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Kentucky's 5th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Kentucky. Located in the heart of Appalachia in Southeastern Kentucky, it represents much of the Eastern Kentucky Coalfield. The rural district is the second most impoverished district in the nation and, as of the 2010 U.S. census, has the highest percentage of White Americans in the nation. It contains the counties of Bell, Boyd, Breathitt, Clay, Elliot, Floyd, Harlan, Jackson, Johnson, Knott, Knox, Laurel, Lawrence, Lee, Lincoln, Leslie, Letcher, Magoffin, Martin, McCreary, Menifee, Owsley, Perry, Pike, Pulaski, Rockcastle, Rowan, Wayne, Whitley, Wolfe, and parts of Bath, and Carter counties. Within the district are the economic leading cities of Ashland, Pikeville, Prestonsburg, Middlesboro, Hazard, Jackson, Morehead, London, and Somerset. It is the most rural district in the United States, with 76.49% of its population in rural areas. It has been represented by Republican Hal Rogers since 1981.
With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+32, it is the most Republican district in Kentucky. The 5th congressional district is one of the few ancestrally Republican regions south of the Ohio River. Much of the region now in the district strongly supported the Union in the Civil War, and identified with the Republicans after hostilities ceased. By contrast, the northeastern portion of the district borders West Virginia. Much of this section of the district was once part of the 7th congressional district, long a Democratic stronghold, which was disbanded in 1992 after the 1990 census. Geographically, the district consists of flat land areas to the west, to Appalachia highland mountains to the east and southeast. To the north and northeast of the district are rolling hills that end at the Ohio River.
Despite the district's strong Republican lean, it features the county of Elliott, which, before being carried by Donald Trump in 2016, had never voted for a Republican president since its founding in 1869, making it the longest Democratic voting streak. Until 2018, when the county gave Rogers 54.6% of its vote, the county had never voted for Rogers, despite him winning at least 65% of the vote in the district in every election except 1992.
Rogers is the dean of the Kentucky delegation and of the entire House of Representatives. Due in part to his seniority, Rogers has served in a number of leadership positions in the chamber.
Characteristics
Until January 1, 2006, Kentucky did not track party affiliation for registered voters who were neither Democratic nor Republican. The Kentucky voter registration card does not explicitly list anything other than Democratic Party, Republican Party, or Other, with the "Other" option having a blank line and no instructions on how to register as something else.
Recent statewide elections
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
See also
Kentucky's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
05
Constituencies established in 1803
1803 establishments in Kentucky
Constituencies disestablished in 1933
1933 disestablishments in Kentucky
Constituencies established in 1935
1935 establishments in Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s%205th%20congressional%20district |
Kentucky's 6th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Kentucky. Based in Central Kentucky, the district contains the cities of Lexington (including its suburbs), Richmond, and Georgetown. The district is currently represented by Republican Andy Barr.
Characteristics
Until January 1, 2006, Kentucky did not track party affiliation for registered voters who were neither Democratic nor Republican. The Kentucky voter registration card does not explicitly list anything other than Democratic Party, Republican Party, or Other, with the "Other" option having a blank line and no instructions on how to register as something else.
Recent statewide elections
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
See also
Kentucky's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
06
1803 establishments in Kentucky
Constituencies established in 1803
Constituencies disestablished in 1933
1933 disestablishments in Kentucky
Constituencies established in 1935
1935 establishments in Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s%206th%20congressional%20district |
George Hook (born 19 May 1941) is an Irish broadcaster, journalist and rugby union pundit. He formerly hosted The Right Hook and High Noon on the Irish radio station Newstalk.
He had a career as a rugby union coach and businessman, before becoming a rugby pundit on RTÉ Television in 1997. He has also made other TV appearances, such as judging on Jigs & Reels and coaching on Celebrity Bainisteoir.
Early life
Hook grew up in the Albert Road area of Cork. He attended Presentation Brothers College, a rugby union stronghold. Subsequently, he attended Rathmines College of Commerce.
Career
Hook has had a number of jobs, beginning as a temporary clerk for CIÉ, and later becoming a travelling salesman for the Burroughs Corporation (now Unisys). He ran a catering business for over twenty years. He coached London Irish and Connacht as well as the United States national team in the 1987 Rugby World Cup.
The Right Hook, Hook's radio show on Newstalk, was a popular late afternoon to early evening drive-time programme. His wife, "the lovely Ingrid", was regularly subjected to having her intimate details discussed and dissected on air by Hook.
Hook appeared as a rugby pundit on RTÉ on a regular basis, most frequently with presenter Tom McGurk and fellow pundit Brent Pope, and appeared as a judge on RTÉ celebrity dancing show Jigs & Reels. He has also been parodied in The State of Us. In 2005, he published an autobiography, "Time Added On". The book described his years involved in business and the failure of this career path.
On 26 January 2014, Hook announced that he would retire from Newstalk in 2016 and television punditry after the 2015 Rugby World Cup but RTÉ lost the right for Irish broadcasting to TV3. On 13 February 2015, he reversed his decision to retire from television punditry. However, on 17 March the same year, Hook announced that he would retire from television punditry saying he would never watch the RTÉ rugby panel again.
Suspension
In September 2017 he was suspended by Newstalk for comments about rape. In October 2017, Newstalk announced that Ciara Kelly was taking over his lunchtime radio slot.
Voluntary work
In 2009, he visited Haiti where he organised a recruitment drive to get volunteers to go there on a house building week.
The next day a magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake struck Haiti. After the earthquake Hook was heard to say: "It is a godforsaken place. God has literally forsaken it." Following the January 2010 earthquake. Hook urged his radio listeners to donate money.
Hook is also the patron of Comber Foundation, an Irish charity working in Romania since 1991, of which his daughter Michelle McGill is a trustee. The charity provides homes in the community for adults with disabilities who grew up in institutions and orphanages
Views
Politically, Hook is a longtime supporter of Fine Gael, and spoken at party events, he frequently identifying himself on The Right Hook as being "an old Blueshirt".
In 2010, as part of the Catholic Church's "Year for Priests" celebration, he contributed to a DVD, In Praise of Priests, featuring interviews with various people expressing admiration for their favourite priest.
Bibliography
Hook, George Time Added On, Penguin Ireland, 2005;
References
External links
The Right Hook on Newstalk
Profile in Dublin-based magazine Village
George Hook's Lions Video Blog
1941 births
20th-century Irish people
21st-century Irish people
Living people
Irish rugby union coaches
Irish sports broadcasters
Newstalk presenters
Broadcasters from County Cork
Alumni of Dublin Institute of Technology
People educated at Presentation Brothers College, Cork
Connacht Rugby non-playing staff
Burroughs Corporation people
United States national rugby union team coaches
London Irish
Irish rugby union commentators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Hook |
Oakleigh Cannons Football Club is a soccer club based in the south-east Melbourne suburb of Oakleigh, Victoria, Australia. The club, established by members of Oakleigh's Greek Australian community, currently competes in the NPL Victoria. The club's home ground is at Jack Edwards Reserve, on Edward Street, Oakleigh.
History
South Oakleigh Soccer Club was established on 12 December 1972. The club soon changed its name to Oakleigh Soccer Club.
In the 1970s and 1980s, the club steadily gained success by winning a number of Victorian Provisional, Metropolitan and State League divisional titles.
The club won championships in both of its first two years of competition, taking out the Victorian District League East in 1973 and 1974. Oakleigh won its next title in 1978, when it took out the Victorian District League Division 1, winning promotion to the Victorian Provisional League Division 2, which it won in its first year in 1979, achieving promotion to Provisional League Division 1.
The club achieved three successive promotions in 1981, 1982 and 1983, taking the club from the Victorian Provisional League Division 1 to Victorian Metropolitan League Division 4, 3 and subsequently 2. The club won back-to-back titles in 1985 and 1986, the latter title granting them Victorian State League (later rebranded to the Victorian Premier League and then National Premier Leagues Victoria) status for the first time. The club finished 12th in their first season in Victoria's top flight of football.
The club was re-branded Oakleigh Cannons S.C. in the 1990s to expand its appeal beyond its predominantly Greek Australian support base. The club changed its name again to Oakleigh Cannons Football Club and gained promotion to the Victorian Premier League in 2003. The club finished runners up in their first season back in the top flight in 2004, but lost to both Bulleen Zebras and Altona Magic in the finals series. In the 2005 season, the club finished in 5th place to again qualify for the finals series, beating Fawkner-Whittlesea in the elimination final but then losing to Heidelberg United FC in the semi-final.
The club won its first VPL Premiership in 2006, finishing 12 points clear at the top of the table. Disappointingly, the club lost to Altona Magic in the qualifying final and Heidelberg United in the semi-final. The club again made the finals series in 2007, but lost to Melbourne Knights FC in the semi-final, making it four successive years of finals disappointment for the South East club.
Led by Arthur Papas, Oakleigh just missed out on the 2011 championship title, won by Green Gully SC on goal difference after both sides finished the season with 43 points. Oakleigh made the grand final that year, facing up against minor premiers Green Gully, but lost 3–2 after extra time, with Hamid Basma scoring the winner in the 95th minute. Oakleigh again made the grand final in 2012, playing against Dandenong Thunder SC at AAMI Park in Melbourne. They lost 2–1 after Nate Foster scored an 81st-minute winner for Thunder.
Five games into the 2013 season, Oakleigh sacked manager Bill Theodoropoulos and brought in former Gold Coast United FC manager Miron Bleiberg.
National Premier Leagues Victoria
In early 2014, it was announced that Oakleigh would be a part of the newly formed NPL Victoria, which was to replace the old Victorian Premier League. Oakleigh Cannons finished runners-up in their first season in the new competition, seven points behind South Melbourne FC.
In March 2015, high-profile manager Miron Bleiberg departed the club and Oakleigh returned Arthur Papas from his stint in India. Oakleigh began to rise up off the bottom of the ladder and qualified for the 2015 FFA Cup. Oakleigh also managed to make the final of the Dockerty Cup, but lost to South Melbourne at Lakeside Stadium. The Club finished in 11th place in the league, unable to overcome their poor form from early on in the season, despite big name signings including Mirjan Pavlovic, Matthew Foschini, Sean Rooney and Kofi Danning. Their FFA Cup form was much better, though. Oakleigh draw Queensland NPL side Far North Queensland in the Round of 32 and progressed after winning a penalty shoot-out. In the Round of 16, Oakleigh draw North Eastern MetroStars away from home, and won 1–0 thanks to a Pavlovic strike in South Australia. Oakleigh then drew fellow NPL Victoria side Hume City in the quarter-finals, but went down 3–2 after extra time at ABD Stadium in front of 1,500 fans.
Late in September 2015, coach Arthur Papas resigned. Peter Tsolakis and Con Tangalakis were appointed as joint head coaches for the 2016 season.
In 2017, Oakleigh finished sixth in the league, beating Avondale FC on penalties in the elimination final before losing to Heidelberg United in the semi-final. Dusan Bosnjak scored 17 goals, the second highest total in the league, second only to Heidelberg's Kenny Athiu. In 2018, the Cannons finished in fifth place in the league. Oakleigh beat Pascoe Vale in the elimination final but then went out to eventual champions Heidelberg on penalties in the semi-final.
In 2019, Oakleigh managed just 5 points in its first 10 games, seeing the club languish in bottom place. However, the Cannons went the next 16 games undefeated with 12 wins and 4 draws to finish the home-and-away season in 3rd place. In the finals series, Oakleigh beat Hume City 2–0 before going down 2–0 to Avondale. New signing Joe Guest won the NPL Victoria Gold Medal.
In 2021 the State Government announced a $4 million upgrade to Jack Edwards Reserve.
Honours
National Premier Leagues Victoria/Victorian Premier League
Championship: 2022
Premiership: 2006, 2021
Runners Up: 2011, 2012
Victorian State League Division 1
Championship: 1986, 1999, 2003
9 x Victorian State League Premierships
Dockerty Cup
Champions: 2023
Runners Up: 2015, 2022
Individual honours
NPL Victoria Gold Medal
2019 – Joe Guest
VPL Coach of the Year
2011 – Arthur Papas
VPL Goalkeeper of the Year
2004 – Adrian Cagalj
Weinstein Medal
1983 – Con Kiakos
Current squad
Staff
Head coach:
Chris Taylor
Assistant coaches:
Chris Marshall
Steve Pantelidis
Goalkeeper coach:
Bojo Jevdjevic
Strength and conditioning coach:
Stefan Rudzki
Head physio:
John Gerakinis
Team manager:
Eric Martin
General manager:
Aki Ionnas
Reserve Squad
Notes
External links
Official website
Association football clubs established in 1972
National Premier Leagues clubs
Soccer clubs in Melbourne
Victorian Premier League teams
Greek-Australian culture in Melbourne
1972 establishments in Australia
Sport in the City of Monash | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakleigh%20Cannons%20FC |
Preston Lions Football Club (formerly Preston Makedonia Soccer Club) is a semi-professional soccer club from Preston, a northern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The club was established in 1947 to play non-professional soccer matches against other teams in the local community until 1959, and 12 years later, they joined the Victorian Soccer Federation (now Football Victoria), the club's first season in an officially sanctioned competition. The Lions currently compete in the National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 competition after being promoted in 2022, which is the third tier in the Australian soccer league system. The club won the Victorian Premier League in seasons 1980,1994, 2002 and 2007.
History
Foundation
The club was founded in 1947 and was affiliated with the Victorian Soccer Federation (now Football Victoria) in 1959. Based in the suburb of Preston, Victoria, the Macedonia Soccer Club was originally created as a focal point for the newly immigrated Macedonian community to gather and socialise, and to provide the then youth with the opportunity to learn and play the "world game" that was so popular back in their homeland of Macedonia.
Transformation of the club and affiliation to VSF
In 1959 the club established itself from an amateur club to a semi-professional club, and a change of name to the Preston Makedonia Soccer Club with promotion to the Victorian Division Two (South Competition). Preston Makedonia moved forward in leaps and bounds to become champions of the Victorian Metropolitan League Division One in 1966, and as a result, was promoted to the state's top competition, the Victorian State League in 1967.
The club first experienced championship success at the state's top level in 1975 and again in 1980. As Victorian champions, Preston Makedonia competed in a play-off against other state champions and in 1981 they were promoted to the then National Soccer League (NSL) competition.
During this significant period of growth the need for much larger facilities became apparent and the club consequently moved from its home base of T.A. Cochrane Reserve in Collier Street, Preston, to its current home ground at B.T. Connor Reserve in nearby Reservoir. The Preston Lions Social Club was also established around the same time and is located directly opposite the ground.
National Soccer League
Preston Makedonia continued to compete successfully in the NSL for the next 13 years, achieving their best finish in 1987 as runner-up in the Southern Division Championship. In 1992 Preston Makedonia took out the prestigious Dockerty Cup in a thrilling penalty shootout against arch rivals South Melbourne. However financial difficulties led to poor performances and in 1993 Preston Makedonia played their last match in the NSL.
Victorian Premier League
Relegated to the Victorian Premier League, Preston Makedonia were once again crowned Victorian champions in 1994. Around this time, Soccer Australia forced VPL clubs to abolish any ethnicity associated with their club names. Preston Makedonia Soccer Club was renamed the Preston Lions Soccer Club. The club has since adopted the title of the Preston Lions Football Club, following the lead set by the sports’ governing body and keeping in line with how the game is known in the UK and countries where people don't speak English–as "football".
The club experienced a disastrous campaign in 1995, being relegated to the Victorian State League Division 1 after finishing bottom of the Premier League. Championship winning coach Peter Ollerton was sacked after five games with a record of 1 win, 1 draw and 3 losses to start the '95 campaign. Sean Lane came in on 2 April but lasted just 13 games with a 3–5–5 record. Norrie Pate oversaw the rest of the campaign as head manager but was unable to avoid the drop. Preston bounced straight back to the Premier League, winning promotion with their 2nd-place finish in the '96 State League 1.
Makedonia would once again become Victorian Premier League champions in both 2002 and 2007, adding to its already impressive collection of trophies. Preston had 3 points deducted at the start of the 2007 season, making the feat all the more impressive. The 2007 grand final at Bob Jane Stadium against Whittlesea Zebras was attended by an estimated 4,500 people.
Recent History
In season 2009, in the club's 50 year anniversary, Preston finished the season in 12th place and were relegated, just two seasons after being crowned VPL Champions. Makedonia managed just 7 points all season in what was one of the worst ever VPL seasons recorded. Preston narrowly avoided relegation in 2010, finishing one point above the relegated FC Clifton Hill, qualifying to the relegation playoff against State League 2 side Diamond Valley United, winning the encounter 1–0 through a Robert Najdovski goal.
Preston's fall from grace was continued in the 2011 State League One season, where the club was not able to avoid relegation, finishing bottom of the table. Makedonia experienced many heavy defeats in the 2011 season, finished with 56 goals conceded, 17 more than any other side in the competition.
Preston Lions, playing in the third tier of football in Victoria for the first time in over 30 years, had a disappointing 2012 season, finishing mid-table. 2013 was more of the same for the historic outfit, placing 7th in the regionalised Victorian State League 2 North-West.
After the inception of the National Premier Leagues Victoria, Preston were "promoted" to the Victorian State League 1 North-West, but as the Premier League was split into two divisions, Preston remained at essentially the same tier, the third, as they were before in the Victorian football pyramid.
The 2014 season saw the Lions manage a 2nd-place finish in the league, missing out on top spot and a State League 1 NW championship by just three points. The club parted ways with head manager Josip Biskic in May and replaced him with Englishman Andy O'Dell. When O'Dell came in after Round 7, Preston were at the bottom end of the ladder. The Lions then went on an incredible run under their new coach, not losing a game for the rest of the season. A landmark moment was achieved when in August 2014, Preston were able to announce that they had eradicated their ATO debt in full, with acknowledgement arriving form the ATO in September 2014. President Zoran Trajceski resigned at the end of 2014.
The Lions followed up their 2nd-place finish in 2014 with a 4th-place finish in 2015. In June 2015, Andy O’Dell was sacked as head manager following poor results and was replaced by former player Željko Popović. Popović was initially brought in on an interim basis, but the good results he achieved until the end of the 2015 season saw him reappointed for the 2016 season. The 2016 season saw another runners-up finish in the league for the Lions, finishing six points behind champions Altona Magic SC.
With one point from three games to start the 2017 State League One season, head coach Željko Popović was replaced by former Preston Lions goalkeeper and former Hume City FC coach Lou Acevski. Acevski's first game in charge was an FFA Cup 5th qualifying round thriller, losing on penalties to fellow State League One North-West side North Sunshine Eagles FC, after the match finished 4–4 in extra time. Preston striker Chris Davies scored all four goals for his side, but blazed his penalty over the bar to give the Eagles the win. Preston finished the season in fourth place, with Davies' 14 goals enough to clinch the club's golden boot award. Robert Stambolziev also played eight games for the club, scoring nine goals.
Preston had a poor start to the 2018 season, winning just one of its opening six games. Club returnee Naum Sekulovski was given the club's captaincy. A late season charge that saw the club go 12 games undefeated, propelling the club from the bottom half to second place, saw the club come in with a chance to challenge Geelong SC for the title and subsequent promotion to the NPL. In the penultimate game of the 2018 State League 1 season, 3,869 people packed out BT Connor Reserve. A win would have seen Preston jump Geelong into first place, but the visiting club came away with a 2–0 victory, winning the championship. Queenslander Rhys Saunders was Preston's top goalscorer with 14 goals, managing the feat despite arriving mid-season.
Makedonia started the 2019 season with a 7–0 win over FC Clifton Hill, a promising sign of things to come. Preston would go undefeated until Round 11 of the season when it went down 4-2 to fellow Macedonian-backed club Sydenham Park SC. However, the club quickly recovered and went on to confirm promotion from State League 1 with a 1–0 win over Keilor Park SC. One week later, Preston claimed the State League 1 North-West championship title with a 4–0 victory over Banyule City, the club's first league title in 12 years.
Supporters
Preston has typically garnered support from the local Macedonian community across Melbourne but received much support from Macedonians all across Australia when they were competing in the NSL. Preston is well known throughout Australian football for having one of the largest and most dedicated supporter bases with crowds in the NSL often exceeding that of 10,000, a large figure for the time. There have been numerous supporter groups throughout the year; including Pečalbari from the 1990s who were founded by recent Macedonian immigrants to Australia, many of whom had been involved with ultras groups back home such as Komiti and Čkembari. Other groups include the Lions Pride from the early to mid 2000s and the Preston Boys until around 2011. Today the club is supported by a variety of groups, including the Preston Makedonia Ultras and Lavovi Melbourne.
The club also has fans across Australia who are not of Macedonian heritage, with the Lions working hard to appeal to the broader football community.
Current squad
Honours
National
National Soccer League Runner-Up: (1) 1987
National Soccer League(Southern Division) Runner-Up: (1) 1985
National Soccer League Third Place: (1) 1983
National Soccer League Cup Runner-Up: (2) 1985, 1990/91
National Soccer League Finalists: (2) 1985, 1989
Gold Cup Champions: (1) 1991
State
Victorian Premier League/ NPL Victoria Champions: (4) 1980, 1994, 2002, 2007
Victorian Premier League/ NPL Victoria Minor Premiers: (3) 1994, 2003, 2007
Victorian Premier League/ NPL Victoria Runners-Up: 1978
Victorian Premier League/ NPL Victoria Finalists: (7) 1994, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008
National Premier League 3/ Victorian Premier League 2 Champions: 2022
Victorian Division One/ State League Division One Champions: (2) 1966, 1975
Victorian Division One/ State League Division One Runners-Up: (3) 1964, 1965, 1996
Victorian State League 1 North-West Champions: 2019
Victorian State League 1 North-West Runners-Up: (2) 2014, 2016
Victorian Division Two/State League Division Two Champions: (2) 1961, 1973
Dockerty Cup Winners: (1) 1992
Dockerty Cup Runner-Up: (2) 1985, 1986
Victoria Cup: (1) 1980
Federation Cup Winners: (3) 1973, 1975, 1996
Federation Cup Runner-Up: (1) 1963
Victorian Womens Premier League (2nd Tiers) Champions: 2022
Victorian Womens Premier League (2nd Tiers) Minor Premiers: 2022
Metro (FFV)
Metropolitan League 3 North-West Champions: 2015
Individual awards
Victorian Premier League Gold Medal – Metropolitan Player of the Year
2015 Ibrahim Yattara
Victorian Premier League Gold Medal – VPL Player of the Year
2001–Chris Emsovski
2003–Chris Emsovski
2005–Anthony Magnacca
Bill Fleming Medal – Media voted VPL Player of the Year
1994–Adrian Pender
2006–Anthony Magnacca
2007–Tony Sterjovski
Victorian Premier League Coach of the Year
2007–Goran Lozanovski
Victorian Premier League Top Goalscorer
1979–Gary Ward
Victorian Premier League Goalkeeper of the Year
1999–Lou Acevski
Victorian Premier League Under 21 Player of the Year
2005–Serkan Oksuz
Jimmy Rooney Medal – VPL Grand Final Man of the Match
1994–Chris Sterjovski
2002–John Spazaovski
2007–Zoran Petrevski
Weinstein Medal Junior Player of the Year
1989-Robert Spasevski
Representative Football
Australian Representatives – Senior Level
Doug Brown
Billy Celeski
Gary Cole
Oscar Crino
Robbie Dunn
David Jones
John Little
George Jolevski
Goran Lozanovski
John Markovski
Zarko Odzakov
Sasa Ognenovski
Peter Ollerton
Con Opasinis
George Slifkas
Warren Spink
Sean Lane
Phil Traianedes
Kris Trajanovski
Andrew Zinni
National Representatives – Youth Team
John Little (AUS)
Warren Spink (AUS)
John Markovski (AUS)
Robert Spasevski
Naum Sekulovski (AUS)
Kris Trajanovski (AUS)
Goran Lozanovski (AUS)
Vasco Trpcevski (AUS)
Bill Tijuelo (AUS)
Daniel Miller (AUS)
George Campbell (SCO)
Graham Heys (ENG)
Robert Stambolziev (AUS)
Victorian State Representatives – Senior Level
George Campbell
John Sapazovski
Anthony Magnacca
Pece Siveski
Serkan Oksuz
Jonathan Munoz
Sean Lane
Robert Spasevski
Robert Stojcevski
Steve Jackson
Notable former coaches
Records
Most Games: Chris Emsovski 158, John Sapazovski 123, Sasa Ognenovski 122
Most Finals Games: Chris Emsovski 8
Most Career Goals: John Sapazovski 61
Most Season Goals: Saso Markovski 19 (1998)
Season-to-season records
● Preston Makedonia Inaugural season *Victorian Provisional League*
1959 - 4th - 10 Teams in League.
● Victorian Metropolitan League Division 2
1960 -3rd - 10 Teams in League.
1961 - 1st - 10 Teams in League ***Promoted***
to Victorian Division 1 South.
1962 - 10th- 12 Teams in League.
1963 - 7th -12 Teams League.
1964 - 2nd - 12 Teams in League.
1965 - 2nd - 12 Teams in League.
1966 - 1st - 12 Teams in League. ***CHAMPIONS**
** Promoted** to STATE LEAGUE. (Premier League).
1967 - 12th - 12 Teams in League. **Relegated** to Metropolitan League Division 1
1968 -3rd - 12 Teams in League.
1969 -7th - 12 Teams in League.
1970 -7th - 12 Teams in League.
1971 -8th - 12 Teams in League. **Relegated** to Metropolitan League Division 2
1972 - 3rd - 12 Teams in League.
1973 - 1st - 12 Teams in League ***CHAMPIONS****Victorian Metropolitan League Division 2
**Promoted**to Victorian
Metropolitan League Division 1
1974 - 3rd - 12 Teams in League.
1975 - 1st ***Champions***
Victorian Metropolitan League Division 1**Promoted to State League**
1976 - 7th ' 12 Teams in League.
1977 - 10th - 12 Teams in League.
1978 - 2nd **Runners up** - 12 Teams in League.
1979 - 3rd-12 Teams in League.
1980 - 1st ***Champions*** - 12 Teams.
● Promoted to the National Soccer League (NSL) for 13 Seasons.
1981 - 12th- 16 Teams in League.
1982 - 5th- 16 Teams in League.
1983 - 3rd- 16 Teams in League.
1984 - 6th - 12 Teams in League.
1985 - 5th - 12 Teams in League.
1986 - 6th - 12 Teams in League.
1987 - 2nd - 14 Teams in League ** Runners Up**
1988 - 12th - 14 Teams in League.
1989 - 5th - 14 Teams in League.
1989/1990 - 9th - 14 Teams in League.
1990/1991 - 8th - 14 Teams in League.
1991/1992 - 14th - 14
Teams in League.
1992/1993 - 13th - 14 Teams in League
Season 92/93 ** Relegated** to VPL
Victorian Premier League
1994 - 1st ***Champions***
1995 - 12th ** Relegated ** to Victorian State League Division 1
Victorian State League Division 1
1996 - 2nd Runners - up & Promoted to Victorian Premier League
Victorian Premier League
1997 - 4th
1998 - 8th
1999 - 3rd
2000 - 5th
2001 - 9th
2002 - 5th in regular season *Champions*
2003 - 1st *Minor Premiership*
2004 - 4th
2005 - 7th
2006 - 7th
2007- 1st ***Champions***
2008 - 6th
2009 - 12th ** Relegated to Victorian State League Division 1
Victorian State League Division 1
2010 - 10th
2011 - 12th ** Relegated to Victorian State League Division 2 N/W
2012 - 9th
2013 - 7th
2014 - 2nd
2014 season Renamed to Victorian State League Division 1 as a result of the re-structure from FFV and the Inaugural seasons of NPL & NPL 1 *
2015 - 4th
2016 - 2nd
2017 - 4th
2018 - 3rd
2019 - 1st ***Champions*** & Promoted to NPL 3 Victoria
National Premier League 3 Victoria
2020 - Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia
2021 - Cancelled mid-season due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia
2022 - 1st ***Champions*** & Promoted to NPL 2 Victoria
Current League
National Premier League 2 Victoria
2023 - 8th
See also
List of Preston Lions players
References
External links
Preston Lions Official website
Preston Lions Football Club Facebook page
Preston Lions Football Club Instagram Page
Preston Lions Football Club Twitter Page
Preston Lions Football Club LinkedIn Page
Archive Website
Official Archive website
Preston Lions Women's Football Club Official Archive Website
Preston Lions Junior Football Club Official Archive Website
Preston Lions FC
Association football clubs established in 1947
Macedonian sports clubs in Australia
Soccer clubs in Melbourne
National Premier Leagues clubs
National Soccer League (Australia) teams
Victorian Premier League teams
Sport in the City of Darebin
Women's soccer clubs in Australia
Fan-owned football clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston%20Lions%20FC |
Frankston Pines Soccer Club is an Australian soccer club based in Frankston North, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. The club was formed by local Scottish Australians in 1965. Their home ground is Monterey Reserve, which holds approximately 4,000.
History
The club has had several stints in the Victorian Premier League since the mid-1980s, with best finishes of runners-up in both 1986 and 2003. The club was relegated from the VPL in 2006, but took out the State League 1 championship the following year, taking them straight back up to the VPL in 2007. The Pines again struggled in the VPL in 2008, finishing bottom and being relegated to State League 1. The club endured a disastrous year in State League 1 in 2009, suffering another relegation to State League 2 South East, winning just two games all season. The downward spiral continued in 2010, finishing the season in a relegation place once more. In 2011, the club was in the State League Division 3 for the first time since 1998. The club amassed just 8 points that year, despite playing in the fourth tier of Victorian football, and were relegated to the provisional leagues.
Head manager Danny Verdun took over the club in 2012 and against all odds, the club was promoted, finishing second in the Provisional League Div 1 South-East. The club finished in 8th position in 2013 in State League Division 3 South East, but were promoted to State League Division 2 South East due to a league restructuring. Amazingly, the rebirth continued, and the club finished top of the State League Division 2 South East in 2014, achieving promotion to State League 1 South East. The club went from four successive relegation from 2008–2011 to three successive promotions from 2012 to 2014.
Honours
1968 District League Premiers
1969 District League Premiers
1973 Provisional League Champions
1978 Provisional League Champions Division 1
1979 Metropolitan League Champions Division 4
1980 Metropolitan League Champions Division 3
1981 Metropolitan League Runners-up Division 2
1983 Metropolitan League Runners-up Division 1
1986 State League Runners-up
1988 Victorian League Champions Division 1
1991 State League Cup Winners
1992 State League Champions Division 2
2002 State League Champions Division 1
2003 Premier League Runners-up
2007 State League Champions Division 1
2012 Provisional League Runners-up Division 1 South East
2013 State League Runners-up Division 3 South East
2014 State League Champions Division 2 South East
Current squad
Squad correct as per April 2021.
Current technical staff
Positions correct as per April 2021.
Transfers In 2021
References
External links
Frankston Pines Official website
Football Victoria
Association football clubs established in 1965
Soccer clubs in Melbourne
Victorian State League teams
1965 establishments in Australia
Sport in the City of Frankston | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston%20Pines%20FC |
Caroline Springs George Cross Football Club is an Australian soccer club based in Fraser Rise, a north-western suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and plays in the National Premier Leagues Victoria 2, the second tier of football in Victoria, and third in Australia.
George Cross play at the City Vista Recreation Reserve, following a move from Chaplin Reserve in 2019, where the club spent 38 seasons. The move to Fraser Rise coincided with a name change for the club, from Sunshine George Cross to the current name. The club was founded by Maltese immigrants.
Having been one of eight Victorian clubs to have participated in Australia's National Soccer League, the club's best achievement was reaching the playoffs as finalists in the 1986 season. Winners of the Australian Cup in 1964, Sunshine George Cross were named champions of the 1977 Victorian State League and were also runners up on 9 occasions. Producing 5 Weinstein Medalists and three Bill Fleming Medalists throughout its history. The club was once proudly home to John Markovski, Craig Foster, Kevin Muscat, Emmanuel Muscat and Andrew Nabbout.
Caroline Springs George Cross wear red and white stripes for their home colours, the colours on the Maltese flag.
Caroline Springs George Cross FC are one of just three winners of the 1960s Australia Cup that are still active, the others being Hakoah Sydney City East FC and APIA Leichhardt FC.
History
George Cross Football Club
Maltese migrants Danny Gatt, Bill Sandham and Angelo Puli instigated the formation of a Maltese backed football team after the Second World War. The club was officially launched on 12 March 1947, and was called George Cross Football Club. The club first entered a team in 1948, when they joined the Third Division. The club's first home ground was Royal Park. They played their first match on Saturday 8 May 1948, beating Woodlands 2–0. They finished the season in second place.
The next year, the young club took out the championship and was promoted to Second Division. In 1954, the club won the Second Division and were promoted to the highest level, the First Division, despite being just seven years young. In 1958, the First Division was named the State League for the first time, with George Cross achieving their goal of surviving in the league. 1959 was a great year for the club, finishing runners up in the league, but taking out the Sun Cup, the State League Cup and the Dockerty Cup. The trophies were celebrated in front of our 1,000 people, with the number of supporters of the club rapidly growing. 1961 saw the club introduce Juniors for the first time. In 1962, the club won its second Dockerty Cup. In 1964, the club won the Australia Cup, beating A.PI.A from N.S.W. 3–2 in front of over 15,000 at Olympic Park. The following year George Cross won the Ampol Cup beating Hakoah 3–0 in front of 10,000 fans in South Melbourne.
In 1967 George Cross moved to a new home ground in Selwyn Park in Sunshine. The club stayed at Selwyn Park for just two seasons, moving back to Olympic Park, struggling to find a permanent home ground solution. During the 1960s, grounds like the Showgrounds, Heidelberg's Olympic Village, Shintler Reserve, Olympic Park's number one and number two grounds, Elsternwick Park, Maribyrnong, Selwyn Park, St. Kilda Cricket Ground and Optus Oval were just few grounds the George Cross Football Club has used as home grounds.
In 1968, long serving President Lou Debono retired, ending a 14-year spell as president. He was affectionately known as the father of George Cross.
Between in 1958 and 1976, the club finished runners up in the State League competition eight times – earnings themselves the title of perennial runners up. That all changed in 1978, though. In 1977, Mooroolbark, J.U.S.T., Heidelberg and Hellas joined the NSL. This made the club more determined than ever before to win the State League, which they did. They finished 7 points above Slavia in the 1978 season. In 1979 and 1980, financial trouble began to hit and the club managed just seventh and eighth-placed finishes in the league. Hiring Olympic Park was a burden on the club, with gate takings not being enough to cover rent. In 1980, the club made the decision to move back to Selwyn Park. A longer-term solution was finally found in 1980, when the Sunshine Council gave a long-term lease on Chaplin Reserve to George Cross.
In 1983, George Cross amalgamated with Sunshine City to become Sunshine George Cross.
National Soccer League years
In 1984, the club made an application to join the newly expanded National Soccer League and was accepted. The club finished bottom, but as no other Victorian club wished to join the league, they retained their place. In 1985, the club finished sixth. In 1986, the team finished in fourth place, just 1 point behind first. The club was almost relegated in '87, but a heroic effort saw them climb to just 2 points above Heidelberg to retain their NSL status. During this decade, players like John Markovski, Chris Taylor, Andrew Marth, Paul Trimboli and Kevin Muscat donned the George Cross crest. During the 80's, George Cross were known as they Great Survivors due to their numerous close brushes with relegation.
In the 1989–90 NSL season, the first summer season, the Georgies played their first home game at their new ground in Skinner Reserve against the Ferenc Puskas led South Melbourne Hellas team. The Georgies won 2–0 in front of over 6,000. A 15-year-old Kevin Muscat debuted in this season. In the 1990–91 season, the Georgies finished second last and had to reapply for a position in the NSL. This was denied.
Return to Victorian Football
The Georgies returned to the VPL for the 1992 season. Most of the squad left, and the club did quite well to finish in sixth position. In 1993, John Markovski returned as a guest player, scoring 18 goals as the club reached the preliminary final. In 1994, the Victorian Soccer Federation renamed the club Sunshine Georgies. In 1997, Sunshine George Cross bought Chaplin Reserve from the State Government. Club officials made it official by signing the deal at the club's 50th Anniversary Dinner Ball held at the Lakeside Banquet & Convention Centre on Saturday 28 June 1997. Saso Markovski scored a club record 25 goals that season. In 1998, the club tightened the budget and cut many senior players, replacing them with much younger ones. The club struggled and were relegated to the First Division. This was the first time George Cross had been relegated from the Premier League since 1958.
At the end of the 2000 season the club made the decision to go amateur. The club entered the 2001 season with what was practically the under 16 team from the previous season. Most of the supporters stopped attending matches, with only a handful, loyal supporters standing by the club. The club was at its lowest point in a long time and there were great fears the club would go bust. The team went all season without a win and were relegated. In 2002, a new committee took over with the goal of getting the Georgies out of this mess, consolidation and eventually back up into the First Division and above. The first win of 2002 came in round 13 when the Georgies won 2–1 at Croxton Park to end a run of 40 games without a win. The club managed to survive in the Second Division in 2002, and went about strengthening for 2003. The club went neck and neck with Pascoe Vale SC, just edging them to the 2003 Second Division championship. The team also won the State League Cup that year. It was the club's first cup win in 25 years. In 2004, the club shot up to the top of the First Division ladder, going neck and neck with Heidelberg United FC all season, who ended up winning the race by two points. The second-place finish meant promotion for the Georgies who, against all odds, returned to the Victorian Premier League.
The return to the VPL was always going to be tough, with the Georgies in a relegation dogfight from the offset. In the final round of the season, a point achieved from a 0–0 draw with Melbourne Knights FC was enough to ensure VPL football for another year. George Cross survived again in the 2006 season, but only on a technicality, as Essendon Royals were relegated for fielding an ineligible player. In 2007, the Football Federation of Victoria announced that four sides would be relegated from the VPL as the number of teams was being reduced. George Cross finished third bottom and were relegated. In 2008, an Andy O'Dell lead George Cross took out the State League 1 championship, edging Dandenong Thunder by three points. In 2009, the club finished in eighth place. In 2010, players began to leave halfway through the season and Andy O'Dell quit his position as head manager. Sunshine George Cross slipped from fifth to last place, following 9 successive defeats. It was close with the relegation issue was not being settled until the final day when the Georgies lost 4–0 to South Melbourne and Bentleigh Greens upset the league leaders Richmond to avoid the drop. The club played their home matches at Knights Stadium that year, which incurred high costs on the club. The club's previous name of Sunshine George Cross FC was restored after a long time being known as Sunshine Georgies.
In 2011, Sunshine George Cross finished in seventh position in the Victorian State League Division One. The following year, the club endured similar fortunes, finishing in eighth position. In 2013, the club's results improved and the Georgies just missed out on promotion, finishing in third place, three points off Werribee City.
National Premier Leagues Victoria
In 2014, after a restructuring of football in Victoria, Sunshine George Cross FC had their application for a place in the new National Premier Leagues Victoria accepted and were placed into National Premier Leagues Victoria Division One, effectively the second division of football in Victoria, the same tier they were in previously. The club finished in ninth position out of 14 teams in their first year in the NPL1.
In 2015, the NPL1 was split into East and West conferences after more sides were accepted into the NPL. George Cross was placed into NPL1 West. The club finished in eighth place in the 10 team West conference and 15th overall.
On 4 June 2015, Jamie Chetcuti, the president of Sunshine George Cross, announced that following the sale of Chaplin Reserve, the club is "currently working with a municipality with the intent of developing a state of the art facility that George Cross juniors and senior’s players, staff and parents will call home". Chaplin Reserve will be converted into townhouses, while Georgies will move out to a new facility in Fraser Rise, which will become a home base for both the club's senior and junior sides.
Following a melee in a pre-season friendly in January 2016 against local rivals North Sunshine Eagles FC, George Cross were deducted 4 NPLV 2 West championship points and fined $1,000. Georgies finished the season in ninth place.
In 2017, George Cross had an improved season, finishing equal third in the 10-team NPL2 West.
Sunshine reached an agreement with Melbourne Knights FC to play out of Knights Stadium for 2018. After a 9–2 loss to Altona Magic SC and a 7–0 loss to St Albans Saints in the first four rounds of the 2018 season, long-serving head coach Tony Ciantar resigned and was replaced by Joe Kovacevic. Kovacevic resigned only a few weeks into his reign, with technical director Vaughan Coveny taking over until the end of the season. George Cross were relegated at the end of the 2018 season, finishing the season in bottom place. As a result of the senior side's relegation, the club's juniors were also relegated from the NPL competitions.
Move to Fraser Rise and new club name
For the 2019 season, coinciding with the move to Fraser Rise, the club changed its name to Caroline Springs George Cross FC. George Cross appointed Corey Smith as the new senior head coach. The squad went through a rebuild, with only a handful of the relegated 2018 squad remaining. Smith was relieved of his duties on 28 May 2019 after 2 wins, 2 draws and 5 losses, leaving George Cross in tenth place of the 12-team division. Former Port Melbourne player and coach Eric Vassiliadis was named as his replacement. George Cross played its first game at City Vista Recreation Reserve on the third pitch on 30 June 2019, defeating league-leading side Sydenham Park 1–0. The City Vista complex is a $13m facility, including two grass pitches, two synthetic pitches, clubrooms and a bistro. New A-League side Western United FC chose the complex as its inaugural home base. Western United's first official match as a club came against George Cross, winning 4–0 in front of 3,247 people at City Vista. Vassiliadis' appointment saw a significant upturn in form for George Cross, winning 8, drawing 1 and losing 2 of its last 11 games, propelling the club up to fifth position on the league table. After Vassiliadis appointment, he managed to bring in strong players including Andrezinho, Francesco Stella and Ethan Gage.
The 2020 season was suspended and subsequently cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. The 2021 season was also cancelled after 14 matches being played, with George Cross in top spot, with 33 points from 14 games, 1 point clear of Brimbank Stallions FC. As a result of the season cancellation, there was no promotion or relegation in 2021.
On 14 August 2022, George Cross were promoted and confirmed as league champions of State League 1 North-West. The promotion saw Caroline Springs George Cross playing in National Premier Leagues Victoria 3 for 2023.
On 29 July 2023, George Cross secured back-to-back promotions with three games to spare.
Rivalries
Rivalries of the club include Victorian former NSL clubs South Melbourne, Melbourne Knights, Green Gully, Heidelberg United and the Preston Lions. Other rivalries include Victorian club's that are based in Melbourne's west, such as St Albans Saints, Western Suburbs and Altona Magic.
Affiliated clubs
Sunshine George Cross FC has a sister club relationship with Maltese-founded and Western Melbourne based club Green Gully Cavaliers. It is believed that both clubs adopted their familiar stripes from the Maltese club Floriana.
Current squad
Updated 12 March 2019
Former players
For details of former players, see: Caroline Springs George Cross FC players.
Honours
National
Australian Cup Winners: 1964
National Soccer League Finalists (Playoffs): 1986
National Youth League Champions: 1989
National Youth League Runner-Up: 1986, 1987, 1988
National Youth League (Southern Division) Champions: 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989
State
Victorian State League (VPL) Champions: 1977
Victorian State League (VPL) Runners Up: 1959, 1960, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1972, 1973, 1974 and 1978
State League Cup (Top 4 Series) Winners: 1959, 1973, 1977
National Premier Leagues Victoria 3 Champions: 2023
Victorian State League Division 1 Champions: 2008, 2022
Victorian State League Division 2 Champions: 1954, 1957, 2003
Victorian State League Division 3 Champions: 1949, 1953
Ampol Cup Winners: 1961, 1965, 1974
Dockerty Cup Winners: 1959, 1962, 1978
Federation Cup Winners: 2003
Armstrong Cup Winners: 1976, 1994
Individual honours
Bill Fleming Medal
1961 – Fred Falzon
1962 – Fred Falzon
1972 – John Gardiner
Victorian Premier League Top Goalscorer Award
1977 – Ken Reed
1997 – Sasha Markovski
Weinstein Medal
1986 – John Markovski
1988 – Lorenz Kindter
1990 – Kevin Muscat
1997 – Sasha Markovski
1998 – Anthony Magnacca
National Youth Player of the Year
1989 – John Markovski
State League First Division Player of the Year
2008 – George Papadopoulos
International representatives
Australia
Notable coaches
John Gardiner
Ernie Merrick
John Markovski
Ken Wagstaff
See also
Australian football (soccer) league system
References
External links
Sunshine Georgies at the Football Federation Victoria website
Association football clubs established in 1947
Caroline Springs George Cross FC
National Soccer League (Australia) teams
Soccer clubs in Melbourne
Victorian Premier League teams
1947 establishments in Australia
Sunshine, Victoria
Victorian State League teams
Sport in the City of Melton
Sport in the City of Brimbank
Diaspora sports clubs in Australia
Maltese diaspora | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Springs%20George%20Cross%20FC |
Richmond Soccer Club is an Australian soccer club from Richmond, Victoria, an inner eastern suburb of Melbourne, Australia. Richmond compete in the Victorian State League Division 1 South-East competition, the third tier of football in Victoria, after successive relegations in 2016 and 2017.
History
The club was formed in 1953 and has historically been associated with Melbourne's German Australian community. Originally based in the north west Melbourne suburb of Maribyrnong, in 1955 the club became affiliated with the Melbourne German Club (Deutscher Verein Melbourne), Club Tivoli, and relocated to Richmond. It then adopted the name Alemannia Richmond Soccer Club.
The team has had three stints in the highest Victorian football division, in 1961, 1963 and 2006–2013. Richmond's most successful season was 2010, finishing as the Minor Premiers and the runners-up in the Victorian Premier League Grand Final.
National Premier Leagues Victoria (2014–present)
In late 2013, Richmond were accepted into the newly formed National Premier Leagues Victoria competition, being placed into the NPL1, essentially the new second tier of football in Victoria, retaining the tier they competed in the season prior. In the inaugural NPL1 season, despite the goalscoring heroics of star striker Tom Cahill, who finished as the league's top goalscorer, the side could only manage a 4th-placed finish, missing out on promotion.
The following season, the club confirmed their return to the top flight, taking out the NPL1 East championship, beating Melbourne Victory Youth to the title by two points. In mid-November 2015, Richmond confirmed that Nick Crivelli and former Socceroo Fausto De Amicis would be assistants to senior head coach Rick Mensink in season 2016.
Richmond's recruiting for their return to the top flight began in tough stead, losing key individuals Tom Cahill to Hume City FC and Josh Knights to St Albans Saints SC, but pulled off a coup in bringing former Dutch youth international Geert Arend Roorda of FC Dordrecht to the club. Richmond continued to bolster their squad, announcing the signings of Jake Barker-Daish and New Zealand international Liam Higgins three weeks out from the start of the season. The Club also added former Port Melbourne SC duo Bryan Bran and Kris Kioussis just out from the start of the season.
Richmond's first season back in the top flight began in difficult fashion, collecting one point in its opening four fixtures, conceding 17 goals in the process. The club then faced top-of-the-table South Melbourne FC but surprisingly came out on top in a 6-3 win at Kevin Bartlett Reserve. Richmond finished the season in 12th place in the 14 team league, setting up a promotion / relegation playoff against North Geelong Warriors FC. In the playoff match, North Geelong ran out 4-0 victors, sending the Eagles down to NPL2 for 2017. After the loss, head coach Rick Mensink stepped down from his role.
Former Sunshine George Cross and North Shine Eagles coach Paul Donnelly was appointed as the senior head coach for the 2017 season in October 2016. At the half-way mark of the season, with Richmond languishing in second-bottom place of the NPL Victoria 2 East ladder, the club made a change and brought in Brian Vanega to lead the club, relieving Donnelly of his duties.
On August 20, 2017 it was confirmed Richmond SC 1953 would finish 10th in the NPL2 East division, placing the club in the relegation position to State League 1. It concluded a horrid 2 years for the club which saw the club be relegated back to back and potentially losing its NPL status.
On 15 September 2017 it was announced the club would vote on October 5, 2017 to appoint liquidators and ceasing operations. However, after negotiations, the club reached an agreement with interested parties that would see them avoid liquidation and play in the Victorian State League 1 South-East in 2018. The new major sponsor was revealed to be Electricity Wizard. Daniel Cobb, the CEO of Electricity Wizard, replaced Dave Foster as the new club president and Matthew McNamara was appointed treasurer. Richmond appointed Sam Poutakidis as the new head coach for the 2018 season. Oscar Farto took over from Poutakidis midway through the 2018 season, with Richmond in 2nd place, where it would eventually finish the 2018 State League 1 season.
In 2019 Richmond finished in 4th place in State League 1.
Colours
Richmond's home kit colours are black and white, symbolic of their German heritage. Their away colours are green and black.
Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors
Richmond's shirts have been made by kit manufacturers including Nike, Adidas, Concave, and now Armadura.
Stadium and training grounds
Richmond SC play their home matches at Kevin Bartlett Reserve in Burnley, Victoria. Currently, it can hold up to 5000 spectators.
The ground is named after the Richmond Australian Rules footballer Kevin Bartlett, who was the first VFL player to play 400 senior games.
The senior and reserve teams play on Pitch 1, with juniors playing on Pitch 2.
Current head coaching staff
Former players
Evangelos Skraparas
Melissa Barbieri
Honours
National Premier Leagues Victoria
National Premier Leagues Victoria 1
Champions (1): 2015National Premier Leagues Victoria 1 EastPremiers (1): 2015
Victorian Premier League:
Premiers (1): 2010
Runners-Up (1): 2010
Finalists (2): 2008, 2010
Victorian Division 1 South:
Champions (2): 1960, 1962
Victorian State League Division 2:
Champions (1): 1991
Victorian State League Division 2 South-East:
Champions (1): 2003
Source
References
External links
Richmond SC official website
Association football clubs established in 1954
Soccer clubs in Melbourne
Victorian Premier League teams
1954 establishments in Australia
Sport in the City of Yarra
Diaspora sports clubs in Australia
German-Australian culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond%20SC |
Kingston City Football Club is an Australian, professional soccer club from Clayton South, Victoria (within the local government area of Kingston), whose home ground is The Grange Reserve. Kingston club is competing in 2020 in the National Premier Leagues Victoria 2.
History
The club was established in 1974 in the south-eastern Melbourne suburb of Clarinda by members of the local Greek Australian community. Originally called Liverpool Soccer Club, the club was renamed Clarinda Soccer Club the following year (1975). Playing many of its home games on the grounds of Clayton Technical School in Clayton, Victoria, the club spent most of its early years competing in the lower divisions of the Victorian District Leagues. In 1982 the club moved to its current home ground The Grange in the neighbouring suburb of Clayton South, Victoria, and in 1998 was renamed Kingston City Soccer Club. The name change was made to reflect the amalgamation of local city councils and the restructuring of city borders, but also to broaden the club's appeal amongst the non-Greek population in the local area.
Kingston City competed in the 2006 Victorian Premier League after back-to-back promotions in 2004 and 2005, winning the State League Division One title in the latter year. The club's stay in the top-flight was short-lived, though, suffering relegation in 2007. Financial struggles then blighted the club, with debt as high as six-figures hindering Kingston's operations. A second relegation followed in 2008 when City finished bottom of State League 1 and then a third consecutive relegation when it finished bottom of the 2009 State League Division Two South-East.
After finishing his playing career at the end of the 2012 State League Division 2 South-East season, Nick Tolios took over as head coach of the club.
In 2014, Kingston City was announced as one of the successful applicants for the newly introduced National Premier Leagues Victoria, joining the second division, the new second tier of football in Victoria. Kingston finished in 8th place in its first season in the 14-team league.
The following season, six additional clubs were added to National Premier Leagues Victoria 2, with the division splitting into East and West conferences of ten sides each. Kingston finished in 6th place in NPL2 East in 2015.
On 3 September 2016, Kingston City achieved promotion from to NPL Victoria in dramatic circumstances. Needing to avoid defeat on the final match-day of the regular season, Damian Iaconis scored a 94th-minute equaliser to achieve automatic promotion into the top flight. In the 2016 NPL2 Grand Final, Kingston City came back from 2–0 down to win 3–2 against St Albans Saints, with Slaven Vranesevic scoring two near-identical free kicks, and Kingston were crowned NPL Victoria 2 Champions. Velibor Mitrovic was top goalscorer with 19 goals.
Kingston finished in 10th place in its first season in the NPL in 2017, seven points clear of the relegation playoff spot. Iaconis top-scored with 12 goals. The following season, City finished just outside of the finals series, two points behind Port Melbourne in sixth place. Iaconis once again top-scored with 11 goals. In 2019, after three seasons in the top flight in Victoria, Kingston City were relegated, finishing in second-bottom place, one point short of Dandenong Thunder in the relegation play-off spot. After relegation was confirmed, Tolios left the club to take up an opportunity at Bentleigh Greens after seven years as head coach of Kingston.
Kingston then appointed Con Tangalakis as manager for the 2020 season.
Honours
NPL2 Champions: 2016
NPL2 Premiers: 2016
Victorian State League Division 1 Champions: 2005
Victorian State League Division 2 Champions: 1994, 2002
Victorian State League Division 3 Champions: 2011 Seniors & Reserves
Victorian State League Division 4 Champions: 1986
Victorian State League Provisional League 1 Champions: 1985
Hellenic Cup Winners: 1983, 1993–94
2019 Senior Men's National Premier Leagues Victoria Squad
as of February 2019
Competition Timeline
R relegated P promoted C champions F finals
References
External links
Kingston City FC Official website
Association football clubs established in 1974
Soccer clubs in Melbourne
Greek-Australian culture in Victoria (state)
1974 establishments in Australia
Sport in the City of Kingston (Victoria) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston%20City%20FC |
FC Bulleen Lions is an Australian semi-professional football club based in the Melbourne suburb Bulleen. Founded in 1974 by Melbourne's Italian community, the club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Victoria 2, the second highest level of Victorian state soccer. Since its inception, the club has been based at David Barro stadium in the Veneto Club when it was both a stand-alone and a merged club.
Bulleen has competed at the highest level in two separate stints in 1988–1996 and 2016–2018, where the club were premiers and champions in 1993. From 1997 to 2007, the club competed as Bulleen Inter Kings (subsequently Bulleen Zebras) after merges with Box Hill, Brunswick Zebras, Clayton Inter, and Essendon Royals. In this time, another two more premierships were achieved in 1998 and 2004.
History
FC Bulleen Lions was founded in 1974. The team wore maroon and gold kits. The Club initially competed in the VSF North Division. In 1977, Bulleen moved up to Provisional League Two. In 1983, after finishing second in Provisional League Two the year before, Bulleen were granted a licence to participate in the third division of the Metropolitan league. In 1985, Bulleen were promoted to the second division of the Metro league. In 1987 Bulleen won the Division 1 championship by one point against Ringwood City Wilhelmina. In 1987, the senior team was promoted to the State League, the then top division of football in Victoria.
In 1991, Bulleen were accepted into the reformed Victorian Premier League, which replaced the old State League. Bulleen finished the season equal first with Juventus, but lost out on top spot by virtue of a lower goal difference.
In 1993, Bulleen became known as the Bulleen Lions. That was a famous year for the club as the first major title was secured, first winning the Premiers Plate for their first-place finish and then grabbing the Championship by beating Fawkner in the Grand Final. Bulleen reached the Grand Final again in 1995, but lost out to Altona Magic SC 3–2 at Olympic Park.
In 1997, Brunswick Zebras merged with Bulleen Lions and Box Hill Inter to become the Bulleen Inter Kings. Bulleen Inter Kings later changed their name to the Bulleen Zebras.
In 2007, the club hosted no senior team. In 2008, Essendon Royals played out of the Veneto Club and formed the Bulleen Royals, playing in the First Division. From 2009 onwards, the seniors were once again known as the FC Bulleen Lions, reverting to their original colours of maroon and gold. The club finished mid-table in the Victorian State League 1 for five consecutive seasons from 2009–2013.
National Premier Leagues
2014 saw Bulleen participate in the inaugural National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 campaign, finishing in fifth place in the 14 team competition under head coach Fabrizio Soncin. Joey Katebian was the league's equal top goalscorer, tied with Tom Cahill on 26 goals.
Bulleen appointed a new coach for the 2015 season, with Domenic Barba replacing Soncin. The 2015 NPL2 competition was split into East and West conferences. The Lions achieved promotion back into the top flight of Victorian football after topping the NPL2 West competition, finishing the season on 57 points, six ahead of second placed Moreland Zebras.
In the off-season, Bulleen added former A-League goalkeeper Griffin McMaster as well as Ersin Kaya. Bulleen opened their NPL Victoria season with a 1–0 loss to Bentleigh Greens, before a 1–0 win over Oakleigh Cannons and then two successive draws to Melbourne Victory Youth and South Melbourne, with the match against South drawing over 2,000 people to the Veneto Club, the largest attendance at the ground for a Bulleen match in many years. Bulleen finished in 11th place, two points clear of the relegation playoff spot after defeating Hume City FC 2–0 at ABD Stadium on the final match-day of the season. A few weeks after the end of the season, head coach Dom Barba departed the club to take up a role at Port Melbourne.
In preparing for the 2017 season, Bulleen appointed former Dandenong City coach Aaron Healey as the club's new senior head coach. Bulleen finished the season in 9th place.
After a 5–1 home loss to Port Melbourne in Round 6, Healey was sacked by Bulleen and replaced by John Maisano. Maisano was unable to keep the Lions in the division, with his side finishing in bottom place in 2018, returning to the NPL Victoria 2.
Honours
Stand-alone honours (1974–1996, 2008–present)
Victorian State First Tier Finals
Champions (1): 1993
Runner's Up (1): 1995
Victorian State First Tier
Premiers (1): 1993
Runner's Up (3): 1991, 1992, 1994
Victorian State First Tier Reserves
Runner's Up (2): 1992, 1993
Victorian State Second Tier
Premiers (1): 2015
Victorian State Third Tier
Premiers (1): 1987
Victorian State Fourth Tier
Premiers (1): 1986
Victorian State Fifth Tier
Third Place (promotion) (1): 1985
Victorian State Sixth Tier
Fourth Place (promotion) (1): 1983
Victorian State Seventh Tier
Runner's Up (1): 1982
Victorian State Eighth Tier
Fifth Place (promotion) (1): 1981
Merged honours as Bulleen Inter Kings/Bulleen Zebras (1997–2006)
Victorian State First Tier Finals
Champions (2): 1998, 2004
Runner's Up (1): 1997
Victorian State First Tier Reserves
Runner's Up (1): 1998
References
External links
FC Bulleen Lions (official website)
Football Federation Victoria (official website)
Soccer clubs in Melbourne
Victorian State League teams
Italian-Australian culture in Melbourne
Italian-Australian backed sports clubs of Victoria (state)
1974 establishments in Australia
Sport in the City of Manningham
Women's soccer clubs in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Bulleen%20Lions |
News Cafe is a full-service cafe-bar and cocktail franchise restaurant chain founded in South Africa since 1995.
The first News Cafe opened in 1995 in Hatfield, Pretoria, shortly after the lifting of sanctions against South Africa signalled the entry of overseas hospitality franchises such as McDonald's into the South African food service market. In 2009 the first News Cafe was opened in India, followed by the second early in 2010.
The News Cafe brand is owned by the operating company Fournews headquartered in Edenvale (Ekurhuleni); it has branches across southern Africa, including a News Cafe in Zimbabwe, Kenya, Gaborone, Botswana and in Ndola, Zambia.
See also
References
Coffeehouses and cafés in South Africa
Restaurant chains in South Africa
Economy of Ekurhuleni
Companies based in Germiston | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News%20Cafe |
Sutherland Sharks Football Club is an Australian association football club based in the suburb of Sutherland in Sydney New South Wales. The club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues NSW. The club's home games are played at Seymour Shaw Park, located in the southern Sydney suburb of Miranda. It recently opened a new academy. It is incorporated as a non-profit club.
History
The origins of Sutherland Sharks are traced back to the founding of Sutherland United SFC in 1930. By 1936, the club had grown markedly leading to a split and formation of the current-day club, albeit under a different name – Casuals Soccer Football Club. In the post-WWII era, the club grew and found success in the St George Football Association but in 1947 they stepped up to the Metropolitan Soccer League (effectively the Sydney 2nd Division, behind only the old NSW Soccer Association 1st Division). The club soon earned its stripes in this highly competitive league winning the title in just their second year and gaining promotion to the heady heights of the 1st Division but disappointingly, financial constraints forced them to let the opportunity pass. It was another 24 years before the club moved into the top flight state league.
In 1949 the club changed its name to the more representative Sutherland Shire Casuals SFC, and in 1950 the club acquired a long-term lease on the Seymour Shaw field. However the club did not move permanently to the Miranda ground until 1959, continuing to use Sutherland Oval. In 1955, the club again changed its name to Sutherland Shire Soccer Football Club. In 1961 it amalgamated with the ailing St George district club (a separate entity to the later St George Budapest) and for a brief period became 'Sutherland–St George SFC' before reverting to its previous name in 1963.
The club made the 1967 Sydney Federation Division Two Final series after finishing the season in fourth. The club then finished second in the Final series and qualified for the Grand Final against Bankstown who finished first. Sutherland Shire lost the game 1–0.
In 1971 Sutherland won the Sydney Federation Division Two, securing promotion to the NSW top league. In 1978 the club won a major trophy for the first time when they claimed the prestigious Ampol Cup. Later that year Sutherland defeated Sydney Croatia 2–1 in a replayed Grand Final at Wentworth Park. The club again won the Ampol Cup in 1981 and also achieved a 3–1 Grand Final win against Melita Eagles at St George Stadium in 1986.
In 1984, when the National Soccer League expanded by the addition of four Sydney clubs, Sutherland, who was initially tipped to join the league, was edged out by the newly formed Penrith City. During the 1990s the club recorded its first ever premiership in 1991, and followed this up with a repeat victory in 1996. The club remained in the 1st Division until the 2001/02 season, relegating for two seasons and then returning to the top flight.
Current squad
As of 5 February 2023
Honours
National Premier Leagues NSW regular season:
Champions (3): 1978, 1986, 2009
National Premier Leagues NSW grand final:
Premiers (2): 1991, 2008
National Premier Leagues NSW 2:
Champions (1): 1971
Runners-Up (1): 1967
Premiers (1): 1971
Runners-Up (1): 1970
Waratah Cup:
Champions (4): 1978, 1981, 2009, 2012
References
External links
Official website
Sutherland Sharks @ Facebook
Association football clubs established in 1930
New South Wales Premier League teams
National Premier Leagues clubs
Soccer clubs in Sydney
1930 establishments in Australia
Sutherland Shire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland%20Sharks%20FC |
Manly United Football Club is an Australian football club based in the northern beaches area of Sydney. The club competes in the National Premier Leagues NSW and their home ground is Cromer Park, in the suburb of Dee Why, approximately 15 minutes away from Manly.
Its main grandstand is named after former Socceroo captain Lucas Neill, who played for the club as a junior before playing overseas at Blackburn Rovers and West Ham United.
Manly United Football Club Ltd. was officially formed in 2004 by the Manly Warringah Soccer Association. However, there have been many representative teams competing for the association prior to this date. Notably, the previous club was called Manly Warringah Dolphins, that formed from the merger of Manly-North Shore United and Warringah Freshwater at the close of the 1991 NSW Division 1 season for the start of the upcoming 1992 NSW Super League season.
History
Neerlandia / Manly Warringah
A Dutch club called Neerlandia competed in the 1959 Sydney Federation Division Two, won the premiership and gained entry into the Sydney Federation Division One for 1960.
The club changed its name to Manly Warringah from 1960. The side had spent 14 seasons throughout the New South Wales top flight in 1960, 1968, and from 1976 to 1987 before being relegated to Division Two. With the club struggling, it merged with North Shore United in 1991. North Shore United itself was a merger of two clubs Ku-Ring-Gai and North Sydney-Artarmon (for the 1989 season). The Manly-North Shore United merger dissolved after the 1991 NSW Division One season, with Manly merging with Warringah Freshwater. North Shore United would continue to send representative teams to tournaments as Ku-Ring-Gai Districts.
Warringah Freshwater
Warringah Narrabeen (and from 1986 Warringah Freshwater) was a club that had competed throughout the early 1980s in NSW Division Two, even winning the title in 1983. With promotion in 1984 to NSW Division One, the club maintained mid-lower half of the table across their eight-year sojourn in the top flight. Their highest place finish was 5th, achieved in 1991 before merging with Manly for the newly revamped "NSW Super League" in 1992.
Manly Warringah Dolphins
The merger of Manly-North Shore United and Warringah Freshwater created the Manly Warringah Dolphins at the close of the 1991 NSW Division 1 season for the start of the upcoming NSW Super League season. The club had gained promotion into the NSW Premier League for the start of the 2004–05 season. At the time, the club was operating solely as a representative branch for the Manly Warringah Soccer Association (MWSA). However, it was a requirement from Soccer NSW that all Federation Clubs be a separate incorporated body and so Manly United Football Club Ltd. was formed.
Manly United (2004–present)
Manly United have competed in the NSW Tier 1 since 2004–05 when they were elevated to the NSW Premier League after winning the Super League Division. Manly United is considered an important side in the NSWPL, as it is based on a geographical area, rather than founded by a single ethnic group like some other ex-NSL clubs.
The original Logo of the renamed Manly United Football Club in 2004 was a collective of an Osprey sea bird, a Football & a Dolphin joined as one, these three icons represent the local MWFA Association (Osprey), a Football & Manly Warringah Dolphins (Dolphin). The Club again changed its logo in 2016 to reflect the evolution of Manly United Football Club and its ownership and association with Manly Warringah Football Association.
The club is the representative arm of the Manly Warringah Football Association (MWFA), the largest community Football Association in Australia with more than 20,000 players.
Divisional History
2004–2012: NSW Premier League (NSW Tier 1)
2013–present: National Premier Leagues NSW (NSW Tier 1)
Manly Warringah Dolphins
1992–1996: Super League (NSW Tier 1)
1997–1999: Division One (NSW Tier 2)
2000: Super League (NSW Tier 1)
2001–2004: Winter Super League (NSW Tier 2)
Lucas Neill Scholarship and Medal
Between 2006 and 2012 ex-Manly junior Lucas Neill helped provide opportunities for up and coming footballers from his junior club. Each year the scholarship was awarded to a different young player from Manly to trial in Europe.
Due to a number of factors including difficulty getting clubs in Europe to provide the opportunity for the players, the scheme was discontinued as Lucas and his advisors looked for a different way to reward the junior
players from his junior club.
In 2014 the scholarship was re-branded the Lucas Neill Medal and was extended to include ALL junior members of the club, it was determined that there should be two medals awarded each year, in recognition of the advancements in ladies football.
The medal is made from Sterling silver and is laser engraved on the front with a photograph of Lucas when he first became captain of Australia in 2007.
Current Men's squad
Current Women's squad
.
Men's Seasons
Men's Honours
National Premier Leagues NSW
Men's Club Champions (1): 2016
National Premier Leagues NSW Grand Finals
Champions (1): 2017
Runners Up (1): 2022
Waratah Cup:
Champions (1): 2011
Runners-up (4): 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016
Manly Warringah Dolphins (1992–2004)
National Premier Leagues NSW
Premiers (1): 1995
Runners-Up (1): 1992
National Premier Leagues NSW Grand Finals
Champions (1): 1995,
Runners-Up (0):
National Premier Leagues NSW 2
Premiers (1): 2004
Runners-Up (1): 2002
National Premier Leagues NSW 2 Grand Finals
Champions (1): 2001
Runners-Up (2): 1994, 2004
References
External links
Official site
New South Wales Premier League teams
National Premier Leagues clubs
Manly, New South Wales
Association football clubs established in 2004
2004 establishments in Australia
Northern Beaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly%20United%20FC |
Gwyn Thomas (6 July 1913 – 13 April 1981) was a Welsh writer, dramatist, Punch-columnist, radio broadcaster and raconteur, who has been called "the true voice of the English-speaking valleys".
Early life
Gwyn Thomas was born in Cymmer, Porth in the Rhondda Valley, the youngest of 12 children, to coalminer Walter Morgan Thomas and his wife. His mother died when he was aged six, and he was consequently brought up by his sister, often with handouts from the local soup kitchen.
After winning a scholarship, Thomas studied Spanish at the University of Oxford. Plagued by mysterious health problems, terribly poor and depressed, it was only after spending a summer and a term at the end of his second year at Complutense University of Madrid, thanks to a miners' scholarship, that he decided to complete his studies. Thomas was diagnosed at the age of 23 with a previously undetected thyroid malfunction that had been poisoning him for years, which was operated on to prevent his death.
Career
On graduation, and wanting to be a writer, Thomas struggled to establish himself during the 1930s depression. He took on part-time lecturing jobs across England, while trying to get his novel Sorrow For Thy Sons published.
He married his childhood friend Eiluned (Lyn) Thomas in Pontypridd Register Office on 5 January 1938. Failing to pass the British Army medical at the outbreak of World War II thanks to 20 years of smoking, he returned to Wales in 1940 and taught at the WEA. He then became a schoolteacher, first teaching French in Cardigan, and then Spanish and French
at Barry Grammar School for 20 years.
Approached in 1951 by a BBC Radio Wales producer to write for the radio, he returned to his childhood memories of 1920s South Wales to create the radio play Gazuka!, a celebration of a bizarre musical instrument.
A prolific novelist and short-story writer, he became a regular on chat shows such as The Brains Trust, and after 20 years of teaching in 1962 he became a full-time writer and broadcaster, retiring with his wife to Peterston-super-Ely.
However, due to a combination of diabetes, heavy drinking and smoking, his health began to fail in the late 1960s. In 1981 Thomas collapsed and was taken to the University Hospital of Wales in Cardiff, where he died on 13 April, shortly before his 68th birthday.
Memorial
In 1993 Sir Anthony Hopkins portrayed Thomas in a BBC Wales television production, "Selected Exits", adapted by Alan Plater and based on his memoir A Few Selected Exits. Later that year Hopkins unveiled a bronze bust of Thomas in the foyer of the New Theatre, Cardiff, where he spoke about his personal experience of knowing the author, who had been a family friend. Thomas was further commemorated at an event in Memorial Hall, Barry on Saturday 21 November 2009, when Pride in Barry announced it was placing a Blue Plaque on the Old College Inn, Barry, where his old school classrooms used to be.
In 2013, at the centenary of his birth, he was compared with Kingsley Amis and Evelyn Waugh.
Works
Novels
The Dark Philosophers (1946) [new edition 2005]
The Alone to The Alone (1947) [new edition 2008]
All Things Betray Thee (1949) [new edition 1986]
The World Cannot Hear You (1951)
Now Lead Us Home (1951)
A Frost on My Frolic (1953)
The Stranger at My Side (1954)
A Point of Order (1956)
The Love Man (1958)
Sorrow For Thy Sons (1986) [written 1936]
The Thinker and the Thrush (1988) [written 1949]
Short stories
Where Did I Put My Pity? (1946)
Gazooka and Other Stories (1957)
Ring Delirium 123 (1960)
A Welsh Eye (1964) (with drawings by John Dd. Evans; new edition 1984)
The Lust Lobby (1971)
The Sky of our Lives (1972)
Selected Short Stories (1984) [new editions 1988, 1995]
Meadow Prospect Revisited (1992)
PlaysThe Keep (1962)Sap (1974)The Breakers (1976)Three Plays (1990) [The Keep, Loud Organs, Jackie The Jumper]
MiscA Hatful of Humours (1965) [essays]A Few Selected Exits (1968) [autobiography; new editions 1985, 1993]High on Hope (1985) [journalism]
Further reading
Parnell, M. (1997), Laughter from the Dark: A Life of Gwyn Thomas, Seren Books/Poetry Wales Pr Ltd,
Leeworthy, D (2022), Fury of Past Time: A Life of Gwyn Thomas'', Parthian Books,
See also
Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English
Welsh Literature
References
External links
BBC Wales on his life.
