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Sound Barrier is an American pioneering all-black heavy metal quartet from Los Angeles, whose members have also recorded and toured with acts such as Masi, Total Eclipse, Mother's Finest and Fishbone.
Biography
Formed in 1980 after vocalist Bernie K. and guitarist Spacey T. met while playing in a R&B funk band, Sound Barrier was most notable for the fact that, as a heavy metal band specializing in what was widely perceived to be a "white-dominated" genre, all four original members were African American, which gained them significant publicity but did not result in commercial success. They were signed by MCA Records but quickly dropped again when their debut album, Total Control (1982), sold just 12,000 copies.
The band issued a self-released EP, Born to Rock (1984), engineered and produced by Karat Faye, which contained a cover of the Steppenwolf classic "Born to Be Wild". Bassist Stanley E. left the fold in 1986 and was replaced by Romanian-born Emil Lech who had previously played in Terriff with future Ozzy Osbourne guitarist Joe Holmes.
The band was signed to Metal Blade for their Speed of Light LP (1986), this time covering Thin Lizzy's "Hollywood (Down on Your Luck)", but split up the following year. Lead vocalist Bernie Kimbell and drummer Dave "Skavido" Brown again teamed up in Masi, another Metal Blade act, led by Italian guitarist Alex Masi, and recorded the Fire in the Rain album in 1987. Guitarist Spacey T. formed the band Gangland, recruiting Stanley E. on bass, and recorded a three-song demo with the record producer Bill Metoyer in 1988.
Emil Lech joined Joshua for their 1988 album, Intense Defense, before forming Driver with fellow Joshua members Rob Rock and Greg Shultz, releasing a self-titled cassette-only EP in 1990. After the demise of Driver, Lech moved to Germany where he founded the band Ape with guitarists Matthias Dieth and Andy Susemihl, both formerly with Sinner and U.D.O., and drummer Chris Pfannschmidt. The band released the album, Human Greed, in 1992 before splitting up.
Parting ways with Masi after the Fire In The Rain album, Kimbell and Brown joined forces with former The BusBoys members Vic Johnson and Andre "Dre" Berry in Total Eclipse whose sole album was released in 1992 on the A&M Records distributed label Tabu Records. The band's MTV video single was for the song "Fire in the Rain", which Kimbell and Brown had previously cut with Masi.
Following the demise of Gangland, Spacey T. joined the ranks of funk/hard rock pioneers Mother's Finest and helped co-write and record their 1992 album Black Radio Won't Play This Record. He also toured with the group. In 1997, he joined Los Angeles alternative rock act Fishbone, and toured and recorded with the band until 2003. Upon his departure, he formed Year Of The Dragon along with Fishbone founding member Walter Kibby II, aka Dirt Walt, recording the A Time To Love Is A Time To Bleed EP (2006) and Blunt Force Karma album (2009).
On August 16, 2013, Bernie Kimbell organized a cancer benefit show for former bandmate, Dave Brown, which took place at Paladino's in Tarzana, Los Angeles, with live appearances by Armored Saint, DC4, Roy Z & Friends and P.A.I.D.. as well as members of The BusBoys, Warrior, World War III, Hellion, Steeler, and Bitch, among others. Brown died on November 12, 2013.
On April 18, 2017, a reunited Sound Barrier played the Whisky a Go Go in Hollywood, California, as part of the Ultimate Jam Night under the "Metal Has No Color" banner. Original members Bernie K., Spacey T. and Stanley E. were joined by Eric Valentine on drums; also on hand were Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine, dUg Pinnick of King's X, Corey Glover of Living Colour, and Doc Coyle of God Forbid. At the show, Sound Barrier premiered their new single, "I'm Just A Man", produced by Morello and released on his label, Firebrand Records, on April 28, 2017.
Members
Bernie K. - vocals (1980–1987, 2017–present) (born Bernie Kimbell)
Spacey T. - guitar (1980–1987, 2017–present) (born Tracey Singleton)
Stanley E. - bass (1980–1986, 2017–present) (born Stanley Davis)
Emil Lech – bass (1986–1987) (born Emil Lechințeanu)
Dave "Skavido" Brown – drums
Eric Valentine – drums (2017–present)
Discography
Singles
"I'm Just a Man" (2017)
Albums
Total Control (1983)
Speed of Light (1986)
EPs
Born to Rock (1984)
Music videos
"Rock Without the Roll" (1983)
"Born to Rock" (1984)
References
Bibliography
External links
Brief profile of Sound Barrier at BNR Metal
Heavy metal musical groups from California
African-American heavy metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1980
Musical groups disestablished in 1987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20Barrier |
A minor major seventh chord, or minor/major seventh chord (also known as the Hitchcock Chord) is a seventh chord composed of a root, minor third, perfect fifth, and major seventh (1, 3, 5, and 7). It can be viewed as a minor triad with an additional major seventh. When using popular-music symbols, it is denoted by mM7, mΔ7, −Δ7, mM7, m/M7, m(M7), minmaj7, m⑦, m7, m7+, etc. For example, the minor major seventh chord built on A, written as AmM7, has pitches A-C-E-G:
The chord can be represented by the integer notation {0, 3, 7, 11}.
Use
The chord occurs on the tonic when harmonizing the harmonic minor scale in seventh chords. That is, the first, third, fifth, and seventh scale degrees of the harmonic minor scale form a minor major seventh chord, as shown below.
The harmonic minor scale has a raised seventh, creating a minor second (half step) between the seventh and the octave. This half step creates a pull (leading tone) to the tonic that is useful in harmonic context and is not present in the natural minor scale. Traditionally, in classical and jazz contexts, when building a chord on the dominant of the minor tonality, this raised seventh is present, and so both of these chords have a strong pull to the tonic.
This chord appears in classical music, but it is used more in the late Romantic period than in the Classical and Baroque periods. However, a striking example may be found in the final bar of Bach's St Matthew Passion. The chord occurs on the first beat, but the sharp seventh (B natural) is resolved upwards to a C. John Eliot Gardiner hears this chord in context as an "unexpected and almost excruciating dissonance... the melody instruments insist on B natural—the jarring leading tone—before eventually melting in a C minor cadence."
