyes. Savini also appears briefly in "The Black Cat" episode as "the Monomaniac", a killer who rips out his victim's teeth.
Two Evil Eyes was Julie Benz's first acting role and the first feature film she starred in. Benz appears as a teenage violin student in a few scenes in "The Black Cat" episode. Benz's voice was dubbed in the Italian-language version of the film by Dario Argento's daughter, Asia.
Reception
Two Evil Eyes holds a rating of 53% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10.
In the book Art of Darkness: The Cinema of Dario Argento, a reviewer wrote of the film that, "Romero was a bizarre choice of director for an adaptation of Poe," and that Romero's segment lacked "any of the director's own trademarks: his striking use of space and editing, the moments of bleak surrealism and dark irony." Though he commended Tom Savini's effects work, Gallant concluded that "the twin halves of Two Evil Eyes make utterly inappropriate bedfellows, coming from two directors whose styles, even at their best, would make an incongruous combination."
References
Bibliography
External links
1990 films
1990 horror films
1990 fantasy films
American horror anthology films
Films directed by Dario Argento
Films directed by George A. Romero
Films based on multiple works
Films set in Pittsburgh
Films shot in Pittsburgh
Italian supernatural horror films
American supernatural horror films
Italian anthology films
Italian serial killer films
Films based on The Black Cat
Films based on works by Edgar Allan Poe
Films about cats
Films scored by Pino Donaggio
Films with screenplays by Dario Argento
Films about animals
Italian zombie films
American zombie films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%20Evil%20Eyes |
Urban cluster may refer to:
Urban cluster (UC) in the US census. See List of United States urban areas
Urban cluster (France), a statistical area defined by France's national statistics office
City cluster, mainly in Chinese English, synonymous with megalopolis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20cluster |
Bujin (, also Romanized as Būjīn) is a village in Darbandrud Rural District, in the Central District of Asadabad County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 447, in 99 families.
References
Populated places in Asadabad County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujin |
The MRF World Series for the Jawaharlal Nehru Cup was an international cricket tournament held in India to celebrate the birth centenary of Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India.
The tournament took place in October and November 1989, and was sponsored by the Madras Rubber Factory (MRF). Six teams took part India, the hosts, Australia, England, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the West Indies. The tournament was a round robin with each team playing each other once.
Group stage
Semi finals
1st Semi Final
Pakistan beat England in the first semi-final. The match was reduced to 30 overs a side.
2nd Semi Final
Final
At the final at Eden Gardens, Calcutta, Desmond Haynes scored 107 as West Indies totalled 273–5. But Pakistan overhauled it, scoring 277–6, thanks to Wasim Akram's six in the last over and half centuries from Saleem Malik and captain Imran Khan who was also Man of the Series.
External links
Nehru Cup 1989-90 scorecards on Cricinfo
1989 in Indian cricket
International cricket competitions from 1988–89 to 1991
Cricket
Sport in India
Monuments and memorials to Jawaharlal Nehru
One Day International cricket competitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehru%20Cup%20%28cricket%29 |
Susan Strange (9 June 1923 – 25 October 1998) was a British scholar who was "almost single-handedly responsible for creating international political economy." Notable publications include Sterling and British Policy (1971), Casino Capitalism (1986), States and Markets (1988), The Retreat of the State (1996), and Mad Money (1998).
She helped create the British International Studies Association. She was the first woman to hold the Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and was the first female academic to have a professorship named after her at the LSE.
Early life
Susan Strange was born on 9 June 1923 in Langton Matravers (County Dorset). She was the daughter of English aviator Louis Strange. She went to the Royal High School, Bath, and to the University of Caen in France, and graduated with a bachelor's degree in economics from the London School of Economics (LSE) during the Second World War. Like Robert W. Cox, the other founder of British International Political Economy, she never obtained a PhD.
Career
Susan Strange earned a first in economics at the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1943. She raised six children and worked as a financial journalist for The Economist, then The Observer until 1957. At The Observer, she became the youngest White House correspondent of her time. She began lecturing on International Politics at the University College London in 1949.
In 1964, she became a full-time researcher at Chatham House (formally The Royal Institute of International Affairs). At the Chatham House, she authored Sterling and British Policy (1971). She set up an influential research group on IPE at the Chatham House in 1971. She played a role in the establishing of the journal Review of International Political Economy, which is the leading journal dedicated to IPE.
From 1978 to 1988, she served as the Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at LSE, and was the first woman at LSE to hold this chair and professorship. At the LSE, she built Britain's first graduate program in IPE. While at LSE she held Visiting Professorships at the Brookings Institution, University of Minnesota, University of California, Columbia University, and the Bologna Center of Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies.
She served as professor of international political economy at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy, from 1989 to 1993. Strange's final academic post, which she held from 1993 until her death in 1998, was as chair of international relations and professor of international political economy at the University of Warwick, where she built up the graduate programme in International Political Economy. She also taught in Japan, where between 1993 and 1996 she was several times guest lecturer at Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo.
She was a major figure in the professional associations in both Britain and the United States. She was an instrumental founding member and the first treasurer of the British International Studies Association, and served as the third female president of the International Studies Association in 1995.
International relations scholarship
Strange was an influential thinker on global affairs. She played a central role in developing international political economy (IPE) as a field of study, and is a key figure in political economy approaches to security studies. Her 1970 article, "International Economics and International Relations: A Case of Mutual Neglect", laid out her arguments for the need of a discipline of IPE.
She argued that power was central to international political economy. She claimed that in general, "economists simply do not understand how the global economy works" due to a poor understanding of power and an over-reliance on abstract economic models. However, she noted that political scientists also have a woeful understanding of international economics due to their emphasis on institutions and power. Thus she became one of the earliest campaigners advocating the necessity of studying both politics and economics for international relations scholars. She influenced scholars such as Robert Gilpin. She was a critic of regime theory, arguing that the scholarship on regimes was too state-centric and carried a hidden bias in favor of maintaining U.S. hegemony.
In the 1980s, she disagreed with claims by other International Studies scholars that U.S. hegemony was on the decline. Strange was skeptical of static indicators of power, arguing that it was structural power that mattered. In particular, interactions between states and markets mattered. She pointed to the superiority of the American technology sector, dominance in services, and the position of the U.S. dollar as the top international currency as real indicators of lasting power.
Power and international financial markets
Strange's key contribution to IPE was on the issue of power, which she considered essential to the character and dynamics of the global economy. She distinguished between relational power (the power to compel A to get B to do something B does not want to do) and structural power (the power to shape and determine the structure of the global political economy).
States and Markets (1988) delineates four key forms of power—security, production, finance, and knowledge; power is the ability to "provide protection, make things, obtain access to credit, and develop and control authoritative modes of interpreting the world". Strange posits that the most overlooked channel of power is financial access, which consequently becomes the most important one to comprehend; in other words, she argues that one cannot comprehend how the world works without a thorough understanding of international financial markets. To illustrate, Casino Capitalism, published in 1986, discusses the dangers of the international financial system, which she considered confirmed by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. There is a financial "contagion" creating a huge instability in the international financial markets.
Her analysis in States and Markets (1988) focused on what she called the "market-authority nexus", the see-saw of power between the market and political authority. She maintained that the global market, relative to the nation state, had gained significant power since the 1970s and that a "dangerous gap" was emerging between the two. She considered nation states inflexible, limited by territorial boundaries in a world of fragile intergovernmental co-operation; "Westfailure" is what she called Westphalia. Markets would be able to flout regulations and reign free, creating more uncertainty and risk in an already chaotic environment.
Position on the International Monetary System
In Casino Capitalism (Blackwells, 1986), Susan Strange problemizes the nonsystem that the international monetary system has become. She compares it with a casino whereon the foreign exchange plays as snakes and ladders. She sets the stakes that international finance has become stronger than states and has been deregularized. The Smithsonian Agreement has been weak leading further to benign neglect from the US, the Eurodollar market and OPEC has been strong undermining the Bretton Woods system. There is no state or actor governing the international monetary system and the international financial markets. American banks are made free to pursue their interests since the 1980s strengthened by the possibility to finance American bonds in the world, making a carousel of bond trading with the OPEC and the Eurodollar market. The forces of market integration set by the Bretton Woods system was going through.
Mad Money (University of Manchester Press, 1998) updated the analysis of Casino Capitalism to the late 1990s. At the time of her death, she was working on an exposition of her theory of the international money system.
Honours and awards
Susan Strange is remembered through the following annual awards:
Susan Strange Award established in 1998 by the US-based International Studies Association which "recognizes a person whose singular intellect, assertiveness, and insight most challenge conventional wisdom and intellectual and organizational complacency in the international studies community."
Susan Strange Book Prize established in 2010 by the British International Studies Association "for an outstanding book published in any field of International Studies" each year.
Susan Strange Young Scholar Award given by the Center for Global Studies at the University of Bonn for "female students who have submitted an excellent thesis with a research focus on international relations".
Personal life
In 1942, she married Denis Merritt (died 1993); they had one son and one daughter, and the marriage was dissolved in 1955. In 1955 she married Clifford Selly, with whom she had three sons, and one daughter.
Bibliography
International Economic Relations of the Western World, 1959-1971: International Monetary Relations (1976)
Casino Capitalism (1986)
States and Markets (1988)
Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares with John M. Stopford and John S. Henley (1991)
The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (1996)
Mad Money: When Markets Outgrow Governments (1998)
References
Sources
Harry Bauer & Elisabetta Brighi (Eds) (2003) International Relations at LSE: A History of 75 Years, London: Millennium Publishing Group, .
External links
Critical Biography
Obituary
1923 births
1998 deaths
British political scientists
Academics of the London School of Economics
Academic staff of the European University Institute
British international relations scholars
Political realists
People from Dorset
Academics of the University of Warwick
Chatham House people
Women political scientists
British expatriates in France
20th-century political scientists
Presidents of the International Studies Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Strange |
Sokół (, English: Falcon), or in full the Polskie Towarzystwo Gimnastyczne "Sokół" (), is the Polish offshoot of the Czech Sokol movement, and the oldest youth movement organization of Poland. Created in Lwów in 1867, by the end of World War I the movement had its units – gniazda ("Nests") – in all parts of Poland, as well as among the Polish communities abroad. The group's goal was to develop fitness, both physically and mentally, with a motto mens sana in corpore sano ("a fit spirit in a fit body").
History
Sokół was formed February 7, 1867 in Lwów, then a capital of Austro-Hungarian Galicia. The basic aims of the society were promotion of gymnastics and national revival in all parts of partitioned Poland. In 1885 the first chairman, Józef Millert managed to convince the German authorities to allow for Sokół "nests" to be formed in German-held parts of Poland. After the Revolution of 1905 the Sokół expanded into the Russian Empire.
As opposed to the Scouting movement which emerged in Poland simultaneously (largely promoted by Józef Piłsudski's socialists), the Sokół tended to be right wing, with the majority of important posts taken by supporters of Roman Dmowski's National League. It promoted gymnastics and healthy life, as well as traditional moral values. The movement opposed football, as a plebeian sport. Because of that, many members left the organization in early 20th century and founded their own football clubs, among them the Czarni Lwów - the first football team in Poland.
In Greater Poland
In Greater Poland, Sokół became an important group dedicated to Polish independence. In the German partition of Poland, from the beginning, the Sokół movement met with police persecutions, controls, harassment and provocations. This stopped only after the Sokół accepted constant police supervision. Another change was that only adults could become members. Because of this, Sokół president Bernard Chrzanowski, and vice-president Ksawery Zakrzewski, suggested setting up independent youth organizations, which would have rented, for a nominal pay, the gymnastic chambers by hours or days.
Alfred Filip Zawadyński was the first founder of Sokół, in Sokołów Podlaski, Poland.
German police began to harass and persecute all the new organizations again, and for a time forbade any further activity. Attorney Chrzanowski argued that the police had no proof and could present no link, neither personal nor financial, between these organizations and Sokół. He took the case all the way to the Supreme Court of Justice in Berlin. It was shown that the president of "Iskra", Kazimierz Syller, "Brzask" Stanisław Szulc, and of "Ogniwo" Edmund Maćkowiak, nor any other adult member had ever been members of Sokół. The jury canceled the laws, but this caused even more harassment from the police and attempts to penetrate the organizations by informers began.
Between wars
After Poland regained her independence, in 1919 the nests formed in various partitions were united in the Union of Gymnastic Societies "Sokół". After the Polish defeat in 1939 the new Soviet and Nazi authorities banned the Sokół and it was not allowed to emerge after the war. It was not until 1988 that the ban was lifted by the Communist authorities of Poland. During that time only minor nests continued their activity abroad, among the Polish diaspora in the United Kingdom, United States (Polish Falcons), France and several other countries. The following year, on January 10, the first nest since World War II was officially registered and on March 1, 1990, the society was again registered in Poland. Currently the organization has 86 nests and claims to have approximately 10,000 members both in Poland and abroad.
Post WWII
In 1947, the organization was officially delegalized by the communist authorities of the Polish People's Republic. All information relating to the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society was subject to censorship. The society was registered on 10 January 1989 and then on 1 March 1990 its name was changed to Union of "Sokół" Gymnastics Societies in Poland (Związek Towarzystw Gimnastycznych "Sokół" w Polsce). Currently, the union has an estimated number of 8,000 members organized in 80 groups known as gniazda (nests). The "Sokół" union continues the traditions of its pre-WWII predecessor and is committed to instilling the values of patriotism, education and civic duty in its young members as well as strengthening the love of the country and a sense of national identity. In 2017, the Polish Sejm and Senate passed a special resolution commemorating the 150th anniversary of the foundation of the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society.
Gallery
See also
Związek Strzelecki
Wawrzyniec Styczeń
Jerzy Grodyński (pl)
Sokół Nisko – Polish football club, associated with the Sokół movement.
References
Polish nationalism
Culture of Poland
Social history of Poland
Sports organisations of Poland
1867 establishments in Austria-Hungary
Establishments in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sok%C3%B3%C5%82 |
Ludkovice is a municipality and village in Zlín District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Pradlisko is an administrative part of Ludkovice.
Etymology
The name of Ludkovice is derived from the personal name Luděk. The name of Pradlisko is derived from prát (i.e. "to wash") and referred to the place on the stream used to wash clothes.
Geography
Ludkovice is located about south of Zlín. It lies in the Vizovice Highlands. The Ludkovický Stream flows through the municipality. The highest point is the hill Rysov at above sea level. The Ludkovický Stream flows through the municipality. Ludkovice Reservoir is located on the stream.
History
The first written mention of Ludkovice is from 1412, when it belonged to the Světlov estate. Pradlovice was first mentioned in 1594.
Pradlisko was originally a part of Řetechov municipality and from 1976 a part of Luhačovice, after Řetechov merged with Luhačovice. Since 1980, it has been a part of Ludkovice.
Sights
The oldest monument is a calvary from 1692.
References
External links
Villages in Zlín District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludkovice |
Maryland Route 272 (MD 272) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs from Turkey Point within Elk Neck State Park north through North East to the Pennsylvania state line near Calvert, where the highway continues as Pennsylvania Route 272 (PA 272). MD 272 is the main north–south highway of central Cecil County, connecting the Elk Neck Peninsula between the North East River and Elk River with U.S. Route 40 (US 40) and Interstate 95 (I-95) in North East, MD 273 in Calvert, and Rising Sun via MD 274. The section of MD 272 between North East and Bay View was paved by 1910. The remainder of the state highway north to Calvert and south to Elk Neck was completed in several sections in the 1930s. The first relocations of MD 272 occurred when both railroads near North East were bridged in the early 1940s and mid-1950s. Multiple relocations occurred in the late 1950s and early 1960s along the whole length of the highway to eliminate curves and tie the state highway into I-95. MD 272 reached its current extent when it was extended south into Elk Neck State Park in 1979.
Route description
MD 272 begins at an entrance to Elk Neck State Park at the trailhead for the Turkey Point Light, which lies at the end of the namesake peninsula between the Elk River to the east and the Chesapeake Bay to the west. The state highway heads north as two-lane undivided Turkey Point Road through a residential area before returning to the state park property. MD 272 passes through several curves and passes by access roads to campgrounds and the other features of the park and by the park headquarters. The state highway emerges from the state park and passes by the Rodney Scout Reservation before curving north at its intersection with Elk River Lane in the hamlet of Elk Neck. MD 272's roadway widens and parallels Arrants Road and Old Log Cabin Road; along the latter highway, the state highway passes between Sandy Cove Camp and the Black Hill unit of Elk Neck State Forest. The route crosses Hance Point Creek and parallels Hance Point Road across Ford Run and by North East Little League Park to where the roads meet on the edge of Chesapeake Bay Golf Club at North East.
Immediately before entering the town of North East, MD 272 splits into a one-way pair composed of two-lane Mauldin Avenue northbound and one-lane Main Street southbound. Within town, Main Street passes east of St. Mary Anne's Episcopal Church and both streets intersect MD 7 (Cecil Avenue). North of MD 7, Mauldin Street reduces to one lane and both streets cross North East Creek, which becomes the North East River on the southwest side of town. The two directions of MD 272 come together heading northwest as Mauldin Avenue while Main Street splits north to a dead end, then the state highway crosses over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad line and leaves the town limits. MD 272 gains a second lane northbound and intersects US 40 (Pulaski Highway), where the highway's name changes to North East Road. The state highway curves north at a tangent intersection with Rogers Road, where the highway becomes two lanes again. MD 272 parallels two segments of Leslie Road on either side of the state highway's bridge over CSX's Philadelphia Subdivision railroad line at the hamlet of Leslie and passes east of a park and ride facility north of the railroad. The state highway expands to a four-lane divided highway at Lums Road and parallels Marysville Road to its six-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with I-95 (John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway).
North of I-95 in the hamlet of Bay View, MD 272 parallels Old Bayview Road, reduces to a two-lane undivided road, and passes through an intersection with the eastern terminus of MD 274 (Joseph Biggs Memorial Highway) at the entrance to Cecil College, which is located to the east. North of its junction with the northern end of Old Bayview Road, the state highway crosses North East Creek parallel with the Gilpin's Falls Covered Bridge to the southeast of the road. MD 272 heads north and parallels Old Zion Road through the hamlet of Zion. The state highway passes west of Rising Sun High School on its way to Calvert, where the highway intersects MD 273 (Telegraph Road). MD 272 parallels Quaker Lane and Walnut Garden Road south and north of MD 273, respectively. Quaker Lane leads to the East Nottingham Friends Meetinghouse and the Elisha Kirk House. MD 272 continues north from MD 273 as Chrome Road and passes to the west of the John Churchman House before reaching its northern terminus the Pennsylvania state line, where Chrome Road continues north as PA 272 toward Chrome and Nottingham.
MD 272 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from School House Lane just south of North East to Old Bayview Road north of MD 274 in Bay View.
History
The first portion of MD 272 to be built was from Cecil Avenue in North East north to Old Farmington Road in Bay View. This highway was constructed as a macadam road by Cecil County with state aid by 1910. That road was resurfaced in 1926 and 1927; in addition, Main Street in North East was paved as a concrete road from US 40 (Cecil Avenue) to the south end of town. A second section of MD 272 was built as a concrete road from south of Zion to Calvert between 1927 and 1930. This northern section was extended north from Calvert to the Pennsylvania state line as a concrete road in 1932. MD 272 was extended south from North East to what is now Hance Point Road as a concrete road starting in 1930 and was completed to Hance Point Road by 1933. The highway was extended as a macadam road to Old Log Cabin Road in 1934 and 1935. The gap between Bay View and Calvert was filled, including a new bridge parallel to the Gilpin's Falls Covered Bridge over North East Creek, around 1936. MD 272 was completed from Elk Neck to the Pennsylvania state line when the final section of highway south to Old Elk Neck Road was constructed as a gravel road in 1938 and 1939.