Thomas's comments after meeting Jacob Bronowski
People from Porth
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Welsh schoolteachers
Welsh short story writers
Welsh novelists
Welsh expatriates in Spain
Anglo-Welsh novelists
1913 births
1981 deaths
20th-century British novelists
20th-century Welsh dramatists and playwrights
20th-century British short story writers
British expatriates in Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyn%20Thomas%20%28novelist%29 |
Fen Ditton is a village on the northeast edge of Cambridge in Cambridgeshire, England. The parish covers an area of .
Fen Ditton lies on the east bank of the River Cam, on the road from Cambridge to Clayhithe, and close to junction 34 of the A14. The nearest railway station is Cambridge North; Waterbeach station is several kilometres north of the village.
History
The site has been occupied since at least neolithic times, and stone tools have been found on the meadows between the village and the river.
The name was first recorded in around 950 as Dittone, meaning "the village by the ditch", derived from the Fleam Dyke, the prehistoric ditch that passed through the village from the river to the edge of the fens at Stow-cum-Quy and can still be seen just to the east of the village. The name was later changed to its present name to distinguish it from Wood Ditton.
The village's history is closely connected to its position on the River Cam, which provided trade throughout the medieval period and its principal connection to other settlements. A large wharf at the western end of the High Street allowed goods to be delivered for the annual Stourbridge Fair between the 12th and 14th centuries, but trade declined in later centuries. The wharf was still in use in 1845, but the opening of the London-Cambridge railway line removed its commercial purpose and it closed. More recently the river has been used primarily for leisure purposes.
A paper mill was opened in the parish in around 1550, only the second recorded in England. Standing on Coldham's Brook at the junction of modern-day Ditton Walk and Newmarket Road it had fallen out of use by the early 19th century; it is now occupied by offices.
The first road in the village passed between the river and the church, linking Fen Ditton to Horningsea from at least the start of the 15th century. By the 17th century it had been moved to the east of the church. Neither route to Horningsea is still in evidence, but its route south towards Cambridge is now marked by Ditton Walk and the Wadloes footpath. In the 18th century, a new road was added on the higher ground to link the Newmarket Road to Fen Ditton and Horningsea and now serves as the main route through the village. The railway line from Cambridge to Fordham, which opened in 1884, ran through the southern half of the parish.
The area known as Fen Ditton Fields was part of the parish until it was transferred to Cambridge in 1938. With the expansion of Cambridge, housing was built on the fields in the first half of the 20th century, and it also contains Cambridge's only remaining cemetery that takes new burials. The area is now bounded by the former railway line, Coldham's Common, and Cambridge Airport. Pye Telecommunications, pioneers of the use of radios in taxis, opened their site in this area in 1944; it was taken over by Philips in the 1980s.
Churches
The Church of England church of St Mary The Virgin was built in the twelfth century. Made from Barnack stone and rubble with clunch and limestone dressings, it consists of a chancel, nave, north and south aisles, a south porch, and west tower. Some original twelfth century masonry survives, and the tower dates from the thirteenth century. It is topped by a weather vane in the form of a rowing eight.
The Roman Catholic church of St Vincent de Paule is located on Ditton Lane. It is a timber building, clad with corrugated iron, and as a pre-fabricated building has resided in multiple sites (as a makeshift hospital, a club and a hall) until being set up as a church in its current location in 1958. The church has a regular attendance of around 80 people. Although on Ditton Lane, and a short distance from the village, this church is actually within the City of Cambridge, not Fen Ditton.
Village life
Fen Ditton is often associated with The Bumps, the annual rowing races held on the river alongside the village. This association can be seen in the church's weather vane, which takes the form of a rowing eight, and a service for rowers is held there each year. During the 1940s and 50s a ferry would operate across the river to The Plough public house during May Week until it sank in 1961.
There are two public houses in Fen Ditton. The Plough runs down to the river at Green End; The King's Head, active since at least 1760, is situated alongside the church. Former pubs include The Sluice or Pike and Eel, to the north of the village on the river; The Harvest Home on Green End; and The Blue Lion, rebuilt in 1951, where the High Street meets the Horningsea Road. The Blue Lion closed in March 2012 to allow the site to be redeveloped as housing. The Ancient Shepherds on the High Street was built as three cottages in 1540. It closed as a public house in June 2020, was bought by Mark J Poynton, and reopened later in 2020 as a restaurant, under the name of MJP @ The Shepherds.
Children initially attend Fen Ditton Primary school and usually then go on to Bottisham Village College. The village's store and post office closed in 2005. The shop unit is presently used as a studio and gallery by Christina Green, one of Fen Ditton's artists in residence.
Fen Ditton is home to both a cricket and a football team. Both sides play their home games on Fen Ditton Recreation Ground.
The village's war memorial, unveiled in 1921, sits on a grass island at the junction of High Street and Church Street. It is a tapered obelisk sat on a plinth that lists the names of 22 villagers killed in the First World War and a further five from the second. Among those commemorated is Captain Keith Lucas. The war memorial is a Grade II listed building.
On Church Street, opposite the church, is a small, picturesque row of three cottages, known as Willys' Almshouses. Wall plaques explain they were built by Sir Thomas Willys, 1st Baronet, whose family were the principal landowners until the 1730s, as six cottages ("for six poor widows") in 1665, rebuilt in 1877, and finally, in 1968/9, combined into the three used today. These are operated by a charity, "for rental by single independent people of the parish of Fen Ditton".
Notable native
Elizabeth Cheney, the great-grandmother of Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, and Catherine Howard, three of the wives of King Henry VIII of England, thus making her great-great-grandmother to King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth I.
Nearby villages
Horningsea
Clayhithe
Waterbeach
References
External links
The Ancient Shepherds
Fen Ditton Cricket Club
Fen Ditton Parish Council
2001 Census summary (PDF)
Villages in Cambridgeshire
Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen%20Ditton |
Gwen Cooper is a fictional character portrayed by Welsh actress Eve Myles in the BBC science-fiction television programme Torchwood, a spin-off of the long-running series Doctor Who. The lead female character, Gwen featured in every episode of the show's 2006–2011 run, as well as two 2008 crossover episodes of Doctor Who. Gwen appears in Expanded Universe material such as the Torchwood novels and audiobooks, comic books and radio plays.
Within the series narrative, Gwen is a South Wales Police officer who discovers the mysterious Torchwood Institute, into which she is recruited by Jack Harkness (John Barrowman). Gwen initially operates as a field agent, bringing a humane and rounded approach to the team's investigations of the extraterrestrial. Gwen's work begins to take a toll on her personal life in the first series (2006), but her marriage to Rhys (Kai Owen) keeps her grounded, even as her responsibilities increase in Series 2 (2008). In Children of Earth (2009) and Miracle Day (2011), after Torchwood is destroyed to conceal a government conspiracy, a much hardened Gwen operates under her own mandate as the world undergoes crises linked with unprecedented alien threats.
Gwen is introduced as an audience surrogate, in the mould of the "girl next door" archetype, much like the perennial "companion" character in Doctor Who. However, as the series progressed, the production team chose to emphasise contradictory aspects to her character by having Gwen make ethically dubious decisions. As the show progresses, and even after becoming a mother, Gwen evolves into a more militant action heroine and finds herself willing to make tough decisions to protect those closest to her.
Reviewers have generally responded positively to the complexity of Gwen's character and Eve Myles' portrayal, though critics found fault with her more prosaic characterisation earlier on. Eve Myles' portrayal of Gwen has been cited as effective in both promoting the country of Wales and combating a perceived prejudice against the Welsh accent. Myles received a Welsh BAFTA for the first series of the show and was nominated for several other acting awards across each of Torchwoods four series'.
Appearances
Television
Gwen is introduced in the first episode of Torchwood, in which she—a Cardiff police officer— witnesses Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) and his team interrogating a dead man in an alley. After investigating the Torchwood team, she locates the Torchwood Institute's Cardiff branch, home to a team of alien hunters. Though Jack wipes her memories, they are later triggered by reports of murders committed with exotic weaponry. Torchwood's own Suzie Costello (Indira Varma) is the serial killer. Gwen is present at Suzie's attempt to kill Jack, and Suzie's ensuing suicide. Jack reveals that he cannot die and offers Gwen a job in Torchwood. Jack and Gwen's relationship takes on a romantic hue, despite her long-standing relationship with boyfriend Rhys (Kai Owen). Gwen falls into a short-lived destructive affair with colleague Owen (Burn Gorman), after a particularly traumatic experience with cannibals, which she cannot share with Rhys. Shortly afterwards, Gwen is targeted and almost killed by a vengeful undead Suzie. In their conversations, Gwen is shocked to realise the extent to which Torchwood neglected Suzie's emotional welfare, and Suzie is resentful towards Gwen, who has replaced her both professionally, and as Owen's lover. Wracked with guilt, Gwen confesses her affair with Owen after it ends in "Combat", but she drugs Rhys with an amnesia pill so he will not remember her confession. In the series one finale, her desire to resurrect a murdered Rhys motivates her to mutiny against Jack by opening the rift in time and space which Torchwood monitors. After Jack sacrifices himself to the released supernatural demon, Gwen maintains a vigil, certain that he will resurrect. As she loses hope, giving Jack a parting kiss, he awakens and thanks her. Shortly afterwards, Jack abandons Torchwood to reunite with the mysterious "Doctor" from his past.
In 2008, as series two begins, Gwen has replaced Jack as team leader. When Jack returns to lead Torchwood, Gwen displays anger towards him for abandoning the team, and surprises him with the news she has become engaged. In a later episode she is forced to tell Rhys about her job at Torchwood when he assumes she is having an affair with Jack. After Rhys takes a bullet for her Gwen defies Jack by refusing to wipe Rhys' memories, feeling humbled by her partner's loyalty and bravery. In "Something Borrowed", despite being pregnant to an alien Nostrovite, Gwen refuses to postpone the wedding to Rhys. Her marriage makes Jack remember an earlier marriage of his own. In "Adrift" Rhys continues to push Gwen to unburden herself from her traumatic experiences, after her attempt to re-unite families with missing children stolen by the rift goes horribly wrong. In the series finale, Gwen's leadership skills allow her to co-ordinate Cardiff during the chaos caused by Captain John Hart (James Marsters) and Jack's younger brother Gray (Lachlan Nieboer). When Gray kills Gwen's teammates Toshiko (Naoko Mori) and Owen, Gwen is desolate. The character makes a crossover appearance in Doctor Who alongside Jack and Ianto (Gareth David-Lloyd) in its 2008 series' two-part finale, in which Torchwood help contact series protagonist the Doctor (David Tennant) during an invasion of the psychopathic mutant Daleks, and later must defend their headquarters from the attacking aliens. The Doctor suggests a connection to Gwyneth, a separate character portrayed by Eve Myles in the 2005 Doctor Who episode "The Unquiet Dead". She was also mentioned in the alternate universe created in the Doctor Who episode "Turn Left" when Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) mentioned that she and Ianto were killed in the attempt to stop the Sontarans' invasion of Earth with ATMOs devices, whilst Jack is imprisoned on their homeworld.
In Children of Earth, a five-part serial broadcast in 2009, Gwen is a more militant heroine shaped by the increased responsibilities and pressures of her job. In part one, aliens called the 4-5-6 communicate to the world by taking possession of its children and a middle-aged man, Clem McDonald (Paul Copley). Gwen investigates by visiting Clem, who—being possessed of psychic abilities—announces to her she is pregnant, which she later confirms using technology at the Torchwood Hub. Gwen is forced to defend herself from assassins after the Hub is destroyed to conceal a government conspiracy, taking Rhys on the run with her, and re-establishing Torchwood Three in a London warehouse. By making contact with government PA Lois Habiba (Cush Jumbo), Gwen discovers her fugitive status and is able to survey cabinet meetings. When Ianto is killed fighting the 4-5-6, Gwen and Rhys return to Cardiff to protect his niece and nephew from the armed forces, ordered by the government to sacrifice a percentage of the country's children as appeasement. She feels she now understands the Doctor's periodic absence during various crises in Earth's history; believing him to sometimes "look at this planet, and turn away in shame". In the dénouement of the final part, Gwen is six months pregnant when she returns Jack's vortex manipulator to him. She insists he stay; he leaves her behind and abandons Earth.
Fourth series Miracle Day (2011), an American co-production, re-establishes Gwen, Rhys and their daughter Anwen living reclusively in rural Wales. CIA agent Rex Matheson (Mekhi Phifer) renditions Gwen to the United States, believing a worldwide phenomenon wherein no one can die to be connected to Torchwood and she becomes part of a new Torchwood team alongside Jack, Rex and former CIA analyst Esther Drummond (Alexa Havins). In "The Categories of Life" and "The Middle Men" Gwen returns to Wales to rescue her ailing father Geraint (William Thomas), who survived a fatal heart attack on "Miracle Day", from a facility where the critically injured are incinerated. Upon her return to America her family are kidnapped as leverage to make her surrender Jack. Gwen tells Jack, now ostensibly mortal, that she would allow him to be killed to save Anwen. After Gwen is deported by senior CIA official Allen Shapiro (John De Lancie) because of her dissidence she focusses on protecting her father from the authorities; enclosing him in her mother Mary's (Sharon Morgan) cellar and supplying him with palliative medicine. The concluding episode, "The Blood Line" opens with Gwen eulogising her father as the kindest man she has ever known, before stating that she is about to kill him. When the power and profit driven conspirators behind Miracle Day try to thwart her resolve by wounding Esther, Gwen declares she will sacrifice her entire Torchwood team to restore order. She shoots Jack through the heart, allowing his unique blood to prompt an ancient phenomenon to reset the human morphic field. As Geraint and other "Miracle Day" survivors pass away peacefully, Jack's immortality is restored. Gwen is shocked to discover at Esther's funeral that Rex is now immortal too.
In the 2021 New Year's Special "Revolution of the Daleks," Jack departs the TARDIS to reconnect with Gwen. Jack tells the Thirteenth Doctor that Gwen fought off a Dalek with a moped and her son's boxing gloves during the recent invasion, revealing that she has had another child in the years that have passed since the end of Miracle Day.
Literature
Gwen appears in all Torchwood novels published by BBC Books to date. The first wave, Another Life, Border Princes, and Slow Decay, set between the series one episodes of Torchwood, were published in January 2007. These novels expand on the difficult period in Gwen and Rhys' relationship. In Border Princes she engages in an affair with the mysterious James Mayer, while Rhys is endangering himself for her in Slow Decay by taking an alien diet pill to impress her. Published in March 2008, and tying in with the concurrently airing second series of Torchwood, Gwen appears in the novels Trace Memory, The Twilight Streets, and Something in the Water. Gwen's first day with Andy Davidson as her beat partner is portrayed in a flashback in Trace Memory. In The Twilight Streets an alternate-future Torchwood is depicted; headed by Gwen and Rhys, after the demise of Tosh, Owen, Ianto and Jack. Three more Torchwood books were released in October 2008: Pack Animals, SkyPoint, and Almost Perfect. These novels maintain the series chronology: Pack Animals depicts Gwen attempting to plan for her wedding alongside her Torchwood mission. SkyPoint, in which Gwen and Rhys discover an alien threat whilst flathunting, is set soon after their wedding in "Something Borrowed". Gwen's continued use of her maiden name is not specifically addressed in the TV show, but SkyPoint sees her consciously reject the name "Mrs Williams", after the unfamiliarity and awkwardness of hearing Jack address her this way. The novel Almost Perfect is the first to be set after the episode Exit Wounds in which Tosh and Owen are killed; Gwen becomes concerned at Rhys' increasing role in her investigations. The May 2009 wave of books consisted of Into the Silence, Bay of the Dead, and The House that Jack Built. Later novels published in October 2009 include Risk Assessment, The Undertaker's Gift, and Consequences, all set between "Exit Wounds" and Children of Earth. Gwen appears in three Torchwood: Miracle Day prequel novels released in Summer 2011. In First Born Gwen and Rhys encounter sinister forces in rural Wales whilst adjusting to parenthood and life in hiding. Gwen appears briefly in flashback material in Long Time Dead and The Men Who Sold the World, novels which explore the aftermath of the destruction of Torchwoods headquarters and the technology left behind. Written by John and Carole Barrowman and published in September 2012, the novel Exodus Code unites Gwen and Jack in a transatlantic mission following the events of Miracle Day.
First published in January 2008, the monthly Torchwood Magazine included Torchwood comic strips in which Gwen appeared. Gareth David-Lloyd's comic, "Shrouded", includes a scene set after Children in Earth, which shows Gwen cradling her young child. As Gwen is busy, Rhys is required to team up with Captain John Hart to save the timeline. During series two, the Torchwood website hosted an interactive online game written by series writer Phil Ford. Eve Myles makes a brief appearance as Gwen towards the end of the game, alongside Gareth David-Lloyd, when her character and Ianto shut down a broadcast from the fictitious Dark Talk studio. Throughout both series one and two, the interactive websites co-written by James Goss featured electronic literature content (such as fictitious internet messaging conversations and letters) which depict aspects of Gwen and the other Torchwood characters' work and personal lives. The Torchwood Archives by Gary Russell — an insider's look into Torchwood — collects much of this ancillary online literature in hardback form, along with new material, some of which expands on Gwen's background and life before Torchwood. Details are given of Gwen's university attendance, a previous boyfriend named Bruce, and her time with Andy in the police force. Photographs are provided of Gwen and Rhys, which were used as set dressing in the TV series, and fictitious in-universe documents such as Gwen's personnel form and her Torchwood case reports. In a similar vein to The Torchwood Archives, from a real-world perspective, Gary Russell's The Torchwood Encyclopedia (2009) expands on "every fact and figure" for Gwen and the Torchwood world.
Audio drama
Gwen appeared in four original Torchwood audiobooks from BBC Books in 2008 which tied in with the second series of the television drama. The first of these—Hidden and Everyone Says Hello, narrated by Naoko Mori and Burn Gorman respectively— were released in February whilst two further releases—In the Shadows, narrated by Gwen's portrayer Eve Myles, and The Sin Eaters, narrated by Gareth David-Lloyd — were released in September. Two additional original audiobooks set following the events of the second series—Ghost Train and Department X—were published in March 2011 and narrated by Kai Owen. In Ghost Train Gwen is killed: as Jack is missing Rhys has to work alone to reverse his wife's fate. Gwen's investigations after Miracle Day are depicted in 2012 audio books. In Army of One, released in March, written by Ian Edginton and narrated by Kai Owen, Gwen and Rhys are drawn into the investigation of an alien serial killer in Washington DC. In Fallout, released April, written by David Llewellyn and read by Tom Price, Andy has an extraterrestrial investigation of his own in the UK and requires assistance from Gwen by telephone. In May's release, Red Skies written by Joseph Lidster and narrated by John Telfer, Jack has a premonition that Gwen has been ostensibly shot in the chest. However, in the following instalment, Mr Invincible, a brief appearance from Rhys and Gwen reveal that the characters have returned to Wales safely following their time in the United States.
Joseph Lidster wrote a Torchwood radio drama, "Lost Souls", which aired in September 2008 as a Radio 4 Afternoon Play featuring the voices of John Barrowman, Eve Myles, Gareth David-Lloyd and Freema Agyeman (Martha). Set after the events of the 2008 series, Gwen and the team make their first international adventure in CERN in Geneva, as part of Radio 4's special celebration of the switching on of the Large Hadron Collider. The special radio episode's plot focuses both on the Large Hadron Collider's activation and the doomsday scenario some warned it might cause, and the team's mourning of Toshiko and Owen's recent deaths. Between 1 and 3 July 2009, Radio 4 aired three further audio dramas in the Afternoon Play time-slot, titled "Asylum", "Golden Age" and "The Dead Line", bridging the gap between Series 2 and 3. "The Dead Line" depicts Gwen working together with Rhys to investigate a mysterious case; she identifies him as a member of Torchwood during the mission. To tie in with the show's fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day, the BBC produced three more radio plays, airing between 11 and 13 July 2011. Titled "The Devil and Miss Carew", "Submission" and "House of the Dead", these plays fill narrative gaps between "Exit Wounds" and Miracle Day and feature the voices of Myles, Barrowman and David-Lloyd.
Myles reprised the role of Gwen in a series of full cast audio dramas as part of an ongoing Torchwood series from Big Finish Productions. The third release of the series, Forgotten Lives, co-stars Kai Owen as Rhys and re-introduces the characters four years after the events of Miracle Day.
Casting and initial characterisation
Lead writer and executive producer Russell T Davies initially had the idea of an unnamed policewoman stumbling across a team of alien investigators in an alley as a premise, before Torchwood or the 2005 revival of Doctor Who were commissioned. Having been enamoured by her television performances, most notably in the 2005 episode of Doctor Who in which she guest-starred, Davies wrote the character of Gwen specifically for Eve Myles. Myles stated that having the part written for her was like her "own personal Oscar". Part of the attraction of playing Gwen for Myles was that she had the opportunity to play an action hero with her own accent. Speaking on the casting of Welsh actors on Torchwood, Davies commented that it was deliberately intended, to make the Welsh accent mainstream, "to make it as acceptable as Scottish or Irish". In an analysis of Welsh mythology in Torchwood, Lynette Porter observes that Gwen's national consciousness forms part of her characterisation: her knowledge of local myths "highlights her Welsh heritage and common knowledge from her experience and formal education." Discussing the international co-production behind series four, executive producer Julie Gardner commented that Myles' continued involvement helped ensure that the "flavour of Wales" remained evident.
In the first series of Torchwood, Gwen functioned as an audience surrogate. Russell T Davies likened her character type to that of 2005–06 Doctor Who lead female Rose Tyler (Billie Piper): "She is the ordinary person who stumbles into something extraordinary and finds herself their equal." Eve Myles characterised Gwen as an ambitious and feisty young woman, who at the same time embodies many aspects of the girl next door archetype. Her distinct role within the team stems from the fact that "she's there for the people", who she feels "instinctive and passionate" about. Producer Richard Stokes noted that Gwen possesses more "human empathy" than the more mercenary members of the team, who are seen to be "technology-and-alien-obsessed". In this vein, lead actor John Barrowman commented that Gwen brings a "little bit of soul" back to Jack. Describing the ways in which Gwen's methods differ from the rest of the team, Myles explained how her police procedural training relates to the job: "she deals with the families, she deals with profiling, she deals with searching people's backgrounds. It's a new way of working she brings in". Myles stated that Gwen would have made a "fantastic policewoman" prior to joining Torchwood, drawing on the character's ability to get vulnerable characters to "open up by making them feel comfortable". Myles perceived Gwen to be "the heart and emotion of Torchwood", and "Torchwood's social worker" who can "run and fight and stand in her own corner and win". Gaining insight into Torchwood through curiosity, Gwen becomes part of Torchwood because they need her, just as she needs them. Gwen's friendship with former colleague Andy is used by the production team to juxtapose her extraordinary life with a mundane one, as well as highlighting her transformation into a harder woman. Andy is present immediately before Gwen first encounters Torchwood, and Myles feels his later appearances "takes you right back to the beginning, it reminds you where she came from, how Jack found Gwen". Myles observed that Gwen's many facets prevent her from getting bored; she feels constantly challenged "physically", "mentally" and "morally" through portraying the character.
Eve Myles previously appeared in the 2005 Doctor Who episode "The Unquiet Dead" as Gwyneth, a 19th-century clairvoyant. Gwyneth had a connection to the Cardiff Rift, which later became a central plot device in Torchwood. In response to questions about the similarity of the characters' names, Russell T Davies denied they were connected, stating they are "just two names beginning with "G"." Subsequently however, Davies' 2008 Doctor Who episode "Journey's End" alluded to a familial relationship between the characters (with the Doctor specifically asking if Gwen was a family name and Gwen replying that it was), explaining their physical resemblance as the result of "spatial genetic multiplicity". Eve Myles said of the two characters, "it was never on the cards as such, but something in the back of my head always said that they were going to be connected somehow." Davies explained that the relationship between the characters is not literal, stating that "It's not familial as we understand it" instead characterising spatial genetic multiplicity as "an echo and repetition of physical traits across a Time Rift."
Development
Morality
Despite being promoted as the show's heart and moral conscience, the flaws in Gwen's own morality are explored throughout the series; a press release noted that she is both selfless and selfish. The first series sees Gwen embark on a brief affair with colleague Owen Harper. Executive producer Russell T Davies explains that the episode "Countrycide" was deliberately structured in order to make the affair seem inevitable as Gwen struggles to cope with Torchwood life. For Davies, the dalliance is a "human" one, told in an adult manner characterised by "lust and anger and hurt and the joy you get out of the initial stages of having an affair". Myles commented that Gwen's compromised morality, as demonstrated by her affair was suitably challenging for a science fiction audience, and served to demonstrate that none of the Torchwood team were "safe" from temptation. Writer Stephen James Walker argues that Gwen's moral ambiguity made her a more compelling character. Since she was introduced as an audience surrogate, Walker claimed it would have been an easy trap to make her a "one-dimensional paragon of virtue". Instead, the writers made Gwen more "realistic" by giving her "distinct human failings", which Walker felt made her "arguably the most complex and interesting of the five regulars". He identified these failures as her "tendency towards egotism", "self-righteousness", and "selfishness", evident in her "highly questionable treatment" of boyfriend Rhys Williams. Walker cited her affair with Owen as an example, as well as the scene in "Combat" where she confesses this betrayal to Rhys after dosing him with the amnesia drug Retcon so he won't remember.
Linnie Blake felt that Gwen's had a passive role in her own affair; as with her lesbian clinch with an alien and her forceable impregnation; she argues that the Gothic situations in Torchwood continually parallels in the "invasion" of her sexuality. Valerie Estelle Frankel argued that Gwen finds "the missing side of herself" with her immersion into the world of Torchwood, represented by "affairs and homosexuality and the threat of death" rather than her ordinary domestic life with Rhys. Daniel Rawcliffe noted that Indira Varma's character Suzie, featured in the premiere episode and in "They Keep Killing Suzie", is used as a "doppelgänger" for Gwen, (a trope of Gothic fiction – compare with the terms "Gothic double" and literary foil). Suzie's actions, and parallels with Gwen, help to illuminate some of Gwen's own ethically ambiguous decisions in the first series. Gwen must constantly fight against Suzie, and Suzie's example, "if she is to be proved worthy of working alongside Captain Jack". According to Frankel Gwen's confrontation with Suzie mirrored her confrontation with her "inner self"; her literal journey into death gave her "the wisdom and duality of both worlds, life and death, mundane and magical" and allowed her to become stronger.
Whilst Lynette Porter thought that Gwen became a "fallen woman" through her affair with Owen, she observed that this made Gwen's role in relation to Jack in "End of Days", analogous to that of Mary Magdalene to Jesus, reinforcing a prevalent biblical subtext. Gwen keeps a vigil at Jack's "Torchwood tomb" and like Magdalene is rewarded for her loyalty by being the first to lay eyes upon the risen saviour. Valerie Frankel surmised that "Gwen's journey is one we all face [...] she discovers the dominant intuition within, and then embraces it within the darkest caves of her inner self". David Cornelius stated that Gwen's Torchwood adventures take her to the brink, and additionally show "she's strong enough to pull herself back". Stephen James Walker also felt that Gwen is still a redeemable character because she recognises her own moral failings, as seen in "Combat" where she sits alone sobbing over pizza, before picking herself up and trying to do better in the future. On this track, Torchwood actor Kai Owen justified Gwen's treatment of Rhys in her darkest moments by arguing that Gwen's intentions always remained pure, no matter how badly she treated Rhys.
Ahead of the fourth series, Russell T Davies acknowledged that the character of Gwen can be both loved and hated by the audience. He stated that as an actress Myles isn't preoccupied with her character being presented in a sympathetic light, being able "to take that extraordinary deep breath and not care". io9's Charlie Jane Anders observed that the TV episode "The Categories of Life", written by Jane Espenson, exposed the character's "human vanity" by showing that she has "started to believe her own hype". In Anders' eyes, the character is responsible for her father's second heart attack because of her rash actions. Anders felt that later episodes in the fourth series continued to illuminate flaws in Gwen's character, describing her as someone with an "addictive personality" who "treats her Torchwood adventures like a drug that she craves" though she knows they "ruin her relationships with her husband and child".
Rhys and Jack
Much of Gwen's characterisation centers on her developing relationship with her partner Rhys. Eve Myles describes the character as Gwen's "normality base". The relationship is tested by Gwen's affair with colleague Owen Harper (Gorman), a betrayal which Myles believes to be "completely out of character" for Gwen, explaining that the guilt experienced over her actions tears her to pieces. The production team had originally planned for Rhys to die in the first series but he was given a reprieve. Producer Richard Stokes explains that Rhys' presence keeps Gwen from losing her "heart" and that without him "it simply becomes a sci-fi show about sci-fi people, running around and hunting aliens". Julie Gardner adds that in the discussion, the writers had felt they could not have written Gwen as ever recovering from Rhys' loss, and so chose not to kill off the character. In his analysis of Gwen, Daniel Rawcliffe opines that Rhys helps to keep her mental health intact, and argues that his presence prevents her from undergoing the same psychological deterioration as Suzie.
Despite her ongoing relationship with Rhys, the series explores possibilities of a romantic connection between Gwen and her boss Jack. In a 2007 interview, Eve Myles describes the relationship between Jack and Gwen as a "palpable love" and stated that "it's the real thing and they're going to make you wait for that." AfterElton's Locksley Hall interprets Jack's attraction to Gwen as being influenced by "her warmth, her sense of justice, her very ordinariness and lack of glamour", whilst Myles states of Gwen's interest in Jack that "the most monogamous woman in the world would probably go for him". Stephen James Walker quotes the firing range sequence in 2006 episode "Ghost Machine" as an example of romantic tension between the pair as well as the scene where Jack discovers Gwen engagement. Gwen remains monogamous during the second series and "fights every day to be with [Rhys]" even though Jack remains "a huge temptation". Her suspension between Jack and Rhys becomes a central theme; Valerie Frankel believes that Gwen is caught between "Rhys, the sweet, kind handsome prince, and Jack, the compelling trickster". She suggests that Jack is not mature enough to occupy the role of "steady prince" for Gwen. John Barrowman feels that if Jack were to settle down with her "he'd have to commit completely"; this is why he does not act on his feelings, because though Gwen would let him flirt with other people, he could "never afford to do anything more".
Stephen James Walker feels that Gwen's decision not to wipe Rhys' memory a second time in the episode "Meat" marks the end of any potential relationship between Gwen and Jack. As Davies felt it was essential that Rhys became enlightened to Gwen's true occupation, the episode "Meat" focused on Rhys discovering and coming to terms with Torchwood. Richard Edwards of SFX magazine comments that this development allows their relationship to become the most convincing on the show and makes it clear why Gwen would want to marry him. Ben Rawson-Jones of Digital Spy comments that overall, the relationship serves to create "a nice contrast with the fantastical elements of the show"; whilst Jason Hughes opines that their marriage is "handled in a painfully honest way" and serves as "a true definition of 'love' written with subtlety and perfection". When asked about her character's complex relationship with both Jack and Rhys, Myles explains that Gwen wouldn't be as much of a "strong character" without her ordinary life with Rhys. Davies felt that the relationship furthered the shows exploration of human sexuality stating that "open sexuality has to include everything" including "a husband/wife great big crime-fighting team ... happily in love".
In 2009 Myles stated that to have Jack and Gwen act on their feelings would be "like feeding the baby when it's not hungry". Reinforcing this view, Julie Gardner feels the love between Gwen and Jack to be self-evident and that it did not need to be spoken. Lynette Porter argues that Gwen's apotheosis of Jack causes him to flee Earth, as hero is a role he cannot play because he feels responsible for the deaths of those he loved. A press release ahead of the 2011 series stated that though Gwen retreats to a rural idyll with her family, she still retains feelings for Jack and misses the exciting life she once led alongside him. Ahead of the fourth series Myles explains that Gwen and Jack's relationship is a "love-hate-love relationship", which she believes to be reminiscent of, concurrently, a sibling relationship, a husband and wife relationship and "the best friendship known to mankind". Myles feels that Gwen is not complete without Jack and that they are like "two missing parts of a jigsaw" and because the relationship works on so many different levels it cannot be labelled. Episode seven of Miracle Day features a scene where Gwen states that she would have Jack killed to save her daughter. Writer Jane Espenson explains that the two characters' differing needs means that they inevitably "clash like steel blades".
Action hero and mother
Original lead writer Chris Chibnall feels Gwen develops into a stronger character between series one and series two, becoming less "wide-eyed" over events happening around her. Frankel writes that "she is a whole woman now, integrated with all the parts of herself". In the second series, Eve Myles states, Gwen now "knows where her feet are". Costume Designer Ray Holman explains that these developments are reflected in how the production team dresses the character. In the first series Gwen is dressed in a "faded high street look" and keeps away from leather clothing. As she becomes more confident in her new vocation, her clothes becomes "a lot more designer and heroic looking". In the second series she wears more leather from brands such as Diesel and G-star which Holman describes as "sexy" and "practical". The overall effect is that Gwen's leathers "toughen her up a bit, but keep her stylish at the same time". For fourth series Miracle Day, costume designer Shawna Trpcic declared her intention to take Eve Myles "out of the nunnery". Myles recalled vetoing a brassiere she was asked to wear because she felt it to be unnecessarily sexualised and impractical for action sequences. She added that she views Gwen as "a real woman" and "not about tits and arse".
Children of Earth director Euros Lyn remarks that by the third series Gwen has grown so that "she now is on a par with Jack, in terms of having the knowledge and the experience to make decisions and to be a heroine". Daniel Martin of The Guardian opines that her characterisation in the serial "shows just how far she's come", whilst Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times feels that she is a "soulful leather-jacketed action heroine". Myles states that Gwen becomes a harsher character, but she feels that, "if she wasn't, people would die". David Cornelius observes that Gwen is no longer the kind-hearted outsider she was when she first joined Torchwood. By Children of Earth she has become "colder and much more aggressive". Her horrific experiences turn her into "a biting cynic"; when both government and army betray the British people, Gwen claims to understand finally why the Doctor does not save humanity from world crises. She believes he "must look at this planet and turn away in shame". A press release stated that Miracle Day had Gwen "make the most terrible decisions, on behalf of all mankind". This is evident in "The Blood Line", where her character is shown to be willing to sacrifice the entire Torchwood team, in addition to her dying father, for the good of the world. Commenting on Gwen's characterisation in this episode, Dan Martin notes that "Gwen sees transition into the Earth Mothering Tank Girl become complete, as she plays God and appears to love it."
Press releases describe Gwen in light of contradictions between her heroic and conventionally feminine roles in the series; despite becoming a "tough, ruthless warrior, who loves the thrill of the fight" Gwen remains a "funny, salty, earthy woman who loves home and family". Children of Earth sees Gwen become pregnant by husband Rhys; a storyline which IGN writer Asham Haque thought provided "one of the few hope-giving threads" in the serial. She gives birth to a baby girl, Anwen, between the third and fourth series. Both Eve Myles and creator Russell T Davies have described this plot development as emblematic of a contradiction at the heart of Gwen's character. Myles, believing that motherhood gives Gwen a greater sense of responsibility, says it makes Gwen "even more human, and yet even more of a wonder woman". Whilst talking about the show's fourth series, Davies suggested that it would be "irresistible" to use the image of "Gwen Cooper with baby in one arm and gun in the other" as promotion. The production team have continued to emphasise this contradictory aspect to Gwen's character, which has proved popular with critics and viewers. For example, a promotional clip for Miracle Day features Gwen firing from her gun in one hand while protectively holding her baby in the other. Zap2it's Mikey O'Connell praised this as one of the trailer's best aspects, praising Gwen as "the coolest mum ever." Reviewing the opening episodes of Miracle Day Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times identified "the dark humor" of the sequence as representative of "the top notes of the British Torchwood". The Daily Telegraphs Catherine Gee praised the dichotomy between the character's two roles, stating that "Eve Myles's homely yet badass agent is incredibly charming".
Critics have drawn comparisons with famous screen action heroines such as Ellen Ripley, portrayed by Sigourney Weaver in the original Alien trilogy. Ripley is seen as a ground-breaking depiction of a heroine, whose heroism is neither derived from male support nor hampered by femininity. Rawcliffe writes that Gwen's strength of character makes her a "half Ripley", insofar as she possesses all of Ripley's strength, and yet "is hampered by her reliance on the male characters of Jack, Rhys and Owen". Gwen has been compared, at least superficially, to Buffy Summers, as portrayed by Sarah Michelle Gellar. Reflecting on a scene from Miracle Day, one critic comments that Gwen is "channeling Season Two Buffy the Vampire Slayer" when she shoots at a helicopter from her bazooka (recalling the sequence depicted in Buffy episode "Innocence"). Gwen has attracted implicit comparisons with Lara Croft from the Tomb Raider video game and film franchise. Commenting on the first episode of Torchwood: Miracle Day Den of Geek's Simon Brew states that "whoever Hollywood producers cast in the planned reboot of the Tomb Raider movie franchise, I'm fully confident that Myles could kick their ass. Twice. Before breakfast." While critical of the typical portrayal of British female science fiction characters, The Guardians Krystina Nellis singles out Gwen and Doctor Whos River Song (Alex Kingston) as positive depictions of strong female characters, stating, "It'd be difficult to find two superwomen in less need of a man to save them."
Reception
Eve Myles has enjoyed an increased profile since being cast as Gwen Cooper in Torchwood and is now considered one of Wales' greatest drama exports. On casting her, Russell T Davies described Myles as "Wales best kept secret," and the actress has been described as a "Welsh icon" since appearing in Torchwood, with the Western Mail listing Myles' turn as "Torchwoods feisty female lead" as a contributing factor in making her one of Wales' sexiest women, as well as a national institution. In an analysis of Welsh representation in television, Geraint Telfan Davies cited Myles' role in Torchwood, coupled with the popularity of sitcom Gavin & Stacey, as combating prejudice against the Welsh accent. Backing up this claim, Samantha Bennet of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette describes Myles' "silvery, flowing" accent as "exotic" and Myles herself as a bona fide star. Shortly after Torchwoods premiere, Conservative MP Michael Gove described Gwen Cooper as a "Celtic Rosselini" and an example of Welsh sensuality, while in 2006, Wales on Sunday named Myles as its "Bachelorette of the Year". In July 2011, The Scotsmans Aidan Smith described Gwen Cooper as "the sexiest woman in Wales".
The Guardian's "Organ Grinder" reviewer was full of praise for Myles' performance in "Everything Changes", expressing the opinion that, through her portrayal of Gwen Cooper, she managed to outshine Captain Jack. The character was described by The Stage as "the solid, down to earth character needed to anchor Torchwood to the real world" whilst functioning well as a foil to Captain Jack. Some reviews mocked the prosaic characterisation. Verity Stob, a technology columnist for online newspaper The Register, wrote a parody of Torchwood called Under Torch Wood (in the style of Dylan Thomas' Under Milk Wood). The piece mocks Gwen's role as "the viewer proxy" describing her as "plumply pop-eyed" and her boyfriend Rhys as 'Barry Backstory'. Jan Ravens played a parody version of Gwen in the impressionist television series Dead Ringers, in which she displays a badge labelling her with what Jon Culshaw's Captain Jack describes as her sole characteristic: Welsh. In November 2006 Jim Shelley from The Mirror stated Gwen to be "neither as interesting nor as sexy as she should be." A plot development that saw Gwen respond to the advances of an alien sex-gas in another woman's body was described by Karman Kregloe of AfterEllen as characterising "nearly every negative lesbian stereotype imaginable". Kregloe considers Gwen's inability to satiate the alien as a "play on a traditional, sexist social construct", and the fact that Gwen never again mentions this experience is also criticised.
The more assertive Gwen in Torchwoods third series attracted praise from reviewers: Paul Collins of Total Sci-Fi expressed the opinion that Children of Earth finally shows Gwen's heroic characteristics in a way that had been missing in the first two series, while Daniel Martin from the Guardian stated that "it's great to see Gwen being so completely badass". David Cornelius wrote that Gwen succeeds as a strongly written female character that does not pander to stereotypes because writers avoid defining her by any aspect of her adventures. Reviewers commented on Myles' standing as a leading lady: Comic Book Resources''' Remy Minnick describes Gwen as "the true heart of Torchwood", while Scott Lewinski from Wired magazine described Myles' portrayal as the conscience of the Torchwood team, and the show itself. Total Sci-Fis Jonathan Wilkins felt that the five-part serial marked the emergence of Eve Myles as a star in her own right and opined that she could potentially carry the show without co-star Barrowman. Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune stated her belief that the third series' climax showed that Eve Myles has "grown into the role" of Gwen, describing her performance as "outstanding". Ryan later gave an "Honourable Mention" to Gwen when discussing Sci-Fi TV's Most Memorable Female Characters, making her the only Doctor Who franchise character to receive a mention. Critical response to the character remained positive in the fourth series. Gavin Fuller of The Daily Telegraph felt Myles "took the acting honours with a bravura performance", whilst Charlie Jane Anders stated Gwen to have the strongest moments in the finale which led to "a new appreciation for her character".
Eve Myles won the 2007 Bafta Cymru Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Gwen Cooper, winning over the parent series' actress Billie Piper. She was nominated again for the award in 2008, and again in 2010. In 2010 Myles won the 'Best Actress" award in the SFX Reader's Awards poll, and was crowned best actress in the 11th annual Airlock Alpha Portal Awards. For her role as Gwen Cooper in Torchwood: Miracle Day Myles was nominated for a Satellite Award in the Best Television Actress category, and reached the shortlist for the 2012 UK National Television Awards. She has also received a nomination for Best Actress in Television at the 38th Saturn Awards, held in June 2012. Action figures of Gwen have been created in her likeness, which Myles' describes as "bizarre and wonderful" and at the same time "really kind of strange". In a reader's awards poll in the sixth issue of Torchwood Magazine, Gwen was voted second favourite Torchwood character behind Captain Jack, a ranking she received in a 2011 poll published by the Liverpool Daily Post'' as part of a live interview with writer John Fay. Myles, describing her experiences at various science-fiction conventions, has praised the fan response as "incredible" and "just extraordinary". Some fans have taken to blacking out their teeth at conventions to mimic her gap toothed appearance, which Myles finds particularly flattering.
References
External links
Gwen Cooper on the BBC's Torchwood website
Gwen Cooper on Starz' Torchwood website
Gwen Cooper on the BBC-created Torchwood Institute website
Torchwood characters
British female characters in television
Fictional British police officers
Fictional secret agents and spies in television
Fictional Welsh people
Television characters introduced in 2006
Crossover characters in television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen%20Cooper |
Kashmore District (, ), previously known as Khizmer or Khizmore, is a district of the province of Sindh, Pakistan. The capital city is Kandhkot. The district has a population of 1,090,336. Kashmore District is a part of Larkana Division. Its old name was Khizmer or Khizmor. The spoken languages are Sindhi and Balochi. Its border is connected with Punjab and Balochistan provinces. Kashmore city is gateway to Punjab province and Balochistan province. In 2004, Kashmore became a district after its separation from Jacobabad District.
Administrative divisions
Kashmor District is subdivided into three tehsils:
Kashmore Tehsil
Kandhkot Tehsil
Tangwani Tehsil
The tehsils are further subdivided into union councils:
Agriculture
Kashmor District has a large cattle market.
Geography
Kashmor District is located in the northern part of Sindh, bordering Ghotki, Jacobabad, Shikarpur and Sukkur within Sindh. It also borders Balochistan on one side and Punjab on the other. The Indus river runs through the Eastern side of Kashmor district. The southeastern side of Kashmor District has forest of "Kacha" that support wild animals. The Thar desert falls on the Eastern side of the district, and is home to wild desert animals.
Demography
At the time of the 2017 census, Kashmore district had a population of 1,090,336, of which 253,659 (23.26%) lived in urban areas. Kashmore had a sex ratio of 931 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 30.58%: 41.76% for males and 18.59% for females.
The majority religion is Islam, with 96.73% of the population. Hinduism (including those from Scheduled Castes) is practiced by 3.22% of the population.
At the time of the 2017 census, 94.34% of the population spoke Sindhi, 2.99% Balochi and 1.05% Saraiki as their first language.
Kashmor City
Kandhkot is the district headquarters of Kashmor, and also an old city that lies on the right side of the Indus river. Kashmore City is a gateway to Punjab and Balochistan. In addition, the city’s main electricity comes from the Indus river.
List of Dehs
The following is a list of Kashmore District's dehs, organised by taluka:
Kashmore Taluka (57 dehs)
Badani Kacho
Badani Pako
Bai Rup
Belo
Bhanar
Bindp Murad
Buxapur
Chachar
Daro Jhando
Domewali
Elsi
Gandheer
Geehalpur
Gishkori
Gondak Kosh
Gublo
Gullanpur
Haji Khan
Jakhrani
Jalal Sudh
Kacho Bahadurpur
Kacho Kashmore
Kacho Khoski
Karimabad
Kath Garh
Kauro Mahar
Keejhar
Khahi Kacho
Khahi Pako
Khewali
Kubhar
Kumb
Kumbhri
Line Purani
Machhi
Mahar
Masoowalo
Mekhan Bello
Mithri
Muhammadadani
Noorpur Kacho
Noorpur Pako
Pako Bahadurpur
Pako Kashmore
Pako Khoski
Rio Kacho
Sain
Samo
Shah Ali Pur
Shah Garh Kacho
Shah Garh Pako
Silachi
Sodhi
Sorah
Thalho
Toj
Zor Garh
Kandhkot Taluka (49 dehs)
Aalamabad
Akhero
Arain
Babarwari
Balochabad
Bilhari
Buxpur
Chaman
Dadar
Dari
Dhabhani
Dhandhi
Dhao
Lahri Domki
Doulatpur
Fareed abad
Garhi
Ghoraghar Katcho
Ghoraghat Pako
Ghouspur
Gulabpur
Haibat Katcho
Haibat Pako
Jaffarabad Katcho
Jageerabad
Jangin
Kajli
Kandhkot
Keti
Khairwah
Khan wah
Khanbhri
Kundharo Katcho
Machko
Makan maro
Makhwani
Malguzar
Malheer
Malookan
Mangi
Mari
Metahar
Rasaldar
Rejmatabad
Shah Mohammad Jeelani
Sunhiyanipur
Teghani
Wahidpur
Wakro
Tangwani Taluka (42 dehs)
Allah abad
Bahalkani
Bargh
Beghoo
Bijarani
Cheel
Dabli
Duniyapur
Gazi
Ghano Khoso
Gudo
Gulwali
Hajano
Hazaro
Heeranpur
Jaffarabad
Jamal
Jhalo
Karampur
Kair
Khairo
Kot dothi
Lalao
Lashari
Manjhi
Mari Jafar
Nar
Naseer
Ninde ji Dhori
Qureshi
Saido kot
Saifal
Salghni
Sanheri
Sawan Gabol
Shah gazi
Sher garh
Sherhan
Sorwah
Suhliyani
Tangwani
Unar
Notes
References
Bibliography
Kashmore District
Districts of Sindh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmore%20District |
Snøhetta is the highest mountain in the Dovrefjell mountain range in Norway. At , it is the highest mountain in Norway outside the Jotunheimen range, making it the 24th highest peak in Norway, based on a topographic prominence cutoff. At , its topographic prominence is the third highest in Norway.
The mountain is located in the Dovrefjell mountains in northern Innlandet county in Dovre Municipality. The mountain lies inside Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park and it is the highest peak in the park. It is surrounded by several other mountains including Brunkollen to the east; Einøvlingseggen to the south; Skredahøin Bruri, Nordre Svånåtinden, and Storstyggesvånåtinden to the southwest; and Store Langvasstinden, Larstinden, and Drugshøi to the west.
The mountain has several peaks:
Stortoppen is the highest summit at .
Midttoppen is the next highest summit reaching with a topographic prominence of .
Hettpiggen is the third highest peak on the mountain reaching with a prominence of .
Vesttoppen is the fourth highest peak at an elevation of and a prominence of .
Vesttoppen and Stortoppen are easily available by hiking or skiing, and traveling from Stortoppen, Midttoppen is easily accessible. Traversing Midttoppen, via Hettpiggen and to Vesttoppen requires climbing with a rope.
On Stortoppen there is a radio link station, originally installed by the Norwegian Army, and now serving primarily civilian purposes. The station and its emergency diesel generator, as well as a nearby helipad, detract somewhat from the aesthetics of the summit. For this reason, many recommend Vesttoppen as a better destination.
A small monument for the Norwegian philosopher, humourist, author and mountaineer Peter Wessel Zapffe is located near the summit of Vesttoppen.
Under good conditions in both summer and winter, the ascent is relatively easy. Common starting points are the DNT-cabins Reinheim, Snøheim, or Åmotdalshytta.
History
Snøhetta was visited for the first time in 1798 as part of a scientific trip to the area. At that time it was assumed that was the highest summit in Norway, because the Jotunheimen area with its higher peaks was rather inaccessible and unresearched, while Snøhetta is visible from the traditional travel route Oslo-Trondheim across the Dovrefjell mountains. The expression "until the Dovre mountains fall" () was used in the oath sworn during the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814, when Norway formed an independent nation after being in a union with Denmark for hundreds of years.
Etymology
The name is a compound of the Norwegian word snø which means "snow" and the finite form of hette which means "hood", thus the name is translated as "the mountain with a hood of snow".
Media gallery
References
External links
Annotated photo-panoramas
Snøhetta
Guidebook
Mountains of Innlandet
Dovre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%B8hetta |
The Edgartown School is located on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. Current enrollment stands at about 348. The school mascot is the Eagle.
This school has a well-developed enrichment program which includes NAL, The math program "EPGY", Edgartown readers, KMO, etc. and mock trial. In February 2006 the boys' varsity basketball team won the island championship. In 2008 the girls' softball team won the island championship.
The school recently built a new building, replacing the old red brick one of 50 years. The two school buildings are connected by the gym. The basketball team of 2008 came in second place. The volleyball team came in first place in 2008. In 2012, the lady's basketball team claimed first place. Also, in 2013 both the girls' and the boys' basketball teams won first place in the tough championships.
2013:
Edgartown Boys vs Charter Boys.
In 2014 the boys' basketball team came up just short in a final against Tisbury by a score of 47-33
External links
Official site
Buildings and structures in Edgartown, Massachusetts
Martha's Vineyard
Schools in Dukes County, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgartown%20School |
Jugovićevo () is an urban neighborhood of the city of Novi Sad, Serbia. It is currently a developing neighborhood.
Location
Borders
The southern border of Jugovićevo is Vojvoda Stepa Boulevard, the eastern border is the Subotica Boulevard (Europe Boulevard), the north-eastern border is Rumenački put (Rumenka Road), the north-western border is Donje Sajlovo Street, and the western border is a western city limit of Novi Sad.
The neighboring settlements are: Veternička Rampa and Bistrica in the south, Detelinara and Avijatičarsko Naselje in the east, Industrijska Zona Jug in the north-east, and Sajlovo in the north-west.
History
First Novi Sad airport
The neighborhood was named after the military airport Jugovićevo, which has been here since 1913. It was built for the needs of the Austro-Hungarian Air Force. Initially, the airport had only grassy runways for landing and taking off military aircraft, while the hangars were on neighboring Sajlovo. In 1916, airport facilities, barracks and technical workshops were built here. A Serbian squadron, when it landed on French planes in November 1918 after liberation found 11 wooden hangars here. Later, six brick hangars were erected, followed by headquarters, aeroplane workshops, officers' quarters, etc.
Later on the first pilot school was formed, with additional schools for reserve air officers, scouts, aircraft mechanics and other specialists. Since September 1920, a weather station has been operating here. Since 1924, the airport has celebrated the aviation Slava of Saint Elijah (August 2nd), and since 1926 the King's Cup competition has been held regularly on the birthday of Crown Prince Peter on September 6.
The airport was named "Jugovićevo" in 1927, after airforce commander Jovan Jugović. In early April 1941, German bombers bombed the airport. After the occupation of Bačka, the Germans built a 800-metre-long concrete runway here and used this airport to fly planes to the Eastern Front. The Red Army and NOV ("Narodna Oslobodilačka Vojska", or the Socialist Yugoslav Army) have been holding planes there since October 1944, operating on the Srem front and later in the final operations to liberate Yugoslavia.
Since the mid-1950s, Jugovićevo lost its military significance. For a time there was a school for reserve officers (with a training ground), and today there is a military unit ("Majevica" barracks) stationed there. The airport was moved to Batajnica for strategic reasons since 1951.
Constructions of the 1950s-1980s
For most of the 20th century, Jugovićevo was left undeveloped, with only large department stores and markets built across Vojvoda Stepa Boulevard for the newly made Novo Naselje neighborhood (later named Bistrica) and its residence (this would continue towards the 2020s). The electrical substation "Novi Sad 5" was built for Jugovićevo and the surrounding neighborhoods. The new city graveyard was constructed at the northern edges of the neighborhood in 1989 and continuously expanded its capacities since then.
Constructions of the 1990s-onward
During NATO bombing of Novi Sad in 1999, military complex Majevica and the electrical substation were heavily bombed and damaged, including several civilian buildings in the neighboring Old Detelinara and Avijatičarsko Naselje like the "Svetozar Marković Toza" elementary school.
Construction of first commercial buildings in this area started during the 1990s and was followed by construction of residential buildings. Up until the 2020s, several residential blocks were constructed (both low and high rise blocks). Several larger blocks and their apartments were constructed for the need to house the families of local officers and military personnel with beneficial prices.
By the General Urban Plan of Novi Sad for 2030, the remaining empty land areas in Jugovićevo and its surrounding neighborhoods are planned to be filled with new apartment blocks, public leisure and sports parks, schools, recreational centers, commercial and business buildings. Street extensions are planned for the neighborhood, properly connecting it to the surrounding neighborhoods through several junctions.
An eco-neighborhood is planned with a park-forest, despite the area having low tree cover and historically being a wetland with underground water issues.
Population
Due to Jugovićevo being a new neighborhood, it does not have its own separate local community, as such its residence count is compiled with residence from Old Detelinara, Avijatičarsko Naselje, and Bistrica neighborhoods.
Since 2022, "Jugovićevo" local community has around 11,600 registered residence.
Local Communities
Jugovićevo is part of Novi Sad municipality and is divided into two local communities:
"Jugovićevo", Shevchenko's Terrace 1, based in Detelinara (includes Jugovićevo, Old Detelinara, and parts of Avijatičarsko Naselje;
"Bistrica", located in Braće Dronjak 11, encompasses northwestern parts of Bistrica neighborhood and southeastern parts of Jugovićevo towards Vojvoda Stepa Boulevard.
Culture
In September, an "Open Day" or "Open Door Day" event is held at the Majevica barraks. The aim of this event is to show the citizens of Novi Sad the daily life and activities of the Serbian army units stationed there, along with a display of the unit's armaments and military equipment.
Cuisine
The neighborhood has privately owned, restaurants, cafes, and banquet halls showcasing typical Serbian and international food and drinks. Most notable ones are
"Exclusive NS" (banquet hall) and "CIKLOVENT" (bar).
Economy
Jugovićevo, just as many neighborhoods in Novi Sad, has commercial areas integrated with residential areas such as: business centers, trade and craft shops, supermarkets, etc. Most Jugovićevo residence also use the commercial areas at the very edge of Bistrica and Detelinara neighborhoods.
Some of the economic and financial areas in Jugovićevo are: "Vatrogas" Institute, "HET BARD" (corporate office), "IMPULS HEMIJA" (chemical manufacturer), "Limnos" (textile mill), etc.
Car dealers
Some of the car dealers in Jugovićevo are: "Renault-Dacia", "Mazda-Grand Motors", and "Opel Belanović".
There are also several car repair shops and auto parts shops.
Markets
Some of the markets in Jugovićevo are: "AKSA" (baby and child product store), "Univerzal" (office, school, and crafting supply store), "Uradi Sam" (hardware store), "Brico S" (hardware store), "Matis" (furniture store), "Jysk" (furniture store), "IKEA" (furniture delivery center), "Idea" (supermarket; building previously used by Tuš and Roda Market), "Kengur" (office, school, and crafting supply store), "Pepco" (convenience store), "SIM" (hardware store), and "Lidl" (supermarket).
Transportation
Historically, the Novi Sad railway passed at the eastern edges of the neighborhood. With the dismantling of the southern city railway connections (moving the railway station from Liman to Boulevard of Jaše Tomića), most of the railway infrastructure was gradually dismantled over the following decades. The last cargo railways passed in 2021, when the majority of the railway rails were dismantled due to the construction of the new park in Bistrica neighborhood and the accompanying residential block.
Bus lines 6, 7, 8, and 13 connect this neighborhood with other major city neighborhoods, as well as some surrounding settlements. However, there are currently no bus lines that go within the neighborhood itself (only at the outlines).
Most Jugovićevo residence travel via car or taxi due to the lack of convenient public transportation network and lack of cycling infrastructure in the neighborhood.
Jugovićevo, transportation and communication wise, is currently only connected to its neighboring areas (primarily Bistrica neighborhood) through four streets (three connecting only to the side street of Vojvode Stepe Boulevard, while one directly connecting to the boulevard itself). Plans are for the neighborhood to expand its road network towards its eastern and western parts, connecting the residential blocks to Subotica Boulevard (Europe Boulevard) and Bate Brkića Boulevard.
Notable Jugovićevo streets are: Draška Ređepa Street, Olge Hadžić Street, Lenke Duđerski Street, Aleksandra Benjaka Street, Boška Petrovića Street, Pavla Ivića Street, Milutina Milankovića Street, Vojvoda Stepa Boulevard, Subotica Boulevard (Europe Boulevard), and Rumenka Road.
Society
Education
For a short time, a private economic school ("Elitna privatna ekonomska škola" was located at Jugovićevo. Currently there are plans for building an elementary school and kindergarten in the neighborhood.
Recreation
Currently, Jugovićevo has no recreational areas (apart from "Starli" amusement park) for its residence, with only a few small public green spaces between the large residential blocks.
A sports center is planned in the neighborhood, with a sports hall and athletic track with spectator area. Plans for the design of the center were made public in 2021. Construction was to start in Spring of 2022, However, due to the rise of prices for construction material, there are currently no funds and eagerness from the city government to construct such an area. Construction of the center is currently on hold.
Gallery
See also
Neighborhoods of Novi Sad
Bistrica
Detelinara
Avijatičarsko Naselje
Sajlovo
References
Citations
Sources
Dr. Dušan Popov, Jugovićevo, Enciklopedija Novog Sada, sveska 10, Novi Sad, 1998.
Program radova na uređivanju građevinskog zemljišta za 2003. godinu, Zavod za izgradnju grada, Novi Sad.
External links
Construction of residential buildings in Jugovićevo
Novi Sad neighborhoods
Populated places established in the 1990s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugovi%C4%87evo |
The 1998 NCAA Division I-A football season, play of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I-A level, began in late summer 1998 and culminated with the major bowl games in early January 1999. It was the first season of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), which saw the Tennessee Volunteers win the national championship, one year after star quarterback Peyton Manning left for the National Football League (NFL). Tennessee defeated the Florida State Seminoles, 23–16, in the Fiesta Bowl in Tempe, Arizona, to secure the inaugural BCS National Championship.
The BCS combined elements of the old Bowl Coalition and the Bowl Alliance it replaced. The agreement existed between the Rose, Fiesta, Sugar, and Orange bowl games, with the Cotton Bowl Classic diminishing in status since the breakup of the Southwest Conference. Like the Bowl Alliance, a national championship game would rotate between the four bowls, with the top two teams facing each other. These teams were chosen based upon a BCS poll, combining the AP Poll, the Coaches Poll, and a computer component. The computer factored in things such as strength of schedule, margin of victory, and quality wins without taking into account time (in other words, a loss early in the season and a loss late in the season were on equal footing). Like the Bowl Coalition, the BCS bowls not hosting the national championship game would retain their traditional conference tie-ins.
The first run of the Bowl Championship Series was not without controversy as Kansas State finished third in the final BCS standings, but was not invited to a BCS bowl game. Ohio State (ranked 4th) and two-loss Florida (8th) received the at-large bids instead. Also, Tulane went undefeated, but finished 10th in the BCS standings and was not invited to a BCS bowl because of their low strength of schedule.
Rule changes
The following rule changes were adopted by the NCAA Rules Committee during their 1998 meeting:
Defensive players are allowed to recover and advance backward passes. Previously the defense was only allowed to recover but not advance backward passes.
Illegal touching of a forward pass by an ineligible receiver is a five-yard penalty from the previous spot but no loss-of-down.
Defensive players may not rough an offensive player in position to receive a backward pass (i.e. trail man on option play).
Standardized uniform recognition regarding memorializing of deceased or severely ill teammates/coaches.
Eyeshields must be clear.
The titles of side judge and field judge were swapped, with the field judge now working on the same side of the field as the line judge (and ruling on placements with the back judge), and the side judge on the same side as the head linesman. Coincidentally, the NFL swapped the titles of back judge and field judge to match the NCAA prior to its 1998 season.
Conference and program changes
With no teams upgrading from Division I-AA, the number of Division I-A schools was fixed at 112.
Army broke away from almost one hundred years of tradition as an independent, joining Conference USA.
Regular Season
August–September
The AP voters selected Ohio State as the top-ranked team to begin the season, followed by No. 2 Florida State and No. 3 Florida. Last year’s co-champions, Nebraska and Michigan, were ranked No. 4 and No. 5 respectively.
August 29–31: No. 2 Florida State beat No. 14 Texas A&M 23-14 in the Kickoff Classic while No. 4 Nebraska defeated Louisiana Tech 56-27 in the Eddie Robinson Classic. Most other teams had not begun their schedules, so no new poll was taken until the following week.
September 5: No. 1 Ohio State won 34-17 at No. 11 West Virginia. No. 2 Florida State was idle. No. 3 Florida opened their schedule with a 49-10 victory over The Citadel, while No. 4 Nebraska beat Alabama-Birmingham 38-7. No. 5 Michigan was upset 36-20 at No. 22 Notre Dame. No. 6 Kansas State blanked Indiana State 66-0 and moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Ohio State, No. 2 Florida State, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Nebraska, and No. 5 Kansas State.
September 12: No. 1 Ohio State shut out Toledo 49-0. No. 2 Florida State fell 24-7 at North Carolina State, just their second loss in ACC play since joining the conference in 1992. No. 3 Florida beat Northeast Louisiana 42-10, No. 4 Nebraska won 24-3 at California, No. 5 Kansas State blew out Northern Illinois 73-7, and No. 6 UCLA defeated No. 23 Texas 49-31. The next poll featured No. 1 Ohio State, No. 2 Florida, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 UCLA, and No. 5 Kansas State.
September 19: No. 1 Ohio State beat No. 21 Missouri 35-14. The biggest game of the weekend took place in Knoxville between No. 2 Florida and No. 6 Tennessee. The Volunteers had lost to the Gators each of the past five years, despite having Hall of Famer Peyton Manning under center in four of those games. This time they finally came away with the victory, as Florida missed a 32-yard field goal in overtime to seal a 20-17 Tennessee triumph. No. 3 Nebraska was idle, No. 4 UCLA won 42-24 at Houston, and No. 5 Kansas State defeated Texas 48-7. The next poll featured No. 1 Ohio State, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 UCLA, No. 4 Tennessee, and No. 5 Kansas State.
September 26: No. 1 Ohio State was idle. No. 2 Nebraska overwhelmed No. 9 Washington 55-7. No. 3 UCLA’s game against Miami was postponed due to a hurricane, a situation which would have repercussions later in the season. No. 4 Tennessee defeated Houston 42-7, and No. 5 Kansas State blew out Northeast Louisiana 62-7. The next poll featured No. 1 Ohio State, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Tennessee, No. 4 UCLA, and No. 5 Kansas State.
October
October 3: No. 1 Ohio State opened conference play with a 28-9 victory over No. 7 Penn State. No. 2 Nebraska needed a fourth-quarter punt return for a touchdown and a game-ending goal line stand to get past Oklahoma State 24-17. No. 3 Tennessee won 17-9 at Auburn, No. 4 UCLA beat Washington State 49-17, and No. 5 Kansas State was idle. The next poll featured No. 1 Ohio State, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 UCLA, No. 4 Tennessee, and No. 5 Kansas State.
October 10: No. 1 Ohio State shut out Illinois 41-0. No. 2 Nebraska suffered their first regular-season loss to a conference opponent since 1992, falling 28-21 to No. 18 Texas A&M. No. 3 UCLA visited No. 10 Arizona for a 52-28 victory. No. 4 Tennessee also had an easy time against a highly-ranked foe, beating No. 7 Georgia by a 22-3 score. After outscoring their first four opponents 249-21, No. 5 Kansas State was forced into a defensive battle against No. 14 Colorado, but the Wildcats still prevailed 16-9. No. 6 Florida beat No. 11 LSU 22-10 to move back into the top five: No. 1 Ohio State, No. 2 UCLA, No. 3 Tennessee, No. 4 Kansas State, and No. 5 Florida.
October 17: No. 1 Ohio State defeated Minnesota 45-15. No. 2 UCLA ran out to a 17-point lead against No. 11 Oregon but allowed the Ducks to come all the way back; the lead changed hands several times before the Bruins finally won 41-38 on a field goal in overtime. No. 3 Tennessee was idle, No. 4 Kansas State beat Oklahoma State 52-20, and No. 5 Florida breezed past Auburn 24-3. The top five remained the same in the next poll.
October 24: No. 1 Ohio State won 36-10 at Northwestern, No. 2 UCLA visited California for a 28-16 victory, No. 3 Tennessee beat Alabama 35-18, and No. 4 Kansas State crushed Iowa State 52-7. No. 5 Florida was idle, and No. 6 Florida State’s 34-7 win at No. 20 Georgia Tech was impressive enough to move the Seminoles ahead of their in-state rivals in the next AP Poll: No. 1 Ohio State, No. 2 UCLA, No. 3 Tennessee, No. 4 Kansas State, and No. 5 Florida State. The first-ever BCS standings were released on October 26 and featured UCLA in the top spot, followed by Ohio State in second and the next three teams in the same order as the AP Poll.
October 31: AP No. 1 Ohio State posted another dominant win, 38-7 at Indiana. BCS No. 1 UCLA trailed by 10 points in the fourth quarter against a Stanford team with a 1-6 record, but the Bruins scored two late touchdowns for a 28-24 victory. UCLA’s close shave against inferior competition caused them to drop in both the BCS and the human polls. No. 3 Tennessee won 49-14 at South Carolina and No. 4 Kansas State visited Kansas for a 54-6 triumph. No. 5 Florida State beat North Carolina 39-13, but No. 6 Florida’s 38-7 blowout of No. 11 Georgia led the voters to switch the two teams again. The AP and BCS had the same top five: No. 1 Ohio State, No. 2 Tennessee, No. 3 UCLA, No. 4 Kansas State, and No. 5 Florida.
November
November 7: No. 1 Ohio State, having won all of their previous games by at least 17 points, was heavily favored to beat Michigan State at home. The Buckeyes held a 24-9 lead in the third quarter, but the Spartans (under the direction of up-and-coming head coach Nick Saban) responded with 19 unanswered points and sealed their 28-24 victory with an interception in the end zone on Ohio State’s last drive. No. 2 Tennessee defeated Alabama-Birmingham 37-13. No. 3 UCLA had another close call, needing a last-minute touchdown to beat Oregon State 41-34. No. 4 Kansas State won 49-6 at Baylor, No. 5 Florida visited Vanderbilt for a 45-13 win, and No. 6 Florida State handled No. 12 Virginia 45-14. The AP’s top five were No. 1 Tennessee, No. 2 Kansas State, No. 3 UCLA, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Florida State. The BCS also had Tennessee at No. 1, but placed UCLA over KSU and Florida State above Florida. The Coaches Poll further muddied the waters by placing Tennessee and Kansas State in a tie for first.
November 14: No. 1 Tennessee trailed No. 10 Arkansas by double digits at the half, and the Razorbacks still led by four points with three minutes left. But a snap went over their punter’s head for a safety, and a fumble on Arkansas’ next possession enabled a Volunteers touchdown drive for a 28-24 win (the third time in three weeks that a No. 1 team played a game with that score). No. 2 Kansas State beat No. 11 Nebraska 40-30 to clinch the Big 12 North title and end the Cornhuskers’ 29-game winning streak over the Wildcats, one of the longest in NCAA history. No. 3 UCLA won 36-24 at Washington, No. 4 Florida defeated South Carolina 33-14, and No. 5 Florida State visited Wake Forest for a 24-7 victory. The AP and BCS top five remained the same, but Kansas State now stood alone at No. 1 in the Coaches Poll.
November 21: No. 1 Tennessee clinched a spot in the SEC Championship Game by defeating Kentucky 59-21. No. 2 Kansas State completed an undefeated regular season with a 31-25 victory over No. 19 Missouri. No. 3 UCLA beat USC 34-17 and earned the outright Pac-10 title. No. 4 Florida fell 23-12 at No. 5 Florida State. After their crushing defeat two weeks earlier, No. 7 Ohio State found some solace in a 31-16 win over No. 11 Michigan, the team which had dealt them several upset losses in recent years. The next AP Poll featured No. 1 Tennessee, No. 2 Kansas State, No. 3 UCLA, No. 4 Florida State, and No. 5 Ohio State. The BCS standings kept their previous top four and elevated Texas A&M, champion of the Big 12 South, to fifth place.
November 28: No. 1 Tennessee put an exclamation mark on their regular season with a 41-0 shutout of Vanderbilt. No. 2 Kansas State and No. 3 UCLA were idle, and No. 4 Florida State and No. 5 Ohio State had finished their schedules. The AP and Coaches top five remained the same, but the BCS standings moved Ohio State to No. 5 when Texas A&M lost their regular season finale 26-24 at Texas.
December
December 5: Despite being ranked first in the Coaches Poll and second in the AP ratings, Kansas State was No. 3 in the BCS standings and needed a loss by one of the teams ahead of them in order to have a shot at the championship. The game between UCLA and Miami—a makeup of the hurricane-canceled contest from September—turned out to be just what the Wildcats needed: the Bruins blew a 17-point second-half lead as Edgerrin James ran for a Miami record 299 yards and led the Hurricanes to a 49–45 win. As time was running out on UCLA, Kansas State held a 17–3 lead over No. 10 Texas A&M in the second quarter of the Big 12 Championship Game, and the crowd roared at the announcement of Miami’s victory. However, the Aggies chipped away at the Wildcats’ lead and tied the score at 27 with one minute to play. Kansas State quarterback Michael Bishop completed a 55-yard Hail Mary with time running out, but the receiver was tacked just short of the goal line and the game went into overtime. The teams traded field goals until A&M’s Branndon Stewart threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to Sirr Parker that gave the Aggies a 36–33 double-overtime triumph and ended Kansas State’s dreams of an unlikely championship.
The day almost went three-for-three on upsets as No. 23 Mississippi State held a slim lead over No. 1 Tennessee in the fourth quarter of the SEC Championship Game. However, the Volunteers scored a touchdown on a long pass by Tee Martin, forced a fumble on the next play, and immediately picked up another TD on another throw by Martin. The game ended 24-14 in favor of Tennessee, and the final AP Poll of the regular season featured No. 1 Tennessee, No. 2 Florida State, No. 3 Ohio State, No. 4 Kansas State, and No. 5 Arizona. The final BCS standings were topped by Tennessee, Florida State, Kansas State, Ohio State, and UCLA in that order.