The chord, which has Forte number 4-19, "may be regarded as the sonic emblem of music of the Second Viennese School because of its prevalence and multiple strategic functions." An example would be the chord that concludes the first movement of Alban Berg's Violin Concerto without resolving as Bach did, creating "an inconclusive final cadence" with "no decisive connotation of tonal closure". The chord, initially sung by voices, also permeates the sound world of the opening movement of Luciano Berio's Sinfonia. Another notable use is in the fourth movement of Samuel Barber's Piano Sonata; the subject of the fugue begins with a minor major seventh chord presented as an arpeggio. The arpeggio is heard many times throughout the fugue. The minor major seventh chord is most often used in jazz, typically functioning as a minor tonic. Jazz musicians usually improvise with the melodic minor scale over this chord; the harmonic minor scale is also used. Additionally, Bernard Herrmann's use of this chord – most notoriously in his score for Psycho – has earned it the nickname, "The Hitchcock Chord". In flamenco, guitarists often use this chord as an abstract chord to create atmosphere and it gives a Moorish feel with the tension between the minor and major. See for example, the guitar chord at Figure 8 of the second movement of Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez. See also Benessa's dissertation for how this tension was used by the Moors during the Spanish Renaissance period to capture a surprisingly wide spectrum of emotions in their musical works.
The chord, infrequent in rock and popular music, is "virtually always found on the fourth scale degree in the major mode", thus making the seventh of the chord the third of the scale and perhaps explaining the rarity of the chord, given the "propensity of the third scale degree to be lowered as a blues alteration."
Minor major seventh chord table
{| class="wikitable"
!Chord
!Root
!Minor 3rd
!Perfect 5th
!Major 7th
|-
!CmM7
|C
|E
|G
|B
|-
!CmM7
|C
|E
|G
|B (C)
|-
!DmM7
|D
|F (E)
|A
|C
|-
!DmM7
|D
|F
|A
|C
|-
!DmM7
|D
|F
|A
|C (D)
|-
!EmM7
|E
|G
|B
|D
|-
!EmM7
|E
|G
|B
|D
|-
!FmM7
|F
|A
|C
|E
|-
!FmM7
|F
|A
|C
|E (F)
|-
!GmM7
|G
|B (A)
|D
|F
|-
!GmM7
|G
|B
|D
|F
|-
!GmM7
|G
|B
|D
|F (G)
|-
!AmM7
|A
|C (B)
|E
|G
|-
!AmM7
|A
|C
|E
|G
|-
!AmM7
|A
|C
|E (F)
|G (A)
|-
!BmM7
|B
|D
|F
|A
|-
!BmM7
|B
|D
|F
|A
|-
|}
References
Seventh chords | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor%20major%20seventh%20chord |
Model warship combat is an international club activity, in which participants construct radio-controlled scale models of actual warships, most commonly those built by various nations prior to 1946, such as the , , or the . The models are armed with pneumatic cannons, and fight against one another on ponds and lakes. Model warship combat is sometimes considered to be a form of Naval Wargaming, but can also be considered a water-based version of Robot Combat, since much of the internal systems and concepts are the same as radio control electronics, and in some cases possess similar pneumatic systems.
The sport is predominantly divided into 'Big Gun' and 'Fast Gun' (or 'Small Gun') clubs. Both 'Big Gun' and 'Fast Gun' formats host annual national/international inter-club events. There is one major 'Fast Gun' club, the International Radio Control Warship Combat Club (IRCWCC). As of January 2015, the other major club, Model Warship Combat, Incorporated (MWCI) has been dissolved, and its members are being incorporated into IRCWCC. IRCWCC hosts a yearly week-long national event, called "Nats", where the fleets, divided up by historical alliances, (Allied and Axis), wage war against each other. Whichever team has the most points at the end of the week, wins that year's Nationals. 'Big Gun' clubs have the annual event known as North American Big Gun Open (NABGO). Since 2008 - the annual Big Gun Robotic Warship Combat open invitational at California Maker Faire.
The Australian Battle Group (AUSBG) has two annual National Battles, held in January and June.
History
Radio controlled warship combat was invented by a small group of men living in Texas (USA) in the late 1970s. The founding members are Stan Watkins, D.W. Fluegel, and Jeff Poindexter. These men "toyed" with the idea of using radio controlled ships and equipping them with some kind of cannon so that they could then engage in combat, eventually developing the sport.
In 1977, Stan Watkins created the "Mark I" cannon using a variety of plumbing parts. In this early system, freon was used as a propelling agent, resulting in engagements with little if any damage. After some time and further improvements, the group was able to "sink" an opponent in combat by shooting steel balls through balsa wood hulls. Organized groups formed very quickly after this achievement, with the formation of the IRCWCC, Big Gun groups, and the NASWCA in 1982.
The Mark I cannon was made out of a set of valves, a hose, and a freon tank. Iron pipe fittings were affixed to the freon 22 tank, which provided the pressure that powered the gun. Small water valves were used to fill the tank, and to supply pressure to an O-ring spool valve. When the gun was not in the fire position, the O-ring separated the pressure source from the magazine hose; however, when the radio control unit was activated the servo moved the spool valve into position, allowing freon to flow from the pressurized tank to the magazine hose. As the magazine was pressurized, BBs flowed into the restrictor tube until the pressure built high enough to force the BBs through the restrictor and out of the barrel. The exit velocity of the BBs was high enough to punch holes in the model ship’s 1/32 inch balsa wood skin. However, this linear magazine and barrel assembly was too bulky to be fit to a small model ship’s gun turret. To improve scale appearance, a brass elbow fitting was added to reduce the above deck size of the gun. This enabled the magazine to exit the deck vertically, with the BBs running into the base leg of the elbow before entering the restrictor. This led to the development of the new Mk II breach/barrel assembly. The first Mk II was installed on Stan Watkins' model of the USS Arizona (l/144 scale). The BBs (about 100) were loaded into a clear hose which, when pressurised, would feed the BBs into a smaller clear plastic tubing behind the barrel brass tubing. The pressure would build until the force pushed the BBs through the restrictor tubing and out the barrel. The force of this design had adequate power to penetrate the 1/32 balsa hull skin. The design of the restrictor caused a number of BBs to “spurt” out each time the pressure was great enough, however to have sufficient pressure to get more than one spurt, the warship combatant had to rapidly close the spool valve after the start of the spurt. This was made possible as the freon feed hoses were very thin, and had low flow.