The first realignment of MD 272 occurred in 1941 when a bridge was constructed over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (now CSX) at the hamlet of Leslie north of North East. The Main Street bridge over North East Creek in North East was replaced in 1945 as an accelerated non-military wartime project approved by the War Production Board, replacing a 1903 truss bridge. The next realignment occurred with a bridge over the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak) in North East; the bridge and approaches were placed under construction in 1954 and completed in 1956. The railroad grade separation was the first of many projects to relocate and widen MD 272 over the next several years. The highway was reconstructed from the Pennsylvania state line to south of Calvert, including a relocation at Calvert, between 1956 and 1958. MD 272 was reconstructed from Elk Neck to south of Northeast in 1957 and 1958, bypassing three stretches of highway. The highway was reconstructed from south of Calvert to the bridge across North East Creek at Gilpin's Falls in 1958 and 1959, resulting in a bypass of Zion.
The last major project to modernize MD 272 over this period took place along the highway from Leslie to Gilpin's Falls from 1958 to 1961. The new highway was built in anticipation of the Northeast Expressway (now John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway): A four-span bridge was built to cross the freeway between 1959 and 1961. The freeway itself and its diamond interchange with MD 272 were built between March 1962 and November 1963 and opened November 15, 1963. The new course of MD 272 bypassed the center of Bay View and part of the relocation built as part of the Leslie railroad grade elimination 20 years earlier. The highway's current travel pattern through North East was implemented in the late 1960s. Main Street was resurfaced in 1966, and the pre-existing portion of Mauldin Avenue from Thomas Avenue to MD 7 was transferred from town to state maintenance through a road transfer agreement on January 30, 1967. Mauldin Avenue was extended in both directions, including construction of a new bridge over North East Creek, in 1968 and 1969 to form the northbound component of a one-way pair.
MD 272 reached its present length through a December 27, 1979, road transfer agreement that reassigned maintenance of Turkey Point Road south of Elk Neck from the county to the state. Another agreement the same day also transferred the old portions of MD 272, which had been redesignated sections of MD 699, to county maintenance. The state constructed the park and ride facility south of I-95 in 1999 and 2000. At the same time, MD 272 was expanded to a four-lane divided highway from Lums Road to MD 274, and the north side of the I-95 interchange was reconstructed to form a partial cloverleaf, work that finished in 2001. The route's bridge across North East Creek at Gilpin's Falls was replaced in 2001 and 2002, and Main Street through North East underwent a streetscape project to revitalize the center of town in 2003. In 2015, construction began to replace MD 272's bridge across Amtrak's Northeast Corridor. The first phase of the bridge replacement was completed and opened to traffic in 2019, with the former bridge removed to allow for construction of the second phase. The second phase of the bridge replacement concluded in 2020.
Junction list
Auxiliary routes
MD 272 has three former auxiliary routes. These routes were spurs between current MD 272 and segments of MD 699, which was the number assigned to bypassed sections of MD 272. All three highways were transferred from state to county maintenance in a road transfer agreement on December 27, 1979.
MD 272A was the designation for the spur between MD 272 and the northern end of MD 699A (Walnut Garden Road) at Calvert. The route was created after the completion of MD 272's realignment at Calvert in 1958.
MD 272B was the designation for the spur between MD 272 and the northern end of MD 699G (Rogers Road) in North East. The route was created after the completion of MD 272's realignment and bridge over the Pennsylvania Railroad in North East in 1956.
MD 272C was the designation for the spur between MD 272 and the southern end of MD 699E, the roadway of which no longer exists south of Peninsula Drive, between MD 272's bridge over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Peninsula Drive at Leslie. The route was created after the completion of MD 272's realignment between Leslie and Bay View in 1961.
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 272
MD 272 at AARoads.com
Maryland Roads - MD 272
272
Maryland Route 272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20272 |
Sybille Bedford, OBE (16 March 1911 – 17 February 2006) was a German-born English writer of non-fiction and semi-autobiographical fiction books. She was a recipient of the Golden PEN Award.
Early life
She was born as Sybille Aleid Elsa von Schoenebeck in Charlottenburg, west of Berlin in the Kingdom of Prussia, to Maximilian Josef von Schoenebeck (1853–1925), a German aristocrat, retired lieutenant colonel and art collector, and his German Jewish wife, Elisabeth Bernhardt (1888–1937). Sybille was raised in the Roman Catholic faith of her father at Castle Feldkirch in Baden. She had a half-sister by her father's first marriage to Elisabeth Marchesani, Maximiliane Henriette von Schoenebeck (later Baroness von Dincklage, aka Jacko or Catsy). Her parents divorced in 1918, and she remained with her father, under somewhat impoverished circumstances in the midst of his art and wine collection. He died in 1925, when she was 14 years old, and Sybille went to live in Italy with her mother and stepfather, an Italian architectural student. During those years she studied in England, lodging in Hampstead.
In the early 1920s, Sybille often travelled between England and Italy. With the rise of fascism in Italy, though, her mother and stepfather settled in Sanary-sur-Mer, a small coastal fishing village in Provence in the south of France, near Toulon and Marseille. Sybille herself settled there as a teenager, living near Aldous Huxley, with whom she became friends. Bedford interacted with and was influenced by many of the German writers who settled in the area during that time, including Thomas Mann and Bertolt Brecht. Meanwhile, her mother became addicted to morphine, which had been prescribed by a local physician, and became increasingly dysfunctional.
In 1933, Sybille published an article critical of the Nazi regime in Die Sammlung, the literary magazine of Klaus Mann, the son of Thomas Mann. When her Jewish ancestry was subsequently discovered by the Nazis, her German bank accounts were frozen. At this time it was difficult for her to renew her German passport, and staying in Italy without a valid passport or a source of income carried the risk of being deported to Germany. Aldous Huxley's wife Maria came up with a solution in 1935. Maria is known to have said, on the question of who should marry Sybille, "We need to get one of our bugger friends." Sybille entered a marriage of convenience with an English Army officer, Walter "Terry" Bedford (an ex-boyfriend of a former manservant of W. H. Auden's), whom she described as a friend's "bugger butler", and obtained a British passport. The marriage ended shortly thereafter, but Sybille took her husband's surname, publishing all of her later work as Sybille Bedford.
With assistance from Aldous and Maria Huxley, Bedford left France for America in advance of the German invasion of 1940. She followed the Huxleys to California and spent the rest of World War II in the United States.
Career as a writer
After the war, Bedford spent a year travelling in Mexico. Her experiences on that trip would form the basis of her first published book, a travelogue entitled The Sudden View: a Mexican Journey, which was published in 1953. Bedford spent the remainder of the 1940s living in France and Italy. During this time she had a love affair with an American woman, Evelyn W. Gendel, who left her husband for Bedford and became a writer and editor herself. In the 1950s Bedford became Martha Gellhorn's confidante.
A Legacy, Bedford's second book and first novel, was published in 1956 and successfully televised by the BBC in 1975. It was described by Francis King as "one of the great books of the 20th century". Evelyn Waugh wrote in a letter to Nancy Mitford, "I wondered who this brilliant 'Mrs Bedford' could be. A cosmopolitan military man, plainly, with a knowledge of parliamentary government and popular journalism, a dislike of Prussians, a liking for Jews, a belief that everyone speaks French in the home..." Though outwardly a work of fiction, it was somewhat autobiographical – it presents a stylised version of her father's life in Germany, as well as some of the author's early childhood there. It was a success and enabled Bedford to continue writing. In her lifetime, three more novels were published, as well as numerous works of non-fiction. In non-fiction she was best known as a travel writer and a legal reporter.
In 1945 she met Esther Murphy, who would become her lover. The relationship lasted only a few years, but they remained lifelong friends.
Bedford spent the 1950s, the 1960s and the 1970s living in France, Italy, Britain and Portugal, and during that period had a twenty-year relationship with the American female novelist Eda Lord. In 1979 she settled in Chelsea, London. In 1981 she was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. She worked for PEN, was a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, and in 1994 became a Companion of Literature. Bedford's final work was Quicksands, a memoir published in 2005. A biography by Selina Hastings Sybille Bedford: An Appetite for Life was published in 2020.
Awards and honours
1993 Golden PEN Award
Works
The Sudden View: a Mexican Journey, 1953 – a travelogue. It was republished by William Collins in 1960 as A Visit to Don Otavio: a Traveller's Tale from Mexico, then republished again, as A Visit to Don Otavio: a Mexican Odyssey, by Eland in 1982.
A Legacy, 1956 – her first novel, inspired by the author's early years and the milieu in which she was raised. With wit and insight the novel traces the overlapping worlds of refined and idle German aristocrat Julius von Felden and the wealthy Jewish Merz family into which he marries. It is set in the south of France, Paris, Spain, Berlin and the German countryside at the beginning of the 20th century.
The Best We Can Do: (The Trial of Dr Adams), 1958 – an account of the murder trial of suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams
The Faces of Justice: A Traveller's report, 1961 – a description of the legal systems of England, Germany, Switzerland, and France
A Favourite of the Gods, 1963 – a novel about an American heiress who marries a Roman prince
A Compass Error, 1968 – a sequel to the above, describing the love affairs of the daughter of that work's protagonist
Aldous Huxley: A biography, 1973 – the standard, authorised biography
Jigsaw: An Unsentimental Education, 1989 – a follow-up to A Legacy, inspired by the author's experiences living in Italy and France with her mother
As It Was: Pleasures, Landscapes and Justice, 1990 – a collection of magazine pieces on various trials, including the censorship of Lady Chatterley's Lover, the trial of Jack Ruby, and the Auschwitz trial, as well as pieces on food and travel
Pleasures and Landscapes: A Traveller's Tales from Europe – a reissue of the previous, removing the legal writings and including two additional travel essays
Quicksands: A Memoir, 2005 – a memoir of the author's life, from her childhood in Berlin to her experiences in postwar Europe
References
Further reading
Obituary for Sybille Bedford in The Telegraph, 21 February 2006.
Louise Carpenter: "Sense and Sensuality", Good Weekend, 16 July 2005.
Martin Mauthner: German Writers in French Exile, 1933–1940, London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2007 ().
———————
Notes
External links
In German: Peter Brugger über "Die Baroness von Feldkirch", biografische Korrekturen, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Bilder und Zeiten, 5 June 2010
Appearance on Desert Island Discs – 10 July 1998
Sybille Bedford, 1911-2008 "This site is dedicated to the life and work of Sybille Bedford, writer."
"Sybille Bedford", Fellows Remembered, The Royal Society of Literature
1911 births
2006 deaths
Writers from Berlin
British women novelists
German women novelists
German baronesses
Emigrants from the Weimar Republic
Expatriates in Italy
Immigrants to the United Kingdom
German people of Jewish descent
German lesbian writers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Charlottenburg
People from the Kingdom of Prussia
German LGBT novelists
English LGBT novelists
20th-century British novelists
20th-century British women writers
20th-century German novelists
People from Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald
People from Var (department)
Immigrants to France
British people of German-Jewish descent
20th-century German women
British lesbian writers
Lesbian novelists
20th-century English LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybille%20Bedford |
Rewa Fijian Provincial Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate was coextensive with Rewa Province.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 2001 and 2006 elections, Ro Teimumu Kepa won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewa%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
There's Something About Remy: Based on a True Story is the debut studio album by American rapper Remy Ma. It was released on February 7, 2006, by SRC Records, Universal Records and Terror Squad Entertainment. The album's release date served as the sixth anniversary of her mentor Big Pun's death. The title and cover art coincides with the 1998 film There's Something About Mary. The album sold over 35,000 copies in its first week and as of 2007, has sold over 160,000 copies.
Background
While growing up with her sister Kristin Devereaux, in Castle Hill Projects in the Bronx, New York, Remy Ma often saw the consequences and terrors of her family's drug abuse with her own eyes. She was forced to take care of her little brothers and sisters at her young age and retreated from her home issues by writing poetry. Her reputation quickly grew around the Bronx and word eventually got to the late MC Big Pun of her and her work. After one meeting and a freestyle session, Pun became her mentor. Ma made her first appearances in the music industry on Big Pun's album Yeeeah Baby (under the name Remy Martin) on the tracks such as "Ms. Martin" and "You Was Wrong".
Upon the death of Big Pun, rapper Fat Joe signed Smith to his imprint label under SRC and Universal and made her a member of Terror Squad. Following the success of Lean Back, which garnered Remy a Grammy nomination, Ma released three singles from her debut album There's Something About Remy, the songs "Whuteva", "Conceited" and "Feels So Good" The album moved 40,000 units in its opening week and 160,000 units within the first year. The album received good reviews from XXL Magazine with XL to Rolling Stone and Vibe Magazine despite its low sales. Remy was frustrated at the way the album was being promoted by Universal and how the label wasn't releasing the right singles. With the solo albums lackluster debut, Smith decided to end her relationship with Fat Joe and the Terror Squad, breaking her deal with SRC/Universal in the process.
Commercial performance
Despite lack of promotion from the label, There's Something About Remy: Based On A True Story peaked at number 33 on Billboard 200, number 33 on Billboard Top Album Sales, number 2 on Billboard Top Rap Albums and number 7 on Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.
Singles
The album's lead single, called "Whuteva" was released on August 2, 2005. The song peaked at number 1 on Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, number 18 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 79 on the Top R&B Songs. In December 2006, the music video was added to her Official YouTube account.
The album's second single, called "Conceited" was released on December 13, 2005. The song peaked at number 7 Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Song Recurrents chart, number 17 on the Hot Rap Tracks, number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 71 on Billboard Radio Songs chart, number 24 on Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart, number 4 on Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 17 on Billboard Rap Airplay chart. The music video premiered on January 7, 2006, on VH1.
The album's third single, "Feel So Good" was released on April 25, 2006. The song features a guest appearance from American singer-songwriter Ne-Yo. The song peaked at number 1 on Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100, number 20 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, number 11 on Billboard Hot Rap Songs, number 11 on Billboard Rap Airplay chart and number 2 on Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Recurrents chart with no promotion. The visual was scheduled to film in Dominican Republic but never resumed due to Remy completely shutting down all disagreements and dehumanizing staff with brutal verbal confrontations that ultimately lead her to cut ties ending all business deals with both Record Labels.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2006 debut albums
Remy Ma albums
Albums produced by Buckwild
Albums produced by Cool & Dre
Albums produced by Scott Storch
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
Albums produced by the Alchemist (musician)
Albums produced by Emile Haynie
Albums produced by Agallah
Albums produced by Scram Jones
Universal Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s%20Something%20About%20Remy%3A%20Based%20on%20a%20True%20Story |
The Woodstown-Pilesgrove Regional School District is a comprehensive regional public school district serving students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade form five communities in Salem County, New Jersey, United States. The district serves students from Woodstown and Pilesgrove Township for K-12, along with students from neighboring Alloway Township, Oldmans Township and Upper Pittsgrove Township who attend the district's high school as part of sending/receiving relationships. A majority of public school students in grades 9-12 from Oldmans Township attend Penns Grove High School as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Penns Grove-Carneys Point Regional School District, with the balance attending Woodstown High School.
As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 1,425 students and 126.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.3:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "FG", the fourth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary schools
William Roper Early Childhood Learning Center with 83 students in grades PreK-K
Diane Cioffi, principal
Mary S. Shoemaker Elementary School with 470 students in grades 1-5
Diane Cioffi, principal
Middle school
Woodstown Middle School with 278 students in grades 6-8
Allison Pessolano, principal
High school
Woodstown High School with 579 students in grades 9-12
Richard Senor, principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Virginia Grossman, superintendent of schools
Rose Chin, school business administrator and board secretary
Board of education
The district's board of education, comprised of 11 members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, nine members of the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district. Seats on the board of education are allocated based on the population of the constituent districts, with five seats assigned to Pilesgrove and for to Woodstown; the sending districts of Alloway Township and Upper Pittsgrove Township each send a member designated by the board of education of the sending district.
References
External links
Woodstown-Pilesgrove Regional School District
Data for the Woodstown-Pilesgrove Regional School District, National Center for Education Statistics
New Jersey District Factor Group FG
School districts in Salem County, New Jersey
Pilesgrove Township, New Jersey
Woodstown, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstown-Pilesgrove%20Regional%20School%20District |
Thalía is the eighth studio album and second eponymous album by Mexican singer Thalía, released on 21 May 2002, by EMI Latin. The follow-up to her successful sixth studio album, Arrasando (2000), the album sees Thalía collaborating with previous producers Emilio Estéfan, Jr. and Cory Rooney, while working for the first time with Estéfano, Julio C. Reyes and Steve Morales. Thalía incorporates strong elements of pop rock, while also having Latin pop influences. Lyrically, the album touches on themes of self-empowerment and individuality. It also features two covers and a new version of an old Latin classic.
The album received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised the album and indicating that Thalía has found her sound. Four singles were released from the album: the lead single "Tú y Yo" became a hit in Thalía's music career peaking at number-one on the Billboards Hot Latin Tracks. The second single "No me enseñaste" was another success on the Hot Latin Tracks chart, while the third single "¿A Quién le Importa?" was another top-ten hit on the same chart. The album went straight to number one, spending six consecutive weeks on Billboard'''s Top Latin Album Chart and Top Latin Pop Albums. It also reached the top of the Mexican chart and was certified Gold.
Background and recording
In January 2002, Mexican local press reported that Thalía was immersed on the recording process of a new album, which was announced as a "millionaire production" and that it would be released by mid-year. Thalía recorded the album in Miami and New York City, and according to Thalía's spokesperson, the album was going to include pop songs, ballads and some rhythmic parts as well. He claimed: "There will be some surprises. The producers are taking care of every single detail so the album can be perfect. Obviously, Tommy (Mottola) gave her a few orientations, but Thalía has a lot of experience in her job."
In an interview for the newspaper Clarin, Thalía declared that the album was the start of a new phase of expansion that the singer found herself "very productive, evolving, wanting to enjoy it." She also announced that the album was going to have three songs in English, becoming her first to have "a crossover appeal", and that it would be her second self-titled album, the first since her self titled debut album (1990). It was also announced that she was working for the first time with Cory Rooney (who worked with Jennifer Lopez and Destiny's Child), Steve Morales (who produced for Enrique Iglesias) and Estéfano. The singer also worked with previous collaborator Emilio Estéfan, Jr., who launched her into the international market on Amor a la Mexicana (1997).
Estéfano, one of the album's main songwriters, revealed that when the project came into his hands, he was told to write songs in a fresher, more aggressive vein, and he developed a strong rapport with the singer. He claimed: "She surprised me from the beginning. [...] She is far cooler than her TV roles, far nicer and more relaxed, and that's what I wanted to project. I found she had much more of an edge. She's an extremely talented, hard-working girl, and she works with love. I think this will be the most important album of her career. It's a great album." EMI Latin USA president Jorge Pino claimed that Thalía "has such a star quality, and with this album she's found her match. This a deep album - it has five or six singles - the marketing plan is comprehensive, and she's eager to support it to the max."
Composition Thalía is a collection of ten tracks in Spanish, mostly penned by Colombian songwriter Estéfano, who co-wrote and co-produced several of them with collaborator Julio C. Reyes, and three others in English, which was envisioned as her introduction to that language's market. As noted by Leila Cobo of Billboard, the album "has far more aggressive rock undertones than its namesake's previous material, edgier arrangements that often rely on crunchy guitars, and a generally relaxed feel that belies the nine months of work that went into it." She also stated that Thalía "is a gutsy album, flush with personality and hooks." Joey Guerra noted that lyrically, the album "has a lock on independent-woman anthems," which he said that "[i]t's a familiar ground for Thalia, who explored similar themes on 1997's Amor a la Mexicana and 1999's Arrasando." The opening track, "Tú y Yo", was considered a "guitar-based pop rock track," while "Así Es el Destino" talks about destiny and how two people are meant to be. "En la Fiesta Mando Yo" was considered a dance and ska-tinged track, with accordion accompaniment, about girl-power, while "No me enseñaste" was defined as a sentimental rock ballad that "highlights a voice with range and pathos."