The Fiesta Bowl would feature a battle for the national championship between No. 1 Tennessee—the only undefeated team from the major conferences—and No. 2 Florida State, the highest-rated of several one-loss teams. (The Seminoles had previously defeated Miami and Texas A&M, the two teams which had just ended UCLA and Kansas State’s perfect seasons.) The Rose Bowl featured the traditional Pac-10 vs. Big Ten matchup between No. 6 UCLA and No. 9 Wisconsin. No. 3 Ohio State, who had tied the Badgers for the conference title, went to the Sugar Bowl against No. 8 Texas A&M. The final at-large BCS spot went to No. 7 Florida, who would face Big East champion No. 18 Syracuse in the Orange Bowl. Controversially, No. 4 Kansas State was left out of the BCS bowls despite their high ranking, instead being sent to play unranked Purdue in the Alamo Bowl. No. 10 Tulane was undefeated, but their light schedule eliminated them from championship consideration; the Green Wave would match up against Brigham Young in the Liberty Bowl.
Regular season top 10 matchups
Rankings reflect the AP Poll. Rankings for Week 8 and beyond will list BCS Rankings first and AP Poll second. Teams that failed to be a top 10 team for one poll or the other will be noted.
Week 3
No. 6 Tennessee defeated No. 2 Florida, 20–17 OT (Neyland Stadium, Knoxville, Tennessee)
Week 4
No. 2 Nebraska defeated No. 9 Washington, 55–7 (Memorial Stadium, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Week 5
No. 1 Ohio State defeated No. 7 Penn State 28–9, (Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio)
Week 6
No. 3 UCLA defeated No. 10 Arizona 52–28, (Arizona Stadium, Tucson, Arizona)
No. 4 Tennessee defeated No. 7 Georgia 22–3, (Sanford Stadium, Athens, Georgia)
Week 11
No. 1/1 Tennessee defeated No. 7/10 Arkansas, 28–24 (Neyland Stadium, Knoxville, Tennessee)
Week 12
No. 4/5 Florida State defeated No. 5/4 Florida, 23–12 (Doak Campbell Stadium, Tallahassee, Florida)
Week 14
No. 8/10 Texas A&M defeated No. 3/2 Kansas State, 36–33 2OT (1998 Big 12 Championship Game, Trans World Dome, St. Louis, Missouri)
Conference standings
Bowl games
Rankings are from the AP Poll.
Final polls
Heisman Trophy voting
The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player
Other major awards
Maxwell Award (College Player of the Year) - Ricky Williams, Texas
Walter Camp Award (Back) - Ricky Williams, Texas
Davey O'Brien Award (Quarterback) - Michael Bishop, Kansas St.
Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Senior Quarterback) - Cade McNown, UCLA
Doak Walker Award (Running Back) - Ricky Williams, Texas
Fred Biletnikoff Award (Wide Receiver) - Troy Edwards, Louisiana Tech
Bronko Nagurski Trophy (Defensive Player) - Champ Bailey, Georgia
Chuck Bednarik Award - Dat Nguyen, Texas A&M
Dick Butkus Award (Linebacker) - Chris Claiborne, USC
Lombardi Award (Lineman or Linebacker) - Dat Nguyen, Texas A&M
Outland Trophy (Interior Lineman) - Kris Farris, UCLA
Jim Thorpe Award (Defensive Back) - Antoine Winfield, Ohio St.
Lou Groza Award (Placekicker) - Sebastian Janikowski, Florida St.
Paul "Bear" Bryant Award - Bill Snyder, Kansas St.
Football Writers Association of America Coach of the Year Award - Phillip Fulmer, Tennessee
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20NCAA%20Division%20I-A%20football%20season |
Islam in the Dominican Republic is a minority religion. Accurate statistics of religious affiliation are difficult to calculate and there is a wide variation concerning the actual numerical amount. Although the majority of the population is Christian, Muslims have formed local organizations such as the Círculo Islámico de República Dominicana (The Islamic Circle of Dominican Republic) and the Islamic Center of the Dominican Republic (located in Miami). Currently, the Círculo Islámico estimates that Muslims number over 4,000 (most recent statistics), including of a good number of local converts. Most recently, there has been another organization, led by native born Muslim converts, the Entidad Islámica Dominicana or EID (Dominican Islamic Entity).
The Círculo Islámico established the first mosque in the Dominican Republic in the center of Santo Domingo, about a five-minute walk from the Palacio de Policía Nacional and the Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE) where Muslims from around the city would have easy access to reach it. They made an agreement with the owner to purchase the land and the building for an amount of 2.85 million pesos. The mosque is open daily for the five prayers (salat) and offers classes on Islamic studies for ladies and children on weekends. They also provide free medical consultation along with a free pharmacy, Consulta Al-Foutory, which is located in a separate building at the back of the mosque. The Al-Noor Mosque is largely believed to be the only active mosque in the country and receives the bulk of the Muslim population for the two Eids, Ramadan, Salat al Jummah, and the five daily prayers. However, there is another mosque in Los Llanos neighborhood of San Pedro de Macorix, Dominican Republic. This mosque is led by a converted Dominican Imam. Los Llanos is roughly a 30 minutes drive from the Al-Noor Mosque. The Musalla Al-Hidayya provides Jummah services in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, and the Musalah Al-Nabawi( address: Av. Espana Plaza Estrella No. 411, Bavaro Punta Cana ) serves local and visiting Muslims in the tourist sector of Bávaro-Punta Cana in the East of the country.
History
Slavery
Like other countries in the Caribbean and Latin America, the history of Islam in the Dominican Republic began with the importation of African slaves, which first arrived to the island of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), beginning in 1502. These people arrived with a rich and ancient culture, although brutal repression and forced conversions gradually diluted their original cultural identity and religions. The first recorded instances of resistance were in 1503, when Nicolás de Ovando, Hispaniola's first royal governor, wrote to Isabella requesting that she prevent further shipments to the colony of enslaved Black ladinos, or persons possessing knowledge of Spanish or Portuguese languages and cultures, but who also often had connections to either Senegambia, Islam, or both. De Ovando had arrived earlier in April 1502 and was already complaining that the ladinos on the island were “a source of scandal to the Indians, and some had fled their owners,” establishing maroon communities in the mountains.
End
Present situation
Muslim population in the nation was increased by Middle Eastern settlers, mostly Arabs of Lebanese, Syrian, Palestinian and by Pakistanis and other people from the Indian subcontinent.
Brands of Tasawwuf are becoming more and more manifested in the country from native born Dominican Muslims and foreign Muslims who are murids of the Shadhili, Qadiri, and Ba'Alawi Tariqas. The actual figures of the Muslim population growth has not been officially censused, though some sources give a number of 5,000 to 7,000.
Mosques
Al-Noor Mosque
References
Further reading
Parvez, Mansoor Ahmed Presencia del Islam en la República Dominicana Departamenteo de Estudios de Sociedad y Religión, Santo Domingo
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20160110185149/http://circuloislamico.com/
http://www.islamicfinder.org
Dominican Republic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20the%20Dominican%20Republic |
Monster Max is a 1994 action-adventure puzzle video game developed by Rare and published by Titus France in Europe for the Game Boy. The player is the titular aspiring rock star, who, in an attempt to fight King Krond who bans all music, traverses nine floors of the Mega Hero Academy. Floors consist of diversely-designed rooms of puzzles to solve, the player having to figure out the order of actions to take.
The game was specifically developed by a three-member team, which consisted of Jon Ritman for programming and design, Bernie Drummond for graphics, and David Wise for music. Ritman and Drummond, before joining Rare, developed isometric games for Ocean Software, including Batman (1986) and Head over Heels (1987). As a result of the failure of an arcade football game to be completed for the company, Ritman and Drummond did not have any publicity with their work for seven years. Ritman decided to work on an isometric Game Boy title with a £1,200 Global Language Assembler Monitor software development kit he created by himself, noticing the handheld console's absence of the genre.
Production lasted nine months and ended in January 1993. It was complicated by quirks and complexities of the Game Boy's hardware, such as low resolution, constant memory paging and the differences in character encoding between the bottom third and top two thirds of the screen. Ritman and Drummond borrowed some concepts from their earlier isometric games while adding new aspects to the genre, including bigger room sizes and the inclusion of floors with different themes and room design.
Despite a delay in release that negatively impacted sales, Monster Max was critically acclaimed and this acclaim led to its quality being compared to The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening (1993). Core praises were its ability to hold huge levels, several rooms, and high graphical detail on a Game Boy cartridge, and the variety and challenge from the design of the rooms. It was one of three Game Boy entries in 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die (2010), where it was called a "mini-masterpiece" with the best puzzles of any isometric game.
Gameplay
Monster Max is an isometric action-adventure puzzle video game that can be played in one of five language choices and two directional pad setups. The player is the titular aspiring rock star, who traverses nine floors of the Mega Hero Academy to overthrow the tyrannical King Krond, who resides on the tenth floor and bans all music performance in his land. The first floor has a training level, named the Play Pen. In each floor, Monster Max performs two-to-three tasks of which the reward is gold, which is used to purchase the elevator that takes him to the next floor. Tasks include eliminating enemies and collecting objects like journals, safes, crowns, and torches. On the tenth floor, there is only one mission to complete before the Krond showdown: to collect four objects. Each room has a computer terminal informing the player the mission in the next room, although the current mission details can also be accessed in the pause menu.
The rooms consist of blocks that can be re-positioned, and are varied in design, featuring various objects and obstacles. Some of the game's foes include parrots, robots, and mummies. The goal is to figure out the order of actions, such as moving blocks and turning off switches for boilers and electricity, to take in each room. The rooms initially only require figuring out where to move blocks, but more elements to solve per room are encountered as the game progresses. Missions can be exited and returned to with a password system.
Collectible objects can be held two-at-a-time, and their function is explained in the pause menu. These include a bag that can hold one block at a time (although can not be used to move blocks into other rooms), and a map indication the player's current location and progress. Three objects give Max maneuver abilities: a bolt of lightning that increases walking speed, a duck that allows him to squat into smalls areas, and boots that enable him to jump. There are also weapons for Max to collect, including a sword, mines that eliminate enemies and blocks, a Super Spell that shoots a ball, and stars and energy fields that temporarily protect Max from enemy damage. The energy field prohibits Max from walking and shooting while activated. Also collectable are extra lives, of which Max begins with four.
Development
Background and origins
Monster Max was designed and programmed by Jon Ritman with graphics by Bernie Drummond, both having established themselves in the video games industry by developing isometric 8-bit video games for Ocean Software, including Batman (1986) and Head over Heels (1987). Following Match Day II (1987), Ritman and Drummond moved to Rare, owned by the founders of Ultimate Play the Game, the developer and publisher of what launched the trend of isometric video games Batman and Head over Heels were a part of, Knight Lore (1984). Choosing to work for the company as an answer to an advertisement in Crash, and with respect for Ultimate, the two had their first project be an arcade football game named Final Whistle.
Although the software's design, visuals and code was finished in six months, the arcade cabinet was such a "time consumer" its hardware and graphics had to be re-done in another six months. Rare cancelled Final Whistle out of a perception of a lack of instant appeal to its target demographic. This led to a seven-year gap where the two were not public to the press and did not have work released. Ritman, after completing his own software development kit using a £1,200 Global Language Assembler Monitor (GLAM) that was used in other Rare games, wanted to develop a Game Boy product with it. His reasoning was how short the development process would be for a complete game on a hand-held device. He chose an isometric game, noticing that the genre was absent in the console's library, but possible given its inclusion of a Zilog Z80-like chip and more memory than the ZX Spectrum. Monster Max was the first isometric Game Boy game. When Ritman called Drummond about a potential Game Boy project, the artist's latest drawing was a half-reptilian/half-skeleton guitarist that became the titular playable character.
Production
Monster Max was produced in nine months with the GLAM development kit, ending in January 1993. In addition to Ritman and Drummond, David Wise was the composer. Ritman recalled the process as phoning him for music and sound effects and Wise sending them in return.
At the start of production, Ritman learned the technical complexities of the Game Boy to create the engine before designing and programming began. Ritman described the Game Boy's chip as a "castrated Z80", where "two-thirds of the registers had gone AWOL as had the 16-bit maths instructions, and that made even the simplest of programs very hard work indeed." The chip did not have the ease of conversion to other consoles the actual Z80 had, making the project Game Boy-exclusive.
Aspects of the Game Boy's memory complicated the coding and design, such as low resolution, constant memory paging and the differences in character encoding between the bottom third and top two thirds of the screen. The hardware limitations also meant keeping the detail of isometric graphics while the screen scrolled was impossible. The development kit was on the Nintendo Entertainment System, which the controller's directional pad was more prone to accidental direction switches than the same of the Game Boy. Thus, an alternative control option for the NES controller was added for testing. The lack of other play testers was another reason Monster Maxs development differed from that of Ritman's other isometric games.
Ritman conceived the structure of most rooms spontaneously and during programming. In rare cases, such as rooms with multiple cases, the levels were planned and pencil-drawn on paper. Drummond had a similar process, drawing "whatever looked good" for Ritman to create a narrative out of. For communication purposes, the two categorized the size of blocks under terms like "blocks" and "sweets." Although there are three levels within a floor, Ritman chose to only require the player to complete two. This was inspired by the players he noticed not advancing very far into Batman, and the desire to give the player more choice: "it's good to say there's an alternative." This and a password system came out of Ritman's thought process of designing a game for a mobile device. The final cartridge packs twice the memory of Head Over Heels: two megabytes, one for the 630 rooms, and another for menus, text data for five languages, and an advert for an unreleased Titus game, Blues Brothers Pinball.
Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC versions of Ritman and Drummond's previous work were referenced, and some concepts were borrowed, easing the development process. For example, the concept of pockets to hold objects was taken from Batman. The Game Boy's increased memory allowed Ritman to improve upon the genre, with larger rooms and floors with different themes and room designs. In a departure from Ritman's previous titles, Monster Max limited its collectible abilities to two at a time, to match the number of buttons on the Game Boy. This design decision also pressured him to focus on the order of rooms to avoid situations where the player accidentally drops an item in an area he can not return to.
The "working sprite" for Monster Max was "Prehistoric Jon", which was Ritman wearing a loin-cloth. For the Nintendo Seal of Approval, Ritman recorded a six-hour gameplay session, played on a NES. In a situation rare in his career due to his attention to detail to problems, he was required to fix a bug that occurred in the seventh level, where an icon flashed on screen for around three seconds. The name for the "Deadly Spell" was changed to "Magic Spell". Another six-hour playthrough had to be filmed with the problems fixed. According to Ritman, an unspecified Titus France staff member wanted to "change every single exploding block" following completion, but "considering there are over a thousand blocks, it was out of the question."
Release
Titus France published Monster Max in the UK in August 1994, and in France in September 1994. Although never released in North America, American publications still reviewed it with release dates including June 1994 and April 1995; a June 1995 Game Players review claimed the game was in market "now." Ritman explained in a retrospective interview that Titus gave him the opportunity for Monster Max to be officially published by Nintendo if the playable character was from the Mario series (1981–present). He did not remember why he rejected, but suspected it was the potential amount of changes to the graphics Nintendo would have demanded, resulting in an overhaul of the design of the puzzles. He recalled Shigeru Miyamoto's reaction, simply saying, "there are aspects of things he didn't like." Although Monster Max was ostensibly released in late 1994, Titus was very slow in distributing it and copies of the game could not be bought until December 1995. As a result, sales for the game were poor.
Reception
Upon release, Monster Max was frequently considered one of the best all-time Game Boy titles by critics. Nintendo Accións Javier Abad
and Superjuegoss J.C. Mayerick called it the number-one best of all-time upon release; the latter critic still thought it was in the top-three in his 1997 re-review. Sam of Consoles + called it one of the best action-adventure entries in the Game Boy library. Several critics found it to be the closest in quality to The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening (1993) out of most other video games, a preview article from Super Gamer covering it as the biggest Game Boy game since the Zelda game. For critics from Banzzai and GB Action, Monster Max took over Link's Awakening for the best Game Boy title. The game's originality was highlighted, such as in Ulf's review for Mega Fun which attributed it to its "unusual graphics and sophisticated gameplay." Abad was also excited the place for adventure games may open up in the Game Boy library as a result of Monster Maxs high quality.
Monster Max was widely praised for its challenge and variety in level design, requiring the player to be skillful and constantly think and motivating weeks of play. Damian of Super Gamer described it as "fiendishly complex yet childishly simple." Oulan Bator praised its gradual progression of difficulty, as well as the options and practical interface of the menu. Reviewers from Nintendo Magazine System (Official Nintendo Magazine) praised the game's balance of dexterity-involved action segments and puzzles. Staff from Super Power wrote that, over and above knowing when to use items and abilities, the player needed to predict if they had the right items for the following rooms, adding to the challenge. However, the magazine's Liikaa Ykistyiskohtia was annoyed by items not being placed in rooms where they were needed.
In addition to Ritman and Brummond's portfolio, reviewers were reminded of other isometric games, from 1980s 8-bit video games like Knight Lore and Alien 8 (1985) to early 1990s console games such as Solstice (1990), Landstalker (1992), and Equinox (1993). Reviewers were amazed by how huge the room quantity, level size and graphical detail was as well as how it was executed with little slowdown, all considered impressive for a Game Boy catridge. GB Action critic Andy Sharp wondered why an isometric game had not been tried on the handheld console before, but excitedly advised more of them.
Nick of Games World, not a fan of isometric puzzle games, suggested Monster Max was "an absorbing game only in small doses with some intriguing little puzzles" for those not into the genre. However, some reviewers still struggled reading distances as a result of the small size. This was a deal breaker for the game's least favorable reviewers, who came from Game Players and Super Power and suggested the high amount of detail combined with the small size made reading distances even more difficult. Damian appreciated touches in the presentation to make the product appealing to a wide audience, such as a blipvert that pops up every time an object is collected.
Legacy
Monster Max was Ritman's last game he coded by himself, before working for companies like Domark and Argonaut Games. It was also the final isometric game collaboration of Ritman and Drummond. It is one of three Game Boy games listed in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die (2010), where editor Tony Mott called it a "mini-masterpiece" with the best puzzles ever in isometric games. He highlighted how much diversity came out of the game's simple concepts, and how much personality was in low-resolution Game Boy graphics. In 2021, it ranked number 95 on Retro Gamers special edition of 100 Games To Play Before You Die: Nintendo Consoles Edition. In November 1997, in its 60th monthly issue, Nintendo Acción listed Monster Max the 35th best game they had ever reviewed.
Notes
References
External links
Information about Monster Max at Jon Ritman's site
1994 video games
Adventure games
Europe-exclusive video games
Game Boy games
Game Boy-only games
Puzzle video games
Rare (company) games
Single-player video games
Titus Software games
Video games scored by David Wise
Video games with isometric graphics
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster%20Max |
There are various modes of transport available in Warrington.
Rail
Warrington has seven railway stations within its boundaries. The town has two main railway stations, Bank Quay on the London to Glasgow and Chester – Warrington – Newton-le-Willows – Manchester lines, and Central on the Liverpool – Widnes – Manchester line and the Transpennine route. Bank Quay is much altered, but Central (built 1873) is of some architectural merit, featuring polychromatic brickwork. However, both main railway stations have suffered from years of under investment. A new entrance and concourse has been built at Bank Quay, and similar work started in July 2010 at Central station. There are also stations in the suburbs at Warrington West, Sankey, Glazebrook, Padgate and Birchwood.
Routes through Bank Quay
Warrington Bank Quay, to the south-west of Warrington's town centre, is between Crewe and Preston on the West Coast Main Line from London Euston and Birmingham New Street to Glasgow and Edinburgh, with services operated by Avanti West Coast. There are also regional trains from Manchester to Chester and North Wales, from Chester to Leeds, and to Liverpool with one daily service to Ellesmere Port. Arpley and Walton Sidings nearby are a major rail freight interchange, and connect the main line to the freight line to Ditton Junction, which served Fiddlers Ferry Power Station until its closure, crossing the main line under Bank Quay station, where there were once low level platforms.
Routes through Central
Central station has local services to Liverpool and Manchester and express services from Liverpool to Manchester then to Sheffield and beyond.
The trains departing Central serve the urban-rural fringe of Warrington and Manchester, serving Birchwood, Padgate, Irlam etc. before heading into Manchester. To the west, some trains serve Warrington West Station before heading into Merseyside and Liverpool. Beyond Manchester, the hourly East Midlands Railway train serves Manchester and then heads to Sheffield, Nottingham and Norwich.
The station has an average daytime frequency of four trains per hour (three local trains operated by Northern and one fast train to Norwich (East Midlands Railway).
History
The first railway to reach Warrington was the Warrington and Newton Railway in 1831, which connected to the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Later, the Grand Junction Railway provided a connection to Birmingham and thence to London.
By 1900 the local rail network was complete, with the London and North Western Railway having 3 routes
North to South (Carlisle-Preston-Warrington Bank Quay-Crewe-London)
East to West (Manchester-Warrington Bank Quay (low level)-Ditton Junction-Liverpool
Warrington Bank Quay to Chester and North Wales
and the Cheshire Lines Committee having one route from Liverpool Central via Warrington Central to Manchester Central. There was also a line avoiding Warrington Central (closed in 1968).
The Warrington Bank Quay low level route was closed to regular passenger traffic in 1962. Occasional freight services continue on the Ditton Junction-Warrington section but the line east towards Manchester has been closed and converted into the Trans-Pennine Trail.
Former stations in the Warrington area include
closed 1949 – Sankey Bridges
1950 – Fidler's Ferry and Penketh
1954 – Warrington Arpley
1962 – Heatley and Warburton, Lymm, Latchford, Thelwall
2023 - Sankey For Penketh
Buses
The town and its districts are fairly well served by bus services. Warrington's Own Buses is the main provider of services, operating most of the day time bus routes. Arriva North West, First Greater Manchester.
National Express also operate their long-distance services through Warrington. Most services that serve Warrington depart from and arrive at Warrington Interchange. However services can be caught from various points around the town centre, principally Rylands Street (for South and Eastbound routes), Academy Way (Inbound and Eastbound routes), Warrington Central for Northbound services, Sankey Street for Westbound, Eastbound and Southbound buses.
Roads
There are three key motorways serving the town and surrounding areas. The town is located roughly halfway between Liverpool and Manchester.
The M6 has four junctions in Warrington. Junction 20 serves the rural south-eastern outskirts of Warrington (i.e. Lymm, Grappenhall, Appleton Thorn and Hatton), it also acts as the "Lymm Interchange" for the M56. Junction 21 serves Woolston, Padgate, Birchwood and the town centre. Junction 21A is the "Croft Interchange" for the M62. Finally, junction 22 serves the north-eastern rural suburbs (i.e. Kenyon, Croft, and Culcheth). To the North, the next exit is for Haydock, to the south the next exit is for Macclesfield, Knutsford and Northwich.
The M62 also has four junctions serving Warrington. Junction 11 serves the Eastern suburbs (Birchwood, Risley, and Culcheth). Junction 10 is known as the "Croft Interchange" and links to the M6. Junction 9 serves the town centre, and inner city areas (Orford, Winwick, and Longford). Finally, junction 8 serves the western suburbs (Westbrook, Sankey and Callands). To the west, the next junction serves St. Helens, Prescot, and Widnes. Towards the east, the next junction is known as the "Eccles Interchange", linking the M60.
The third motorway skirts the south-east of Warrington, the M56 interchanges with the M6 at junction 9. Junction 10 serves the very rural outskirts of Warrington (Stretton and Hatton).
There are several A-roads serving Warrington:
A49 (Ross-on-Wye-Preston)
A56 (Chester-Skipton)
A57 (Liverpool-Lincoln)
A562 (Liverpool-Sankey)
A572 (St. Helens-Swinton)
A574 (Sankey-Leigh)
A579(Winwick-Ainsworth)
A5088
A6144
River
The River Mersey runs through the heart of the town dividing it into two. There are only two main thoroughfares crossing the Mersey in Warrington: at Bridgefoot and at the Kingsway Bridge. Another crossing is planned from Lower Walton to Arpley.
Canals
Warrington is also divided by the Manchester Ship Canal but there are three swing bridges and a high-level cantilever bridge providing crossing points, and another high-level crossing is planned between Warrington and Runcorn.
The picturesque Bridgewater Canal runs through the Borough from the scenic village of Lymm to Walton Lea Gardens, a local park/leisure area.
The first modern canal is also located in Warrington. The Sankey Canal starts at Spike Island in Widnes, going through Sankey Valley Park past Bewsey Old Hall & Gullivers World theme park, on through Earlestown and ending at the old Safeway store (now Tesco) in St. Helens.
Air
Although Warrington itself does not have an airport, it is within half an hour (by road) of two international airports : Liverpool John Lennon Airport and Manchester Airport, each with a mix of various international, European, domestic and regional flights. You can reach Manchester Airport by train (via Piccadilly Station in Manchester).
At one point Warrington was home to a world-famous military airfield used intensively during World War Two at Burtonwood. Now the runway is part of the M62 and the area has now been transformed into Gemini business park. When driving down the M62 one can still see some of the old aircraft hangars that are now home to various businesses.
Cycling
Warrington is home to the Warrington Cycle Campaign, a cycling advocacy group that has received international attention with its 'Cycle facility of the month' feature.
External links
Network Warrington
Arriva
Fairbrothers of Warrington
Halton Transport
First Group
Warrington Metro Map
National Rail
RAF Burtonwood Association
Sankey Canal Restoration Society (SCARS)
References
Transport in Cheshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport%20in%20Warrington |
Shirish Kunder (born 24 May 1973) is an Indian filmmaker. After working as an editor on 21 films starting with Champion (2000), Kunder made his screenwriting and directorial debut with Jaan-E-Mann (2006). He is married to choreographer and film director Farah Khan whom he met while working on her 2004 film Main Hoon Na.
Early life
Kunder was born on 24 May 1973 in Mangalore, Karnataka and brought up in Mumbai, Maharashtra. He studied Electronics & Telecommunications Engineering at the SDM College of Engineering and Technology in Dharwad.
Career
Kunder worked as an electronics engineer in Motorola for four years before changing profession and in 2004 he married Farah Khan, while working as an editor on one of her films—who was eight years older than him.
Kunder then turned to direction in his debut film, Jaan-E-Mann. Apart from editing and composing the film score, he also wrote the film. The film starred Salman Khan, Akshay Kumar and Preity Zinta, and was released on 20 October 2006. The film was critically acclaimed for its innovative visual narrative style. .
He was a co-producer of Tees Maar Khan, along with Twinkle Khanna and Ronnie Screwvala which he also co-wrote with his brother Ashmith Kunder. Kunder edited the film and composed its title track. The film starred Akshay Kumar, Katrina Kaif and Akshaye Khanna, and was released on 24 December 2010. .
Kunder's second directorial venture was Joker, which he wrote, produced, directed, edited and composed the film score. The film starred Akshay Kumar, Sonakshi Sinha and Shreyas Talpade, and was released on 31 August 2012.
Kunder's third directorial venture was an 18-minute short film titled Kriti, a psychological thriller, featuring Manoj Bajpayee, Radhika Apte and Neha Sharma. It was released to YouTube on 22 June 2016.
Kunder is on social media and has 1.5 million Twitter followers.
Kunder also wrote the humour column "Shirishly Speaking" for the Indian national daily newspaper DNA between 2016 and 2017.
Kunder's fourth directorial venture is a Netflix Original Film titled Mrs Serial Killer, a crime thriller, featuring Jacqueline Fernandez, Manoj Bajpayee and Mohit Raina in the main lead roles, while Aamir Khan's niece Zayn Marie Khan makes her acting debut in the film. It released on 1 May all over the world and is one of the most watched Netflix Original Films from India. Manoj Bajpayee also bagged the best actor in a supporting role award for his brilliant portrayal of Dr Mrityunjoy Mukerjee at the ET Brand Equity SPOTT Awards. Kunder wrote, produced, edited, and composed the original music score for the film.
Personal life
On 9 December 2004, Kunder married director and choreographer Farah Khan. She gave birth to their triplets (following an in vitro procedure) son Czar and daughters Diva and Anya, on 11 February 2008 at Mumbai's Jaslok hospital.
Filmography
Background music score
Jaan-E-Mann (2006)
Tees Maar Khan (2010)
Joker (2012)
Kriti (2016)
Mrs Serial Killer (2020)
Music director
Tees Maar Khan (2010)
Lyrics
Tees Maar Khan (2010)
Joker (2013)
Editor
Champion (2000)
Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke (2001)
Aankhen (2002)
Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe (2002)
Na Tum Jaano Na Hum (2002)
Armaan (2003)
Calcutta Mail (2003)
Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne (2003)
Matrubhoomi (2003)
Sandhya (2003)
Main Hoon Na (2004)
Uuf Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai (2004)
Paisa Vasool (2004)
Socha Na Tha (2005)
Waqt: The Race Against Time (2005)
Benaam (2006)
Jaan-E-Mann (2006)
Om Shanti Om (2007)
Tees Maar Khan (2010)
Joker (2012)
Kriti (2016)
Mrs Serial Killer (2020)
Sound editor
Split Wide Open (1999)
Promos designer
Main Hoon Na (2004)
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian male writers
Artists from Mangalore
Film directors from Karnataka
Film editors from Karnataka
Film producers from Karnataka
Indian male screenwriters
21st-century Indian screenwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirish%20Kunder |
Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (; c. 1769–1821), also known as Sadhaka Kamalakanta, was a Bengali Shakta poet and yogi of India of the late 18th century. He is often considered to have followed the example of Ramprasad, both in his poetry and in his lifestyle.
Early life
Kamalakanta was born at Ambika Kalna in Bardhaman, Bengal Presidency. His father was Maheswar Bhattacharya, a Brahmin priest who died when Kamalakanta was still a boy. His mother, Mahamaya Devi, struggled financially to provide for the family with the meagre income from the small amount of land left to them, but she managed to send Kamalakanta to higher education.
Kamalakanta was a bright student, studying Sanskrit and showing an early talent for poetry and music. It is said that "his heart opened to the love of God" when he received the sacred thread and was initiated into spiritual practice by Chandra Shekhar Goswami. From an early age he expressed an interest in spirituality and later in life Kamalakanta received initiation into Tantric Yoga from a Tantric yogi named Kenaram Bhattacharya.
Life
In order to support his family, Kamalakanta started a small school in addition to his work as a Brahmin priest. But Kamalakanta struggled to make ends meet. His songs made him famous during his lifetime. Because of his fame as a singer poet, the Maharaja of Bardhaman, Tej Chandra, asked Kamalakanta to be his Guru and appointed him as a court advisor. Throughout his life Kamalakanta was a great devotee of Kali and composed many impassioned and devotional love poems to the Mother.
It is said that the Divine Mother in her aspect of Mahakali wishes her sincere devotees to make the fastest progress. Kali is often depicted as the great destroyer of ignorance and hostile forces. The poetry of Kamalakanta displays this heroic attitude, imploring Kali to destroy limitations and bondage. The poetry of Kamalakanta also displays a profound faith in his all-powerful Kali.
The earth quakes under Your leaps and bounds.
You are frightful with that sword in Your hand.
Whilst Kali is often depicted as a black and terrifying form, this is just one aspect of hers as a destroyer of ignorance. Kamalakanta also alludes to the other aspect of Kali as he states in his poem - "Is my Mother Really Black?"
If She's black,
how can She light up the world?
Sometimes my Mother is white,
sometimes yellow, blue, and red.
I cannot fathom Her.
My whole life has passed trying. [trans. Rachel Fell McDermott]
The poems of Kamalakanta and Ramprasad were later sung by mystic Sri Ramakrishna, who himself was a great devotee of the Divine Mother. These devotional songs would often send Sri Ramakrishna into an ecstatic state as he became absorbed in contemplation of the Divine Mother. Many of these songs are recorded in The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, which at one point mentions, "... he (Ramakrishna) would spend hours singing the devotional songs of great devotees of the Mother, such as Kamalakanta and Ramprasad. Those rhapsodic songs describing direct vision of God ..."
Two legends are widely known of Kamalakanta. Once the Maharaja of Burdwan had asked him to show full moon in Amavasya (when there is no moon in the sky) but Kamalakanta was able to show a bright full moon to the Maharaja. He got mesmerized.
Another legend goes that once the Maharaja had asked if he can show that the idol of Kali whom he worships as his mother is alive or not. Kamalakanta took a thorn of Bel (Wood apple) and gently pricked the feet of the idol of Mother Kali and then held a bel leaf under the wound. Slowly blood came out of the spot. The Maharaja dared not to question him like that. The two events filled his heart with deep gratitude for Kamalakanta. Such powerful matrisadhak was he.
That idol is still worshipped now even in Burdwan. Grand festivals are arranged every year in the temple during Kali puja.
Citations
References
Sources
McDermott, Rachel Fell (1993). Evidence for the Transformation of the Goddess Kālī: Kamalākānta Bhaṭṭācārya and the Bengali Śākta Padāvalī Tradition. (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1993)
Year of birth uncertain
1821 deaths
People from Purba Bardhaman district
Bengali male poets
Ramakrishna
Bengali-language lyricists
Indian male songwriters
Indian songwriters
1769 births
19th-century Indian musicians
18th-century Indian musicians
18th-century Bengali poets
19th-century Bengali poets
Poets from West Bengal
19th-century male musicians
19th-century musicians
Bengali Hindus
Bengali-language writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamalakanta%20Bhattacharya%20%28Bengal%29 |
Rheinsberg () is a town and a municipality in the Ostprignitz-Ruppin district, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is located on lake and the river Rhin, approximately north-east of Neuruppin and north-west of Berlin.
History
Frederick the Great, while still Crown Prince, designed and moved into a restored chateau in Rheinsberg shortly after his 1733 marriage to Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern. Here he experienced his "Rheinsberg Period", an era marked by regular correspondence with Voltaire, boisterous celebration in the company of minor philosophers and musicians, and the writing of several works of political theory, including the Anti-Machiavel.
Crown Prince Frederick lived in the castle in Rheinsberg with his wife until he became King of Prussia in 1740 upon the death of his father, Frederick William I. He immediately banished his wife to Schönhausen Castle in the district of Berlin that is today called Pankow. King Frederick never visited his Queen and she was not allowed to visit him. She lived alone in her castel in Pankow until her death in 1797.
In June 1744, Frederick the Great gave his castle in Rheinsberg to his younger brother, Prince Henry of Prussia. Frederick also gave Prince Henry the great castle on Unter den Linden, which is today Humboldt University.
Prince Henry often said that his older brother improperly took credit for a series of military victories.
4 years after the death of Frederick the Great in 1786, Prince Henry erected a large obelisk at his castle in Rheinsberg. The obelisk was erected in honor of Prince Henry's younger brother, Prince August Wilhelm. In 1757 King Frederick dismissed his brother Prince August Wilhelm from the army in disgrace after Frederick's humiliating defeat at Kolin in Bohemia. Frederick unjustly blamed his brother of being a coward and incompetens as a military leader. Prince August Wilhelm died the following year. He probably died of meningitis, but many contemporaries, including Prince August's brother Prince Henry, believed that August Wilhelm died because of Frederick's demeaning and humiliating treatment of his brother.
On the obelisk, Prince Henry placed 28 medallions honoring a number of prussian generals for military victories that Frederick had falsely claimed as his. On the obelisk, Frederick the Great is not mentioned with one single word. In private correspondence, Prince Henry made no secret of the fact that the obelisk was a criticism of his brother.
The obelisk in Rheinsberg can be seen to this day.
In 1870, the painter Eduard Gaertner and his family decided to leave the hectic atmosphere of Berlin and settle in Flecken Zechlin, a suburb of Rheinsberg - where he lived until his death in 1877.
Rheinsberg is the location for Kurt Tucholsky's Rheinsberg, a 1912 picture book for lovers based on an autobiographical weekend trip.
Demography
Geography
Lakes
Großer Prebelowsee
Großer Zechliner See
Schwarzer See
Tietzowsee
Zootzensee
Photogallery
Twin towns
Huber Heights (Ohio, USA)
People from Rheinsberg
Gad Granach (1915–2011), German writer
Erhard Egidi (1929–2014), German cantor, composer and organist
Lothar Baumgarten (1944–2018), German artist
References
External links
Localities in Ostprignitz-Ruppin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinsberg |
Solo Mobile is a discontinued mobile virtual network operator in Canada started by Bell Mobility in 2000. Historically, Solo was considered a discount wireless brand, offering low price monthly plans with some unlimited options in certain cities. Its products and services were only sold in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec. The brand ceased advertising towards new customers since November 2011, and new activations were officially discontinued on May 17, 2012.
Solo Mobile began migrating its prepaid customers to Bell Mobility effective July 31, 2017.
History
Early years (early 2000s)
Solo Prepaid was launched in the summer of 2000 as Bell Mobility's prepaid brand in Ontario and Quebec. The company boasted a 1¢/minute rate. Postpaid services were later added as well. In 2003, the company offered a free prepaid phone and up to $45 in credits to Fido customers who traded their Fido phone and prepaid credits and switched to Solo. A unique "Lunchtime & After School" prepaid feature was available, which offered unlimited local calling from 12h to 13h and 15h to 17h. The brand was temporarily withdrawn from the market after the launch of Bell Mobility prepaid services. The SoloMobile.ca domain name was registered by Bell on December 17, 2004, with the Canadian Internet Registration Authority. It would not feature content until the following year.
Renaissance and decline (mid to late 2000s)
On June 13, 2005, content was put on the SoloMobile.ca website, but Bell waited until July 25 of that year to announce the brand via a press release. The carrier would launch the following week, on August 1, and organized a Solo Mobile / Eckored tour that began in the middle of that month to promote its brand across the four provinces it served. Admission was free, and the tour featured four female solo singers including Keshia Chanté.
At launch, Solo Mobile offered a very simple lineup, consisting of only one phone with two choices of plans. The phone was the Sanyo 2300, with a flip design available in pink, blue, silver or graphite. Customers could activate it on a monthly plan or on prepaid, pay-per-use rates. In both cases, SMS, mobile broadband, Caller ID and one ringtone per month were all complimentary features offered at no additional charge to Solo customers.
Over time, Solo began to imitate its competitors instead of offering unique, innovative options for wireless services. Similarly to its competitor Fido, Solo offered per-second billing after the first minute of every month for postpaid customers starting in 2008. Prepaid clients, however, receive per-minute billing. The monthly plans for both prepaid and postpaid customers were practically identical to those of Koodo Mobile.
After Bell Canada acquired Virgin Mobile Canada (now Virgin Plus) on May 7, 2009, the Solo brand was given much less priority. For example, Solo's former Rideau Centre store in Ottawa was replaced by a Virgin store. Almost all of Bell's advertisements promote the Bell Mobility and Virgin Mobile brands, while Solo is promoted at the bare minimum. On July 2 of that year, Mobile Syrup editor Kate O'Brien told readers to "start counting down the days [before] Solo Mobile is put to bed". Solo only released a total of four feature phones throughout that year.
Gradual discontinuation (2010s-present)
Solo released the Samsung r100 feature phone on February 24, 2010. Later, the LG 230 was launched by Solo on May 6 of that year. This surprised Mobile Syrup editor Ian Hardy: "I thought Bell would have kicked Solo Mobile to the curb by now… [but they] somehow have kept Solo alive." Similarly, an editor from HowardChui noted: "The discount carrier [Solo Mobile] has basically been kept out of the spot light since Bell assumed full control over Virgin Mobile Canada." Solo's first HSPA+ device, the LG Flick, was released on November 11, 2010. In total, only five feature phones were released by Solo in 2010.
Little effort was made in 2011 to promote the Solo brand, because its retail presence would be completely discontinued by Bell that year. The carrier added the Samsung Gravity 3 to its lineup on March 16, more than seven months after the same device was released by Virgin Mobile Canada. This meant that Solo now had nine different devices in its lineup.
Solo's main focus that year was to retain existing customers, not to gain new ones. As such, they launched various offers available only to current customers, such as a one-time bonus of 100 minutes, a recurrent bonus of 50 minutes, or removing limits to local talk and international SMS. On May 6, Solo permanently lowered the price on their two unlimited prepaid plans, matching Chatr's offering. However, both plans would remain only available in the same cities as Chatr for Solo's limited selection of legacy CDMA devices, which was reduced to just the LG 230 by the end of the year.
During the summer season of that year, Solo discontinued sales of its products at Loblaw Companies and Zellers stores. The MySolo customer portal was updated in the month of August in conjunction with a similar upgrade to its parent Bell Mobility's portal. Solo has made no offers for that year's back-to-school season to gain new customers.
The brand's first Android-powered smartphone, the Samsung Galaxy Gio, was launched after that period of time on October 13. Solo was excluded from the iPhone 4S launch the following day, contrary to its parent Bell Mobility and Bell's brand Virgin Mobile Canada. By the end of that month, Bell requested that stores ship back all unsold Solo Mobile feature phones, which were then flashed and rebranded to be sold by the Bell and Virgin brands during the Christmas and holiday season of that year. Solo also missed out on the Galaxy Nexus, which Bell and Virgin both released on December 8. Although nine devices were part of the lineup in March 2011, Solo Mobile ended the year with only three devices, all which cost much less when purchased from Bell or Virgin.
In March 2012, Solo Mobile quietly discontinued the Samsung Gravity 3. This left the carrier with only one feature phone and one smartphone in its lineup. The brand ceased providing new activations in May 2012.
Networks
In the past, Solo Mobile only used Bell Mobility's CDMA network for both prepaid and postpaid customers. , the LG 230 is the last and only device sold by Solo which supports this network.
On November 11, 2010, Solo adopted Bell's HSPA+ network. On that day, the now-discontinued LG Flick was launched as the first Solo device compatible with this network. HSPA+ services, however, cannot be used by prepaid customers. The LG Flick, the Samsung Gravity 3, plus the Samsung Galaxy 551, Gio and W are the only devices sold by Solo can access this network, although the operator previously sold SIM cards which allow any compatible HSPA+ handset to be used on the network. On May 17, 2012, Solo allowed prepaid services on the HSPA+ network for existing customers.
Solo Mobile never used Bell's LTE network.
Products
Now that its third party retail presence has officially ended, Solo Mobile only carries one feature phone and two smartphones for existing customers. These same devices are available at a significantly lower price with Bell Mobility's newer mobile brand, Virgin Mobile Canada.
Over the years, Samsung Electronics was the main manufacturer for Solo Mobile's devices, and is currently the exclusive supplier of Solo feature phones and smartphones. They have manufactured twenty Solo devices: seventeen feature phones in the past, plus three Android smartphones, two which are currently available. Another notable manufacturer is Motorola Mobility, who has manufactured fourteen types of feature phones prior to Solo's renaissance.
Feature phones
Solo Mobile currently only has one HSPA+ feature phone in its lineup: the LG F4NR.
Smartphones
One Android smartphone is available at Solo Mobile. It is the Moto G (3rd Gen).
Legacy products
Released on March 16, 2011, the Samsung Gravity 3 is the only new feature phone Solo released in 2011. It is one of only two HSPA+ feature phones offered by Solo, the other one being the LG Flick. Both are now discontinued.
The BlackBerry Pearl 8130 is a legacy CDMA device which Solo carried until December 2011. In comparison, Bell and Virgin cleared out all remaining stock of the 8130, plus the upgraded HSPA+ 9100, months before. The 8130 can be upgraded to BlackBerry OS 4.5.0.101 and it also allows users to install compatible BlackBerry App World applications including BlackBerry Messenger (BBM). Some apps, such as those for Canadian Tire and Shazam, require newer versions of the BlackBerry OS and are therefore incompatible with Solo's BlackBerry Pearl.
Services
Voice plans
Currently, Solo's voice plans resemble those offered by Koodo Mobile and Virgin Mobile Canada, but with a few improvements. All postpaid plans except for the one at $35/month have Canadian long-distance calling, while the $35/month postpaid plans and all prepaid plans only include local calls. These plans are only available to existing customers as means of customer retention.
Legacy services
Solo Mobile offered a 10-4 walkie-talkie service during the company's renaissance, from 2005 until mid-2009. This was heavily promoted with the slogan "Cell Phone. Walkie talkie. Spread The Word."
Blabble is a Facebook application launched by Solo Mobile in September 2008. A photo tagging application, users could add quotes through speech bubbles onto photos within their existing Facebook albums. As of August 2011, the application has been completely removed.
There previously were promotional rebates offered to customers who purchased a prepaid phone in store but activated it on a two-year postpaid contract. With the end of Solo's third-party retail presence, such rebates are only available at the time of purchase, either on Solo's official website or in participating Bell stores.
To compete against Rogers Wireless' Chatr brand, Solo Mobile previously offered unlimited, prepaid, zone-based plans. They were identical to Chatr's $25 and $35 plans, and availability was limited to CDMA devices activated in the same cities where Chatr is available. No add-ons except for voicemail were available. The plans are no longer available to new or existing customers, although current postpaid clients may subscribe to similar unlimited talk and text plans.
Criticism
Solo Mobile has been criticized for charging a system access fee on older plans. They also charge a $3 fee for customer service via phone.
Advertising
Since 2003, Rethink Communications is Solo Mobile's advertising agency. From 2005 until 2008, Solo Mobile advertised its Walkie talkie service. Starting in 2007, Solo claimed to have the lowest rates in Canada. Advertisements for this brand have been drastically reduced after Bell Canada purchased Virgin Mobile Canada on May 7, 2009. Solo mainly depended on word of mouth, its own website and third-party retailers to promote its products. The end of Solo Mobile's retail presence in October 2011 also meant that the brand would no longer advertise to new customers.
Solo Mobile was subject to criticism because one of its advertisements featured an antisemitic message.
Logo
The current logo, introduced on August 1, 2005, consists of the name Solo in orange written using dashed lines.
Slogans
2005 : "Phone. Walkie talkie. Menace to society."
2006 : "Cell phone. Walkie talkie. Spread the word."
2007 : "Keep talking."
2007-2010 : "Canada's most affordable rates."
Retail presence
Solo Mobile products and services were only available in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec, because Bell has a smaller presence in other provinces and all three territories. The brand no longer has its own corporate retail stores, given its decline, so products and services are sold in Bell Canada corporate stores instead. Stores slowly decided to exclusively showcase the Bell Mobility brand, displaying nothing Solo-related. At any Bell store, however, existing customers can still purchase a Solo SIM card, feature phone or smartphone as long as there is remaining stock. The representatives at these stores also provide renewal and support for Solo Mobile.
Former retailers
Although Solo Mobile products and prepaid vouchers were previously available at some The Source locations, no postpaid activations were done, so customers had to purchase feature phones at its full retail price and then activate a postpaid month-to-month or prepaid service on their own. This has led to store representatives comparing Solo to IKEA's ready-to-assemble furniture. Additionally, only one-eighth of the mobile phones section displayed Solo products, while three-eighths were devoted to Virgin Mobile products and the remaining half were for Bell Mobility products. Finally, store employees discouraged customers from choosing prepaid products, especially those offered by Solo Mobile, recommending postpaid service with the Bell and Virgin brands instead. , Solo Mobile products are no longer available at The Source stores. Remaining phones were shipped back to Bell's warehouse as per an order by this company. The section that was previously reserved for Solo products has now been transformed to accommodate Virgin products instead.
In addition to Bell corporate stores, third-party Canadian dealers were also able to sell Solo prepaid feature phones. , however, this is no longer the case, because Bell asked the retailers to ship back all Solo merchandise. Previous retailers included Best Buy, Future Shop, Glentel, Loblaw-branded, Walmart and Zellers stores. Only prepaid airtime for Solo can be purchased at these retailers.
See also
Bell Mobility
Virgin Plus
Lucky Mobile
List of Canadian mobile phone companies
References
External links
Official Solo Mobile website
Mobile phone companies of Canada
Mobile virtual network operators
Bell Canada
Telecommunications companies established in 2000
2000 establishments in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo%20Mobile |
Gwydir Castle is situated in the Conwy valley, Wales, a mile to the west of the ancient market town of Llanrwst and to the south of the large village of Trefriw. An example of a fortified manor house dating back to , it is located on the edge of the floodplain of the river Conwy, and overlooked from the west by the now-forested slopes of Gwydir Forest.
Etymology
The name Gwydir derives from the Welsh gwo- 'under, low' and tir 'land', referring to the land beside the river Conwy. Any similarity with the Welsh word gwydr 'glass' is coincidental.
History
There have been fortifications associated with this site since AD 600. In the Early Middle Ages, numerous skirmishes were fought in the area between the post-Roman kingdoms of Wales. Two significant encounters were in AD 610, when Llywarch Hen, a bardic prince of Rheged, fought a bloody battle nearby and later when the Kingdoms of Gwynedd and Deheubarth fought a major battle near Llanrwst in AD 954.
By the 14th century, the Welsh knight Hywel Coetmor, who had fought in the Hundred Years' War as a commander of longbowmen under Edward, the Black Prince at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, is recorded as the first owner of a manor house on the site. He would later go onto support the rising led by Owain Glyndŵr.
By the 16th century, Gwydir had become the seat of the powerful Wynn family who were descendants of the Kings of Gwynedd. The Wynns were one of the most significant families of north Wales during the Tudor and Stuart periods.
Following the Wars of the Roses, the castle was rebuilt by Meredith ap Ieuan ap Robert, the founder of the Wynn dynasty. The house incorporated re-used mediaeval material from the dissolved Abbey of Maenan. The square turret at the rear of the Solar Tower contains a spiral staircase taken from the Abbey and many elaborately carved stones can also be seen. The turret was added around 1540 and John Wyn ap Maredudd's initials can be seen above the main entrance in the courtyard gatehouse along with the date of 1555. The surviving buildings date from around the year 1500, and there were alterations and additions in , and , the latter after Lord Willoughby had undertaken some demolition work in .
Although called a castle, it is an example of a Tudor architecture courtyard house or fortified manor house, rather than a traditional castle, such as those built in North Wales by Llywelyn the Great and Edward I.
Gwydir was home to Katheryn of Berain. King Charles is said to have visited Gwydir in 1645 as the guest of Sir Richard Wynn, 2nd Baronet, Treasurer to Queen Henrietta Maria, and Groom of the Royal Bed Chamber.
More recently, King George V and Queen Mary stayed here as the Duke and Duchess of York, in April 1899.
Gwydir estate
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Gwydir Estate under the Wynn family dominated north Wales, and at the centre of this huge estate, Gwydir itself stood in a deer park of some . In 1678, it passed by marriage to the Barons Willoughby de Eresby (when Mary Wynn married Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, then Lord Willoughby de Eresby), based in Lincolnshire (Dukes of Ancaster and Kesteven in 1715–1779, and from 1892 Earls of Ancaster). The 18th century consequently saw a period of some neglect (but in 1796 the title of Baron Gwydyr was created for Peter Burrell, 1st Baron Gwydyr, husband of Priscilla Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, who acted as Lord Great Chamberlain in 1780–1820), and by the early 19th century the estate largely comprised the parishes of Dolwyddelan (where the Wynns also had an ancestral home), Llanrhychwyn, Trefriw, and Gwydir, totalling some . This land, however, was mostly mountainous and of poor quality, and although there were some 30 slate mines on the land, of varying sizes, this slate was not of a particularly good standard, much of it more suited to slabs than roofing slate. Nor was production high, and the output of all the quarries over the 150 years of their existence totalled, for instance, just two years' worth of output from the Blaenau Ffestiniog quarries. Prior to the arrival of the railway in the 1860s, most slate was carried by cart to the quays at Trefriw. The estate also owned a number of mineral mines, mostly in the area of today's Gwydir Forest.
The principle quarries on the estate were located around Dolwyddelan, where a syncline compressed the Nod Glas mudstones into slate veins. These were the Prince Llewellyn, Chwarel Ddu, Ty'n-y-bryn and Rhiw-goch quarries.
Much of the estate was, however, under continuous mortgage, and in 1894 Dolwyddelan was sold off, followed in the next two years by most of Llanrhychwyn and Trefriw. The sale of the house in 1921 by the Earl Carrington saw it passing out of inherited ownership for the first time in over 400 years, and virtually all other lands were subsequently sold off. Today the estate comprises just the in which Gwydir Castle sits.
20th century
In 1921, the panelled main dining room from the 1640s was stripped, the carved and gilded panelling being bought at auction by William Randolph Hearst, the American press baron. On his death, the panels were inherited by the Metropolitan Museum of Art and until recently were kept in storage at the museum. The new owners of Gwydir, Peter Welford and Judy Corbett, traced these panels and negotiated with the museum, which sold the panels back to the Corbetts. They have been carefully replaced in their original setting, and the restored dining room was re-opened in July 1998 at a ceremony attended by the Prince of Wales.
In 1922, a fire broke out and gutted the Solar Tower, leaving it roofless. A subsequent fire in the West Wing made the place untenable, and it was abandoned, remaining unoccupied until 1944. In this year it was bought by Arthur Clegg, a retired bank manager, who, together with his wife and son, started a 20-year programme of renovation.
The castle is now privately owned by Peter Welford and his wife, Judy Corbett. They purchased the castle in 1994. They then began a programme of restoration to restore the 15th-century Tudor castle to its former glory. The story of the restoration is told in Judy Corbett's book Castles in the Air.
Gardens
The castle is set within a Grade 1 listed, garden, which contains some ancient cedars — one of which was planted in 1625 to commemorate the wedding of King Charles I to Queen Henrietta Maria. One yew tree, known as the "Lovers Tree" or "Giant Yew", is estimated to be between 600 and 1,000 years old, and therefore pre-dates the castle itself.
The raised terrace contains an imposing Renaissance arch, probably dating from the 1590s. The Old Dutch garden contains ancient yew topiary and an octagonal fountain. The Royal and Statesman's gardens contain Welsh Oaks planted during the royal visit of 1899, and in 1911. An Elizabethan causeway called the Chinese Walk runs across the fields to the River Conwy, where the remains of the Gwydir Quay can be seen. The River Conwy was tidal up to this point, but silting has limited most tides to below Gowers Bridge.
Gwydir Uchaf Chapel
Gwydir Uchaf Chapel, in the woods above Gwydir Castle, was built in 1673 by Sir Richard Wynn as a family memorial chapel for the Wynns of Gwydir. The simple exterior provides a direct contrast with its beautifully painted ceiling, depicting the Creation, the Trinity and the Last Judgement.
This chapel should not be confused with the one adjoining Llanrwst Church, called Gwydir Chapel. (This was built in 1633 by an earlier Sir Richard Wynn, and is said to have been designed by Inigo Jones. It has elaborate wood panelling, several family tombs and a stone coffin said to be that of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, moved from Maenan Abbey at the Dissolution.) The chapel is still owned by the Willoughby family who were the hereditary owners of Gwydir Castle. It is now managed by Cadw.
See also
List of gardens in Wales
Grey Mare's Tail
Wynn baronets
Baron Gwydyr
References
Gwydir Castle — A Brief History and Guide, by Peter Welford, 2000
Gwydir Castle Published by Arthur Clegg.
Gwydir Slate Quarries, by M.C. Williams & M.J.T. Lewis, 1989
Castles in the Air, by Judy Corbett, Ebury Press, 2004
Gwydir Castle Guidebook
External links
Official Gwydir Castle site
BBC News – Castle restoration marks 10 years Retrieved 13 February 2012
The Independent – 'We slept rough and battled wild animals to restore a Welsh castle'
Illustrated guide to Gwydir Castle
history with a movie
Gwydir Chapel
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Gwydir Castle and surrounding area
Trefriw
Castles in Conwy County Borough
Country houses in Wales
Grade I listed buildings in Conwy County Borough
Houses in Conwy County Borough
Registered historic parks and gardens in Conwy County Borough | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwydir%20Castle |
The modern, tailored kilt which is ubiquitous at Highland games gatherings around the world has associated with it an evolving style of wear. This style includes the accessories and other accoutrements which are typically worn with it. In this sense, it is very much like other items of the fashion world.
Along with this development, a range of opinion concerning proper, appropriate, or even correct styles has also developed. Attitudes range from those who hold very firm views on the etiquette of how, where, and with what, to wear the kilt, to those with more relaxed views, such as is represented by the following quotation from Matthew Newsome's Patented Advice for the First-Time Kilt Wearer:
Daywear and evening wear
Traditionalists insist that unornamented brown leather belts, sporrans, and shoes should be worn for daywear. Black leather and silver ornamentation are reserved for evening wear (white tie, black tie, or mess dress). A gentleman's Argyll jacket in tweed or solid color is suitable for daywear for those occasions that would usually require a sports jacket or lounge suit, while an Argyll Jacket in black or a Prince Charlie jacket are suitable for evening wear. With some ensembles, a fly plaid is added in the form of a pleated cloth in the same tartan as the kilt, cast over the shoulder and fastened below the shoulder with a plaid brooch.
In addition, many kilt wearers have opted for a jacketless approach, especially at hot summer Highland games gatherings. One style of shirt which is quite common at Highland gatherings is the grandfather shirt, or the Jacobite shirt. These are modern reproductions (or at least reasonably close facsimiles) of the older, pre-Culloden style of shirt. These are full cut shirts with an open, lace-up collar and come in at least a small variety of colors.
Headgear
At modern Highland gatherings, participants in Highland attire can be seen wearing a wide variety of headgear, most going without any headgear at all. But there are two types in particular in widespread usage which are most distinctly Scottish, the Balmoral and the Glengarry.
The Balmoral (named after Balmoral Castle, near Aberdeen, Scotland) is a round, brimless cap, flat on top, with trailing ribbons, and with a ball on top called a toorie. It is often worn with a clan crest badge, and in pipe-band uniform with a hackle.
The Glengarry is another type of cap, somewhat wedge-shaped, longer than wider, creased lengthwise on the top, and with trailing ribbons. It is named after Glengarry valley in Inverness-shire in Scotland.
Both types come in a variety of colors, but black is most usual. And in both cases, there can be dicing around the band of the cap (typically for pipe-band uniform). Both styles will also come with a place on the side of the cap for affixing a clan crest badge.
Belts
A modern, tailored kilt, with its tapered pleats (tapered from seat to waist) is fastened about the body securely enough with the buckles and straps which are provided for that purpose. The kilt belt worn with such kilts is purely decorative during ceremonial use. They are typically fairly wide - between 2 - 1/2 and 3 inches or so - and come in black or brown leather.
Historically, before the advent of the tailored kilt in the late-18th century, some type of belt was necessary in order to secure the kilt about the person and keep it from falling down. It also provided a handy place from which to hang sword, dirk, or pistols. Today the belt, and associated loops on the kilt modern, remains useful for those wearing the kilt in work environments of all kinds.
It is common to see belts worn with a Prince Charlie jacket and waistcoat in evening dress (generally among wearers of hired outfits at weddings etc.). This is regarded as incorrect among traditionalists. The proper reason being that the belt buckle is obscured by the waistcoat and that the line of the tailoring is disrupted by the bulk of the belt, thus making the effect of the costume less flattering to the wearer.
Sporran
As a kilt was traditionally manufactured without pockets for carrying such things as car keys or wallet, it is still worn with a type of pouch called a sporran, which is just the Gaelic word for pouch or purse. Sporrans are usually made from either brown or black leather.
Sporrans come in a very wide range of styles, from simple leather sporrans to those with fur fronts or fur-trimmed and faced with silver or some other metal. Often, the kilt wearer will choose a type of sporran depending on the occasion, with the more elaborate ones being considered suitable for evening wear and the others for casual or all-purpose wear.
The older style bag sporrans are also frequently seen as they tend to be a bit roomier than some of the more modern varieties.
The sporran is typically suspended from a sporran belt which is a narrow belt (separate from the kilt belt) made of leather or chain. This sporran belt is sometimes run through a pair of small loops provided for that purpose on the back of the kilt. Occasionally the sporran is suspended from special leather belt loops which enable the sporran to be hung directly from the kilt belt. This is often done when a chain is used as the chain might otherwise chafe the kilt.
It is not unheard of for individuals to sew small pockets on the front of the kilt, underneath the apron, to keep necessities such as wallet or keys in.
Now in modern world kilts are coming with stylish side and back pockets and it has decreased the demand of sporran, but to be a real traditional, people wear sporran at front of modern kilts as well.
Jewellery
A small knife called a sgian-dubh is often worn tucked into the top of the kilt hose which is commonly worn with the kilt. This item has its historical origins as a utility knife. Again, as with most items of traditional Scottish apparel and accessories, they come in a very wide variety, from fairly plain to quite elaborate silver and gem ornamented designs. A longer knife, called a dirk is sometimes worn hung from the kilt belt.
On the front apron of a kilt, near the selvedge and the open, fringed part of the apron, you will often see a kilt pin, often topped with a small decorative clan crest or other similar design. Typically, the rule for the placement of the kilt pin is such that it must be two pattern squares over and up from the edge of the kilt fabric.
Two styles of kilt pins can be seen in the accompanying photo. (Note the kilt damage resulting from using the thick-shanked version, however.) This is a decorative item meant to be pinned through the outer apron only. It is not heavy enough to prevent the kilt apron from blowing open in a breeze. It should never be pinned through both aprons, since this would result in distorting the proper hang and action of the kilt and at worst could result in tearing the kilt. Of course, Highland dancers do not wear the pin through both aprons (when they wear one at all) since the action of the kilt is an essential part of the dance.
Often, a clan crest badge will be pinned to cockade on the left side of the Balmoral or Glengarry.
Footwear and hose
Dance ghillies or (for more general wear) ghillie brogues, are a modern development of the brogue used by highlanders. They were made with hide punctured with holes to let water out (as well as in) and this helped feet and footwear to dry out more quickly in the wet/damp/ boggy conditions. These shoes are laced through leather tangs and do not have the tongue which covers the bridge of the foot in normal shoes. The high lacing helped prevent the shoe from being sucked off by mud. Though the ghillie brogue is now considered the normal style of Scottish dress footwear, most of the population probably more often wore the modern brogue with tongue and laces (known in the States as 'wingtips').
Members of pipe bands often wear Ghillie brogues, and many other kilt wearers wear the same type of footgear. As always, there is a great variety in style, with many kilt wearers using black dress shoes or casual footwear. Highland dancers wear a much lighter type of footgear specially adapted to the active requirements of the dancer called dancing ghillies.
With the historical great kilt (or belted plaid), a type of medieval bag shoe was worn. This was a shoe made from a single piece of leather which was cut to a pattern and folded up and around the foot, being secured with a length of leather.
Kilt hose are long stockings normally worn knee-high with the upper part of the hose folded back down to create a thicker cuff just below the knee. They are made of wool or Acrylic or some combination thereof and are available in a variety of solid colors so as to match any tartan colour. They can also be found in diced patterns, which are required wear for Highland dancers. The most common colour of hose however, is the cream, or 'off-white' hose, the colour of unbleached wool. Pipers often wear brilliant white 'pipers hose' made of entirely synthetic fibre. Piper hose differs also in that the top of the hose has a 'built-in' cuff with a raised texture. The "Lassie" and "Laddie" characters from WeeSing's Grandpa's Magical Toys wear white hose as part of their fictionalized Scottish costumes.
Garter flashes are elasticated straps worn inside the cuff of the hose to hold them in place. The flashes are short strips of fabric hanging from the garter, mostly matching the tartan or complementary in colour to the kilt fabric.
Weapons
The use of traditional Scottish weapons as part of Highland dress is common, including the sgian dubh worn in a hose top on the leg corresponding to the dominant hand, and the ceremonial dirk suspended from the waistbelt. At one time worn as secondary armament by a clansman going into battle, both items are today ornamental and often worn by civilians and soldiers alike, subject to the dress regulations of any organization they may belong to.
Military accessories
Highland and Scottish regiments that have adopted kilts as their dress uniform typically wear spats, webbing belts, and kilts with pleating to the line. Spats are canvas coverings that cover the wearer's boot, and were originally intended for keeping mud off of one's ghillies and hose, although spats are now white and purely for visual use. A white web belt with a regimental clasp is often worn as well. During World War I kilts were worn into battle by British and Canadian regiments, usually with a fabric cover or apron to hide the bright colours of the tartan, and to keep the kilt from getting dirty if the soldier had to crawl.
Undergarments
While not strictly an "accessory" of Highland or Scottish dress, the subject of undergarments has been of long-standing interest to observers.
To go without underwear is often referred to as "going regimental", "military practice" or being a "True Scotsman", though some prefer to use the simpler term "dressing traditionally" in the name of Scottish national pride, since the former terms are associated with the British military. There is, in fact, no evidence of official policy regarding undergarments in military forces that wear the kilt.
Highland dancers and athletes, however, are bound by the nature of their competitions to appropriately and modestly clad themselves. In Highland Dance competitions and exhibitions, the regulations of the Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing (SOBHD) state regarding underwear: "dark or toning with the kilt should be worn but not white."
Matthew Newsome, in his Patented Advice article (op. cit.) states simply: "... this decision is ultimately up to you. I'll repeat - unless you are in a military unit, or a pipe band, or some other group that has a uniform requirement - your kilt is not a uniform, but an article of clothing, like your trousers or anything else, that you can wear and accessorize as you see fit." Kilts are worn in relation to undergarments in various different styles, with some men choosing to wear no underwear, and others choosing boxer shorts or briefs or thong underwear. There is no rule on what a man should or should not wear under their kilt.
See also
Inverness cape
Photo gallery
References
Charles Thompson, So You're Going to Wear the Kilt! All you want to know about tartan dress., Langsyne Publishers 2003,
Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing costuming rules
Matthew Newsome's ''Patented Advice for the First Time Kilt Wearer
Highland dress
Fashion accessories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilt%20accessories |
Henry Alden Sherwin (September 27, 1842 – June 16, 1916) was one of the founders of the Sherwin-Williams Company in 1866. The company was named for both him and Edward Porter Williams.
Biography
Sherwin was born on September 27, 1842, in Baltimore, Vermont, and stayed in school until he was 15 years of age. His first job was in a local general store. In 1860, an uncle invited Henry to Cleveland, Ohio. He soon found employment with Freeman & Kellogg Co., a Cleveland dry goods store. Starting out as a clerk, two years later Sherwin had been promoted to bookkeeper. The young bookkeeper next moved to a wholesale grocery company by the name of Geo. Sprague & Co, where he became a partner, but soon left, apparently because he disliked the selling of liquor.
By 1866, Sherwin had saved $2,000. He was offered employment with a bank, a partnership with a wholesale drug company, and a partnership in a wholesale paint business. Choosing the latter, Sherwin became the newest partner in the Truman Dunham & Co. He stated years later, that Truman Dunham offered the least but "was the one which in my youthful strength and ambition gave promise of a future greater than the others". He also admitted that at the time he "did not realize what it would lead to". By 1869, Sherwin discovered that his partners were more interested in the manufacture of linseed oil than in the production of paint.
In February 1870, they dissolved the existing partnership and Sherwin, with an associate by the name of Osborn (who had been bookkeeper at Dunham & Co.) and Edward Williams, a Civil War veteran who was a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Western Reserve College, each invested $15,000 for equal shares in what became "Sherwin Williams & Co". Later that year they recruited and hired Sereno Peck Fenn as cashier and bookkeeper. The company prospered and in its first year reported sales of $422,390.97. In 2009, the company reported a decline in sales from the previous year, but ended up with $4.21 billion.
Sherwin was the President of Sherwin–Williams from 1870 to 1909, and chairman of the board until his death on June 26, 1916. Upon his retirement, he was succeeded by Walter H. Cottingham, the company's general manager and vice president.
He was connected with the Y.M.C.A. from its organization in Cleveland and long its adviser and president.
His wife was Frances Mary Smith – they were married in 1865. Their daughter, Belle Sherwin born in 1869, became known for her civic work and her dedication to the cause of women's suffrage.
Sherwin was a Deacon of the First Baptist Church of Cleveland from 1889 until his death in 1916. The enormous and beautiful stained glass window in the rear of the church was donated by the Sherwin family in honor of Mr. and Mrs. Sherwin. He was interred at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland.
Notes
References
External links
1842 births
1916 deaths
People from Windsor County, Vermont
Businesspeople from Cleveland
Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
YMCA leaders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Sherwin |
Kimberly Brooks is an American voice actress. Brooks has voiced characters in video games since the mid-1990s. She has played Luna in the Scooby-Doo franchise as part of The Hex Girls, Ashley Williams in the Mass Effect series, Stormy in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club, Buena Girl from ¡Mucha Lucha!, Barbara Gordon in the Batman: Arkham video game series, Shinobu Jacobs in No More Heroes and No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle, Princess Allura from Voltron: Legendary Defender, Mee Mee in Dexter's Laboratory, Jasper in Steven Universe, and Robin Ayou in Subnautica: Below Zero. Brooks won a BAFTA Award for Performer in a Supporting Role at the 18th British Academy Games Awards for her work in Psychonauts 2.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
References
External links
Living people
African-American actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
BAFTA winners (people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly%20Brooks |
Jason McElwain, nicknamed J-Mac (born October 20, 1988), is an American amateur athlete in both basketball and marathon and public speaker with high-functioning autism. McElwain came to fame on international news in 2006, when he shocked the world playing in a high-school basketball game and scored twenty points in the final few minutes of the game. The game was described as a “miracle” by many in attendance. The game was shown on ESPN, CBS, CNN and many news networks around the world, and video clips of the feat when viral.
In 2003, Jason McElwain was appointed as the manager of the Greece Athena High School Trojans men's basketball team by basketball coach Jim Johnson. On February 15, 2006, he played in a senior night basketball game against Spencerport High School, for a division title. Greece Athena got a large lead, so Coach Johnson decided to let McElwain play in the last four minutes and nineteen seconds of the game. After initially missing two shots, J-Mac became "hot as a pistol". McElwain made six three-point shots and one two-pointer, finishing with twenty points. Every shot he made shocked staff, students and parents alike. After the final buzzer rang, the crowd dashed onto the court in celebration. Footage of the event was featured on ESPN days after the game, and a short film about McElwain's life was in production. The movie, The Magic Of J-Mac, released in 2009.
Ten years later, McElwain made his professional basketball debut with the Rochester Razorsharks.
Early life
Jason McElwain was born on October 20, 1988, to David and Debbie McElwain, and was diagnosed with autism at the age of two years. Jason and his family lived in Greece, New York, a suburb of Rochester, New York. He initially struggled when interacting with other children, but began to develop social skills as he grew older. Although he was placed in special education classes, McElwain enjoyed basketball, to which he was introduced by his older brother Josh, and was appointed manager of Greece Athena High School's varsity basketball team. He was given the nickname “J-Mac”, after former Syracuse player Gerry McNamara who had the nickname “G-Mac”.
February 15, 2006, basketball game
Greece Athena High School basketball coach Jim Johnson decided to add McElwain to the roster for the team's February 15 game against Spencerport High School, so McElwain could be given a jersey and sit on the bench for the team's last home game of the season, and allow McElwain to play a few minutes if Greece Athena got a comfortable lead. With four minutes left in the game, Greece Athena had a double-digit lead, so Johnson decided to let McElwain play out the last minutes of the game. When teammates first passed the ball to McElwain he attempted a three-point shot and missed. McElwain got a second chance to score with a lay-up which he also missed. McElwain then got "hot as a pistol", sinking six three-pointers and one two-point shot, before the game ended. The final score was Greece Athena 79, Spencerport 43. As soon as the final buzzer rang, fans from the stands stormed the court in celebration. Johnson described the celebration at the end of the game as “living the movie Rudy”.
McElwain's performance was videotaped by fellow Greece Athena student Marcus Luciano, who was substituting for the team's normal videographer. Before the game, Johnson gave Luciano strict instructions to track only the game formations. However, according to ESPN writer Elizabeth Merrill, Luciano "had a well-deserved reputation for breaking the rules"; when he saw McElwain make his first shot, he ignored Johnson's instructions and instead panned the crowd reaction to McElwain's performance. Johnson was initially angry, but he soon changed his mind, calling Luciano's decision "a brilliant move".
Reaction
Teacher Andy McCormack was in the audience that night to see the game. McCormack was Jason's Speech/Language Pathologist throughout high school, and the day after the game he got a copy of the video to local sports newscaster John Kucko who put it on the news that night. Others followed suit, and within days the tape reached a national audience. McCormack continued to support Jason over the next few months in school, helping coin alternative language expressions to his now-famous "hot as a pistol" phrase and helping him construct an introduction speech when Magic Johnson came to Greece Athena to speak to the student body.