After several decades of technological advances, the hobby has improved dramatically in both reliability and playability. Many different groups having formed, fighting scale model warships ranging from the reasonably rare 1:48 scale to the most common 1:144 scale, with several different and regional variations on the rules used.
Design conventions and model construction
Extensive design conventions exist to provide that the fighting effectiveness under various conditions remain proportional to the prototype vessels. These conventions also dictate safety features as well as mandating design features to allow for recovery of defeated vessels.
The model warships are fully functional, with small electric motors or servo-operated sails for propulsion, servo-operated steering systems, and armaments consisting of self-reloading pneumatic cannons.
The models cannot be purchased, unlike many scale models, and instead must be built from scratch. There are, however, several suppliers that sell many of the necessary parts for construction, such as Strike Models and Battlers Connection.
Mechanical systems
While many models use a combination of switches and/or relays physically actuated by servos to control the propulsion system, most newer models now use either Electronic Speed Control units or solid-state switching boards, such as those found in Robot combat, greatly reducing the complexity of the wiring of the propulsion system. Propulsion is provided by electric motors coupled to shafts passing through stuffing tubes driving semi-scale propellers. All active mechanical systems are required to be operated via electrical or pneumatic means. Any and all mechanisms relying upon chemical combustion which could contaminate the water with fuels, oils, or other chemicals are banned.
Weapons systems
The cannons use steel balls ranging from .177" to .25" in diameter as projectiles, typically propelled by CO2 or compressed air. As of 2009, a small number of smaller "Big Gun" ships are equipped with cannons powered by compression springs. In Big Gun combat, club rules usually include provisions for the arming of torpedoes, usually represented by a fixed cannon firing 0.25" diameter projectiles. Although individuals have attempted to construct self-propelled 0.25" diameter torpedoes, their use has yet to be formally documented or demonstrated. Additionally, vendors have demonstrated working prototypes of weapons control systems suitable for Big Gun combat that would enable multiple turrets on a single vessel to be coordinated as a single weapons battery, allowing multiple weapons to simultaneously target a single vessel. All Pyrotechnics are specifically banned from use to protect the safety of people and animals, in addition to preventing environmental damage.
Cannon types
Arizona Cannon/Single Barrel Gun System - easy to manufacture cannon named after one of the first model ships in which it was successfully implemented
Ball-bearing interrupter - one or two steel balls in-line with the gas supply line interrupts the feed of ammunition into the breech, ensuring that only one projectile is fired at a time
JC White Rotating Cannon - first widely successful multi-barrel rotating turret
JC White Torpedo cannon - similar to the rotating cannon without the rotating magazine on top
Indiana Cannon - a refinement of the JC White Rotating Cannon so named due to the US State in which it was first manufactured. Evolution of the JC White design into the Indiana Cannon marked the point at which the design encountered widespread adoption in the Big Gun format.
Jam elbow -
Negative pressure/Quick Exhaust Valve - Typically uses a Clippard Exhaust Valve in its construction and relies upon a discharge of pressure from a pneumatic control circuit to actuate the cannon.
O-ring breech -
Piston interrupter - a "piston" in-line with the gas supply line interrupts the feed of ammunition into the breech, ensuring that only one projectile is fired at a time
Sliding breech -
Spring-loaded breech -
Spring-fired/Spring-powered cannon - instead of directly utilizing exclusively compressed gas to impart kinetic energy to the projectile, a spring affixed to a piston to compress gas in a chamber or a spring directly acting on the projectile is used.
Spurt cannon - a spurt cannon is a type of fast gun cannon that lacks a mechanism to interrupt feeding of steel balls into the breech. Subsequently, it will continuously fire until either the supply of ammunition or compressed gas is depleted.
Cannon configuration
Depressing - due to concerns for safety and the goal of inflicting damage to an opposing ship at or below the waterline, cannon can be configured to incorporate negative elevation with an adjustable mechanism
Fixed - Fixed cannon cannot be trained, requiring the captain to maneuver the ship to bring them to bear on a target instead.
Rotating - To enable a ship to bring the maximum possible firepower to bear on a given target, cannon can be equipped with a mechanism to facilitate rotation if the corresponding cannon on the real ship were so equipped. Additionally, cannon rotation permit a ship to continue to fire upon a target while maneuvering, potentially increasing the number of successful hits within a given period of time. While uncommon in Fast Gun due to a combination of complexity and limited tactical benefit, cannon rotation is common in the Big Gun format.
Ammunition magazine configuration
Straight-magazine — Steel ball ammunition is housed in a relatively straight length of rigid or flexible tubing and can be gravity or force-fed into the cannon breech.
Coil-magazine - Ammunition is housed in tubing as with the straight-magazine configuration; however, the magazine tubing is tightly coiled, sometimes around the cannon riser and/or valve so as to reduce the longitudinal volume required for the cannon. Ammunition can be gravity or force-fed into the cannon breech.
Canister-magazine - In a canister-magazine configuration, ammunition is housed within a cylindrical chamber integrated into the cannon body. Ammunition is typically gravity-fed into the cannon breech.
Structure
While some early vessels were built in 1/150 scale, scales have become standardized with the most common construction scale of 1:144, although 1:96, 1:72 and 1:48 scale modeling groups also do exist. The majority of hulls are constructed from either fiberglass (with penetration windows cut into it), or scratch built with wood ribs. The exteriors of the ship's hulls are sheeted balsa wood, which allows the relatively low velocity cannon projectiles to penetrate them. The penetration is intended to let in water, with the model sinking if the onboard bilge pumps cannot compensate for the rate at which water enters the hull. Superstructures are often constructed with a combination of lightweight wood, plastic sheets, thermoset plastic resins, and corrosion-resistant metals. Smaller vessels such as light cruisers and destroyers often incorporate a less-durable but lighter superstructure in order to maximize the displacement available for weapons systems. After combat, the models typically escape real damage other than that to the balsa skin, and can typically be patched and turned around in 15–30 minutes.