The fifth track, "Y Seguir", is another ballad, and was conceived after a long conversation in which Thalía told Estéfano that in love, one leaves pieces of oneself behind, only to have to turn around, pick those pieces up, and go on." The sixth track "¿A Quién le Importa?" is a cover of Alaska y Dinarama's 1986 hit and lyrically is "a devil-may-care ode to individuality." Thalía commented that the song reflected what she was going through at the time and called it "an anthem of freedom." "Vueltas en el Aire" was named a "glittering [song] destined to fill dance floors," while "Heridas en el Alma" talks about the fear of not overcoming someone. "La Loca" is a "smorgasbord of rock, cumbia, and rap rhythms, having Los Rabanes lead singer Emilio Regueira rapping. The album also features two versions of the song "The Mexican 2002", a remake of the song "The Mexican", one in Spanish and other in English, with the former featuring background vocals by Marc Anthony. It also features a "yearning ballad" in English, "Closer to You", and another cover: a dance version of Dead or Alive's hit "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)", which was noted for Thalía "purring like a sex kitten." In some editions, a grupera version of "Tú y Yo" featuring Kumbia Kings was included, as well as an acoustic version.
Critical reception Thalía received generally positive reviews from music critics. AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier gave the album a four-out-of-five-stars rating, calling it "a buffet of delights -- finely prepared pop songs of all types, each with its own flavor and appeal, some tastier than others, sure, but practically all of them delectable. [...] It's an album that's as much the result of Estéfano's songwriting genius as it is Thalía's unmatched appeal. It does sound a little dated in hindsight -- closely tied to the production trends of its time, too closely perhaps -- but not nearly to the extent of Arrasando. A touchstone Latin pop album, no question, Thalia is also one of Estéfano's crowning achievements." Leila Cobo of Billboard was also positive, noting that on the album, "Thalía brings forth a new sound that aims to be earthier, edgier, and far more rock-driven than her previous, more dulcified pop. That said, Thalía is pop, but of the most satisfactory kind, aided by excellent songs (most written by Estéfano); interesting, organic arrangements; and Thalía's distinctive (if sometimes affected) vocals." Cobo also declared that " she's found her voice and her material." Joey Guerra wrote that "[t]his new set is not as instantly addictive, but it showcases Thalia's continued evolution as an artist. [...] If she keeps it up, we'll all soon be a slave for a new kind of diva."
Commercial performance
According to Billboard, Thalía received multiple certifications for its sales in the United States and Latin American. In the United States, Thalía debuted at number 126 on the Billboard 200 chart, while it reached the top of the Top Latin Albums and the Latin Pop Albums. It fell to number 148 the following week on the Billboard 200, but it remained at the top of the Top Latin Albums and the Latin Pop Albums for further five weeks. As of January 2004, the album had sales of 179,000 units according to Nielsen SoundScan. In Mexico, the album also reached the number-one spot, and later was certified Gold for selling over 75,000 copies. In Switzerland, the album was her second to chart in the country, becoming her highest charting album, peaking at number thirty, and spending ten weeks on the chart.
Singles
"Tú y Yo" was released on 12 March 2002 as the album's lead single. It became a huge success on the US Hot Latin Songs, reaching number-one, and also reached number four on the Latin Pop Songs. It also reached number-one in Argentina and Colombia. The song was also Thalía's first song to enter the Swiss Music Charts at number 63. She heavily promoted the song in a number of places, including the 2002 Latin Billboard Music Awards. The second single, "No Me Enseñaste", was released in July 2002, and it was also another success, reaching the top of the Hot Latin Songs and number three on the Latin Pop Songs. Thalía performed the song on the Latin Grammy Awards of 2002. The third single, "¿A Quién Le Importa?", was released in November 2002, and it was another top-ten on the Hot Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs. She performed the song on the 2003 Latin Billboard Music Awards and the Latin Grammy Awards of 2003. "Dance Dance (The Mexican)" was released to US club stations in February 2003 as the album's fourth single and reached number six on the Dance Music/Club Play Singles.
Accolades Thalía'' won the 2003 Latin Billboard Music Awards for "Best Female Latin Pop Album". She was also nominated for Best Female Latin Pop Airplay Track for "No Me Enseñaste" and Best Female Tropical/Salsa Airplay Track for the tropical version of "No Me Esenãste". The album was also nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Album on the Latin Grammy Awards of 2003. In 2004, "¿A Quién Le Importa?" was nominated for Best Female Latin Pop Airplay Track on the 2004 Latin Billboard Music Awards, while "Dance Dance (The Mexican)" won the International Dance Music Awards on the category "Best Latin Dance Track". In About.com's list of her "Ten Best Songs", "Tú y Yo", "No Me Ensenãste" and "¿A Quién Le Importa?" were included, with Carlos Quintana acknowledging that the album is "one of the most celebrated works of her discography." [...] "That said, if you want to get an album from the Mexican singer, this is definitely the title you need to get."
Track listing
signifies an additional producer
"¿A Quién Le Importa?" is a cover of the song of the same name by Alaska y Dinarama.
"The Mexican 2002" samples the song "The Mexican" by Jellybean.
"You Spin Me 'Round" is a cover of the song "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)" by Dead or Alive.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
References
2002 albums
Thalía albums
Spanish-language albums
EMI Latin albums
Albums produced by Estéfano
Albums produced by Emilio Estefan
Albums produced by Cory Rooney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thal%C3%ADa%20%282002%20album%29 |
Cosmogenic nuclides (or cosmogenic isotopes) are rare nuclides (isotopes) created when a high-energy cosmic ray interacts with the nucleus of an in situ Solar System atom, causing nucleons (protons and neutrons) to be expelled from the atom (see cosmic ray spallation). These nuclides are produced within Earth materials such as rocks or soil, in Earth's atmosphere, and in extraterrestrial items such as meteoroids. By measuring cosmogenic nuclides, scientists are able to gain insight into a range of geological and astronomical processes. There are both radioactive and stable cosmogenic nuclides. Some of these radionuclides are tritium, carbon-14 and phosphorus-32.
Certain light (low atomic number) primordial nuclides (isotopes of lithium, beryllium and boron) are thought to have been created not only during the Big Bang, but also (and perhaps primarily) to have been made after the Big Bang, but before the condensation of the Solar System, by the process of cosmic ray spallation on interstellar gas and dust. This explains their higher abundance in cosmic rays as compared with their abundances on Earth. This also explains the overabundance of the early transition metals just before iron in the periodic table – the cosmic-ray spallation of iron produces scandium through chromium on the one hand and helium through boron on the other. However, the arbitrary defining qualification for cosmogenic nuclides of being formed "in situ in the Solar System" (meaning inside an already-aggregated piece of the Solar System) prevents primordial nuclides formed by cosmic ray spallation before the formation of the Solar System from being termed "cosmogenic nuclides"—even though the mechanism for their formation is exactly the same. These same nuclides still arrive on Earth in small amounts in cosmic rays, and are formed in meteoroids, in the atmosphere, on Earth, "cosmogenically". However, beryllium (all of it stable beryllium-9) is present primordially in the Solar System in much larger amounts, having existed prior to the condensation of the Solar System, and thus present in the materials from which the Solar System formed.
To make the distinction in another fashion, the timing of their formation determines which subset of cosmic ray spallation-produced nuclides are termed primordial or cosmogenic (a nuclide cannot belong to both classes). By convention, certain stable nuclides of lithium, beryllium, and boron are thought to have been produced by cosmic ray spallation in the period of time between the Big Bang and the Solar System's formation (thus making these primordial nuclides, by definition) are not termed "cosmogenic", even though they were formed by the same process as the cosmogenic nuclides (although at an earlier time). The primordial nuclide beryllium-9, the only stable beryllium isotope, is an example of this type of nuclide.
In contrast, even though the radioactive isotopes beryllium-7 and beryllium-10 fall into this series of three light elements (lithium, beryllium, boron) formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation nucleosynthesis, both of these nuclides have half lives too short (53 days and ca. 1.4 million years, resp.) for them to have been formed before the formation of the Solar System, and thus they cannot be primordial nuclides. Since the cosmic ray spallation route is the only possible source of beryllium-7 and beryllium-10 occurrence naturally in the environment, they are therefore cosmogenic.
Cosmogenic nuclides
Here is a list of radioisotopes formed by the action of cosmic rays; the list also contains the production mode of the isotope. Most cosmogenic nuclides are formed in the atmosphere, but some are formed in situ in soil and rock exposed to cosmic rays, notably calcium-41 in the table below.
Applications in geology listed by isotope
Use in geochronology
As seen in the table above, there are a wide variety of useful cosmogenic nuclides which can be measured in soil, rocks, groundwater, and the atmosphere. These nuclides all share the common feature of being absent in the host material at the time of formation. These nuclides are chemically distinct and fall into two categories. The nuclides of interest are either noble gases which due to their inert behavior are inherently not trapped in a crystallized mineral or has a short enough half-life such that it has decayed since nucleosynthesis, but a long enough half-life such that it has built up measurable concentrations. The former includes measuring abundances of 81Kr and 39Ar whereas the latter includes measuring abundances of 10Be, 14C, and 26Al.
Three types of cosmic-ray reactions can occur once a cosmic ray strikes matter which in turn produce the measured cosmogenic nuclides.
cosmic ray spallation, which is the most common reaction on the near-surface (typically 0 to 60 cm below) the Earth and can create secondary particles which can cause additional reaction upon interaction with another nuclei called a collision cascade.
muon capture, which pervades at depths a few meters below the subsurface because muons are inherently less reactive; in some cases, high-energy muons can reach greater depths
neutron capture, which due to the neutron's low energy are captured into a nucleus, most commonly by water, but this process is highly dependent on snow, soil moisture and trace element concentrations.
Corrections for cosmic-ray fluxes
Since the Earth bulges at the equator and mountains and deep oceanic trenches allow for deviations of several kilometers relative to an uniformly smooth spheroid, cosmic rays bombard the Earth's surface unevenly based on the latitude and altitude. Thus, many geographic and geologic considerations must be understood in order for cosmic-ray flux to be accurately determined. Atmospheric pressure, for example, which varies with altitude, can change the production rate of nuclides within minerals by a factor of 30 between sea level and the top of a 5 km high mountain. Even variations in the slope of the ground can affect how far high-energy muons can penetrate the subsurface. Geomagnetic field strength which varies over time affects the production rate of cosmogenic nuclides though some models assume variations of the field strength are averaged out over geologic time and are not always considered.
References
Geochemistry
Radiometric dating
Environmental isotopes
Astrophysics
Nuclear technology
Nuclear chemistry
Nuclear physics
Radioactivity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic%20nuclide |
Humberto Moreira Valdés (born 28 July 1966) is a Mexican politician who served as President of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He was Governor of the State of Coahuila from 2005 to 2011.
Moreira was included in a list of the "10 most corrupt Mexicans" published by Forbes in 2013. Through his lawyer, Moreira attempted to have his name removed from the list. Moreira was arrested by the government of Spain in January 2016 on suspicion of money laundering.
Early life
Moreira was born in Saltillo, Coahuila. He graduated in 1985, from Escuela Normal de Coahuila obtaining a teaching degree in Primary Education. Graduated with a B.A. in Middle School Education, from the Escuela Normal Superior de Coahuila, specializing in Social Sciences. Numerous Diplomas: Diploma of Political Analysis, from the Universidad Iberoamericana, Diploma of Public Policy, from the Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública, Diploma of Applied Community Sociology, from the Universidad Iberoamericana.
Career in education
In 1985, Moreira began his teaching career as a teacher in the Technical Secondary School Abel Suárez de León. In 1988, he moved to Mexico City where he continued his professional career by occupying low level positions in the Secretariat of Public Education as: Teacher in the Center for Investigation and Professional Development of Educators, Chief of the Department of Human Resources in the General Directive offices for Normal School Education and Teacher Training, Private Secretary for the General Director of the Department of Education and Teacher Training, Director of Connecting Links between the Federative Entities of the Emerging Program for Teacher Training, and Private Secretary for the Undersecretary of Primary Education.
In 1994, was appointed as: Delegate in Coahuila of the National Council for the Promotion of Education, Delegate in Coahuila of the National Institute for Adult Education, and then he was appointed the Secretary of Public Education for the State of Coahuila from 1999 to 2002.
Political career
He served as municipal president of Saltillo from 1 January 2003 to 15 June 2005.
Governor of Coahuila
On 17 July 2005 is designated as candidate of his party (PRI) for the Government of Coahuila and on 25 September 2005, Moreira was elected Governor of the State of Coahuila, by obtaining record votes and winning in a landslide.
On 1 December 2005, he took office as Governor of the State of Coahuila de Zaragoza serving as Governor for the 2005–2011 term. His administration adopted as official motto "The Government of the People."
President of PRI
He held the Governorship of the State of Coahuila until 3 January 2011, when the Congress of Coahuila granted license status to participate in the process of renewing the national leadership of the PRI.
On 8 January 2011, the National Commission for Internal Processes record gave him the constance of majority of votes and named him president-elect.
On 4 March 2011, he took office as the President of the Institutional Revolutionary Party succeeding Beatriz Paredes Rangel. In early June, he was involved in a controversy due to an underling of his suddenly becoming a rich man in the USA.
As of 23 August, it was revealed that during his administration, the debt of the state increased more than hundred-fold, amidst allegations of opacity in the management of public finances. Debt increased from around $27 million to $2.8 billion in just five years, which in addition to the misinformation surrounding the amount owed (previously stated as being 700 million dollars) led to Coahuila's credit rating being downgraded by Standard & Poor's from A+ to BBB-, a downgrade of six levels. It has been confirmed that apocryphal documentation was issued to get the loans and that he was aware and actively participating when credits were granted to the State using fake documentation.
According to the newspaper Milenio, the PGR does not currently have enough evidence to charge Moreira; however, the PGR has not confirmed this publicly.
Controversies
During his tenure as governor of Coahuila, Moreira signed decrees where the state acquired a debt of over thirty-three hundred billion pesos, he was accused of using fake documentation to obtain the money, and it is presumed that was used to illegally finance, and win, 5 governorships for the PRI party, and also to finance the campaign of current President Enrique Peña Nieto. For acquiring this debt the state of Coahuila fell from having an A+ score to a BBB- in the Standard & Poor's index.
On 3 October 2012 his eldest son, José Eduardo, was assassinated and his dead body found in the Acuña municipality, José Eduardo was 26 years old when he was killed.
Money laundering
On 30 June 2015 a state court in Texas related Moreira with money laundering operations through the use of an intermediary called Rolando Gonzalez Trevino, who agreed to plead guilty and implicated the ex-governor. According to this statement, in 2006, Moreira and other senior officials of the state of Coahuila took public funds from the treasury, and transferred them to Gonzalez Treviño to invest in the acquisition of radio stations. In total, it is said that the figure is $1 million 846,782 dollars.
Arrest
On 15 January 2016 Humberto Moreira was arrested by the government of Spain in the Barajas Airport, and charged with money laundering and embezzlement. The arrest was done on request of the US government.
It was reported that the Spanish government's anti-corruption prosecutor was investigating the relation between Moreira's money laundering operation and los Zetas drug cartel,
and stated that the assassination of Moreira's son in 2012, was in retaliation of a money laundering operation where the Los Zetas cartel did not get their share.
On 22 January 2016 Moreira was granted restricted release on a bail, and is waiting for a trial and the end of the investigation.
Private life
His parents are Rubén Moreira and Evangelina Valdés. He married three times and is father of five children: José Eduardo, Rubén Humberto, Alba Elena, Joaquín Felipe and Vanessa Lucìa.
See also
2002 Coahuila state election
2005 Coahuila state election
List of presidents of Saltillo Municipality
References
|-
|-
1966 births
Living people
Governors of Coahuila
Municipal presidents in Coahuila
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Presidents of the Institutional Revolutionary Party
Politicians from Saltillo
Mexican people of Portuguese descent
21st-century Mexican politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto%20Moreira |
thumb|500 Y-DNA phylogeny and haplogroup distribution.
(a) Phylogenetic tree. 'kya' means 'thousand years ago'.
(b) Geographical distributions of haplogroups are shown in color.
(c) Geographical color legend.
In genetics, a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and types of mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
The Y-chromosome accumulates roughly two mutations per generation. Y-DNA haplogroups represent major branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree that share hundreds or even thousands of mutations unique to each haplogroup.
The Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA, informally known as Y-chromosomal Adam) is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all currently living humans are descended patrilineally. Y-chromosomal Adam is estimated to have lived roughly 236,000 years ago in Africa. By examining other bottlenecks most Eurasian men (men from populations outside of Africa) are descended from a man who lived in Africa 69,000 years ago (Haplogroup CT). Other major bottlenecks occurred about 50,000 and 5,000 years ago and subsequently the ancestry of most Eurasian men can be traced back to four ancestors who lived 50,000 years ago, who were descendants of African (E-M168).
Naming convention
Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of Y-DNA SNP markers. Subclades are defined by a terminal SNP, the SNP furthest down in the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system of naming major Y-DNA haplogroups with the capital letters A through T, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters (YCC longhand nomenclature). YCC shorthand nomenclature names Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades with the first letter of the major Y-DNA haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP.
Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. This change in nomenclature has resulted in inconsistent nomenclature being used in different sources. This inconsistency, and increasingly cumbersome longhand nomenclature, has prompted a move toward using the simpler shorthand nomenclature.
Phylogenetic structure
Phylogenetic tree of Y-DNA haplogroups
Major Y-DNA haplogroups
Haplogroups A and B
Haplogroup A is the NRY (non-recombining Y) macrohaplogroup from which all modern paternal haplogroups descend. It is sparsely distributed in Africa, being concentrated among Khoisan populations in the southwest and Nilotic populations toward the northeast in the Nile Valley. BT is a subclade of haplogroup A, more precisely of the A1b clade (A2-T in Cruciani et al. 2011), as follows:
Haplogroup A
Haplogroup A00
Haplogroup A0 (formerly also A1b)
Haplogroup A1 (also A1a-T)
Haplogroup A1a (M31)
Haplogroup A1b (also A2-T; P108, V221)
Haplogroup A1b1a1 (also A2; M14)
Haplogroup A1b1b (also A3; M32)
Haplogroup BT (M91, M42, M94, M139, M299)
Haplogroup B (M60)
Haplogroup CT
Haplogroup CT (P143)
The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups except for A and B) are M168 and M294. The site of origin is likely in Africa. Its age has been estimated at approximately 88,000 years old, and more recently at around 100,000 or 101,000 years old.