In his hometown of Greece, New York, McElwain quickly became a celebrity. The family's home phone was always ringing, and when the McElwains went out for a meal, a group of fans ran into the family, praising Jason.
Jason's speech pathologist, Andy McCormack, sent the video footage of the game to John Kucko of local TV station WROC-TV on February 16.
Kucko, with given permission, then sent the story out nationally to CNN the day after. Another local TV station sent their report to CBS News.
Days later, the game made international headlines, from BBC News and Daily Telegraph in the United Kingdom to The Age in Australia to Scoop in New Zealand.
McElwain met President George W. Bush on March 14, 2006, when Bush stopped by a nearby airport on his way to Canandaigua, New York, so he could meet McElwain. Standing next to McElwain, Bush told reporters "As you can see, a special person has greeted us at the airport, Jason", and then jokingly asked "Can I call you J-Mac?" Bush went on to praise McElwain, saying "Our country was captivated by an amazing story on the basketball court. It's the story of a young man who found his touch on the basketball court, which, in turn, touched the hearts of citizens all around the country." Bush also stated that upon seeing McElwain on television, he "wept, just like a lot of other people did".
Indianapolis Colts quarterback Peyton Manning visited Rochester, where he was introduced to McElwain. Manning invited McElwain and Steve Kerr, another Greece Athena High School athlete to the Colts' training camp for a week, which McElwain accepted. McElwain later said that Peyton was "one of the nicest guys in sports" and when the Colts won the Super Bowl and Manning raised the Vince Lombardi Trophy, McElwain "had a tear in [his] eye."
McElwain threw out the opening pitch for the Rochester Red Wings' game against the Charlotte Knights. The Red Wings also gave away 3,500 free bobblehead dolls that were modeled after McElwain.
McElwain won an ESPY Award for the Best Moment in Sports in 2006. McElwain beat out Kobe Bryant's 81-point-game and the George Mason Patriots' run to the Final Four. The speech that Jason gave upon winning the award was written for him by his older brother. The theme of the speech was about dreams coming true. In addition to the many celebrities McElwain met, he also appeared on various talk shows, including The Oprah Winfrey Show, Larry King Live, Good Morning America and Today.
In 2007, Topps trading cards produced a Jason McElwain card as part of its retro-themed Allen & Ginter set.
In 2009, he appeared in a commercial for Gatorade as part of their "What is G?" ad campaign. The commercial aired during the Super Bowl.
McElwain appeared on The Talk in April 2011 as part of the show's month-long series on autism awareness. He told the hosts he was head coach of the 17U East Coast Fusion AAU basketball team. His memorable video surfaced once more in 2011, when Facebook users shared a 2006 story featured on CBS Evening News.
Radio
Jason had a song dedicated to him and his accomplishments on the court by an artist named Iron Butter. Jason also did several interviews and appeared at the Summerjam concert where his song was performed.
Book
Following his rise to fame, Jason McElwain wrote a book titled The Game of My Life. The book is written mainly by Jason, but includes sections written by his family, coach, and teammates. The Game of My Life is 243 pages long and was published on February 5, 2008, by New American Library. Editorial reviews were left by celebrities such as Magic Johnson, Doug Flutie, Rodney Peete, Holly Robinson Peete, and Tony Dungy. The book was co-written by Daniel Paisner.
Movie
As soon as late February 2006, Jason McElwain and his family started receiving inquiries from over 25 film companies, including The Walt Disney Company and Warner Bros., about making his story into a biopic. In April 2006, Columbia Pictures was reported to have bought the rights to produce the film. Laura Ziskin, producer of the Spider-Man film series, was signed on to produce it. Magic Johnson was attached as producer, while two-time Academy Award winner Alvin Sargent was in talks to write the script.
As of 2022, there are no new updates on the movie.
Life after high school
McElwain completed his GED courses and planned to go to college, and has a full-time job at Wegmans Food Markets in Greece, New York. Jason is often seen, too, at the local Olympia Family Restaurant, in Greece, New York. Occasionally, customers recognize him and ask for an autograph. McElwain also travels across the United States to help raise funds for autism research and to make media appearances. With all the activity that is going on his life, Jason admitted that he hasn't been playing as much basketball, but says that, "Occasionally, I'll go and shoot baskets at the YMCA." McElwain is also involved in public speaking, including an October 2011 speech at the Jefferson Rehabilitation House's annual dinner. Since 2007, McElwain has also been a volunteer coach for the Greece Athena team alongside Johnson.
In April 2016, the Rochester Razorsharks, a professional minor-league basketball team, signed McElwain to a one-day contract for their regular season finale against the Western New York Thundersnow. With the Razorsharks leading by more than 40 points late in the game, McElwain was put in and scored 10 points, including 2 three-point shots.
McElwain is also an accomplished runner. On September 23, 2012, McElwain completed the MVP Health Care Rochester Marathon in 15th place in 3 hours, 1 minute and 41 seconds, a time that qualified him for the Boston Marathon. In 2014, he completed the Boston Marathon in 2:57.05.
June 13, 2022 injury
On June 13, 2022, McElwain sustained a collapsed lung, several broken ribs and lacerations after he rode his bicycle into the path of an oncoming motor vehicle. Police do not intend to press charges against McElwain or the motorist. He was still recovering from his injuries three months later.
Similar basketball games
Since 2006, many high schools have adapted the same idea, inserting students with disabilities into games, especially on senior night, some of which also produced spectacular results.
Others inspired by McElwain were Josh Titus and Patrick Thibodeau, who on the same night in 2009 were told by their coaches to check into their games for playing time, with both athletes producing results very similar to McElwain's. Another example was Mitchell Marcus of Coronado High School, who in 2013 made a layup after a last-gasp act of kindness from Johnathan Montanez, who was on the opposing team.
In 2015, 13-year old Eagles Landing Middle School student Jamarion Styles, who is armless, entered a high-school basketball game and hit 2 3-pointers, resulting in the players storming the court and lifting Jamarion on their shoulders.
References
External links
Bush Visits Autistic Teen Hoop Star (CBS News)
Article and video (CBS - The Early Show)
Full Video of Shots (MSNBC)
The Word in Greece (ESPN article)
Complete transcript of McElwain's conversation with President Bush
1988 births
American men's basketball players
American male marathon runners
Greece Athena High School alumni
Living people
People from Greece, New York
People on the autism spectrum
Point guards
Basketball players from Rochester, New York
New York (state) Republicans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20McElwain |
William Pike (died 22 December 1591) was an English Roman Catholic martyr who was beatified in 1987.
Several sources state that William was born in Dorset. In 'A History of Dorset' () A. Lindsay Clegg, former Town Clerk of Bournemouth, claims that Pike lived at Moordown, now within modern Bournemouth, then part of the Liberty of Westover. Pike, or Pyk was a common name in Westover since the 14th century, according to the Christchurch Cartulary ().
Pike is also said to have lived at West Moors in West Parley, where he worked as a carpenter. He was executed by being hung, drawn and quartered on 22 December 1591 for denying the Royal Supremacy. He is thought to have been converted to Catholicism by Thomas Pilchard. Rachel Lloyd suggests that the Pikes were a Bristol family, and that William (who lived in the Village of Moors on the Hampshire border) was the brother of Martha Pike. Martha's husband Henry Falkner had converted priest John Chapman to Catholicism, in 1579. Henry mentioned his brother-in-law William Pike in his will.
References
1591 deaths
People from Bournemouth
English beatified people
Converts to Roman Catholicism
People executed under Elizabeth I by hanging, drawing and quartering
Executed people from Dorset
16th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
Eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales
16th-century venerated Christians
Year of birth unknown
English carpenters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Pike |
William Stephen Tomkin (25 November 1860 – 7 April 1940) was born at Park Road in the village of Boughton Monchelsea, which lies on a ragstone ridge between the North Downs and the Weald of Kent, a few miles south of Maidstone.
There is a degree of conflict in William's birth date. His Birth Certificate clearly records this as being 25 November 1860 and registered on 5 January 1861. However, the family gravestone (photo) shows November 1861 - April 1940.
By 1871, the family had relocated some 20 km (12 miles) north-westwards to the cluster of villages that comprises Ightham, Borough Green and Wrotham. He was a watercolour artist, draughtsman, and assistant to General Augustus Pitt Rivers between 1882-1890.
He was the first child of farmer William Stephen Tomkin (Snr) and Elizabeth his wife, who had married at St. Mary’s Church, Woolwich, in April 1859.
Elizabeth Tomkin was the elder sister of Benjamin Harrison (1837-1921) who had inherited a grocery/drapery store in the nearby village of Ightham from his father. Apart from being a village shopkeeper, Benjamin Harrison won international recognition as a pioneer in archaeology. He maintained that the many flints – "eoliths" – which he found in the pre-glacial drift on the North Down were artefacts that challenged current beliefs about the antiquity of man.
Spending the greater part of his spare time on this amateur hobby, there is little doubt that Harrison would have been influential in the development of his young nephew William Tomkin; living quite close to each other at this time. It is also conceivable that one of Harrison’s many contacts led to the young Tomkin being introduced to General Augustus Pitt Rivers. One possible link would be the renowned geologist Professor (knighted in 1896) Joseph Prestwich, who Harrison first met in the summer of 1879. They became regular correspondents, and met quite often, either at the Professor’s home in Shoreham or on Prestwich’s visits to Ightham – which are just 13 km (8 miles) apart. Prestwich also moved in the same intellectual circles as General Pitt Rivers.
In September 1891, W. S. Tomkin married Catherine Sarah Rattenbury. Originally from Devon, her family had settled in Edmonton, Middlesex where she was born. However, in 1881 she was living as a boarder, above a watchmaker’s shop, and employed as a village schoolmistress teaching children from Borough Green/Wrotham. She continued in this role until the spring of 1891. It was during this decade that Tomkin was employed by Pitt Rivers.
By November 1890, Tomkin had ended his employment with Pitt Rivers and it is believed to be for financial reasons. His next employment was with Waterlow & Sons, a major worldwide engraver of currency, postage stamps, stocks and bond certificates based in London, Watford and Dunstable in England. That company was founded as a family business in 1810.
On Census night, April 1891, Tomkin is shown to be living as a boarder at Grosvenor Road, Islington.
Apart from his commercial work, Tomkin continued to be a prolific watercolour artist – a highly proficient painter of maritime subjects – exhibiting one, Wind Against the Tide at the Royal Academy in 1909.
In 1916, he recorded the shooting down of a German SL11 airship during a bombing raid, which crashed in flames at Cuffley, Hertfordshire on the night of 2/3 September; the first to do so on British soil. Lieutenant W. Leefe Robinson of the Worcestershire Regiment & Royal Flying Corps, was awarded the Victoria Cross.
The night scene, captured by Tomkin from his Walthamstow garden, contains a scrap from the wreckage and is now held at the RAF Museum, Hendon, near to Cuffley.
William Stephen Tomkin died on 7 April 1940 at Chingford, Essex.
He is buried, with other family members, in the churchyard of St Peter's at Ightham, Kent.
His wife, Catherine Sarah Tomkin, died in 1954. Tomkin had three daughters who survived him. Dorothy, Janet, and Kate. Twin boys, the couple's first children, died shortly after their birth in 1892.
Small collections that include watercolours, sketchbooks and personal effects are held in General Pitt Rivers archives at The Salisbury Museum, Wiltshire, England and Pitt Rivers museum in Oxford, England.
References
External links
Sketches and related notes made during Tomkin's work with Pitt Rivers are available to view online at the National Archives: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/C14640
1860 births
1940 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century English painters
English watercolourists
British marine artists
People from Ightham
People from Boughton Monchelsea
20th-century English male artists
19th-century English male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Tomkin |
Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the University of California Press on behalf of the Office for History of Science and Technology (University of California, Berkeley). It was established as Chymia in 1948, being published under than name until 1967 when it temporarily ceased publication. It resumed under Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences in 1969, renaming itself Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences in 1986 under John L. Heilbron, an acquiring its current name in 2008.
It covers the study of the intellectual and social history of the physical sciences (including physics, chemistry, and astronomy) and the biological sciences (including biology, biophysics, and genetics), from the 17th century to the modern era.
Russell McCormmach, who edited the first ten annual volumes of Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences. John L. Heilbron took over as editor in 1980 and in 1985 added "Biological" to the title. In 2008, Cathryn Carson took over as editor-in-chief.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 0.417.
References
External links
History of science journals
University of California Press academic journals
Academic journals established in 1948
English-language journals
5 times per year journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical%20Studies%20in%20the%20Natural%20Sciences |
Wani may refer to:
Vani (custom), a child marriage custom in tribal areas of Pakistan
Wani (dragon), a Japanese dragon translated as "sea monster", "crocodile", or "shark"
Wani (scholar), a legendary scholar, sent from Korea to Japan during the reign of Emperor Ōjin
Wani (surname), surname in India (Jammu and Kashmir and Maharashtra)
Wani (Vidhan Sabha constituency), constituency of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha
Wani Books, Japanese publishing company
Wani Station, train station in Ōtsu, Shiga, Japan
Wani, Yavatmal, a city and a municipal council in Yavatmal district in the Indian state of Maharashtra
Mangifera caesia, wani, an Indonesian term for the fruit, that resembles the mango but with white flesh
WANI, an American radio station
People with the name
Altaf Wani, scientist
Altaf Ahmad Wani (born 1974), Kashmiri politician
Ashfaq Majeed Wani (1966–1990), Kashmiri separatist
Augustino Jadalla Wani, South Sudanese politician
Burhan Wani (1994–2016), commander of a Kashmiri militant group Hizbul Mujahideen
Ghulam Nabi Wani (1916–1981), politician from Jammu and Kashmir
Ghulam Qadir Wani (1953–1998), Kashmiri scholar and diplomat
Jagannath Wani (1934–2017), Indo-Canadian statistician and philanthropist
Mansukh C. Wani, Indo–American chemist
Mohan R. Wani (born 1965), Indian cell biologist
Nasir Aslam Wani (born 1964), Kashmiri politician
Rangnath Wani, Indian politician from Maharashtra
Wani Ardy (born 1984), Malaysian writer
See also
Vani (disambiguation)
Ouani, a town in the Comoros | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wani |
Stuart William Copeland (born 19 January 1968) is an Australian politician. He was a National/Liberal National from 2001 to 2009, representing the district of Cunningham.
Political career
Copeland won preselection to contest the state seat of Cunningham for the National Party defeating the Mayor of the Jondaryan Shire Peter Taylor. Taylor went on to be elected Mayor of the Toowoomba Regional Council in 2008.
Copeland was elected at the February 2001 State election after a three cornered contest with the Liberal Party. He was one of only 11 National Party MPs to form the official Opposition following Premier Peter Beattie's landslide win gaining 66 seats in the 89 seat Assembly. Ray Hopper MP, elected as an Independent for the seat of Darling Downs, joined the Nationals in December 2001.
Copeland was appointed Shadow Minister for Families, Disabilities, Youth and The Arts, and went on to hold the portfolios of Education, Training, Multicultural Policy, Health, Open Government, Justice and Attorney General.
He served on the Criminal Justice Committee, the Crime and Misconduct Committee, The Public Works Committee, the Broadcast of Parliament Select Committee, and various Parliamentary Estimates Committees. He was also Shadow Cabinet Secretary and served as Temporary Speaker/Deputy Speaker.
In 2007 Copeland was appointed Leader of Opposition Business.
Jayant Patel
During Question Time on 22 March 2005, as Shadow Minister for Health, Copeland asked the then Minister for Health, Gordon Nuttall MP, a question on an internal Queensland Health investigation into allegations against the competence of Jayant Patel, a surgeon at Bundaberg Base Hospital. Soon after that morning's Question Time, the Member for Burnett, Rob Messenger MP, made a five-minute ‘Matters of Public Interest’ speech. The speech contained serious allegations against the clinical competence of a Dr Patel, an overseas trained surgeon working at the Bundaberg Base Hospital.
The Doctor Death scandal and other problems within Queensland Health dominated Queensland politics for a significant period.
Gordon Nuttall
On Friday 8 July 2005, in a public hearing of a Queensland parliamentary estimates committee, 'Estimates Committee D - Health', Copeland questioned Health Minister Gordon Nuttall over his knowledge of the problems surrounding the proficiencies of Overseas Trained Doctors. At the time, the minister was accompanied by senior officers of Queensland Health, including the then Director General of Queensland Health (Dr Buckland) and the then Senior Executive Director, Health Services (Dr Scott).
Nuttall denied ever having been briefed on problems associated with Overseas Trained Doctors, but was directly contradicted by Dr Scott who advised the committee that Nuttall had been briefed.
This led to accusations Nuttall had lied to the committee, then an offence under Section 57 of the Queenslands Criminal Code.
In August 2005, Nuttall stepped aside from the Ministry while the Crime and Misconduct Commission (CMC) investigated claims he had given a false answer to a Parliamentary estimates committee regarding his prior knowledge of problems with overseas-trained doctors. The Commission reported back in December 2005, recommending the Attorney-General prosecute Nuttall under section 57 of the Criminal Code. The prosecution was not proceeded with as Premier Beattie recalled Parliament to revoke the relevant section of the Criminal Code so Parliament could deal with such matters itself under contempt of parliament provisions.
Nuttall resigned from the Ministry on 7 December 2005.
As a result of the Nuttall case, Lying to Parliament remains a powerful political issue in Queensland with the LNP promising during the 2012 election campaign to re-introduce laws to make it illegal to lie to Parliament.
Redistribution
In the State electoral redistribution prior to the 2009 Queensland election, the electorate of Cunningham was abolished and divided between the existing electorates of Toowoomba South and Southern Downs and the new electorate of Condamine.
Under the terms of the constitution of the newly formed LNP following the amalgamation of the National and Liberal Parties in Queensland, all sitting Members of Parliament, State and Federal, were automatically endorsed (or “grandfathered”) for their next election. In the case of a redistribution the LNP's constitution stated “If a redistribution changes the boundaries of a current State or Federal electorate, the sitting Member will be entitled to claim the electorate that contains 50.1% of the enrolments in the member’s old seat and contest it as the sole candidate of the Party for that seat at the next State or Federal election”.
The majority of the new Condamine's voters came from Darling Downs, held by fellow LNP member Ray Hopper, who like Copeland was from the National side of the merger. Under LNP rules, Hopper was automatically preselected for Condamine, and Copeland was effectively barred from standing for the LNP in any seat containing part of the now-abolished Cunningham.
It had been reported that Mike Horan, the member for Toowoomba South, had intended to retire and hand his seat to Copeland. Horan was also from the National side of the merger. However, this did not eventuate and Copeland was left without a seat.
Despite having previously been nominated by Lawrence Springborg as a potential leader, Copeland announced he would be retiring and moved to the backbench.
2009 Queensland Election
At the beginning of the election campaign, Copeland resigned from the LNP and announced his intention to stand as an independent in Condamine. He pushed Labor into third place on the primary vote, but was soundly defeated by Hopper when all preferences were distributed.
Post Parliament
Following his departure from Parliament, Copeland was employed by the University of Southern Queensland as the Principal Manager, Government and Community in USQ's Office of External Relations.
In September 2009, the Bligh Government appointed Copeland to serve as a Director on the Board of Powerlink, a Government Owned Corporation.
In 2011, Copeland was appointed as State Director of The Nationals in Victoria.
Copeland is married to Rae McCaull, a former State Secretary of The Nationals in Queensland, and they have two children.
Official Biography
Re-Member Database - Queensland Parliament
Prior to parliament
State President Queensland Young Nationals 1997/1998
Vice President Federal Young Nationals 1997/1998
Chief Executive Officer of the Royal Agricultural Society of Queensland
Employed by Shell Company Of Australia
See also
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 2004-2006
Toowoomba (The seat of Cunningham lies in part in the city's southern suburbs.)
References
External links
Official biography
1968 births
Living people
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Queensland
Liberal National Party of Queensland politicians
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
People from Toowoomba
21st-century Australian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Copeland |
Ernest Lynn Waldorf (May 14, 1876 – July 27, 1943) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1920.
He was born on a farm in the South Valley, Otsego County, New York. Waldorf united with the Central New York Annual Conference of the M.E. Church in 1900. Prior to his election to the episcopacy, Waldorf served as a pastor, and as a chaplain in the 74th Regt. of the National Guard in Buffalo, New York, 1911–15.
His son was football coach Pappy Waldorf.
While a bishop in Kansas City, Missouri, in the 1920s, he championed a proposed Lincoln and Lee University that would be built on the battlefield of the Battle of Westport (biggest battle west of the Mississippi River). The university would be named for Abraham Lincoln and Robert E. Lee and be built around a proposed national memorial to fallen Civil War soldiers. The school would eventually form the basis of what is the University of Missouri-Kansas City (and is not affiliated with the church).
He offered invocations at the 1928 Republican National Convention (fourth day, June 15, 1928) and the 1936 Republican National Convention (second day, June 10, 1936).
He died after a few months' illness, on July 27, 1943, in the Noble Foundation Hospital, Alexandria Bay, New York. He was buried in Oakwood Cemetery in Syracuse, New York.
Selected writings
Sermons, Addresses and Radio Talks, typed mss., in the Methodist Bishops' Collection at Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University
Address: "Riches," Book of the Sesqui-Centennial of American Methodism, 1934
The Use of Hardship, Sermons By the Sea, 1939
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
External links
1876 births
1943 deaths
20th-century Methodist bishops
American Methodist bishops
American sermon writers
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
Burials at Oakwood Cemetery (Syracuse, New York)
Clergy from Kansas City, Missouri
People from Otsego County, New York
United States Army chaplains
World War I chaplains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Lynn%20Waldorf |
Sir John Leslie Martin (17 August 1908, in Manchester – 28 July 2000) was an English architect, and a leading advocate of the International Style. Martin's most famous building is the Royal Festival Hall. His work was especially influenced by Alvar Aalto.
Life
After studying at Manchester University, Leslie Martin taught at the University of Hull. In 1937 he co-edited with Ben Nicholson and Naum Gabo the journal Circle, which reviewed avant-garde abstract art and architecture. In 1939 Martin and his wife, Sadie Speight, co-wrote The flat book.
During the Second World War Martin was assigned to the pre-nationalisation Railway companies to supervise re-building of bomb-damaged regional rail stations.
In this capacity Martin developed pre-fabricated designs to speed construction. Following the war he was made a Deputy Architect to the London County Council (LCC), and in 1948 Hugh Casson selected him to lead the design team for the Royal Festival Hall, the most prestigious building project of the Festival of Britain. Partly in recognition of his achievement, Martin was made Chief Architect of the LCC in 1953; he used his position to promote emerging younger architects Colin St. John Wilson, James Stirling, and Alison and Peter Smithson.
From 1956, he was made head of the Architecture School at Cambridge University where Colin St John Wilson was his assistant. He was Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Oxford for 1965–66.
Planning work
Martin was involved initially with Patrick Hodgkinson in the Brunswick Centre, an early experiment in planned mixed-use development in Bloomsbury that was partially completed. The 1950s also saw the creation of the Loughborough Estate in Brixton, south London, designed by Martin.
In the 1960s the British government commissioned Martin to draw plans for a wholesale demolition and redevelopment of the area between St James's Park and the Thames Embankment in London. It would have involved the demolition of most of the Victorian and Edwardian government offices (the Foreign Office, the Commonwealth Office, the old Home Office, etc.) in Whitehall, which were then scheduled for demolition, and left the Banqueting Hall as a traffic island and the original Scotland Yard building enveloped in the middle of a courtyard of offices.
The plans met with determined opposition from the public and conservation groups, especially the Victorian Society, and their implementation was delayed. Edward Heath's government eventually formally abandoned Martin's plan in 1971. The existing buildings were subsequently restored and opened to the public.
Taking a broader view of Martin's work, a picture emerges of the man as a quiet achiever par excellence. Through his skilled networking in support of promising younger architects, and his self-effacing work on committees, he strongly influenced the course of post-war British architecture. "He was efficient, cooperative, impeccably well networked and calmly authoritative, justifying his advice with his immense architectural expertise and his scientific investigations of planning needs."
Architectural commissions
Martin with Wilson completed a number of academic buildings including halls of residence Harvey Court for Gonville and Caius College, one of the most important examples of brick brutalism, and the William Stone Building for Peterhouse; and the Tinbergen Building and the St. Cross faculty libraries for Oxford University. Martin was also the masterplanner for Leicester University.
One of his later projects was an extension to Kettle's Yard Art Gallery to house the works of Dame Barbara Hepworth, Ben Nicholson, and others.
Martin and his wife, Sadie Speight, were responsible for the modernist house Brackenfell (Grade II listed) in Brampton, Cumbria. Designed in 1936 and completed in 1938 for textile designer and artist Alastair Morton, of Edinburgh Weavers. The interior colour scheme was reputedly designed by Ben Nicholson who lived locally when married to Winifred Roberts. Brackenfell is still a private house.
References
Notes
1908 births
2000 deaths
Brutalist architects
Alumni of the Manchester School of Architecture
Academics of the University of Hull
Fellows of Jesus College, Cambridge
Knights Bachelor
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
20th-century English architects
Slade Professors of Fine Art (University of Oxford)
Modernist architects from England
Royal Academicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Martin |
is a fictional French boxer from Nintendo's Punch-Out!! video game series. He first appeared in the arcade game Punch-Out!! in 1984 and three years later in the NES game of the same name. His most recent appearance was in the Wii installment of Punch-Out!!. He was originally designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and was revised by Makoto Wada for the NES game. He is voiced by Christian Bernard in the Wii game.
Joe is the player's first opponent in all of his roles. As a foil among most of the boxers, he is famous for his weakness and cowardice, considered by critics to be stereotypes of French people. These characteristics were emphasized by the developer of the Wii game which included cutscenes which depict Glass Joe in French settings. Glass Joe is considered one of the most well-known characters in the Punch-Out!! series and a Nintendo icon. His name has been used to describe poor performance by sportspeople and teams. In the Wii game, his dialogue consists of him pleading for the player to not strike him in the jaw, complaints about the tightness of his gloves, and counting to ten in French.
Concept and creation
Glass Joe is a 38-year-old French flyweight boxer who was born in Paris. He stands at 177.8 centimeters (5'10'') and weighs in at 49.9 kilograms (110 lbs.). His boxing record is one win and 99 losses. He is the weakest opponent and the first meeting with the players in any of their appearances. His mediocrity has been attributed to poor blocking and reaction time. He possesses several stereotypes of French people.
The character was designed by Shigeru Miyamoto for the original Punch-Out!! arcade game. The name "Glass Joe" was conceived by Genyo Takeda as a play on his glass jaw. Glass Joe's appearance was revised by Makoto Wada for the NES Punch-Out!!. The character is voiced by Christian Bernard in the Wii game; much of his dialogue in between matches consists of counting to ten in French. Next Level Games (the developer of the Wii game) introduced cutscenes which depicted Glass Joe as a fashionable Frenchman. They also showed him in front of the Arc de Triomphe and the Eiffel Tower (both Parisian landmarks) The designers had croissants burst from Glass Joe as he is knocked out.
Appearances
Glass Joe's debut was in the first Punch-Out!! game for the arcades in 1984. His role was to give young players a sense of accomplishment which motivated them to spend more money to try and beat the more difficult opponents. Glass Joe later appeared in Punch-Out!! for the NES in 1987. While he did not appear in the SNES game's sequel, he opened a boxing school for potential fighters. Gabby Jay (the game's first opponent) attended this school and got his first and only win against Glass Joe. Glass Joe's most recent appearance was in Punch-Out!! for the Wii in 2009. He was one of the first characters revealed in pre-release material. The Wii Punch-Out!! has a mode called "Title Defense" which featured a more difficult version of Glass Joe among other opponents. This mode has Glass Joe wear a protective headgear out of a doctor's recommendation after an X-ray was done on his skull, causing him to be immune to jabs unless star-punched. A photo of Glass Joe appears in the 2023 film The Super Mario Bros. Movie, in a pizzeria called "Punch-Out Pizza". He was included in a series of trading cards which depict various Punch-Out!! boxers.
Reception
Glass Joe has come to be considered one of Punch-Out!!s signature characters. Glass Joe is considered noteworthy for his weakness, with writers having used him as a test of the usability of NES controllers such as the U-Force and the Power Glove. His appearance in the "Title Defense" mode of the Wii Punch-Out!! received attention for his increased difficulty. Official Nintendo Magazines Chris Scullion praised the fight and felt it proved that the Wii game would not be too easy. His name has been used as a derogatory term for sportspeople and teams who perform poorly, including Derek Anderson and the New York Mets. When asked who among his boxing opponents most reminded him of Glass Joe, Mike Tyson said Bruce Seldon whom he claimed he didn't even need to hit. Both UGO's Chris Plante and G4TV's jmanalang considered the fight with Glass Joe one of the most memorable NES moments. Plante felt that it was even more memorable than the in-game fight with Mike Tyson.
Glass Joe's French characteristics and stereotypes have been discussed by critics such as writer Sumantra Lahiri and Eurogamer's Oli Welsh. IGN's Craig Harris felt that the NES game focused more on his weaknesses and that the Wii game emphasized his stereotypes. A member of the Retronauts podcast also felt that he was defined more by his weakness than his nationality until he learned more about French stereotypes. Despite the presence of stereotypes, Giant Bomb's Ryan Davis felt that there was nothing legitimately offensive about how Glass Joe is presented.
Notes
References
Fictional professional boxers
Fictional French people in video games
Fictional martial artists in video games
Male characters in video games
Nintendo antagonists
Punch-Out!! characters
Video game bosses
Video game characters introduced in 1984
Fictional boxers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%20Joe |
The lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War encompassed major military and naval operations that occurred near the coastal areas of the Southeastern United States: in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas) as well as southern part of the Mississippi River (Port Hudson and south).
Inland operations are included in the western theater or trans-Mississippi theater, depending on whether they were east or west of the Mississippi River. Coastal operations in Georgia, including the culmination of Sherman's March to the Sea, are included in the western theater.
The campaign classification established by the U.S. National Park Service, which calls these the lower seaboard theater and gulf approach operations, is more fine-grained than the one used in this article. Some minor NPS campaigns have been omitted and some have been combined into larger categories. Only a few of the 31 battles the NPS classifies for this theater are described. The Port Royal Expedition of 1861 has been added, although it has not been classified by the NPS. Boxed text in the right margin show the NPS campaigns associated with each section.
Union Naval activities in this theater were dictated by the Anaconda Plan, with its emphasis on strangling the South with an ever-tightening blockade, and later in executing attacks on and occupying the port cities of New Orleans, Mobile, and Galveston. The Confederate response was mainly limited to blockade running and the Confederate Navy reacting defensively to Union incursions, with mixed success.
Alabama
South Carolina
Much of the war along the South Carolina coast concentrated on capturing Charleston, due both to its role as a port for blockade runners and to its symbolic role as the starting place of the war. One of the earliest battles of the war was fought at Port Royal Sound, south of Charleston. The Union navy selected this location as a coaling station for the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron.
In attempting to capture Charleston, the Union military tried two approaches, by land over James or Morris Islands or through the harbor. However, the Confederates were able to drive back each Union attack. One of the most famous of the land attacks was the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, in which the 54th Massachusetts Infantry took part. The Federals suffered a serious defeat in this battle, losing 1,500 men while the Confederates lost only 175. During the night of February 23, 1864, the CSS Hunley made the first successful sinking of an enemy warship by a submarine, although the Hunley was also sunk shortly afterwards. The Confederates used other crafts such as the David but these were not as successful.
Georgia
Fort Pulaski on the Georgia coast was an early target for the Union navy. Following the capture of Port Royal, an expedition was organized with engineer troops under the command of Captain Quincy A. Gillmore. After a month of positioning 36 mortars and rifled cannons on nearby Tybee Island, Gillmore opened a bombardment of the fort on April 10, 1862. The Confederates surrendered the following afternoon after their magazine was threatened by Union shells. The Union army occupied the fort for the rest of the war after making repairs.
Florida
Following the secession of Florida in January 1861, Florida troops seized most Federal property in the state with the exceptions of Fort Zachary Taylor at Key West and Fort Pickens at Pensacola. The Union navy established a blockade of the coast early in the war, with the state's Atlantic coast covered by the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron and the Gulf coast by the East Gulf Blockading squadron.
Several small skirmishes were fought in the state, but no major battles. In 1864, in an attempt to organize a pro-Union government in Florida, a Union force under Brigadier General Truman Seymour moved inland from Jacksonville but was defeated at the Battle of Olustee on February 20, which was the largest Civil War battle in Florida. The Union army attempted to capture the state capital of Tallahassee but were defeated at the Battle of Natural Bridge on March 8, 1865. Florida was one of only two Confederate states not to have its capital captured in the war.
Louisiana
One of the early Union objectives in the war was the capture of the Mississippi River, in order to cut the Confederacy in half. "The key to the river was New Orleans, the South's largest port [and] greatest industrial center." In April 1862, a Union naval task force commanded by Commander David D. Porter attacked Forts Jackson and St. Philip, which guarded the river approach to the city from the south. While part of the fleet bombarded the forts, other vessels forced a break in the obstructions in the river and enabled the rest of the fleet to steam upriver to the city. A Union army force commanded by Major General Benjamin Butler landed near the forts and forced their surrender.
The following year, the Union Army of the Gulf commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks laid siege to Port Hudson for nearly eight weeks, the longest siege in US military history. To cut Port Hudson's supply lines through the Red River, Banks first advanced up Bayou Teche, capturing the Atchafalaya and the Red rivers up to Alexandria. (See Bayou Teche Campaign.) The Confederates defending the city surrendered on July 9, after hearing of the surrender at Vicksburg. These two surrenders gave the Union control over the entire Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in half.
For the rest of war the Confederates concentrated on trying to recapture the areas they lost. From June to September 1863 Major General Richard Taylor, commander of the District of West Louisiana, attempted to recapture the Union gains, both to cut Bank's communications with New Orleans and possibly to recapture the city itself. While successful in some battles, the Confederates failed in both objectives.
Notes
References
Chaitin, Peter M. The Coastal War: Chesapeake Bay to Rio Grande. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1984. .
Kennedy, Frances H. (editor) The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 2nd edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. .
Symonds, Craig L. A Battlefield Atlas of the Civil War. Annapolis, MD.: Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1983. .
External links
National Park Service.gov: NPS Civil War at a Glance
West Point Atlas map of principal Civil War campaigns
Battleofolustee.org: Battle of Olustee website
Theaters of the American Civil War
Alabama in the American Civil War
Florida in the American Civil War
Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War
Louisiana in the American Civil War
Mississippi in the American Civil War
South Carolina in the American Civil War
Texas in the American Civil War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20seaboard%20theater%20of%20the%20American%20Civil%20War |
New Inn () is a village in County Tipperary in Ireland. It is also in the barony of Middle Third, and part of the parish of New Inn and Knockgraffon in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly.
Location and access
It is located in the Golden Vale midway between the market and tourist towns of Cahir and Cashel. Bypassed in October 2007 by the M8, the main road through the village is a section of the R639. Two other roads, the R687 to Clonmel and the L3121 road to Golden, begin at the centre of the village.
Amenities and facilities
New Inn has two pubs, two schools, one shop, a convent and church, a Community Centre, a tennis club, and a GAA pitch, which is home to Rockwell Rovers GAA Club. To the south of the village is Outrath Co-op, which serves the large agricultural hinterland of the village. Rockwell College, a private secondary school run by the Holy Ghost Fathers, is situated from the centre of the village.
History
The village lies within the townland of Loughkent and the village was formerly known by this name. It is derived . Older anglicisations include Lochken and Loghkean. Another old name for the village was Graigkent (likely ).
The Whiteboys
The area around present-day New Inn was a hotbed of agrarian unrest and Whiteboy activity in the late 1700s.
The road through New Inn
It is not known when the present settlement of New Inn was founded. It is not listed on either Herman Moll's 1714 map of Ireland, nor is it depicted in Taylor and Skinner's Maps of the Roads of Ireland, published in 1778. While New Inn does not appear to have existed in the 18th century, the road now known as the R639 between Cashel and Cahir clearly did. At that time the R639 was not the main Dublin to Cork route (it did not exist north of Cashel until 1739, nor south of Cahir to Fermoy until after 1811). It is probable that the present settlement developed after the turnpike road-building drive of the 18th century was substantially complete by the early 19th century, when Charles Bianconi ran regular coach services throughout the region from 1815, establishing several inns along popular routes in the process.
The Murder at Marlhill
On 22 November 1940 a local woman named Mary McCarthy (known as Moll Carthy) was murdered in a field at Marlhill. An unmarried mother of seven, McCarthy was shot in the face at close range. Her neighbour, a man named Harry Gleeson, who had discovered the body, was arrested, charged and convicted of her murder, and hanged in Dublin. The Murder at Marlhill, as the event has become known, continues to spark controversy both in the local community and historical circles, with many maintaining Gleeson's innocence. A book and two RTÉ television programmes have documented the event.
In March 2015, the Irish Justice Minister Frances Fitzgerald granted a pardon to Henry Gleeson and an apology for his hanging after a conviction that was "unsafe".
Sport
The local GAA club is Rockwell Rovers.
New Inn Tennis Club
New Inn's association with tennis goes back to the 1890s when Lena Rice of Marlhill House, New Inn came to the fore in the national tennis championships. In 1889 she was narrowly defeated in the final of the singles in Fitzwilliam Square in Dublin. She won the mixed doubles that same year, and the following year 1890 she achieved what no other Irish woman has achieved by winning the Wimbledon singles championship.
On 16 June 1991 the Lena Rice Trophy was presented to the club by Fr. Meehan on his own behalf and on behalf of David Joe O’ Neill. Each year the club invites all local clubs to play for the honour of winning this trophy.
An all weather surface was installed on both courts in February 2009. This was made possible by extensive fundraising by club members over several years and by grant aid from Tipperary County Council and National Lottery funding.
Knockgraffon
The parish of New Inn also includes Knockgraffon (), a rural locality which is home to a ruined medieval church and graveyard. Knockgraffon was once a village in its own right, but the settlement was abandoned some time in the 18th century. Around 1610, the Irish historian Geoffrey Keating was appointed Parish Priest of Knockgraffon. Interesting features include a fine Motte, a church and a castle. The motte was built by the English of Leinster beside the River Suir when they were on a raid against Donal Mor O'Brien, King of Thomond, in 1192. It was given by the King to William de Braose, but later taken from him and granted to Philip of Worcester. Nearby is a ruined 13th-century nave-and-chancel church with an east window inserted in the 15th century. A few hundred yards further away is a 16th-century tower built by the Butlers.
Knockgraffon was the centre of the O'Sullivan clan's ancestral lands, until that family was displaced by the Normans in the early 13th century. In 1998, the Knockgraffon motte was purchased by an O'Sullivan (Gary Brian Sullivan of Statesboro, Georgia, US) from its Norman-Irish owner (Donal Keating of Cahir, Ireland). It is the first time that Knockgraffon has been back in O'Sullivan possession for nearly 800 years. Other townlands include: Ardneasa, Boytonrath, Chamberlainstown, Derryclooney, Garrandea, Garranlea, Lagganstown, Lough Kent, Masterstown, Marlhill, Outrath.
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
References
Towns and villages in County Tipperary
Middle Third, County Tipperary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Inn%2C%20County%20Tipperary |
The Chetaev instability theorem for dynamical systems states that if there exists, for the system with an equilibrium point at the origin, a continuously differentiable function V(x) such that
the origin is a boundary point of the set ;
there exists a neighborhood of the origin such that for all
then the origin is an unstable equilibrium point of the system.
This theorem is somewhat less restrictive than the Lyapunov instability theorems, since a complete sphere (circle) around the origin for which and both are of the same sign does not have to be produced.
It is named after Nicolai Gurevich Chetaev.
Applications
Chetaev instability theorem has been used to analyze the unfolding dynamics of proteins under the effect of optical tweezers.
See also
Lyapunov function — a function whose existence guarantees stability
References
Further reading
Theorems in dynamical systems
Stability theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetaev%20instability%20theorem |
The following are notable Old Carthusians, who are former pupils of Charterhouse (founded in 1611).
Politicians
Thomas Chataway (1864–1925), Senator for Queensland (1907–1913)
John Colville, 1st Baron Clydesmuir (1894–1954), politician, Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 1936–1938, Secretary of State for Scotland, 1938–1940, and Governor of Bombay, 1943–1948
Fox Maule-Ramsay, 11th Earl of Dalhousie (1801–1874), Secretary at War, 1846–1852, and Secretary of State for War, 1855–1858
Patrick Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone, 4th Baron Derwent (1901–1986), politician
Henry William Newman Fane (1897–1976), Chairman of Kesteven County Council (1962–1967) and High Sheriff of Lincolnshire (1952)
Thomas Milner Gibson (1806–1884), radical politician, President of the Board of Trade, 1859–1866
Major John Gouriet (1935–2010), Conservative political campaigner and founder of The Freedom Association
William Haines (1810–1866), Premier of Victoria (1855–1857; 1857–1858)
Richard Hope Hall (1924–2007), Deputy Speaker of the Rhodesia House of Assembly (1973–1977)
General Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay (1887–1965), Secretary to the Committee of Imperial Defence, 1938–1946, Chief of Staff to the Viceroy of India, 1947–1948, and first Secretary General of NATO, 1952–1957
Kenneth Jeyaretnam (born 1959), Singaporean politician
Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool (1729–1808), Secretary at War, 1778–1782, first President of the Board of Trade, 1786–1804, and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1786–1803
Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool (1770–1828), Prime Minister, 1812–1827
Sir Horatio Mann, 2nd Baronet (1744–1814), politician and patron of cricket
Thomas Manners-Sutton, 1st Baron Manners (1756–1842), Lord Chancellor of Ireland (1807–1827)
Hartland Molson (1907–2002), brewer and Canadian senator
Geoffrey FitzClarence, 5th Earl of Munster (1906–1975), Paymaster General
Matthew Oakeshott, Baron Oakeshott of Seagrove Bay (born 1947), Labour peer and Treasury minister in the 2010 Coalition government
Ralph Bernal Osborne (c. 1808–1882), politician, Secretary of the Admiralty, 1852–1858
Ivan Power (1903–1954), British diplomat and London County Councillor
Sir Garrard Tyrwhitt-Drake (1881–1964), Mayor of Maidstone, zoo keeper
James Vernon (c. 1646–1727), Secretary of State
James Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe (1776–1845), politician and Lord President of the Council, 1841–1845
MPs
John Archer-Houblon (1773–1831), MP for Essex (1810–1820)
William Bagot, 3rd Baron Bagot (1811–1887), MP for Denbighshire (1835–1852)
Thomas Barrett-Lennard (1788–1856), MP for Ipswich (1820–1826) and Maldon (1826–1837; 1847–1852)
Richard Fellowes Benyon (1811–1897), MP for Berkshire (1860–1876)
Reginald Blaker (1900–1975), MP for Spelthorne (1931–1945)
John Gordon Drummond Campbell (1864–1935), MP for Kingston-upon-Thames (1918–1922)
Douglas Carswell (born 1971), MP for Harwich (2005-10) and Clacton (2010–17)
Ronald Cartland (1907–1940), MP and rebel against Chamberlain's appeasement policies, killed near Dunkirk in 1940; portrayed in Lynne Olson's "Troublesome Young Men."
Arthur Stuart, 7th Earl Castle Stewart (1889–1961), MP for Harborough
Henry Cautley, 1st Baron Cautley (1863–1946), MP for Leeds East and East Grinstead
Sir Charles Clifford, 4th Baronet (1821–1895), MP for Isle of Wight (1857–1865) and Newport (1870–1885)
Thomas Cobbold (1833–1883), MP for Ipswich (1876–1883) and diplomat
Anthony Coombs (born 1952), MP for Wyre Forest
Coningsby Disraeli (1867–1936), MP for Altrincham
Ralph Etherton (1904–1987), MP for Stretford
Clavering Fison (1892–1985), MP for Woodbridge
Walter Fletcher (1892–1956), MP for Bury (1945–1950) and Bury and Radcliffe (1950–1955)
Stephen Furness (1902–1974), MP for Sunderland (1935–1945)
Richard Gardner (1812–1856), MP for Leicester (1847–1848; 1852–1856)
Mark Garnier (born 1963), MP for Wyre Forest
George Gipps (1783–1869), MP for Ripon (1807–1826)
Charles Goodson-Wickes DL (born 1945), former soldier, businessman, consulting physician, and former Conservative MP for Wimbledon
Sir Douglas Hall, 1st Baronet (1866–1923), MP for Isle of Wight (1910–1922)
Sir George Hamilton, 1st Baronet (1877–1947), MP for Altrincham (1913–1923) and Ilford (1928–1937)
Henry Handley (1797–1846), MP for Heytesbury (1820–1826) and South Lincolnshire (1832–1841)
George Harrison (1680–1759), MP for Hertford (1727–1734; 1741–1759)
Edward Hicks (1814–1889), MP for Cambridgeshire (1879–1885)
Frederick Hindle (1877–1953), MP for Darwen (1923–1924)
Geoffrey Hirst (1904–1984), MP for Shipley (1950–1970)
Kirkman Hodgson (1814–1879), MP for Bridport and Bristol, and Governor of the Bank of England
Sir Henry Hoghton, 7th Baronet (1768–1835), MP for Preston (1795–1802)
Henry Thomas Howard (1808–1851), MP for Cricklade (1841–1847)
Jeremy Hunt (born 1966), MP for South West Surrey and Chancellor of the Exchequer
Edward John Hutchins (1809–1876), MP for Penryn and Falmouth (1840–1841) and Lymington (1850–1857)
William Fletcher-Vane, 1st Baron Inglewood (1909–1989), MP for Westmorland and government minister
John Jenkinson (1734?–1805), MP for Corfe Castle (1768–1780)
Sir Geoffrey Johnson-Smith (1924–2010), MP for Holborn and St Pancras South, East Grinstead and Wealden
David Jones (1810–1869), MP for Carmarthenshire (1852–1868)
Sydney Jones (1872–1947), MP for Liverpool West Derby (1923–1924)
Seymour King (1852–1933), MP for Kingston upon Hull Central (1885–1911)
Timothy Kitson (1931–2019), MP for Richmond, North Yorkshire (1959–1983)
Sir Frederick Knight (1812–1897), MP
Sir Edmund Lechmere, 3rd Baronet (1826–1894), MP
William Cunliffe Lister (1809–1841), MP for Bradford (1841)
Lord Cecil Manners (1868–1945), MP for Melton (1900–1906)
James Martin (1807–1878), MP for Tewkesbury (1859–1865)
William Meeke (1758–1830), MP for Penryn (1796–1802)
John Mills (1879–1972), MP for New Forest and Christchurch (1932–1945)
John Pretyman Newman (1871–1947), MP for Enfield (1910–1918) and Finchley (1918–1923)
Sir Charles Nicholson, 1st Baronet, of Harrington Gardens (1857–1918), MP for Doncaster (1906–1918)
Reginald Nicholson (1869–1946), MP for Doncaster (1918–1922)
George Palmer (1772–1853), MP for
Thomas Erskine Perry (1806–1882), MP for Devonport (1854–1859)
Vivian Phillipps (1870–1955), MP for Edinburgh West (1922–1924)
Richard Pilkington (1908–1976), MP for Widnes (1935–1945) and Poole (1951–1964)
William Pole-Carew (1811–1888), MP for East Cornwall (1845–1852)
Rafton Pounder (1933–1991), MP for Belfast South (1963–1974)
Uvedale Tomkins Price (1685–1764), MP for Weobley (1713–1715; 1727–1734)
Jim Prior, Baron Prior (1927–2016), MP for Lowestoft and Waveney, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1970–72), Secretary of State for Employment (1979–81)
David Ricardo (1803–1864), MP for Stroud (1832–1833)
Thomas Rider (1785–1847), MP for Kent (1831–1832) and West Kent (1832–1835)
Benjamin Rodwell (1815–1892), MP for Cambridgeshire (1874–1881)
George Schuster (1881–1982), MP for Walsall (1938–1945)
McInnes Shaw (1895–1957), MP for Western Renfrewshire (1924–1929)
Sir John Shelley, 7th Baronet (1808–1867), MP for Gatton (1830–1831), Great Grimsby (1831–1832), and Westminster (1852–1865)
Waldron Smithers (1880–1954), MP for Chislehurst (1924–1945) and Orpington (1945–1954)
Edward Richard Stewart (1782–1851), MP for Wigtown Burghs (1806–1809)
Dick Taverne, Baron Taverne, (born 1928), MP for Lincoln, founder of Democratic Labour, co-founder of the Institute for Fiscal Studies, and Liberal Democrat peer
William Thompson (1792–1854), MP for Callington (1820–1826), London (1826–1832), Sunderland (1833–1841), and Westmorland (1841–1854), and Lord Mayor of London (1828–1829)
Mike Thornton (born 1953), MP for Eastleigh
Lord Edward Thynne (1807–1884), MP for Weobley (1831–1832) and Frome (1859–1865)
Anthony Trafford, Baron Trafford (1932–1989), MP for The Wrekin
George James Turner (1798–1867), MP
Philip Twells (1808–1880), MP for City of London (1874–1880)
Kenyon Vaughan-Morgan (1873–1933), MP for Fulham East (1922–1933)
John Wakeham, Baron Wakeham, (born 1932), MP for Maldon and South Colchester and Maldon and government minister
Thomas Spencer Wilson (1727–1798), MP for Sussex (1774–1780)
Henry Wilson-Fox (1863–1921), MP for Tamworth
Ian Winterbottom, Baron Winterbottom (1913–1992), MP for Nottingham Central
Edmund Workman-Macnaghten (1790–1876), MP for Antrim (1847–1852)
Tim Yeo (born 1945), MP for South Suffolk and former chairman of the Energy and Climate Change Select Committee
Henry Redhead Yorke (1802–1848), MP for City of York (1841–1848)
Robert Curzon, 14th Baron Zouche (1810–1873), MP for Clitheroe
Political scholars, activists, and others
John Campbell (born 1947), political writer and biographer
Adam Curle (1916–2006), British academic and Quaker peace activist
Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson (1862–1932), political scholar
Charles Evenden (1894–1961), British soldier who was the founder of the Memorable Order of Tin Hats
Garry Thomson (1925–2007), British conservator and Buddhist
Patrick Trevor-Roper (1916–2004), British eye surgeon and pioneer gay rights activist (witness before the Wolfenden Committee)
Royalty
Yashwant Rao Holkar II (1907–1990), Maharaja of Indore
Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein (1869-1931), grandson of Queen Victoria
Prince Dilok Nobaratana (1884-1912), son of King Rama V of Siam
Nobility
Sir Robert Abdy, 5th Baronet (1896–1976)
Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll (1872–1949), hereditary peer
Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell (1913–1962), hereditary peer
Maxwell Aitken, 3rd Baron Beaverbrook (born 1951), hereditary peer
Adrian Buckmaster, 4th Viscount Buckmaster (born 1949), hereditary peer
Horace Lambart, 11th Earl of Cavan (1878–1950), Irish peer
Sir Charles Clarke, 2nd Baronet (1812–1899)
Robert Boyle, 11th Earl of Cork (1864–1934)
Mark Pepys, 6th Earl of Cottenham (1903–1943), racing driver
Edward Law, 5th Baron Ellenborough (1841–1915)
Charles Campbell, 2nd Baron Glenavy (1885–1963), hereditary peer
David Hacking, 3rd Baron Hacking (born 1938), hereditary peer
Walter Angelo Fox-Strangways, 8th Earl of Ilchester (1887–1970)
Richard Milner, 3rd Baron Milner of Leeds (born 1959), hereditary peer
Simon Russell, 3rd Baron Russell of Liverpool (born 1952), crossbench peer
Granville Eliot, 7th Earl of St Germans (1867–1942), hereditary peer
Montague Eliot, 8th Earl of St Germans (1870–1960), hereditary peer
Sir Gervais Tennyson d'Eyncourt, 2nd Baronet (1902–1971), landowner, Prime Warden of the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
Henry Fowler, 2nd Viscount Wolverhampton (1870–1943), hereditary peer
Royal household and ceremonial positions
Sir (Marsom) Henry Boyd-Carpenter (born 1939), courtier
Hubert Chesshyre (born 1940), courtier
John Donaldson, Baron Donaldson of Lymington (1920–2005), Master of the Rolls
Arthur Erskine (1881–1963), Crown Equerry (1924–1941)
Charles Jenkinson, 3rd Earl of Liverpool (1784–1851), Lord Steward (1841–1846)
Derek Keppel (1863–1944), Master of the Household (1913–1936)
David McCorkell (born 1955), Lord-Lieutenant of County Antrim and former Board Director of Brewin Dolphin plc
John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland (1759–1841), Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1789–1794, and Lord Privy Seal, 1798–1827
Fiske Goodeve Fiske-Harrison (1793–1872), High Sheriff of Essex (1827)
Charles Young (1795–1869), Garter Principal King of Arms (1842–1869)
Colonial administration
John Adam (1779–1825), acting Governor-General of the British East India Company (1823)
Oswald Raynor Arthur (1905–1973), Governor of the Falkland Islands (1954–1957) and Governor of the Bahamas (1957–1960)
Edward Beetham (1905–1979), Governor of the Windward Islands (1953–1955) and Governor of Trinidad and Tobago (1955–1960)
James Samuel Berridge (1806–1885), Governor of Saint Christopher (1872–1873)
George Bowen (1821–1899), Chief Secretary of the Ionian Islands, 1854–1859, first Governor of Queensland, 1859–1867, Governor of New Zealand, 1867–1873, Governor of Victoria, 1873–1879, Governor of Mauritius, 1879–1882, and Governor of Hong Kong, 1882–1885
Cavendish Boyle (1849–1916), Governor of Newfoundland (1901–1904) and of Mauritius (1904–1911)
Sir Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer (1836–1914), Governor of Natal 1882–1885
Major-General Sir James Carmichael-Smyth, 1st Baronet (1779–1838), Governor of the Bahamas (1829–1833) and Governor of British Guiana (1833–1838)
Geoffrey Francis Taylor Colby (1901–1958), Governor of Nyasaland (1948–1956)
Elliot James Dowell Colvin (1885–1950), Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
Robert Henry Davies (1824–1902), Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab (1871–1877)
William Des Vœux (1834–1909), Administrator of St Lucia, 1869–1878, Governor of Fiji, 1880–1885, Governor of Newfoundland, 1886–1887, and Governor of Hong Kong, 1887–1891
Lieutenant-General Sir William Dobbie (1879–1964), Inspector, Royal Engineers, 1933–1935, General Officer Commanding Malaya and Singapore, 1935–1939, and Governor-General of Malta, 1940–1942
Edward Hay Drummond Hay (1815–1884), President of the British Virgin Islands (1839–1850), Lieutenant Governor of Saint Christopher (1850–1855), and Governor of Saint Helena (1856–1863)
Charles Du Cane (1825–1889), Governor of Tasmania (1869–1874)
Peter Fawcus (1915–2003), Resident Commissioner of Bechuanaland (1960–1965)
Laurence Guillemard (1862–1951), British High Commissioner in Malaya (1920–1927)
Frederick Seton James (1870–1934), Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements (1916–1924) and Governor of the Windward Islands (1924–1930)
Henry Lushington (1812–1855), Chief Secretary of Malta, 1847–1855
Henry Augustus Marshall (c. 1776–1841), Civil Auditor General (1823–1841)
Field Marshal Sir George Nugent, 1st Baronet (1757–1849), Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica, 1801–1806, and Commander-in-Chief in India, 1811–1813
Aubrey Metcalfe (1883–1957), Chief Commissioner of Baluchistan (1939–1943)
Arthur Wigram Money (1866–1951), Chief Administrator of Palestine (1918–1919)
John Giles Price (1808–1857), British penal governor at Norfolk Island
Leslie Probyn (1862–1938), Governor of Sierra Leone (1904–1910) and Governor of Jamaica (1918–1924)
Arthur Somers-Cocks, 6th Baron Somers (1887–1944), Governor of Victoria, 1926–1931, Deputy Chief Scout, 1936–1941, and Chief Scout, 1941–1944
Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Knight Storks (1811–1874), last High Commissioner for the Ionian Islands, 1859–1863, Governor of Malta, 1864–1865, Governor of Jamaica, 1864–1866, Controller-in-Chief of the War Office, 1866–1870, and Surveyor-General of the Ordnance, 1870–1874
Ronald Storrs (1881–1955), Oriental Secretary in Cairo, 1909–1915, Governor of Jerusalem, 1917–1926, Governor of Cyprus, 1926–1932, and Governor of Northern Rhodesia, 1932–1934
John Sturrock (1875–1937), Resident Commissioner in Basutoland (1926–1935)
Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet (1807–1886), Assistant Secretary to HM Treasury & responsible for famine relief during the Irish famine, 1840–1859, Governor of Madras, 1859–1860, and Minister of Finance of India, 1862–1865
William Douglas Young (1859–1943), Governor of the Falkland Islands
Diplomats
Sir John Banham (born 1940), diplomat and business leader
James Bowker (1901–1983), UK Ambassador to Burma (1948–1950), Turkey (1954–1958), and Austria (1958–1961)
Francis Cornish (born 1942), diplomat and courtier
Sir Frederick Currie, 1st Baronet (1799–1875), British diplomat
Thomas Drew (1970–), British High Commissioner to Pakistan (2016–present) and Principal Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (2012–2014)
Gai Eaton (1921–2010), diplomat, writer and Sufist Islamic scholar
Sir Leonard Figg (1923–2014), diplomat
William Kerr Fraser-Tytler (1886–1963), envoy to Afghanistan (1935–1941)
Donald Gainer (1891–1966), British ambassador to Venezuela (1939–1944), Brazil (1944–1947), and Poland (1947–1950)
George Dixon Grahame (1873–1940), UK Ambassador to Belgium (1920) and UK Ambassador to Spain (1928–1935)
John Hay Drummond Hay (1816–1893), British Ambassador to Morocco (1845–1886)
George Labouchère (1905–1999), British diplomat and collector of modern art
Ronald Macleay (1870–1943), British diplomat
Guy Millard (1917–2013), British diplomat
Hubert Montgomery (1876–1942), Ambassador to the Netherlands
William Frederick Travers O'Connor (1870–1943), Irish diplomat involved in the British expedition to Tibet and the Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923
Augustus Paget (1823–1896), British Ambassador to Austria-Hungary (1884–1893)
David Aubrey Scott (1919–2010), High Commissioner to New Zealand (1973–1975) and British Ambassador to South Africa (1976–1979)
Walford Selby (1881–1965), British diplomat
Sir Eric Teichman (1884–1944), diplomat and traveller in Central Asia, Chinese Secretary in Peking, 1922–1936
Michael Walker (1916–2001), High Commissioner to Ceylon/Sri Lanka (1962–1966), Malaysia (1966–1971), and India (1974–1976)
Charles Wingfield (1877–1960), British diplomat
Civil servants
Sir George Barrow, 2nd Baronet (1806–1876), civil servant
William Beveridge, 1st Baron Beveridge (1879–1963), civil servant, politician, economist and social reformer, Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Food, 1919, director of the London School of Economics, 1919–1937, and Master of University College, Oxford, 1937–1944
James Brooks (1863–1941), Director of Victualling (1911–1923)
Harry Chester (1806–1868), Secretary to the Privy Council
Richard Dean (1772–1850), British civil servant
Denis Dobson (1908–1995), Permanent Secretary to the Lord Chancellor's Office (1968–1977)
George Engle (1926–2016), First Parliamentary Counsel (1981–1987)
Edward Anthony Hawke (1895-1964), Common Serjeant of London and Recorder of London
Neville Leigh (1922–1994), Clerk of the Privy Council (1974–1984)
Evan MacGregor (1842–1926), British civil servant
Sir William Hay Macnaghten (1793–1841), Chief Secretary, Indian Secret and Political Department, 1833–1841
Samuel March Phillipps (1780–1862), English civil servant
Sir Reginald Palgrave (1829–1904), Clerk of the House of Commons, 1886–1900
C. K. Rhodes (1889–1941), British civil servant for the Indian Civil Service
Martin Rowlands (1925–2004), Secretary for the Civil Service in Hong Kong (1978–1985)
Patrick Shovelton (1919–2012), British civil servant and transport executive
Sir Charles Trevelyan (1807-1886) Administrator of relief during the Irish potato blight famine who believed that the disaster was God's judgement. Also during Highland Potato Famine.
Sir John Lovegrove Waldron (1910–1975), Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, 1968–1972
Businesspeople
Eric Vansittart Bowater (1895–1962), English businessmen who was CEO and chairman of Bowater
Christopher Buxton (1929–2017), British property developer who pioneered the subdivision of English country houses into smaller units that enabled their owners to continue to live in part of their former home
John Cazenove (1788–1879), English businessman and political economist
Ian Davies (born 1951), chairman of Rolls-Royce Group plc
Basil Eddis (1881–1971), Anglo-Indian businessman who was president of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry (1927–1928)
Dudley Hooper (1911–1968), British accountant, early promoter of electronic data processing, and President of the British Computer Society
Philip Jeyaretnam (born 1964), Singaporean businessman and CEO of Dentons
William Madocks (1773–1828), property developer and politician, founder of Tremadog and Porthmadog
Sir William McAlpine, 6th Baronet (1936–2018), British businessman who was director of Sir Robert McAlpine
John Murray III (1808–1892), British publisher associated with the company of the same name
Anthony Nares (1942–1996), British publisher
Robin Niblett (born 1961), Director of Chatham House
Archie Norman (born 1954), businessman, chairman of ITV plc and former Conservative MP for Tunbridge Wells
Harry Oppenheimer (1908–2000), Chairman of De Beers
Shirish Saraf (born 1967), entrepreneur
Peter de Savary (1944-2022), entrepreneur and former chairman of Millwall F.C.
George Samuel Fereday Smith (1812–1891), industrialist and canal manager
Brian Harold Thomson (1918–2006), British newspaper proprietor for DC Thomson
Economists, financiers and bankers
William Blake (1774–1852), English classical economist who contributed to the early theory of purchasing power parity
Ronald Colville, 2nd Baron Clydesmuir (1917–1996), soldier, Governor of the Bank of Scotland
Brien Cokayne, 1st Baron Cullen of Ashbourne (1864–1932), Governor of the Bank of England
Arthur Lowes Dickinson (1859–1935), British chartered accountant who was senior partner of Price Waterhouse
Maurice Dobb (1900–1976), economist
Sir John Gieve KCB, (born 1950), Deputy Governor of the Bank of England
Jonathan Goodwin (born 1975), British banker and investor
Robert Neild (1924–2018), Cambridge economist and peace researcher
Sir Inglis Palgrave (1827–1919), economist and banker
John Horsley Palmer (1779–1858), Governor of the Bank of England
Academics
Sheldon Amos (1835–1886), Professor of Jurisprudence, University College, London, 1869–1879, and University of London, 1873–1879, and lawyer and judge in Egypt
Cardale Babington (1808–1895), Professor of Botany, University of Cambridge, 1861–1895
Gregory Bateson (1904–1980), anthropologist and co-founder of cybernetics
Sir William Blackstone (1723–1780), first Vinerian Professor of English Law, University of Oxford, 1758–1766, politician and judge
Richard Lynch Cotton (1794–1880), Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford
Edward Craig (born 1942), English academic philosopher, editor of the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, and cricketer who played one List-A and 50 first-class matches
John Davies (1679–1732), Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
Edward Eastwick (1814–1883), orientalist, diplomat and politician, Professor of Urdu, East India College, 1845–1857
Sir Alan Gardiner (1879–1963), Egyptologist
Herbert Giles (1845–1935), Sinologist, Professor of Chinese, University of Cambridge, 1897–1932, co-inventor of Wade–Giles transliteration system
Geoffrey Gorer (1905–1985), anthropologist and author
Thomas Greaves (1612–1676), English orientalist and a contributor to the London Polyglot
Philip Seaforth James (1914-2001), an English Lawyer and Academic
John Robert Kenyon (1807–1880), Vinerian Professor of English Law (1844–1880)
Henry Liddell (1811–1898), Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, 1855–1891, editor of the Greek-English Lexicon
Edmund Law Lushington (1811–1893), Rector of the University of Glasgow (1884–1887)
John Sinclair Morrison (1913–2000), Professor of Greek, University of Durham, 1945–1950, Vice-Master of Churchill College, Cambridge, 1960–1965, first President of University College (later Wolfson College), Cambridge, 1965–1980, expert on Greek triremes
Paul Oppé (1878–1957), English art historian, critic, art collector and museum official
Arthur Rook (1918–1991), British dermatologist and the principal author of Rook's Textbook of Dermatology
Kenneth Searight (1883–1957), linguist
Horace Geoffrey Quaritch Wales (1900–1981), Southeast Asian studies
Patrick Wilkinson, classical scholar
Francis Wollaston (1762–1823), Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy, University of Cambridge, 1792–1813
Henry Cecil Kennedy Wyld (1870–1945), philologist and lexicographer, first Baines Professor of English Language and Philology, University of Liverpool, 1904–1920, Merton Professor of English Language and Literature, University of Oxford, 1920–1945
Education leaders
Samuel Berdmore (1739–1802), Master of Charterhouse School, 1769–1802
William Lloyd Birkbeck (1806–1888), Master of Downing College, Cambridge (1885–1888)
Ronald Burrows (1867–1920), Principal of King's College London (1913–1920)
Warin Foster Bushell (1885–1974), educationalist and president of the Mathematical Association
Walter Empson (1856–1934), New Zealand headmaster
Andrew Graham (born 1942), Master of Balliol College, Oxford
Michael Hoban (1921–2003), headmaster of Harrow School
Sir Cyril Jackson (educationist) (1863–1924), Inspector-General of Schools, Western Australia, 1896–1903, Chief Inspector of Elementary Schools, 1903–1905, and Chairman of London County Council, 1915–?
Edmund Keene (1714–1781), Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, Bishop of Chester and Bishop of Ely
John King (c. 1655–1737), Master of Charterhouse 1715-1737
Alexander Nowell (c. 1517–1602), Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford (1595–1596)
J. F. Roxburgh (1888–1954), first head master of Stowe School, 1923–1949
John Russell (1787–1863), Headmaster of Charterhouse
Augustus Saunders (1801–1878), Headmaster of Charterhouse
Andrew Tooke (1673–1732), headmaster of Charterhouse (1728–1732), Gresham Professor of Geometry, Fellow of the Royal Society and translator of Tooke's Pantheon
George Waddington (1793–1869), Warden of Durham University (1862–1869)
Scientists
Max Barclay (born 1970), entomologist
Isaac Barrow (1630–1677), mathematician and theologian
Richard Henry Beddome (1830–1911), British naturalist who was chief conservator of the Madras Forest Department
Hugh Bostock (born 1944), British neuroscientist and Emeritus Professor of Neurophysiology at University College, London
James Clark (born 1964), British computer programmer known for his open-source software work and writing groff
J. Norman Collie (1859–1942), organic chemist and mountaineer, Professor of Organic Chemistry, University College, London, 1902–1928
Charles John Cornish (1858–1906), English naturalist and author
William Rutter Dawes (1799–1868), astronomer
Edward A. Guggenheim (1901–1970), English physical chemist noted for his contributions to thermodynamics
William Hamilton (1805–1867), geologist and politician
Sir Henry Head (1861–1940), neurologist
George Hampson (1860–1936), British entomologist
Henry Hayter (1821–1895), English-born Australian statistician
Terence Kealey (born 1952), biochemist
Bernard Kettlewell (1907–1979), lepidopterist
Robert Heath Lock (1879–1915), English botanist and geneticist who wrote the first English textbook on genetics
C. N. H. Lock (1894–1949), English aerodynamicist
Guy Anstruther Knox Marshall (1871–1959), Indian-born British entomologist and authority on Curculionidae
Peter Nye (1921–2009), soil scientist
Chris Perrins (born 1935), ornithologist and Her Majesty's Warden of the Swans
Bruce Ponder (born 1944), English geneticist and cancer researcher
Sir Oliver Scott (1922-2016), radiobiologist
William Fleetwood Sheppard (1863–1936), Australian-British mathematician and statistician known for Sheppard's correction
James Smithson (1764–1829), mineralogist, traveller and founder of the Smithsonian Institution (probable Old Carthusian)
William Hyde Wollaston (1766–1828), metallurgist, crystallographer and physiologist, discoverer of palladium and rhodium, researcher into platinum
James Wood-Mason (1846–1893), English zoologist who was the director of the Indian Museum at Calcutta
Engineers
Geoffrey Binnie (1908–1989), British civil engineer
Colonel Sir Proby Cautley (1802–1871), civil engineer and palaeontologist, Superintendent of the Doab Canal, India, 1831–1843, and Superintendent of Canals, North-Western Provinces, 1843–1854, architect of the Ganges Canal
George Thomas Clark (1809–1898), civil engineer and antiquary, Manager, Dowlais Ironworks, 1855–1897
John Dewrance (1858–1937), British inventor and mechanical engineer
Sir Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt FRS (1868-1951), distinguished British Naval Architect and Engineer and Director of naval Construction for the Royal Navy 1912–1924.
Alfred Giles (1816–1895), President of the Institution of Civil Engineers (1893–1894) and MP for Southampton (1878–1880; 1883–1892)
Francis McClean (1876–1955), British civil engineer and pioneer aviator
Robert Sinclair (1817–1898), Locomotive Superintendent of the Caledonian Railway (1847–1856), of the Eastern Counties Railway (1856–1862), and of the Great Eastern Railway (1862–1865)
Wallace Thorneycroft (1864–1954), President of the Institution of Mining Engineers
Physicians
George Francis Abercrombie (1896–1976), British physician who co-founded the Royal College of General Practitioners
Benjamin Guy Babington (1794–1866), physician and orientalist, inventor of the laryngoscope
John Carr Badeley (1794–1851), English physician
Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet (1783–1862), surgeon and physiologist, Sergeant-Surgeon to William IV and Queen Victoria, 1832–1862
Sir Farquhar Buzzard (1871–1945), physician, Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford, 1928–1943
Thomas Spencer Cobbold (1828–1886), first Professor of Helminthology, Royal Veterinary College, 1873–1886
Sir Thomas Gery Cullum (1741–1831), surgeon, botanist, and Bath King of Arms, 1771–1800
David Dane (1923–1998), virologist
Arthur Farre (1811–1887), English obstetric physician
Frederic John Farre (1804–1886), English physician
Edward Price Furber (1864–1940), British obstetrician and surgeon
Peter Alfred Gorer (1907–1961), British immunologist and pioneer of transplant immunology
William Heberden the Younger (1767–1845), physician to George III
John Hunt, Baron Hunt of Fawley (1905–1987), founder of the Royal College of General Practitioners
Henry Levett (1668–1725), chief physician, Charterhouse 1712-1725
Archie Norman (1912–2016), British paediatrician
George Edward Paget (1809–1892), English physician and academic
William Wyatt Pinching (1851–1878), surgeon and early rugby union international who represented England in 1872.