Combat formats
Campaign
Instead of a single battle, multiple battles or sorties are combined to form a campaign of combat events, sometimes with a preceding battle dictating the available of rearming opportunities afforded to a team in the following battle. A campaign can also consist of multiple objective-oriented battles, or team free-for-all battles.
Free-for-all
Typically held in sessions divided by vessel combat units or combat value, during a free-for-all each captain operates his or her vessel to sink or damage as many of the other vessels on the water as possible while minimizing the damage incurred. It is often played in a "last-man-standing" format where the winning vessel is identified simply as the last to sink or be disabled.
Objective
Objective format combat is typically executed in the form of a scenario, requiring each team to accomplish specific objectives to earn points and/or win the scenario. Such combat may involve sides of asymmetrical strength, such as when attempting to simulate a recreation of a historic battle.
Team free-for-all
One of the most common combat format across the different model warship clubs, team free-for-all involves the division of players present into two teams that are equal based upon a combat strength rubric (i.e. units in Fast Gun or a combination of displacement tonnage and cannon count in Big Gun), which then sortie against each other in accordance with the club's rules and scoring system.
Club formats
Big Gun
Unlike Fast Gun clubs, Big Gun clubs operate based upon a loose confederation, with each club reserving the ability to establish and maintain its own rules, provided that they coincide with the spirit of Big Gun Model Warship Combat. With versions in 1/48, 1/72, 1/96, and 1/144 scale, Big Gun Model Warship combat clubs have provisions for cannon caliber and armor thickness to be scaling according to what existed on the prototype vessel. Big Gun Model Warships allow weapons to be installed in rotating turrets as if they were mounted on the historical vessel. Damage Control is accomplished via a centrifugal bilge pump capable pumping a regulated volume of water out of the hull. The volume allowed is based on the prototype vessel's displacement. Typically, the flow rate varies from 30 gallons per hour (GPH) for the smallest ships to 90GPH for the largest ships.
Big Gun clubs are largely descended from the now defunct "North American Warship Combat Association" (NASWCA) dating back to late 1981/early 1982.
Fast/Small Gun
Principally known as Fast Gun by its members due to few restrictions on rate of fire, this format is sometimes also identified as Small Gun because of its exclusive use of .177" (BB) caliber guns. About 80% of active clubs are of the fast gun variety, in which all ships are built in 1/144 scale and use .177" caliber guns, which in most cases are installed in fixed mounts but may rotate depending upon ship class. Additionally, all ships are fitted with a standardized 1/32" thick balsa wood 'Armor' to yield an easily penetrable hull. Damage control is accomplished through the use of centrifugal bilge pumps fitted with either a 1/8" or 1/16" diameter flow restrictor. Clubs that follow this format include the International Radio-Controlled Warship Combat Club (IRCWCC) and Model Warship Combat, Incorporated (MWCI).
A subset or adaptation of small gun is known as Treaty Combat. Treaty Combat, abbreviated simply as Treaty, incorporates uniform caliber weapons, armor, and combat units in a way similar to that defined in IRCWCC or MWCI rules; however, speeds and pump capacities are limited based upon the prototype vessel and displacement, respectively. Thus, Treaty Combat incorporates some of the reduced-cost aspects of the Fast Gun format with some of the scaled characteristics of Big Gun.
Notes
External links
RCWarships.org - Informational website dating back from 1995 and still going strong General, but primarily Big Gun related
R/C Warship Combat Community Forum Supporting All Formats of model warship combat.
IRCWCC Main Site Fast Gun
MWC official site Fast Gun
North Texas Battle Group site 1/144 Big Gun
Australian Battle Group site 1/144 Big Gun
Western Warship Combat Club site 1/144 Big Gun
Chesapeake Battle Group Group site 1/144 Big Gun
Battlestations! 1/96 Big Gun
Mid-Atlantic Battle Group site 1/144 Big Gun
Queen's Own Scale Model Warship Club 1/48, 1/72 Big Gun
Robotic Warship Combat at Maker Faire 1/144 Big Gun
Washington Cascade Column Seattle Area 1/144 Fast-Gun
https://web.archive.org/web/20110901234547/http://washingtontreatycombat.webs.com/index.htm
http://www.combatenaval.com.ar
Live-action battle gaming
ja:船舶模型#海戦競技 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20warship%20combat |
is a Japanese painter, Superflat artist, manga artist, and science fiction essayist. Aya Takano is represented by Kaikai Kiki, the artistic production studio created in 2001 by Takashi Murakami.
Early life and influence
Takano was born in Saitama, Japan. She spent her childhood reading her father's library, which consisted of many books on natural sciences and science fiction. Exotic animals and landforms combined with an urban city are common themes in her artwork, and are intended to show the juxtaposition between future and fantasy. Takano cited in a documentary made by the Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin that she was always fascinated by the unusual forms of nature and animal life, and desires to have such shapes represented in her work.
Osamu Tezuka's science fiction was another early influence in Takano's life, and had a lasting impact on her dreamy perception of the world. She cites in the book Drop Dead Cute by Ivan Vartanian that she really believed everything she read was true until she was nineteen. Takano states that sometimes even now she imagines possessing the ability to fly and is uninterested in the constrictions of being grounded.
When it was time for her to start thinking about college, Takano told her parents she wouldn't attend unless she was allowed to enter an art program. In 2000, she received a bachelor's degree from Tama Art University in Tokyo, and, soon after, became an assistant for leading Japanese Contemporary Artist Takashi Murakami, the founder of the Superflat art movement, who became her first mentor and jump-started her career.
Development of style
Murakami was looking to exhibit the work of young artists and to help create an artistic community for like-minded artists that used the Superflat style. The Superflat movement, popularized by Murakami himself, is about emphasizing the two dimensionality of figures, which is influenced by Japanese manga and anime, while dually exposing the fetishes of Japanese consumerism. Through the basic ideas of this movement, he created the Kaikai Kiki Co., a group where five out of the seven members are women.