Haplogroup C (M130)
Haplogroup C (M130, M216) Found in Asia, Oceania, and North America
Haplogroup C1 (F3393/Z1426)
Haplogroup C1a (CTS11043)
Haplogroup C1a1 (M8, M105, M131) Found with low frequency in Japan
Haplogroup C1a2 (V20) Found with low frequency in Europe, Armenians, Algeria, and Nepal
Haplogroup C1b (F1370, Z16480)
Haplogroup C1b1 (AM00694/K281)
Haplogroup C1b1a (B66/Z16458)
Haplogroup C1b1a1 (M356) Found with low frequency in South Asia, Southwest Asia, and northern China
Haplogroup C1b1a2 (B65)
Haplogroup C1b1a2a (B67) Found among Lebbo' people in Borneo, Indonesia
Haplogroup C1b1a2b (F725) Found among Han Chinese (Guangdong, Hunan, and Shaanxi), Dai people (Yunnan), Murut people (Brunei), Malay people (Singapore), and Aeta people (Philippines)
Haplogroup C1b1a3 (Z16582) Found with low frequency in Saudi Arabia and Iraq
Haplogroup C1b1b (B68) Found among Dusun people (Brunei)
Haplogroup C1b2 (C-Z16582)
Haplogroup C1b3 (B477/Z31885)
Haplogroup C1b3a (M38) Found in Indonesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia
Haplogroup C1b3b (M347, P309) Found among the indigenous peoples in Australia
Haplogroup C2 (M217, P44) Found throughout Eurasia and North America, but especially among Mongols, Kazakhs, Tungusic peoples, Paleosiberians, and Na-Dené-speaking peoples
Haplogroup D (CTS3946)
Haplogroup D (CTS3946)
Haplogroup D1 (M174) Found in Japan, China (especially Tibet), the Andaman Islands
Haplogroup D1a (CTS11577)
Haplogroup D1a1 (Z27276, Z27283, Z29263)
Haplogroup D1a1a (M15) Found mainly in Tibetans, Qiangic peoples, Yi, and Hmong-Mien peoples
Haplogroup D1a1b (P99) Found mainly in Tibetans, Qiangic peoples, Naxi, and Turkic peoples
Haplogroup D1a2 (M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P12, P37.1, P41.1 (M359.1), 12f2.2) Found mainly in Japan
Haplogroup D1a3 (Y34637) Found in Andamanese peoples (Onge, Jarawa)
Haplogroup D1b (L1366, L1378, M226.2) Found in Mactan Island, Philippines
Haplogroup D2 (A5580.2) Found in Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Syria
Haplogroup E (M96)
Haplogroup E (M40, M96) Found in Africa and parts of the Middle East and Europe
Haplogroup E1 (P147)
Haplogroup E1a (M33, M132) formerly E1
Haplogroup E1b (P177)
Haplogroup E1b1 (P2, DYS391p); formerly E3
Haplogroup E1b1a (V38)
Haplogroup E1b1a1 (M2) Found in Africa, especially among Niger–Congo-speaking populations.; formerly E3a
Haplogroup E1b1a2 (M329) Found in Africa, especially in Ethiopia among Omotic-speaking populations.; formerly E3*
Haplogroup E1b1b (M215)
Haplogroup E1b1b1 (M35) Found in Horn of Africa, North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe (especially in areas near the Mediterranean and the Balkans); formerly E3b
Haplogroup E2 (M75)
Haplogroup F (M89)
The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa.
F xG,H,I,J,K is rare in modern populations and peaks in South Asia, especially Sri Lanka. It also appears to have long been present in South East Asia; it has been reported at rates of 4–5% in Sulawesi and Lembata. One study, which did not comprehensively screen for other subclades of F-M89 (including some subclades of GHIJK), found that Indonesian men with the SNP P14/PF2704 (which is equivalent to M89), comprise 1.8% of men in West Timor, 1.5% of Flores 5.4% of Lembata 2.3% of Sulawesi and 0.2% in Sumatra. F* (F xF1,F2,F3) has been reported among 10% of males in Sri Lanka and South India, 5% in Pakistan, as well as lower levels among the Tamang people (Nepal), and in Iran. F1 (P91), F2 (M427) and F3 (M481; previously F5) are all highly rare and virtually exclusive to regions/ethnic minorities in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, South China, Thailand, Burma, and Vietnam. In such cases, however, the possibility of misidentification is considered to be relatively high and some may belong to misidentified subclades of Haplogroup GHIJK.
Haplogroup G (M201)
Haplogroup G (M201) originated some 48,000 years ago and its most recent common ancestor likely lived 26,000 years ago in the Middle East. It spread to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution.
It is found in many ethnic groups in Eurasia; most common in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia and the Levant. Found in almost all European countries, but most common in Gagauzia, southeastern Romania, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Tyrol, and Bohemia with highest concentrations on some Mediterranean islands; uncommon in Northern Europe.
G-M201 is also found in small numbers in northwestern China and India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and North Africa.
Haplogroup G1
Haplogroup G2
Haplogroup G2a
Haplogroup G2a1
Haplogroup G2a2
Haplogroup G2a3
Haplogroup G2a3a
Haplogroup G2a3b
Haplogroup G2a3b1
Haplogroup G2b
Haplogroup G2c (formerly Haplogroup G5)
Haplogroup G2c1
Haplogroup H (M69)
Haplogroup H (M69) probably emerged in South Central Asia or South Asia, about 48,000 years BP, and remains largely prevalent there in the forms of H1 (M69) and H3 (Z5857). Its sub-clades are also found in lower frequencies in Iran, Central Asia, across the middle-east, and the Arabian peninsula.
However, H2 (P96) is present in Europe since the Neolithic and H1a1 (M82) spread westward in the Medieval era with the migration of the Roma people.
Haplogroup I (M170)
Haplogroup I (M170, M258) is found mainly in Europe and the Caucasus.
Haplogroup I1 Nordid/Nordic Europids (M253) Found mainly in northern Europe
Haplogroup I2 Dinarid/Dinaric Europids (P215) Found mainly in Balkans, southeast Europe and Sardinia save for I2B1 (m223) which is found at a moderate frequency in Western, Central, and Northern Europe.
Haplogroup J (M304)
Haplogroup J (M304, S6, S34, S35) is found mainly in the Middle East, Caucasus and South-East Europe.
Haplogroup J* (J-M304*) is rare outside the island of Socotra.
Haplogroup J1 Semitid/Bedouinid Arabids (M267) are associated with Northeast Caucasian peoples in Dagestan and Semitic languages speaking people in the Middle East, Ethiopia, and North Africa and also found in Mediterranean Europe in smaller frequencies much like haplogroup T.
Haplogroup J2 Syrid/Nahrainid Arabids (M172) is found mainly in the Semitic-speaking peoples, Anatolia, Greece, the Balkans, Italy, Iran, the Caucasus, South Asia, and Central Asia.
Haplogroup K (M9)
Haplogroup K (M9) is spread all over Eurasia, Oceania and among Native Americans.
K(xLT,K2a,K2b) – that is, K*, K2c, K2d or K2e – is found mainly in Melanesia, Aboriginal Australians, India, Polynesia and Island South East Asia.
Haplogroups L and T (K1)
Haplogroup L (M20) is found in South Asia, Central Asia, South-West Asia, and the Mediterranean.
Haplogroup T (M184, M70, M193, M272) is found at high levels in the Horn of Africa (mainly Cushitic-speaking peoples), parts of South Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean. T-M184 is also found in significant minorities of Sciaccensi, Stilfser, Egyptians, Omanis, Sephardi Jews, Ibizans (Eivissencs), and Toubou. It is also found at low frequencies in other parts of the Mediterranean and South Asia.
Haplogroup K2 (K-M526)
The only living males reported to carry the basal paragroup K2* are indigenous Australians. Major studies published in 2014 and 2015 suggest that up to 27% of Aboriginal Australian males carry K2*, while others carry a subclade of K2.
Haplogroups K2a, K2a1, NO & NO1
Haplogroup N
Haplogroup N (M231) is found in northern Eurasia, especially among speakers of the Uralic languages.
Haplogroup N possibly originated in eastern Asia and spread both northward and westward into Siberia, being the most common group found in some Uralic-speaking peoples.
Haplogroup O
Haplogroup O (M175) is found with its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, South Asia, and islands in the Indian Ocean (e.g. Madagascar, the Comoros).
Haplogroup O1 (F265/M1354, CTS2866, F75/M1297, F429/M1415, F465/M1422)
Haplogroup O1a (M119, CTS31, F589/Page20, L246, L466) Found in eastern, central, and southern Mainland China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, especially among Austronesian and Tai–Kadai peoples
Haplogroup O1b (P31, M268)
Haplogroup O1b1 (M95) Found in Japan, China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, especially among Austroasiatic- and Tai–Kadai-speaking peoples, Malays, and Indonesians
Haplogroup O1b2 (SRY465, M176) Found in Japan, Korea, Manchuria, and Southeast Asia
Haplogroup O2 (M122) Found throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Austronesia including Polynesia
Haplogroups K2b1, M & S
No examples of the basal paragroup K2b1* have been identified. Males carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.
Its primary subclades are two major haplogroups:
Haplogroup S (B254) also known as K2b1a: found in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and;
Haplogroup M (P256) also known as K2b1b: found in New Guinea and Melanesia.
Haplogroup P (K2b2)
Haplogroup P (P295) has two primary branches: P1 (P-M45) and the extremely rare P2 (P-B253).
P*, P1* and P2 are found together only on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. In particular, P* and P1* are found at significant rates among members of the Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon. While, P1* is now more common among living individuals in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia, it is also found at low levels in mainland South East Asia and South Asia. Considered together, these distributions tend to suggest that P* emerged from K2b in South East Asia.
P1 is also the parent node of two primary clades:
Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and;
Haplogroup R (R-M207). These share the common marker M45 in addition to at least 18 other SNPs.
Haplogroup Q (MEH2, M242, P36) found in Siberia and the Americas
Haplogroup R (M207, M306): found in Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia
Haplogroup Q M242
Q is defined by the SNP M242. It is believed to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 32,000 years ago. The subclades of Haplogroup Q with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2008 ISOGG tree are provided below. ss4 bp, rs41352448, is not represented in the ISOGG 2008 tree because it is a value for an STR. This low frequency value has been found as a novel Q lineage (Q5) in Indian populations
The 2008 ISOGG tree
Q (M242)
Q*
Q1 (P36.2)
Q1*
Q1a (MEH2)
Q1a*
Q1a1 (M120, M265/N14) Found with low frequency among Bhutanese, Dungans, Han Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Mongolians, Naxi, and Tibetans
Q1a2 (M25, M143) Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations of Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia
Q1a3 (M346)
Q1a3* Found at low frequency in Pakistan, India, and Tibet
Q1a3a (M3) Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Q1a3a*
Q1a3a1 (M19) Found among some indigenous peoples of South America, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu
Q1a3a2 (M194)
Q1a3a3 (M199, P106, P292)
Q1a4 (P48)
Q1a5 (P89)
Q1a6 (M323) Found in a significant minority of Yemeni Jews
Q1b (M378) Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara and Sindhis
Haplogroup R (M207)
Haplogroup R is defined by the SNP M207. The bulk of Haplogroup R is represented in the descendant subclade R1 (M173), which originated on the Siberia. R1 has two descendant subclades: R1a and R1b.
R1a is associated with the proto-Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic peoples, and is now found primarily in Central Asia, South Asia, and Eastern Europe.
Haplogroup R1b is the dominant haplogroup of Western Europe and is also found sparsely distributed among various peoples of Asia and Africa. Its subclade R1b1a2 (M269) is the haplogroup that is most commonly found among modern Western European populations, and has been associated with the Italo-Celtic and Germanic peoples.
Haplogroup R1 (M173) Found throughout western Eurasia
Haplogroup R1a (M420) Found in Central Asia, South Asia, and Central, Northern and Eastern Europe, Balkans
Haplogroup R1b (M343) Found in Western Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, and northern Cameroon
Haplogroup R2 (M124) Found in South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe
Chronological development of haplogroups
See also
List of Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
Genetic history of Europe
List of Y-DNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms
List of Y-STR markers
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
* (haplogroup)
Molecular phylogeny
Genetic genealogy
Genealogical DNA test
Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
References
2005 Y-chromosome Phylogenetic Tree, from FamilyTreeDNA.com
A Nomenclature system for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups, Genome.org
Further reading
(chart highlighting new branches added to the A phylotree in March 2013)
External links
ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree
Family Tree DNA Public Haplotree
Chart of the speed of different Y chromosomal STR mutation rates
Map of Y Haplogroups
Atlas of the Human Journey, from the Genographic Project, National Geographic
DNA Heritage's Y-haplogroup map
Video tutorial on Discovering Paternal Ancestry with Y-Chromosomes
Haplogroup Predictor
As PDF Paper that defined "Eu" haplogroups
Y-DNA Haplogroup and Sub-clade Projects
Kerchner's YDNA Haplogroup Descriptions, Projects & Links
Y-DNA Testing Company STR Marker Comparison Chart
Y-DNA Ethnographic and Genographic Atlas and Open-Source Data Compilation
Y Chromosome Consortium
Genetics-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Y-chromosome%20DNA%20haplogroup |
Euphorbia albomarginata (formerly Chamaesyce albomarginata), whitemargin sandmat or rattlesnake weed, is a small low-growing perennial, in the spurge family (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae) native to desert, chaparral, and grassland habitats of southwestern North America, from southern and central California to Northern Mexico and Louisiana.
It can be easily identified by its small size, dusty green leaves, very flattened growth pattern, and the white circular margin around the edge of its burgundy centered flowers. It is one of four members of the former Chamaesyce genus that are native to the Santa Monica Mountains, in addition to three species that have been introduced there, most of which share to some degree or other the white margin on the flower. As with other typical members of the Euphorbia family, it has a white milky sap, and is poisonous. It is one of only 11 members of the Euphorbia native to California, and one of four native to the Santa Monica Mountains.
Description
Euphorbia albomarginata is a common ground cover plant, usually growing less than 1/2 in (13 mm) high, with individual plants covering about a square foot, often growing closely and forming mats of vegetation. The flowers of this plant are tiny and edged in white, with a purplish center. It can be found in open fields, on roadsides, or anywhere where the ground is disturbed, including ornamental gravels in suburban yards, where it is considered as a weed.
The former genus name Chamaesyce comes from the Greek word "chame", meaning "on the ground", and "syce" meaning "fig". This refers to the growth pattern of being flattened in all aspects, as if a box had been placed on it, so as to be lying very close to the ground. One of the defining chaparral plants, Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), derives from the same word.
The flower has a circular burgundy center with a white ring around it. The epithet "albomarginata" (white-margined) refers to the "white" ringed "margin" of the flower "petals". The plant actually has no petals, but has modified leaves called "bracts", more round that the green leaves on the rest of the plant, which form a cuplike shape. The 12–30 male flowers are difficult to see, consisting only of one stamen each, and are clustered in the center of the cup. The single female flower is at the center, with an elevated ovary pendant on a long stalk, which when fertilized and mature, bears a capsule fruit, and so the name "syce" ("fig").
The leaves are round to heart shaped with the point of the heart away (ovoid) from the small stem attaching the leaf to the branch (petiole). The "nonflower leaves" are a peculiar "dusty green", with green but sometimes with burgundyish edges, and burgundyish stems, similar in color to the flower center inside the white ring, and particularly so after a late Spring or Summer rain.
Uses
The plant was formerly used as a folk remedy for snakebites (as a poultice or brewed as a tea) – hence the common name "rattlesnake weed". However, this species is not proven to be medically effective in treating rattlesnake venom. Like most spurges, rattlesnake weed secretes an acrid, milky sap containing alkaloids poisonous to humans, with emetic and cathartic properties that may be misconstrued as curative.
Among the Zuni people, the leaves and roots are eaten to promote lactation.
Other names
Rattlesnake weed
Whitemargin sandmat
Golondrina (Spanish – "swallow" (the bird))
Yerba de la vibora (Spanish – "viper grass")
References
Additional references
External links
USDA Profile for Chamaesyce albomarginata (Euphorbia albomarginata)
U.C. Jepson Manual treatment – Chamaesyce albomarginata (Euphorbia albomarginata)
Rattlesnake Weed profile
Rattlesnake Weed — at eNature.
albomarginata
Flora of Northeastern Mexico
Flora of Northwestern Mexico
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of the Chihuahuan Desert
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the South-Central United States
Flora of Baja California
Flora of Chihuahua (state)
Flora of Louisiana
Flora of Oklahoma
Flora of the Rio Grande valleys
Flora of Sonora
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Colorado Desert
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Plants described in 1857
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Flora without expected TNC conservation status | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia%20albomarginata |
Nancy Kimball Austin (born c. 1949) is an American writer and business consultant, best known for co-writing the bestsellers A Passion for Excellence (1985) and The Assertive Woman (1975). Her books have sold approximately one million copies, and been published in seven languages.
Biography
Austin was born c. 1949 in Portland, Oregon, the oldest of three children. Her parents were both from Seattle, Washington – her father was in mortgage banking, and her mother was a homemaker. Austin received a BA and 1977 MBA from UCLA, became a member of the Alpha Phi sorority
, and was affiliated with the Neuropsychiatric Institute, where she was part of a team that was brought together to study and improve the community mental health system in California.
She married Bill Cawley c.1975, becoming stepmother to his 8-year-old son, Jeff. 1975 was also the year that she wrote The Assertive Woman, which continues to be in print 30 years later. It has been translated into several languages, and sold approximately 420,000 copies.
She worked for four years at Hewlett Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, where she ran the company's management-development seminars. In 1983, she co-founded The Tom Peters Group, the Palo Alto-based consulting and research firm, and in 1985 she founded "Nancy K. Austin, Inc." in Northern California. In 1985, Austin and Peters wrote A Passion for Excellence, which soared to #1 on The New York Times bestseller list and sold more than 500,000 copies in its first six months.
Austin was also President of Not Just Another Publishing Company, a coach for managers and health-based practitioners, and a frequently-invited keynote speaker to international business conferences, speaking both to corporations and to government groups such as the United States Air Force. She has given hundreds of talks in the United States, Australia, Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America, and is a contributing editor to Working Woman and Inc. magazines.
She presently lives in Capitola, California with her husband and son.. She is also on the board of directors at Shakespeare Santa Cruz and Dominican Hospital in Santa Cruz.
Publications
Books
The Assertive Woman: A New Look (co-written with Stanlee Phelps)
June 1975, Price Stern Sloan
1975, Impact Publishers.
1982, Impact Publishers. ASIN B00072QQRW
Revised edition, 1987, Impact Publishers.
3rd edition, June 1997, Impact Publishers.
4th edition, 2002, Impact Publishers.
A Passion for Excellence: The Leadership Difference, 1985 (co-written with Tom Peters)
April 1985, Random House.
1986, Warner Books.
January 4, 1989 (reissue), Warner Books.
May 31, 1994, Gardners Books,
Selected articles
Working Woman
November 1995, "Management's New Numbers Game"
March 1996, "Beyond the Trick Question"
Inc. magazine
April 1997, "What Balance?"
May 1998, "Buzz"
October 1999, "Pure Internet Play"
1099
August 7, 2000 "Drum Machine" (about Michael Bayard)
List of all Austin's articles at 1099
Incentive, "The Competitive Edge: Work-Life Paradox", September 1, 2004
References
Sources
AEI Speakers Bureau biography
Professional Convention Management Association
Speaking.com biography
CNN, March 3, 2003, "Workaholics anonymous: The sweet science of slowing down" (Austin is quoted)
External links
AOL Chat, May 29, 1996 "Ask the Headhunter" forum
1949 births
Living people
American business writers
Women business writers
American motivational writers
Women motivational writers
American women in business
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
UCLA Anderson School of Management alumni
People from Capitola, California
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American businesswomen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Austin |
Wire Daisies were an English band from Cornwall, who were signed to EMI 'Angel' offshoot. The idea for the band was mooted in 1999 by three members of the group who had met at a party to mark the solar eclipse, however it was not until 2002 that the band finally took shape.
After recording a batch of material in a farmhouse in Cornwall, the band signed to digital record label Transistor Project, which was co-founded by Blur drummer Dave Rowntree. The band's female lead vocalist, Treana Morris, was 'discovered' by Roger Taylor of the rock band Queen, and their bassist Ol Beach is the son of Queen's manager Jim Beach. In 2006, the band joined Robbie Williams's tour to South Africa and performed alongside Robbie Williams and Freshlyground in Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town.
After becoming a popular downloaded act, the band signed to EMI and re-issued their debut album, Just Another Day. In 2007, their second album, Wiredaisies, was released on the same label.
The band was featured in Three Men in More Than One Boat in which Cornwall native Rory McGrath and fellow comedians Griff Rhys Jones and Dara Ó Briain visited them while they were recording at the Sawmills Studio.