David Prior, Baron Prior of Brampton (born 1954), current chair of NHS England, chairman of University College Hospital, and MP for North Norfolk (1997–2001)
Sir Harold Ridley (1906–2001), ophthalmic surgeon, inventor of the intraocular lens implant
W. H. C. Romanis (1889–1972), British surgeon and medical author
William Henry Stone (1830–1891), English physician known for his studies on electro-therapy and the electrical properties of the human body
Thomas Hawkes Tanner (1824–1871), physician and medical writer
Hubert Maitland Turnbull (1875–1955), British pathologist
William Watson (1744–1824), English physician, naturalist, and Mayor of Bath (1801)
Frederick Parkes Weber (1863–1962), English dermatologist
Philosophers
David Bostock (1936-2019), philosopher
Don Cupitt (born 1934), philosopher of religion and Christian theologian
Walking Stewart (1747–1822), philosopher, traveller and eccentric
Historians and antiquaries
Henry Balfour (1863–1939), British archaeologist, the first curator of the Pitt Rivers Museum and President of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
James Bindley (1737–1818), English antiquary and book collector
Rawdon Brown (1806–1883), historian in Venice
George Burges (1785 or 1786–1864), classicist
Charles Burney (1757–1817), English classical scholar who gathered the Burney Collection of Newspapers
Eric Christiansen (1937–2016), British medieval historian
Peter Cowie (born 1939), film historian
George Dennis (1814–1898), archaeologist and diplomat
John Ehrman (1920–2011), historian and biographer of William Pitt the Younger
I. H. N. Evans (1886–1957), British anthropologist, ethnographer and archaeologist
Professor Peter Green (born 1924), classical scholar, historian and Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
George Grote (1794–1871), historian and radical politician
John Edward Jackson (1805–1891), archivist at Longleat
Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb (1841–1905), classicist and politician, Professor of Greek, University of Glasgow, 1875–1889, and Regius Professor of Greek, University of Cambridge, 1889–1905
T. D. Kendrick (1895–1979), British archaeologist and art historian
G. E. R. Lloyd (born 1933), English historian
Sir Ellis Minns (1874–1953), archaeologist and palaeographer, Disney Professor of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, 1927–1939
Henry Nettleship (1839–1893), classicist, Corpus Christi Professor of Latin, University of Oxford, 1878–1893
Francis Peck (1692–1743), antiquary
Charles Reed Peers (1868–1952), English architect and archaeologist
Michael Prestwich (born 1943), former professor of Medieval History at the University of Durham
George Cecil Renouard (1780–1867), classicist and orientalist
Henry Thomas Riley (1816–1878), English translator and antiquary
Joseph Rykwert (born 1926), English architectural historian
Sir Richard Sorabji (born 1934), historian of ancient philosophy
Maxwell Staniforth (1893–1985), British scholar and writer
Lawrence Stone (1919–1999), historian and Dodge Professor of History, Princeton University, 1963–1990
Hugh Trevor-Roper (1914–2003), historian of early modern Britain and Nazi Germany, Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, later Baron Dacre of Glanton
Simon Walker (1958–2004), British historian of late medieval England
Robert Walpole (1781–1856), English classical scholar
T. B. L. Webster (1905–1974), British archaeologist who studied Greek comedy
Daniel Wray (1701–1783), English antiquary
Claud William Wright (1917–2010), British civil servant, palaeontologist and archaeologist
Judges, barristers, and lawyers
Sir Edward Hall Alderson (c. 1787–1857), judge
Richard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone (1842–1915), judge and politician, Attorney-General, 1885–1886, 1886–1892, 1895–1900, Master of the Rolls, 1900, and Lord Chief Justice, 1900–1913
Joseph Arnould (1813–1886), British judge in India and great-uncle of Laurence Olivier
William Henry Ashurst (1725–1807), English judge
Sir Philip Bailhache KC (born 1946), Bailiff of Jersey and later Minister for External Relations
Sir William Bailhache KC (born 1953), Bailiff of Jersey
Edward Bearcroft (1737–1796), Chief Justice of Chester (1788–1796) and MP for Hindon (1784–1790) and Saltash (1790–1796)
Michael Briggs, Lord Briggs of Westbourne (born 1954), Justice of the High Court
Alfred Townsend Bucknill (1880–1963), English judge specialising in maritime law
John Alexander Strachey Bucknill (1873–1926), Attorney General of Hong Kong
James Cockle (1819–1895), Chief Justice of Queensland (1863–1879) and mathematician
Cresswell Cresswell (1793–1863), judge and politician
Nigel Davis (born 1951), Lord Justice of Appeal
Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough (1750–1818), Lord Chief Justice, 1802–1818
Robert Fane (1796–1864), English judge
John Fonblanque (1787–1865), barrister and legal writer
Charles Freshfield (1808–1891), solicitor
Henry Ray Freshfield (1814–1895), solicitor and conservationist
Ralph Gibson (1922–2003), Lord Justice of Appeal (1985–1994)
Peston Padamji Ginwala (1918–2008), barrister
Sir Henry Gollan (1868–1949), Chief Justice of various British colonies, retired as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong
Sir James Goss Kt KC (born 1953), Justice of the High Court
Harold Hanbury (1898–1993), jurist, Vinerian Professor of English Law, University of Oxford, 1949–1964
Ernest Pollock, 1st Viscount Hanworth (1861–1936), judge and politician, Solicitor-General, 1919–1922, Attorney-General, 1922, and Master of the Rolls, 1923–1935
Patrick Hastings (1880–1952), barrister and politician, first Labour Attorney-General, 1924
Lionel Heald (1897–1981), barrister and politician, Attorney-General, 1951–1954
John Hill (1912–2007), barrister, farmer and Conservative MP for South Norfolk
Milner Holland (1902–1969), Attorney-General of the Duchy of Lancaster (1951–1969)
David Jenkins, Baron Jenkins (1899–1969), Attorney-General of the Duchy of Lancaster
Charles Shaw, Baron Kilbrandon (1906–1989), advocate and judge, Dean of the Faculty of Advocates, 1957–1959, Lord of Session, 1959–1965, Chairman of the Scottish Law Commission, 1965–1971, and Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, 1971–1976
Alfred Lutwyche (1810–1880), first judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland
Herbert William Malkin (1883–1945), Legal Adviser to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1929–1945)
Jonathan Mance, Baron Mance (born 1943), Law Lord and Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
John McNeill QC (1899–1982), Crown Advocate of the British Supreme Court for China and chairman of the Hong Kong Bar Association
S. F. C. Milsom (1923–2016), English legal historian
Basil Montagu (1770–1851), author, barrister and Accountant-General in Bankruptcy, 1835–1846
J. H. C. Morris (1910–1984), British legal scholar best known for his contributions to the conflict of laws
Kenneth Muir Mackenzie, 1st Baron Muir Mackenzie (1845–1930), barrister and civil servant, Clerk of the Crown in Chancery, 1880–1915, and Permanent Secretary to the Lord Chancellor, 1884–1915
Montague Muir Mackenzie (1847–1919), Scottish barrister and legal writer
Edward Sullivan Murphy (1880–1945), MP for Attorney General for Northern Ireland (1937–1939) and City of Londonderry (1929–1939)
Sir Reginald Neville, 1st Baronet (1863–1950), barrister and politician
Nicholas Padfield (born 1947), English barrister and deputy judge
Edward Pearce, Baron Pearce (1901–1990), Law Lord
John Pedder (1784–1859), Chief Justice of Van Diemen's Land (1824–1854)
Henry Pollock (1864–1953), Acting Attorney General of Hong Kong (1896–1901), Attorney General of Fiji (1901–1903), and Senior Unofficial Member (1917–1941)
Oliver Popplewell (born 1927), British judge and cricketer who played 41 first-class matches
Sir Christopher Rawlinson (1806–1888), Recorder of Prince of Wales Island, Singapore and Malacca, 1847–1850, and Chief Justice of Madras, 1850–1859
Christopher Robinson (1766–1833), Judge of the High Court of Admiralty (1828–1833) and MP for Callington (1818–1820)
Sir Henry Russell, 1st Baronet (1751–1836), Chief Justice of Bengal
L. Gordon Rylands (1862–1942), British criminologist
Eric Sachs (1898–1979), British barrister and judge
Terence Skemp (1915–1996), British lawyer and parliamentary draftsman
Sir Alfred Stephen (1802–1894), Solicitor-General of Van Diemen's Land, 1825–1833, Attorney-General of Van Diemen's Land, 1833–1837, Chief Justice of New South Wales, 1844–1873, and Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales, 1875–1891
Thomas Strangman (1873–1971), British barrister who spent much of his career in India
Samuel Toller (1764–1821), Advocate-General of Madras (1812–1821)
Jeremy Varcoe (born 1937), ambassador to Somalia and Immigration Tribunal Appeal judge
George Stovin Venables (1810–1888), barrister and journalist
Thomas Webster (1810–1875), English barrister known for his involvement in patent legislation and for committee work leading up to the Great Exhibition
John Walpole Willis (1793–1877), controversial judge in Canada, British Guiana and Australia
Sir William Yorke, 1st Baronet (c. 1700–1776), judge
Military
General Sir Frederick Adam (1784–1853), army officer, commander of the 3rd Brigade at the Battle of Waterloo, commander in the Mediterranean, 1817–1824, Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 1824–1832, and Governor of Madras, 1832–1837
Charles Philip de Ainslie (1808–1889), British Army general who was colonel of the 1st The Royal Dragoons (1869–1889)
General Sir Kenneth Anderson (1891–1959), General Officer Commanding First Army, 1942–1943, GOC Second Army, 1943–1944, GOC Eastern Command, 1944–1945, GOC-in-C East Africa, 1945–1946, and Governor of Gibraltar, 1947–1952
Lieutenant-General Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell (1857–1941), soldier and founder of the Scouting Movement, commander of Mafeking garrison, 1899–1900, founder and first commander of the South African Constabulary, 1900–1902, Inspector of Cavalry, 1902–1908, General Officer Commanding Northumbrian Division, 1908–1910
General Henry Bates (1813–1893)
William Becke (1916–2009), British Army lieutenant-colonel best known for his role during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
Edward Beddington-Behrens (1897–1968), British Army major and art patron
Geoffrey Biggs (1938–2002), British Royal Navy vice admiral who was Deputy Commander-in-Chief Fleet (1992–1995)
Sir David Bill (born 1954), British Army lieutenant-general who was Commandant Royal College of Defence Studies (2012–2014)
Brigadier Guy Boisragon (1864–1931), Victoria Cross
Major-General Patrick Brooking (1937–2014), British Army officer and Commandant of the British Sector in Berlin 1985–1989
Brian Burnett (1913–2011), British RAF Air Chief Marshal who was Air Secretary (1967–1970)
Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford (1775–1804), Royal Navy officer and rake (left after 9 days)
George Augustus Stewart Cape (1867–1918), British Army brigadier-general
William Henry Carmichael-Smyth (1780–1861), British Army major
Hubert Chevis (1902–1931), British Army lieutenant who died of strychnine poisoning after eating contaminated partridge
Dudley Clarke (1899–1974), leading World War II deception planner and founder of the Commandos
Colonel James Morris Colquhoun Colvin (1870–1945), Victoria Cross
Vaughan Cox (1860–1923), British general in the Indian Army
Richard Craddock (1910–1977), British Army lieutenant-general who was Commander British Forces in Hong Kong (1963–1964) and GOC-in-C Western Command (1964–1966)
Sir Hugh Cunningham (1921–2019), soldier and Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff, 1976–1978
Major-General Philip Davies (1932–), GOC North West District (1983–1986)
John Derry (1921–1952), British RAF Squadron Leader believed to be the first Briton to have exceeded the speed of sound in flight
Moore Disney (1765–1846), British Army general
Charles Macpherson Dobell (1869–1954), Canadian lieutenant-general served with the Royal Welch Fusiliers of the British Army
Lionel Dorling (1860–1925), British Army colonel
William Assheton Eardley-Wilmot, 3rd Baronet (1841–1896), Deputy Assistant Adjutant General in Ireland
George Erskine (1899–1965), British Army general and multi-GOC
Xan Fielding (1918–1991), SOE officer and author
Sir Francis Fletcher-Vane, 5th Baronet (1861–1934), British military officer
Brigadier William Fraser (1890–1964), Chief of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
Air Vice-Marshal Sir Philip Game (1876–1961), Director of Training and Organisation, Royal Air Force, 1919–1923, Air Officer Commanding India, 1923, Air Member for Personnel, 1923–1929, Governor of New South Wales, 1930–1935, and Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, 1935–1945
General Sir Timothy Granville-Chapman (born 1947), Adjutant-General to the Forces, 2000–2003, Commander-in-Chief Land, 2003–2005, and Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff, 2005–2009
Hugh Griffiths, Baron Griffiths (1923–2015), soldier, cricketer, barrister, judge and life peer
Alan Hartley (1882–1954), British Indian Army general
Major-General Sir Henry Havelock (1795–1857), commander in the Indian Mutiny
William Havelock (1793–1848), British Army lieutenant-colonel
Assistant Commissary-General Sir George Head (1782–1855), army commissary, Deputy Knight-Marshal to William IV and Queen Victoria, 1831–1855
Lieutenant Richard Hill (1899–1918), British World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories
Field Marshal Sir Richard Hull (1907–1989), Commander, Blade Force, 1942, General Officer Commanding 1st Armoured Division, 1944–1945, GOC 5th Infantry Division, 1945–1946, Commandant, Staff College, Camberley, 1946–1948, Director of Staff Duties, 1948–1950, Chief Army Instructor, Imperial Defence College, 1950–1952, Chief of Staff, Middle East Land Forces, 1953–1954, GOC British Troops in Egypt, 1954–1956, Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff, 1956–1958, Commander-in-Chief, Far East Land Forces, 1958–1961, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, 1961–1965, and Chief of the Defence Staff, 1965–1967
John Hulton (1882–1942), British Army officer
Thomas Humphreys (1878–1955), GOC 5th Division (1931–1934)
James Bruce Jardine (1870–1955), British Army brigadier-general
Cecil Frederick King (1899–1919), British RAF captain who was a World War I fighter ace
Stanley Kirby (1895–1968), British Army major-general
George Lea (1912–1990), Head of the British Defence Staff – US (1967–1970)
Lieutenant-Colonel Gerard Leachman (1880–1920), intelligence officer and traveller
Rodney Lees (born 1944), Defence Services Secretary (1998–2001)
Charles Longcroft (1883–1958), British RAF Air Vice-Marshal and GOC
Alastair Mackie (1922–2018), Royal Air Force officer and nuclear disarmament campaigner
Henry Maitland-Makgill-Crichton (1880–1953), British Army brigadier
Eric Archibald McNair (1894–1918), First World War Victoria Cross
Field Marshal Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd (1871–1947), Chief of Staff, Fourth Army, 1916–1918, Chief of Staff, British Army of the Rhine, 1918–1920, Deputy Chief of Staff to the Commander-in-Chief, India, 1920–1925, General Officer Commanding Southern Command, Adjutant-General to the Forces, 1931–1933, and Chief of the Imperial General Staff, 1933–1936
Thomas Morland (1865–1925), British Army brigadier
W. Stanley Moss (1921–1965), SOE officer, author and traveller
Robert Francis Brydges Naylor (1889–1971), British Army general who was Vice Quartermaster-General (1943–1944)
Oliver Newmarch (1934–1920), general who was Military Secretary to the India Office (1889–1899)
Lieutenant-General Edward F. Norton (1884–1954), soldier and mountaineer, Acting Governor of Hong Kong, 1940–1941, and General Officer Commanding Western Independent District, India, 1941–1942
Thomas Pearson (1914–2019), Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces Northern Europe (1972–1974)
Arthur Potter (1905–1998), British Indian Army brigadier
John Murray Prain (1902–2001), soldier and Scottish businessman
Harry Pritchard (1871–1953), GOC Malaya Command (1929–1931)
Neville Purvis (born 1936), Chief of Fleet Support (1991–1994)
William Robert McClintock-Bunbury, 4th Baron Rathdonnell MC (1914–1959), soldier and Irish peer
Thomas Leopold McClintock-Bunbury, 3rd Baron Rathdonnell (1881–1937), soldier and peer
Edward Ravenshaw (1854–1880), Scottish footballer
Colin Rawlins (1919–2003), British civil servant and RAF officer
General Brian Robertson, 1st Baron Robertson of Oakridge (1896–1974), managing director, Dunlop, South Africa, 1935–1940, Chief Administrative Officer, Allied Forces in Italy, 1944–1945, Deputy Military Governor of the British Zone of Germany, 1945–1947, Commander-in-Chief, British Army of the Rhine, 1947–1949, British Commissioner, Allied High Commission, 1949–1950, C-in-C Middle East Land Forces, 1950–1953, and Chairman of the British Transport Commission, 1953–1961
Philip Robertson (1866–1936), GOC 17th (Northern) Division (1916–1919) and 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division (1919–1923)
William Victor Trevor Rooper (1897–1917), British World War I captain and flying ace
Richmond Shakespear (1812–1861), British Indian Army lieutenant-colonel who helped to influence the Khan of Khiva to abolish slavery in Khiva.
Freddie Sowrey (1922–2019), British Air Marshal who was Commandant of the National Defence College (1972–1975)
John Squire (1780–1812), Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Engineers
Frank Noel Stagg (1884–1956), British Royal Navy commander known for his role in Danish and Norwegian resistance movements
James Swaby (1798–1863), one of the first non-white commissioned officers in the British Army
Brigadier John Tiltman (1894–1982), cryptographer, Chief Cryptographer, Bletchley Park
Frank Weare (1896–1971), British RAF Flight Lieutenant who was a flying ace in World War I
Ronald Weeks, 1st Baron Weeks (1890–1960), Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff
Christopher Welby-Everard (1909–1996), GOC Nigerian Army (1963–1965)
Major-General Orde Wingate (1903–1944), guerrilla warfare specialist, founder and commander of the Chindits
F. W. Winterbotham (1897–1990), intelligence officer
Religion and theologians
Thomas Gilbank Ackland (1791–1844), English clergyman
Gilbert Ainslie (1793–1870), clergyman, Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
James Allen (1802–1897), Dean of St David's (1879–1895)
Arthur Anstey (1873–1955), Archbishop of the West Indies (1943–1945)
John Armstrong (1813–1856), Bishop of Grahamstown, 1853–1856
William Alexander Ayton (1816–1909), clergyman, alchemist, and member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
Frederick Beadon (1777–1879), English clergyman who lived to 101
Philip Bearcroft (1695–1761), English clergyman and antiquary
Martin Benson (1689–1752), Bishop of Gloucester
John Ernest Bode (1816–1874), clergyman and poet
Henry Bonney (1780–1862), English churchman and author
Peter Bostock (1911–1999), Archdeacon of Mombasa and Doncaster
Henry Bowlby (1823–1894), Bishop of Coventry (1891–1894)
Henry Bowlby (1864–1940), Headmaster of Lancing College (1909–1925)
George Boyle (1828–1901), Dean of Salisbury (1880–1901)
Samuel Bradford (1652–1731), Bishop of Carlisle and Rochester
John Buckner (1734–1824), Bishop of Chichester
Andrew Burn (1864–1927), Dean of Salisbury
Hedley Burrows (1887–1983), Dean of Hereford
Leonard Burrows (1857–1940), Bishop of Lewes and Sheffield
Eyton Butts (–1779), Dean of Cloyne (1770–1779)
Sir Anthony Buzzard, 3rd Baronet (born 1935), biblical scholar and Christian theologian
Donald Campbell (1886–1933), Archdeacon of Carlisle (1930–1933)
Edward Churton (1800–1874), Archdeacon of Cleveland (1846–1874) and Spanish scholar
Arthur Clarke (1848–1932), Archdeacon of Lancaster and Rochdale
Sir William Cockburn, 11th Baronet (1773–1858), Dean of York (1823–1858)
James Cropper (1862–1938), Dean of Gibraltar
Christopher Cunliffe (born 1955), Archdeacon of Derby
William Davey (1825–1917), Dean of Llandaff (1897–1913)
Richard Eyre (1929–2012), Dean of Exeter
Henry Felton (1679–1740), English clergyman
John Finney (born 1932), churchman and former Bishop of Pontefract
John Fisher (1788–1832), Archdeacon of Berkshire
Henry FitzHerbert (1882–1958), Archdeacon of Derby
Henry Formby (1816–1884), English Roman Catholic priest and writer
Walter Frere (1863–1938), founder member of the Community of the Resurrection, Bishop of Truro, 1923–1935
Alfred Gatty (1813–1903), clergyman and writer
Edgar Gibson (1848–1924), Bishop of Gloucester
Charles Green (1864–1944), Archdeacon of Monmouth, 1914–1921, first Bishop of Monmouth, 1921–1928, Bishop of Bangor, 1928–1944, and Archbishop of Wales, 1934–1944
Charles Hahn (1870–1930), Archdeacon of Eshowe (1913–?) and Archdeacon of Damaraland (1924–1927)
William Hale (1795–1870), Archdeacon of St Albans (1839–1840), Archdeacon of Middlesex (1840–1842), Archdeacon of London (1842–1870)
Julius Hare (1795–1855), theological writer
Peter Harrison (born 1939), Archdeacon of the East Riding (1999–2006)
William Hayter (1858–1935), Dean of Gibraltar
Joseph Henshaw (1603–1679), Bishop of Peterborough, 1663–1679
Mark Hiddesley (1698–1772), Bishop of Sodor and Man, 1755–1772
Air Marshal Sir John Frederick Andrews Higgins (1875–1948), founder member of the Royal Flying Corps, Commander, No.2 Brigade, RFC, 1916–1918, Royal Air Force commander, British Army of the Rhine, Air Officer Commanding Northern Area, Director of Personnel, AOC Inland Area, 1922–1924, AOC Iraq, 1924–?, Air Member for Supply and Research, and AOC-in-C India, 1939–1940
Samuel Hinds (1793–1872), Bishop of Norwich, 1849–1857
William Hornby (1810–1899), Archdeacon of Lancaster
William Hurrell (1860–1952), Archdeacon of Loughborough
Murray Irvine (1924–2005), churchman and Provost of Southwell Minster
Henry Jacobs (1824–1901), Dean of Christchurch (1866–1901)
Thomas James (1786–1828), Bishop of Calcutta, 1826–1828, and art historian
William Jones of Nayland (1726–1800), controversial clergyman
John Jortin (1698–1770), ecclesiastical historian and literary critic
Peter Judd (1949–), Dean of Chelmsford (1997–2013)
William Smyth King (1810–1890), Dean of Leighlin
Hubert Larken (1874–1964), Archdeacon of Lincoln (1933–1937)
George Henry Law (1761–1845), Bishop of Chester, 1812–1824, and Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1824–1845
John Law (1745–1810), bishop
Henry Majendie (1764–1830), Bishop of Chester and Bangor
Charles Manners-Sutton (1755–1828), Bishop of Norwich, 1792–1805, and Archbishop of Canterbury, 1805–1828
James Henry Monk (1784–1856), theologian and classicist, Bishop of Gloucester, 1830–1836, and Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, 1836–1856
Thomas Mozley (1806–1893), clergyman and writer
Arthur Munro (1864–1944), Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford
William Foxley Norris (1859–1949), Dean of York and Westminster
Ronald O'Ferrall (1890–1973), Bishop of Madagascar (1926–1940)
William Bruère Otter (1805–1876), Archdeacon of Lewes
Oswald Parry (1868–1936), Bishop of Guyana
John Pelloe (1905–1983), Archdeacon of Huntingdon and Wisbech
Lancelot Phelps (1853–1936), Provost of Oriel College, Oxford (1914–1930)
Greville Phillimore (1821–1884), clergyman and author
William Phillpotts (1807–1888), Archdeacon of Cornwall
Venn Pilcher (1879–1961), Bishop of Sydney (1935–1961)
Bertram Pollock (1863–1943), Bishop of Norwich
Kenrick Prescot (1703–1779), Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge (1744–1745)
Arthur Preston (1883–1936), Bishop of Woolwich
John Pretyman (?–1817), Archdeacon of Lincoln (1793–1817)
William Forbes Raymond (1785–1860), Archdeacon of Northumberland
John Ryder (c. 1697–1775), Church of Ireland Bishop of Down and Connor, 1743–1752, and Archbishop of Tuam, 1752–1775
Leonard Savill (1869–1959), Archdeacon of Tonbridge (1942–1968)
Alexander John Scott (1768–1840), English clergyman who was Horatio Nelson's personal chaplain at the Battle of Trafalgar
Charles Scott (1847–1927), Bishop of North China (1880–1913)
Albert Seymour (1841–1908), Archdeacon of Barnstaple
Godfrey Smith (1878–1944), Bishop of Penrith (1926–1944)
Pat Smythe (1860–1935), Provost of St Ninian's Cathedral (1911–1935)
Henry Southwell (1860–1937), Bishop of Lewes
Samuel John Stone (1839–1900), clergyman and hymn writer
William Strong (1756–1842), Archdeacon of Northampton (1797–1842)
Edward Talbot (1844–1934), first Warden of Keble College, Oxford, 1869–1888, Vicar of Leeds, 1889–1895, Bishop of Rochester, 1895–1905, first Bishop of Southwark, 1905–1911, and Bishop of Winchester, 1911–1923
Connop Thirlwall (1797–1875), Bishop of St Davids, 1840–1874, and historian
John Thomas (1696–1781), Bishop of Winchester
William Unwin (1745–1786), clergyman
Peter Vaughan (born 1930), churchman and former Bishop of Ramsbury
Wilmot Vyvyan (1861–1937), Bishop of Zululand (1903–1929)
Thomas Wagstaffe (1645–1712), English clergyman
Hampton Weekes (1880–1948), Archdeacon of the Isle of Wight
John Wesley (1703–1791), founder of Methodism
Samuel Wix (1771–1861), English cleric and controversialist
George Wollaston (1738–1826), English Anglican priest
Michael Whinney (born 1930), churchman and former Bishop of Aston and Bishop of Southwell
George Whitaker (1811–1882), clergyman and first provost of Trinity College, Toronto
Herbert Wild (1865–1940), Bishop of Newcastle (1915–1927)
Thomas Wilson (1882–1961), Archdeacon of Worcester
John Wollaston (1791-1856), Archdeacon of Western Australia
John Woodhouse (1884–1955), Bishop of Thetford
Writers, novelists, and poets
Joseph Addison (1672–1719), writer and politician
Martin Donisthorpe Armstrong (1882–1974), poet and novelist
Mordaunt Roger Barnard (1828–1906), translator and author
F. W. Bateson (1901–1978), English literary scholar and critic
Thomas Lovell Beddoes (1803–1849), English poet and dramatist
Max Beerbohm (1872–1956), satirist and caricaturist
James Beresford (1764–1840), novelist
James Shergold Boone (1799–1859), English cleric and writer
T. E. B. Clarke (1907–1989), author and screenwriter
Alexander Clifford (1909–1952), journalist and author
Richard Crashaw (1612 or 1613–1648), poet
Arthur Shearly Cripps (1869–1952), English Anglican priest who lived in Southern Rhodesia
Patrick Cullinan (1932–2011), South African poet and biographer
Lewis Dartnell (born 1980), science writer
Thomas Day (1748–1789), author
George Harcourt Vanden-Bampde-Johnstone, 3rd Baron Derwent (1899–1949), English poet and peer
John Dighton (1909–1989), British playwright and screenwriter
Brian Glanville (born 1931), football writer and novelist
Richard Perceval Graves (born 1945), English biographer on his great-uncle Robert Graves
Robert Graves (1895–1985), poet and novelist
Peter Heyworth (1921–1991), American-born English music critic and biographer
Aubrey Hopwood (1863–1917), lyricist and novelist
Richard Hughes (1900–1976), novelist and dramatist
James Innes (born 1975), author
Christopher Jackson (born 1980), author and poet
Peter James (born 1948), crime writer
John Kenyon (1784–1856), English verse-writer and philanthropist best now known as a patron of Robert Browning
Nathaniel Lee (c. 1647–1692), dramatist and poet
Arthur Locker (1828–1893), English novelist and journalist
Richard Lovelace (1618–1657), poet and soldier
Henry Luttrell (1768–1851), wit and poet
Andrew Lycett, English biographer and journalist
Lachlan Mackinnon (born 1956), poet and critic
G. D. Martineau (1897–1976), English cricket writer
Gavin Menzies (born 1937), author
Kenneth Newton (1927–2010), novelist
Francis Turner Palgrave (1824–1897), critic and poet
Robert Paltock (1697–1767), writer
Omar Pound (1926–2010), Anglo-American writer, teacher, and translator
Jim Powell (born 1949), novelist
Henry Raper (1799–1859), writer on navigation
Frederic Raphael (born 1931), writer
Simon Raven (1927–2001), writer
Édouard Roditi (1910–1992), American poet, short-story writer and translator
William Seward (1747–1799), anecdotist and conversationalist
Sir Richard Steele (c. 1672–1729), writer and politician, founder of The Tatler
G. S. Street (1867-1936), critic, journalist and novelist
A. S. J. Tessimond (1902–1962), poet
William Makepeace Thackeray (1811–1863), novelist
Edward Hovell-Thurlow, 2nd Baron Thurlow (1781–1829), poet
Ben Travers (1886–1980), dramatist
Martin Farquhar Tupper (1810–1889), poet and writer
Richard Usborne (1910–2006), British journalist and author regarded as the leading scholar of P. G. Wodehouse
William Edward Vickers (1889–1965), English mystery writer
Hilary Wayment (1912–2005), author and historian of stained glass
Actors
George Asprey (born 1966), actor
Sir Johnston Forbes-Robertson (1853–1937), actor-manager
Richard Goolden (1895–1981), British actor (Toad of Toad Hall, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, et al.)
Basil Hallam (1889–1916), English actor and singer best known for the character of Gilbert the Filbert in The Passing Show
Nicky Henson (1945-2019), actor
Thomas Hull (1728–1808), English actor and dramatist
Frederick Kerr (1858–1933), English actor
Cyril Maude (1862–1951), actor-manager
Sir Ronald Millar (1919–1998), actor, scriptwriter and speechwriter for Margaret Thatcher
Richard Murdoch (1907–1990), actor and comedian
Dennis Neilson-Terry (1895–1932), British actor and producer
Graham Seed (born 1950), actor who played Nigel Pargetter in BBC radio programme The Archers
Henry Siddons (1774–1815), English actor and theatrical manager now remembered as a writer on gesture
Hugh Sinclair (1903–1962), British actor
Sir C. Aubrey Smith (1863–1948), actor and cricketer
Geoffrey Toone (1910–2005), actor
Frederick Henry Yates (1797–1842), actor-manager
Sam Crane (born 1979), actor
Journalists and presenters
Richard Dennen (born 1982), journalist and editor of Tatler
David Dimbleby (born 1938), television presenter
Jonathan Dimbleby (born 1944), television and radio presenter
William Godwin the Younger (1803–1832), English journalist and author
Sir Max Hastings (born 1945), journalist, writer and broadcaster
Jonathan Holborow (born 1943), British newspaper editor
Philip Hope-Wallace (1911–1979), English music and theatre critic associated with ‘’The Manchester Guardian’’
Tim Judah (born 1962), journalist and author
Henry Longhurst (1909–1978), golf journalist and commentator
Michael Melford (1916–1999), British sports journalist
Basil Murray (1902–1937), British journalist and editor
Cathy Newman (born 1974), journalist and Channel 4 presenter
Benedict Nightingale (born 1939), British journalist
Peter O'Sullevan (1918–2015), Irish-British horse racing commentator
John Peet (born 1954), journalist for The Economist
Gerald Priestland (1927–1991), broadcaster and writer
Adam Raphael (born 1938), journalist
William Rees-Mogg, Baron Rees-Mogg (1928–2012), public servant, journalist, and editor of The Times (1967–81)
Olly Smith (born 1974), wine writer and television presenter
Charles Spencer (1955–), British journalist
David Walter (1948–2012), ITN and BBC correspondent, radio and television producer and later political advisor (President of the Oxford Union and winner of the Kennedy Memorial Scholarship to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Kent Walton (1917–2003), wrestling commentator
Media producers and directors
Colin Blumenau (born 1956), theatre director
Sir Anthony Havelock-Allan (1904–2003), film producer
John Mollo (1931–2017), costume designer for the film industry
Farhad Safinia (born 1975), film producer
Jack Whittingham (1910–1972), James Bond screenwriter
Peter Yates (1929–2011), film director
Artists
Adrian Berg (1929–2011), painter
Anthony Caro (1924–2013), sculptor
John Cobbett (1929–), Scottish-born sculptor
Adrian Daintrey (1902–1988), British portrait and landscape painter
Charles Lock Eastlake (1793–1865), painter and first Director of the National Gallery, 1855–1865
Claud Lovat Fraser (1890–1921), artist and designer
Anthony Froshaug (1920–1984), English typographer and designer
Geoffrey Sneyd Garnier (1889–1970), English artist and printmaker
John Percival Gülich (1864–1898), illustrator, engraver and artist
David Nightingale Hicks (1929–1998), interior designer and author
Johnny Jonas (born 1948), painter
Sir Osbert Lancaster (1908–1961), cartoonist and designer
John Leech (1817–1864), caricaturist
John Lewis (typographer) (1912–1996), typographer and illustrator
Sir Cedric Morris (1889–1982), painter and gardener
Charles William Dyson Perrins (1864–1958), art, porcelain and book collector and benefactor
Percy Robertson (1868–1934), English watercolour landscape painter and etcher
John Tunnard (1900–1971), painter
Architects
Alfred Bossom, Baron Bossom (1881–1965), architect and politician
Richard Carpenter (1841–1893), English Gothic Revival architect
Richard Cromwell Carpenter (1812–1855), architect
Basil Champneys (1842–1935), architect and author
Francis William Deas (1862–1951), Scottish architect
Major Rohde Hawkins (1821–1884), English architect of the Victorian era
Owen Jones (1809–1874), architect, printer and designer
Russell Page (1906–1985), British gardener and architect
Richard Gilbert Scott (1923–2017), British architect
Sir Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt (1868–1951), naval architect, Director of Naval Construction, 1912–1924
Richard Tyler (1916–2009), architect
Thomas Bostock Whinney (1860–1926), chief architect of the Midland Bank
Musicians and composers
Ben Adams (born 1981), singer and member of a1
Tom Allom (born TBC), record producer and engineer. Most notably Judas Priest
Tony Banks (born 1950), keyboardist and founding member of Genesis
Mark Blatchly (born 1960), composer and organist at Charterhouse
Ray Cooper (born 1954), English singer-songwriter and member of Oysterband
Harold Fraser-Simson (1872–1944), composer
Peter Gabriel (born 1950), singer-songwriter and founding member of Genesis
H. Balfour Gardiner (1877–1950), composer
Christopher Gibbons (c. 1615–1676), organist and composer
John R. Graham, American film composer
Peter Grant (1935–1995), manager of Led Zeppelin
Basil Harwood (1859–1949), organist and composer
Ernest Irving (1877–1953), musical director and composer
Rivers Jobe (1950–1979), bass guitarist and member of Anon
Jonathan King (born 1944), singer, writer, pop music, TV personality, film maker. Named and produced Genesis.
Dave Lawson (1945–), English keyboardist and composer, member of Greenslade
Richard Macphail (born 1950), vocalist for Anon
Lionel Monckton (1861–1924), composer and songwriter
Peter Oundjian (1955-), Canadian violinist and conductor
Anthony Phillips (born 1951), guitarist and founding member of Genesis
Rachel Portman (born 1960), composer
Clement Power (born 1980), conductor
Philip Radcliffe (1905–1986), composer and musicologist
Christopher Raeburn (1928–2009), English record producer
Alfred Edward Rodewald (1862–1903), English musician who developed the Liverpool Orchestral Society to become a large semi-professional orchestra of distinction
Lettice Rowbotham (b. 1989), violinist, finalist in the 2014 season of Britain's Got Talent
Mike Rutherford (born 1950), guitarist and founding member of Genesis and Mike + The Mechanics
Chris Stewart (born 1951), founding member of Genesis
Ian Wallace (1919–2009), singer and broadcaster
Karl Wallinger (born 1957), rock musician
Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958), composer
Sportspeople
Cricketers
Brigadier-General Anthony Abdy (1856–1924), English cricketer who played one first-class match in 1881
Anthony Allom (1938–2017), English cricketer who played five first-class matches
Richard Bagge (1810–1891), English cricketer who played two first-class matches
Andrew Barker (born 1945), English cricketer who played 6 List A and 44 first-class matches
Francis Barmby (1863–1936), English cricketer who played one first-class match
Aubrey Beauclerk (1817–1853), English cricketer who played in two first-class matches in 1837
Charles William Beauclerk (1816–1863), English cricketer who played ? first-class matches
James Bovill (born 1971), English cricketer who played 26 List A and 38 first-class matches
Robert Braddell (1888–1965), English cricketer who played 20 first-class matches
Trevor Branston (1884–1969), English cricketer who played 89 first-class matches
William Bristowe (born 1963), English cricketer who played 1 List A and 10 first-class matches
James Bruce-Jones (1910–1943), Scottish cricketer who played 2 first-class matches
John Buchanan (1887–1969), South African-born English cricketer who played 34 first-class matches
Herbert Burrell (1866–1949), English cricketer who played three first-class matches
Tom Bury (born 1958), English cricketer who played 4 first-class matches
Arthur Ceely (1834–1866), English cricketer who played 3 first-class matches
William Chetwynd-Talbot (1814–1888), English cricketer who played one first-class match
Edward Colebrooke (1858–1939), cricketer
Geoffrey Cooke (1897–1980), cricketer and British Army officer
Alexander Cowie (1889–1916), English cricketer who played 14 first-class matches
Wilfred Curwen (1883–1915), English cricketer who played 25 first-class matches
Alfred Dallas (1895–1921), English cricketer who played in one first-class match
William Davies (1825–1868), English cricketer who played 9 first-class matches
Gilbert Sackville, 8th Earl De La Warr (1869–1915), hereditary peer and cricketer
Christian Doll (1880–1955), cricketer and architect
Mordaunt Doll (1888–1966), cricketer
John Dyson (1913–1991), first-class cricketer
Frederick Fane (1875–1960), Anglo-Irish cricketer who played 14 Test and 417 first-class matches
Leonard Furber (1880–1912), English cricketer who played 2 first-class matches
Tommy Garnett (1915–2006), Australian horticulturalist and English cricketer who played five first-class matches
Edward Garrow (1815–1896), English cricketer who played one first-class match
Humphrey Gilbert (1886–1960), Indian-born English cricketer who played in 118 first-class matches
Ivor Gilliat (1903–1967), English cricketer who played 13 first-class matches
Richard Gilliat (born 1944), English cricketer who played 269 first-class matches
Guy Goodliffe (1883–1963), English cricketer who played one first-class match
George Gowan (1818–1890), cricketer
Herbert Green (1878–1918), English cricketer and soldier who played in one first-class match
Guy Gregson-Ellis (1895–1969), English cricketer who played four first-class matches
Lancelot Grove (1905–1943), English cricketer who played four first-class matches
James Hamblin (born 1978), English cricketer who played 11 first-class matches, 48 List A matches and 5 Twenty20 matches
Andrew Hamilton (born 1953), English cricketer who played 12 first-class matches
Charles Harvey (1837–1917), English cricketer who played five first-class matches
Charles Hooman (1887–1969), English cricketer who played 38 first-class matches
Harry Hooper (born 1986), English cricketer who played 7 first-class matches
Mike Hooper (1947–2010), English cricketer who played 17 List A and 21 first-class matches
Campbell Hulton (1877–1947), English cricketer who played one first-class match, brother of the below
John Hulton (1882–1942), English cricketer who played 3 first-class matches, brother of the above
Francis Inge (1840–1923), English cricketer and clergyman who played nine first-class matches
John Inge (1844–1919), English cricketer who played two first-class matches
Tony Jakobson (born 1937), English cricketer who played 14 first-class matches
Ben Jeffery (born 1991), English cricketer who played 6 first-class matches
Antony Kamm (1931–2011), English historian and cricketer
George Kemp-Welch (1907–1944), English cricketer who played 114 first-class matches
John Larking (1921–1998), English cricketer who played three first-class matches
Jeff Linton (1909–1989), Welsh cricketer who played two first-class matches
Michael Livock (1936–1999), English cricketer who played two first-class matches
John Lomas (1917–1945), English cricketer who played 23 first-class matches
Christopher Lubbock (1920–2000), English cricketer who played nine first-class matches
Herbert Malkin (1836–1913), English cricketer who played two first-class matches in 1858
Roger Marshall (born 1952), English cricketer who played 12 List A and 24 first-class matches
Peter May (1929–1994), England cricket captain
Alfred McGaw (1900–1984), English cricketer who played seven first-class matches
William Meryweather (1809–1841), English cricketer who played ? first-class matches
Niel Morgan (1904–1985), Welsh cricketer who played six first-class matches
Trevil Morgan (1907–1976), Welsh cricketer who played 83 first-class matches
John Stanton Fleming Morrison (1892–1961), English cricketer who played 38 first-class matches
Charles Nepean (1851–1903), English cricketer who played ten first-class matches
Henry Nethercote (1819–1886), English cricketer who played 19 first-class matches
Oswald Norris (1883–1973), English cricketer who played 11 first-class matches
Cecil Parry (1866–1901), English cricketer who played ? first-class matches
Cecil Payne (1885–1976), English cricketer who played 29 first-class matches
Alec Pearce (1910–1982), cricketer (Kent County Cricket Club, Hong Kong national cricket team, and Marylebone Cricket Club)
Ernest Powell (1861–1928), English cricketer who played 21 first-class matches
Jack Pritchard (1895–1936), English cricketer who played 2 first-class matches
Bernard Randolph (1834–1857), English cricketer who played seven first-class matches
R. C. Robertson-Glasgow (1901–1965), Scottish cricketer who played 144 first-class matches and wrote several books on cricket
Gavin Roynon (1936–2018), English cricketer who played nine first-class matches and military historian
Charles Rucker (1894–1965), English cricketer who played five first-class matches
Patrick Rucker (1900–1940), English cricketer who played seven first-class matches
Martin Souter (born 1976), English cricketer who played one first-class match
Edward Spurway (1863–1914), English cricketer who played two first-class matches
Hugh Stanbrough (1870–1904), English footballer and cricketer
John Strachan (1896–1988), English cricketer who played one first-class match and British Army officer
Edward Streatfeild (1870–1932), English cricketer who played nine first-class matches
Alexander Streatfeild-Moore (1863–1940), English cricketer who played first-class matches
Gilbert Vassall (1876–1941), English cricketer who played six first-class matches
Charles Vintcent (1866–1943), South African cricketer who played in 3 Test and 6 first-class matches
William Wakefield (1870–1922), cricketer
Algernon Whiting (1861–1931), English cricketer who played nine first-class matches
Reginald Wood (1860–1915), English cricketer who played one Test and 12 first-class matches
Anthony Wreford-Brown (1912–1997), English cricketer who played five first-class matches
Charles Wreford-Brown (1866–1951), English international football captain and cricketer
Charles Wright (1863–1936), English cricketer who played seven first-class matches
Teddy Wynyard (1861–1936), English cricketer who played 3 Test and 154 first-class matches
Other sports
Andrew Amos (1863–1931), England international footballer and clergyman
Woolf Barnato (1895–1948), British racing driver among the Bentley Boys
Alfred Bower (1895–1970), England footballer
Oswald Carver (1887–1915), British Olympic rower who won bronze in the 1908 men's eight
William "Nuts" Cobbold (1862–1922), England international footballer
James Ogilvie Fairlie (1809–1870), Scottish golfer
Walter Gilliat (1869–1963), England international footballer and clergyman
Richard Clewin Griffith (1872–1955), British chess champion (1912) and chess author
Alan Haig-Brown (1877–1918), English footballer and British Army officer who served as commander of the Lancing Officers' Training Corps
Wyndham Halswelle (1882–1915), sprinter who won Olympic gold in 1908 in the 400m and was killed in battle during World War One. The school refused an offer to host his Olympic medals and other trophies in 2008. They are now displayed in the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame.
Thomas Hooman (1850–1938), English footballer
John Frederic Inglis (1853–1923), Scottish cricketer and footballer
Stewart Morris (1909–1991), British Olympic sailor who won gold in the 1948 men's swallow
Edward Hagarty Parry (1855–1931), English footballer
Basil Patchitt (1900–1991), English footballer
Vane Pennell (1876–1938), English Olympic rackets player who won gold in the 1908 men's doubles
James F. M. Prinsep (1861–1895), footballer and holder of two 'youngest player' records until 2004
Tom Rowlandson MC (1880–1916), England amateur football goalkeeper
G. O. Smith (1872–1943), English amateur footballer often referred to as "the first great centre forward"
Ulric Oliver Thynne (1871–1957), British colonel and champion polo player
Arthur Melmoth Walters (1865–1941), England and Corinthian footballer
Percy Melmoth Walters (1863–1936), England and Corinthian footballer
Peter Walwyn (1933–2017), racehorse trainer
Alicia Wilson (swimmer) (born 2000)
Adventurers, explorers, and colonists
G. R. Blane (1791–1821), British surveyor and East India Company member
David Carnegie (1871–1900), explorer and gold prospector in Western Australia
Augustine Courtauld (1904–1959), yachtsman and British Arctic explorer
Captain Mark John Currie (1795–1874), a figure in the formation of the Swan River Colony
Jeremy Curl (born 1982–), Anglo-Irish explorer
Ernest Ayscoghe Floyer (1852–1903), English colonial official and explorer
John Richard Hardy (1807–1858), English-born Australian pastoralist and gold commissioner
Wilfrid Noyce (1917–1962), mountaineer and writer, member of the 1953 Everest Expedition
Gifford Palgrave (1826–1888), traveller and diplomat
Stephen Venables (born 1954), mountaineer and writer
John Washington (1633–1677), Virginia planter and great-grandfather of George Washington
Roger Williams (c. 1603–1683), religious dissenter and co-founder of Rhode Island
Others
Merlin Minshall (1906–1987), Lieutenant-Commander in the Naval Intelligence Division often claimed to have been one of the inspirations for James Bond
Peter Newton (1926–2008), winemaker
Amar Singh (born 1989), art and non-fungible token (NFT) dealer, philanthropist, women's rights and LGBTQ+ activist, and film producer
Fictional Old Carthusians
Giles Wemmbley-Hogg (created 2002, born c. 1984), fictional BBC Radio 4 character
Major Quive-Smith (created 1939, born c.1900) from Geoffrey Household's Rogue Male; a British-educated gestapo officer and the book's chief antagonist.
References
Charterhouse
Old Carthusians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Old%20Carthusians |
Mawkmai (, ) is a town and capital of Mawkmai Township in Loilem District, Shan State, Burma. Mawkmai is connected by road to Loimut in the west and Langkho in the north-east which connects with the National Road 45.
It was the historical capital of former Mawkmai State.
References
Township capitals of Myanmar
Mawkmai Township | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawkmai |
Iraqis () are people who originate from the country of Iraq. Iraq is a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many ethnic origins, and there is no correlation between one's stock and their Iraqi identity.
Iraqi Arabs are the largest ethnic group in Iraq, followed by Iraqi Kurds, then Iraqi Turkmen as the third largest ethnic group. Other ethnic groups include Yazidis, Assyrians, Mandaeans, Armenians, and Marsh Arabs.
Iraq consists largely of most of ancient Mesopotamia, the native land of the indigenous Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian civilizations, which was subsequently conquered, invaded and ruled by foreigners for centuries after the fall of the indigenous Mesopotamian empires. As a direct consequence of this long history, the contemporary Iraqi population comprises a significant number of different ethnicities. However, recent studies indicate that the different ethno-religious groups of Iraq (Mesopotamia) share significant similarities in genetics, likely due to centuries of assimilation between invading populations and the indigenous ethnic groups.
The daily language of the majority of Iraqis is Mesopotamian Arabic, and has been ever since the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and the replacement of Akkadian-influenced Aramaic, most notably during the Abbasid Caliphate during which Baghdad became the capital of the caliphate and the center of Islamic Golden Age. However, Mesopotamian Arabic is considered to be the most Aramaic-influenced dialect of Arabic, due to Aramaic having originated in Mesopotamia, and spread throughout the Fertile Crescent during the Neo-Assyrian period, eventually becoming the lingua franca of the entire region prior to the Islamic invasions of Mesopotamia. In addition, Kurdish, Turkish (Turkmen), Neo-Aramaic and Mandaic are other languages spoken by Iraqis and recognized by Iraq's constitution.
History
In ancient and medieval times Mesopotamia was the political and cultural centre of many great empires and civilizations, such as the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Assyrian Empire and Babylon Empire. The ancient Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer is the oldest known civilization in the world, and thus Iraq is widely known as the Cradle Of Civilization. Iraq remained an important centre of civilization for millennia, up until the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and subsequently Abbasid Caliphate (of which Baghdad was the capital), which was the most advanced empire of the medieval world (see Islamic Golden Age). Hence Mesopotamia has witnessed several emigration and immigration in the past.
Further information on Iraq's civilization and cultural history can be found in the following chronology of Iraqi history:
Nemrik 9 (9800 BC – 8200 BC)
Jarmo (7000 – 5000 BC)
Sumer (6500 – 1940 BC)
Ubaid period (6500 – 4000 BC)
Uruk period (4000 – 3000 BC)
Early Dynastic period (3000 – 2334 BC)
Sumer and Akkad (1900 – 539 BC)
Akkadian Empire (2334 – 2218 BC)
Gutian dynasty (2218 – 2047 BC)
Neo-Sumerian Empire (2047 – 1940 BC)
Akkadian era
Babylonia (1900 - 539 BC)
Assyria (1900 – 609 BC)
Neo-Assyrian Empire (745 – 626 BC)
Neo-Babylonian Empire (626 – 539 BC)
Fall of Babylon (539 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (539 – 330 BC)
Achaemenid Assyria (539 – 330 BC)
Seleucid Babylonia (331 – 141 BC)
Parthian Babylonia (141 BC – 224)
Araba (100 BC – 240)
Adiabene (15 – 116)
Sassanid Persia (224 – 638)
Asuristan (224 – 638)
Lakhmids (266 – 633)
Islamic conquest (632 – 1258)
Rashidun Caliphate (638 – 661)
Umayyad Caliphate (661 – 750)
Abbasid Caliphate (750 – 1258)
Ilkhanate (1258 – 1335)
Turkic dynasties (1335 – 1501)
Jalayirid Sultanate (1335 – 1410)
Kara Koyunlu (1410 – 1468)
Ak Koyunlu (1468 – 1501)
Safavid dynasty (1501 – 1533)
Ottoman Empire (1533 – 1918)
Mamluk dynasty (1747 – 1831)
British Mandate for Mesopotamia (1920 – 1932)
Kingdom of Iraq (1932 – 1958)
Republic of Iraq (1958 –)
Ba'athist Iraq (1968 – 2003)
Genetics
One study found that Haplogroup J-M172 originated in northern Iraq. In spite of the importance of this region, genetic studies on the Iraqi people are limited and generally restricted to analysis of classical markers due to Iraq's modern political instability, although there have been several published studies displaying a genealogical connection between all Iraqi peoples and the neighboring countries, across religious, ethnic and linguistic barriers. Studies indicate that the different ethno-religious groups of Iraq (Mesopotamia) share significant similarities in genetics and that Mesopotamian Arabs, who make up the majority of Iraqis, are genetically similar to other Arab populations in the Middle East and Arabia.
No significant differences in Y-DNA variation were observed among Iraqi Mesopotamian Arabs, Assyrians, or Kurds. Modern genetic studies indicate that Iraqi Arabs and Iraqi Kurds are distantly related, though Iraqi Mesopotamian Arabs are more related to Iraqi-Assyrians than they are to Iraqi Kurds.
For both mtDNA and Y-DNA variation, the large majority of the haplogroups observed in the Iraqi population (H, J, T, and U for the mtDNA, J-M172 and J-M267 for the Y-DNA) are those considered to have originated in Western Asia and to have later spread mainly in West Asia. The Eurasian haplogroups R1b and R1a represent the second most frequent component of the Iraqi Y-chromosome gene pool, the latter suggests that the population movements from Central Asia into modern Iran also influenced Iraq.
Many historians and anthropologists provide strong circumstantial evidence to posit that Iraq's Marsh Arabs share very strong links to the ancient Sumerians—the oldest human civilization in the world and most ancient inhabitants of central-southern Iraq.
The Iraqi-Assyrian population was found to be significantly related to other Iraqis, especially Mesopotamian Arabs, likely due to the assimilation of indigenous Assyrians with other people groups who occupied and settled Mesopotamia after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
Studies have reported that most Irish and Britons have ancestry to Neolithic farmers who left ancient Mesopotamia over 10,000 years ago. Genetic researchers say they have found compelling evidence that, on average, four out of five (80%) Europeans can trace their Y chromosome to the ancient Near East. In another study, scientists analyzed DNA from the 8,000-year-old remains of early farmers found at an ancient graveyard in Germany. They compared the genetic signatures to those of modern populations and found similarities with the DNA of people living in today's Turkey and Iraq.
Language
Iraq's national languages are Arabic and the Kurdish languages. The two main regional dialects of Arabic spoken by the Iraqi people are Mesopotamian Arabic (spoken in the Babylonian alluvial plain and Middle Euphrates valley) and South Mesopotamian Arabic and North Mesopotamian Arabic (spoken in the Assyrian highlands). The two main dialects of Kurdish spoken by Kurdish people are Central Kurdish (spoken in the Erbil and Sulaymaniyah Governorates) and Northern Kurdish (spoken in Dohuk Governorate). In addition to Arabic, most Assyrians and Mandaeans speak Neo-Aramaic languages. Mesopotamian Arabic has an Aramaic substratum.
Religion and ethnic groups
Arabs are the largest people group in Iraq, while Kurds are the largest ethnic minority. Turkmens are the third largest ethnic group in the country. The population was estimated to be 39,650,145 in 2021 (residing in Iraq), with most of the population being Shia (15 million), Sunni (9 million), followed by Kurds (8 million), Turkmen (3 million), Assyrians and Armenians (500,000), Yazidis (500,000), Marsh Arabs, and Shabaks, Persians (500,000) (250,000). Other minorities include Mandaeans (6,000), Roma (50,000) and Circassians (2,000). The most spoken languages are Mesopotamian Arabic, Kurdish, Iraqi Turkmen dialects and Syriac. The percentages of different ethno-religious groups residing in Iraq vary from source to source due to the last Iraqi census having taken place over 30 years ago. A new census of Iraq was planned to take place in 2020.
Iraq has many devout followers of its religions. In 1968 the Iraqi constitution established Islam as the official religion of the state as the majority of Iraqis are Muslim.
In addition, many Iraqi people are Christians belonging to various Christian denominations. The majority of Iraqi Christians are Chaldean Catholic Assyrians, whilst non-Syriac Christians are mostly Iraqi Arabs and Armenians. Iraqi-Assyrians largely belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Ancient Church of the East, and the Syriac Catholic Church. Iraqi Arab Christians belong to the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church of Antioch, and Iraqi-Armenians belong to the Armenian Orthodox Church and Armenian Catholic Church. Their numbers inside Iraq have dwindled to around 500,000+ since 2003.
Other religious groups include Mandaeans, Shabaks, Yazidis and followers of other minority religions. Furthermore, Jews had also been present in Iraq in significant numbers historically, and Iraq had the largest Jewish population in the Middle East, but their population dwindled, after virtually all of them migrated to Israel between 1949 and 1952. From 1949 to 1951, 104,000 Jews were evacuated from Iraq in Operations Ezra and Nechemia (named after the Jewish leaders who took their people back to Jerusalem from exile in Babylonia beginning in 597 B.C.E.); another 20,000 were smuggled out through Iran.
Diaspora
The Iraqi diaspora is not a sudden exodus but one that has grown rapidly through the 20th century as each generation faced some form of radical transition or political conflict. From 1950 to 1952 Iraq saw a great exodus of roughly 120,000 - 130,000 of its Jewish population under the Israel-led "Operation Ezra and Nehemiah". There were at least two large waves of expatriation of both Christians and Muslims alike. A great number of Iraqis left the country during the regime of Saddam Hussein and large numbers have left during the Iraq war and its aftermath.
See also
Demographics of Iraq
List of Iraqis
References
External links
Mesopotamia: Birthplace of civilisation
Iraqi identity - Forces for Integration/ Divisiveness
People
Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Ethnic groups in Iraq
Arab people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqis |
The Boeselager family (or Böselager) is the name of an old German noble family that originated from Magdeburg.
History
The members of this noble house whose line begins with one Squire Boeselager of by Magdeburgon first appearing in the documents on April 12, 1363. The first fully documented member is Henning von Boeselager holding a knight's fief in Wolmirsleben from April 12, 1466. By decree of the Royal Prussian throne, members of the Heesen Line entered the ranks of the barons on December 20, 1823; the members of the Eggermühlen branch were thereafter styled "barons" according to customary law.
Notable members are active in the Order of Malta, amongst them Grand Chancellor, Albrecht von Boeselager and Csilla von Boeselager.
Notable members
(1608–1668), Diplomat
Georg Freiherr von Boeselager (1915–1944), German officer, member of the 20 July Plot against Hitler
Philipp Freiherr von Boeselager (1917–2008), German officer, member of the 20 July Plot against Hitler
Csilla von Boeselager (1941–1994), founder of Hungarian Maltese Charity Organisation
Albrecht von Boeselager (born 4 October 1949 in Burg Kreuzberg), Grand Chancellor of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Damian Freiherr von Boeselager (born 8 March 1988), an MEP for Volt Deutschland, the German chapter of Volt Europa, elected in 2019.
References
German noble families
Westphalian nobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeselager |
Jahanian (),
(Punjabi جہانیاں) is a tehsil in Khanewal District, Punjab, Pakistan.
It is one of four Sub-divisions of Khanewal district. Previously known as Jahanian Mandi. It is a small city surrounded by villages. The city Jahanian is the headquarter of tehsil Jahanian. Most of the area consists of agriculture land. It is 30 minutes drive from Dokota (28 km) and 45 minutes drive from Multan (42 km). The town is located at the crossroads of the Khanewal–Lodhran National Highway (N-5A), and the Multan–Delhi Grand Trunk Road. It is situated at 416 feet above sea level. Tehsil Jahanian is situated at a point where district Vehari, Khanewal, Lodhran and Multan adjoin as follows.
• North: District Khanewal
• West: District Multan
• South: District Lodhran
• East: District Vehari
Transport
There is a railway station and a public bus stand. People rely mostly on public station van-type transport. As Jahanian is situated at the National Highway (N5-A) bypass, people can easily get conveyance all of the time during day and night. From this bypass, passengers can go to Lahore, Islamabad, Faisalabad, Bahawalpur, Sadiqabad, Sukkur, Hyderabad and Karachi.
References
Populated places in Khanewal District
simple:Jahanian Tehsil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehanian |
Sajmište can refer to:
Sajmište (Novi Sad), a neighborhood of Novi Sad, Serbia
Staro Sajmište, a neighborhood of Belgrade, Serbia
Sajmište concentration camp, a concentration camp from World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajmi%C5%A1te |
Soldiers from the U.S. 1st Armored Division's 3rd Brigade Combat Team struck at insurgent elements in the Al Mansor district on the west side of Baghdad on 7 December 2003, according to U.S. Central Command officials.
Operation Details
The operation, part of Task Force 1st Armored Division's Operation "Iron Justice," included 3rd Brigade units, attack helicopters, military police elements, and 300 Iraqi Civil Defense Corps guardsmen.
More than 1,200 apartments in 36 buildings and 52 other structures were scoured for suspected insurgent forces and criminals, illegal weapons, bomb making materials and propaganda from the former regime.
Soldiers detained 43 people, six suspected of attacking Coalition Forces with improvised explosive devices (IEDs), three of firing mortars at Coalition installations, and two were apprehended for rocket-propelled grenade attacks. Twenty-three people were detained for weapons law violations and 11 for interfering with Coalition operations. One suspected arms dealer was detained.
Military Police from the 709th Military Police Company detained three suspected members of a cell responsible for recent attacks in the district and at local market places.
The operation netted 215 illegal AK-47 assault rifles, 10 other types of military rifles, four machineguns, one shotgun, various weapons parts, nine assorted pistols and 10 hand grenades. An undetermined amount of ammunition, including some armor-piercing rounds, was also confiscated. Soldiers also seized 10 rocket-propelled grenade launcher sights, 12 mortar sights, a Soviet-made night vision device and four mortar aiming stakes. In addition to the weapons, the operation netted assorted electronic components, which could be used in making IEDs, three chemical protective masks, 24 individual body armor plates, assorted Saddam Hussein paraphernalia and 16 cases of U.S. meals ready-to-eat (MREs).
During the operation, a community resident tipped off the soldiers to the location of a weapons cache. Military Police found a bag of rocket-propelled grenade propellant, eight mortar fuses and 225 hand grenade fuses.
1st Armored Division's Operation Iron Justice is ongoing and will continue to target criminal and enemy elements in the Baghdad area.
Participating Units
American Units
1st Armored Division's 3rd Brigade Combat Team
Iraqi Units
Iraqi Civil Defense Corps guardsmen
See also
War related Articles
Iraq War
List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War
Iraq Related Articles
Iraq
History of Iraq
Terrorism, Bombings and Insurgency Related
Terrorism
Iraq Insurgency
List of bombings during the Iraq War
Casualties
United States military casualties of war
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Iraq Body Count project
Violence against academics in post-invasion Iraq
External links
Defend America News
Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States
Military operations of the Iraq War in 2003
Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Iron%20Justice |
Makalaka is a general designation used by the Bechuana, Matabele and kindred peoples, for other conquered or enslaved peoples. Thus, many of the subjugated peoples by the Kololo chief, Sebetwane (or Sebituane, Setitwane) — in about 1830, were called makalaka.
The name is more frequently used to designate the Makalanga, one of the peoples mistakenly classed as Shonas, who were brought into subjection by the Matabele people.
Notable people
Uwini, a Makalaka leader
References
David Livingstone Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa, London, 1857
Slavery in Africa
History of Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalaka |
Sabrina Fredrica Washington (born 27 October 1978) is a British singer who originally rose to fame as the lead singer of garage/R&B girl group Mis-Teeq.
Whilst in Mis-Teeq, the singer notched up seven UK top 10 hits and two top 10, double platinum albums. As part of Mis-Teeq, Sabrina has sold over 12 million records worldwide.
In the US, the group had had two top 5 hits on the US Billboard Dance Charts with "One Night Stand" peaking at No. 4 and "Scandalous" peaking at No. 2. Their eponymous album also reached No. 4 on the US Heatseekers charts and won the Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for Best R&B/Soul Album.
Following the group disbanding, Sabrina became a television personality, becoming the winner of Celebrity Scissorhands in 2008 and appeared as a contestant on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2009, where she was one of the last women standing, finishing sixth. In April 2010, Washington released her debut solo single "OMG (Oh My Gosh)", which topped the charts throughout Europe and spent three weeks at No. 1 in Poland. In 2012, she launched her own record label entitled Swash Music, where she released Hit it Hard and Make It Hot, both of which also went to No. 1 in Poland and throughout the rest of Europe.
In October 2019, after a hiatus, she made a music comeback releasing two singles called "Gone" and "My Life", which was premiered on BBC Radio 1Xtra.
Biography
Washington was born in Harlesden, north-west London, on 27 October 1978. She always had a big passion for music and would listen regularly to her parents' music collection as a child; this is where she believes her ability to sing and rap came from. Washington's career began in 1999, when she met Alesha Dixon and they joined Dance Attic (a popular dance class school in Fulham, west London), soon becoming a duo. In 2000, when both Alesha and Sabrina were auditioning, they met with Su-Elise Nash and formed a trio. They were signed to Inferno Records with the addition of a new member, Zena McNally, and became the popular UK garage/R&B girl group Mis-Teeq. However, after the release of their debut single "Why?", Zena McNally left the band to pursue her own solo career, and Mis-Teeq were signed to another record deal with Telstar Records.
Sabrina, Alesha, and Su-Elise released their debut album, Lickin' on Both Sides, in 2001. It featured the hits "All I Want", "One Night Stand", "B with Me" and "Roll On / This Is How We Do It". In 2003, they released their second album, Eye Candy featuring hits such as "Scandalous", "Can't Get it Back" and "Style". Following the two albums, they toured the United States in 2004 and released their American self-titled debut album Mis-Teeq, a compilation of the two albums Lickin' on Both Sides and Eye Candy.
In 2005, they released a greatest hits compilation that contained all of the hits they released on both audio and video from Lickin' on Both Sides and Eye Candy. The last song they recorded together was "Shoo Shoo Baby", a song that was released for the Disney animated film Valiant.
In October 2008, Washington joined other celebrities on Celebrity Scissorhands. She got through to the finals and on 13 November, was crowned the winner. Washington took part in ITV's I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2009, but was voted out of the jungle on 1 December 2009 leaving the remaining five camp mates.
Career
2000–2002: Mis-Teeq and Lickin On Both Sides
Alesha Dixon and Sabrina Washington soon met Su-Elise Nash, and together they formed a trio. They were then signed to Sub Pop by Pat Travers, who went on to sign them to Telstar Records with the addition of a new member, Zena McNally, and became Mis-Teeq.
After months of recording – including sessions with producers Norwegian duo Stargate, Ed Case, Blacksmith, Rishi Rich, and Ceri Evans – Mis-Teeq finally released their debut single "Why?". Co-written and produced by David Brant, a remix version by Matt "Jam" Lamont soon became a success in the underground UK garage scene, and as a result a second music video for the song was filmed and released. While "Why" became a hit on the UK Singles Chart, with a peak position of No. 8, McNally decided to leave the line-up in spring 2001.
The three remaining women went on to release their second single "All I Want" in June 2001, co-written and originally produced by David Brant and produced and remixed by Ceri Evans a.k.a. Sunship. The song topped the success of the trio's debut single and became a No. 2 hit in the UK, simultaneously entering the Top 30 of the Australian Singles Chart.
On 27 October 2001, the band finally released their debut album, Lickin' on Both Sides. The album became a double platinum success, selling more than 600,000 copies domestically.
Mis-Teeq saw instant international success with their Stargate-produced third single "One Night Stand": The song peaked at No. 5 on the UK singles chart and at No.4 on the US Dance Club Charts, it also entered the top 20 in Australia, New Zealand, Holland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.
In 2002, the band's fourth single, "B with Me", continued the group's remarkable sales with another top 10 entry in the UK; once again entering at No. 5.
The last release from Lickin' on Both Sides was a double A-side of "Roll on" and the Montell Jordan cover "This Is How We Do It", latter song being featured on the soundtrack for Ali G's 2002 film Ali G Indahouse. This release entered the charts at No. 7 on 29 June 2002.
The band supported Shaggy on his UK tour in 2002 and opened the Queen's Golden Jubilee with Ricky Martin.
2003–2005: Eye Candy and Split
Returning from a short hiatus, Mis-Teeq released their second album, Eye Candy on 29 March 2003. The album featured production by Stargate, Ed Case, Salaam Remi, singer Joe, Delroy "D-Roy" Andrews and Jermaine Dupri and debuted at its peak position of No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart, eventually receiving a platinum certification
Eye Candy's pre-released lead single "Scandalous" became the group's most successful single by then: It reached No. 2 in the UK, No. 2 in the US and top 10 in Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Denmark and 15 other countries.
In June 2003 the album's second single "Can't Get It Back" became the band's seventh and final domestic top ten single. Originally a remake of the same-titled unreleased Blaque single from 2002, Mis-Teeq and Telstar agreed not to use album version, instead releasing the alternate "Ignorants Radio Edit" as an official single version which entered the UK charts at No. 8 on 12 July 2003.
The song also was included on a Special Edition of Eye Candy which was released in December of the same year and spawned a third single with "Style". However the song failed to reach the UK top 10 and eventually peaked at No. 13.
"Scandalous" was released in the United States in May 2004 (under another label, Reprise Records) and reached No. 2 on the US Dance Single Sales, No. 11 on the Mainstream Top 40 and No. 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in June.
The song was featured as the theme of the film Catwoman, starring Halle Berry, in 2004, was used for the Armani perfume commercials and was a lead track on the soundtrack for Grand Theft Auto V.
After the announcement of their split in 2005 they released a compilation album, Greatest Hits, containing a new track, a cover of The Andrews Sisters 1940s song "Shoo Shoo Baby", and they were awarded a 2005 Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for Best R&B/Soul Album – Group, Band or Duo for their album Mis-Teeq.
2009–present: Solo career
Sabrina Washington's debut single, "OMG (Oh My Gosh)", was released on 5 April, the song failed to chart noticeably in the UK, however it did very well across Europe. A second song called "Lock Down", was leaked on the internet on 30 November 2010.
The official video for Washington's new single Hit It Hard co-starring the fiancée to legendary US boxer Floyd Mayweather was uploaded onto Sabrina's official YouTube channel on 7 September 2012.
Sabrina is also a successful business woman, having launched her own homeware range Home by SW and record label, Swash Music, which she's released two new singles from there in October 2019, called "Gone" and "My Life", the latter was premiered by DJ Ace on BBC Radio 1 Xtra.
Also in October 2019, she made her television comeback on the hip-hop, comedy panelshow "Don't Hate the Playaz", with Maya Jama, Lady Leshurr and Ms Banks, which made British TV history as the first British primetime programme to feature a full panel of black women.
Discography
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
English women singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
British contemporary R&B singers
Black British women rappers
21st-century Black British women singers
UK garage singers
Mis-Teeq members
People from Harlesden
Singers from London
English people of Antigua and Barbuda descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina%20Washington |
La Revue Archéologique, published in Paris is one of the oldest, longest-running scientific journals. First appearing in 1844, it is neither the organ of an institution nor of any school, but has complete independence, under the guidance of its current editor, Marie-Christine Hellmann. La Revue Archéologique appears twice annually.
Its center of interest has remained Classical Antiquity since its origins, but its sphere of interest extends beyond, to the Ancient Near East, Anatolia, Etruscan Italy and Central Asia.
References
La Revue Archéologique Contents list since 1992. On line: http://www.cairn.info/
Revue archéologique, Digital copy of the Heidelberg University Library
Archaeology journals
French-language journals
Publications established in 1844
History journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue%20Arch%C3%A9ologique |
The Hun School of Princeton is a private, coeducational, secondary boarding school located in Princeton in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. The school serves students from sixth through twelfth grades. Currently, the head of school is Jonathan Brougham. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1963 and is accredited until January 2025. The acceptance rate for the school has been reported as 35%. It is also a member of the New Jersey Association of Independent Schools.
History
The school was founded in 1914 by Dr. John Gale Hun, a professor at Princeton University. Originally called the Princeton Math School, it later changed its name to the Princeton Tutoring School. In 1925, the school acquired both its current name and the property on Edgerstoune Road that makes up its current location.
Student body
As of the 2019–20 school year, the school had an enrollment of 669 students and 95 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 7:1. The school's student body was 59.8% (400) White, 23.9% (160) Asian, 6.1% (41) Black, 5.4% (36) two or more races, 4.5% (30) Hispanic and 0.3% (2) American Indian / Alaska Native. 95 students attend the Hun Middle School, which houses grades 6–8. The rest are in the Upper School. 70% of Hun's Upper School students are day students, and the rest are boarders. Students come from 15 states and 27 countries.
Athletics
The Hun School Raiders participate in the Mid-Atlantic Prep League, a sports league with participating institutions from university preparatory schools in the New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania area. Schools competing in the league include Blair Academy in Blairstown, New Jersey, The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, Lawrenceville School in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, Mercersburg Academy in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania and Peddie School in Hightstown, New Jersey. The Hun School also competes against other local schools.
Fall sports: coed cross-country running, dance, girls' field hockey, boys' football, boys' and girls' soccer, girls' tennis, water polo
Winter sports: boys' and girls' basketball, boys' and girls' fencing, ice hockey, boys' and girls' swimming
Spring sports: boys' baseball, boys' and girls' crew, dance, golf, boys' and girls' lacrosse, girls' softball, Track, boys' tennis
Sports offered by the Hun Middle School include:
Fall sports: boys' and girls' cross-country running, boys' and girls' soccer, girls' field hockey
Winter sports: boys' and girls' basketball
Spring sports: boys' and girls' tennis, boys' lacrosse, boys' baseball, girls' softball
The 1931 boys' basketball team won the Class A Prep state title with a 24-18 victory against St. Benedict's Preparatory School in the tournament final.