In the 1980s, the look of pre-pubescent girls became the target of consumer culture in Japanese society. This infantilization and objectification of the female was seen most heavily in Japan's otaku culture. Japanese female artists like Takano seek to reinvent the otaku culture through a feminine perspective. Takano in particular is interested in depicting how the future will impact the role of the female heroine in society. Her figures, often androgynous, float through her alternate realities partially clothed or fully nude. Takano denies that she is trying to reveal anything specific about sex, but rather, with the slim bodies, bulbous heads, and large eyes, she is trying to emphasize her figures' temporary suspension from adulthood; the redness on the figures' joints, such as the elbows, knees, and shoulders, is supposed to convey that they are still engaged in the growing process, mentally and physically. Takano's playful and ambiguous visions of the future, especially one which revolves around the feminine, serves as a way for her to create her own mythology, free from the chains of reality.
She is represented by Galerie Perrotin, Hong Kong and Paris.
Solo exhibitions
2015
•"The Ocean Inside, The Flowers Inside", Johyun Gallery, Busan, South Korea
2014
•"La Maison d'Aya", BIBO, Hong Kong
2012
•"Heaven Is Inside Of You", Galerie Perrotin, Hong Kong
•"To Lose Is To Gain", Galerie Perrotin, Paris, France
2011
• SieboldHuis, Leiden, Netherlands
2010
•"Rooms of the World", Kaikai Kiki Gallery, Taipei, Taiwan
•"Aya Takano", Museum Frieder Burda, Baden-Baden, Germany
•Hong Kong Art Fair, Booth Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, Hong Kong
2009
•"Reintegrating Worlds," Skarstedt Gallery, New York City
2008
•"Toward Eternity" Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, Paris, France
2007
•"Wild dogs, hawks, owls, cats, a landfill the size of 44 and a half Tokyo Domes, the stratosphere", Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, Miami, USA
•"Tradition and modernity", curated by Hélène Kelmachter, Miró Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
2006
•"Aya Takano", Musée d’Art Contemporain, Lyon, France
•"City Dog", Parco Gallery, Tokyo, Japan; Parco Gallery, Nagoya, Japan
2005
• Frieze Art Fair, London, United Kingdom
•"The Far Reaches of The Universe, My Garden", Blum & Poe Gallery, Santa Monica, United States
2004
•"Aya Takano, a web project for Digital Gallery", Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, United States
• Naoki Takizawa for Issey Miyake, 2004-5 Autumn Winter Collection, Paris, Tokyo (collaboration)
2003
•Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, Paris, France
2002
• Space Ship EE, nanogalerie, Paris, France
2000
• "Hot Banana Fudge", NADiff, Tokyo, Japan
1997
• "SHU WA KIMASERI", shop33, Tokyo, Japan
Group exhibitions
2010
Garden of Painting Japanese Art of the 00s," The National Museum of Art, Osaka, Japan
2009
"VRAOUM!", La Maison Rouge, Paris, France
2008
"Quando vidas se tornam forma – Panorama da arte contemporanea brasileira e japonesa," Museu de Arte Moderna, São Paulo, Brazil; Museu Oscar Niemeyer, Curitiba, Brazil
"Kaikai Kiki Artists," Kaikai Kiki Gallery, Tokyo, Japan
2007
"Kawaii! Japan now", Foundation Joan Miró, Barcelona, Spain
"The Door to Summer", Art Tower Mito, Mito, Japan
2006
"Spank the Monkey", Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art, Gateshead, United Kingdom
Etoile, Xavel, Inc. (Virtual department store design)
"Aya Takano, Chiho Aoshima, Chinatsu Ban Exhibition", Mizuho Oshiro Gallery, Kagoshima, Japan
2005
Aoi Gallery, Osaka, Japan
"Japan Pop", Helsinki Museum of Art, Helsinki, Finland
"The Sensual Line", Museum der Moderne Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
"Little Boy: The Arts of Japan’s Exploding Subculture", Japan Society, New York, United States (curated by Takashi Murakami)
MTA Subway Poster Design, Public Art Fund and Japan Society, New York, United States
"What’s Good Conference", Hong Kong Art Centre, Hong Kong (Lecture), China
Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, Paris, France
2004
"T-Junction", Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, Paris, France
"Fiction. Love: Ultra New Vision in Contemporary Art", Museum of Contemporary Art, Taipei, Taiwan
"Chiho Aoshima, Mr., Aya Takano", Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin at LFL Gallery, New York, USA
"Tokyo Girls Bravo", Marianne Boesky Gallery, New York, USA
2003
"Girls Don’t Cry", Parco Gallery, Tokyo, Japan
Naoki Takizawa for Issey Miyake, Tokyo (collaboration), Japan
"Hope—The Future is in Our Hands", LaForet Harajuku, Tokyo
2002
"The Japanese Experience – Inevitable", Das Museum der Moderne Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
"Tokyo Girls Bravo 2", NADiff, Tokyo, Japan
"Chiho Aoshima, Aya Takano, Mr., Takashi Murakami", Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, Paris, France
2001
"Superflat", Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, California; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Henry Art Gallery, Seattle, United States
Hiropon Show, White Cube Gallery, London, United Kingdom; Shinsaibashi Parco, Osaka, Japan
Yokai Festival, Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo, Japan
2000
"Superflat", Parco Gallery, Tokyo (curated by Takashi Murakami), Japan
1999
"Tokyo Girls Bravo", NADiff, Tokyo; Parco Gallery, Nagoya, Japan
"Hiropon Show", Parco Gallery, Nagoya, Japan
"Hiropon 32/80", NADiff, Tokyo, Japan
1998
"Ero Pop Christmas", NADiff, Tokyo, Japan
"Hiropon Show", George’s, Los Angeles, United States
1997
Hiropon Show, shop33, Tokyo; Iwataya Z-side, Fukuoka, Japan
Hiropon Show, Manken Gallery, Kanazawa, Japan
References
Galerie Perrotin, Hong Kong & Paris
Biography
Official Blog
Literature
2005, Little Boy: The Arts of Japan's Exploding Subculture Edited by Takashi Murakami 9780300102857
2005, Drop Dead Cute By Joan Vartanian 9780811847087
2010, Aya Takano By Jennifer Higgie 9782953279719
External links
Aya Takano
Official Blog (now removed, archived on Nov 6, 2016)
tumblr HomePage
Japanese painters
Living people
1976 births
People from Saitama Prefecture
Japanese pop artists
Japanese women artists
Manga artists from Saitama Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya%20Takano |
Thomas Hamilton, 6th Earl of Haddington, KT, FRCPE ( baptised 5 September 1680 – 29 November 1735) was a Scottish politician and nobleman.