Band members
Treana Morris (lead vocals)
Ol Beach (keyboards)
Steve Jackson (drums)
Alden Evans (lead guitar)
Discography
References
External links
Wire Daisies streaming music at Myspace Music
BBC - Cornwall - Music Story
Fan review of 'Just Another Day'
English rock music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire%20Daisies |
UNV may refer to:
The United Nations Volunteers
The United Nations Office in Vienna (UNOV), one of the four major UN office sites
U.N.V. (band), an R&B group
University Park Airport, whose FAA LID is UNV. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNV |
John's equation is an ultrahyperbolic partial differential equation satisfied by the X-ray transform of a function. It is named after Fritz John.
Given a function with compact support the X-ray transform is the integral over all lines in . We will parameterise the lines by pairs of points , on each line and define as the ray transform where
Such functions are characterized by John's equations
which is proved by Fritz John for dimension three and by Kurusa for higher dimensions.
In three-dimensional x-ray computerized tomography John's equation can be solved to fill in missing data, for example where the data is obtained from a point source traversing a curve, typically a helix.
More generally an ultrahyperbolic partial differential equation (a term coined by Richard Courant) is a second order partial differential equation of the form
where , such that the quadratic form
can be reduced by a linear change of variables to the form
It is not possible to arbitrarily specify the value of the solution on a non-characteristic hypersurface. John's paper however does give examples of manifolds on which an arbitrary specification of u can be extended to a solution.
References
Á. Kurusa, A characterization of the Radon transform's range by a system of PDEs, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 161(1991), 218--226.
S K Patch, Consistency conditions upon 3D CT data and the wave equation, Phys. Med. Biol. 47 No 15 (7 August 2002) 2637-2650
Partial differential equations
X-ray computed tomography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%27s%20equation |
George Louis Scales (August 16, 1900 - April 15, 1976), nicknamed "Tubby", was an American second baseman and manager in Negro league baseball, most notably with the New York Lincoln Giants and Baltimore Elite Giants. Born in Talladega, Alabama, he batted .319 over a 25-year career during which he played several positions. He also managed for twelve seasons in the Puerto Rican Winter League, winning six pennants, and led the Caribbean World Series champions in .
Buck Leonard claimed that George Scales was the best curveball hitter he ever saw.
At age 52, Scales received votes listing him on the 1952 Pittsburgh Courier player-voted poll of the Negro leagues' best players ever.
After retiring from baseball in 1958, he became a stockbroker. He died at age 75 in Compton, California.
Scales was among 39 final candidates considered for the Baseball Hall of Fame's Class of 2006 by the Committee on African-American Baseball, however he was not among the 17 elected.
On November 5, 2021, he was selected to the final ballot for the Baseball Hall of Fame's Early Days Committee for consideration in the Class of 2022. He received eight of the necessary twelve votes.
References
External links
and Baseball-Reference Black Baseball stats and Seamheads
Negro League Baseball Museum
Philadelphia Stars players
Newark Stars players
People from Talladega, Alabama
Caribbean Series managers
Negro league baseball managers
1900 births
1976 deaths
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Baseball infielders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Scales |
Herbert William Compton Bennett (15 January 1900 – 11 August 1974), better known as Compton Bennett, was an English film director, writer and producer. He is perhaps best known for directing the 1945 film The Seventh Veil and the 1950 version of the film King Solomon's Mines, an adaptation of an Allan Quatermain story.
Biography
Bennett was born in Tunbridge Wells, England. At the beginning of his career, he worked as a band leader and a commercial artist before trying his hand at amateur filmmaking. One of these early films helped him land a job at Alexander Korda's London Films in 1932. There, he became a film editor; later he would help make instructional and propaganda films for the British armed forces during World War II.
Bennett's films tended to be sombre, but were very popular with the moviegoing public. In 1946, Bennett accepted an invitation to go to Hollywood for Universal.
It was, however, during this time that he directed King Solomon's Mines. He was replaced during filming by Andrew Marton.
Bennett eventually returned to the UK. From 1954 to 1957, he left film work to pursue interests in the theatre and television, but produced four films in 1957, After the Ball, Man-Eater, That Woman Opposite and The Flying Scot. Although he continued to write and direct for film and television, his subsequent productions were not as well received.
Bennett died in Sussex, England at the age of 74.
Filmography
The Fox Hunt (1936) (documentary) – editor
Goofer Trouble (1940)(documentary) – editor
Find, Fix and Strike (1942) (documentary) – writer, director
The Big Blockade (1942) – editor
The Flemish Farm (1943) – editor
Men of Rochdale (1944) (documentary) – director
29 Acacia Avenue (1945) aka The Facts of Love – editor, producer
The Seventh Veil (1945) – director
The Years Between (1946) – director
Daybreak (1948) – director
My Own True Love (1949) – director
That Forsyte Woman (1949) aka The Forsyte Saga – director
King Solomon's Mines (1950) – director
So Little Time (1952) – director
The Gift Horse (1952) aka Glory at Sea – director
It Started in Paradise (1952) – director
Desperate Moment (1953) – director
Man-Eater (1957) – director, producer
That Woman Opposite (1957) aka City After Midnight – writer, director
After the Ball (1957) – director
The Flying Scot (1957) aka The Mailbag Robbery – director, producer
White Hunter (1958) (TV series) – director, producer (episodes edited together as feature Man-Eater)
The Four Just Men (1959) (TV series) – director
Beyond the Curtain (1960) – director
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1960) (TV series) – director
First Left Past Aden (1961) (documentary) – director
How to Undress in Public Without Undue Embarrassment (1965) – creator, director, producer
Brett (1971) (TV series) – creator
References
External links
BritMovie biography
New York Times reprint of Allmovie bio
English film directors
English film producers
English male screenwriters
Propaganda film directors
1900 births
1974 deaths
People from Royal Tunbridge Wells
20th-century English screenwriters
20th-century English male writers
20th-century English businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton%20Bennett |
Cornelius "Dutch" Warmerdam (June 22, 1915 – November 13, 2001) was an American pole vaulter who held the world record between 1940 and 1957. He missed the Olympics due to World War II, and retired from senior competitions in 1944, though he continued to vault into his sixties. He was inducted into the International Association of Athletics Federations Hall of Fame in 1974.
Warmerdam was born in Long Beach, California, the son of Dutch emigrants Adrianus and Gertrude Warmerdam. He grew up in Hanford, California. Because of his ancestry he was more commonly known to both friends and, later, to the media as "Dutch".
Warmerdam got his start in pole vaulting in his backyard using the limb of a peach tree and landing in a pit of piled up dirt. He was discovered by the local track coach and vaulted for Hanford High School until his graduation in 1932, after which he attended and vaulted for Fresno State College.
Vaulting throughout his career with a bamboo pole, Warmerdam was the first vaulter to clear 15 feet (4.57 m), accomplishing that feat at UC Berkeley on April 13, 1940. However, that achievement was not ratified for a world record, and his later vault of 4.60 m on June 29, 1940, was the first ratified jump over 15 feet. During his career, Warmerdam vaulted 15 feet 43 times in competition, while no other vaulter cleared the mark a single time. Warmerdam surpassed the pole vault record seven times in a four-year span, and three of those marks were ratified as world records. His highest outdoor vault was 15' 7-3/4" (4.77 m), achieved at the Modesto Relays in 1942, a record which stood until 1957 when Bob Gutowski broke the mark using a metal pole. Warmerdam won the James E. Sullivan Award in 1942, but was never able to compete in the Olympics because the 1940 and 1944 games were cancelled due to World War II, and by 1948 he was coaching professionally and therefore ineligible. However, he continued competing as an early practitioner of Masters athletics. He still is ranked in the world all-time top ten list in the M60 Decathlon.
Warmerdam went on to coach track and field at Fresno State University until his retirement in 1980. His team won the second NCAA Men's Division II Outdoor Track and Field Championships, essentially at home at Ratcliffe Stadium. Fresno State named its track stadium Warmerdam Field in his honor. Dutch is a member of several halls of fame, including the National Track and Field Hall of Fame and the Millrose Games Hall of Fame.
Warmerdam married Juanita Anderson on August 29, 1940, and they were married for 61 years until Dutch's death in Fresno, California, from Alzheimer's in 2001. Juanita continued to live in Fresno until her death on Valentine's Day in 2006. They left behind five children (Mark, Greg, Gloria, David, and Barry) and twenty grandchildren.
References
1915 births
2001 deaths
American male pole vaulters
College track and field coaches in the United States
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Fresno State Bulldogs men's basketball coaches
James E. Sullivan Award recipients
Track and field athletes from Long Beach, California
American people of Dutch descent
Basketball coaches from California
Deaths from dementia in California
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
American Masters Athlete that competed in Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius%20Warmerdam |
The Saar franc was the French franc () used as the official currency of the Saar during the times that the Saar territory was economically split off from Germany, in 1920–1935 as the Territory of the Saar Basin, in 1947–1957 as the Saar Protectorate and 1957–1959 as the state of Saarland in West Germany. Local notes and coins were issued during both periods, but the Saar franc was never legally an independent currency.
History
1920–1935
The Treaty of Versailles stated in Article 45 that the newly formed territory would be administered by the League of Nations for 15 years, and France was then granted the complete benefit of the Saar coal mines. The new French administration of the coal mines was granted the right to process all financial transactions with French francs. Therefore, from 1921 to 1923, the French franc was used alongside the German mark (ℳ), and from 1923 on, when the Saar Territory was incorporated officially into the French economy, the franc became the only valid currency. Due to the shortage of nonferrous metal, the coal mines administration began to print its own banknotes, the so-called "Grubengeld" ("coal mine money"). After 1930, these notes were replaced by the usual French notes.
After the plebiscite of 1935, when the Saar Territory was unified with the German Empire again, the Reichsmark (ℛℳ) was immediately introduced. The official exchange rate was 1 franc = 0.1645 ℛℳ.
1947–1959
On 16 July 1947, banknotes were issued for Saar denominated in marks, which replaced the German Reichsmark. But in November 1947, the French government reintroduced the French franc as the official currency. Between 20 November 1947 and 15 January 1948, all notes and coins had to be exchanged at a rate of 20 Saar marks = 1 franc. In 1954 the government of the Protectorate issued new coins in denominations of 10, 20, 50 and 100 francs. The coins resembled the coins of the French franc (same metallic composition, size and weight) and were officially and legally not a currency of their own, but only local issues of the French franc.
After a referendum about the future status of the region, Saarland was incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany as a Bundesland on 1 January 1957. The economic integration into Germany was completed with the withdrawal of all Saar francs two years later. On 29 June 1959 the federal ordinance "Verordnung zur Einführung der Deutschen Mark im Saarland" stipulated that – with effect from 6 July (§ 1) – all debts, credits, deposits, wages, rents, fees, interest servicing, or amortisation payments, and other obligations, as well as cash reserves and prices denominated in francs were to be converted at the rate of 100 francs = 0.8507 Deutsche Mark (§ 2). The conversion had been brought forward by half a year because of the accelerating depreciation of the French franc. The date was kept secret (called "day X") to avoid currency speculation until two days in advance. The freedom to fix new prices was maintained, but especially temporarily or permanently-fixed obligations, not to be altered at any time, were to be not renegotiated but converted at the rate fixed.
Appearance and acceptance
Pictures on coins of Saar Protectorate always depicted things related to industry and mining in the region. Moreover, the coat of arms of the Saar Protectorate appears on every coin.
Coins of 10, 20 and 50 francs depicted a factory and mining tower, with the coat of arms of the Saar Protectorate in front of them. 100-franc coins depicted a gearwheel, again with the coat of arms of Saar Protectorate in front of it.
All four coins were identical to the official French coins in color, size and weight and only the writing and the picture was different. There were no smaller coins, as the usual French coins (1, 2, 5 francs) were used instead. All French coins were accepted in the protectorate, but the Saar coins were usually not accepted in France except in the bigger cities adjacent to the border.
References
External links
A detailed list with all coins of Saarland
Modern obsolete currencies
Currencies of Germany
1948 establishments in Saar
1957 disestablishments in Germany
History of the Saar Protectorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar%20franc |
Chaim ibn Attar or Ḥayyim ben Moshe ibn Attar (, ; b. - 7 July 1743) also known as the Or ha-Ḥayyim after his popular commentary on the Torah, was a Talmudist and Kabbalist. He is arguably considered to be one of the most prominent Rabbis of Morocco, and is highly regarded in Hassidic Judaism.
Biography
Born in Salé, Morocco in 1696, Chaim was the son of Rabbi Moshe Ben-Attar and the grandson of Rabbi Chaim Ben-Attar (the Elder), whom he learnt with in his early years. When he was nine years old, his family fled to Meknes, Morocco, escaping the local antisemitic vizier. He soon married a relative of his, named Fatzunyah, whose father supported him, letting him study Torah without the burden of supporting a household; he did not end up having any children with her, so he later would marry a second wife named Esther Bibas, with whom he had only daughters. He studied with them every Friday night the Torah portion of the week with explanations that was later written down and developed into his famed commentary 'Or ha-Hayyim al ha-Torah.' When his father-in-law died in 1724, his financial situation worsened, although the burden of support shifted to his father. At this time, he also ran a yeshiva in Salé.
When a famine hit Morocco, he decided to leave his native country and settle in the Land of Israel, then part of the Ottoman Syria. En route, he was detained in Livorno by the rich members of the Jewish community who established a yeshiva for him. This was in 1739. Many of his pupils later became prominent and furnished him with funds to print his Or ha-Ḥayyim ().
Chaim was received with great honor wherever he traveled because of his extensive knowledge and keen intellect. Before permanently settling in the Land of Israel, he went to Algiers where he recruited students for a yeshiva he was planning on opening in the Land of Israel. He soon arrived at the Acre port in the Land of Israel with his two wives and thirty students. However he could not immediately proceed to Jerusalem, due to an epidemic. In the middle of 1742 he arrived in Jerusalem, where he founded Yeshivat Knesset Yisrael.
One of his disciples there was Chaim Yosef David Azulai, who wrote of his master's greatness: "Attar's heart pulsated with Talmud; he uprooted mountains like a resistless torrent; his holiness was that of an angel of the Lord,... having severed all connection with the affairs of this world."
On July 7, 1743, less than a year after his arrival in Jerusalem, Chaim died; it was on a Shabbat. It is said that that week in Europe, the Baal Shem Tov was sitting at Seudah shlishit, and before anyone in the area could have found out about Chaim's death, he exclaimed, “The light from the West has been extinguished!”
He is buried in the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery in Jerusalem, Israel.
Works
Ḥefetz Hashem (God's Desire), Amsterdam, 1732—dissertations on the four Talmudic treatises Berakhot, Shabbat, Horayot, and Ḥullin.
Or ha-Ḥayyim (The Light of Life), Venice, 1742—a commentary on the Pentateuch after the four methods known collectively as Pardes; it was reprinted several times. His renown is based chiefly on this work, which became popular also with the Hasidim.
Peri Toar (Beautiful Fruit), novellae on the Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah, dealing especially with Hiskiah de Silva's commentary Peri Ḥadash, Amsterdam, 1742; Vienna and Lemberg, 1810.
Rishon le-Zion, Constantinople, 1750—consisting of novellae to several Talmudic treatises, on certain portions of the Shulḥan Arukh, on the terminology of Maimonides, on the five Megillot, on the Prophets and on Proverbs.
Under the same title were published at Polna, 1804, his notes on Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Isaiah.
See also
Chaim Joseph David Azulai
Ohr ha-Chaim Synagogue
Bibliography
Michael, Or ha-hayyim, No. 894;
Benjacob, Otzar ha-Sefarim, p. 541;
Luncz, in Jerusalem, i.122 (epitaphs);
Nacht, Mekor Chayyim, Hebrew biography of 'Attar, Drohobycz, 1898;
Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim;
Franco, Histoire des Israélites d'Orient
References
External links
Or haHayyim: Creativity, Tradition, and Mysticism in the Torah Commentary of R. Hayyim ibn Attar
Ohr ha-Chaim book in text files in Hebrew.
1696 births
1743 deaths
Bible commentators
18th-century rabbis from the Ottoman Empire
Moroccan people of Spanish-Jewish descent
People from Salé
Kabbalists
18th-century Moroccan rabbis
Sephardi rabbis from Ottoman Palestine
Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives
People from Meknes
Exponents of Jewish law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim%20ibn%20Attar |
The Saar mark was a currency issued on 16 June 1947 by the French government for use in Saar. It was at par with the German Reichsmark, and composed of six denominations of banknotes, 1, 2, 5, 10, 50 and 100 mark.
The aim of its introduction was to prepare an economic union of the Saar with France. In addition, the exchange enabled the French administration to get an overview of the total amount of capital available in the Saar region. It also served to prevent speculative capital transfers between the Saar and the rest of Germany in view of the introduction of the franc.
However, the Saar mark notes were soon replaced following the integration of the Saar into the French currency area. The Saar franc was the currency of the Saar Protectorate and, later, the state of Saarland in the Federal Republic of Germany between 20 November 1947 and 6 July 1959. It was valued at par with the French franc, and French coins and banknotes circulated alongside local issues.
History
The French Government issued on 5 June 1947 a decree creating an economic mission under the authority of the Military Governor whose task was to manage economic problems in Saarland. The Saar Mark began circulating on 16 June.
The end of the Saar mark and its replacement by the French franc was enterined by a law of the French Parliament on 15 November 1947.
References
General references
Die SAAR-MARK-Scheine (In German)
Notes
External links
Images of Saar mark notes
Modern obsolete currencies
Currencies of Germany
History of the Saar Protectorate
Currencies introduced in 1947
1947 disestablishments
1940s economic history
1947 in France
1947 in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar%20mark |
Elizabeth Castle () is a castle and tourist attraction, on a tidal island within the parish of Saint Helier, Jersey. Construction was started in the 16th century when the power of the cannon meant that the existing stronghold at Mont Orgueil was insufficient to defend the Island and the port of St Helier was vulnerable to attack by ships armed with cannons.
It is named after Elizabeth I who was queen of England around the time the castle was built.
History
The tidal island called L'Islet (The Islet) lying in Saint Aubin, Jersey (St Aubin's Bay) became the site of the Abbey (later Priory) of Saint Helier. The Crown confiscated the monastic buildings at the Reformation. Surviving buildings were used for military purposes.
16th century
Upper Ward
Construction of the earliest parts of the castle, the Upper Ward including the Queen Elizabeth Gate, began in 1594. This work was carried out by the Flemish military engineer Paul Ivy.
Governors of Jersey moved their official residence from Mont Orgueil to Elizabeth Castle.
17th century
Sir Walter Raleigh Governor of Jersey between 1600 and 1603, named the castle Elizabeth Castle after Elizabeth I of England.
Lower Ward
The Lower Ward was constructed, between 1626 and 1636, on the site of the ruined Abbey church. This area of the castle became a parade ground, surrounded by a barrack building and officers' quarters. Wells and cisterns for water existed within this area.
English Civil War
The castle was first used in a military context during the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Prince of Wales visited the castle in 1646 and again, but now as Charles II in September 1649, staying in the Governor's House, having been proclaimed King by governor Sir George Carteret, despite the abolition of the monarchy in England, in February 1649. In 1651, a windmill was constructed half-way between Fort Charles and the Lower Ward. In the same year, the Parliamentarian forces landed in Jersey and bombarded the castle with mortars. The destruction of the medieval Abbey church in the heart of the castle complex which had been used as the storehouse for ammunition and provisions forced Carteret to surrender on 15 December 1651 after being besieged for seven weeks. Jersey was held by Parliamentarians for the next nine years until the restoration of the monarchy.
In 1668, or shortly afterwards, King William's Gate was constructed, which is located between the Outer Ward, and Lower Ward.
18th century
Seven Years' War
During the Seven Years' War, French prisoners were kept at the island. Perhaps the most well known was Jean-Louis Le Loutre.