Facilities
The Hun School facilities consist of multiple buildings across the small Princeton neighborhood. The school recently completed a massive renovation, including the construction of the Wilf Family Global Commons, a $9 million, dormitory and educational facility. The School is currently undergoing a $5.5 million renovation of the Alexander K. Buck '49 Building, which holds middle school classrooms, video production laboratories, and gathering spaces.
Russell Hall
Poe Dormitory (1959)
Carter Hall (1964)
The Alexander K. Buck Student Activity Center (1974) - The setting of the Middle School, serving grades 6-8
The John Andrew Saks Auditorium
The Chesebro Academic Center (1964) - Used as the Upper School
The Ralph S. Mason House (1984)
The Michael D. Dingman Center for Science and Technology (1987)
The Perry K. Sellon Information Center (1987)
The Roberta J. King Outdoor Education Center
The Mary Miller Sharp Ceramic and Sculpture Studio (1994)
The Finn M.W. Caspersen Rowing Center at Mercer Lake (2003)
The Heart of Hun (2004)
Natale Field (2004)
The Ventresca Family Video Production and TV Studio (2005)
Athletic Center (2007)
The Shipley Pavilion (2007) - The Gymnasium
The Landis Family Fine Arts Building (2008)
The Wilf Family Global Commons (2014)
School publications
The Mall, Upper School newspaper
The Edgerstounian, Upper School yearbook
The Hun Review, a literary magazine showcasing the writing and artwork of Hun School students
Hun Today, a magazine for alumni, families, and friends of The Hun School
Clubs and organizations
Upper School clubs and organizations include: Amnesty International, Asian Language and Culture Club, Black Student Union, Ceramics Club, Chamber Music Players, Chess Club, Choir, Concert Choir, Diversity Club, Edgertones (Girls' A Cappella), Environmental/Outdoor Club, Environmental Sustainability Club, Extension Chords (Coed A Cappella), Forensics (Speech, Debate and Congress), French Club, Gaming Society, Gay-Straight Alliance, Gospel Choir, Hun Film Society, Hun TV, International Thespian Society, Janus Players (Theatre), Jazz Band, Latin Club, Key Club, Knitting Club, Masala-Indian Culture Club, Math Competition Club, Model UN, Model Congress, Jewish Studies and Culture Club, Ski Club, Spanish Club, VoiceMale (Boys' A Cappella), and Young Alumni Association.
Middle School clubs include: Arts Club, Bits and Pieces Club, Craft Club, Creative Drama Club, Frisbee Club, Hearts Club, Hun TV, Kickball Club, and Scrabble Club.
Students also may participate in Peer Leadership, Honor Council, Student Council, Edgerstoune Society, and Red Shield Society.
Notable alumni
Nicole Arendt (born 1969), professional tennis player.
Mitchell Block (born , class of 1968), documentary film maker whose film Poster Girl was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject).
John Bohlinger, (born 1967), musician.
Richard Cytowic (born 1952, class of 1970), neurologist and author of The Man Who Tasted Shapes.
Lew Elverson (1912–1997), college football player and coach, track and field coach, and college athletics administrator.
Dick Foran (1910–79), actor known as the "Singing Cowboy," starred in Fort Apache, The Petrified Forest, and Black Legion.
Mike Ford (born 1992), first baseman for the New York Yankees.
Steve Garrison (born 1986), a major league pitcher for the New York Yankees.
Richard Guadagno, a passenger aboard United Airlines Flight 93 thought to have helped in the overtaking of the plane on September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
Ethan Hawke (born 1970), star of Reality Bites, Gattaca, Training Day (Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor), and Before Sunset (Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay).
Susan Hendricks (born 1973, class of 1991), CNN Headline News anchor.
Eric Jackson, the 47th Mayor of Trenton, New Jersey.
Jesse L. Lasky Jr. (1910-1988), screenwriter, novelist, playwright and poet.
Robert E. Littell (1936–2014), New Jersey State Senator.
Leopoldo López (born 1971, class of 1989), opposition Venezuelan politician, founder and leader of Voluntad Popular
Herb Maack (1917-2007), former Brooklyn Dodgers (AAFC) player and college football head coach.
Les Otten (born 1949), Vice-Chairman and Partner of the Boston Red Sox.
Stephen Polin (born 1947, class of 1965), surrealist artist.
Jason Read (born 1977), bow seat in the 2004 Summer Olympics Gold medal-winning, U.S. Men's Rowing Team.
Myron Rolle (born 1986), Rhodes Scholar and safety for the Tennessee Titans.
Elliott Roosevelt (1910–1990), World War II aviation expert, author, and son of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud (born 1940), Saudi prince who was Governor of 'Asir Province, now Governor of Mecca Province, Director General of the King Faisal Foundation.
Saud bin Faisal Al Saud (born 1941), Saudi prince, Foreign Minister of Saudi Arabia.
Camille Schrier (born 1995), Miss America 2020.
Alfred Dennis Sieminski (1911–1990), represented New Jersey's 13th congressional district from 1951–1959.
Paul Steiger (born 1942), managing editor of The Wall Street Journal, vice president of Dow Jones.
Tyler Stockton, college football coach and former player who serves as the defensive coordinator and inside linebackers coach at Ball State University.
Dan Topping (1912–1974), part owner and president of the New York Yankees baseball team from 1945 to 1964.
Ryan Van Demark (born 1998), American football offensive tackle for the Buffalo Bills.
Thomas Watson Jr. (1914–1993), former CEO of IBM and Ambassador to the Soviet Union under President Jimmy Carter.
Orin Wilf (born 1974), real estate developer
Nick Williams (born 1990), former wide receiver for the Tennessee Titans.
References
External links
Data for the Hun School of Princeton, National Center for Education Statistics
The Association of Boarding Schools profile
1914 establishments in New Jersey
Boarding schools in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1914
Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools
New Jersey Association of Independent Schools
Private high schools in Mercer County, New Jersey
Private middle schools in New Jersey
Schools in Princeton, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun%20School%20of%20Princeton |
The Grace (stylized as 天上智喜 The Grace), is a South Korean a cappella girl group consisting of Lina, Dana, Sunday and Stephanie. They are known as Tenjochiki (天上智喜, Tenjōchiki) in Japanese releases, and are sometimes referred to as CSJH The Grace, an acronym from their korean name Cheon Sang Ji Hui The Grace (Korean: 천상지희 더 그레이스).
Formed by SM Entertainment in 2005, they were introduced as the female counterpart of TVXQ. Throughout the group's career, they released and performed music in Korean and Japanese with a total of three studio albums and many more singles.
In December 2008, Stephanie announced to be absence from group activities due her treatment of back pain and the group remained as three-piece. The group continued to release music until their second Japanese album Dear..., in January 2009. The group performed as a three-piece (without Stephanie) lastly in May 2010 at SM Town Live '10 World Tour in Seoul concert prior the group halted group promotions. In July 2011, the group returned with the unit Dana & Sunday and continued to release some digital singles before also going into hiatus. Currently all of The Grace's members maintain solo careers in fields including music, theater, and television, while member Stephanie signed with another music label for her solo music and maintaining her contract with SM Entertainment until it expired in 2016. Dana left SM Entertainment after contract expired on June 23, 2020. On January 19, 2021, Sunday left SM Entertainment.
History
2005: Debut with "Too Good" and "Boomerang"
The Grace made their first live performance in China on April 29, 2005. They performed their debut songs "Too Good" and "Boomerang", and the performance was broadcast weeks later by the Chinese channel CCTV. The verses in "Boomerang" were also sung in Chinese. The quartet made their first live performance in South Korea with "Too Good" on SBS's music program Inkigayo on May 1, 2005. They promoted the song for a few months before switching to "Boomerang".
After 7 months of promoting their first singles in Korea, the group headed off to promote in China. The Chinese version of the single was officially released in March 2006. The single included three new tracks: the Chinese versions of "Too Good" and "Boomerang" and the pre-group track "Fight To The End". After promotional activities concluded, The Grace headed to Japan.
2006: Japanese debut and "My Everything"
They debut Japanese single "Boomerang" was released January 25, 2006. Later, the song was re-recorded and released with Japanese lyrics and an altered instrumental track, and a B-side called Do You Know?, a solo song by member Sunday. "Boomerang" ranked #110 in the Japanese Singles Top 200 chart.
On March 8, they released second Japanese single "The Club", along with a solo song by Stephanie called "What U Want" was released. It reached #131 on the Japanese Oricon Charts. The single was also promoted briefly in South Korea. After quick promotional activities in Korea, the group went back to Japan for their third Japanese single, "Sweet Flower" which was used as the theme for the month of April on the TBS Radio & Communications music show Count Down TV. "Sweet Flower" entered the charts at #151. The single was also released in Korea by SM, but it was left unchanged from its Japanese version.
The Chinese version of their Japanese single "Boomerang" was released on June 19 by Avex Trax's official Chinese distributor CRSC in China. In Taiwan and Hong Kong, also included the Korean version of The Club was released and contained a Chinese version of "The Club" plus a DVD with the Korean music video.
Even with the first few singles having low sales, another single was scheduled to be released. "Juicy Love" was in stark contrast with The Grace's previous singles, as it had a reggae beat. Corn Head, a Japanese reggae singer, was featured in this song. The B-side was "Sayonara no Mukō ni", The Grace's first Japanese ballad written and sung by Dana. Like the previous single, "Juicy Love" was released in Korea unchanged.
After returning to Korea on November 3, 2006, the band released the single "My Everything" and started promotion as CSJH The Grace. The song is a ballad track unlike their previous singles. The B-side track included an A cappella version of George Michael's "Faith", "The Final Sentence" and "Iris ()". However, the change did not result in an increase in sales; the single entered at #30 on the Music Industry Association of Korea's month-end sales chart.
2007: One More Time, OK? and Graceful4
The group's first album, 한번 더, OK? (Hanbeon Deo, OK?; One More Time, OK?) was released on May 4, 2007. The title song "One More Time, OK?" was The Grace's most successful song to date, topping Mnet M Countdown and SBS Inkigayo charts. The album reached sixth place for the month. On June 15, the album was released in Taiwan, The Grace's first major release overseas. "One More Time, OK?" won the Best Dance Music award at the 2007 Mnet Asian Music Awards (M.Net KM Music Festival).
A fifth Japanese single by the group, "Piranha" was released in August, consisting of "Piranha" and Japanese versions of "My Everything" and "Just For One Day", featuring TVXQ's Jaejoong. The single debuted at #26 on the Oricon daily charts and peaked at #50 on weekly charts.
In November, their first Japanese album Graceful 4 was released, consisting of nine previously released songs and new material, including the Japanese version of "One More Time, OK?" from their first Korean album's title track.
2008: "Stand Up People" and "Here"
During the first months of 2008, The Grace performed at various events in support of their first Japanese album. They held three concerts in April and May named Graceful Party Vol. 1. The last one, at Daikanyama UNIT in Tokyo, featured their upcoming release "Here", a collaboration with hip-hop group, Cliff Edge.
Their sixth Japanese single called "Stand Up People", was released on July 23. It consisted of "Dear Friend", remixes of "Stand Up People" and "One More Time, OK?". Their seventh single, "Here" was released on October 22, but after the song leaked, a limited-time free download was offered. "Here" was the theme song of both the drama and movie of Homeless School Student, based on a Japanese best-seller book. A second song and music video were released, titled "Near". "Here" reached #16 on the Oricon Charts with sales of over 16,000.
In December 2008, it was announced through the group's Japanese website that Stephanie would absent from the group activities due to her back pain and remained of the member would continue the group activities.
2009–2021: Dear..., sub-unit, Indefinite Hiatus and departure from SM
The group's second Japanese album Dear... was released on January 7, 2009. The album peaked #14 on Oricon daily album charts and #37 on the Oricon weekly album charts, charted for 3 weeks and sold 4,734 copies, making it their most successful Japanese album.
The Grace appeared on the soundtrack of the Japanese movie Subaru with the songs "Sukoshi De Ii Kara / A Bit of Good" () and "Coming To You". "Sukoshi De Ii Kara / A Bit of Good" was part of The Grace's second Japanese Album 'Dear.... Stephanie also appeared in the movie as a ballet trainer.
On May 21, 2010, The Grace was seen performance lastly as a trio through the SM Town Live' 10 World Tour in Seoul prior the group had no activities as a whole group.
In July 2011, Dana and Sunday resumed their activities with formed the sub-unit The Grace - Dana & Sunday and then only active in that year.
On May 15, 2016, SM Entertainment announced Stephanie would be departing from the group after a prolonged hiatus, due to the expiration of her contract. She subsequently chose to sign as a soloist with Mafia Records. On June 23, 2020, Dana departure from SM following her contract expired after 19 years. On January 19, 2021, Sunday left SM Entertainment upon the expiration of her contract after 16 years. The group has been on an indefinite hiatus since 2010. However, all of the members except Lina left SM entertainment and no indication of the members promoting as a group again has led to the unofficial disbandment of the group.
Sub-units
Dana & Sunday
On July 4, 2011, SM announced the return of The Grace after a four year hiatus with the unit were composed of Dana and Sunday. Their debut single, "One More Chance (나 좀 봐줘)" music video was released on July 8, following their debut stage on KBS Music Bank in the same day. Their debut single officially released on July 11.
On September 23, Dana & Sunday featured on part four of the soundtrack for the drama Hooray for Love (애정만만세) with the track "Now You" (지금 그대). Dana and Sunday's "With Coffee Project Part 1" was released on December 20 together with the music video of the song.
The duo also participated in the eighth SM Town winter compilation album, 2011 Winter SMTown – The Warmest Gift. The two performed the song "Amazing", which was released as a physical album only on December 13, 2011.
Though performing as solo artists, Dana and Sunday performed at SM Town Live 2019 concert in Tokyo on August 3–5, 2019.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
Other appearances
DVDs
Rhythm Nation 2006: The biggest indoor music festival (Released: July 11, 2007) (Japan)
Track 7: Boomerang A-Nation'07: Best Hit Live (Released: November 7, 2007) (Japan)
Track 4: Piranha Rhythm Nation 2007: The biggest indoor music festival (Released: April 2, 2008) (Japan)
Track 15: One More Time, OK? A-Nation'08: Avex All Cast Special Live (Released: November 26, 2008) (Japan)
Track 29: Stand Up People'''
Music videos
Concerts
Headlining
Graceful Party Vol. 1 (2008)
Tenjochiki 1st Live Tour 2009 ~Dear...~
Concert participation
2007 SM Town Summer Concert (2007)
SM Town Live '08 (2008)
SM Town Live '10 World Tour (2010)
SM Town Live World Tour III (2012)
SM Town Live 2019 in Tokyo (2019) (as separate performers)''
Awards
References
Notes
External links
Official Korean Website (2007 archive)
Official Korean Website (CSJH – Dana and Sunday) (2020 archive)
Official Japanese Website (2011 archive)
2005 establishments in South Korea
SM Town
SM Entertainment artists
Avex Group artists
South Korean girl groups
South Korean dance music groups
South Korean expatriates in Japan
Japanese-language singers of South Korea
Mandarin-language singers of South Korea
K-pop music groups
South Korean musical quartets
Musical groups established in 2005
Musical groups from Seoul
MAMA Award winners
South Korean musical trios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Grace%20%28group%29 |
The Frisbee Dog World Championship (also known as the Ashley Whippet Invitational World Championship and the Canine Frisbee Disc World Championship) is an annual competition for disc dogs.
Origin
In 1975, Irv Lander, Alex Stein and Eldon McIntire first organized a World Championship for flying-disc (Frisbee) catching dogs and their handlers. The event continued annually. Stein and his disc dog, Ashley Whippet, won the first three championships in 1975, 1976 and 1977. McIntire was the owner of another disc dog named Hyper Hank. Lander worked for Wham-O, the maker of the Frisbee, which is a registered trademark of Wham-O. He was a promoter of the Junior Frisbee Disc Championships, an event for humans. In the early years the championship took place alongside the "human" Frisbee championships, sponsored by Wham-o, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. Eventually, it turned into a contest series and, in the early 1980s, was named the Ashley Whippet Invitational (AWI). The competition series included local and regional events where dog and handler pairs would qualify for the Ashley Whippet Invitational World Finals Championship. Until the mid-1990s there was only one organization for disc dog competitions. For many years the AWI World Finals was the only championship event.
Qualification
The final event was contested as a one-day, "winner take all" type event.
The early qualifying format included 4 to 6 regionals with the 1st and 2nd place teams each earning a trip to the World Finals Championship. It was a closed regional system, meaning that the dog and handler team had to live and compete in the geographical area of the regional qualifier competition. Anywhere from 8 to 16 teams would qualify, depending upon the format and number of regional qualifiers that year.
Format
Early tournaments were "Throw and Fetch" contests. Some were judged on style points, others on distance, others on standing in a circling throwing out, and still others on throwing into a circle.
Peter Bloeme got involved with the disc dog sport in the early 1980s, after winning the 1976 Men's World Frisbee Championship and won a Frisbee Dog World Championship in 1984. He then "retired" from competition and began to work for AWI as a judge and event coordinator. Peter Bloeme pushed the sport in the direction of multiple disc "Freestyle" contests, which changed the disc dog game forever. Over time the World Finals Championship was modified to include a freestyle event (sometimes known as "Freeflight"), and a timed throw and catch event (known as "MiniDistance," and later as "Distance/Accuracy").
Lander Cup
In the late 1980s a trophy cup was introduced by Peter Bloeme, Eldon McIntire, Jeff Perry, and Alex Stein to commemorate the yearly AWI World Champions. The large silver cup is mounted on a wooden base, which is covered with small plaques inscribed with names of the winners. It is called the "Lander Cup" in honor of Irv Lander, then the Executive Director of the AWI tournament series.
Changes to the World Championship
Lander died in 1998 and left the AWI tournament series and the related business to his son, Steve Lander. Many involved in the disc dog sport and the AWI organization had expected Peter Bloeme, then director of the AWI series, to be Irv Lander's successor. That year was the first time the AWI World Finals Championship was filmed for TV. The event, sponsored by ALPO, was presented on Animal Planet as the ALPO Canine Frisbee Disc World Championship. Peter Bloeme was the "on screen" announcer for the event. After the 1998 World Finals, Bloeme left AWI and did not renew his contract.
Skyhoundz
In 2000, Skyhoundz staged its very first World Canine Disc Championship, sponsored by Hyperflite (www.hyperflite.com). The Hyperflite Skyhoundz World Canine Disc Championship Series (www.skyhoundz.com) is now the largest disc dog competition series in the world and features, each year, more than 100 free Local Championships held in the U.S. and other countries, as well as U.S. State Championships, nine U.S. World Championship Qualifiers, seven International World Championship Qualifiers, a European Championship, a World Championship, Xtreme Distance Challenge events, and DiscDogathon competitions. In 2011 the Hyperflite Skyhoundz Series will be expanded to include a week-long World Championship extravaganza that will include a World Canine Disc Championship in five Divisions (Open, Sport, Pairs Freestyle, MicroDog, and Youth) as well as an Xtreme Distance World Championship (and associated Last Chance Open Qualifier), and a DiscDogathon World Championship (and associated Last Chance Open Qualifier). Participants in the week-long Skyhoundz World Championship will have at least three opportunities at various Last Chance Open Qualifiers to qualify for the remaining invitations to compete for World Championship titles.
AWI
The AWI World Championship ceased in 2000, and there was no AWI World Championship in 2001 or 2002. The AWI reorganized in 2003 and once again began running a World Championship, without a supporting series. Previous AWI staff and judges Mark Molnar, Eldon McIntire, and Gary Suzuki were the leaders of this renewed event. The 2003 event was held in La Mirada, California and was an "all comer" meet (with no qualifier). The winner was invited to a special "Ashley Whippet Championship" event that took place in Japan later the same year. The newly reformed AWI Championships event was held again in La Mirada in 2004. In 2005, the same group of organizers took their event to Scottsdale Arizona,
In 2006 the AWI World Championship event was run by another disc dog competition organization, the UFO. The UFO ran the Ashley Whippet Invitational World Championship as the final event of its season. Competitors qualified for the UFO Finals - AWI World Championships by earning points in the UFO World Cup Series or by finishing in the top 15 at a semi-final event.
In 2007, the UFO ran its own Final event, in Dallas, Texas. The AWI World Championships returned to Scottsdale, this time with Hero Disc running the event. The event in 2007 featured a qualifier in Naperville, Illinois on September 1. The top 25 teams qualified for the final event. There was a second qualifier held in Scottsdale on Friday November 2. The top 25 teams from this qualifier joined the qualifiers from Illinois and Japan.
In 2008, Hero Disc moved the AWI World Championship to La Mirada California, with the final day of the event being held at Knott's Berry Farms in Anaheim, California. The event was once again supported by 2 USA qualifying events-Naperville, Illinois and the Friday qualifier at the finals event. A qualifying event in Japan supplied several Japanese teams as well.
In 2009, the AWI World Championships was moved to Naperville, Illinois, where it was held on Labor Day weekend in conjunction with a UFO Major. The event was held without any qualifying events, and was once again an "all comer" meet.
List of World Champions
The following teams of dog and owner (handler) have been awarded the Lander Cup.
Skyhoundz World Champions
Open Division (Freestyle/Distance/Accuracy Combined)
00 Nick (Australian Shepherd), trainer Bob Evans, Dallas, TX
01 Chico (Border Collie), trainer David Bootes, Ketchum, ID
02 Donnie (Mix), trainer Chuck Middleton, Dallas, TX
03 Cory (Australian Shepherd), trainer Jeff Stanaway, Gloucester, VA
04 Nick (Australian Shepherd), trainer Bob Evans, Dallas, TX
05 Rory (Australian Shepherd), trainer Tony Hoard, New Castle, IN
06 Guinan (Border Collie), trainer Danny Eggleston, Osceola, IN
07 Jumpin' Jack (Border Collie), trainer Danny Venegas, West Palm Beach, FL
08 Rory (Australian Shepherd), trainer Tony Hoard, New Castle, IN
09 Gipper (Border Collie), trainer Mark Muir, Williamson, GA
10 Flash (Border Collie), trainer Lawrence Frederick, Jacksonville, FL
11 Torch (McNab), trainer Kirby McIlveen, Huntington Beach, CA
12 Psych (Border Collie), trainer Pennie Mahon, Cypress, TX
13 Flower (Border Collie), trainer Matteo Gaddoni, Forli, Italy
14 Zorra (Border Collie), trainer Lawrence Frederick, Jacksonville, FL
15 Chill (Cattle Dog), trainer Tracy Custer, Grey Summit, MO
16 The Kai Bear (Australian Shepherd), trainer Jason Rigler, Jupiter, FL
17 Jazmin (Australian Shepherd), trainer Troy Mool, Oak Ridge, MO
18 Riley (Mix), trainer Mark Faragoi, Plainfield, IL
19 Torch (McNab), trainer Kirby McIlveen, Placentia, CA
MicroDog Division (Freestyle/Distance/Accuracy Combined)
04 K-2 (Mix), trainer Todd Duncan, Cumming, GA
05 Scout (Mix), trainer Mare Potts, Aurora, IL
06 Seven (Australian Shepherd), trainer Tony Hoard, New Castle, IN
07 Tallulah (Mix), trainer Katherine Ferger, Queensville, Ontario, Canada
08 George (Rat Terrier), trainer Al Erikson, San Diego, CA
09 George (Rat Terrier), trainer Al Erikson, San Diego, CA
10 Gracie (Australian Shepherd), trainer Lee Fairchild, Goldsby, OK
11 George (Rat Terrier), trainer Al Erikson, San Diego, CA
12 Gracie (Australian Shepherd), trainer Lee Fairchild, Goldsby, OK
13 Bella (Australian Shepherd), trainer Matt Bilderback, Columbus, OH
14 Auggie (Parson Russell Terrier), trainer Timothy Geib, Atlanta, GA
15 Auggie (Parson Russell Terrier), trainer Timothy Geib, Atlanta, GA
16 Auggie (Parson Russell Terrier), trainer Timothy Geib, Atlanta, GA
17 Glamour (Border Collie), trainer Dean Wertz, Dracula, GA
18 Key (Australian Shepherd), trainer Jeff Hill, Anaheim, CA
19 Glamour (Border Collie), trainer Dean Wertz, Dracula, GA
Sport Division (Distance/Accuracy)
02 Donnie (Mix), trainer Chuck Middleton, Dallas, TX
03 Passer (Border Collie), trainer Sayuri Norose, Japan
04 Bowditch (Border Collie), trainer Larry Beatty, Portsmouth, VA
05 Blade (Mix), trainer Adrian Custer, Milford, OH
06 Beamer (Australian Cattle Dog), trainer John Bilheimer, Glen Burnie, MD
07 Brigit (Border Collie), trainer Robert Walkley, Tampa, FL
08 Brook (Border Collie), trainer Kevin Eroskey, Kennesaw, GA
09 Gipper (Border Collie), trainer Mark Muir, Williamson, GA
10 BamBam (Australian Shepherd), trainer Chuck Middleton, Dallas, TX
11 Hippie Chick (Australian Shepherd), trainer David Gosch, Baltimore, MD
12 Seesco (Border Collie), trainer Jozsef Zsiros, Hungary
13 Bangwool(Border Collie), trainer Sang-Jun Han, South Korea
14 Merlin (Border Collie), trainer Kevin Eroskey, Kennesaw, Georgia
15 Muse (Australian Shepherd), trainer Kirby McIlveen, Placentia, CA
16 Ninja (Mix), trainer Tracy Custer, Villa Ridge, MO
17 Rodeo (Labrador), trainer Scott Jones, Davison, MI
18 Chica (Mix), trainer Chuck Middleton, Dallas, TX
19 Sora (Border Collie), trainer Kirby McIlveen, Placentia, CA
MicroDog Sport Division (Distance/Accuracy)
16 Siri (Border Collie), trainer Dean Wertz, Dracula, GA
17 Glamour (Border Collie), trainer Dean Wertz, Dracula, GA
18 Canyon (Mix), trainer Chuck Middleton, Dallas, TX
19 Denali (Australian Shepherd), trainer Scott Jones, Davison, MI
Pairs Freestyle (Freestyle)
05 Shiloh (Mix), Frank Buckland, Pasadena, MD/Shannon Mosca Bilheimer, Glen Burnie, MD
06 Shiloh (Mix), Frank Buckland, Pasadena, MD/Shannon Mosca Bilheimer, Glen Burnie, MD
07 Shiloh (Mix), Frank Buckland, Pasadena, MD/Shannon Mosca Bilheimer, Glen Burnie, MD
08 Shiloh (Mix), Frank Buckland, Pasadena, MD/Shannon Mosca Bilheimer, Glen Burnie, MD
09 Rally (Pyrenean Shepherd), Rick Rauwerda/Angela Ewtushik, Harriston, Ontario, Canada
10 Shiloh (Mix), Frank Buckland, Pasadena, MD/Sally Zinkham, Phoenix, MD
11 Shiloh (Mix), Frank Buckland, Pasadena, MD/Sally Zinkham, Phoenix, MD
12 Spencer (Mix), Jim Thomas, Jacksonville, FL/Michelle Thomas, Jacksonville, FL
13 Indigo (Mix), Scot Koster, Palm Coast, FL, Angel Koster, Palm Coast, FL
14 Cody (Mix), Sayaka Hagiwara, Japan, Hana Shiba, Japan
15 Muse (Australian Shepherd), Jeff Hill, Anaheim, CA, Kirby McIlveen, Placentia, CA
16 Bulma (Mix), Cosma Catalfamo, Italy, Antonio Rappazzo, Italy
17 Bulma (Mix), Cosma Catalfamo, Italy, Antonio Rappazzo, Italy
18 Bulma (Mix), Cosma Catalfamo, Italy, Antonio Rappazzo, Italy
19 Muse (Australian Shepherd), Jeff Hill, Anaheim, CA, Kirby McIlveen, Placentia, CA
Youth Division (Freestyle/Distance/Accuracy Combined)
10 Hazel (Border Collie), trainer Scott Avick, Cutler Bay, Florida
11 Elsee (McNab), trainer LylaClare Kosobucki, Riverside, California
12 Cir-El (Australian Shepherd), trainer Courtney Williams, Barnesville, MD
13 Cir-El (Australian Shepherd), trainer Courtney Williams, Barnesville, MD
14 Perseus (Border Collie), trainer Melanie Redinger, Littleton, CO
15 Leo (Mix), trainer Allison Passejna, Clarkston, MI
16 Ben (Border Collie), trainer Kibaek Lim, Ansansi, South Korea
17 Paisley (Australian Shepherd), trainer Sidney Ryan, Gahanna, OH
18 Paisley (Australian Shepherd), trainer Sidney Ryan, Gahanna, OH
19 Lolly (Border Collie), trainer Angelica Rossi, Framura, Italy
UFO World Cup Champions
Overall/Combined World Cup Series Champions
01 Nick (Australian Shepherd), trainer Bob Evans, Dallas, TX
02 Nick (Australian Shepherd), trainer Bob Evans, Dallas, TX
03 Levi (Mixed Breed), trainer Todd Duncan, Atlanta, GA
04 Ben (Mixed Breed), trainer Karin Actun, Dusseldorf, Germany
05 Levi (Mixed Breed), trainer Todd Duncan, Atlanta, GA
06 Maggie (Border Collie), trainer Matt DiAno, Littleton, CO
07 Maggie (Border Collie), trainer Matt DiAno, Littleton, CO
08 Maggie (Border Collie), trainer Matt DiAno, Littleton, CO
09 Guinan (Border Collie), trainer Danny Eggleston, Osceola, IN
10 Maggie (Border Collie), trainer Matt DiAno, Littleton, CO
11 Maggey (Border Collie), trainer Mike Hanson, Littleton, CO
12 Bling Bling (Mix), trainer Chuck Middleton, Dallas, TX
13 Torch (McNab), trainer Kirby McIlveen, Huntington Beach, CA
14 Flower (Border Collie), trainer Matteo Gaddoni, Forli, Italy
15 Torch (McNab), trainer Kirby McIlveen, Placentia, CA
16 Rory (mix), trainer Adrian Stoica, Italy
17 Torch (McNab), trainer Kirby McIlveen, Placentia, CA
18 Torch (McNab), trainer Kirby McIlveen, Placentia, CA
19 Sora (Border Collie), trainer Kirby McIlveen, Placentia, CA
Freestyle World Cup Series Champions
07 Tucker (Australian Shepherd), trainer Paul West, Dallas, TX
08 Guinan (Border Collie), trainer Danny Eggleston, Osceola, IN
09 Guinan (Border Collie), trainer Danny Eggleston, Osceola, IN
10 Bayer (Australian Shepherd), trainer Gary Duke
11 Bam Bam (Australian Shepherd), trainer Chuck Middleton, Dallas, TX
12 Moxie (Mix), trainer Andrea Rigler, Jupiter, FL
13 Moxie (Mix), trainer Andrea Rigler, Jupiter, FL
14 Baily (?), trainer Melanie Fydrich, Germany
15 Solar (Australian Shepherd), trainer Andrew Han, Milwaukee, WI
16 Bill (Border Collie), trainer Matteo Gaddoni, Forli, Italy
17 Torch (McNab), trainer Kirby McIlveen, Placentia, CA
18 Torch (McNab), trainer Kirby McIlveen, Placentia, CA
19 Sora (Border Collie), trainer Kirby McIlveen, Placentia, CA
Throw and Catch World Cup Series Champions
07 Sprite (?), trainer Paul West, Dallas, TX
08 Skye (Border Collie), trainer Preston Dean, Athens, GA
09 Bolero (Labrador), trainer Scott Jones, Davison, MI
10 Maggie (Border Collie), trainer Matt DiAno, Littleton, CO
11 Maggie (Border Collie), trainer Matt DiAno, Littleton, CO
12 Rodeo (Labrador), trainer Scott Jones, Davison, MI
13 Maggey (Border Collie), trainer Mike Hanson, Littleton, CO
14 Rory (mix), trainer Adrian Stoica, Italy
15 Courage (Australian Cattle Dog), trainer Tracy Custer, Villa Ridge, MO
16 Zain (?), trainer David Roman, Spain
17 Muse (Australian Shepherd), trainer Jeff Hill, Anaheim, CA
18 Nove (Whippet), trainer Evanghelos Christofellis, Greece
19 Sora (Border Collie), trainer Kirby McIlveen, Placentia, CA
Small Dog World Cup Series Champions
17 Key (Australian Shepherd), trainer Jeff Hill, Anaheim, CA
18 Key (Australian Shepherd), trainer Jeff Hill, Anaheim, CA
19 Icaro (Parson Russell Terrier), trainer Adrian Stoica, Italy
References
Disc dogs
Flying disc tournaments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisbee%20Dog%20World%20Championship |
The M-95 Degman is a prototype Croatian main battle tank, developed in 2003 by the Đuro Đaković company and is largely based on the older M-91 Vihor tank that was based in the M-84 tank. The Đuro Đaković factory is best known for its principal role in the production of the M-84 in the Yugoslav era.
The principal improvement over its predecessor M-84 is the application of spaced composite/laminate armor on top of which explosive reactive armor was added, hull front and side skirts are covered giving that extra protection against HEAT shaped-charge munitions. A separate ammunition bustle compartment at the back of the turret adds protection for the crew if tank is hit from behind, and added protection is given by additional slat armor in form of wire mesh with chains, main purpose being to prevent any rocket propelled grenades that might be used to penetrate weakest points at the back of the tank.
Đuro Đaković thermal imaging allows enhanced night activity and optional engine, which increases the power-to-weight ratio to approximately 27 hp/t. There are numerous smaller changes in fire control, communications equipment, track etc. The Degman's autoloader is 15% faster meaning 9 shells can be fired in a single minute instead of 8 shells, which is M84 norm.
The Degman M-95 has not entered serial production. Two prototypes were ordered by the Croatian Government, a M-95 model and the other M-84D sample (for export).
History, production and modernization
The M-95 Degman tank was largely based on the older M-91 Vihor tank. A full working prototype of the Vihor tank completed basic testing at the Đuro Đaković factory but due to the hostilities in mid-1991 this tank was never delivered to JNA. Đuro Đaković was already working on a second prototype (at this point the hull had been completed) but due to the hostilities work on the second Vihor prototype stalled until 1994 when it was completed with the new turret.
Meanwhile, the first prototype was upgraded and modernized, a more powerful 1200 hp engine was installed which provided a higher power-to-weight ratio. A storage basket and slat armor at the back of the turret were added, increasing armour protection. A Racal communication suite was installed to improve communications range and digital battlefield compatibility and a new CBRN suite was also added, the SZ 2000 CBRN suite giving substantially superior performance over the older NBC suite used on M-84 tank; for example, in nuclear or chemical/biological warfare situations, SZ-2000 shuts the engines down and automatically filters fresh air into the tank.
The optics and fire control system was developed by Fotona, a Slovenian company, and now comes as standard on all current Croatian and Slovene M-84 tanks. The Vihor/M95 tank received new laser range finder, LIRD-4B - a laser irradiation warning system. A Fotona/Končar/Đuro Đaković digital battlefield computer has also been added to improve battlefield performance. Diehl provided new tracks giving the tank better performance both on and off-road.
This project received considerable assistance from Elbit of Israel. Explosive Reactive Armor developed by Elbit is one major upgrade and gives a distinctive look to the M95 tank. Rafael - Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station which consist of a 12.7mm calibre heavy machine gun and 40mm grenade launcher is another upgrade. This Remote Controlled Weapon Station acts also as the commander's independent thermal viewer. Additional upgrades are planned, including a new 120mm compact gun developed by RUAG Defence of Switzerland and few additional defensive and ECM systems including LAHAT anti tank missiles.
Deployment
Tanks are stored and not operational. There's no intention to reactivate this program.
See also
List of equipment of the Croatian Army
List of main battle tanks by generation
References
External links
Degman (M-95) tank video
Post–Cold War main battle tanks
Main battle tanks of Croatia
Tanks with autoloaders
Đuro Đaković (company) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-95%20Degman |
Devaasuram () is a 1993 Indian Malayalam-language action drama film directed by I. V. Sasi and written by Ranjith. It stars Mohanlal, Revathi, and Napoleon, with Innocent, V. K. Sreeraman, Maniyanpilla Raju, and Augustine in supporting roles. The songs featured in the film were composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan, while S. P. Venkatesh composed the background score. It was Mohanlal's 200th Film.
The film depicts the rivalry between two spoiled heirs of two feudal families—Mangalassery Neelakandan (Mohanlal) and Mundakkal Shekaran (Napoleon). The character Neelakandan was created by Ranjith based on a real-life person named Mullasserry Rajagopal (died 2002). The film was shot at Varikkasseri Mana in Ottappalam.
Devaasuram was a critical and commercially successful movie. It is considered to be a classic and the character of Mangalassery Neelakandan is considered as one of the best roles of Mohanlal. It was followed by a sequel, Ravanaprabhu (2001), which was writer Ranjith's directorial debut. The film was remade in Telugu the same year as Kunti Putrudu.
Plot
Neelakandan is the spoiled heir to the wealthy and well-known Mangalassery family. He squanders away his father's largess, wealth and good name who served as a judicial officer but is loved by the people who know him well, mainly Warrier, his elderly right-hand man. He has been the arch-rival of Shekaran Nambiar of the Mundakkal family since childhood. During a minor ruckus, one of Neelakandan's aides accidentally kills Shekaran's maternal uncle. This incites Shekaran to plan to avenge the death of his uncle. Having lost all the financial backups, Neelakandan agreed to sell his land for the construction of a Dance Centre near the village Temple. When a Gulf-returned son of an erstwhile landless Mappila farmer -who worked under the Mangalassery feudal family- approached him for buying land, Neelakandan ridiculed him. However, later on, Neelakandan had to sell the land to the farmer's son at a low price. Meanwhile, Neelakandan offends Bhanumathi, a talented and educated Bharata Natyam dance graduate, by forcing her to dance in front of him in his house. In retaliation, Bhanumathi quits dancing and curses Neelakandan for desecrating the art so dear to her.
Later, Neelakandan feels regretful and helps her family in many ways and tries to persuade Bhanumathi to take up dancing again, but she doesn't budge. Meanwhile, Neelakandan visits his widowed mother intending to bring her back home, but she passes away after revealing a terrible secret; that he was born of another man, out of wedlock, without revealing the name of his real father. This fact crushes him, and only Bhanumathi finds out this secret when he curses drunkenly (at the car of his deceased "father") that the ancestral heritage which he is proud of, is actually not his. She is surprised by the vulnerable side of Neelakandan. He visits Bhanumathi at her home to persuade her to take up dancing again, only to be refused like before, telling him that she will resume dancing only after his death. That night while returning home from the visit, Shekaran and his aide's ambush (by hitting him with a car from behind) and injure him seriously after inflicting several wounds with swords, knives, iron rods, and wooden sticks. Neelakandan survives the attack, but his left hand and right leg are badly injured and as a cure he undergoes Ayurvedic treatment to rejuvenate his legs.
It is during this time that Bhanumathi falls in love with him (she is also regretful for having cursed him, feeling a bit guilty that the attack was somehow related to her curse). Neelakandan convinces Bhanumathi to dance and he arranges for a classical dance event for her at Delhi. He too loves her ardently, but he refuses to marry Bhanumathi considering her future, but in the end, Warrier persuades him to do so. Neelakandan tries to forget all the past events and his rivalry with Shekaran, but the latter is not satisfied. He wants to defeat Neelakandan in front of the whole village. For this, he kidnaps Bhanumathi and forces Neelakandan to take blows in front of the public during the annual village temple festival organized by the Mundakkal family. Meanwhile, Neelakandan's friends rescue Bhanumathi and after this, he mauls Shekaran badly and cuts off Shekaran's right hand, claiming "Shekaran, I want to live peacefully..." so that he will not again come up with revenge later. However, while severing Shekharan's right hand, Neelakandan uses the backside of the sword, which shows the agony and power he had.
Cast
Production
The protagonist Mangalaserry Neelakandan (Mohanlal) is a real-life character sketch of Mullasserry Rajagopal (died 2002). Supposedly, some notable scenes in Devaasuram are real-life incidents. Varikassery Mana near Ottappalam was selected to portray the ancient Mangalaserry house. "It was only after Devaasuram became a hit that producers and directors began to queue up for this location. Until then only one film was shot here," says Murali, one of the managers of the mana. The climax scene of the movie was shot entirely in Pariyanampatta Bhagavathi Temple.
Mullasserry Rajagopal is known as an ardent music lover. "Music was the sole passion in his life. He was a good friend of mine, but we never discussed literature; we talked mainly about music and films," said renowned author M. T. Vasudevan Nair. M. T. was impressed by the way Rajagopal reacted to the setbacks in his life. "I was even more impressed by the way how his wife, Lakshmi, devoted her life to him; he would not have survived but for her." "I met him for the first time at K. J. Yesudas' bungalow in Chennai, way back in 1985," recalls playback singer G. Venugopal. "He was sitting on a wheelchair. I was told that his name was Raju. K. J. Yesudas, his close friend had brought him to Chennai for brain surgery." "I will never forget the evening director and script-writer Ranjith took me along to meet Raju," says director Jayaraj. "When I went there, a ghazal programme was going on; I could sense music everywhere in that house. I could also feel the extraordinary warmth of the man. I was surprised he could take life so lightly, despite being bed-ridden for about two decades. We became very good friends. Ranjith had told me that he was planning to make a film on Raju (Devaasuram). I believe that is the best work by Ranjith till date. Raju used to joke that Ranjith had not managed to show even half of what he did in his life."
"There were [also] powerful business interests at work when I wrote my hits such as Devaasuram, Narasimham, Ravanaprabhu and so on...", said writer Ranjith.
Soundtrack
The film includes songs composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan, with lyrics by Gireesh Puthenchery. The background score was composed by S. P. Venkatesh.
The song "Vande Mukundahare" is picturised on Oduvil Unnikrishnan, in one of the most dramatic scenes in the film. Unnikrishnan plays the role of a wandering Edakka musician who frequently visits Neelakandan. The Edakka featured in the background of the song is played by Tripunithura Krishnadas.
Release
Box office
Devaasuram, released on 14 April 1993 during the season of Vishu. The film clashed with Mammootty's Vatsalyam which was released a few days before and Kamal Hassan's Kalaignan which was released on the same day. Despite stiff competition, the film fared better than its competitors and ended up becoming the 2nd biggest hit of the year completing 200 days of theatrical run. The movie made on a budget of 95 lakhs had earned the producer a profit of 35 lakhs, while the satellite right was sold for 6 lakhs.
Accolades
Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam – Mohanlal
Sequel
Devaasuram was followed by a sequel, Ravanaprabhu, in 2001, written and directed by Ranjith in his directorial debut. Because of the success of the film, a number of films falling under the same genre with a feudal backdrop was produced in Malayalam cinema.
Legacy
Devasuram is considered to be one of IV Sasi's best works. The film over the years has attained cult status. The characters played by Mohanlal (Mangalassery Neelakandan) and Napoleon (Mundakkal Shekaran) remains to be two of the most iconic characters in Malayalam cinema with the character of Mohanlal's Neelakandan celebrated as one of the finest anti-heroes in Malayalam cinema.The success of the film led to many films being made based on feudal lords and ancestorial homes. The film made Varikassery Mana a popular tourist destination.
References
External links
1993 films
1990s Malayalam-language films
Films scored by M. G. Radhakrishnan
Indian action drama films
!Managalassery1
Films shot in Ottapalam
Films shot at Varikkasseri Mana
Films shot in Thrissur
Films directed by I. V. Sasi
Films with screenplays by Ranjith
Fictional rivalries
Films about feuds
Malayalam films remade in other languages
Films set in Delhi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaasuram |
Clarence Leo "Honey" Craven (September 10, 1904 – July 22, 2003), was an American equestrian, ringmaster and manager of the National Horse Show at Madison Square Garden in New York, the Devon Horse Show in Pennsylvania, and ringmaster at nearly every prominent horse show in the United States. He also managed the Eastern States Show, the Children's Services Show and the North Shore Horse Show.
Life and career
Craven was born and raised in Brookline, Massachusetts (near Boston). His father was an Irish liveryman who worked for Harris Upham's brokerage firm. Craven said his nickname came from an old vaudeville song, "Honey Boy." He started working with horses at age 12 when, after school, he would pick up horses from nearby estates and take them to a blacksmith's shop, sometimes riding bareback. He left high school after his freshman year to gallop racehorses, then worked as an exercise boy for a wealthy grocer, James Butler, who showed hunters and jumpers. He aspired to being a racing jockey, and rode half-mile tracks summers in New England, but he never rode races on the big time. He then turned to riding jumpers in shows.
In 1927, Craven began his association with the National Horse Show, the United States' showcase equestrian competition. He was recommended by W. Reginald Rives, secretary of the National. Always a meticulous dresser with never a button wrong, Honey recalled, "I think he picked me because I already had classy riding clothes." As assistant ringmaster, wearing top hat, gloves, red jacket and white jodhpurs, he sounded the coaching horn to summon the horses and the riders. He earned $10 a day and generous gratuities. Once, an owner tipped him $500 for pinning a blue ribbon on his horse, which would have received it, tip or not.
In 1928, Craven was promoted to ringmaster, a job he held for 30 years. He was the president of the Professional Horsemen's Association. In February 1958, when he was appointed as the National's manager, a job he held for 25 years. From 1983 until his death, he held the title Manager Emeritus, even though he retired from the show in 1991.
When he took the job as manager of the National Horse Show, he had never managed a show. At the old Garden, the show could use the National Armory stables for 500 horses, but after the move to the new Garden in 1968, only 311 stalls were available, some of which could only be used for tack. Each year Craven shoehorned upward of 300 horses into the fifth-floor walk-up that served as the stabling area at the Garden, an after-dark maneuver that often took place while a New York Rangers hockey game was being played below. It also meant dozens of temporary stalls in horse vans on the streets of the garment district and headaches for Craven. It was an annual tradition for newspapers to carry a photo of dump trucks unloading tons of loam and binder's clay onto the concrete floor of the Garden - the same dirt that was rented and returned each November for more than 40 years. Craven also had to streamline the show and cut some traditional classes to enable the show to end by 11 o'clock p.m. to avoid overtime pay to Garden employees.
Until it moved from 1989 to 1995 to the New Jersey Meadowlands, the National Horse Show was the second longest-running sporting event in New York City after the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. In 1999 it returned to the Garden. "Moving it to New Jersey was the biggest mistake ever made," said Honey. "Some nights, there weren't even enough people in the stands to start a bridge game."
At Devon he served successively as ringmaster, manager and manager emeritus. He became manager of the show in 1976. When he began there as ringmaster in 1939, there was no public-address system. He would announce the class judging, determine when the next class would start, then mount a polo pony and race to the barns to pass along the information so the exhibitors could get their horses into the ring on time. Then he would return to the ring.
As ringmaster, his job was more than blowing the horn to call the classes. He was responsible for policing the ring, assisting the judges and solving any problems that arose. Craven was known as one who wouldn't permit any second-rate behavior, but whose primary concern was always the welfare of the horse and rider.
Sportswriter Red Smith recounted the tale Honey told of the Sunday when a Monsignor Melton, midway through a sermon, recognized two horse show stewards in the congregation. "The Monsignor was familiar with the hand signals stewards use to advise the judge that a horse has made a half-fault at this fence or one fault at that one. He was going flat out on the subject of sin and salvation when he stumbled on a word and saw a steward's fingers move. Half a fault. The other steward nodded. Monsignor Melton swallowed, took his best hold and went on, but every now and then he saw a hand move. Score for the course: five faults and out." During jumping and hunting events, Craven sounded a wail on the foxhunt horn to give a horse the gate (disqualification).
Although some complained that he had trouble producing an ideal sound from his carriage horn, Craven was recognized as the foremost expert in the United States on English Coaching horns, where every note has to be made by the lip and tongue. The instrument he sometimes called his "yard of tin" was almost as tall as the elfin Honey. Craven said that "I practice every day, no matter where I am. It's the only way to keep up my proficiency." He could be heard practicing under the stands after the show ended at the National at Madison Square Garden. Craven once admired a Boosey, the "Stradivarius" of coaching horns, in a collection in August Busch's coach house and the brewing magnate gave it to him. "Mellowest tone I ever heard," Honey said.
He was imaginative enough to persuade Doc Severinsen, the band leader, to do the job at the National one night. "He hit the high notes and brought the house down," Mr. Craven recalled. "My board of directors wanted him to come back every night, the heck with me." Although Craven gave away most of his instruments when his lungs gave out in 1990, he kept a slender silver carriage horn inscribed from Severinson until his death.
Before and during his horse-show jobs, he worked in Boston, Massachusetts for the London Harness Shop, selling saddles to Gen. George S. Patton and playing coachman for the Vanderbilts and other society families.
Craven was depicted in ringmaster regalia on the cover of New Yorker in 1956 and in 1958 was a guest challenger on the TV panel show "To Tell the Truth." He received the American Horse Shows Association's Devereux Sportsman of the Year award in 1976 and was inducted into the Show Jumping Hall of Fame March 2003. Craven was inducted into the Madison Square Garden Hall of Fame in 1999, having his name etched in the rafters along with other "Garden Greats" from Buffalo Bill to Muhammad Ali to The Rolling Stones. USA Equestrian, the sport's national governing body, gave him its lifetime achievement award. The Craven Cup, named in his honor, is awarded annually to the horse accumulating the most points in any of the rated hunter divisions of the National Horse Show.
Personal life and death
In 1930, he married Eileen Griffin who remained his wife for 50 years until her death in 1980. They resided in Cohasset, Massachusetts and wintered in Florida. Craven died in a nursing home in Guilford, Connecticut at the age of 98 in 2003.
External links
Honey Craven modeling traditional ringmaster garb
National Horse Show
Devon Horse Show
Professional Horsemen's Association
United States Equestrian Foundation
Show Jumping Hall of Fame inductee Honey Craven
London Harness Shop history
References
Litsky, Frank. "Honey Craven, 98, Long Time National Horse Show Manager," The New York Times, 26 July 2003, page B18.
Smith, Red. "But the Water Jump's a Fake," The New York Times, 29 October 1976, page 24.
Finn, Robin. "After 70 Years, Tooting One's Horn," The New York Times, 30 November 1996, page B15.
Craven, C. L. "Honey"
Craven, C. L. "Honey"
Hunt seat
People from Brookline, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey%20Craven |
Sergei Chalibashvili (; ; June 22, 1962 – July 16, 1983) was a Georgian competitive diver from the Soviet Union. He earned a silver medal at the European Youth Championship in 1978 in Florence, diving from the 10-meter diving platform.
Death
Chalibashvili died at the age of 21 following an accident during competition at the 1983 Summer Universiade in Edmonton, Alberta, when he hit his head on the platform while attempting a reverse 3½ somersault in the tuck position. He fell into a week-long coma and subsequently died of heart failure, never having regained consciousness.
Greg Louganis was a participant in the competition and witnessed the incident. He remembered what had happened as follows:
I had a premonition. I closed my eyes and plugged my ears. I knew something terrible had happened when I felt the tower shake. I heard screaming. I ran to the edge of the platform and saw a lot of blood in the pool. I wanted to jump in after him, but people were yelling, 'Don't touch him! Don't touch him!' I couldn't watch anymore.
Bob Rydze, the U.S. diving coach at the Edmonton games, blamed the tragedy on the athlete's coach, saying that Chalibashvili had been having difficulty with the dive all week in practice. In answer to a journalist's question as to why Rydze did not warn Soviet coaches, he replied that he would have appeared to be interfering in the Soviet coaches' business. According to Olympic diving champion Elena Vaytsekhovskaya, Chalibashvili went to the Universiade without a coach. According to reports, Chalibashvili's coach was his mother, Thais Muntean, who worked at the department of water sports at the Georgian State Institute of Physical Education (now dissolved and converted into a chair at the State University). She was absent from the competition. Subsequently, she grieved the loss of her only son and gave praise for the care given to him in an Edmonton hospital.
A few years later a similar dive killed Nathan Meade (1966 – 1987), an Australian athlete in training. Greg Louganis earned a gold medal with the same dive at the 1988 Summer Olympics. At the University of Calgary, there was a memorial scholarship named after Chalibashvili for members of the university's swim team.
Chalibashvili is the only water sports athlete known to have died as a direct result of a mishap during training or competition at an international multi-sport event such as the World University Games, Olympic Games or Commonwealth Games.
See also
Nodar Kumaritashvili
Kazimierz Kay-Skrzypeski
Ross Milne
Nicolas Bochatay
Knut Jensen
Francisco Lázaro
References
1962 births
1983 deaths
Accidental deaths in Alberta
Competitors at the 1983 Summer Universiade
Diving deaths
Male divers from Georgia (country)
Soviet male divers
Sport deaths in Canada
Sports competitors who died in competition
Sportspeople from Tbilisi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei%20Chalibashvili |
The Battle of Pisagua ("Desembarco y combate de Pisagua"), was a landing operation of the War of the Pacific, fought on November 2, 1879, between Chile and the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru. The Chilean army commanded by Erasmo Escala, supported by the Chilean Fleet, launched an amphibious assault on the port of Pisagua and successfully drove the defending Bolivian-Peruvian forces, led by Gen. Juan Buendia, back from the shore. They established a beachhead that allowed an initial force of about 1,000 Chilean soldiers in two assault waves to disembark onto Peruvian territory at Pisagua in Tarapacá Department. This region was the principal territory in dispute.
This action marked the beginning of the Tarapacá Campaign, the first stage of the terrestrial phase of the War of the Pacific, which ended with Chilean control of the Tarapacá and of the exportation of saltpetre. This vast territory has never been returned to Bolivia and Peru; it was annexed in perpetuity to Chile by the Treaty of Ancon, signed in 1884.
Prelude
War was declared in April 1879, among the nations of Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. The War resulted in the loss of not only valuable mining areas in Bolivia, but the loss of Bolivia's access to the Pacific. Peru also lost a large piece of her southern mining region.
The three nations recognized the strategic importance of the sea for access to the contested territory. Control of the coast and adjacent seas was the principal objective from the beginning of hostilities, and the war first developed almost entirely on the sea. The land operations theatre was an arid desert along the coast and the adjacent saltpeter-mining areas inland. The mining region comprised the westernmost part of Bolivia, including that nation's entire seacoast, and a substantial part of southern Peru. Control of the sea and the coast would give a decisive logistic advantage in the forthcoming land battles. Hence, when Chile gained military control of the sea along the coast with the victory at Angamos (Battle of Angamos) on October 8, 1879, a landing operation became imminent as a beginning of the terrestrial campaign to secure the Tarapacá. At the time the Allies (Bolivia and Peru) had north of the Chilean city of Antofagasta, three strongholds in the province, Tacna (today the southernmost Peruvian coastal city, on the Chilean border), Arica (a coastal town on the then Peruvian coast, and today the northernmost Chilean city, on the Peruvian border), the town of Pisagua (then the Peruvian coast on the Tarapacá department), and Iquique (south of Pisagua and originally on the Peruvian coast). The Chilean command deemed it obvious that the landing had to isolate and interrupt communications between these two important Allied emplacements. After a reconnaissance made by a commission formed by General Luis Arteaga, Baldomero Dublé Almeyda, José Velásquez and Emilio Gana, the port of Pisagua, located 500 km north of Antofagasta, and was selected as the site for an amphibious landing operation, because its bay was suitable for landing troops and supplies.
Chilean War Minister Rafael Sotomayor planned and organized the operation in secrecy to avoid further arguments with the military and to avoid possible indiscretions that might reach the enemy's ears. Hence, on October 9, the day after the Angamos victory, Sotomayor ordered that the transports carrying the Atacama, Lautaro and Coquimbo civic battalions sail to Antofagasta. The next days were of feverish activities, transporting troops to Antofagasta, from where on October 19, the final preparations were made for the Chilean expeditionary force's departure. The war vessels forming this convoy were the Magallanes, O’Higgins, Covadonga, Amazonas, Angamos, and Loa, and the steam transports Itata, Lamar, Limarí, Matías Cousiño, Santa Lucía, Copiapó, Toltén, Huanay, and Paquete del Maule. Under supervision of Sotomayor and General Escala 9,405 soldiers and 853 horses and mules were embarked. Aboard the flagship Angamos were Sotomayor and Escala, plus Fleet Commander Manuel Thompson, the Chief of Staff, and the General Headquarters personnel. On November 1, the convoy was at the rendezvous point. Only Sotomayor and Captain Carlos Condell were aware of the convoy's destination.
Chilean planning and forces
In two war meetings held with the Army and Navy officers, the Chilean War Minister revealed that the designated invasion point was Pisagua. A main surprise attack at Pisagua was agreed upon, while a secondary attack would take place at Junín. The Northern assault force of 4,890 men of infantry and artillery would disembark at Pisagua, establish a beach head, and begin climbing up to the higher plateau; the Southern assault force of 2,175 men would take Junín, and 2,500 men would be held in reserve. Col. Emilio Sotomayor, brother of War Minister Sotomayor, was entrusted with directing the landing operations. Commander Thompson was in command of the naval stage of the disembarking and directing the landing boats. Two miles beyond the shore, the Cochrane, Magallanes, Covadonga and O’Higgins would enter the bay and attack the forts guarding the port. Once the forts' guns were silenced the landing operations would begin.
Allied forces and defense planning
The Allied garrison at Pisagua was formed by Bolivian artillery and infantry soldiers, totaling about 1,000 troops in two battalions: Independencia, commanded by Pedro Vargas, and Victoria, commanded by Juan Granier. In addition there were 200 Peruvian soldiers commanded by Isaac Recavarren, who left the command over Gen. Juan Buendía. Pisagua had been fortified on its southern edge. At Pichalo Point there was a fortified emplacement with one 100-pounder cannon; at the northern edge was an emplacement with a similar cannon. The narrow bay between could be covered by a crossfire from these two guns, making entrance into the port by sea more difficult. The steep hill that reached the plateau permitted the occupying troops to fire from a higher position, although the beach was surrounded by rocks that might provide safe positions for Chilean infantry.
The battle begins
The Chilean Navy initiated bombardment at 07:00 on November 2. The Cochrane and O'Higgins entered the bay and opened fire on the south-most fort at Pichalo Point, while the Magallanes and the Covadonga attacked the other fort on the north side of the bay. The gunships' accurate fire silenced the defenses almost immediately; the northern fort was able to fire only one shot before being temporarily disabled. An hour later, both forts were silent. The landing operation was delayed, however, and the northern fort's cannon resumed firing. The Cochrane, Captain Latorre, answered immediately, and by 09:00 the northern cannon was silenced and the Chilean troop transports then entered the bay. At the same time the Amazonas was firing over Alto Hospicio, north of the bay.
The Chileans Disembark
At two kilometres from the shore, the landing boats were ready for disembarking troops who were to establish a beachhead. At 10:15, the navy ceased its barrage and the boats began to move. But instead of 900 men, only 450 soldiers were embarked - two companies of the Atacama Battalion and another two of the Zapadores Regiment. Upon entering the northern side of Pisagua beach these Chilean infantry came within firing range of the Allied defenders' on the heights at Playa Blanca (White Beach). Despite the heavy fire from the heights (shown on the Chilean military map accompanying this article to be heldby the Bolivians), the landing force started to return fire. Their situation was very difficult due to the lack of reinforcements and strong position of the defenders, but the Zapadores led by Ricardo Santa Cruz assailed the Allied positions on the hill slope. From the higher position, the Chileans would then be able to fire on the Allied positions lower down the slope and make the disembarking of their reinforcements less risky. In support of the Zapadores attack the fleet opened fire again, this time over the train station at Alto Hospicio. Meanwhile, the Chilean first-wave troops endured 45 minutes of heavy fire until the second wave landed at 11:00.
The heights under attack
The first two of three Chilean landing units were now disembarked, and the fight became less favorable for the Allied defenders. This second wave brought the rest of the Atacama Battalion plus three companies of the "Buin" 1st Line Regiment commanded by Lt. Colonel José María del Canto. The Chileans struck both Playa Blanca and Caleta Guatas, dislodging the defenders, who fled to Alto Hospicio under a constant barrage. The Allied troops had taken cover behind bags filled with saltpetre and coal, which, because of the firing, began to burn. The resulting dense smoke covered the landing of the Chilean third wave. When the Bolivian troops began retiring toward the train station at Alto Hospicio, their comrades on the beach also were forced to retreat.
When the Chilean commander of the Second Division, Luis José Ortíz, arrived on shore, the main assault on the high plateau began. It required two hours for the Chilean infantry to climb the slope, since the ascent of steep terrain was very difficult with the strong Allied defense in this sector. However, in the end, the vehemence of the Chilean attack made it possible to reach the summit and engage the Allies, vanquishing all resistance and forcing them to abandon their positions and withdraw northward toward Alto Hospicio. Lt. Rafael Torreblanca of the Atacama Battalion raised the Chilean flag over Alto Hospicio at 15:00, as the Allied defenders fled from the battlefield, leaving it to the Chilean army.
Junín
Because Pisagua was conquered, the second landing at Junín was made with little Peruvian resistance. Here were deployed the 3rd Line Regiment and the Navales and Valparaíso infantry battalions.
Aftermath
The Chilean Army casualties were 56 men dead and 124 wounded. The Allies' (Bolivians and Peruvians) casualties were 200 dead and wounded. This victory provided the Chilean forces a port where they could land troops, weapons, and supplies. The Campaign of Tarapacá had begun.
The Pisagua landing marked the start of a new era in amphibious warfare in the world, an era that would be pioneered by what is now the Chilean Marine Corps, which alongside the Army, celebrate the date as a military holiday to mark this historic moment in international military history as a whole.
References
Bibliography
External Links (in Spanish)
The Forgotten Heroes
The Chilean Navy
Battle of Pisagua (Wikipedia: Spanish)
Battle of Tarapaca: Brief synopsis (in Spanish, from Website of Peruvian military central command)
Battles in 1879
Battles involving Bolivia
Battles involving Chile
Battles involving Peru
Battles of the War of the Pacific
1879 in Chile
1879 in Bolivia
Amphibious operations
November 1879 events
Amphibious operations involving Chile
History of Tarapacá Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Pisagua |
Csilla von Boeselager (May 17, 1941 in Budapest – February 23, 1994, in Arnsberg-Voßwinkel) was a Baroness who founded the Hungarian Maltese Charity Organisation in Germany (), and initiated the foundation of the Magyar Máltai Szeretetszolgálat (MMSz) in Hungary. She was a Dame of Malta.
Biography
She was born Csilla Fényes de Dengelegh, in a Hungarian noble family. Her father was the engineer dr. Ivan Fényes de Dengelegh, and her mother was Marianna Zrobay de Zboró. After World War II she and her family escaped to Venezuela, South America from Hungary.
She graduated from Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA, in 1961, with a major in chemistry. Following graduation, she worked at American Cyanamid in Connecticut marketing for a German chemical company.
After moving to Germany, she married the Baron Wolfhard von Boeselager.
In August 1989 Csilla von Boeselager spontaneously proposed that the German Government care for thousands of refugees from the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in Budapest. The refugee-camps were in Zugliget and Csillebérc.
She was active in the Malteser Hilfsdienst (MHD) from 1982 until her death at age 52 in 1994. Since her death her work is continued in the foundation "Csilla von Boeselager Stiftung - Osteuropahilfe", which brings help to six countries in Eastern Europe (Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Poland and Ukraine). www.boeselager-osteuropahilfe.de
Her sister, Ildikó Fényes is the president of the Federation of Latin American Hungarian Organizations (Latin-amerikai Magyar Szervezetek Országos Szövetsége), and has lived in Venezuela since the end of the Second World War.
1941 births
Nobility from Budapest
Hungarian Roman Catholics
Csilla
German baronesses
German people of Hungarian descent
Dames of Malta
1994 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csilla%20von%20Boeselager |
Drayton State School is a heritage-listed state school at 71–89 Brisbane Street, Drayton, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by the Department of Public Works (Queensland) and built in 1912. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 February 2020.
History
Drayton State School (established 1851 as Drayton National School) is located in Drayton, a locality on the south-western fringe of Toowoomba, on the Darling Downs in southeast Queensland. It is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education and its associated architecture in Queensland. The school retains its Department of Public Works (DPW) timber school with two clerestory lights (Block A: 1912), set in landscaped grounds with a school bell (1852, installed ), date palms (1932) and a Cape Chestnut tree (1956).
Drayton State School is sited within the traditional lands of the Western Wakka Wakka people. Pastoral settlement of the Darling Downs commenced in 1840, and Drayton (initially called "The Springs") began as a camping site near the intersection of Eton Vale, Westbrook and Gowrie pastoral stations, for those travelling from the northern Darling Downs to Brisbane. The settlement became the district's social and commercial centre. The area was known as Drayton by 1849, being the name of early settler Thomas Alford's house, store and post office, in commemoration of his birthplace in Drayton, Somerset.Town allotments were surveyed in May 1849 and land on Darling Street (allotments 9 and 10 of section 4) was set aside for a national school.
In pre-separation Queensland (then part of New South Wales), education was provided initially by fee-charging religious schools and private academies. The standard of education varied and most of these early schools were short-lived. They catered principally for children in the main population centres of Brisbane and Ipswich. A more organised approach to education commenced with Governor Fitzroy's appointment of a National Board of Education in 1848. Modelled on the Irish system, the purpose of the Board was to provide state-assisted secular, elementary education for as many children as possible, particularly in isolated areas. The Board established and administered schools where parents contributed one-third of the building costs and guaranteed an average attendance of at least 30 pupils.
Drayton townsfolk met at the Bull's Head Inn in 1848 to initiate the establishment of such a school. A school committee was elected and fund-raising for a building commenced. Application was made for a suitable site and a "mixed school", to cost £150. Drayton National School opened, on a one acre (0.41ha) site within its current grounds, on 16 August 1851, with 15 girls and 9 boys enrolled. It was the second of two National Schools opened in pre-separation Queensland. The school operated throughout the 1850s with enrolments ranging between 24 and 65 pupils; except in 1855 when it lacked a teacher and temporarily closed. In 1871, the one-acre reserve for a national school in Drayton was proclaimed.
Following separation of the Colony of Queensland from New South Wales on 10 December 1859, the Queensland Government introduced the Education Act 1860, which created a Board of General Education to oversee the development and administration of all schools in the colony. Assuming control of existing national schools, the Board aimed to establish a system of national schools similar to the New South Wales model. Despite minimal resources and a shortage of teachers, the number of public or national schools increased from four schools in 1860 to 230 by 1875.
The settlement of Toowoomba, which had been surveyed as the Drayton Agricultural Reserve in 1849, overtook Drayton as the principal urban centre of the northern Darling Downs by 1859. Nonetheless, Drayton was a centre for the sittings of the Circuit Court, and the Church of England had established a church in the town before 1859 and Drayton continued to grow. It formed a municipal council in 1862 and became the administrative centre of Drayton Shire in 1887. The town's population rose from 321 in1861 to 983 in 1891.
Consequently, Drayton State School's enrolments also increased, to about 200 pupils in 1878, requiring more accommodation and facilities, and enlargement of the school grounds for a head teacher's residence. The original school building was reused as the head teacher's residence until 1867 when it was demolished and replaced with a new residence. In 1873, the schoolhouse was extended with the addition of an infants' wing. The teachers residence was replaced three times: in 1867, 1877 and 1907. In 1877, the teacher's residence was replaced on the newly purchased Lots 21-24 of section 1, opposite the school on Darling Street. A play shed was erected within the school grounds in November 1878. A room was added on the western side of the schoolhouse in 1900. The teacher's residence was replaced in 1907. By 1880, the school bell, reportedly donated by the local St Matthew's Church of England (1859) and dating from 1852 when it was installed at the parsonage, had been hung at the school. The bell was donated to the Church of England at Drayton by Mr Watson on 27 January 1852 and was temporarily hung on the verandah of the parsonage, which from November 1851 was used for services until a church was built.
In 1908, one acre (0.41ha) of adjacent land was purchased for the school and the Department of Public Instruction (DPI) decided to construct a modern school building on this more level site. The head teacher's residence and the land on which it stood was sold in 1908.
The new school building (known as Block A in 2019) was constructed by contractor, A Barr, for £866 and completed in 1912. The design was a standard plan by the Department of Public Works. The building was highset on timber stumps and comprised two open verandahs (10 ft / 3.1m wide) on either side of a single classroom (24 x 50 ft / 7.32 x 15.24m). Its gable roof, sheeted with corrugated iron, had two ridge ventilators and two centrally located clerestory (skillion dormer) windows, facing opposing directions. The external gable end walls were clad in weatherboards and contained large areas of windows arranged in three rows of eight narrow sashes, shaded by timber hoods. The verandahs had hat room enclosures at the southwest end and the verandah walls were left unclad, with framing and bracing exposed. The verandah walls featured centrally located double doors with fanlights, high-level windows, and hinged ventilation boards along the base of the walls.
Access was via sets of timber stairs to the centre of each verandah, with the front (southeast) steps running parallel to the verandah and the rear (northwest) steps arranged perpendicularly, comprising a walkway and short flight of steps to the higher ground at the rear. A spoon drain ran around the rear and sides of the building and the ground beneath the building was concreted.
The classroom had high coved ceilings lined with pressed metal, and timber tie rods were exposed. Walls were lined with vertical jointed (VJ), tongue and groove (T&G) boards which were originally left unpainted. Dual desks sufficient for 120 scholars were provided, and an early photograph shows a stove standing against one wall.
Block A reflected changes in school building design introduced early in the 20th century. In high-set timber buildings were introduced, providing better ventilation as well as additional teaching space and a covered play area underneath. This was a notable new direction and this form became a characteristic of Queensland schools. A technical innovation developed at this time was a continuous ventilation flap on the wall at floor level. This hinged board could be opened to increase air flow into the space and, combined with a ceiling vent and large roof fleche, improved internal air quality and decreased internal temperatures effectively. This type was introduced around 1909 and was constructed until approximately 1920.
From around 1909, windows were rearranged and enlarged to provide a greater amount of gentle, southern light into the room and desks were rearranged so that the light would fall onto students' left hand sides to avoid throwing shadows onto the pages, which presupposed that all students were right-handed. Windows were larger and sills were lowered to let in more light generally. Smaller classrooms were preferred as they were easier to light correctly. Interiors became lighter and airier and met with immediate approval from educationalists. At Drayton State School, Block A's clerestory windows were a recently introduced feature, designed to improve light and ventilation in the centre of the building, and were characteristic of the building type chosen for the school. The building was also constructed with a remodelled window scheme approved after the building's design had been finalised. This was a new arrangement of casement, swing and hopper windows, with transom, to improve lighting.
On 6 July 1912, the Minister for Agriculture (Hon. James Tolmie) officially opened the building at Drayton State School on behalf of the Minister for Public Instruction (Hon. K. M. Grant).
After World War I (WWI) there was a decline in Drayton's population despite the May 1915 opening of the deviation of the Southern railway line to pass through Drayton, but community involvement in the school remained strong, with improvements to the school grounds being a focus. An additional 2 roods (0.2ha) of land was added to the Drayton school grounds in 1922 (allotment 5 of section 4). During the Great Depression, relief workers levelled the tennis court site, and funds were raised for a windmill and bore to supply reticulated water for the school gardens.
An important component of Queensland state schools was their grounds. The early and continuing commitment to play-based education, particularly in primary school, resulted in the provision of outdoor play space and sporting facilities, such as playing fields and tennis courts. Arbor Day celebrations began in Queensland in 1890, and trees and gardens were planted to shade and beautify schools. Aesthetically-designed gardens were encouraged by regional inspectors, and educators believed gardening and Arbor Days instilled in young minds the value of hard work and activity, improved classroom discipline, developed aesthetic tastes, and inspired people to stay on the land.