Life
The son of Charles Hamilton, 5th Earl of Haddington and Margaret Leslie, 8th Countess of Rothes, he was christened on 5 September 1680 at Tyninghame House, East Lothian.
His elder brother John Hamilton-Leslie, 9th Earl of Rothes succeeded to the Earldom of Rothes in 1700.
He took up residence at the family estate of Tyninghame following his marriage to Helen Hope. They found the estate to be in poor condition and began replanting. His wife is largely responsible for the layout of the parks which survives today, including avenues, plantations, and the Binning Wood. The Earl later wrote a book, A Treatise on the Manner of Raising Forest Trees which was published posthumously. An obelisk was erected in the parks in 1856 which commemorated the couple's work.
Haddington was a supporter of the Acts of Union 1707, and further joined with John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll's forces when they met the Jacobites under John Erskine, Earl of Mar at the Battle of Sheriffmuir in 1715. Haddington was wounded and had his horse shot from beneath him.
Installed as Lord Lieutenant of Haddingtonshire in 1716, he was created a Knight of the Thistle in 1717 and sat as a Scottish representative peer from 1716 until 1734.
Lord Haddington died on 29 November 1735 at Newhailes House, Inveresk, and was succeeded by his grandson, Thomas Hamilton, 7th Earl of Haddington.
Marriage and issue
Lord Haddington was married in 1696 to his first cousin Helen Hope, daughter of John Hope of that ilk and Lady Margaret Hamilton, both being grandchildren of John Hamilton, 4th Earl of Haddington. They had issue:
Charles Hamilton, Lord Binning (1697-1732) predeceased his father.
Hon. John Hamilton (d.1772)
Lady Margaret Hamilton (d.1768)
Lady Christian Hamilton (d.1770) married Sir James Dalrymple, 2nd Baronet mother to David Dalrymple, Lord Hailes
His granddaughter, Margaret Hamilton (daughter of John), married James Buchanan of Drumpellier twice Lord Provost of Glasgow.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
A Short Treatise on Forest-trees, Aquaticks, Ever-greens, Fences and Grass-seeds, Rt. Hon. the Earl of Haddington. Edinburgh 1765
1680 births
1735 deaths
6
Knights of the Thistle
Scottish representative peers
Lord-Lieutenants of East Lothian
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Hamilton%2C%206th%20Earl%20of%20Haddington |
Uab Meto or Dawan is an Austronesian language spoken by Atoni people of West Timor. The language has a variant spoken in the East Timorese exclave of Oecussi-Ambeno, called Baikenu. Baikenu uses words derived from Portuguese, for example, for 'thank you', instead of the Indonesian .
Phonology
Dawan has the following consonants and vowels:
Voiceless plosives can have unreleased allophones in word-final position. A phonemic can be heard in place of among dialects.
Vocabulary
A wordlist of 200 basic vocabulary items is available at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, with data provided by Robert Blust and from Edwards (2016).
Numbers
See also
Languages of Indonesia
Languages of East Timor
References
Further reading
External links
Uab Meto Site
Uab Meto Resources
Indonesian – English – Uab Meto Dictionary
Languages of Indonesia
Languages of East Timor
Timor–Babar languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uab%20Meto%20language |
The Kombai or Polygar dog is a breed of working dog native to Tamil Nadu in Southern India. Traditionally kept for guarding and protection, they have a reputation for making excellent guard dogs. They were also occasionally used for hunting big games.
Description
The Kombai is described as a broad, short, muscular, powerful and athletic dog that stands around . They have a short, smooth coat that is usually light brown to dark red in colour, and a black muzzle. They have dark eyes, the mid-length ears with bent tips, and a fine muzzle. The breed has a broad, slightly haired tail that is carried over their back resembling a sickle.
The Kombai is described as highly intelligent and extremely loyal to, and affectionate with, people they are familiar with, being particularly sweet-natured and tolerant of children with whom they allow particularly rough play, but when aroused by strangers or unfamiliar dogs they can be ferocious, making them excellent guard dogs.
History
The breed originated in the Theni district and is named after the town of Kombai. It subsequently spread throughout Southern India. The Kombai was traditionally kept by zamindars and others for coursing a variety of game. When hunting it is particularly robust and athletic, easily clearing hedges and other obstacles. They are also called polygar dogs.
The Kannada Vokkaliga zamindars of Kombai presented Tipu Sultan and Hyder Ali with these dogs for their army. The ferocious dogs were trained to rip the hamstrings of enemy horses. Tipu sent the town an idol of Ranganathaswamy in gratitude. It is said that the Kombai polygars valued the dog so highly that in olden days they were ready to exchange a horse for one.
There are conflicting reports about the status of the breed; some reports from the 1960s stated the dog was popular and numbers were increasing, whilst others from the same period described them as practically extinct. A Tamil Nadu state-run dog-breeding facility did take up the cause of breeding the Kombai, along with a number of other local breeds. However, it was reported they suspended their Kombai breeding program when owners who had purchased dogs returned them, finding their character ill-suited to keeping as pets.
See also
Dogs portal
List of dog breeds
List of dog breeds from India
Kombai Dog History and Insight
References
Sighthounds
Dog breeds originating in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombai%20dog |
Herdorf () is a town in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the river Heller, approx. 20 km south-west of Siegen.
Twin towns — sister cities
Herdorf is twinned with:
Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, France (1982)
References
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Altenkirchen (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herdorf |
The Stinky Puffs were an early 1990s rock band composed of seven-year-old Simon Fair Timony, then-stepson of Jad Fair, and Cody Linn Ranaldo, son of Sonic Youth guitarist Lee Ranaldo. After a 7" single an LP followed in 1995 titled A Little Tiny Smelly Bit of...the Stinky Puffs and an EP in 1996 titled Songs and Advice for Kids Who Have Been Left Behind.
Kurt Cobain, of the band Nirvana, was a fan of the band and friend of lead singer Timony. In Cobain's personal journal, he wrote a letter to Timony asking him to contribute artwork for what was to become In Utero. Timony also managed the fanclub of Nirvana. When he sold the fanclub-cards, he asked "Send candy not money!".