The castle was next involved in conflict in the late 18th century, this time it was with the French. French troops under Baron Phillipe de Rullecourt landed in St Helier on 6 January 1781, and the castle garrison was marooned. The governor Moise Corbet was tricked into surrendering to the French, but the castle garrison under Captain Mulcaster refused to surrender. The French were eventually defeated by troops under Major Francis Peirson at the Battle of Jersey. Both Peirson and de Rullecourt were killed during the battle.
The perceived vulnerability of the Island led to the construction of Fort Regent on Le Mont de la Ville, purchased by the British government from the Vingtaine de la Ville overlooking the Town. Fort Regent became the site of the main British garrison.
19th century
A two-story barracks hospital building was constructed in the early 19th century.
A plan to link the castle to the mainland as part of an ambitious harbour project in the 19th century was abandoned. A breakwater linking L'Islet to the Hermitage Rock on which the Hermitage of Saint Helier is built remains, and is used by anglers.
20th century
The British government withdrew the garrison and relinquished the castle to the States of Jersey in 1923. The States then opened it to the public as a museum.
During the Second World War the Germans, who occupied the Channel Islands, modernised the castle with guns, bunkers and battlements. After the Liberation, the castle was repaired and was eventually re-opened to the public.
21st century
Each year, on the Sunday closest to St. Helier's Day, 16 July, a municipal and ecumenical pilgrimage is held to visit the Hermitage. As part of the pilgrimage an open-air service is held within the castle. Other cultural events, such as concerts and historical re-enactments are also held from time to time.
On 4 June 2012, a beacon was lit to celebrate Elizabeth II's 60 years of reign. A fireworks display followed.
Historic monument
Today, Jersey Heritage administers the site as a museum. Among the historical displays is the regimental museum of the Royal Jersey Militia that holds several centuries of military memorabilia. There is also a museum that discusses the evolution of cannons and fortifications that holds several pieces from the nineteenth century, and earlier.
Every Sunday through the season when the castle is open, a team of Historical Interpreters recreate the garrison of 1781, at the time of the battle of Jersey. They give displays of musket and cannon firing, and civilian life.
Access to the castle is via a causeway from St Helier at low tide, or on a castle ferry. There are two ferries, Charming Betty and Charming Nancy, which are wading vehicles that can reach the castle regardless of tide height, weather permitting. A one-way trip when the tide is high takes about 15 minutes.
References
A CONSERVATION PLAN for ELIZABETH CASTLE, JERSEY
External links
Jersey Heritage Trust
Castles in Jersey
Museums in Jersey
Buildings and structures in Saint Helier
Tidal islands
German occupation of Jersey during World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Castle |
Vaino Väljas (born 28 March 1931 in Külaküla, Hiiumaa, Estonia) is a former Soviet and Estonian diplomat and politician. Väljas was leader of the Communist party in then Soviet-occupied Estonia in 1988–1991, and the leader of Democratic Estonian Workers Party in 1992–1995 in independent Estonia.
Biography
He was born on 28 March 1931 on the island of Hiiumaa in Estonia. After Estonia had been occupied and annexed in 1940, and invaded and reoccupied in 1944 by the Stalinist Soviet Union, Väljas became a member of the Soviet Communist Party in 1952. In 1955, he graduated from Tartu State University.
In 1949, he began working at the Komsomol. From 1955 to 1961 he held the office of First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Leninist Young Communist League of Estonia. From 1961 to 1971, Väljas was First Secretary of the Tallinn City Committee of the Communist Party of Estonia. He was the Chairman of the 6th Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR in 1963–1967. From 1971 to 1980, he was Secretary of the Central Committee of the Estonian communist party. Since Väljas was considered to have Estonian "nationalist inclinations", he was removed from Estonia by the then communist party leadership in Moscow, and instead appointed by the Soviet central government as the Ambassador of the Soviet Union to Venezuela in 1980, and to Nicaragua in 1986.
As the Singing Revolution along with the Estonian independence movement both gained momentum in 1988, the relatively "liberal communist" Väljas was recalled by the Soviet leadership from Nicaragua and appointed by Gorbachev as leader of the communist party in the Soviet-occupied Estonia. Formally, he was first secretary of the Communist Party of the Estonian SSR from 16 June 1988 to April 1990, and its chairman from April 1990 to August 1991. The Communist party lost its monopoly of power in February 1990. Väljas later voted for the Estonian Restoration of Independence in August 1991.
Awards
Order of Lenin (1965)
3 Orders of the Red Banner of Labour (1958, 1971, and 1973)
Order of Friendship of Peoples (1981)
Order of the National Coat of Arms (2002)
Order of the White Star (2006)
Aadu Luukas Mission Award (2017)
Tallinn Coat of Arms (2021)
Order of the Liberator (Venezuela, 1986)
Notes
References
1931 births
Living people
People from Hiiumaa Parish
Heads of the Communist Party of Estonia
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1971–1975
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1975–1980
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1980–1985
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1985–1990
Resigned Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Voters of the Estonian restoration of Independence
Seventh convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Eighth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Nicaragua
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Venezuela
University of Tartu alumni
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Recipients of the Order of the National Coat of Arms, 3rd Class
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 2nd Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaino%20V%C3%A4ljas |
Margavar Rural District () is in Silvaneh District of Urmia County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran.
At the National Census of 2006, its population was 34,862 in 6,012 households. There were 37,170 inhabitants in 8,364 households at the following census of 2011. At the most recent census of 2016, the population of the rural district was 40,174 in 9,602 households. The largest of its 54 villages was Dizaj, with 4,907 people.
According to Harry P. Packard of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, the districts of Targawar, Mergawar, and Dasht were destroyed by Turks and Kurds during the Assyrian genocide in events that gave rise to the Assyrian independence movement. Few Assyrians remain in Margavar and the district is mostly populated by Kurds.
See also
Emirate of Bradost
References
Urmia County
Rural Districts of West Azerbaijan Province
Populated places in Urmia County
Places of the Assyrian genocide
Kurdish settlements in West Azerbaijan Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margavar%20Rural%20District |
Jutphaas is a former village and municipality in the province of Utrecht in the Netherlands. The municipality merged with Vreeswijk in 1971, and is now the northern half of the town of Nieuwegein.
The former village was located on the Merwedekanaal, and some of the buildings can still be found there, surrounded by the suburbs of Nieuwegein.
External links
Former populated places in the Netherlands
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Former municipalities of Utrecht (province)
Nieuwegein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutphaas |
Targavar Rural District () is in Silvaneh District of Urmia County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran.
At the National Census of 2006, its population was 7,893 in 1,344 households. There were 7,765 inhabitants in 1,603 households at the following census of 2011. At the most recent census of 2016, the population of the rural district was 8,381 in 1,862 households. The largest of its 39 villages was Mavana, with 1,314 people.
The district was home to a significant Assyrian population before the Assyrian genocide, but is mostly populated by Herki Kurds today.
See also
Emirate of Bradost
Assyrian genocide
List of Assyrian settlements
Assyrian homeland
Margawar
References
Urmia County
Rural Districts of West Azerbaijan Province
Populated places in Urmia County
Places of the Assyrian genocide
Kurdish settlements in West Azerbaijan Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targavar%20Rural%20District |
Thomas Clark Street (1814 – September 6, 1872) was a lawyer, businessman and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He was a Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada who represented Welland from 1867 to 1872.
He was born at Chippawa in 1814, the son of Samuel Street Jr. He studied law with Christopher Hagerman and William Henry Draper and was called to the bar in 1838. When his father died in 1844, Street took over his business interests. In 1851, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada representing Welland; he was defeated in 1854 and 1857, then reelected in 1861 and 1863. He served as a lieutenant-colonel in the local militia.
He served as president of the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge Company and the Gore Bank. He also was a director of the Canadian Bank of Commerce and the Bank of Upper Canada.
He died at Chippawa in 1872, after being re-elected for a second term by acclamation.
External links
1814 births
1872 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Clark%20Street |
Vreeswijk is a former village and municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. The municipality merged with Jutphaas in 1971, and is now the southern half of the town of Nieuwegein. The former village was located on the Lek River, near where it is crossed by the Merwede Canal.
Name
The name Vreeswijk is documented in an 11th-century text as Fresionovvic ('Fresion wic'). Other medieval spellings are Vresewijk, Vresewike, Vrieswijc, and Vreeswijck. The place name is combination of Fresia meaning 'Frisian' and wic meaning 'farmstead or settlement', thus settlement of Frisians.
History
The old village centre on the locks has been preserved reasonably well. This lock is said to be the oldest example of a pound lock in Europe.
This was the key innovation which gave rise to the modern canal, by virtue of having two gates,
although it was a larger basin capable of holding a number of ships at once. The Lek River was normally at a slightly higher level than the canal leading to Utrecht and in times of flood was very much higher, so that it would not be possible to let boats enter or leave without flooding the surrounding land. The additional gate limited the amount of water that needed to be let in, so that only the basin needed to be raised.
See also
Fresvik, Norway
Freswick, Scotland
Friezenwijk (Heukelum), the Netherlands
References
Former populated places in the Netherlands
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Former municipalities of Utrecht (province)
Nieuwegein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreeswijk |
Samiul
() is an Afghan male given name, meaning listening to God. it may refer to
Samiullah (Afghan cricketer), Afghan cricketer
Samiullah (Pakistani cricketer), Pakistani cricketer
Samiullah Khan (field hockey) (born 1951), Pakistani hockey player
Samiullah Khan (cricketer), in full Samiullah Khan Niazi (born 1982), Pakistani cricketer
Samiullah Shinwari (born 1987), Afghan cricketer
Samiullah Jalatzai, Afghan detained in Bagram
Samiollah Hosseini Makarem, Iranian Politician
Arabic-language masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samiullah |
A dance squad or dance team, sometimes called a pom squad or song team, is a team that participates in competitive dance. A dance squad can also include: a jazz squad, ballet squad, or any kind of religion dance squad. Dance squads are a type of performance dance.
In the United States and Canada most high schools, and universities, have a dance squad. These squads perform at sporting events, most commonly at football and basketball games. They perform during the pre-game activities, halftime periods, and on the sidelines during play.
In a routine, a dance squad will incorporate a specific dance style (e.g. hip hop, jazz, or lyrical), technical work (leaps, turns, kicks, splits, jumps), and, depending on the routine, pom-poms and cheers.
A dance squad may use pom-poms in some of their dance routines. A dance squad that uses pom-poms in all its dance routines is called a pom squad. Pom squads also use kicklines in their routines. A kickline routine is a routine of kicks, which cheerleaders also use. The pom squad stands in a line and performs a series of kicks, such as high kicks, fan kicks, low kicks, and kicks that go to their waist.
Dance squad is a highly competitive activity. Youth, association, middle school, high school, collegiate, all-star, and professional teams, compete on local, regional, state, national, and international levels. Dance squads are judged on a number of criteria including form, squad unison, showmanship, precision of motions, jumps, leaps, turns, choreography, enthusiasm, and, in the case of pom squads, visual use of poms-poms.
Overview
Dance squads emphasize precise, synchronized motions along with technical dance skills (such as jumps, turns, and leaps). Their routines encompass various styles of dance including the more usually incorporated hip hop, jazz, lyrical, and kickline styles, to the more unusually used styles like disco, rock and roll, and gospel. A key feature of the dance is the ability to change formations very smoothly.
Types of dance squads
High school and collegiate pom
Traditional high school dance/pom squads include competition, performance dance, and promoting school spirit with dance. Dance/pom is usually a year-round sport, performing in competitions and at sporting events, most commonly football and basketball games. Some schools also have their dance team perform short sideline dances, and some dance teams also perform at school pep rallies. In most of the United States, dance teams who participate in cheering on sports teams are referred to as pom teams. In many west coast schools, this team will be known as the song team or “song girls”. These teams are often mistaken for cheerleading as they wear similar uniforms and say cheers on sports sidelines.
College dance squads are like traditional high school squads in that both include competition and performance dance, but there are many differences between the two. For example, a college squad will most likely dance on the sidelines at games or have a specific spot in the stands, but some high school teams will also perform on the sidelines.
All-star
The U.S. All Star Federation governs all-star dance-pom squads.
Tryouts for all-star dance squads may be conducted in different ways. Some teams have only one tryout in the spring, whereas others may have a tryout in the spring and another in the fall. Some squads have year-round open tryouts where anyone can try out at any time during the season. The opportunity to compete in many large competitions attracts dancers to all-star programs. All-star dance teams can compete regionally, nationally, and even internationally.
Texas dance/drill teams
Most high schools in Texas have a precision dance/drill team, usually with 25-75 members. The traditional uniform for teams typically includes a white hat and white boots, with team officers wearing a solid white uniform while the line members wear school colors. Teams perform visual routines, usually in the style of kick, prop, military, or pom, at football games, both in the stands during the game, and on the field at halftime. During the spring, teams often perform at basketball game halftimes, and compete in many different dance styles at competitions sponsored by dance and drill team companies. They often conclude the year with a spring show in late April or early May.
Texas dance/drill teams are structured with a chain of command similar to the military including captains and lieutenants leading squads. Traditionally, Texas drill teams have been all female, but males have auditioned and been selected to teams in recent years.
Several colleges in Texas also have dance teams. Well-known teams include the Kilgore College Rangerettes and the Tyler Junior College Apache Belles. A fierce but friendly rivalry between KC & TJC has existed since the Apache Belles were formed in 1947. The Rangerettes were the first college drill team created in 1939 by Miss Gussie Nell Davis.
In 1960, Barbara Tidwell, a former Kilgore College Rangerette, created the Strutters at Southwest Texas State University (now Texas State University), the first precision dance team created at a four-year university.
MSHSL dance team
In Minnesota, competitive high school dance team is regulated under the Minnesota State High School League. The season begins after a two-week choreography period in October and ends after the state tournament in February each year. Team selection is led by the coaching staff in a tryout process individual to each participating school.
Teams within this league are able to compete in one of three class divisions: A, AA, or AAA and in one or both of two categories: high kick or jazz. The high kick division requires a routine that ranges from 2:30 to 3:00 in length, contains 45-60 kicks performed by all members, and consists of up to 34 competing members. The jazz division has a range between 2:00 and 2:30 in length and may have up to 26 competing members. Music selection is done by the coaching staff and/or members of the team. Throughout the state, a wide variety of costume styles are worn to enhance the theme or mood of each routine.
During the competition season, teams compete within their designated conference, at team invites, within designated sections, and may qualify to compete at the state tournament. Visit MSHSL dance team judging for more information on dance team scoring process. In addition to competitions, MSHSL dance teams also can perform at invitationals and school events including pep fests and basketball games.
Professional
Professional cheerleading incorporates a lot of pom dance styles, particularly in NFL Cheerleading and NBA Cheerleading.
Tryouts
Many dance squads both in high school and college require everyone to attend a tryout. These are typically held in the spring or early summer, before most sports begin. There are many different aspects of a tryout. The first thing many tryouts do is go through basic dance techniques that will be used during the season. These include but are not limited to toe touches, fouetté turn combinations, kicks, and switch leaps. Other things that are many times included in a dance team tryout is the expectation that you can quickly master multiple short routines in different styles. Depending on what type of dance team the tryout is for will depend on what styles of dance you must know. NDA teams compete with routines that must incorporate jazz, hip hop, and pom styles, so many times you will learn a routine in each of these types of dance and then perform them shortly thereafter in front of a panel of judges.
Competitions
In 1967, the legendary Dr. Kay Teer Crawford (1914-2001) founded Miss Dance Drill Team USA, which is historically verified as the first national dance team competition for precision dance teams, drill teams, and dance-sport teams in the United States. This event is recognized as the origin of the worldwide dance competition industry and hosts dance squads from elementary schools, secondary schools, and dance studios from across the United States. In 1981, Crawford started the world's first international dance/drill competition (Miss Dance Drill Team International World Championships) which has regularly hosted past international dance teams from the United States, Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, England, Germany, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Singapore, and South Africa. In 1991, Crawford founded the world's first national hip hop dance competition : National Street Dance USA. All events are held in the continental United States, with national events held in California each year. The international dance competition has been held in Japan, Australia, South Africa, and the United States.
Champion Tours & Events, Inc. conducts competitions for secondary school and all-star dance teams. It holds national competitions in New York City at the College of Staten Island, in Los Angeles at the Mater Dei High School, and in Orlando, Florida at the University of Central Florida.
The Universal Dance Association, founded in 1980, holds a national championship for high school, college, and all-star dance teams at Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida. Approximately 300 high school, college, and all-star teams compete at the competition annually.
See also
National Football League cheerleading
Competitive dance
Dance
Drill team
Majorette (dancer)
Pre-work assembly
Gotta Kick It Up!
Cheerleading
Ōendan
References
Dance groups
Women's sports
Cheerleading | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance%20squad |
A hot dog stand is a business that sells hot dogs, usually from an external counter. Hot dog stands can be located on a public thoroughfare, near a sports stadium, in a shopping mall, or at a fair. They are often found on the streets of major American cities. According to one report, some hot dog stands are paying up to $80,000 in rent for prime locations in Manhattan.
Similar businesses include hot dog carts or wagons, which are portable hand carts with a grill or boiler for cooking the hot dogs and keeping them hot. In the United States, hot dog carts are also referred to as hot dog stands. However, a hot dog stand is typically a permanent or semi-permanent structure, whereas a hot dog cart is movable. Similarly, hot dog trucks are motor vehicles that are set up at a roadside location, and often include a complete kitchen for storage and preparation.
In Denmark, hot dog stands are called Pølsevogn (sausage wagons). They serve traditional hot dogs as well as assorted sausages and sausage meats.
In Toronto, the hot dogs from hot dog stands are often called "street meat".
Windows 3.1 included a red and yellow desktop colour setting titled "Hot Dog Stand".
Notable stands
Art's Famous Chili Dog Stand, Los Angeles, CA
Bæjarins Beztu Pylsur, Reykjavík, Iceland
Ben's Chili Bowl, Washington, DC
Coney Island Colorado, Bailey, CO
Dog n Suds, Grayslake, IL
Essie's Original Hot Dog Shop, Pittsburgh, PA
Gene & Jude's, River Grove, IL
Gray's Papaya, Manhattan, NY
Hillbilly Hot Dogs, Huntington, WV
Hot Dog on a Stick, Santa Monica, CA
Nathan's Famous, Coney Island, NY
Papaya King, Manhattan, NY
Rutt's Hut, Clifton, NJ
Superdawg, Chicago, IL
Tail o' the Pup, Los Angeles, CA
The Varsity, Atlanta, GA
Walkin' Dog, Minneapolis, MN
Walter's Hot Dog Stand, Mamaroneck, NY
Weenie Beenie, Arlington, VA
The Wieners Circle, Chicago, IL
Image gallery
See also
Hot dog cart
Hot dog variations
List of hot dog restaurants
Taco stand
References
Street food | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20dog%20stand |
The Amalgamation Polka (2006) is the fourth novel by the writer Stephen Wright. It is set during the time of the American Civil War. The plot concerns the story of Liberty Fish and his travels after joining the Union army. The title refers to a 19th-century lithograph showing a social gathering in which the participants, unusually for the time, are both white and black. It is captioned “This blending of the two races (Caucasian and African) by amalgamation is just what is needed for the perfection of both.”
Liberty Fish is the son of two passionate abolitionists but whose grandparents were cruel slave-owners. The plot follows him from his birth to young adulthood, his enlistment in the Union army, and his quest to find his grandparents who he blames for the despair his mother feels. The tone has hints of dark humor and at times can be heavily surreal.