Arbor Day was celebrated at Drayton State School from 1890. During the interwar period, Arbor Day plantings augmented a new garden scheme. The school's grounds were re-organised through fortnightly working bees in 1931, which repaired the front fence, realigned the front gate to Brisbane Street, laid a new gravel path and created an elaborate garden of flower beds and lawn occupying the land in front of Block A. Massed rose beds surrounded a central flag pole while two massive rose pergolas stood at each end of the path leading from the front gate to the school steps. Arbor Day planting in 1932 added a row of palms (Phoenix sp.) bordering the front fence.In the late 1930s, the school acquired further land for its grounds. In 1936, the School Committee leased allotments 1-4 of section 4 from the Drayton Shire Council and used this land in conjunction with allotment 5 of section 4, as a football ground. In 1938-9, Lots 1-4 and 6 of section 4 (one acre / 0.4ha each) were added to the school grounds.
In July 1935, Block A's single classroom was partitioned to create two smaller classrooms, (27.5 ft x 24 ft / 8.38 x 7.32m and 22.3 ft x 24 ft / 6.8 x 7.32m), with desks rearranged so that daylight entered on the left hand side of students. A doorway was inserted in the northwest verandah wall to provide access to the smaller (southwest) classroom. A glazed door in the centre of the partition allowed the head teacher to monitor both rooms.
With the threat of invasion of Australia from the commencement of the Pacific theatre of war during World War II, the Queensland Government closed all coastal state schools in January 1942, and, although most schools reopened on 2 March 1942, student attendance remained optional until the war ended. Typically, schools were a focus for civilian duty during this war. At many schools, students and staff members grew produce and flowers for donation to local hospitals and organised fundraising and the donation of useful items to Australian soldiers on active service. At Drayton State School, the garden maintained by the Poultry Raising and Vegetable Growing Project Club established , was enlarged to become the "War Effort Vegetable Garden".
The post-WWII era brought change to Drayton and its state school. In May 1949, Drayton was incorporated into the Greater Toowoomba Area and the Drayton Shire Council ceased to exist. In 1947, Drayton's population was 443 – about the same as in 1921.
Enhancements to the school grounds also took place. A pine lot was planted on 30 May 1951 on the Rudd Street side of the school grounds, but was later removed to form a playing field on the site. A Cape Chestnut tree (Calodendrum capense) planted near the Darling Street entrance by teacher Grace Earle in 1956 as part of Arbor Day celebrations, is still thriving in 2019. A site plan of school from 1956 shows the school building, a basket ball court, a water tank, a wind mill, and trees in front of the school. In 1963, three acres (1.2ha) were added to the school grounds on the eastern side of Darling Street. The school grounds comprised 2.93ha, spanning both sides of Darling Street. The parade area and pathways from the roadway to the school entrance were bitumenised in August 1958.
Further changes to Block A were made in the post-WWII period. Between 1950 and 1960, the roof fleches were removed. New hat and bag racks approved in October 1958 were added. Before 1960, a doorway to the southwest classroom was inserted in the southeast verandah wall. In 1961, the southeast (front) verandah was enclosed, with weatherboards to sill height and awning windows above, to form a library, staffroom, and storeroom; and a glazed screen was also added to the northeast end of the northwest (rear) verandah. Between 1960 and 1975 the timber stumps were replaced with masonry piers, and louvred walls were added to the understorey. Classroom ceilings were lowered and lined with flat sheeting (potentially leaving the original pressed metal ceiling above), the understorey was reconcreted, and concrete pathways added. The clerestory windows were removed after 1975, possibly when the roof was re-sheeted, which was a common alteration. In 1984, the hat room on the northwest verandah was enclosed to form a store room, and a set of stairs to the understorey was inserted through the northwest verandah floor, leading to a new covered way to Block B. An access ramp was connected to the northwest verandah in .
In the late 1960s and 1970s, the school's enrolments rose, requiring additional teachers and classroom accommodation, namely, Blocks B (, extended , ) and C (1992), and pre-school buildings. Town water, sewerage and a new perimeter fence were also added in the 1960s. More recently, other buildings have been added to the site.
During the 1970s, extensive changes were made to the school grounds. In 1977, the front of the school was graded and all existing shrubbery removed, except the palm trees on the Brisbane Street boundary. Native trees and shrubs were planted in their place to create an "environmental garden". The tennis court was levelled and sealed in 1978. In 1987, extensive levelling of the netball courts occurred, retaining walls were constructed, and landscaping performed. The grounds were also increased by 0.84ha through addition of Lots 23-26 of Section 4, along Rudd Street in March 1978.
Beginning with fundraising for its establishment, the school has been the focus and site of community interest and events throughout its history. It provided the venue for fetes and celebrations such as school anniversaries and Drayton's welcome home to its soldiers returning from WWI. The community has supported the school through donations, organising and attending events, working bees, and School Committee and Parent & Citizens Committee membership.
Milestones in the school's history, including its 90th, 100th, and 125th anniversaries, which were celebrated with commemorative events, souvenirs and published school histories. In 1950, several hundred former pupils attended the celebration of the school's 90th anniversary as a Queensland state school; a memorial plaque marking the entrance of the original school building was unveiled by Drayton School Committee president, W Peak; and later that year, a Memorial to Steele Rudd was erected in the school grounds. Centenary celebrations were held at the school in March 1960, attracting over 1000 people. In 1975 the school commemorated its 125th anniversary celebrations with a ball, and an anniversary publication. In 2001, an updated history of the school was published.
Block A is one of only two known buildings of its type that remain in the ownership of the Department of Education in 2019. The other building, at Bald Hills State School, has been heavily modified.
In 2019, Drayton State School continues to operate from its original, but expanded, site and has an enrolment of 282 pupils. It retains its 1912 timber school building and its 19th century school bell and is set in landscaped grounds with mature trees and play areas. The school remains important to Drayton and its district, as a key social focus of the community.
Description
Drayton State School is a small school in the locality of Drayton, on the south-western fringe of Toowoomba. It occupies a large, gently sloping site, fronting Brisbane Street, the former main thoroughfare of the area. A complex of buildings stands on the eastern half of the site and a large playing field occupies the west.
Block A, 1912
Block A (1912) stands at the eastern edge of the building complex and is surrounded by open space. It is a single-storey, highset, timber-framed and -clad teaching building with a gable roof. It faces southeast to the main road across a treed front garden. Offset from the rear of the building are retaining walls cut into the slope of the hill. The building has verandahs along the southeast (now enclosed) and northwest sides and accommodates two classrooms. It has large windows on its gable end walls (southwest and northeast), providing high levels of natural light and ventilation to the interior. Access to the first floor is via a single set of stairs to the southeast verandah, and by a walkway and second set of stairs to the northwest verandah.
Grounds and views
In 2019 Block A remains in its original location, fronted by open garden and play space that was historically occupied by formal gardens.
Heritage listing
Drayton State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 February 2020 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
Drayton State School (established as Drayton National School in 1851) is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education and its associated architecture in Queensland. The place retains a good representative example of a standard government designed school building that was an architectural response to prevailing government educational philosophies, set in landscaped grounds with provision of play areas and mature trees.
The Department of Public Works (DPW) timber school with two clerestory lights (Block A: 1912), demonstrates the evolution of timber school buildings designed by the Department of Public Works to provide abundant lighting and ventilation.
The landscaped school grounds, with provision of play areas and mature trees, demonstrate educational philosophies that promoted the importance of play and aesthetics in the education of children.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
Drayton State School is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a Queensland state school. These include buildings constructed to standard government designs that incorporate understorey play areas, verandahs, and classrooms with high levels of natural light and ventilation; and a generous, landscaped site with mature trees and play areas. It is a good example of a small country school.
Block A (1912) is a rare and intact example of a Department of Public Works (DPW) timber school with two clerestory lights, with later alterations by the DPW. It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of this type, which include: its highset, gable-roofed form; timber-framed and -clad construction with single-skin verandah walls; open understorey play space; verandahs on two sides, with hat rooms; large windows with hoods to gable end walls; high-level windows to verandah walls; hinged timber ventilation boards at floor level; doors; interior linings; and classroom partition.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
Drayton State School has a strong and ongoing association with past and present pupils, parents, staff members, and the surrounding community through sustained use since its establishment in 1851 in the small rural township. The place is important for its contribution to the educational development of the Drayton community for more than 160 years, with generations of children taught at the school. Since its inception, Drayton State School has served as a venue for social interaction and community focus. The strength of the association is demonstrated through repeated local volunteer actions, donations, and more recently, an active Parents and Citizens Association.
References
Attribution
External links
Queensland Heritage Register
Drayton, Queensland
Public schools in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drayton%20State%20School |
Football West is the state governing body for soccer in Western Australia (WA). It is affiliated with Football Australia (FA), the sport's national governing body, and through FA's affiliation to FIFA. Football West's premier competition is the National Premier Leagues (NPL) WA, which is the highest league in WA and one tier below the national A-League. NPL WA is a division within the National Premier Leagues. Football West is also responsible for running Western Australia's National Training Centre in conjunction with FA and the WA Government's Department of Local Government, Sport and Cultural Industries (DLGSC). Football West also runs the Football West State Cup knock-out cup. Since 2014 the two State Cup finalists also qualify for the Australia Cup.
History
The Western Australian Soccer Association was established in July 2004 to represent the all levels of competition and the game of soccer in Perth metropolitan and regional Western Australia. The body was formed following a period of national and state review and reform, that was led by Federal and State Governments and facilitated by the Department of Sport and Recreation WA (now part of the larger DLGSC) with the objective of creating a unified State soccer body representative. The association changed its name to Football West in early 2005.
In 2014 Football West invested more than $45,000 in subsidising coaching courses to promote coach education programs in the NPL.
In May 2019, Liberal-National Coalition Prime Minister Scott Morrison pledged $16.25 million towards a State Football Centre at Maniana Reserve, Queens Park, Cannington. This figure was matched by Labor's WA Premier Mark McGowan in 2020, which meant construction of the State Football Centre could go ahead. It is due to be completed around May 2023, in time for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup. The centre was officially opened in October 2023 and was named the Sam Kerr Football Centre.
The number of registered participants in Western Australia in the 2016 season was over 44,000.
Administration
The current board members (directors) of Football West are Sherif Andrawes (Chairman), Will Golsby (Deputy Chairman), Amy Johnson, Jason Petkovic, Elizabeth Tylich, Richard Marshall, Ivy Chen, David Buckingham and Annette Tilbrook. The current Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is Jamie Harnwell, who took over the role in April 2022.
Objectives
The objectives of Football West are:
Develop strong customer focus and a service delivery ethos
Ensure structural and philosophical alignment with all stakeholders
Deliver financial and organisation sustainability through effective corporate governance
Be passionate about improving football
Regional Associations
Albany Junior Soccer Association
Great Southern Soccer Association
Broome Soccer Association
Carnarvon Junior Soccer Association
Carnarvon Senior Soccer Association
Esperance Soccer Association
Football Federation South West
Collie Soccer Association
Country Coastal Junior Soccer Association
Leeuwin Naturaliste Junior Soccer Association
Lower South West Soccer League
South West Soccer Association
Geraldton Junior Soccer Association
Goldfields Soccer Association
Hedland Junior Soccer Association
Karratha and Districts Junior Soccer Association
Karratha and Districts Soccer Association
Midwest Soccer Association
Newman Junior Soccer Association
Northam Springfield FC
Peel Junior Soccer Association
Peel Regional Football Council
Shire of Mount Magnet
Tom Price Junior Soccer Association
Toodyay Soccer Club
References
External links
Football West Official TV
Football West Official magazine, Beyond90
Western Australian Football Website
West
Soccer in Western Australia
Sports governing bodies in Western Australia
2004 establishments in Australia
Sports organizations established in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20West |
Mīrānshāh ()() is a small town that is the administrative headquarters of North Waziristan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Miranshah lies on the banks of the Tochi River in a wide valley surrounded by the foothills of the Hindu Kush mountains. It is located at an elevation of about , from the Pakistan-Afghanistan border (Durand Line). The nearest city in Pakistan is Bannu, about to the east, while the nearest city across the border in Afghanistan is Khost, to the northwest.
The city has a shrinking population of only 4,361, and it has only 356 households. This makes it the least populous urban area in Bannu Division, but it is also the only urbanized area in the entire region of North Waziristan, and also the entire Waziristan region, a mountainous area that has 99% of its 1.22 million residents living in rural areas.
Administration
Miranshah is the administrative headquarters of North Waziristan District, in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan (FATA). In 2018, FATA was merged into the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
History
Miranshah was named after the Timurid ruler, Miran Shah, the son of Timur.
In 1905, the British constructed Miranshah Fort to control North Waziristan.
In the early 1950s, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and the "Tochi Scouts" of Pakistan's paramilitary Frontier Corps carried out counter-insurgency operations from Miranshah Airfield and Miranshah Fort against the insurgency fomented by the rebellious General Shudikhel Dawar and Mirzali Khan (Faqir of Ipi). In the 1950s, Miranshah was also the site of a weapons firing range of the PAF, which was located next to the Miranshah Airfield.
After 9/11, Miranshah gained prominence in the United States-led War on Terror and has witnessed numerous drone strikes by the US Central Intelligence Agency targeting alleged militants hiding in the town and in the surrounding foothills. Miranshah and its surrounding areas have also witnessed fighting between militants and Pakistani military and paramilitary forces.
Notable places
Miranshah has a historical fort built by the British in 1905, which, since Pakistan's independence on 14 August 1947, has been used as a garrison by the "Tochi Scouts" of Pakistan's Frontier Corps. The town also has a 7,000 ft. long airfield, which is used for both civil and military purposes.
Other notable places include a bazaar, a sports stadium, a primary school, a secondary school and a college.
See also
Waziristan
North Waziristan District
Bannu Division
Bannu
References
External links
Waziristan and Mughal empire
Nehru in Waziristan
Sketch map of Waziristan
Mehsuds and Wazirs, the King-makers in a game of thrones
Lawrence of Arabia in Waziristan
Populated places in North Waziristan
Waziristan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranshah |
Remember When the Music is a posthumously produced album by the American singer-songwriter Harry Chapin, released in 1987. Produced on CD and cassette tape, it contained the same tracks as the album, Sequel, which was the last complete album released during Harry's lifetime, plus two previously unreleased tracks, "Hokey Pokey" and "Oh Man". The order of the first four tracks were changed, fitting in with the new name.
Track listing
"Remember When the Music"
"I Miss America"
"Story of a Life"
"Sequel"
"Up on the Shelf"
"Salt and Pepper"
"God Babe, You've Been Good for Me"
"Northwest 222"
"I Finally Found It Sandy"
"Remember When the Music – Reprise"
"Hokey Pokey"
"Oh Man"
Personnel
Harry Chapin – guitar, vocals, trumpet
Steve Chapin – keyboards
John Wallace – bass
Howie Fields – drums
Doug Walker – electric guitar
Tom Chapin – banjo, guitar
Yvonne Cable – cello
Joe Lala – percussion
Chuck Kirkpatrick – additional background vocals
Howard Albert – synthesizers
References
Harry Chapin albums
1987 albums
Albums published posthumously | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remember%20When%20the%20Music |
Paul Elliott Martin (31 December 1897 - 1975) was an American bishop of the Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church, elected in 1944. He also distinguished himself as a Methodist pastor and district superintendent, as well as by notable service to his denomination.
Birth and family
Martin was born in Blossom, Texas, the son of Dr. Charles Elliott and Annie Willie (née Black) Martin. He married Mildred Helen Fryar on June 29, 1920.
Education
Martin earned the A.B. degree in 1919 from Southern Methodist University. He also studied theology at S.M.U. He was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.
Military and educational service
Martin served as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army during World War I. He also served for three years as Superintendent of Schools in his birthplace.
Ordained ministry
Martin joined the North Texas Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in 1922. He served the following appointments as a pastor: Cedar Hill, Texas; the Maple Avenue Methodist Church in Dallas; Henrietta, Texas; Iowa Park, Texas; and the Kavanaugh Methodist Church in Greenville, Texas. He then was appointed Superintendent of the Wichita Falls District. His final appointment before becoming a bishop was to First Methodist, Wichita Falls, Texas (1938–44).
Rev. Martin was elected a delegate to the last General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in 1938. He was a delegate to the 1939 Uniting Conference of the Methodist Church. He was also a delegate to Methodist general and jurisdictional conferences in 1940 and 1944. He served as the president of the Board of Education of the North Texas Annual Conference, and as a trustee of Southern Methodist University and of Centenary College.
Episcopal ministry
The Rev. Paul Elliott Martin was elected and consecrated a bishop of the Methodist Church by the 1944 South Central Jurisdictional Conference. He was assigned the Arkansas-Louisiana episcopal area. His offices were at 723 Center Street, Little Rock, Arkansas.
Honors
Martin was named to the honorary fraternities Theta Phi and Tau Kappa Alpha. He was awarded the honorary degree Doctor of Divinity in 1938 by Southwestern University.
Bishop Martin also was a member of the Masons and of the "Knife and Fork Club".
Selected writings
My Call to Preach, 1946
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
Howell, Clinton T., Prominent Personalities in American Methodism. Birmingham, Alabama: Lowry Press, 1945
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville: Methodist Publishing House, 1948
United States Army personnel of World War I
American Methodist bishops
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
1897 births
Year of death missing
United States Army officers
American autobiographers
People from Lamar County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Elliott%20Martin |
All Things Betray Thee, by Gwyn Thomas, is a novel of early industrialism in South Wales. It was first published in 1949, and was republished in 1986, with an introduction by Raymond Williams. The book was later republished as part of the Library of Wales series by Parthian Books in 2011.
Set in 1835, this work is significantly different from most of Gwyn Thomas's work. It is both a personal story and an account of the origin of the industrialised and mostly English-speaking society of the South Wales Valleys.
Plot summary
Set in the new town of Moonlea, a fictionalised version of Merthyr Tydfil, it is told from the viewpoint of a travelling harpist, Alan Hugh Leigh, who is looking for his friend, the singer John Simon Adams. But his friend has become a populist leader among the ironworkers, who are involved in a bitter industrial conflict.
Rachel Trezise describes it as "an emblematic account of the 1831 Merthyr Rising".
Adaptation
All Things Betray Thee was adapted as a three-part radio drama by Alan Plater and directed by Alison Hindell, with Ian Hughes as Alan Hugh Leigh and Patrick Brennan as John Simon Adams. The drama was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 24 March - 7 April 1996 and later re-broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra in 2019 and 2021.
References
1949 British novels
Anglo-Welsh novels
Fiction set in 1835
Novels set in the 1830s
Novels set in Wales
Merthyr Tydfil
Michael Joseph books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Things%20Betray%20Thee |
Store Styggedalstind, is the fourth-highest summit in Norway, located within the Hurrungane mountains, which are part of the Jotunheimen mountain range. The mountain is located in the eastern part of the municipality of Luster in Vestland county, Norway. This mountain is directly between the mountains Sentraltind and Jervvasstind.
There are two summits on Store Styggedalstind:
The eastern summit is , with a primary factor of
The western summit is away from the eastern summit, and it is , with a primary factor of .
Name
The first element of the name is the genitive form of the valley name Styggedalen and the last element is the finite form of tind which means "mountain peak'. The name of the valley is a compound of stygg which means "ugly" or "bad" and the finite form of dal which means "dale" or "valley".
Climbing
The ascent is relatively challenging. There are three possibilities, in increasing order of difficulty:
Climb via Jervvasstind (Norway's 12th-highest peak), originating in Skogadalsbøen
Traverse the Jervvassbreen glacier and climb from there
Climb all the peaks from Store Skagastølstind (Norway's third highest peak at ) across to the summit—the so-called Styggedal traverse. It is a multi-day trek across Store Skagastølstind, Vetle Skagastølstind (18th-highest peak at ), Sentraltind (13th-highest peak at ), the eastern and then western summits of Styggedalstind, and then descending from Jervvasstind (12th-highest peak at )—bagging 6 of Norway's 20 tallest peaks in one trip.
See also
List of mountains of Norway
References
Luster, Norway
Mountains of Vestland
Jotunheimen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store%20Styggedalstinden |
The 1-Meg Modem in telecommunications was a DSL modem created by Nortel which conforms to the ADSL Lite standard. The 1-Meg Modem was the first xDSL modem to gain approval and registration under FCC Part 68 Rules.
Technical details
The 1-Meg Modem can be deployed up to from the central office providing a downstream bit rate of 960 kilobits per second (kbit/s) and a maximum upstream rate of 120 kbit/s over 24 gauge wire. The second generation could achieve a transfer rate of 1280 kbit/s downstream and 320 kbit/s upstream. Unlike most ADSL modems which use Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) virtual circuits to carry data, the 1-Meg Modem used Ethernet which makes the product easy for most residential users to install themselves but ill-suited for applications that require quality of service to be enforced. At the telephone company switch the installation was relatively simple when the switch was a Nortel DMS Switch. The customer's line card must be swapped with a line card that supported the 1-Meg Modem, and also a card must be added to the drawer that would manage all data from the 1-Meg Modem cards in the drawer.
History
At the time the modem was released on August 8, 1997, telephone companies were fearing competition from cable modems. However, early DSL technology was too costly for wide deployment.
By October 1998 Nortel claimed more than $1 billion in sales which, in their words, had "the potential for more than one million end-user lines." The modems were originally tested at Northern Illinois University dormitories and worked well even though the school's wiring was relatively old.
References
External links
Product Overview
NORTEL NETWORKS: Nortel Networks' 1-Meg Modem re receives FCC Part 68 Rules approval and registration.
Nortel (Northern Telecom) 1-Meg Modem Declared the Most Practical High-Speed Access Solution by Computer Reseller News
Digital subscriber line
Modems
Nortel products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Meg%20Modem |
Mitford is a village in Northumberland, England, located west of Morpeth.
History
Although the foundation of Mitford is unknown, it was a barony during the Anglo-Saxon era. At the time of the Norman Conquest, the lord of the manor was John, labelled John de Mitford. He died in 1070 leaving a daughter, Sybilla, as his sole heir. William the Conqueror gave the heiress as bride to one of his knights, Sir Richard Bertram, who thus acquired the barony. At that time the territory stretched from Chopwell south of the River Tyne to an area in the Coquet Valley west of Rothbury.
Around 1110 Mitford was granted a Market Charter, one of the first granted north of the River Tyne. It was earlier, and at one time a far greater market place for local people, than the market at Morpeth which did not receive a charter until 1199. Morpeth's market soon grew in prominence and Mitford fell from grace. This historic status of the two market town led to a folk rhyme:
Mitforde was Mitforde when Morpeth was none,
and Mitforde shall be Mitforde when Morpeth is gone. Governance
The village lies within the Longhorsley Division of Northumberland County Council, represented since May 2013 by Cllr Glen Sanderson (Conservative) (2008–13 by Cllr David Towns, also Conservative) and the Wansbeck parliamentary constituency (Ian Lavery MP, Labour). The Boundary Commission unveiled proposals to transfer the village into the Hexham parliamentary constituency but the plans were abandoned when the reorganisation of constituency boundaries was halted by the government.
Landmarks
Mitford Castle was built in timber in the 11th century by William Bertram, and his son Roger was given permission to rebuild in stone in 1166. By 1323 was no longer used. Today it is in ruins, and has recently undergone a major programme of structural support works.
Religious sites
The ancient church of St Mary Magdalene was rebuilt in 1875, but has preserved its Norman south arcade and 13th-century chancel. The church is believed to have the oldest bell in the Diocese of Newcastle cast no later than about 1150.
Fiction
In Light from Heaven'', the last instalment of American author Jan Karon's contemporary Christian "Mitford Years" novel series (which is set in a fictional town in western North Carolina bearing the same name), the series' setting and the Mitford of this article become "sister Ovillages."
Notable people
The Mitford family held the Manor from Norman times. The ruins of their Manor House stand on the eastern side of the River Wansbeck. In about 1823 they abandoned the old Manor House for a new mansion house, Mitford Hall, which was designed by the famous Northern architect, John Dobson, and which was built on the opposite bank of the river and surrounded by woodland and a small deer park. The engraver James Thomson (1788–1850) was born in the village.
See also
Mitford Castle
Mitford Old Manor House
References
External links
GENUKI (accessed: 21 November 2008)
Villages in Northumberland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitford%2C%20Northumberland |
Leviathan is a horror comic series created by Ian Edginton and D'Israeli and, which appeared in the British magazine 2000 AD starting in 2003.
The story is set on a mile-long ocean liner (the Leviathan of the title) which has been transported to some sort of parallel world with no land or landmarks. The story appeared in ten parts followed by three stand alone "Tales of the Leviathan" which expanded on the history of the ship as well as featuring new characters.
Characters
Detective Sergeant Aurelius Lament, a police officer investigating the mystery. His wife, Mary, died in child birth five years earlier, the result of the ship's doctor being drunk.
William Ashbless, the ship's architect (his name is a reference to William Ashbless)
Sky Baker, a "Mace", one of the unofficial police who maintain order in Steerage class. Her mother was killed by the Stokers about six months before the story starts.
Hastur, the demon influencing/powering the ship under control of Ashbless. His servants - known as Stokers - kill their victims by flaying them with their long tongues.
Davy Moyes a young Scottish apprentice who became Hasturs' first servant (in "Chosen Son")
Captain Michael McLean, Captain of the Leviathan, and previously a soldier, hunter and adventurer who went on an expedition to Hold Thirteen, rumoured to be filled with luxury items. (in "McLean's Last Case").
Petra Connaught, famed aviatrix killed whilst trying to search for land (in "Beyond the Blue Horizon").
Plot
The Leviathan is the largest ship ever built—a mile long, half a mile tall and taking ten years to build. Designed by architect Ashbless—who is aboard and part of the governing cabal—and launched in 1928 with some 28,000 onboard, her maiden voyage was to New York. At some unspecified point of the journey, it disappeared and has spent the last twenty years lost in an endless and lifeless ocean.
Detective Lament is summoned to the officers' club, where the cabal ask him to look into several murders—hushed up as suicides—that have occurred in the First Class section. Initially Lament is loath to become involved, as he believes the First Class hold everybody in contempt, however Captain McLean persuades him to investigate.
Lament has barely begun his investigation before it is curtailed and ship's security arrest a member of staff who was caught stealing supplies—food being in short order—believing him to be the murderer. The steward insists that "Stokers"—ship-board mythical bogymen are in fact real and responsible for the deaths, but before Lament can question him further security execute him. Disgusted, Lament returns to his deck and regrets his involvement.
Later McLean approaches Lament and again asks for his help, suspecting that the steward was correct and unnatural forces are at work—the engine room has been off limits for 5 years and, despite having lights, heat and power, "the Leviathan should have run out of fuel decades ago". Lament again takes up his investigation and ventures into the Steerage decks, where, after a violent encounter, he is rescued by Sky Baker, a "Mace"—one of the self-appointed security for the Steerage decks.
Sky confirms Lament's theory about the Stokers, and the two venture down to the engine room. Ambushed by a horde of Stokers, they are taken to the "engine" itself—an oubliette containing the Demon Hastur. Hastur explains that Ashbless is in fact eight hundred years old, initially one of the Knights Hospitaller during the Crusades, but entered a devil's bargain: Ashbless owns Hastur's soul, and is immortal so long as he has it. Should Ashbless give up or lose Hastur's soul (represented by a talisman stylised as an eye—a symbol seen throughout the ship), Hastur would be free to exact revenge upon Ashbless' soul. Hastur claims that despite being a demon, he only wishes to be released from Ashbless' control—should Lament help him, in return he will restore Leviathan and all onboard to New York.
Sky distrusts Hastur, but Lament disagrees, and confronts Ashbless who confirms everything Hastur has said. During a struggle, Ashbless is shot several times, but shows that he is indeed immortal with no reaction other than annoyance to his wounds. Ashbless disarms and shoots Lament, but during the struggle, Lament breaks Ashbless' chain containing Hastur's talisman, and Hastur is released from the engine room, taking Ashbless' soul in revenge for hundreds of years of torture.
Hastur keeps his word, and after healing Lament removes Leviathan from the alien world and drops it almost on top of New York, where it crashes into the docks, dwarfing the city outline.
Collected editions
All of the strips were collected in a trade hardcover published by Rebellion Developments in October 2006 () then as a softcover in 2010 (190751919X), which got a US edition from Simon & Schuster in 2012 ():
Leviathan (in 2000 AD #1351-1360, 2003)
Tales of the Leviathan:
"Chosen Son" (in 2000 AD #2005, 2004)
"McLean's Last Case" (in 2000 AD #1465, 2005)
"Beyond the Blue Horizon" (in 2000 AD #1466, 2005)
See also
Propeller Island by Jules Verne
Notes
References
Leviathan at 2000AD online
External links
How D'Israeli Drew Leviathan
Leviathan annotations
2003 comics debuts
2000 AD comic strips
Comics by Ian Edginton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan%20%282000%20AD%29 |
The Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War consists of major military operations in the United States on the Pacific Ocean and in the states and Territories west of the Continental Divide. The theater was encompassed by the Department of the Pacific that included the states of California, Oregon, and Nevada, the territories of Washington, Utah, and later Idaho.
The operations of Union volunteer troop detachments, primarily from California, some from Oregon, and a few companies from Washington Territory, were directed mostly against Indigenous Americans in the theater. Union and Confederate regular forces did not meet directly within the Pacific Department except in New Mexico Territory. Operations were directed against Confederate irregulars in California and strong garrisons were placed in Southern California and southern New Mexico Territory to control the region which had strong secessionist sympathies.
Confederate States Navy warships operated in the Pacific Ocean, but the naval operations did not succeed in interrupting commerce to the Eastern United States. The last of these commerce raiders, CSS Shenandoah, fired the last shot of the war in the Bering Sea off the coast of Alaska. Attempts by the Confederacy to buy or seize ships for commerce raiding on the West Coast were thwarted by alert Union officials and the Pacific Squadron.
Secession Crisis on the West Coast
During the secession crisis following Lincoln's election as President of the United States in 1860, a group of Southern sympathizers in California made plans to secede with Oregon to form a "Pacific Republic". Their plans rested on the cooperation of Colonel (Brevet Brigadier General) Albert Sidney Johnston, headquartered in Benicia, California, who commanded all the Federal troops of the Department of the Pacific. Johnston met with some of these Southern men, but before they could propose anything to him he told them that he had heard rumors of an attempt to seize the San Francisco forts and arsenal at Benicia, that he had prepared for that, and would defend the facilities under his command with all his resources and to the last drop of his blood. He told them to tell this to their friends. Deprived of his aid, the plans for California and Oregon to secede from the United States never came to fruition. Meanwhile, Union men feared Johnston would aid such a plot and telegraphed Washington asking for his replacement. Brig. Gen. Edwin Vose Sumner was soon sent west via Panama to replace Johnston in March 1861. Johnston resigned his commission on 9 April, and after Sumner arrived on 25 April, Johnston turned over his command and moved with his family to Los Angeles.
On 28 March 1861, the newly formed Arizona Territory voted to separate from New Mexico Territory and join the Confederacy. This increased Union officials' fears of a secessionist movement to separate Southern California from the rest of California and join the Confederacy. This fear was based on the demonstrated Southern Californian desire for separation from the rest of California in the overwhelming vote for the 1859 Pico Act, the strength of secessionists in the area, and their declared intentions and activities, especially in forming militia companies.
Operations against secessionists and the Confederacy
Outbreak of the Civil War
Securing Southern California
At the outbreak of the Civil War, the secession of Southern California seemed possible. The populace was largely in favor of separation from California, militias with secessionist sympathies had been formed, and Bear Flags, the banner of the Bear Flag Revolt, had been flown for several months by secessionists in Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties. After word of the Battle of Fort Sumter reached California, there were public demonstrations by secessionists. Only San Diego had a small Union garrison. However, when three companies of Federal cavalry were moved from Fort Mojave and Fort Tejon into Camp Fitzgerald, in Los Angeles, in May–June 1861, secession quickly became impossible.
Suspected by local Union authorities, General Johnston evaded arrest and joined the secessionist militia company, the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles as a private, leaving Warner's Ranch on 27 May in their journey across the southwestern deserts to Texas, crossing the Colorado River into the Confederate Territory of Arizona, on 4 July. A. J. King, Undersheriff of Los Angeles County, and other influential men in El Monte, California, that had formed another secessionist militia on 23 March, the Monte Mounted Rifles, were thwarted in their plans to assist Johnston when Undersheriff King ran afoul of Federal authorities and when army officers at San Pedro held up a shipment of arms from John G. Downey, the Governor of California, preventing the activation of the Rifles.
Charged with all the supervision of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, San Diego, and Santa Barbara counties, on 16 August Major William Scott Ketchum steamed from San Francisco to San Pedro and made a rapid march to encamp near San Bernardino on 26 August, and with Companies D and G of the 4th Infantry Regiment later reinforced at the beginning of September by a detachment of 90 First U.S. Dragoons and a howitzer. Except for frequent sniping at his camp, Ketchum's garrison stifled any secessionist uprising from Belleville, California and a show of force by the Dragoons in the streets of San Bernardino at the end of election day quelled a secessionist political demonstration during the September gubernatorial elections in San Bernardino County. Union commanders would rely on the San Bernardino Mounted Rifles and Captain Clarence E. Bennett for intelligence and help in holding the pro-Southern San Bernardino County for the Union in late 1861 as Federal troops were being withdrawn and replaced by California Volunteers.
On 25 September, the District of Southern California was established, with its first headquarters at Camp Latham, west of Los Angeles; this was later moved to Drum Barracks. This District was first formed to control the secessionist majority population in Southern California. This district included Tulare County to the north, which at the time was much larger than it is now, including all of what is now Kings, Kern, and Inyo counties and part of Fresno County. From Camp Latham, Ketchum's regular soldiers were relieved on October 20 by three companies of the 1st California Cavalry sent out to San Bernardino County and establish Camp Carleton and later Camp Morris. Volunteer troops were also sent to Camp Wright in San Diego County to watch the southern overland approach to California across the Colorado Desert from Fort Yuma, located on the west bank of the Colorado River. They were also to intercept secessionist sympathizers traveling to the east to join the Confederate Army.
In March 1862, all the troops drilling at Camp Latham were transferred to Camp Drum, leaving a company of soldiers to observe the Los Angeles area. Following flooding at Camp Carleton in the Great Flood of 1862, the garrison moved to New Camp Carleton, near the secessionist hotbed of El Monte. For the rest of the Civil War, Union garrisons were maintained in Southern California.
Campaign of the California Column
In early 1862, the District headquarters was used as the base for the campaign of the California Column into Confederate Arizona. California sent some of their Volunteer Regiments east to clear the Confederate garrisons from southern New Mexico Territory and West Texas around El Paso. Subsequently, California units remained there as garrisons fighting the Navajo, the Comanche, and the Apache until after the Civil War when they were relieved by Federal Troops in 1866. In March 1865, Arizona Territory, under the military-controlled District of Arizona, was transferred from the Department of New Mexico to the Department of the Pacific and in July 1865 to the Department of California.
Pacific Squadron Operations
Because of the blockade of the Confederacy, the Union Navy could not spare many ships to guard the ports and shipping of the Pacific Coast and the Pacific Squadron remained small. One ship was always on station at Panama City to protect that Pacific Terminal of the gold shipments carried by the vessels of the Pacific Mail. The remaining ships patrolled the coast between Panama and British Columbia as needed. Mare Island Naval Shipyard in San Francisco Bay was the Squadron's permanent base.
Pacific Coastal Defenses
To protect the ports, especially San Francisco Bay, the shipping point of gold and silver from the Pacific Coast, from possible attacks by Confederate commerce raiders or the fleets of the British or French empires, forts were built or improved. Coastal fortifications at Fort Point and Camp Sumner were built at the edge of the Presidio, as well as at Fort Baker on the Marin Headlands. One Civil War-era fort, Post of Alcatraz Island or Fort Alcatraz, on a rocky island just inside the Golden Gate, served as a prison for secessionists and later became the infamous Federal penitentiary, Alcatraz. San Francisco Bay was also protected by the Benicia Arsenal, Fort Mason at San Francisco's Point San Jose, and Camp Reynolds on Angel Island.
At the mouth of the Columbia River, two forts were established. In 1862, a camp called Post at Cape Disappointment (later Fort Cape Disappointment) was established in Washington Territory. Fortifications were built and artillery installed to cover the mouth of the river. In 1863, Fort at Point Adams (later Fort Stevens) was established in Oregon on the south bank at the mouth of the Columbia River to do the same function as Fort Cape Disappointment. Posts also existed or were established at the ports of San Diego, San Pedro Bay, Santa Barbara, Noyo, Humboldt Bay in California and Fort Vancouver in Oregon. In 1864, Santa Catalina Island was seized by Federal forces, a post established and garrisoned, and the population removed to prevent it being used as a base for privateers. For a time Federal authorities considered making it a reservation location for Indians captured in the Bald Hills War, but this never came to pass.
Naval Incidents
Following the failure of the New Mexico campaign and to the end of the Civil War, some attempts were made by the Confederate Navy to seize gold and silver for the Confederacy or to raid the commerce of the Union in the Pacific Ocean.
J. M. Chapman Plot
In 1863, Asbury Harpending, after traveling secretly to Richmond to obtain a letter of marque, joined with other California members of the Knights of the Golden Circle in San Francisco to outfit the schooner J. M. Chapman as a Confederate privateer in San Francisco Bay. Their object was to raid ships on the Pacific coast carrying gold and silver shipments to capture the gold and silver to support the Confederacy. Their attempt was detected and they were seized on 15 March, during the night of their intended departure by , revenue officers, and San Francisco police.
Conspiracy to seize Shubrick
Following the seizure of J. M. Chapman, Union men everywhere along the coast were alarmed and more alert for other attempts to get a vessel for the purpose. Among the papers captured on J. M. Chapman was one letter disclosing plans for the capture of Shubrick, but the scheme appeared to have been abandoned. However, in Victoria, British Columbia, Allen Francis, United States consul believed he had discovered a plot to seize Shubrick. Allen suspected the captain of the Shubrick and some of his crew of being part of this plot. He arranged for the ship to be taken and sailed back to the United States by a trusted second officer and members of the crew while the captain and the rest of the crew were ashore in Victoria. Allen later believed that there was a plot by Confederate sympathizers in Victoria to purchase ships in British Columbia and outfit them as Confederate privateers. However, this plot never came about.
Salvador Pirates
In the spring of 1864, the Confederate Navy ordered Captain Thomas Egenton Hogg and his command to take passage on board a coastal steamer in Panama City, seize her on the high seas, arm her, and attack the Pacific Mail steamers and the whalers in the North Pacific. In Havana, the American consul, Thomas Savage, learned about this conspiracy and notified Rear Admiral George F. Pearson in Panama City. The Admiral had the passengers boarding the steamers at Panama City watched and when Hogg's command was found aboard the Panama Railroad steamer Salvador, a force from arrested them and brought them to San Francisco. Tried by a military commission, the "Salvador Pirates" were sentenced to be hanged, but General Irvin McDowell commuted their sentences. To prevent any further attempts to seize Pacific coast shipping, General McDowell ordered each passenger on board American merchant steamers to surrender all weapons when boarding the ship and every passenger and all baggage was searched. All officers were armed for the protection of their ships.
Confederate Commerce Raiding
CSS Alabama operated in the Pacific for only a few weeks in the southwest Pacific, capturing three ships. CSS Shenandoah was the second and last Confederate raider to enter the Pacific Ocean. However, her attacks came too late, at the end of the war or afterward, and did most of her damage after the war was over, capturing 38 vessels, mostly whalers. When word of the attacks came, the Pacific Squadron sent ships out to hunt the raider down but did not find her. On 21 June 1865, the Shenandoah captured the whaler William Thompson. The captain of that ship, Francis Smith, informed an incredulous Commander James Waddell that the war had ended some weeks previous. Without concrete proof that the war had ended, the Confederate ship continued its raiding activities. Finally, on 2 August, sailors of a British bark headed back to Liverpool from San Francisco brought news of the surrender at Appomattox, the capture of Jefferson Davis, and the surrender of the last Confederate forces. With this incontrovertible proof, Commander Waddell ordered all operations against American ships cease and the Shenandoah set sail for Great Britain to avoid its sailors being tried for piracy.
Indian Wars in the Department of the Pacific
The campaign classification established by the United States National Park Service lists only one major campaign and battle in this theater, the Battle of Bear River. However, there were several campaigns against various Indian tribes besides the eastern Shoshone, as described below.
In Northern California there was the ongoing Bald Hills War (1858–1864) against the Chilula, Lassik, Hupa, Mattole, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Tsnungwe, Wailaki, and Whilkut. From 12 December 1861, this theater was incorporated into the District of Humboldt with its headquarters at Fort Humboldt. The Bald Hills War was essentially a protracted irregular war requiring garrisons protecting settlements and escorting pack trains and also long patrols sometimes resulting in skirmishes.
California units remained in New Mexico Territory and west Texas as garrisons defending the area from a return of the Confederacy and fighting the Navajo and the Apache Wars until after the Civil War when they were relieved by Federal Troops in 1866.
In 1862–1863, California Cavalry units from the Southern California District fought the Owens Valley Indian War against the Owens Valley Paiutes, or Numa, and against their allies among the Kawaiisu in the Sierra Mountains to the west.
Throughout the Civil War, Oregon and California Volunteer patrols had several clashes with the Ute, Goshute, Paiute, Bannock, and Shoshone bands in Oregon and the Territories of Washington (later Idaho), Utah, and Nevada (from 1863, the state of Nevada). However, the invasion of the territory of the Snake Indians by gold miners in 1863 brought on the Snake War. The Volunteers of California, Oregon, and Washington Territory fought the Snake Indians until relieved by Federal troops in late 1865; the war continued until 1868.
Other operations east of the Rocky Mountains and west of the Mississippi River are included in the trans-Mississippi theater.
See also
California in the American Civil War
Oregon in the American Civil War
Washington Territory in the American Civil War
Utah Territory in the American Civil War
Nevada in the American Civil War
New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War
Arizona Territory in the American Civil War
Notes
External links
West Point Atlas map of principal Civil War campaigns
National Park Service Civil War at a Glance
Theaters of the American Civil War
California in the American Civil War
Idaho in the American Civil War
Idaho Territory
Hawaiian Kingdom and the American Civil War
Nevada in the American Civil War
Oregon in the American Civil War
Utah in the American Civil War
Utah Territory
Washington (state) in the American Civil War
Washington Territory
West Coast of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20coast%20theater%20of%20the%20American%20Civil%20War |
Lisa Perez Jackson (born February 8, 1962) is an American chemical engineer who served as the administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from 2009 to 2013. She was the first African American to hold that position.
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Jackson is a graduate of Tulane University and Princeton University. Soon after entering the EPA as a staff-level engineer in 1987, she moved to the EPA's regional office in New York City, where she spent the majority of her 16-year EPA career. In 2002, she joined the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection as the Assistant Commissioner of Compliance and Enforcement and Assistant Commissioner for Land Use Management. New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine appointed Jackson the state's Commissioner of Environmental Protection in 2006. Jackson also briefly served as Corzine's Chief of Staff in late 2008.
On December 15, 2008, President-elect Barack Obama nominated Jackson to serve as administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency; she was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on January 23, 2009, and took office that same day. During her tenure as EPA Administrator, Jackson oversaw the development of stricter fuel efficiency standards and the EPA's response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill; authorized the recognition of carbon dioxide as a public health threat, granting the EPA authority to set new regulations regarding CO2 emissions; and proposed amending the National Ambient Air Quality Standards to set stricter smog pollution limits. In December 2012, Jackson announced she would step down as EPA Administrator effective February 15, 2013; she was succeeded by Deputy Administrator Bob Perciasepe, who served as Acting Administrator until the Senate confirmed Gina McCarthy as a permanent successor on July 18, 2013.
Early life, education and family
Jackson was born in Philadelphia and was adopted two weeks after her birth by Benjamin and Marie Perez. She grew up in Pontchartrain Park, a predominantly African-American middle-class neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1979, Jackson graduated as valedictorian from St. Mary's Dominican High School in New Orleans. Due to her exceptional performance in mathematics, she received a scholarship from the National Consortium for Graduate Degrees for Minorities in Engineering & Science, which allowed her to gain early exposure to a college environment.
She attended Tulane University with a scholarship from Shell Oil Company. Jackson was also named a National Merit Scholar. A dean at the Tulane School of Engineering inspired her to pursue engineering, and she graduated summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering in 1983. Jackson went on to earn a Master of Science in chemical engineering from Princeton University in 1986.
Jackson's mother was living in New Orleans at the time Hurricane Katrina flooded the city in 2005, and Jackson drove her out of the city. Jackson is married to Kenneth Jackson and is the mother of two children.
Jackson has been a resident of East Windsor Township, New Jersey, along with her husband and two sons.
On July 13, 2013, she was initiated into Delta Sigma Theta sorority as an honorary member during the organization's Centennial Celebration in Washington, DC.
Early EPA and DEP career
As a child, Jackson did not feel any particular affinity for the outdoors, but she became interested in environmental matters following the national and international coverage of the Love Canal Disaster. Prior to the EPA, she spent a year and a half working at Clean Sites, a nonprofit advocating for accelerated cleanup of contaminated areas.
In 1987, Jackson joined the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. as a staff-level engineer. She then moved to the agency's regional office in New York City. During her tenure at EPA, Jackson worked in the federal Superfund site remediation program, developing numerous hazardous waste cleanup regulations and directing multi-million dollar hazardous waste cleanup projects throughout central New Jersey. She later served as deputy director and acting director of the region's enforcement division.
After 16 years with EPA, Jackson joined the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) in March 2002 as assistant commissioner of compliance and enforcement. She served as the assistant commissioner for land use management during 2005. Jackson headed numerous programs, including land use regulation, water supply, geological survey, water monitoring and standards, and watershed management. She focused on developing a system of incentives for stimulating what was in her opinion the right growth in the right places. Under her leadership, the state Department of Environmental Protection developed regulatory standards for implementing the landmark Highlands Water Protection and Planning Act.
New Jersey Commissioner of Environmental Protection
Jon Corzine, Governor of New Jersey, nominated her to serve as Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Serving in that position, Jackson led a staff of 2,990 responsible for protecting and improving New Jersey's land, air, and water environment. In addition to overseeing environmental programs for the state, as commissioner, Jackson oversaw state parks and beaches, fish and wildlife programs and historic preservation. As commissioner in July 2006, she had to shut down all state parks and beaches due to the state governmental shutdown in relation to the state budget delay.
As the state's chief environmental enforcer, Jackson led compliance sweeps in Camden and Paterson, two largely working-class cities in which people of color formed the majority of the population and where the effects of pollution on public health had long been neglected. She launched the environmental initiative following multicultural outreach efforts to inform and involve community residents and businesses. Working with county officials, New Jersey State Police and the federal Environmental Protection Agency, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection then mobilized more than 70 inspectors to conduct upward of 1,000 compliance investigations in the two cities, the first of a series of enforcement sweeps.
The online environmental magazine Grist interviewed several New Jersey environmental activists and reported that opinion about Jackson was divided: "The split seems to be between those who work on energy and climate policy in the state's capital [who were supportive of Jackson] and those who work on toxic cleanups at the local level [who were critical of her]."
Chief of staff to the Governor of New Jersey
On October 24, 2008, Corzine announced that Jackson would take over as his chief of staff, effective December 1, 2008, succeeding Bradley Abelow. As Chief of Staff Jackson would have served as Corzine's top advisor and chief political liaison to the State Legislature. However, Jackson was tapped by President Barack Obama to become administrator of the EPA just days after she became Corzine's chief of staff and resigned on December 15, 2008.
EPA Administrator
On December 15, 2008, then President-elect Barack Obama officially designated Jackson as the nominee for Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. She was confirmed by voice vote in the U.S. Senate on January 22, 2009. Jackson is the first African American to serve as EPA Administrator, along with being the fourth woman and second New Jerseyan to hold the position. Her Deputy Administrator was Bob Perciasepe, and additionally she has three associate, twelve assistant, and ten regional administrators overseeing some 17,000 agency employees.
By the EPA's own statements, Administrator Jackson has pledged to focus on core issues of protecting air and water quality, preventing exposure to toxic contamination in U.S. communities, and reducing greenhouse gases. She has pledged that all of the agency's efforts will follow the best science, adhere to the rule of law, and be implemented with unparalleled transparency. By the same statements, she has made it a priority to focus on vulnerable groups – including children, the elderly, and low-income communities – that are particularly susceptible to environmental and health threats. She has promised that all stakeholders will be heard in the decision-making process.
She has become the first EPA administrator to focus on reforming the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, which regulates the introduction of new or already existing chemicals. Indeed, she has called this the issue "closest to my heart ... The law and the structure of the law in no way is modern enough or has enough teeth."
On December 8, 2009, Jackson said in a written statement that the finding, which declares carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases a threat to public health, marks the start of a U.S. campaign to tackle greenhouse gas emissions.
After the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion, the Obama Administration ordered the EPA, the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Interior to coordinate federal emergency response efforts. Jackson's agency oversaw environmental and public health concerns during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, including air and water monitoring and assessing aquatic life and other environmental destruction. Jackson authorized and defended BP's choice to use the dispersant Corexit to combat the 210 million gallons of oil spilled in the Gulf of Mexico. The use of Corexit was criticized because it's more toxic and less effective than other EPA approved dispersants, which later studies showed that Corexit had major effects on the aquatic life's food chain in the Gulf of Mexico. While testifying before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee, Jackson called the use of dispersants an "environmental tradeoff", and that "We know dispersants are generally less toxic than the oils they break down." Jackson's agency is facing a lawsuit in response of the spill from health and environmental groups for not setting adequate guidelines on how and where dispersants can be used safely. Jackson was designated by President Obama to serve as chair on the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Task Force, a federal effort to restore damages and preserve the ecosystem in the Gulf of Mexico.
In 2011 Jackson laid out a plan for stricter limits on the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The plan was based on adopting a 2007 recommendation from the EPA's science advisory board to set the NAAQS no higher than 70 parts per billion and no lower than 64 parts per billion, though it was later set to 75 parts per billion in 2008. Jackson met opposition to the smog standards proposal from economic advisors within Obama's administration, along with his Chief of Staff William Daley and Regulatory Affairs Administrator Cass Sunstein. After recommending the plan to President Obama, he conclusively rejected the proposal saying that "Ultimately, I did not support asking state and local governments to begin implementing a new standard that will soon be reconsidered." His decision was met with anger from Environmentalists and a lawsuit from environmental and health associations, with calls and speculation on whether Administrator Jackson would resign in protest. Jackson later announced that she would stay with the EPA, "respected President Obama's decision" and that her Agency would "aggressively implement" the curtailed version of the ozone standards.
Media outlets and industry figures often refer to Jackson's testimony during a May 2011 Senate Hearing Committee that she is not aware of any cases where hydraulic fracturing itself has contaminated water. A 1987 EPA report and reports released since May 2011, however, have identified hydraulic fracturing as the likely source of water contamination in several cases.
During an event with youth environmental leaders at Howard University, Jackson was asked by students about the controversial proposed Keystone Pipeline, she said that "To me, it's awesome; it's awesome that we're having this conversation in this country. This should be a moment where we're having a big conversation." She also urged caution on the proposed project saying that "This isn't a little tiny pipeline; this is a pipeline that cuts our country literally in half."
Jackson spoke out against the Senate Joint Resolution 26 (the Murkowski Amendment), which would take away the EPA's authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions under the Clean Air Act, which was expanded by the 2007 Supreme Court decision in Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency. In an op-ed in the Huffington Post on the Murkowski Amendment, Jackson said that "now is not the time to take a big step backward, by doubling down on the kinds of energy and environmental policies that keep America addicted to oil." Jackson has argued against claims by lobbying groups and members of congress that the EPA is responsible for a "train wreck" of new clean air regulations and the effect of existing EPA regulations on the economy. Jackson said that "Big polluters are lobbying Congress for loopholes to use our air and water as dumping grounds. The result won't be more jobs; it will be more mercury in our air and water and more health threats to our kids." (For her part, Senator Lisa Murkowski, the author of the amendment, argued that the regulations risked damaging the American economy.)
During her tenure as head of the EPA, Jackson received criticism from the coal industry and Republican members of the House and Senate, most notably Oklahoma Senator Jim Inhofe, for claims of the EPA overreaching on regulating toxins released from coal ash and power plant mercury emissions. Senator Inhofe, who's a ranking member on the Senate Committee on the Environment, and does not believe that human activity causes global climate change, called on Jackson to reconsider new greenhouse gas regulations after the Climatic Research Unit email controversy. With Jackson responding saying that "The science behind climate change is settled, and human activity is responsible for global warming," and that "That conclusion is not a partisan one." Though Jackson and Inhofe have conflicted views on Environmental issues, in an interview he called her "One of my favorite Liberals."
On December 13, 2012, the Assistant Inspector General notified the EPA they would be conducting an audit into record keeping practices associated with the use of private email accounts by Lisa Jackson under the name of "Richard Windsor." The Justice Department has agreed to release 12,000 emails at a rate of 3000 per week from this account beginning January 14, 2013, in response to a lawsuit brought by a Washington attorney.
On December 27, 2012, Jackson announced that she would be stepping down from her position as EPA Administrator. According to the New York Post, Jackson submitted her resignation because she believed that the Obama administration would move to support the Keystone pipeline and she did not want this to occur on her watch. Jackson left office on February 15, 2013, and was succeeded by Deputy Administrator Bob Perciasepe.
At a House hearing in September 2013, Jackson denied knowledge of any government secrecy and denied that she tried to evade federal record keeping laws.
Apple
In May 2013, it was announced that Jackson would be joining Apple Inc. as its environmental director. She reports directly to Tim Cook and oversees Apple's environmental issues. Jackson was promoted in 2015 to vice president of environment, policy, and social initiatives, a top policy position among the leaders of Apple.
In 2018, Cook invited Jackson to accompany him to the U.S. state dinner held at the White House on April 24 for Emmanuel Macron, the president of France. Jackson is a strong supporter of the Paris climate accord and was the only former Barack Obama cabinet member attending the dinner.
In 2022, Jackson again joined Cook to the U.S. state dinner held at the White House on December 1 for Emmanuel Macron, the president of France.
Clinton Foundation
Jackson has served on the board of directors of the Clinton Foundation since 2013.
Awards and honors
Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, elected 2021
References
External links
|-
|-
1962 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Administrators of the United States Environmental Protection Agency
African-American members of the Cabinet of the United States
African-American state cabinet secretaries
African-American women in politics
American adoptees
American chemical engineers
American women columnists
Apple Inc. executives
Chiefs of staff to United States state governors
Clinton Foundation people
Delta Sigma Theta members
HuffPost writers and columnists
Living people
Obama administration cabinet members
People from East Windsor, New Jersey
Politicians from Philadelphia
Politicians from New Orleans
Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
State cabinet secretaries of New Jersey
Tulane University alumni
Women members of the Cabinet of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20P.%20Jackson |
Dissimulate is the second album, released in 2002, by the death metal band The Berzerker. This is the only full-length album the band has released that features an actual drummer instead of a drum machine.
The album is characterized by some quotes from the Italian film "Africa Addio".
Reception
Allmusic [ link]
Terrorizer (Nov 2008)
Track listing
"Disregard" – 1:20
"Failure" – 2:26
"The Principles and Practices of Embalming" – 3:25
"No One Wins" – 1:50
"Death Reveals" – 1:56
"Compromise" – 2:43
"Betrayal" – 2:30
"Last Mistake" – 3:20
"Painless" – 3:16
"Pure Hatred" – 1:24
"Paradox" – 2:06
"Abandonment" – 1:36
"Corporal Jigsore Quandary" (Carcass cover) – 5:34
Personnel
Luke Kenny – vocals, samples, drum programming
Matt Wilcock – guitar
Sam Bean – bass, vocals
Gary Thomas – drums
2002 albums
The Berzerker albums
Earache Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissimulate%20%28album%29 |
The Battle of San Francisco, also known as the Battle of Dolores (not to be confused with the Battle of Dolores River (1904) during the Philippine–American War), was a major battle in the Tarapacá Campaign of the War of the Pacific, fought on November 19, 1879, in the Peruvian department of Tarapacá. A Chilean army under Colonel Emilio Sotomayor had moved via Dolores rail road deep into the desert and was encamped at San Francisco Saltpeter Office, about 30 kilometers south east of the port of Pisagua. Allied forces under General Juan Buendía launched an attack on Sotomayor's army. At the beginning, Bolivian General Carlos Villegas pressed the attack over a poorly defended battery right in the Chilean centre and almost succeeded. Only the arrival of infantry support allowed Colonel José Domingo Amunátegui to hold the position.
The Allies also struck with the intention of driving the Chilean defenders away from Dolores well. Buendía hoped to defeat Sotomayor's army before the anticipated arrival of Gen. Erasmo Escala with reinforcements from Hospicio. The allied columns became confused during the fierce fighting, and Sotomayor's men rejected the attacks over its flanks and centre. Colonel Ladislao Espinar was mortally wounded at San Francisco, while Villegas was wounded and captured, among other allied officers.
The Allies were forced to retreat from the battlefield, ending their hopes of sending the Chileans back to the sea. Also, Buendía lost a huge amount of war materiel such as cannons, ammunition and weapons.
The catastrophe for the Allies was the result of poor logistics, inefficient leadership and the unexpected desertion of the Bolivian Army under the half-hearted command of President Hilarión Daza, known as the Camarones betrayal.
Prelude
After the Chilean navy obtained a decisive victory at Angamos (October 8, 1879), the Chilean preparations for the invasion of the Tarapacá department began. On November 2, the Chileans launched an amphibious operation at Pisagua and pushed the Allies offshore, and established a beach head to transport equipment and soldiers. Also, the loss of Pisagua deprived Gen. Buendía of the only available escape route he had left, because Iquique was under blockade since the war broke out.
Buendía was in fact in a very dangerous position. He was obliged to retake Pisagua at all cost to re-open his line of communications. If not, his only way out of Tarapacá would be marching to Arica through the Atacama Desert. To make things worse, his troops were scattered all over the region. After defeated at Pisagua, Buendía retreated to Iquique where he joined Cáceres and Bustamante. Col. Pastor Dávila never moved from Pozo Almonte and Gen. Carlos Villegas went to Puerto Patillo. Another two divisions were between Pozo Almonte and Iquique, while Villamil retreated to Agua Santa. The Aroma Battalion was at Mejillones and the Vengadores Battalion was at Agua Santa.
When the news of the Chilean victory reached Tacna, the Allies quickly held two war councils. In those, it was decided that Bolivian President General Hilarión Daza would drive his army to Tana, a few kilometers north of Pisagua, where he would join with Buendía and assume the command of the entire allied army. When reunited, Daza would attack Pisagua to regain the port.
Two gunned trains transported Daza's troops and supplies to Arica, from where the march started on November 6. To reach the rendezvous point of Tana, the Bolivians should walk about 150 kilometres across the most arid desert on Earth. Therefore, President Prado advised Daza to march at night to keep troops' welfare.
But what Prado didn't know was that Daza wasn't sure of his troops' loyalty, so he deliberately wore down his army. The men marched in daylight across the desert and were allowed to bring wine with them. When Daza reached Camarones, he had already lost 200 men. Using this as excuse, Daza retreated to Arica without meeting with Buendía. This is known until this day as the Camarones Betrayal.
When Buendía was notified of the battle plan decided at Tacna, he began to reunite his army. He left Iquique on November 5 with three battalions and moved north east, deep into the Tarapacá Department. Buendía spent almost two weeks gathering his divisions, completing his army only by the 16, when he reached Agua Santa. The Allies marched to Negreiros on November 17, then turned north to Porvenir. From there Buendía would march to encounter Daza at Tana, passing through Santa Catalina. At 3 pm on November 19, the allied vanguard saw the Chilean army occupying San Francisco Hill.
On the Chilean side, right after Pisagua, Lt. Colonel José Francisco Vergara proposed an immediate reconnaissance for water supplies. With a cavalry detachment, Vergara rode on November 5 following the railroad to Dolores saltpeter office, finding the installations and water machines in good condition. The next day, the detachment resumed its mission, and in doing so annihilated two allied cavalry squadrons at Germania.
When Escala received Vergara's report, he sent 3,500 men under Col. José Domingo Amunátegui to Dolores on November 7. The next day, Col. Martiniano Urriola with another 2,500 soldiers followed as reinforcements. Both columns joined at Dolores on November 10 and seized the water well and the nearby saltpeter office. Col. Emilio Sotomayor, brother of War Minister Sotomayor, arrived to Dolores and assumed command of the troops. He also sent scouts to Jazpampa, Tana and Tiviliche looking for Daza.
A cavalry scout spotted the allied advance over Dolores at 6 pm on November 18, near Agua Santa. Immediately, Sotomayor sent Col. Amunátegui with a regiment, two cavalry companies and one battery to Santa Catalina, about 6 kilometers south of Dolores. Two hours later, Col. Juan Martinez' Atacama Battalion was dispatched as reinforcement. Simultaneously, Col. Ricardo Castro was ordered to return from Jazpampa, where he was sent with 1,800 men to wait for Daza's army. Castro left in place the Bulnes Battalion and returned to Dolores with Velasquez' artillery. Both Castro and Velasquez arrived on the 19th, when the allied army was already deploying in front of Sotomayor.
After his return from Tana, Lt. Col. Vergara spent great efforts in trying to convince Sotomayor to deploy the army over San Francisco Hill, instead of Santa Catalina. Vergara acknowledged the huge mistake Sotomayor was making, since the Chileans were outnumbered in a proportion of 2 to 3. The discussion became more and more violent between them, but finally about 1 am of November 19 Sotomayor gave and ordered Amunátegui to return from Santa Catalina.
While at Santa Catalina, Amunátegui's cavalry captured three Argentinean scouts who informed that the whole allied army was coming from Agua Santa. At the same time, Buendía was marching to Santa Catalina, a little more west from Amunátegui's position. But, the reconnaissance of both sides was very defective and the enemies weren't aware of each other.
Amunátegui reached Dolores at done of the 19, and the Allies arrived shortly after. Buendía's vanguard established around the water well at Porvenir, about 1.2 kilometers south of San Francisco Hill.
Armies layout
Chilean battle plan and disposition
The Chilean deployment centred on the twin hills of San Francisco, where the northernmost of them elevated about 300 metres, dominating the extension surrounding Santa Catalina, and to the east the space where runs the rail road from Pisagua to Agua Santa. These hills were accessible only from the south and the east, forming a natural bastion before the water well and the installations of Dolores. Amunátegui set there with the 4th Line Regt. and the Atacama and Coquimbo battalions, disposing Salvo’s 63 artillerymen and their eight cannons, covering south and west, according to the battle evolution, plus another six piece battery and 2 Gatling machine guns of Sgt. Major Benjamin Montoya pointing east.
The Valparaíso and Navales battalions and the "Buin" 1st Line Regiment, under Urriola supported a six cannon battery directed by Capt. Roberto Wood and another six mountain cannons led by Capt. Eulogio Villareal. In consequence, the artillery could attack the plain over the west, south or south west, depending on the battle development, with no obstacles thanks to its elevation. The rough mountain zone over the rail road prevented any infantry incursion between San Francisco and La Encañada, so the Chilean camp over the double hill didn't fear of being attacked from its rearguard.
The station, the wind generators and the buildings of the mining company of Dolores were in the centre of the defence disposition, since Tres Clavos Hill, although less elevated than San Francisco Hill, was covered with four cannons, while 400 riders under Soto Aguilar were at west of La Encañada as reserve. San Bartolo Hill was defended by the 3rd Line Regiment, on the Chilean right wing.
Allied battle plan and disposition
Buendía’s plan was to break the Chilean defence at Dolores, seizing the water wells and cutting the enemy’s escape route. He would direct the offensive over Dolores with his right wing, while Cáceres and Suárez would onset the south west face of San Francisco hill with three divisions. On the left wing, the Bolivians under Pedro Villamil would attack the north-western edge of the hill, turning right to join at La Encañada with Buendía, who wanted to engulf the Chilean positions to take possession of Dolores. A little later, the Allied command knows that Daza has retreated to Tacna from Camarones.
General Buendía divided his 9,000 troops in three columns. In this plan, Buendía counted on Hilarión Daza's Bolivian troops, but the latter decided to return to Arica after a long and extenuating march.
The three columns were placed under the command of Belisario Suárez, Andrés Cáceres and Buendía himself. Suárez' column was formed by the Villamil, Bolognesi and Velarde divisions. These units were composed of the Cazadores de Cuzco Nº 5, Cazadores de la Guardia Nº 7, Ayacucho, Guardia de Arequipa, Aroma, Vengadores, Victoria and Colquechaca battalions. Buendía had under his command the Villegas, Bustamante and Davila divisions, formed by the Ayacucho Nº 3, Provisional de Lima Nº 3, Cerro de Pasco, Puno Nº 6, Lima Nº 8, Illimani, Olañeta, Paucarpata, Dalance battalions, besides two cavalry squadrons and a six cannon battery.
The battle
At 1 pm, Sotomayor established his position. The Chilean army had now with 6,500 men and 34 cannons, thanks to Castro and Velázquez who joined in time and set between San Bartolo and Tres Clavos hills, behind the train station and the rail road in a way that could limit the access to Dolores from the plain. The Atacama and Coquimbo battalions reinforced the position at San Francisco. Buendía, notified of these reinforcements was eager to attack immediately. The soldiers prepared for battle but Suárez claimed for a delay, pointing out that the troops were exhausted and hungry. Buendía agreed and issued a countermand, making his men to return to previous positions.
All this movement and agitation confused the Chileans, who couldn't decipher what was going on in the Allied army. Therefore, when Salvo saw an incoming scout mission sent earlier by Suárez, he thought it was an attack and fired a warning shot upon them. Some units from Cáceres and Suárez divisions rushed to aid their companions, believing that this was the battle signal; and assaulted Salvo’s position in disarray. Despite the officers efforts, the battle started.
Actions at the center
The Allies immediately set their plan in motion. Villegas began the attack with four companies in guerrilla formation under Col. Ladislao Espinar, followed by the rest of the Ayacucho, Puno, Illimani and Olañeta battalions. These companies advanced over San Francisco Hill and reached its bottom. Here the soldiers were out of Salvo's fire range, and organized. Another company of the Dalence Battalion came to support the attack too. Having arranged his men, Espinar began to climb the slope. Villegas pressed the attack sending Bermúdez's Lima Nº 8 Regiment into the fray.
Incredibly, Salvo wasn't supported by infantry, and got heavily outnumbered in short time. Thus, his 63 men were arranged in front of their cannons and fired upon Espinar's men with their Winchester carbines. The gunners barely contained the attack long enough to receive reinforcements.
When warned, Col. Juan Martínez sent two companies of his Atacama Battalion under Captain Cruz Daniel Ramírez to aid Salvo. Ramirez' companies managed to push back the Allies. Espinar was killed about 40 paces from Salvo's cannons, where his body was found after the battle.
Col. Lavadenz with the rest of his Dalence Battalion reinforced the position and resumed the assault. However, Ramírez was reinforced as well with some troops from the Coquimbo Battalion and rejected this new attack. Besides, the Allied reserve fired upon the Chileans without leaving its position, shooting their comrades in the back.
Strengthened once more, the Allies climbed the hill slope again, but now the rest of the Atacama Battalion was in place. The ensuing clash was brutal. Literally, a mass of men from both sides rolled down the slope stabbing and bayoneting each other. The Chileans crushed several allied companies and finally bayoneted off Villegas' column from the hill. The allied officers tried to contain the retreat, but half of the allied right flank withdrew, as the soldiers fled in all directions across the Pampa del Tamarugal, taking their reserve along with them.
Amunátegui managed to hold the cannons, but at high cost: 30 gunners, 82 soldiers and 7 officers were dead or wounded. This action proved decisive for the battle outcome. Had Villegas had taken Salvo's battery, the Allies would have turned around the cannons and destroyed the Chilean centre, breaking Sotomayor's front in half.
Flank combats
Meanwhile, Buendía took his column to Dolores well, where he was received by heavy artillery fire from Frías', Montoya's and Carvallo's batteries. Despite the barrage, Buendía rallied his lines and stubbornly continued his advance, until he entered into the 3rd Line Regiment's fire range of Col. Ricardo Castro. Castro's infantry received Buendía with an intense firing, which forced back the Peruvians, this time definitively.
Villamil took under him Suárez' left wing and moved to La Encañada to face Urriola. His column met fire from Wood's and Villareal's batteries, which dissuaded the Allies from coming any closer. Villamil was shelled twice and his soldiers fled from the field. The rest of Suárez' group, Bolognesi's and Velarde's divisions, attacked the 4th Line Regiment and the bulk of the Coquimbo Battalion, Amunátegui's right and centre. Both divisions were received with dense infantry fire and forced to seek refuge in ditches on the floor. So, Suárez was annulled from the rest of the battle.
The sum of failures finally broke the Allies' morale and the soldiers disbanded in all directions about 5 pm. The cavalry saw the retreat of Buendía and fled, without covering the retreat as it was supposed to. Suárez' and Cáceres' divisions retired in order and formed a small group of soldiers from Buendía's and Villamil's columns.
About 4,500 men retired in order to Tarapacá. The Chileans didn't pursuit, believing that the real fight would take place next day.
Aftermath
The Chileans lost 208 men killed and wounded, while the Allies had 296 casualties and 3,000 missing. The defeat was a very rough blow for the Peruvian Army Southern Command, adding the effect of Daza's withdrawal on the troops morale, specially the Bolivians.
After the battle, the remaining troops marched to Tarapacá.
Notes
References
Conflicts in 1879
Battles involving Chile
Battles involving Peru
Battles of the War of the Pacific
1879 in Chile
1879 in Bolivia
Battle of San Francisco
November 1879 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20San%20Francisco |
Oulu International School (OIS) is a public, not-for-profit, co-educational international school in the Myllytulli district in Oulu, Finland. The school was founded in 2001. It is one of nine English-speaking schools in Finland that offer basic education.
The school is part of the International Baccalaureate (IB) network. It offers the IB Primary Years Programme and Middle Years Programme in English, but the IB Diploma Programme is offered by Oulun Lyseon Lukio.
Oulu International School has about 430 students, ages 7 to 16 years. More than half are from Finland, but approximately 20 different nationalities are represented. Enrolment is free of charge for both Finnish people and expatriates. The principal is Jenni Alaniemi.
References
External links
Official site
International schools in Finland
Educational institutions established in 2001
International Baccalaureate schools in Finland
Schools in Oulu
Myllytulli
2001 establishments in Finland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu%20International%20School |
In computing, 10-foot user interface, 10-foot UI or 3-meter user interface is a graphical user interface designed for televisions. Compared to desktop computer and smartphone user interfaces, it uses text and other interface elements which are much larger in order to accommodate a typical television viewing distance of . Additionally, the limitations of a television's remote control necessitate extra user experience considerations to minimize user effort.
In the past, these types of human interaction design (HID) interfaces are driven by remote controllers primarily using infrared (IR) codes signals, which are increasingly replaced by other two-way radio-frequency protocol standards such as Bluetooth, while maintaining the use of IR for certain wake-up situations. The voice interfaces are also now purposed to provide a near-field experience in addition to the far-field experience of the likes of smart speakers. One of the requirements of voice-input 10-foot user interface usually require a device like smart speaker, over-the-top (OTT) TV box or smart television with Internet connectivity supported by an advanced software operating system.
Design
The term "10-foot" or "3-meter" is used to differentiate this user interface style from those used on desktop computers, which typically assume the user's eyes are only about two feet (24 inches, 60 cm) from the display. This difference in distance from the display has a huge impact on the interface design, requiring the use of extra large fonts on a television and allowing relatively few items to be shown on a television at once.
A 10-foot UI is almost always designed to be operated by a simple hand-held remote control. Rather than the mouse or touchscreen which are commonly used with other types of user interfaces, the remote's directional pad is the primary means of navigation. This means that a 10-foot UI needs to arrange items on screen in a way that clearly shows which item would be next in each of the four directions of the directional pad – usually a grid layout. Also, without a mouse cursor, the currently-selected item must be highlighted in some way.