The Stinky Puffs performed in 1994 at the indie rock festival Yoyo A Go Go in Olympia, Washington. Surviving Nirvana members Krist Novoselic and Dave Grohl played bass and drums for the band, in their first shared public appearance since Kurt Cobain's death. The last song that they played was "I Love You Anyways," which a then 10-year-old Timony wrote about Cobain. The lyrics recall the times Timony spent with Cobain, doing things like smashing Cobain's guitar, and repeats Cobain's promise to "record with the Stinky Puffs". The Stinky Puffs' last album was dedicated to Cobain's daughter Frances Bean Cobain.
In 2012, The Stinky Puffs were mentioned in an Esquire magazine article by Miles Raymer. In it, they are credited as the first band Nirvana backed (having recently backed Paul McCartney for the 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief).
References
External links
Stinky puffs at VH1
American alternative rock groups
Child musical groups
Child rock musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Stinky%20Puffs |
John Phillips (December 27, 1719 – , 1795) was an early American educator and the cofounder of Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, along with his wife, Elizabeth Phillips. He was a major donor to Dartmouth College, where he served as a trustee. He also made significant donations to Harvard College and Princeton University.
Early life and education
Phillips was born on January 7, 1719, to Samuel and Hannah (White) Phillips in Andover, Massachusetts. He was a descendant of the Rev. George Phillips of Watertown, the progenitor of the New England Phillips family in America.
Phillips entered Harvard University at the age of eleven, and graduated in 1735, at the age of 15. He returned for a master's degree, which he earned in 1738. While studying theology and medicine under his father, he headed schools in Andover and neighboring towns.
Career
In 1741, he moved to Exeter, New Hampshire, where he headed a private school for a year, and afterwards a public school for a year.
From 1767 to 1775, he served on the council of Sir John Wentworth, 1st Baronet, the governor of the Province of New Hampshire. He represented Exeter in the New Hampshire General Court from 1771 to 1773, and also served as a judge of the inferior court of common pleas from 1772 to 1775. He also served as the deputy of the first New Hampshire Provincial Congress and a member of the Provincial Council. In 1772, he was chosen to be the colonel of a militia called the Exeter cadets.
In 1762, he became the first major donor of Dartmouth College, when he sent a gift to Eleazar Wheelock. In 1770, as the college, then named Moor's Charity School, wished to relocate to Hanover, New Hampshire, Phillips donated large sums of money and land to the college. He also donated £37 to the college, establishing the Phillips Professorship of Theology. He was a trustee of Dartmouth from 1773 to 1793.
He and his wife founded Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1781, donating $134,000, and served as the president of the Board of Trustees until his death. His nephew, Samuel Phillips, Jr., had, three years prior, founded the nearby Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. Inspired by the success of the school, Phillips was encouraged by his nephew to create his own school in Exeter. John Phillips' donations in land and money totaled $31,000. These two schools, longtime rivals, are among the oldest and most prestigious preparatory schools in the United States.
Personal life
On August 4, 1743, he married Sarah (Emery) Gilman, a wealthy widow. He had previously proposed to her daughter, Tabitha, but was turned down. At her death on October 9, 1765, Phillips was the wealthiest man in Exeter. He married his second wife, Elizabeth (Dennet) Hale, on November 3, 1767. He died on April 21, 1795, in Exeter, and left no children. Phillips left one third of his large estate to Phillips Academy and two-thirds to Phillips Exeter Academy. His donations to Exeter totaled about $60,000. He was awarded an LL.D. degree by Dartmouth College in 1777.
References
Further reading
1719 births
1795 deaths
Harvard College alumni
Founders of American schools and colleges
People from Exeter, New Hampshire
Phillips Exeter Academy
18th-century American educators
American judges
Members of the New Hampshire General Court
People of colonial New Hampshire
Phillips family (New England)
18th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Phillips%20%28educator%29 |
Port management involves the management of ports.
Larger Ports
According to a syllabus of the United Nations University:
Large ports need to deal with a number of disparate activities: the movement of ships, containers, and other cargo, the loading and unloading of ships and containers, customs activities. As well as human resources, anchorages, channels, lighter, tugs, berths, warehouse, and other storage spaces have to be allocated and released. The efficient management of a port involves managing these activities and resources, managing the flows of money involved between the agents providing and using these resources, and providing management information.
Smaller Ports
Port Business Models
There are three broad port business models:
The landlord business model in which: “the port is an entity that owns the port infrastructure and has agreements with third party operators”;
The integrated model in which “the port is itself an operator that provides all cargo handling services”; and
The mixed model in which “the port management body partly provides terminal-handling services in-house and partly relies on third-party operators”
Environmental Management and Regulation
In 2008 The World Ports Climate Declaration (WPCD) was adopted by 55 of the world’s largest ports, committing to the long-term work on implementation of initiatives addressing environmental issues. Another notable initiative, The Green Marine (GM) certification program, in which North American maritime corporations, including ports, seek to reduce their environmental impacts, was founded in 2007. An evaluation of this program for Canadian ports over the course of eight years, however, show that only 7 out of 18 major ports “proactively integrated sustainability into their operations”. The importance of environmental port regulation and management owes to the fact that the activities of ports are positioned in the intersection between energy and transport systems and connect a network of different sectors, markets, and value chains, making them a central part of the global economy. While several functional activities are centered around ports, such as cargo handling and storage operations, intermodal connection, industrial activities, and port expansion, the most prevalent port activity is that of shipping, making the regulation of ports primarily driven by the IMO.
The effectiveness of measures taken by ports only become consequential if adoption rates are high, suggesting that port collaboration and coordination around common schemes is needed. Without such coordination, competition between ports could lead to a distortion of competition and environmental taxation where ports that are more heavily taxed suffer from shipping being diverted to rival ports. This is consistent with findings of a trade-off between port competitiveness and environmental protection measures taken by ports – a mechanism that is stronger for developing countries.