The Los Angeles Times gave the novel a positive review; critic Mark Rozzo noted: “The effect here is of Wright’s harnessing the supersaturated prose of the period—the stuff that Edmund Wilson once derisively called 'coagulated'—to a modern, post-Vietnam sensibility accustomed to flying body parts…. In these battle scenes, we feel as if we’ve stumbled across the infernal manuscripts of a long-lost literary talent, as if the scary ellipses of The Red Badge of Courage were being filled in by a chronicler as ravenous for bodily data—in this case, Minie balls thunking into men, frothing chest wounds—as Whitman.” The New York Times compared the story to the obvious Heart of Darkness, but also said, "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a better bet (on the plot). Most of the people Liberty meets (and not just in the South) are what the Cheshire Cat would call 'mad,' from a shaggy hermit to the Georgia farmer who secedes from the Confederacy by reclaiming his little plot of land in the name of the Union."
References
External links
Random House summary
2006 American novels
Novels set during the American Civil War
American historical novels
Alfred A. Knopf books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Amalgamation%20Polka |
Funky Koval is a Polish science fiction/detective story/political fiction genre comic book series published in Poland from the 1980s, collected in four volumes. The story was written by and Maciej Parowski, with art drawn by Bogusław Polch. The resulting science fiction comic gained a cult following in Poland and is recognized as one of the best Polish comics. It debuted in 1982 in Fantastyka, a Polish sci-fi magazine, and was later released in color albums. The final instalment was published in 2010.
Development
The initial scenario for the comic about the adventures of a space detective was created by and , however Żwikiewicz soon afterward withdraw from the project, and was replaced by Maciej Parowski; Rodek and Parowski are credited as the main writers for all volumes. The drawings were done by Bogusław Polch. Both the writers and the artist were familiar with and inspired by a number of Western works, from French Métal hurlant to American Star Wars, and intended to bring this style of science fiction aesthetic to the Polish readers. The initial title for the project (and main character) was Punky Rock, but it was renamed to Funky Koval following Polch's suggestion; the new name retained the music motif but also added a Polish element. Describing the initial concept, Parowski described the concept for the main character as a mixture of Stanisław Lem's Pirx and Raymond Chandler's Marlow.
The first episodes were more of the independent 'comic short story' format, as the writers wanted to experiment with different ideas. After the first two short stories were published, the comic moved to more lengthy, novel-like plots, following urging by Polch who argued for more consistency.
Release history
The comic debuted in November 1982 on four black and white pages in the second issue of Fantastyka, a Polish sci-fi magazine, and continued to be published in this format for about two years (1982-1983), then it resumed for another two years (1985-1986) and finally, resumed again for the third time (1991-1992).
In 1987, the comics were released in albums, colored and with some additional panels to allow easier transition between various stories. The first album, Bez oddechu (Breathless) contained collected the episodic stories published in Fantastyka in 1982-1983. The second, Sam przeciw wszystkim (Alone against everyone), released in 1988, collected the stories published in Fantastyka in 1985-1986; and the third, Wbrew sobie (Against oneself), released in 1992, the ones from 1991-1992, published in Nowa Fantastyka (a successor magazine to Fantastyka).
Gossip and semi-official promises about that new parts of the comics have been circulating for many years. In 2002 Polch discussed tentative plans to create a prequel (part 0 - Szalony pilot, Crazy pilot), as well as sequels (part 4 - Aż na koniec świata, To the end of the world, and 5 - Dom wariatów, Madhouse); while Maciej Parowski suggested another working title for a sequel, Bez litości (No Mercy). In 2004 plans for the new part to be published in Nowa Fantastyka fell apart due to disagreements between the authors and the publisher. No official announcement have been made until 2010, when the new story started to be serialised in the monthly science fiction magazine Nowa Fantastyka. The fourth part was eventually titled Wrogie przejęcie (Hostile takeover) and it was released in a stand-alone album in 2011. A 6 page-short independent story, Na białym szumie (On white noise), was also published in 2011.
The first two albums were released in the imprint. Two more complete, single-volume editions were released by in early 1990s and 2010s. Klasyka Polskiego Komiksu - Funky Koval, collecting the first three albums in one book, was released by in 2002, and Funky Koval. Wydanie kolekcjonerskie. 4 tomy, collecting all four albums, was released by in 2014.
The first album was also translated to Hungarian (in 1986). There was also a Czech translation.
Art
A notable feature of the comic is the art of Bogusław Polch, known for his unique style and minute attention to details. He was known to put much more details into his drawings than could be actually printed in the comics; many of his panels are rich with tiny details - for example, in one panel showing Koval's room the reader can see names of the books and magazines on his bookshelf (they include works by Philip K. Dick, Stanislaw Lem and the 'Fantastyka' magazine). Many gadgets have logos of known companies (such as Sharp and Sony), and their characteristics shapes - of videophones, guns, spaceships or flying cars - are also one of the trademarks of that comic book. Polch also based faces of many of the series characters on those of his co-workers (while the writers adapted their names, and included themselves there as well, as Jack Roddey and Matt Parey).
The art in the third series is different from that in the first two: in the third series Polch experimented with more simple style, sometimes bordering on caricatures. This change proved to be a disappointment to some fans used to his earlier, more detailed and realistic style.
Plot summary
The plot resolves around the figure of former military pilot and now space detective, Funky Koval, who with his friends and colleagues forms a private detective agency "Universs" and solves various cases in the futuristic world of the 2080s. His investigations range from corruption in the police and government, through fighting cultists and terrorists, investigating missing spaceships and illegal slave camps, to the mystery of the Drolls aliens, who have a much more advanced technology than the humans, and whose plans for the humanity - if any - remain a mystery.
Reception and cultural impact
At first, the reception of the comic was lukewarm, with many readers of Fantastyka questioning whether the magazine should devote space to a comic. After some initial misgivings, however, the series became highly popular. called Funky Koval "one of the most famous heroes in the history of [Polish comic books]". This comic is considered a classic, even described as "the best Polish comic ever", and gained a cult following in Poland, partially due to the high quality of drawings and entertaining plot, and partially due to many subtle connections with the reality of the 1980s Poland (martial law in Poland, Jerzy Urban, Polish Round Table Agreement). Although some of those elements are no longer easily read by modern audience, the comic is still seen as one of the best Polish sci-fi works, and continues to influence recent works. It helped launch a dedicated comic supplement to Fantastyka, ; its success has been credited with establishing a market for adult comics in Poland. Likewise, Funky Koval helped to popularize action and adventure genres in Polish sci-fi, as well as partial nudity (female toplesness) as acceptable in Polish comics.
, discussing the series in Nowa Fantastyka in 2007, noted that the second album is considered the best, as the first was too episodic, and the third, overly complex. He also observed it was a milestone in the development of Polish comics, a homegrown work in the "Western" style (also set in the West), focusing on action and adventure, but also with complex world building in the background. Cetnarowski also praised Polch's artwork, which was much more detailed than most other art found in contemporary comics, and particularly his intricate, detailed backgrounds. Cetnarowski did note that the comic has its faults, such as too many author's notes on the margins, trying to explain or narrate various aspects. The plot is sometimes too chaotic, and deux ex machina problem can be seen on several occasions.
In 2010, Tomasz Kołodziejczak, also discussing the series in Nowa Fantastyka, called it "a great comic", nothing that the story holds well even after twenty years, and it certainly would benefit from being continued.
Related media
In 1985 Parowski published a short story featuring Koval, Ostatnia przygoda Funky'ego (Funky's Last Aventure), in an anthology of his short stories, Sposób na kobiety.
In 2003 a parody comic, Franky Krova ("Franky Kow") was published (written by and drawn by ).
In 2008 Polch told the press than an American producer that has bought the rights to the trilogy. The movie is based on Bez Oddechu. In 2011 it was announced that the movie is to be produced by Josi W. Konski and Roland von Ciel with a $37 million budget, with the planned release as early as 2012. The planned title was Adventures of Funky Koval, and among the considered actors were Matthew McConaughey and Borys Szyc.
See also
The Gods from Outer Space
The Witcher (Prószyński i S-ka)
References
External links
"Klasyka polskiego komiksu: Funky Koval" - review
Kosmiczny Detektyw - review
Funky Koval - review
FUNKY KOVAL ŻYJE! - article from Świat Komiksu 29, wrzesień 2002
Mam mnóstwo własnych pomysłów - Interview with Polch
"Official Fansite"
Funky Koval Movie website
"IMDB "
1982 comics debuts
Polish comics titles
Science fiction comics
Crime comics
Detective comics
Polish science fiction works
Works set in the 2080s
Comics characters introduced in 1982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funky%20Koval |
A polymer brush is the name given to a surface coating consisting of polymers tethered to a surface. The brush may be either in a solvated state, where the tethered polymer layer consists of polymer and solvent, or in a melt state, where the tethered chains completely fill up the space available. These polymer layers can be tethered to flat substrates such as silicon wafers, or highly curved substrates such as nanoparticles. Also, polymers can be tethered in high density to another single polymer chain, although this arrangement is normally named a bottle brush. Additionally, there is a separate class of polyelectrolyte brushes, when the polymer chains themselves carry an electrostatic charge.
The brushes are often characterized by the high density of grafted chains. The limited space then leads to a strong extension of the chains. Brushes can be used to stabilize colloids, reduce friction between surfaces, and to provide lubrication in artificial joints.
Polymer brushes have been modeled with Molecular Dynamics, Monte Carlo methods, Brownian dynamics simulations, and molecular theories.
Structure
Polymer molecules within a brush are stretched away from the attachment surface as a result of the fact that they repel each other (steric repulsion or osmotic pressure). More precisely, they are more elongated near the attachment point and unstretched at the free end, as depicted on the drawing.
More precisely, within the approximation derived by Milner, Witten, Cates, the average density of all monomers in a given chain is always the same up to a prefactor:
where is the altitude of the end monomer and the number of monomers per chain.
The averaged density profile of the end monomers of all attached chains, convoluted with the above density profile for one chain, determines the density profile of the brush as a whole:
A dry brush has a uniform monomer density up to some altitude . One can show that the corresponding end monomer density profile is given by:
where is the monomer size.
The above monomer density profile for one single chain minimizes the total elastic energy of the brush,
regardless of the end monomer density profile , as shown in.
From a dry brush to any brush
As a consequence, the structure of any brush can be derived from the brush density profile . Indeed, the free end distribution is simply a convolution of the density profile with the free end distribution of a dry brush:
.
Correspondingly, the brush elastic free energy is given by:
.
This method has been used to derive wetting properties of polymer melts on polymer brushes of the same species and to understand fine interpenetration asymmetries between copolymer lamellae that may yield very unusual non-centrosymmetric lamellar structures.
Applications
Polymer brushes can be used in Area-selective deposition. Area-selective deposition is a promising technique for positional self-alignment of materials at a prepatterned surface.
See also
Dendronized polymer
References
Surface science
Soft matter
Polymer chemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer%20brush |
Bryan Paul Colangelo (born June 1, 1965) is an American basketball executive who was the former general manager of the Philadelphia 76ers, Toronto Raptors and Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He also served as president of basketball operations for Philadelphia and Toronto. He is the son of Phoenix sports mogul Jerry Colangelo. He graduated from Cornell University with a Bachelor of Science degree in business management and applied economics. He was the 2005 and 2007 recipient of the NBA Executive of the Year Award.
Early life
Colangelo grew up in Phoenix, Arizona, where his father served as general manager (and eventually owner) of the Phoenix Suns. After graduating from Central High School, Colangelo attended Cornell University, where he played as a guard for the Cornell Big Red men's basketball team. After graduating from Cornell, he moved to New York City, where he worked in real estate.
Front office career
Phoenix Suns
Colangelo was hired by the Suns front office in 1991. In 1995, Colangelo succeeded his father as general manager of the Suns.
During his tenure as Phoenix's general manager, Colangelo made a number of transactions that have received wide praise across the NBA, including the drafting of would-be superstars Shawn Marion and Amar'e Stoudemire. Colangelo traded Jason Kidd to the New Jersey Nets for Stephon Marbury, and then traded Marbury and oft-injured Penny Hardaway to the New York Knicks for several contracts. The additional salary cap space created by this trade allowed Colangelo to sign Steve Nash back from the Dallas Mavericks in the summer of 2004. Nash would go on to be the 2004–05 and 2005–06 NBA Most Valuable Player, and the Suns would go 62–20 and claim the top playoff seed in the Western Conference in the 2004–05 season. As a result, Colangelo was awarded the 2005 NBA Executive of the Year Award.
In the summer of 2005, Colangelo traded shooting guard Joe Johnson to the Atlanta Hawks for two future first-round picks and Boris Diaw, who then won the 2006 NBA Most Improved Player Award. Colangelo also dealt Quentin Richardson to the Knicks. After the loss of these two players and the loss of Stoudemire for virtually the entire season (only playing in 3 regular season games), the Suns once again led the Pacific Division.
In addition to his work with the Suns, he served as president of Phoenix Arena Sports (PAS), the owning entity of the Arizona Rattlers team of the Arena Football League and the operating entity of the Phoenix Mercury team of WNBA from June 1991 through June 2002. The Rattlers won the championship in 1994 and 1997 and the Mercury played in the WNBA finals in 1998. He won the AFL Executive of the Year award in 1993 for his work with the Rattlers.
Toronto Raptors
In 2004, the Suns were sold to a group of investors led by Robert Sarver, although Colangelo stayed on as president and general manager. Shortly after the Raptors fired Rob Babcock in January 2006, rumors began swirling that the team was pursuing Colangelo despite the Raptors' claims that they were initiating an "exhaustive" search for a new general manager.
On February 27, 2006, Colangelo resigned from his position with the Suns, and on February 28, 2006, the Raptors announced him as their new president and general manager. On May 23, 2006, Colangelo and the Raptors were awarded the first overall pick in the 2006 NBA draft.
On June 8, 2006, Colangelo pulled his first trade since he joined the Raptors by swapping first-rounder Rafael Araújo for Robert Whaley and Kris Humphries with the Utah Jazz. He completed his second trade by sending forward Eric Williams, fan favorite Matt Bonner and a 2009 second-round pick to the San Antonio Spurs for center Radoslav Nesterovič on June 21, 2006. The Raptors also announced that they had waived Whaley.
Colangelo traded Charlie Villanueva, who was runner-up for the NBA Rookie of the Year Award, for Milwaukee Bucks point guard T. J. Ford.
Colangelo picked the 20-year-old Italian Andrea Bargnani with the first overall selection in the 2006 NBA Draft which was held in New York City on June 28, 2006. This also made Bargnani the first European selected first overall in the history of the NBA draft. He also signed several free agents from European teams, including Jorge Garbajosa and Anthony Parker. However, the drafting of Bargnani would cause some serious criticism later on after performing lesser to expectations as a #1 selection.
On July 16, 2006, Colangelo signed Bosh to a contract extension which was in effect starting from the 2007–08 season. The contract was for three years plus a player option for the fourth year, and had the potential to pay Bosh up to US$65 million over the four-year span.
2007: Executive of the Year
In 2007 the Raptors clinched the Atlantic Division, with a 47–35 record, for the first time in franchise history. Many have credited their significant turnaround from a 27–55 in the 2005–06 season to the changes made by Colangelo, in which he brought in nine new players to the Toronto Raptors' roster.
Colangelo was awarded the 2007 Executive of the Year Award in the weeks following the Raptors' series loss to the Nets in the first round of the playoffs.
During the offseason, Colangelo gave the 2009 and 2011 second-round draft picks to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for Carlos Delfino. He also signed Jason Kapono to a multi-year contract with the Raptors.
2008–2013
On July 6, 2008, Colangelo traded point guard T.J. Ford to the Indiana Pacers for Jermaine O'Neal. In the trade the Raptors also acquired the draft rights to forward-center Nathan Jawai, the 41st overall selection in the 2008 NBA draft, and sent center Rasho Nesterovic, forward Maceo Baston and the draft rights to the 17th overall selection, center Roy Hibbert, to Indiana. During the 2008–2009 season, the trade was regarded as being a failure for Toronto.
Colangelo fired coach Sam Mitchell 17 games into the season, promoting assistant Jay Triano to head coach. Triano was the first Canadian-born head coach in NBA history.
In the 2009 draft he picked DeMar DeRozan with the ninth pick. Two years later, in the 2011 draft he picked Jonas Valančiūnas with the fifth pick, although he would not play for the Raptors until 2013.
In July 2012, Colangelo traded Gary Forbes and a first-round pick for Kyle Lowry. In October 2012 he re-signed DeMar DeRozan to a 4-year deal worth $38 million.
On May 21, 2013, MLSE announced that the Raptors were looking for a new general manager, but Colangelo would remain team president. On June 26, 2013, Colangelo stepped down as president of the Raptors. Although Colangelo had received substantial criticism in the latter part of his tenure as Raptors' general manager, he was credited with building the foundations for the Raptors' success under his replacement, Masai Ujiri.
After his tenure with the Toronto Raptors ended, Colangelo did freelance scouting and consulting for other NBA executives and agents. In January 2016, Colangelo emerged as a top candidate to succeed Billy King as general manager of the Brooklyn Nets, though the team ultimately hired the San Antonio Spurs' assistant general manager Sean Marks instead despite not being considered a main competitor for the position at the time.
Philadelphia 76ers
In April 2016, the Philadelphia 76ers hired Colangelo as president of basketball operations. Colangelo's father, Jerry Colangelo, had been hired as chairman of basketball operations earlier in the season, but he soon stepped down from the chairman role after the younger Colangelo was hired as president. The older Colangelo still maintained a role as a special adviser for the team during this period. Sam Hinkie, the previous general manager of the team, stepped down from his position days before Bryan Colangelo was hired.
Colangelo drafted Ben Simmons, a former LSU point forward, as the first overall pick of the 2016 NBA draft; the team also selected Timothé Luwawu-Cabarrot and Furkan Korkmaz with first-round picks. Due to a fractured foot, Simmons missed the entirety of the 2016–17 season. Colangelo also signed Jerryd Bayless, Gerald Henderson, and Sergio Rodriguez during the 2016 off-season. At the 2017 trade deadline, Colangelo traded center Nerlens Noel to the Dallas Mavericks for Andrew Bogut, Justin Anderson, and two second round picks. In June 2017, Colangelo traded the third pick in the 2017 NBA draft and a future first-round pick to the Boston Celtics for the first overall pick of the draft, using that pick to select Markelle Fultz. During this second and final season, Colangelo helped the 76ers enter the playoffs with over 50 victories, as well as enter the second round of the playoffs that year.
On May 29, 2018, The Ringer published an investigation alleging Colangelo used up to five secret Twitter accounts to disparage his predecessor, Hinkie, as well as several 76ers players including Joel Embiid and Jahlil Okafor. The next day, the 76ers announced that they were commencing an investigation into the matter. Colangelo denied the report in a statement. On June 7, 2018, Colangelo resigned as a result of the Twitter scandal. The situation related to his wife, Barbara Bottini, creating three of the five fake Twitter accounts involved that leaked potentially sensitive information about the Philadelphia 76ers organization, among other details. Colangelo also had an account, but he never released sensitive information from it. The 76ers' head coach Brett Brown was named interim general manager at the time, holding onto the position from June 7 to September 20. On that day, former 76ers player Elton Brand was named the official general manager of the team.
Personal life
Before working for the Phoenix Suns, Colangelo worked for an upmarket commercial real estate firm on Wall Street for four years.
Colangelo is married to Italian-born Barbara Bottini, and they have two children.
In 2015, Colangelo was in the final stages of earning his permanent residency in Canada.
References
External links
Raptors bio
1965 births
Living people
American emigrants to Canada
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Chicago
Cornell Big Red men's basketball players
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
Guards (basketball)
National Basketball Association controversies
National Basketball Association general managers
Philadelphia 76ers executives
Phoenix Suns executives
Basketball players from Toronto
Toronto Raptors executives
Sports owners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Colangelo |
Oleiros () is a municipality in the district of Castelo Branco in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 5,721, in an area of 471.09 km2. The present mayor is José Santos Marques, elected by the Social Democratic Party. The municipal holiday is the Monday after the 2nd Sunday of August.