Ten-foot interfaces may resemble other post-WIMP systems graphically, but do not assume the use of a touch screen.
The goal of 10-foot user interface design is normally to make the user's interaction as simple and efficient as possible, trying to achieve a more laid-back and relaxed user experience with as few button presses as possible while still having an intuitive layout, in terms of accomplishing user goals—what is often called user-centered design. Good user interface design facilitates finishing the task at hand without drawing unnecessary attention to itself. Graphic design may be utilized to support its usability; however, the design process must balance technical functionality and visual elements (e.g., mental model) to create a system that is not only operational but also usable and adaptable to changing user needs.
One of the additional feature in 10-foot user interface design is also to repurpose the on screen display (OSD) for providing a clear menu-driven interaction for users. This complements the navigation available in most handheld remote controllers. The rise of the use of voice-based input (as found in some remote controllers and smart speakers) also provides a direct control interface enhancing the user experience.
See also
Human–computer interaction
Icon design
Smart TV
User experience design
References
External links
Graphical user interfaces
Human–computer interaction
Interactive television
Multimodal interaction
Television terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-foot%20user%20interface |
Inspection of Emigrants Convention, 1926 (shelved) is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1926:
Ratifications
Prior to its being shelved, the convention had been ratified by 33 states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Migrant workers
Shelved International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1926
Treaties entered into force in 1927
Admiralty law treaties
Health treaties
Emigration policy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspection%20of%20Emigrants%20Convention%2C%201926%20%28shelved%29 |
Frank Beddor (July 31, 1958) is a former American world champion freestyle skier, film producer, actor, stuntman, and author. He worked as a producer on There's Something About Mary and Wicked, and wrote the book The Looking Glass Wars.
Life and career
Beddor grew up in Excelsior, Minnesota. His parents often traveled and by age twelve, Beddor already knew how to barefoot-ski. After winning nationals, Beddor was invited to join the Olympic ski team. He went on tour in Europe for competitive skiing. Beddor was World Champion freestyler skier in 1981 and 1982.
In 1985 Beddor played John Cusack's skiing stunt double in Better Off Dead. Beddor moved to Los Angeles during this period and studied with acting coach Stella Adler. Part of Adler's method was encouraging her students to write the scene the character is in before stepping onstage.
Later, Beddor started his career in producing. He worked as a producer on the 1998 film There's Something About Mary starring Cameron Diaz and Ben Stiller.
Beddor then turned to write, spending five years writing The Looking Glass Wars. The book was rejected by every major publisher in the US, and ultimately published by Egmont Books in the UK.
The Looking Glass Wars made it on The New York Times weekly list in 2006. The books are based on a re-imagination of Lewis Carroll's novel Alice in Wonderland. The premise of the novel is that the main character Alice in Alice in Wonderland is real, as is the world of Wonderland, but that Carroll misrepresented the events and made Wonderland seem childlike instead of reflecting the reality of Wonderland.
Beddor has written two more books in The Looking Glass Wars series: Seeing Redd and ArchEnemy. A spin-off comic book of this serie called Hatter Madigan was later written by Beddor and Liz Cavalier, with artwork by Ben Templesmith. The spin-off focuses on Hatter Madigan, a character in The Looking Glass Wars.
Beddor was involved in the development of two video games: Card Soldiers Wars in 2008 and The Looking Glass Wars Card Game in 2009.
References
External links
American children's writers
American fantasy writers
American film producers
American male freestyle skiers
American male novelists
21st-century American novelists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American male writers
1958 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Beddor |
ThaiURL (Thai Uniform Resource Locator) is a technology enabling the use of Thai domain names in applications that have been modified to support this technology. It is one of several such systems that were marketed before the advent of IDNA.
Traditionally, the Domain Name System (DNS), does not allow domain names with Thai characters. The only characters allowed in DNS names, as specified in RFC 1034 “Domain names - concepts and facilities” and RFC 1035 “Domain names - implementation and specification”, are
Letter: “a” through “z” (case insensitive)
Digit: “0” through “9”
Hyphen (-)
The ThaiURL domain naming standard is based on Thai characters and symbols as specified in TIS 620-2533: Standard for Thai Character Codes for Computers. Since these are non-ASCII characters, Row-based ASCII Compatible Encoding is used. The encoding process is as follows:
Begin with a Thai domain name as input:ชื่อไทย.คอม
Convert the Thai characters into their Unicode code points in hexadecimal:0e0a 0e37 0e48 0e2d 0e44 0e17 0e22 . 0e04 0e2d 0e21 (spaces are added here to show individual code points)0e0a0e370e480e2d0e440e170e22.0e040e2d0e21 (actual hex string)
Convert the hex characters to binary:0000 1110 0000 1010 0011 0111 0100 1000 0010 1101 0100 0100 0001 0111 0010 0010 . 0000 1110 0000 0100 0010 1101 0010 0001 (spaces added to show individual hex characters)
Perform a Base32 conversion:00001 11000 00101 00011 01110 10010 00001 01101 01000 10000 01011 10010 00100 . 00001 11000 00010 00010 11010 01000 01000 (binary representation)byfdosbniqlse.bycc2ii (ASCII representation)
Append TLD:byfdosbniqlse.bycc2ii.net
This kind of URL encoding is not a national standard, but rather a system used by the domain name registrar ThaiURL.com. It is one of many localized naming schemes that predate standardisation of Internationalized domain names (IDNA); at the moment the two systems appear to coexist. The ccTLD name registrar for .th, thnic.net , supports IDNA; ThaiURL registers .com names.
However, because this is not an ICANN-sanctioned IDN encoding method, support is limited. Most browsers will use still default to punycode for encoding Thai domain names, so the only way to reach ThaiURL-registered domains is by typing in or linking to the ASCII-encoded domain name.
References
External links
ThaiURL.com
Internet in Thailand
Telecommunications in Thailand
Domain Name System | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThaiURL |
Museo Galileo (formerly Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza; Institute and Museum of the History of Science) is located in Florence, Italy, in Piazza dei Giudici, along the River Arno and close to the Uffizi Gallery. The museum, dedicated to astronomer and scientist Galileo Galilei, is housed in Palazzo Castellani, an 11th-century building which was then known as the Castello d'Altafronte.
Museo Galileo owns one of the world's major collection of scientific instruments, which bears evidence of the role that the Medici and Lorraine Grand Dukes attached to science and scientists.
The Museo di Storia della Scienza has re-opened to the public under the new name Museo Galileo since June 10, 2010, after a two-year closure due to redesigning and renovation works. It has been inaugurated four hundred years after the publication in March 1610 of Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger).
The museum
The museum features the valuable scientific instruments from the Medici Collections which were first displayed in the Stanzino delle Matematiche (Mathematics Room) in the Uffizi Gallery. They were later on moved to the Museo di Fisica e Storia Naturale (Museum of Physics and Natural History) founded by Grand Duke Peter Leopold in 1775. During the reign of the Lorraine Grand Dukes, new instruments were added to the scientific collections. In 1929, the First Italian Exhibition of the History of Science in Florence highlighted the importance of scientific collections within Italy's cultural heritage. As a consequence, in 1930 the University of Florence gave birth to the Istituto di Storia della Scienza con annesso Museo (Institute of the History of Science and attached Museum). The institute was housed in Palazzo Castellani and was entrusted with the instrument collections of the Medici and Lorraine dynasties. The permanent exhibition is arranged by chronological and thematic paths.
The museum directors
1930-1961 Andrea Corsini
1961-1981 Maria Luisa Righini Bonelli
1982-2021 Paolo Galluzzi
since 2021 Roberto Ferrari (Executive Director)
from July until December 2021 Marco Ciardi (Scientific Director)
since December 2021 Filippo Camerota (Scientific Director)
The Medici Collection
The first floor's nine rooms are devoted to the Medici Collections, dating from the 15th century through the 18th century. The permanent exhibition includes all of Galileo's unique artifacts, among which are his only two extant telescopes and the framed objective lens from the telescope with which he discovered the Galilean moons of Jupiter; thermometers used by members of the Accademia del Cimento; and an extraordinary collection of terrestrial and celestial globes, including Santucci's Armillary Sphere, a giant armillary sphere designed and built by Antonio Santucci.
The Lorraine Collection
The nine rooms on the second floor house instruments and experimental apparatus collected by the Lorraine dynasty (18th-19th century), which bear witness of the remarkable contribution of Tuscany and Italy to the progress of electricity, electromagnetism and chemistry. The exhibits include obstetrical wax models from Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, Grand Duke Peter Leopold’s chemistry cabinet and the beautiful machines made in the workshop of the Museo di Fisica e Storia Naturale to illustrate the fundamental physical laws.
Gallery
Research and documentation
Museo Galileo carries out research and documentation in the history of science and technology, as well as in the field of preservation and improvement of museum collections. The library's book collection and a number of online resources are available to scholars. The museum is partner with important institutions, such as the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Foundation, the Max Planck Society’s institutes and the Harvard University, and co-sponsors several research projects. It also organizes and takes part in many conferences on scientific museology and the history of science and technology.
Temporary exhibitions
Museo Galileo has been enhancing and promoting the dissemination of scientific culture for many years. In order to meet this commitment effectively, it promotes exhibitions on the history of science and the relationship between science, technology and art. Among the most important exhibitions in Italy and the world: Renaissance Engineers: From Brunelleschi to Leonardo da Vinci; The Mind of Leonardo: The Universal Genius at Work; The Medici and Science; Galileo’s Telescope: The Instrument that Changes the World; Galileo: Images of the Universe from Antiquity to the Telescope; Vinum Nostrum: Art, Science and Myths of Wine in Ancient Mediterranean Cultures; Archimedes: The Art and Science of Invention, and the most recent (2019-2020) Water as Microscope of Nature: Leonardo da Vinci's Codex Leicester, Leonardo and His Books: The Library of the Universal Genius, Leonardo da Vinci and Perpetual Motion, The Art of Building a Masterpiece: Trajan Column.
Publications
Museo Galileo publishes historical scientific works and two journals, which are Nuncius: Journal of the Material and Visual History of Science, and Galilaeana, devoted to research about the figure, work and scientific findings of Galileo Galilei. The Nuncius Library series publishes the results of original research in the history of science and technology as well as editions of sources, while the Galilaeana Library series publishes critical essays, document collections and text editions related to Galileo and to the cultural scenario of the early modern period. To be mentioned also the Archive of Italian Scientists’ Correspondence and the Italian Science Library series. In addition, the museum publishes catalogues relevant to its collections and the temporary exhibitions it promotes.
The library
The library—which has been a part of the institute since its foundation—was completely remodelled in 2002, when it was moved to the third floor of Palazzo Castellani. The new architectural set-up was awarded the “Bibliocom Biblioteche in vetrina” prize. The library houses about 150,000 works concerning the history of science. The antique book collection consists of nearly 5,000 works. It includes the Medici-Lorraine Collection, made of scientific books mostly about physics and mathematics, gathered by Tuscan dynasties over five centuries. The library is also home to several 18th- to 20th-century archival collections and a photo archive related to the history of the museum's collections, ancient instruments and places of scientific interest. The contemporary collection includes books in Italian and the major European languages and has an annual growth of about 1,800 new acquisitions. All of the library's material can be searched on the online catalogue.
Among the library's activities are the compiling of bibliographies –notably the International Galilaean Bibliography– and the cataloguing of documents relevant to the history of science, even not in the library's possession.
In 2004, a Digital Library was created to preserve and publish digital collections of historical scientific interest.
The Multimedia Lab
Aware of the growing importance of information and communication technologies, Museo Galileo started its own Multimedia Lab in 1991. The Lab produces offline and online interactive applications related to the dissemination and documentation of both permanent collections and temporary exhibitions. It also creates digital archives for historical scientific research.
See also
Galileo Galilei
Paolo Galluzzi
References
Bibliography
External links
Museo Galileo
Museums in Florence - Museum Galileo - History of Science
1930 establishments in Italy
Museums established in 1930
Museums in Florence
History of science museums
Research institutes in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo%20Galileo |
The American Football Association (AFA) was the first attempt in the United States to form an organizing soccer body. It was the second oldest sports league to form, behind the National League of baseball in 1876, as well as being the oldest soccer league in the United States. The Association was formed in 1884 in an attempt to standardize rules and procedures. It was allied with The Football Association, becoming a member on February 22, 1909, at an FA meeting chaired by Charles Clegg, and drew on that organization's approach to the game. As part of its efforts, the AFA directly organized both league and cup competitions as well as overseeing the operations of member leagues. In 1884, it established the American Cup, which for several decades was the highest competitive soccer competition in the United States. The weakness of the AFA lay in its refusal to expand outside the southern New England region. When a movement began to create a national governing body in 1911, the AFA found itself confronting the newly established American Amateur Football Association (AAFA), a body which quickly became national. The AFA argued that it should be recognized by FIFA. However, several member organizations defected from the AFA to the AAFA in 1912. The AAFA quickly moved to reform itself as the United States Football Association, receiving FIFA recognition in 1913. The AFA continued to run the American Cup until 1925, but by that time it had been superseded by the National Challenge Cup and National Amateur Cup.
References
Soccer governing bodies in the United States
1884 establishments in the United States
1925 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct association football governing bodies
Sports organizations established in 1884
Defunct sports governing bodies in the United States
Organizations disestablished in 1925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Football%20Association%20%281884%E2%80%931924%29 |
The Wood Brothers are an American roots band consisting of brothers Chris (upright bass) and Oliver Wood (acoustic and electric guitars), as well as multi-instrumentalist Jano Rix. Their music is a combination of folk, gospel, blues and jazz.
Biography
From early in their childhood in Boulder, Colorado, Chris and Oliver Wood were steeped in American roots music. Their father, a molecular biologist, performed classic songs at camp fires and family gatherings, while their mother, a poet, instilled a passion for storytelling and turn of phrase. The brothers bonded over their shared appreciation of bluesmen such as Jimmy Reed and Lightnin' Hopkins, but their paths, musical and otherwise, diverged.
Oliver moved to Atlanta, where he played guitar in cover bands before earning a spot in Tinsley Ellis’s touring act. At Ellis’s behest, Oliver began to sing and then founded King Johnson, a hard-touring group that released six albums of blues-inflected R&B, funk and country over the next 12 years. Chris, meanwhile, studied jazz bass at the New England Conservatory of Music and moved to New York City. In 1992, Chris co-founded the innovative jazz fusion group Medeski Martin & Wood (MMW), which released two dozen albums over the next two decades.
After pursuing separate musical careers for some 15 years, the brothers performed together at a show in North Carolina on May 24, 2001: Oliver sat in with MMW following King Johnson’s opening set. "I realized we should be playing music together," Chris recalled.
Oliver talks about the formation of King Johnson and the influence of Sean Costello and Donnie McCormick, drummer and lead singer of Eric Quincy Tate, in a 2022 documentary by Hal Jacobs about his favorite Atlanta music club, the Northside Tavern.
Recordings
The brothers recorded a collection of Oliver's songs to create a demo album. They landed a recording contract with Blue Note Records, who released their first studio album Ways Not To Lose in 2006. The album was produced by Chris's MMW colleague John Medeski, and recorded during September 2005 at Allaire Studios in Shokan, New York. Kenny Wolleson supported the duo on drums and percussion. Music critic Steve Leggett said that Oliver's lyrics showed him to be in a state of "perpetual spiritual dilemma" but with a "dogged hope that shines through between the cracks," the words carried on a bed of "sparse and languid" folk-blues music.
Their follow-up Loaded was released in 2008. The next year they released an EP of covers titled Up Above My Head. In 2011 the band moved recording to Nashville's Southern Ground Artists for Smoke Ring Halo, the band's first release on Zac Brown's Southern Ground label. Multi-instrumentalist Jano Rix joined the band during this period, adding his percussion and jazz piano skills, and providing vocals. In 2012 they released Live Volume One: Sky High and Live Volume Two: Nail & Tooth issued as two separate CDs or a double-LP vinyl gatefold package.
In October 2013, the Wood Brothers' fifth studio release, The Muse was released, with Buddy Miller serving as record producer. The album was recorded at Southern Ground Studios in Nashville. The Wood Brothers were by this time a Nashville-based band, with Oliver having relocated in 2012, and Chris following. It was the first time the brothers had lived in the same city since early adulthood. The Muse provided the band with their first Billboard chart success, hitting the folk, country, indie and rock charts in late 2013.
The band's next album, Paradise was released in 2015 on the Easy Eye Sound label. Paradise was the first album in which all three bandmembers shared songwriting credits. Paradise was their most successful album up to that point, reaching number 1 on the Top Heatseekers chart, and number 12 on the US Country music chart.
On February 2, 2018, the Wood Brothers released their sixth full-length album, One Drop of Truth, which they self-produced and recorded. The album was nominated for the Best Americana Album award at the 61st Grammy Awards.
The group released their eighth studio album, "Kingdom in My Mind" in January 2020.
The group released their ninth studio album, “Heart is the Hero” in April 2023.
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
References
External links
The Wood Brothers, 'The Muse': Exclusive Song and Album Art
Paste: In The Studio With The Wood Brothers
Oliver sits down with Ira Haberman of The Sound Podcast for a feature interview
Oliver talks about his musical influences and collaborations at Atlanta's Northside Tavern in a 2022 documentary
The Wood Brothers at Blue Note Records
Brothers in Arms: The Wood Brothers by Tim Newby of Honest Tune, 1/31/07.
The Wood Brothers Live on NPR Streaming audio of The Wood Brothers performing on February 17, 2006
Musical groups from Colorado
Blue Note Records artists
Musical groups established in 2004
American folk musical groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wood%20Brothers |
Sinzig is a town in the district of Ahrweiler, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the river Rhine, about 5 km south-east of Remagen and 25 km south-east of Bonn, and it has approximately 20,000 inhabitants (2004).
History
Sinzig received its first official recognition in 762 A.D. On 10 July that year, King Pippin the Younger, the father of Charlemagne, presented a certificate of his decree in the Palace of Sinzig (Sentiaco Palacio), officially recognizing the town as "Sentiacum."
Abraham of Augsburg; a convert to Judaism, along with 61 other Jews, were slain in a pogrom in Sinzig in 1265.
Sinzig first received its rights as a town on 9 October 1267.
Because of the influence Emperor Frederick Barbarossa had on the town, it is nicknamed a "Barbarossa town". Ivan Turgenev immortalized the town in his 1857 novella Asya.
Twice, the medieval town, which since 1300 has been protected by a massive wall, was almost entirely destroyed by fires, one in 1583 and another in 1758. Little of the wall now remains, as industrialization and urban development led to its nearly complete loss at the end of the 19th century. After World War II, Sinzig experienced a population explosion and soon evolved into an industrial town.
With the district reform of 1969, Bad-Bodendorf, Franken, Koisdorf, Löhndorf, and Westum became provinces of Sinzig. Today, Sinzig, together with the town of Remagen, have developed a modern consumer centre, with multiple schools and shopping centres.
Sightseeing
There is no point in the "Golden Mile" where the defining icon of Sinzig, the parish church of Saint Peter, cannot be seen. The late Roman Basilica is one of the most meaningful pieces of Roman architecture and on to the United Nations' list of "World Culture Heritage" artifacts.
The Sinziger Schloss (Sinzig Castle) was built in the period of the Rhine Romantic. Between 1854 and 1858, a businessman, Gustav Bunge of Cologne, ordered the erection of a summer villa in Sinzig in the style of a neo-gothic palace. Surrounding the palace is a garden, constructed in the style of a Romantic park. The castle has since then become a museum.
Also worth seeing:
Zehnthof
remains of the Medieval town wall
"Ahrmündung" Nature centre
Municipal subdivisions
Sinzig
Sinzig-Bad Bodendorf
Sinzig-Westum
Sinzig-Löhndorf (1997 Champion of the "Beautify our Town" Contest)
Sinzig-Franken
Sinzig-Koisdorf
Town song
Heimattreue (Faith in the Homeland)
Draußen im Lande ein Mädel ich fand,
mit hellblondem Haar und feinzarter Hand
und sie hat Augen so klar wie der Wein:
sag Mädel die Heimat, sag bist du vom Rhein!
sag Mädel die Heimat sag bist du vom Rhein!
Refrain:
Wo die Ahr zum Rhein hinfließt,
heilend Wasser der Erd entsprießt,
wo Mädchenaugen sind so blau,
mitten in der goldnen Au.
An dies Städtchen denk ich gern,
bin ich denn auch noch so fern,
an dich denk ich immer dar,
Sinzig Rhein und Ahr.
Ferne am Strande des weiten Meeres,
steht eine Frau, schwer ist ihr ums Herz.
Und sie singt leis` in die Wolken hinein:
Grüßt mir die Heimat, mein Städtchen am Rhein!
Grüßt mir die Heimat, mein Städtchen am Rhein!
(Refrain)
Schon Barbarossa hat Sinzig erkannt,
als eines der schönsten Städtchen im Land.
Und er befahl seinem Kaisertross:
Wir rasten in Sinzig und wohnen im Schloss!
Wir rasten in Sinzig und wohnen im Schloss!
(Refrain)
Born in Sinzig
Inge Helten (born 1950), athlete, sprinter
Günter Ruch (1956-2010), writer
Connected to Sinzig
Peter Joseph Lenné (1789-1866), garden artist and landscape architect, designed the "Schlosspark" in 1858-1866 and the "Zehnthof" in 1864
Peter Bares (1936-2014), organist, composer for church music, 1960-1985 church musician in Sinzig
Rudi Altig (1937-2016), professional cyclist, lived in Sinzig - Koisdorf
Eveline Lemke (born 1964), politician (Alliance 90/The Greens), Member of the Landtag, former minister
Klaus Badelt (born 1967), German composer for television and film music, lived in Bad Bodendorf (Sinzig) during his childhood and youth.
References
External links
http://www.sinzig.de
http://www.aktiplan-sinzig.de
http://www.sinzig-loehndorf.de
http://museum-sinzig.de
http://www.sinziger-turmblaeser.de
http://www.sinzig.org
Populated places on the Rhine
Ahrweiler (district)
Districts of the Rhine Province
Middle Rhine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinzig |
The Battle of Tarapacá occurred on 27 November 1879 during the Tarapacá Campaign of the War of the Pacific. Three Chilean columns of almost 3,900 soldiers attacked a numerically inferior Peruvian contingent of 3,046 troops at Tarapacá - 500 of which were at Quillahuasa, 1 hour away from the battlefield - commanded by Gen Juan Buendía, resulting in a harsh defeat. The was the most damaged unit, losing almost half of its force, along with its commander Col. Eleuterio Ramírez and his second in command, Lt. Col. . The unit lost its banner, which was recovered six months later after the Battle of Tacna. Despite the victory, the Allies could not contest for the domination of the Tarapacá department, abandoning it to Chilean control.
Background
Following a significant defeat at Dolores well inflicted by an outnumbered Chilean contingent - which cost the Allies all their artillery - the remnants of the Peruvian army were scattered all across the desert, demoralized and almost leaderless. Belisario Suárez's soldiers marched to Tarapacá, the former administrative Peruvian capital of the department, to join Buendía. Buendía's army gathered at Tarapacá, reunited with Suárez, whose men had marched across the harsh desert terrain. When Buendía arrived at Tarapacá, he dispatched emissaries to gather more of those troops dispersed from the battle at Dolores. Within a few days, his force now numbering 2,000 men, on the 26th Rios's division arrived from Iquique with supplies, Rios's column supplementing the food and water already existing at Tarapacá. By now, 4,500 allied soldiers were stationed at Tarapacá.
Meanwhile, as these events unfolded, acknowledging that a column of exhausted Peruvians under Buendía had stopped near the Tarapacá to rest. Lt. Col. José Francisco Vergara asked Gen. Arteaga to dispatch a reconnaissance force to find out the enemy's condition as well as inspect the condition of the route.
Hence, on 24 November Arteaga dispatched under Vergara’s command a party of 270 men of the , 2 artillery pieces, 115 riders of the Cazadores a Caballo Cavalry Regiment. Vergara’s column took the road to Dibujo, camping about from Tarapacá. Later, Arteaga was informed that the Peruvian numbers were greater than expected, so he sent another column made up of the 2nd Line and Artillería de Marina regiments, the Chacabuco Battalion, 30 more Cazadores a Caballo riders and another artillery battery. Next day, Chilean sentries of the vanguard division captured an Argentinean muleteer, who reported only 1,500 men at the town. In receipt of this news, Vergara asked Arteaga for instructions, his request creating great anxiety among Chilean High Command and troops. At this point, the Chilean commanders soundly underestimated the battle capabilities of the Allies. Arteaga did not properly prepare the Chilean forces dispatched for battle, meaning they carried insufficient amounts of food, water and ammunition, all of which had serious consequences later on.
Vergara, meanwhile, gave little importance to supplying his troops properly. Instead, Vergara made a reconnaissance of the Peruvian positions.
The reinforcements dispatched by Arteaga reunited with Vergara's troops on noon of the 26th at Isluga. As both Chilean divisions gathered, Arteaga arrived with additional forces to assume command. It appears at this time Arteaga thought, given the condition of his soldiers, the Allies too must be as exhausted, thirsty and weary as his own men. Only that day, some of Arteaga's Chilean troops had marched for nine hours, bringing to 30 hours the total time his men had marched across burning sands with little food or water. This arduous advance severely diminished the fighting capabilities of the Chilean troops, leaving them in poor condition for battle. Worse, since they were now 70 km (45 mi), across desert terrain, from the nearest source of Chilean supplies at Dolores, Arteaga realised that their only salvation was to attack. In addition, Arteaga continued to believe he faced only 2,500 Peruvian soldiers when in fact Arteaga's forces added up to just 2,281 men, around half the strength of Buendía’s contingent.
Battlefield
The Tarapaca oasis was 70 km (45 mi) from San Francisco/Dolores. This commercial town was founded by the Spanish in the 16th century, using one of the Inca roads that link up the mountains with the sea. A little creek, formed by snow melting in the Andes, runs through the town, allowing small plantations along the stream bed. The Peruvian administration buildings were next to rock walls, with the market and the church at the very centre of the town. Militarily, the town buildings lay in what was effectively a wide ravine, on the west side of the ravine. A ridge leading up to a waterless, flat and barren plateau bordered the town to the west. To the east, running for several Km/Mi, were a series of rugged ridges and gullies. The ground to the east made any military manoeuvre in this direction extremely difficult. 6 km (3.7 mi) north east of Tarapaca, within the stream bed and astride any route of retreat from the town, lay the village of Quillaquasa. The town building themselves were adjacent to rising slopes at the north end of the settlement. These slopes formed an inverted V; for an army, effectively creating a dead end for any force that might advance through the town, simultaneously making such a force vulnerable to sniping from any buildings held in force in the town, or from soldiers shooting down on the town from the ridges to the north and west.
Chilean battle plan
With the advantage of hindsight, there is a strong case to argue that the Chilean attack was poorly planned, since, despite being heavily outnumbered, Arteaga divided his force into three columns, thereby weakening even more any chance of victory. Col. with his Zapadores Regiment, one company of the 2nd Line Regiment, and the Krupp cannons (a force of 400 men) were to advance to Quillahuasa via the desert plateau to cut off Buendía's escape route. Col. Eleuterio Ramírez with 7 companies of his 2nd Line Regiment, one Cazadores a Caballo company and some artillery was ordered to enter Tarapacá from Huariciña, pushing the Peruvians from the south, following the broad course of the ravine. Finally, Gen. Arteaga with the rest of his forces would directly attack on the centre of the Chilean lines from the west, over Tarapacá.
Equally, there are elements of the Chilean plan that make sense. Arteaga was operating under the mistaken impression that he outnumbered the enemy, so dividing his force into columns was not as significant an error as was evident after the event, especially as the column assigned the cut-off role represented less than 20 per cent of his available forces. Additionally, Arteaga was under the impression that the allied force was in a similar physical condition as his own. Given the dispersal of the Peruvian forces at the previous battle, encircling the enemy and then denying them an escape route promised the chance of a decisive outcome should the Chileans prevail.
Allied battle plan
Buendía was well aware of the Chilean presence, notified by Andrés Avelino Cáceres and Francisco Bolognesi that one column was advancing over the plateau and another one was moving towards Tarapacá’s den. Buendía ordered his vanguard to return from Pachica, 12 km/7.5 mi north of this position, concentrating his division on the town. Buendía set skirmishers in every building to fire from protected positions. He also disposed his infantry in a manner that allowed then to form a cross fire field (the Peruvians would be shooting from covered positions, one man firing from the front and one from the flank or rear of any Chilean target, making it extremely difficult for Chilean forces as they advanced to find cover and return effective fire). Castañon’s artillery men were set on Visagra hill, to defend the den entrance, supported by the Arequipa Battalion.
Battle
At 03:30 Santa Cruz departed from Isluga while a dense fog covered the surroundings, and an hour later Ramírez and Arteaga began their movement. Disoriented by the mist, Santa Cruz and his column marched almost three hours in circles, losing precious time. When the sunrise showed that he was at Ramírez’ rearguard, Santa Cruz resolved to continue to toward his assigned objective. Ramírez, meanwhile, marched to his own.
Closing to his destination, Santa Cruz sent his grenadiers to take Quillahuasa, but they were sighted by the Peruvians advanced posts, which sounded the alarm. Strangely, Santa Cruz refused to use his artillery, losing the chance to overwhelm his enemy. Suárez, in command at Quillahuasa, realized his army could be vanquished by the Chilean artillery that could fire on him from higher ground. He rapidly evacuated the town, putting his soldiers over the surrounding hills. Immediately, Peruvian forces under Cáceres climbed the hill at the northern end of the village as Bolognesi did the same on the southern end, towards Tarapacá.
At 10:00, the fog vanished and Cáceres division could easily climb Visagra hill and attack Santa Cruz’ column from his rearguard, isolating him from Ramírez and Arteaga. Cáceres division was formed by the Zepita and 2 de Mayo regiments, and later strengthened by the Ayacucho and Provisional Nº 1 of Lima battalions of Colonel Bedoya. His 1,500 men outnumbered the 400 men strong force of Santa Cruz. Thus, after 30 minutes almost one third of the Chilean column was out of combat, and lost its artillery, but managed to maintain cohesion and inflict several casualties as well. On the brink of annihilation, Arteaga came in to help Santa Cruz, charging an astonished Caceres and forcing him to stop his attack. Facing a defeat, the Chilean officers prepared the retreat, deploying the infantry guarding the remains of the artillery. But before even moving, the grenadiers sent by Santa Cruz to Quillahuasa returned and charged the Allies again, followed by the infantry.
Meanwhile, Ramirez’ column was spotted by Bolognesi’s division, who deployed over the hills on the east, whilst Buendía garrisoned himself in the town. Ramirez’ progressed without inconvenience passing through Huaraciña and San Lorenzo along the river, but upon reaching a small mount at Tarapacá’s entrance, was received by enemy fire. Incredibly, despite capturing Buendía’s intention to outflank him, he maintained his order and resumed his march as planned. The Chileans came back for their surprise and charged into the town only to be shot at point blank range from every house and building, suffering heavy damage. When Ramírez ordered the retreat, the grenadiers renewed their charge and forced Caceres to reform and regroup at Visagra. More than 50% of his 2nd Line Regiment was disabled, counting only with two companies disposed on the den high borders. After being reinforced by these troops, the Peruvians withdrew to Tarapacá and the battle lapsed for the time being.
Believing the battle was over, the Chilean officers let their extenuated and thirsty men to abandon all order and move over the river. Almost without any ammunition, they were waiting for the night fall to return to Dibujo. But the Peruvian High command was planning a second attack, dividing its army into three columns, as to the Chileans, but with their greater numbers they weren't weakened as the Chileans had been.
Dávila’s men appeared suddenly over Huariciña; Herrera’s and Bolognesi’s divisions attacked the troops at the river, and at the eastern and western heights, surprising the Chileans again. After the first impact, the Chileans gathered up and made a run from the heights trying to evacuate the town. The second in command of the Artillería de Marina Regiment formed 50 shooters along with two cannons and held the attack for an hour, until Arteaga realized the battle was lost and ordered the retreat. This was carried out with no order whatsoever, with soldiers moving to Dibujo and others to Isluga. The lack of cavalry prevented the Peruvians to inflict more severe casualties, saving the rest of Arteaga’s division. The battle was over and the Allied victory was total.
Aftermath and consequences
The Chilean army at Tarapacá suffered 692 casualties (men who were killed and wounded), representing 23.6% of the contingent present at the battle. Col. Eleuterio Ramírez and Bartolomé Vivar, first and second commanders of the Chilean 2nd Line Regiment, were killed in action; in addition, the regiment lost its banner. The defeat and associated perception of poor planning cost Arteaga his command, simultaneously strengthening War Minister Sotomayor’s prestige since this was the only action planned so far without him and it had resulted in a disaster.
On the Allied side, the victory had no effect on the general campaign. The Allies left Tarapacá, withdrawing north-west to Arica on the coast, moving through the area close to the mountains to avoid the Chilean cavalry attack. They marched during twenty days at the cost of six casualties. Hence, despite the defeat, Chile secured the Tarapacá province.
Notes
References
External links
See The New York Times Article
Battles involving Chile
Battles involving Peru
Battles of the War of the Pacific
Battles in 1879
1879 in Chile
Battle of Tarapaca
November 1879 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Tarapac%C3%A1 |
Culture and Society is a book published in 1958 by Welsh progressive writer Raymond Williams, exploring how the notion of culture developed in Great Britain, from the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries.
When first published, the book was regarded as having overturned conventional social and historical thinking about culture. It argues that the notion of culture developed in response to the Industrial Revolution and the social and political changes it brought in its wake. This is done through a series of studies of famous British writers and essayists, beginning with Edmund Burke and William Cobbett, also looking at William Blake, William Wordsworth, etc., and continuing as far as F. R. Leavis, George Orwell and Christopher Caudwell.
The book is still in print, in several editions. It has also been translated into many languages.
Further reading
By Williams
Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (Croom Helm, 1976). Originally intended as an appendix to Culture and Society.
About Williams
E-book.
See also
Information culture
1958 non-fiction books
Chatto & Windus books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20and%20Society |
Pristane is a natural saturated terpenoid alkane obtained primarily from shark liver oil, from which its name is derived (Latin pristis, "shark"). It is also found in the stomach oil of birds in the order Procellariiformes and in mineral oil and some foods. Pristane and phytane are used in the fields of geology and environmental science as biomarkers to characterize origins and evolution of petroleum hydrocarbons and coal.
It is a transparent oily liquid that is immiscible with water, but soluble in diethyl ether, benzene, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride.
Pristane is known to induce autoimmune diseases in rodents. It is used in research to understand the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
It is used as a lubricant, a transformer oil, an immunologic adjuvant, and an anti-corrosion agent, biological marker, plasmocytomas inducer and in production of monoclonal antibodies.
Biosynthetically, pristane is derived from phytol and is used as a biomarker in petroleum studies. Tocopherols represent an alternate sedimentary source of pristane in sediments and petroleum.
Toxicity of pristane is alleviated by aconitine.
References
Alkanes
Diterpenes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristane |
The Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) is a breeder reactor located at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India. The Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research (IGCAR) and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) jointly designed, constructed, and operate the reactor.
History
It first reached criticality in , making India the seventh nation to have the technology to build and operate a breeder reactor after United States, UK, France, Japan, Germany, and Russia. The reactor was designed to produce 40 MW of thermal power and 13.2 MW of electrical power. The initial nuclear fuel core used in the FBTR consisted of approximately of weapons-grade plutonium.
The FBTR has rarely operated at its designed capacity and had to be shut down between 1987 and 1989 due to technical problems. From 1989 to 1992, the reactor operated at 1 MW.
In 1993, the reactor's power level was raised to 10.5 MW. In September 2002, fuel burn-up in the FBTR for the first time reached the 100,000 megawatt-days per metric ton uranium (MWd/MTU) mark. This is considered an important milestone in breeder reactor technology. On March 7, 2022 it attained the design power level of 40 MWt.
Using the experience gained from the operation of the FBTR, a 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is in advanced stage of construction at Kalpakkam.
Technical details
The reactor uses a plutonium-uranium mixed carbide fuel and liquid sodium as a coolant. The fuel is an indigenous mix of 70 percent plutonium carbide and 30 percent uranium carbide. Plutonium for the fuel is extracted from irradiated fuel in the Madras power reactors and reprocessed in Tarapur.
Some of the uranium is created from the transmutation of thorium bundles that are also placed in the core.
References
Liquid metal fast reactors
Nuclear technology in India
1985 establishments in Tamil Nadu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20Breeder%20Test%20Reactor |
Scheels () is an American privately held, employee-owned and operated sporting goods and entertainment chain store headquartered in Fargo, North Dakota. Scheels operates thirty-two store locations in fifteen U.S. states. Its slogan is "Gear. Passion. Sports."
History
Scheels began as a hardware and general merchandise store in Sabin, Minnesota, in 1902. Frederick A. Scheel, a German immigrant, used the $300 he earned from his first harvest of potatoes as the down payment on the first Scheels, which was a hardware store.
Scheels started adding a small selection of sporting goods to its stores in 1954. Over the years, Scheels opened in surrounding communities, including Fargo, North Dakota. Fargo is currently the site of Scheels corporate headquarters. Scheels' first all-sports superstore opened in Grand Forks, North Dakota, in 1989. This store relocated to Columbia Mall in 2014.
CEO Steve M. Scheel, great-grandson of Frederick A. Scheel, oversees the company of over 7,000 associates. His father, Steve D. Scheel, is the chairman of the board.
Locations
Scheels owns and operates thirty-two stores in fifteen U.S. states. Scheels can be found in Springfield, Illinois. In Iowa, stores are located in Cedar Falls, Coralville, Sioux City, and West Des Moines. In Minnesota, stores are located in Eden Prairie, Mankato, Moorhead, St. Cloud, and Rochester. In South Dakota, Sioux Falls and Rapid City. Montana has three locations, Billings, Missoula, and Great Falls. Nebraska, has two as well, in Lincoln and Omaha. Wisconsin has two locations, in Eau Claire and Appleton. Texas has one, located in The Colony. Utah also has a location, in Sandy. Colorado has two locations, one in Johnstown, Colorado and the newest location is in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
The headquarters are located in Fargo, North Dakota, along with two stores, one traditional all-sports store, and a store focusing on home and hardware store that is now in the old sports store after being in its University Drive location since 1962. All-sports stores are also located in Bismarck, Grand Forks, and Minot. Stores can also be found in Rapid City and Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Scheels is also located in Appleton and Eau Claire, Wisconsin. On June 25, 2011, a new Scheels location opened in Springfield, Illinois. The Sandy, store opened September 29, 2012.
On December 3, 2012, Scheels announced that it would be opening the company's new flagship store in Overland Park, Kansas, in the Corbin Park outdoor retail village. The store would be a 222,000-square-foot, two-story building. CEO Steve Scheel said that he had grand plans for the interior of the store. Customers will enter the store under a 16,000-gallon aquarium, complete with a coral reef and scuba divers to feed the fish daily. A 65-foot, 16-car Ferris wheel also will be in the store, in addition to sport simulators and a walk of U.S. presidents. Scheels opened its new flagship store in Overland Park, Kansas, on June 27, 2015.
On June 3, 2015, Scheels announced plans to open a store in Johnstown, Colorado on September 30, 2017.
In May 2020, the Scheels in The Colony, Texas opened its doors. At , this store is the largest Scheels and largest all-sports store in the world
On July 11, 2020, Scheels opened a two-story, store at the Eden Prairie Center in Eden Prairie, MN.
On May 19, 2020, Macerich announced that Scheels will open its first Arizona location at Chandler Fashion Center in the fall of 2023, replacing a vacant Nordstrom.
Scheels Outfitter brand
Scheels Outfitters is a premium brand exclusive to Scheels. Merchandise is designed for field experts by "Scheels Experts". This includes gear for camping, fishing, and hunting.
See also
Academy Sports + Outdoors
Bass Pro Shops
Cabela's
Coral Ridge Mall
Dick's Sporting Goods
Gander Mountain
Legendary Whitetails
Sportsman's Warehouse
List of North Dakota companies
References
External links
1902 establishments in Minnesota
Clay County, Minnesota
Companies based in Fargo–Moorhead
Employee-owned companies of the United States
Fargo, North Dakota
Online retailers of the United States
Privately held companies based in Minnesota
Privately held companies based in North Dakota
Retail companies established in 1902
Sporting goods retailers of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheels |
Seamen's Articles of Agreement Convention, 1926 was an International Labour Organization Convention, established in 1926, having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to seamen's articles of agreement.
Ratifications
As of 2023, the convention has been ratified by 60 states, 44 of whom have denounced it.
External links
Text.
Ratifications and denunciations.
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1926
Treaties entered into force in 1928
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Bangladesh
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Belize
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Admiralty law treaties
Treaties extended to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Treaties extended to Italian Somaliland
Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies
Treaties extended to the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
Treaties extended to Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas
Treaties extended to the Colony of Barbados
Treaties extended to British Honduras
Treaties extended to British Dominica
Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
Treaties extended to Gibraltar
Treaties extended to Guernsey
Treaties extended to Jersey
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Malta
Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Seychelles
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Singapore
1926 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamen%27s%20Articles%20of%20Agreement%20Convention%2C%201926 |
Eugene Island block 330 oil field is an oil field in the United States Exclusive Economic Zone in the Gulf of Mexico. It is located southwest of New Orleans, off the Louisiana coast comprising six and a half leased blocks: Eugene Island 313, 314 south, 330, 331, 332, 337 and 338.
History
In the outer continental shelf lease sale on December 15, 1970 were offered for lease, including Eugene Island blocks. The Block 330 area was acquired by Pennzoil (now part of Royal Dutch Shell). As the Pliocene-Pleistocene sands were considered geochemically immature and wells drilled to the north of Block 330 discovered natural gas, Pennzoil expected to discover a natural gas not oil. The oil field was discovered in March 1971 while drilling the 1 OCS G-2115 well. Approximately at the same time oil was discovered by Royal Dutch Shell in the adjoining block 331.
By the end of 1971, two platforms had been installed in the field. The first development well was drilled on Block 330 by Pennzoil's "A" platform in November 1971. Production started in September 1972 in the block 331. During 1972 four more platforms were installed and later the number of platforms increased to nine.
From 1975 to 1980, the field was the largest producing field in the Federal outer continental shelf. Production peaked in 1977 by of liquids (crude oil and gas liquids) and per day. Enhanced oil recovery operations started in August 1975. Water injection was used on blocks 331 and 314, and starting from December 1979 gas injection was used on block 330.
Geology
The field is an anticlinal structure on the downthrown side of a major salt diapir associated growth fault and produces from 25 Pliocene-Pleistocene delta-front sandstone reservoirs at depths from 1290 to 3600 m. The structure was located with reconnaissance reflection seismology 2D lines recorded from 1966 to 1970, coupled with well data defined lithofacies and isopach maps indicating large delta systems. Relative amplitude seismic profiles reveal "prominent hydrocarbon indicators" such as bright spots and flat spots, and seismic facies analysis show shingled, oblique and sigmoid reflections typical for delta-front sandstones.
Depletion rate
The oil field is best known for the controversy surrounding its depletion rate. According to a 1999 article in The Wall Street Journal:
However, Richard Heinberg provides his own figures:
The source of additional oil was analyzed as migrating through faults from deeper and older formations below the probable Jurassic and Early Cretaceous age. The oil contains biomarkers closely related to other very old oils which were long trapped in deep formations.
Eugene Island 330's fame comes from its status as an unusual anomaly. Most petroleum scientists believe that the depletion profile is adequately explained by replenishment from deeper reservoirs of normal biologically derived petroleum.
Production and ownership
June 30 the cumulative production of Eugene Island 330 was of oil equivalent, which is equivalent to an average of about , taking 1971 as start of production. Oil and condensate production alone totaled with a maximum daily production of in 1977. Oil is exported through the Shell Pipeline Co LP operated Eugene Island Pipeline System.
the owners of the block leases (numbers in parentheses) are Chevron Corporation (313), Royal Dutch Shell (331), Ecee, Inc (330), Palo Petroleum (337). Arena Offshore / Chevron Corporation joint venture RIKER (338). Arena Offshore (314).
References
External links
No Free Lunch, Part 2: If abiotic oil exists, where is it?
Gulf of Mexico oil fields of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Island%20block%20330%20oil%20field |
The Nvidia GoForce was a line of chipsets that was used mainly in handheld devices such as PDAs and mobile phones. Nvidia acquired graphics display processor firm MediaQ in 2003, and rebranded the division as GoForce. It has since been replaced by the Nvidia Tegra series of SoCs.
Features
GoForce 2100
Featuring VGA image capture, 2D graphics acceleration, JPEG support, and MJPEG acceleration. Used in the Samsung SCH-M500 Palm OS based flip-phone.
GoForce 2150
Featuring 1.3-megapixel camera support, JPEG support, and 2D graphics acceleration.
Supports 3-megapixel images with the upgrade.
GoForce 3000/GoForce 4000
The GoForce 4000 supports 3.0-megapixel camera and MPEG-4/H.263 codec, whilst GoForce 3000 is a low-cost version of the GoForce 4000 with limited features.
GoForce 4500
Features 3D graphics support with a geometry processor and programmable pixel shaders, used in the Gizmondo device.
GoForce 4800
Supports 3.0-megapixel camera and a 3D graphics engine.
GoForce 5500
The GoForce 5500 is a multimedia processor, incorporates Tensilica Xtensa HiFi 2 Audio Engine (based on the Xtensa LX processor licensed in 2005). It can decode video and audio formats, such as WMV, WMA, MP3, MP4, MPEG, JPEG and supports H.264. Also including a 24-bit 64-voice sound processor with supports up to 32 MB of external memory, 10-megapixel camera support, and 3D graphics engine version 2.
GoForce 5300
Equipped with 2.25 MiB embedded DRAM (eDRAM) on TSMC's 65 nm process, being the first in the GoForce product line. Its multimedia technology is claimed to be similar to the 5500's, but it does not sport a 3D engine and only supports much smaller screens.
GoForce 6100
The latest chipset in the series, the GoForce 6100 (showcased in 2007), claiming the first applications processor by NVIDIA, adds 10-megapixel camera support and integrated 802.11b/g support (with external RF), based on a 130 nm process. It contains a 250 MHz ARM1176JZ-S core.
Implementations
Acer N300 PDA
HTC Foreseer
Gizmondo
iMate Ultimate 6150
iMate Ultimate 8150
iRiver G10
Kyocera W41K
Kyocera W51K
Kyocera W52k
LG KC 8100
Mitsubishi M900
Motorola E770v
Motorola E1000
Motorola RAZR V3x
Motorola RAZR V3xx
Motorola RAZR2 V9
Motorola RAZR maxx V6
O2 Xda Flame
Samsung i310
Samsung SGH-P910
Samsung SGH-P940
Samsung Sync SGH-A707
Sandisk Sansa View
Sendo X
Sharp EM-ONE S01SH
SimCom S788
Sony Ericsson W900
Toshiba Portege G900
See also
Imageon
Nvidia Tegra
References
External links
Nvidia's GoForce Product Page
Graphics cards
Nvidia products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoForce |
Sestri Ponente is an industrial suburb of Genoa in northwest Italy. It is part of the Medio Ponente municipio of Genoa.
Geography
It is situated on the Ligurian Sea four miles to the west of the city, between Pegli and Cornigliano. Its population is currently about 50,000, but in the 1970s it was as high as 80,000.
History
The name is derived from the Latin Sextum, a small village that was likely founded in the second century A.D., where stones were assembled for the Roman road that left from Genoa. No physical records exist about the population of Sestri before the fifteenth century.
Around 1911, the town had iron-works saw-mills, shipbuilding yards and tanneries and factories for macaroni, matches and tobacco.
Economy
The links to the transport sector continue to this day; Sestri Ponente is home to Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport. Another major source of employment are the shipyards, part of the Fincantieri. They are currently enjoying the benefits of the current ship construction boom after the blows felt from the 1970s to the 1990s.
References
External links
Satellite image of Sestri Ponente
Quartieri of Genoa
Former municipalities of the Province of Genoa
Mediterranean port cities and towns in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestri%20Ponente |
A helicopter support team (HST) is a unit of organization within the United States Marine Corps that manages the activities of a helicopter landing zone (LZ). It consists of a team of eight Landing Support Marines who are trained to hook up external loads to the hooks of primarily military helicopters. All kinds of gear can be lifted by helicopter and taken to locations with terrain that is not suited for other kinds of vehicles. For example communications equipment can be placed on top of a mountain within a few minutes of flight instead of a few hours of driving, if one could even drive the equipment to the designated location. The HST is a valuable resource to the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), as it provides an expedient manner of transportation for gear and supplies.
Within the HST there is the HST commander whose job is to co-ordinate the mission between the airwing, the supporting unit and the Marine Logistics Group who provides the HST. The HST commander is usually a sergeant and sometimes a staff sergeant. Subordinate to the HST commander is the HST Safety NCO, whose job is to ensure that the gear or supplies are rigged properly, and to ensure that everyone underneath the helicopter is doing their job in a safe manner. The safety NCO is normally a corporal or sergeant. The primary members of the HST are the "leg-men" and the inside and outside directors along with the hookman and the static man. The inside and outside directors direct the pilot of the aircraft as he centers his helicopter over the load that is being lifted. The leg-men ensure that the slings used to lift the gear do not catch on anything and lift in a straight manner as to not disturb the load being lifted. The job of the static man is to use a grounding rod to attach to the hook so that the static electricity conducted by the helicopter is grounded and does not end up killing a marine. The hook man then hooks up the load to the hook of the aircraft in a safe manner.
External links
United States Marine Corps aviation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter%20support%20team |
Business International is a news television programme which aired on CNN International. It was anchored by Adrian Finighan and Becky Anderson from CNN's London studios.
Business International was launched in 2000. As the title implies, it covered international business news. During the programme, market reports would come from the London Stock Exchange. However, in later years, the programme devoted more air time to breaking world news.
The European evening edition of the programme, presented by Anderson, also had sports updates and a preview of the following day's newspaper headlines.
Show-times
Business International aired up to three live one-hour editions on weekdays. The show aired at 8.00, 11.00 and 22.00 GMT on weekdays.
Cancellation
Business International was cancelled in 2009 and replaced by World Business Today and Quest Means Business.
British television news shows
Business-related television series
CNN original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20International%20%28TV%20programme%29 |
Repatriation of Seamen Convention, 1926 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1926.
Ratifications
As of 2023, the convention has been ratified by 47 states. Subsequently, 34 ratifying states have automatically denounced the treaty.
Revision
The principles found in the convention were revised in a later ILO treaty, the Repatriation of Seafarers Convention (Revised), 1987.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1926
Treaties entered into force in 1928
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Belize
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of the French Third Republic
Treaties of the Weimar Republic
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq
Treaties of the Irish Free State
Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Mauritania
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of the Somali Republic
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Admiralty law treaties
Treaties extended to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Treaties extended to Italian Somaliland
Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies
1926 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation%20of%20Seamen%20Convention%2C%201926 |
The Big King sandwich is one of the major hamburger products sold by the international fast-food restaurant chain Burger King, and was part of its menu for more than twenty years. As of March 2019, it is sold in the United States under its 1997 Big King XL formulation. During its testing phase in 1996–1997, it was originally called the Double Supreme and was configured similarly to the McDonald's Big Mac—including a three-piece roll. It was later reformulated as a more standard double burger during the latter part of product testing in 1997. It was given its current name when the product was formally introduced in September 1997, but maintained the more conventional double cheeseburger format.
The product was renamed King Supreme in 2001 when it was slightly reformulated as part of a menu restructuring during a period of corporate decline. A later restructuring eliminated the King Supreme in favor of its new BK Stacker line of sandwiches. When the Stacker line was discontinued in the United States shortly after, the Big King returned in November 2013 as a permanent product.
Despite being off the menu in the United States for several years, the product was still sold in several other countries under several names during the interim of its unavailability in the United States. One such example sold by BK's European arm of the company is a larger version of the sandwich called the Big King XXL, based on the company's Whopper sandwich. The Big King XXL is part of a line of larger double cheeseburgers known as the BK XXL line; the XXL line was the center of controversy over product health standards and advertising in Spain when first introduced.
There was a chicken variant of the sandwich in the United States and Canada. To promote continuing interest in the product, Burger King occasionally releases limited-time variants on the Big King.
The burger was introduced by Australian Burger King franchise Hungry Jack's in 2020 under the name Big Jack, with a slightly altered recipe and a controversial marketing campaign that highlighted its similarity to the Big Mac, leading to a trademark infringement lawsuit being filed by McDonalds.
History
Initial product run
The sandwich that would eventually become the Big King was preceded by a similar sandwich called the Double Supreme cheeseburger. Burger King's take on rival McDonald's well-known Big Mac sandwich was released as a test product in January 1996 when McDonald's was having difficulties within the American market. Hoping to build on improving sales of Burger King and take advantage of perceived market weakness of McDonald's, the chain introduced the Double Supreme as part of an advertising blitz against its competitor. Originally, the burger had a look and composition that resembled the Big Mac: it had two beef patties, "King" sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles and onions on a three-part sesame seed bun. Because its patties are flame-broiled and larger than McDonald's grill fried and seasoned patties, and the formulation of the "King Sauce" was different from McDonald's "Special sauce", the sandwich had a similar, but not exact, taste and different caloric content. The sandwich was reformulated after the initial test run, removing the center roll. The Double Supreme was advertised with a direct attack on the Big Mac, using the claims that it had 75% more beef and less bread than the McDonald's sandwich. A review of the Burger King sandwich by the Chicago Tribune verified these claims and also stated that the ingredients of the newer sandwich were of better quality than those of the McDonald's product.
After the initial testing period, the sandwich was renamed the Big King and added to the national menu at the end of the summer of 1997the first major product introduction since the company added its BK Broiler chicken sandwich in 1990. Unlike the Double Supreme, the new Big King lacked the interior bread piece the Big Mac had, and the advertising used to promote the Big King continued to utilize the 75% more beef claim. However, the new sandwich was introduced while the company was dealing with a highly publicized beef recall from one of its key suppliers, Hudson Foods, and had to deal with accusations that the introduction was designed to distract the public and media from the recall. The sandwich was initially introduced in the United States at a 99¢ (USD) price point, which helped propel sales to nearly twice the estimated volume and causing many locations to sell out of the burger patties used to produce the sandwich.
McDonald's initially downplayed the new sandwich, with a spokesman stating that there was only one place to get the real Big Mac. Despite McDonald's claims that the sandwich was not a major issue for the company, its highly promoted Arch Deluxe sandwich was not a success and its "Campaign 55" promotion, which reduced the price of certain sandwiches to 55¢ (USD), was eliminated after franchisees complained that it had failed to boost sales. Against McDonald's struggles, Burger King's successful introduction of the Big King was later paired with a newly introduced, improved type of french fry in November of the same year. Along with these two product introductions, the company began a massive financial investment in product development across all parts of its menu which, in total, provided a boost in the chain's market performance. The mirrored failure and success for the two companies showed itself in the market share of the United States fast-food market: Burger King's share rose a percentage point, to 19.2%, while McDonald's share slipped 0.4 points, to 41.9% by the end of 1997. The McDonald's drop capped a three-year decline in the larger chain's market share in the United States, which stood at 42.3% at the start of 1995.
By 2001, Burger King's chain-wide sales were lagging. Corporate indifference from parent Diageo coupled with lagging sales at larger franchises caused by declining consumer demand for its products led the company to initiate a menu redesign to try to lure customers back into stores. The company decided to introduce a series of new product launches in a planned menu revamp. Along with a new Whopper-based burger designed to compete with McDonald's Quarter Pounder, a new breakfast sandwich designed to compete with the McMuffin sandwich, and other new products, Burger King introduced a reformulated Big King replacement called the King Supreme. The new sandwich's ingredients were basically the same as the Big King, but the King Sauce used in the sandwich was reformulated to, according to company claims, enhance the savory nature of the grilled burger patties Burger King uses in its sandwiches. This knock-off driven menu reorganization was designed to better compete with a similar menu expansion at McDonald's, called the New Tastes Menu, introduced earlier the same year.
BK Stackers
Burger King changed ownership in 2002 when Diageo sold its interest in the company to a group of investment firms led by TPG Capital. After assuming ownership, TPG's newly appointed management team began focusing menu development and advertising on a very narrow demographic group, young men aged 20–34 who routinely ate at fast food restaurants several times per month which the chain identified as the "super fan". Amid this new super-fan focused menu expansion the chain introduced its new BK Stacker sandwich in late 2006, a family of sandwiches featuring the same set of toppings served as a single, double, triple or quadruple hamburger. The Stacker line was part of a series of larger, more calorie-laden products introduced by the company to entice the super-fan into the chain's restaurants. These new additions helped propel same store profits for more than sixteen quarters.
The Stacker consisted of anywhere from one to four beef patties, American cheese, bacon and a Thousand-Island dressing variant called Stacker sauce served on a sesame seed bun. The new sandwiches had a muted reaction in several reviews—Chowhound.com readers rated the Quad Stacker as one of the most over-the-top gluttonous burgers in a poll, while the Impulsive Buy stated that the sandwich was much like any other bacon cheeseburger but meatier. Despite its lukewarm reception, an internet meme relating to the sandwich developed rather quickly. Customers would create an "Octo-Stacker" sandwich by purchasing two quad Stackers and mashing the two together sandwiches to create a sandwich with eight patties, eight slices of cheese and sixteen half pieces of bacon. They would then film themselves trying to eat the sandwich in under five minutes.
With the onset of the Great Recession in 2008–2009, this narrowly-defined demographic-based sales plan faltered and sales and profits for the chain declined; Burger King's same-store comparable sales in the United States and Canada declined 4.6% in the three months ended September 30, while McDonald's posted same-store comparable sales growth of 2.5% within the United States. The Stacker line underwent a minor reformulation in 2011 that involved deleting the top layer of cheese and changing the amount of bacon in the sandwiches, and moving the sandwiches from the core section of its menu to the company's value menu. The changed ingredient list and pricing structure created a situation such that the distribution of ingredients did not scale at the same rate as increasing numbers of burger patties. Consumer Reports' blog The Consumerist noted that two single Stackers at $1.00 included more cheese and more bacon than one double Stacker for $2.00. Three single Stackers had 50% more cheese and double the bacon of one triple Stacker. The Stacker line and other related calorie-heavy menu items were dropped in 2012 when 3G Capital of Brazil bought the company and initiated a menu restructuring focusing on a broader demographic base.
BK Toppers
The BK Toppers line was a line of cheeseburgers introduced by Burger King in October 2011 as a limited time offer in North America. The sandwiches featured a new chopped beef patty made with a coarser grind than the company's hamburger patty. The three sandwiches included a larger version of Burger King's Rodeo Cheeseburger, one made with sautéed mushrooms and processed Swiss cheese and the Cheeseburger Deluxe. The cheeseburger deluxe consisted of lettuce, pickles, onions, American cheese and Stacker sauce in a combinations similar to the King Supreme.
The sandwiches were a part of the new ownership's plans to expand its customer base beyond the 18- to 34-year-old demographic which it had been targeting over the previous several years. The product resurrected a previous name from the BK Hot Toppers line of sandwiches from the 1980s.
Reintroduction
The TPG-led group of owners divested itself of Burger King in 2012 when the chain was sold to 3G Capital of Brazil. After 3G purchased Burger King, its new management team refocused on a broader menu strategy to lure a more diverse customer base. The first major change to the product base was a reformulation and name change of the company's chicken nuggets in January 2013. Along with other new products such as smoothies, wraps and chicken strips that broadly copied McDonald's menu once again, the chain reintroduced the Big King as a permanent menu item in November of the same year.
The new version of the sandwich was originally made with two of the chain's hamburger patties, but after negative consumer response regarding the size of the patties the sandwich was reformulated to use two Whopper Jr. patties instead. A chicken variant was introduced in May 2014. The new chicken variant swapped out the burger patties with two chicken patties used for the chain's value menu chicken sandwiches and added a third layer of sauce to increase the moisture content of the sandwich. The sandwich was introduced nationwide in the U.S. after a period of testing in Indiana. While the chicken version of the sandwich was new to Burger King, it again copied a product from McDonald's—in the Middle East the competing chain offers a Chicken Big Mac sandwich.
A primary reason the product was brought back was because of a new approach the company was taking regarding new and limited-time offering (LTO) products. Instead of putting out large numbers of products that may only appeal to a small audience, it would only add a smaller amount of products that have broader market appeal. Along with its BK Chicken Fries product, the Big King was part of that goal, with the reintroduction utilizing a three-prong approach: its stated intention to introduce products to those that will have most impact, a bid to appeal to Millennials utilizing social media focused campaigns, and to utilize a former product from its portfolio that the company probably should have thought about before discontinuing. The idea of reintroducing older, possibly discontinued products is appealing to companies such as Burger King and McDonald's because it is operationally easier than launching a completely new product. In many cases the reintroduction allows these companies to utilize older advertising along with its existing supply chain which is already established to deliver the product ingredients while catering to the public's feelings of nostalgia for these products. The limited-time offers allow chains to bring "new" products to the menu without adding permanent complexity to their kitchen operations. The Chicken Big King was introduced because of an increased spike in demand for chicken-based products, coupled with the success of the Big King's reintroduction.
Burger King partially credited reintroduction of the Big King with a limited regain of domestic same-store comparable sales of 0.1% in 2014 over a 0.9% loss the previous fiscal year. At the same time the company's total sales were up 2%, with adjusted earnings per share increasing 19.7% to $0.20 per share. This contrasted with main competitor McDonald's only reporting a 3% increase in global system-wide sales, a 0.5% rise in same-store sales, and a 1.7% decrease in same-store sales in the U.S. and Canada which the competitor attributed to "challenging industry dynamics and severe winter weather."
Competitive products
As noted, the Big King sandwich was introduced to compete directly with the McDonald's Big Mac sandwich. It joins a group of sandwiches from other vendors that are designed as counters to the more well-known McDonald's sandwich. This includes the Big Shef sandwich originally from now-defunct chain Burger Chef and occasionally produced as a LTO from current trademark owner Hardee's.
The Big King was introduced at a time when McDonald's was planning a similar move with a direct competitor to Burger King's signature Whopper sandwich. The Big N' Tasty was introduced in California at approximately the same time Big King was being nationally introduced in 1997. Other similar products from McDonald's were also undergoing testing at the same time; either called the Big Xtra or the MBX, these other two sandwiches were being test marketed in the Northeastern United States. The Big N' Tasty eventually won out in testing, however its national roll-out was delayed due to a corporate reorganization at McDonald's.
Product description
The Big King is a hamburger, consisting of two grilled beef patties, sesame seed bun, King Sauce (a Thousand Island dressing variant), iceberg lettuce, onions, pickles and American cheese. When first reintroduced in 2013, the sandwich was made with two of the company's hamburger patties, but was modified in February 2014 to use two of the larger Whopper Jr. patties.
Notable variants
The Chicken Big King was added April 2014. This new variation on the original Big King sandwich was part of a corporate menu restructuring that began the previous year. This was part of Burger King CEO Alex Macedo's plan to introduce simpler products that require few or no new ingredients in order to simplify operations. This new sandwich uses the company's existing Crispy Chicken Jr patty in place of the beef and adds an extra layer of King sauce to ensure that the product stays moist.
The Big King XXL is part of a line of sandwiches consisting of larger, double cheeseburgers sold by Burger King in the European and Middle Eastern markets. It is one of their late-teen to young-adult male-oriented products. Besides the Big King XXL, there are double cheeseburger and bacon double cheeseburger variants.
The Big Jack is the version of the burger introduced in Australia by Hungry Jack's in 2020. It debuted with a slightly altered recipe that included an extra layer of lettuce and shifted the pickles to the bottom half of the burger. It came in a standard size and the bigger "Mega Jack" size, and was later joined by the "Chicken Big Jack" (based on the Chicken Big King), and the "Outlaw Big Jack" variant which added two slices of bacon, barbeque sauce and replaced the special sauce of the standard version with peppercorn sauce. The close similarities in the name, appearance and the marketing of the burger led to McDonald's suing Hungry Jack's in the Federal Court of Australia in August 2020 over trademark infringement. Hungry Jack's proceeded to run an advertising campaign making fun of the lawsuit and defended their product in court, claiming that the burger's name was a play on the company's name and that of its founder Jack Cowin, and noting that the composition of a burger cannot be trademarked. The Big Jack and all its variants was removed from the menu in late 2021.
Advertising
Double Supreme
The Double Supreme was promoted in a series of advertisements created by the New York firm of Ammirati Puris Lintas (APL). The first ad compared the Double Supreme cheeseburger to the Big Mac, with one 30-second television spot touting the Burger King product contained 75% more beef than the McDonald's one and asked the viewer if Big Mac lovers were "ready for a new relationship?" A second advertisement featured actors playing McDonald's employees going to Burger King to get the new sandwich because they had realized that they preferred the Burger King product over the sandwich they normally sold. The attack ads were the result of the comparatively strong sales year for Burger King in 1996 coupled with domestic sales problems for McDonald's, leaving BK acting in a "cocky" manner towards its main rival.
While Burger King's advertising programs were highly focused on its new product, most of the company's sales gains were the result of aggressive price cutting by Burger King, specifically pricing its signature Whopper sandwich at 99¢, according to analysts at Salomon Brothers. The price-cutting promotions by Burger King, and number-three chain Wendy's, forced McDonald's into its own price-cutting program. According to Salomon, the burger segment's price wars would have a detrimental effect on the profits of segment leaders, allowing other smaller chains such as Sonic Drive-In, Jack in the Box and Carl's Jr to position themselves as attractive alternatives to the big three chains.
1997 Big King
Advertising for the Big King was spearheaded by a national television program from APL that debuted on September 1, 1997. The television ads were part of a US$30 million program to promote the sandwich. It was introduced with a promotional price of 99¢ for the first two weeks of sales, which helped drive sales for the product. The advertisements featured the company's new "Get Your Burger's Worth" tagline and they attacked the Big Mac with the claim "Get ready for a new taste that beats the Big Mac." Additional ads continued the attacks, stating "just like a Big Mac, except it's got 75% more beef. And it's flame-broiled."
King Supreme
The King Supreme debuted with an advertising campaign created by the McCaffery Ratner Gottlieb & Lane agency and commercials produced by Aspect Ratio which featured blues legend B.B. King. The ads pushed the company's lunch and dinner periods as the best time to have the sandwich and had King doing a voice over in which he alternately talked or sang about the sandwiches. The advertisements featured 15- and 30-second television spots in which King is shown sitting on a crescent moon, playing his guitar Lucille while speaking about the products and singing the company's slogan. The 30-second ads were for both the King Supreme and the company's other copycat product, the Egg McMuffin clone called the Egg'Wich Muffin sandwich, while the 15-second ads were for each product individually. On the radio side, 30- and 60-second spots had King discussing the new sandwiches and singing their praise. The tag line for the ads was "BK and BB let you have it your way," a variation on the company's motto "Have it your way."
Shortly after their debut, the ads came under fire from several fronts. Fans complained that the legendary musician was debasing himself by doing the commercials, that he was selling out by allowing his image to be used to peddle fast food. Other groups such as the American Diabetes Association pointed out that King, known for having weight issues and poorly controlled diabetes, was a questionable spokesperson for a burger chain that sells products that are not part of a healthier diet. Finally, several firms complained off the record that King was inconsistent in his endorsements, selling a highly fattening product while similarly endorsing diabetic products manufactured by the Johnson & Johnson company.
2014 Big King
BK XXL
The ads for the XXL bacon double cheeseburger described the XXL as a Whopper "with two enormous portions of flame-broiled meat that will give you all the energy you need to take the world by storm," and used the tag line of "It's awful being a vegetarian, right?".
The British and German ad program for an LTO variant called the Cheesy Bacon XXL featured an edited version of the Manthem commercial created by Crispin Porter + Bogusky that was originally used for the company's LTO Texas Double Whopper. The line mentioning the Whopper was edited out and replaced and the picture of the product was digitally replaced with one of the Cheesy Bacon XXL. The ad was sung entirely in English; all signage, including road signs license plates on vehicles, etc., was not translated into German.
Controversies
The company's online advertising program in Spain described the BK XXL line as being made "with two enormous portions of flame-broiled meat that will give you all the energy you need to take the world by storm." This claim combined with the television advertising were the prime motivators behind the Spanish government's concerns with the XXL sandwich line. The government claimed that the campaign violated an agreement with the government to comply with an initiative on curbing obesity by promoting such a large and unhealthy sandwich. In response to the government's claims, Burger King replied in a statement: "In this campaign, we are simply promoting a line of burgers that has formed part of our menu in recent years. Our philosophy can be summed up with the motto 'As you like it,' in which our customers' taste trumps all." The company went on to say that it offers other healthier items such as salads and that customers are free to choose their own foods and modify them as they desire.
Naming and trademarks
The name Big King was originally a registered trademark of Burger King Brands, Inc., and displayed with the "circle-R" (®) symbol in its home market; however, the federal trademark registration was cancelled in 2005 due to failure to file the required 5-year declaration of use. It was reassigned in 2014 to a California-based ice cream manufacturer.[Notes 1] As of February 2015, the name is displayed with the lesser raised "TM" symbol. In most other markets in which the sandwich is sold, it is designated as a registered mark.[Notes 2] The names King Supreme and Double Supreme were formerly registered trademarks in the US,[Notes 3][Notes 4] while the King Supreme is still registered in Canada in both English and French spellings.[Notes 5][Notes 6]
See also
Whopper
Similar sandwiches by other vendors
Big Mac
Baconator—similar to the BK Stacker line of sandwiches
Notes
1. British trademarks with the "EU" prefix are European Community wide trademarks.
2. The New Zealand trademark office does not allow direct linking of trademark information.
References
External links
Burger King foods
Fast food hamburgers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20King |
Richard Ramirez is an American noise music artist originally from Houston, Texas, recording and performing both as a solo artist and as part of several groups, including Black Leather Jesus, Priest in Shit, An Innocent Young Throat-Cutter, House of the Black Death, Martyr of Sores, Last Rape and the "static noise" solo project Werewolf Jerusalem. He is notable for being one of the earliest American harsh noise artists.
Ramirez draws a distinction between his relatively few professionally printed CDs and LPs and the many CD-Rs and tapes he produces for smaller record labels. He has done collaborations and split releases with many important figures in the noise field, including Merzbow, Emil Beaulieau, Kommissar Hjuler & Mama Baer, Skin Crime, The Haters, Prurient, Smell & Quim, Macronympha, Stabat Mors, Kenji Siratori, Sudden Infant, and MSBR.
Ramirez's work tends to consist of long, slowly changing or static tracks of heavily distorted low- to mid-range noise, with a gradual move over the last several years toward more drone-influenced sounds in addition to his harsh noise work. Parallel to this evolution has been a shift in thematic concerns, with album covers, titles, and general themes changing from more typical noise music concerns such as violence and war (largely borrowed from industrial culture) to a focus on homosexual themes and gay pornography artwork. In addition to his musical work, Ramirez also runs the noise and experimental music label Deadline Recordings. Ramirez is also an "avant-garde" fashion designer under the alias, Richard Saenz.
He recently collaborated with Giovanni Mori, musician power noise, mind of the project L.C.B., his album Born (Old Europa Cafe in 2015) and has also made with L.C.B. an album on cassette entitled "Homo Sense" (Black Leather Jesus - Le Cose Bianche, Signora Ward Records).
In late 2016, Ramirez started a new noise label with his husband, Sean E. Matzus, called Next Halloween. The two are now based near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
References
External links
An interview with Richard Ramirez
Deadline Recordings official site
Next Halloween
American noise musicians
Musicians from Houston
Living people
American gay musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
LGBT people from Texas
Power electronics musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Ramirez%20%28musician%29 |
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