Economy
Built in 2006, a wind farm (Pinhal Interior Wind Farm) operates in Oleiros, comprising a 54 MW power generation capacity.
Population
Oleiros has a total population of 5,271 in 2011.
Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 10 civil parishes (freguesias):
Álvaro
Amieira - Oleiros
Cambas
Estreito - Vilar Barroco
Isna
Madeirã
Mosteiro
Orvalho
Sarnadas de São Simão
Sobral
Notable people
Father António de Andrade (1580 – 1634) a Jesuit priest and explorer; a missionary in India, 1600–1634; the first known European to cross the Himalayas and reach Tibet.
References
External links
Vestas receives another order for V90-3.0 MW wind turbines in Portugal
Municipalities of Castelo Branco District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleiros%2C%20Portugal |
The Qissa Khwani massacre () in Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, British India (modern day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) on 23 April 1930 was one of the defining moments of the independence movement in British India. It was the first major confrontation between the British Indian Army and demonstrators in the city, belonging to Abdul Ghaffar Khan's non-violent Khudai Khidmatgar (servants of God) movement against the British colonial government. Estimates at the time put the death toll from the shooting at between the official count at 20, and the figure of 400 dead put forth by Pakistani and Indian sources. The gunning down of unarmed people triggered protests across British India and catapulted the newly formed Khudai Khidmatgar movement into prominence.
Background
The Khudai Khidmatgar (literally Helpers in the name of God), led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, were a group of Muslims committed to the removal of British colonial rule through non-violent methods. On 23 April 1930, Ghaffar Khan was arrested after giving a speech in Utmanzai urging resistance to British colonial rule. Ghaffar Khan's reputation for uncompromising integrity and commitment to non-violence inspired most of the local townspeople to take the oath of membership and join the Khudai Khidmatgar in protest.
Simultaneous demonstrations were led by a cross section of civil society in and around Peshawar, led by Maulana Abdur Rahim Popalzai against discriminatory laws like the Frontier Crimes Regulation against the people of the province.
Clashes at the Qissa Khwani bazaar
After other Khudai Khidmatgar leaders were arrested, a large crowd of the group gathered at the Qissa Khwani bazaar. As troops of the British Indian Army (BIA) moved into the bazaar, the crowd was loud and stones were thrown. A BIA dispatch rider was killed and his body burned. Two BIA armored cars drove into the square at high speed, killing several people. It is claimed that the crowd continued their commitment to non-violence, offering to disperse if they could gather their dead and injured, and if the British Indian Army left the square. The BIA refused to leave, so the protesters remained with the dead and injured. At that point, the BIA officers present ordered their troops to open fire with machine guns on the unarmed crowd. The Khudai Khidmatgar members willingly faced bullets, responding without violence. Instead, many members repeated 'God is Great'(اللہُ اکبر) and clutched the Qur'an as they were shot.
The exact number of deaths remains controversial— official figures give 20 dead while nationalist sources claimed several hundred were killed, with many more wounded. Two platoons of a respected British Indian Army regiment, the Royal Garhwal Rifles, refused to board buses that were to take them into Peshawar for anti-riot duty. A British civil servant wrote later that "hardly any regiment of the Indian Army won greater glory in the Great War (World War I) than the Garhwal Rifles, and the defection of part of the regiment sent shock waves through India, of apprehension to some, of exultation to others." The NCOs of the two platoons, including one led by Hawaldar Major Chandra Singh Garhwali, involved were sentenced to terms of up to eight years imprisonment.
The violence continued for six hours. Gene Sharp, who has written a study of nonviolent resistance, describes the scene on that day:
When those in front fell down wounded by the shots, those behind came forward with their chests bared and exposed themselves to the fire, so much so that some people got as many as twenty-one bullet wounds in their bodies, and all the people stood their ground without getting into a panic. . . . The Anglo-Indian paper of Lahore, which represents the official view, itself wrote to the effect that the people came forward one after another to face the firing and when they fell wounded they were dragged back and others came forward to be shot at. This state of things continued from 11 till 5 o'clock in the evening. When the number of corpses became too many, the ambulance cars of the government took them away.
Aftermath
In Peshawar and the surrounding area, the Khudai Khidmatgar experienced some of the most extreme crackdowns against the Indian independence movement. Ghaffar Khan later wrote that this was because the British colonial government thought a non-violent Pashtun was more dangerous than a violent one; claiming that this led them to repeatedly provoke the movement into becoming violent, with little effect.
The massacre created numerous instances of unrest throughout British India. This resulted in King George VI (Emperor of India) launching a legal investigation into this matter. The British Commission brought the case forward to Chief Justice Naimatullah Chaudhry, a distinguished Judge of the Lucknow protectorate.
King George VI subsequently knighted Naimatullah Chaudhry. Naimatullah personally surveyed the area of massacre and published a 200-page report criticizing the actions of the British Indian Army.
Olaf Caroe, then secretary to the Chief Commissioner, gave the following report of the event ('Public and Judicial Department. Civil Disobedience Campaign in NWFP. Response to Patel allegations'. British Library reference number L/PJ/6/2007):
″I received a note on 23rd April evening from Sir Norman Bolton asking me to do what I could to arrange for the burial of as many of the casualties as possible during the night, in order to avoid the danger of a fresh riot occurring over the funeral procession. I spoke to R.S. Mehr Chand Khanna and asked him to bring me some of the leading Khilafists at the Municipal Library. He brought M. Abdurrab Nishtar; M. Ataullah Jan, Municipal Commissioner; M. Aurangzeb Khan, Vakil; Qazi Mohd Aslam, Vakil.
I informed these persons what was required and asked for their co-operation as peace-loving citizens and good Muslims. They agreed to do what they could and asked me to arrange for lorries, saying they would persuade the relatives to agree. I arranged for lorries through Shahji – one of C.C.’s orderlies – who is I believe a Peshawari and a Syed. During the night in this way we sent away seven or eight bodies in lorries. Some of them had no relatives and arrangements were made to pay for a mullah and to carry through the obsequies with all regard to religious rites. The next day Qazi Mohd Aslam came to see me and said that he was making himself unpopular by assisting in the matter. He gave me to understand that he could do no more. I fancy that the association of these four men with the action taken will put an end to any attempt to make capital of the incident.″
See also
Babrra massacre
Kharqamar incident
Takkar massacre
Spin Tangi massacre
References
Further reading
Indian National Congress Peshawar Enquiry Committee. Working Committee of the Indian National Congress. Bombay: Government Press (1930)
Popalzai, Dr Abdul Jalil (24 April 2004). The KhyberWatch. Last accessed 26 February 2008
1930 protests
Massacres in 1930
Indian independence movement
Pakistan Movement
Conflicts in 1930
History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Massacres in British India
Massacres in Pakistan
Massacres committed by the United Kingdom
History of Peshawar
Political repression in British India
Protest-related deaths
1930 in India
1930 in British India
April 1930 events
Mass murder in 1930
1930 murders in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qissa%20Khwani%20massacre |
Soul to Soul is a 1971 documentary film about the Independence Day concert held in Accra, Ghana ,on 6 March 1971. It features an array of mostly American R&B, soul, rock, and jazz musicians.
Directed by Denis Sanders, Soul to Soul was released in August 1971. The film consists of extensive excerpts from the concert performances, along with documentary footage of the musicians interacting with local Ghanaians in the days before the show.
Concert
Ghana, after declaring its Independence on 6 March 1957, had made a variety of efforts to connect with African diasporans, some of whom—including Maya Angelou, W. E. B. Du Bois and George Padmore—lived in the West African nation for a time. In the mid-1960s, Angelou approached the government of Kwame Nkrumah and suggested bringing a number of African-American artists to Ghana for the annual independence celebrations. Nkrumah was deposed before action could be taken, but when the American father-son team of Ed Mosk and Tom Mosk approached the Ghana Arts Council in 1970 with an idea for a concert, the Council agreed. At 1970 West Africa concert by James Brown, Brown performed in Lagos, Nigeria, but he did not perform in Ghana.
Of the musicians invited to perform, Wilson Pickett was by far the biggest star in Ghana. Organizers also unsuccessfully sought performances by Americans Aretha Franklin, James Brown, Booker T & The MG's, Louis Armstrong, and gospel singer Marion Williams.
The show, with broadcaster Mike Eghan as MC, was held in Black Star Square (now Independence Square).
Several at the show remarked that the band Santana, despite having only one black member, played the most "African-sounding" music of the night. Some have argued that Santana's merger of Latin rhythms with rock music strongly influenced the development of Afrobeat.
Musicians
The American artists were mostly African-American and represented a variety of musical styles:
Wilson Pickett
Ike & Tina Turner
Les McCann and Eddie Harris
The Staple Singers
Santana, featuring Willie Bobo on timbale
Roberta Flack
The Voices of East Harlem
The concert also featured performances by several Ghanaian acts:
Guy Warren, a.k.a. "The Divine Drummer," also known as Kofi Ghanaba, one of the first African musicians to play alongside American jazz musicians
The Damas Choir, perhaps the nation's most prominent vocal group since the 1940s, led by Ishmael Adams
Charlotte Dada (sometimes spelled Dadah or Daddah), best known in the West for her soul cover of The Beatles' song "Don't Let Me Down"
Kwa Mensah, a pioneer in highlife music and the older palmwine style
The Kumasi Drummers, a group from the Ashanti Region
The Aliens, Ghana's best known rock band, sometimes known as The Psychedelic Aliens or The Magic Aliens
The Anansekromian Zounds, the house band for the Ghana Arts Council
Also performing (and seen on the film) were the Nandom Sekpere group from the Northern (now Upper West) region, and the whistle player Nakpi.
In addition, Les McCann and Eddie Harris played part of their set with a Ghanaian calabash player and medicine man named Amoah Azangeo.
Reception
The New York Times (19 August 1971):
"Soul to Soul" will hook you. We defy anybody to watch the final half hour of this color documentary of a soul and gospel music concert, performed in Ghana, without tapping a foot. But it is the sea of rapturous black faces, those of the visiting American artists and their Ghana audiences, that makes this movie a haunting experience … Mainly and compactly, the film sticks to the concert, brilliantly evoking the performances and crowd reactions in a flow of closeups and panoramic shots, to the stabbing, pounding pulse of the music.
Home video
The film was eventually restored thanks to a program by the Grammy Foundation that seeks to preserve important films about music, and it debuted again in February 2004 at an event at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. It was released on DVD on 24 August 2004. The new release does not include any performances by Roberta Flack, who requested their removal. But it does include a soundtrack album on CD, which features tracks from all the U.S. performers excluding Santana and Flack, plus the Kumasi Drummers, the Damas Choir, and Kwa Mensah.
See also
Curtis Mayfield
Funk
Osibisa
Soul Power
Super Fly T.N.T.
Wattstax (1972)
References
External links
"Soul to Soul at 50: A Look Back at Ghana's Legendary Music Festival"—25 February 2021 (rebroadcast 2 September 2021) episode of Afropop Worldwide on the concert and the film
Documentary films about African music
1971 films
African-American music in Africa
Films directed by Denis Sanders
African-American musical films
Concert films
Films set in Ghana
1971 in music
1970s English-language films
1970s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20to%20Soul%20%28film%29 |
Fritt Ord is a Norwegian private foundation, whose aim is to support freedom of expression and a free press. It was established on 7 June 1974 by Narvesen Kioskkompani's leaders Jens Henrik Nordlie and Finn Skedsmo as well as the lawyer Jens Christian Hauge.
Fritt Ord has significant funds and is playing a part in supporting various projects in Norway, as investing in the newspaper Morgenbladet, supporting an encyclopedia (Store Norske Leksikon) and holding a 10.1% ownership in the media group A-Pressen. In addition it awards scholarships to students within media and journalism, awards the Fritt Ord Prize, and supports writing competitions. It has also provided funding for controversial projects, e.g. an upcoming book written by the blogger Fjordman, who calls for the deportation of all Muslims from Europe.
The organization awards three annual prizes to support freedom of speech; the Fritt Ord Award (Norwegian: Fritt Ords pris), the Fritt Ord Honorary Award (Norwegian: Fritt Ords honnør) and the Press Prizes for Russia and Eastern Europe (Norwegian: Pressepriser for Russland og Øst-Europa). Those prizes not to be confused with "Ytringsfrihetsprisen", the annual Freedom of Expression Prize awarded mostly to international writers by the Norwegian Authors' Union.
History
The owners of the kiosk chain Narvesen wanted to transform his chain of newspaper and magazine retailers to an institution, and on 1 January 1975 the company was taken over by the newly created foundation Fritt Ord at the same time it merged with the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) company Norsk Spisevognselskap, who offered services within catering to the railway. Fritt Ord got 59% ownership in the newly formed company while NSB got 41% ownership.
The dividends from the company made it possible for Fritt Ord to perform a number of tasks related to freedom of expression, including support for the Institute of Journalism and the Freedom of Expression Prize as well as a number of grants to numerous persons and institutions, domestically and internationally.
In 1995 NSB sold its shares in Narvesen and the company was listed on Oslo Stock Exchange. As a result of this Fritt Ord reduced its ownership in Narvesen to 34% in 1999 and in 2000 Narvesen was merged with Reitangruppen to form ReitanNarvesen. In 2001 Fritt Ord sold its ownership in the company to the Reitan Family. As a result of the capital freed from the sale of Narvesen, Fritt Ord has acquired holdings in Morgenbladet (30,5%) and A-Pressen (10,1%).
Controversies
David Irving controversy in 2008
The organization was criticized by some for obstructing rather than furthering freedom of speech when it threatened the Norwegian Festival of Literature with withdrawing financial support if the British Holocaust denier David Irving was allowed to speak at the festival. In October 2008 Fritt Ord's director, Erik Rudeng, demanded that its logo be removed from the webpages of the Norwegian Festival of Literature because Irving had been invited to give a lecture on his concept of truth at the festival. Irving's invitation was withdrawn only a few days later. Rudeng on his side defended the decision by stating that Fritt Ord only sponsored the literature festival in 2008 and thus it was high time their logo was removed when the program for 2009 was presented. This prompted some commentators to address the paradox of a self-proclaimed "free speech" organization which involves itself in a campaign to stop a controversial voice like that of David Irving from being heard in Norway.
Fjordman controversy
It caused controversy when it became known in 2013 that the organization provided funding to the controversial blogger Fjordman (Peder Jensen), who has been characterised as far-right and Islamophobic, for a book Jensen is writing about Anders Behring Breivik and the 2011 Norway attacks. The Labour youth party leader Eskil Pedersen said that Fritt Ord is an organization that provides a platform for "gay-haters and racists," referring to both the support for Fjordman and previous support for other controversial causes and individuals. Member of Parliament Snorre Valen accused Fritt Ord of "mockery of all those killed and injured" in the 2011 Norway attacks, stating that Fritt Ord provides funding to a writer "so that he can publish a book about the terrorist he inspired," concluding that Fritt Ord supports "extremism." Leader of the support group for Breivik's victims, Trond Henry Blattmann, told Dagbladet that Fritt Ord's financial support for Fjordman was "unacceptable." Fritt Ord's leader Georg Fredrik Rieber-Mohn said the decision to provide grants to Fjordman was very difficult. The decision was supported by Aftenposten journalist Erik Tornes who argued the grant was a cheap price to pay to get "the extremists out of the echochambers" and by Norway's Minister of Culture Hadia Tajik.
References
External links
The foundation's website
Twitter
1974 establishments in Norway
Foundations based in Norway
Mass media companies of Norway
Organizations established in 1974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritt%20Ord%20%28organization%29 |
Jem Ward (26 December 1800 – 3 April 1884) was an English bare-knuckle boxer. "A fine fighter and powerfully built man", he was the English champion from 1825 until 1831. He became known for being one of the first boxers to be sanctioned for deliberately losing a fight. During his fighting career he was nicknamed "The Black Diamond". In his retirement he became a successful artist.
Boxing career
Ward first became a professional boxer in 1815, at 15 years of age. He was 5 ft 11 inches (1.80 m) tall, and weighed 12 stone (76 kg). His first fight was victorious against George Robinson and from this point he never lost a match, until he lost to Bill Abbott in 1822. This was the controversial bout that wrecked Ward's early professional career. He was heard to call to his opponent "Now, Bill, look sharp, hit me and I’ll go down." He was promptly hit and fell to the ground. Abbott was considered to be an inferior boxer to Ward, and suspicions were immediately aroused. The Pugilistic Society, the body which then governed boxing and enforced the London Prize Ring rules, held an inquiry. Eventually after confessing he had received a £100 bribe to lose, Ward was banned from fighting in any contest governed by the Society. In this era boxing was an object of heavy betting, by members of all strata of society, including the sons of King George III.
The incident has left Ward's reputation with a lasting stigma and still today causes some to be of the opinion that Ward should not have been admitted to the Boxing hall of Fame 120 years after his death. Ward was the elder brother of the boxer Nick Ward, who also had a reputation for using unfair tactics. Nick Ward, however, did not achieve the same success as his brother in the ring.
Deprived of his living Ward was reduced to travelling the country fighting under assumed names at fairs or in any chance ungoverned brawl where he could possibly pick up a prize. Once early in 1823 when attending a bout as a spectator, he was called upon to enter the ring, when the planned fight ended prematurely, and someone was needed to provide entertainment to keep the crowd present and spending money. He fought Ned Baldwin and defeated him, but the match was void due to his ban.Later in 1823, the Pugilistic Society decided to re-allow him to enter their fights.
After his reinstatement, he lost his first fight to Josh Hudson. In 1825, anxious for publicity and thus money, he challenged and fought the reigning champion Tom Cannon. This proved to be the very high-profile match Ward needed, with Cannon seconded by two previous champions Tom Spring and Tom Cribb, names guaranteed to draw the crowds. The match took place on 19 July 1825 at Stanfield Park on a very hot day with the temperature reputedly over 90 degrees Fahrenheit. It took Ward just over 10 minutes to dispatch Cannon and become the new English champion.
Following the victory Ward led a life of ease and dissipation for two years, having bought a public house. In 1827 he was finally forced by public opinion to return to the ring, and accept a challenge from Peter Crawley. He was defeated by Crawley but quickly reclaimed the title when Crawley retired immediately after their match. Ward's last match was in 1831. On 12 July, he fought his last fight against the Irish champion, Simon Byrne. After an hour and seventeen minutes Ward was victorious, and retained his title until his retirement in 1831.
His 1831 retirement was forced. Ward had received criticism for refusing to face the younger challenger, James Burke, and rather than fight he retired and relinquished his title. However he did not relinquish to Burke his title, when pressed he agreed to pass it to the victor of Burke's match against his last adversary Simon Byrne in 1833. However, Ward refused to hand over the belt when Burke beat Byrne who Ward supported. Byrne, who had been knocked unconscious died three days later after the fight, Burke was tried and acquitted of his murder, but Ward still refused to part with the championship belt.He finally handed the belt over to William ‘Bendigo’ Thompson at the Queen’s Theatre in Liverpool following the latter's defeat of Burke in 1839.
Retirement
In retirement he kept the "York Hotel" in Liverpool, where he was taught to paint by his great friend the artist William Daniels. He became an accomplished and proficient artist exhibiting his work in London and Liverpool. As a musician he played both the violin and flute, and sang in concerts. He also taught the boxing arts to students, one of whom, Tom King, went on to defeat the legendary Jem Mace to become champion in 1863. Ward died in 1884 at his home in London. He was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1995. He is buried in Nunhead Cemetery, London.
See also
List of bare-knuckle boxers
References
External links
Chapter on Ward in Pugilistica, the History of British Boxing, volume 2
qualitycards famous prizefighters
Bare-knuckle boxers
English male boxers
1800 births
1884 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jem%20Ward |
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