The adoption of environmental initiatives by ports is influenced by several different factors. Firstly, some ports are more likely to adopt measures than others. Ports in the EU have generally made more progress adopting environmental measures than North American and Asian Pacific ports. Ports closer to densely populated areas are more likely to adopt these measures. Some experts posit that this owes to more pressure being put on these ports, since their pollution immediately affects close populations. Ports operating with a landlord business model are also more likely to adopt abatement measures. Ports that specialize in servicing container shipping are more likely to adopt abatement measures as compared to ports handling bulk commodities. Experts posit that this is likely connected with the nature of container ship activities. Container ships generally have a fixed round-trip route ensuring frequent and regular visits to specific ports. Because these ship calls are more frequent there is also a higher potential for emissions abatement. Further, container lines carry goods for producers which increasingly need to live up to sustainability requirements through their supply chain, making it increasingly necessary for container lines to focus on their environmental performance, if they want to keep these producers as customers. In turn, ports servicing container ships would need to respond with stronger emissions abatement measures, in efforts to keep container lines as their customers.
Secondly, the types of initiatives most widely adopted focus on international environmental policy and management; investment in proactive environmental solutions; and enhanced stakeholder engagement. Policy and management of ports predominantly centers around measures of regulating environmental standards over other measures such as pricing, market access control, and the monitoring and measuring of port activities. In landlord ports and ports near densely populated areas both pricing strategies incentivizing port users to shift to low-emission technology and monitoring are more likely to be adopted over other measures such as improving operational efficiency or providing alternative fuel sources. Adoption also depends on governments and their regulatory agenda along with the financial capacity and competence of port authorities. When comparing European and West African ports, experts found that ports in Europe tend to focus on technical infrastructure and measures addressing air quality, energy and climate change mitigation, while ports in West Africa typically have an integrated business model and mostly implement measures targeting sustainable waste management, oil spills and ballast water management.
See also
American Association of Port Authorities
Port authority
Port security
References
Ports and harbours
Ship management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20management |
Erbach () is a town and the district seat of the Odenwaldkreis (district) in Hesse, Germany. It has a population of around 13,000.
Geography
Location
The town lies in the Mittelgebirge Odenwald at elevations between 200 and 560 m in the valley of the Mümling.
One geological peculiarity is the creek Erdbach's complete disappearance within Dorf-Erbach's community area. The Erdbach reappears near Stockheim. There are several places where the Erdbach disappears into the ground.
Neighbouring communities
Erbach borders in the north on the town of Michelstadt, in the east on the market town of Kirchzell (in Miltenberg district in Bavaria), in the south on the community of Hesseneck and the town of Beerfelden and in the west on the community of Mossautal (all three in the Odenwaldkreis). A planned merger with the neighbouring town of Michelstadt was blocked in November 2007 by a referendum (Bürgerentscheid). For the time being, ways are being sought to deepen the two towns' cooperation, and possibly consider a merger once again in a few years' time.
Constituent communities
Since the amalgamations within the framework of municipal reform in 1972, the district seat of Erbach has been made up of twelve Stadtteile:
History
Erbach has long been the residence of the Counts of Erbach, who trace their descent back to the 12th century, and who held the office of cup-bearer to the Electors Palatine of the Rhine until 1806. In 1532 the emperor Charles V made the county a direct fief of the Holy Roman Empire, on account of the services rendered by Count Eberhard during the Palatine Peasants' War.
In 1717 the family was divided into the three lines of Erbach-Fürstenau, Erbach-Erbach and Erbach-Schönberg, who rank for precedence, not according to the age of their descent, but according to the age of the chief of their line. In 1818 the counts of Erbach-Erbach inherited the county of Wartenberg-Roth, and in 1903 the count of Erbach-Schönberg was granted the title of prince (the first Prince was Gustav, husband of Princess Marie of Battenberg). The county was incorporated with the duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt in the 19th century.
Governance
Town council
The municipal election held on 26 March 2006 yielded the following results:
Mayors
Buschmann was re-elected in 2012 with 52.7% of the votes.
Coat of arms
The town's arms might heraldically be described thus: Gules a bend wavy azure, thereon three mullets of six gules.
The wavy bend is taken to be a brook, and the mullets of six (six-pointed stars) were inspired by the arms formerly borne by the princely Counts of Erbach, who were lords of the Odenwald until 1806.
Town twinning
Erbach has partnerships with four towns in Europe:
Ansião, Portugal
Jičín, Czech Republic
Königsee, Thuringia
Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin, (Isère) and Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin (Savoie), France
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
Castle of the Counts of Erbach-Erbach
Erbach Palace, the castle of the princely Counts of Erbach, was built into a residence in the style of the times in the 18th century. Since the noble house did not have the needed materials on hand, only the middle wing of the planned three-winged building was ever built. The façade is to a great extent built out of not sandstone, but rather sheeting or wood coloured to look like it.
The antique collections at the castle have remained almost unchanged since Count Franz I's time (1754–1823).
In 2005, the state of Hesse bought the castle for €13,000,000.
Within the castle complex is the likewise Late Baroque orangery with the castle garden.
Citizens' initiatives
In the area of the orangery and the castle garden, a citizens' initiative in the 1970s managed to thwart plans to tear down the orangery and build a highrise hotel on the site
The memorial on the castle square to Count Franz I – the last ruling count – that was knocked off its pedestal and thereby broken was repaired and set back in place with support from two Darmstadt artists and some Erbach citizens. The work was financed through grants from the Landesamt für Denkmalpflege ("State Office for Care of Monuments") as well as donations.
Regular events
Wiesenmarkt/Eulbacher Markt
The Erbacher Wiesenmarkt ("meadow market") was originally called the Eulbacher Markt or Eulbacher Wiesen(Vieh-)markt. Eulbach is an outlying centre of the neighbouring town of Michelstadt. It was once a regionally very important livestock, horse and farm market.
The livestock and farm market was only moved to Erbach sometime in the late 19th or early 20th century by the Counts of Eulbach. Until about 1960, the livestock and horse market with its associated horseracing and other horse sports was the main part of the Eulbacher Markt. The Schützenhaus ("Marksmen's House") standing on the way into the Wiesenmarkt, however, suggests that the Eulbacher Markt, at least in part, must already have been held in Erbach as early as the mid 19th century: it was here that the Democratic Revolutionaries met in 1848 and on what is now the market grounds beside the Schützenhaus that the Odenwald "Moot" (Volksversammlung) was held under the Michelstadt revolutionary and lawyer Ludwig Bogen's leadership.
Museums
The Deutsches Elfenbeinmuseum Erbach ("Erbach German Ivory Museum") has been in existence since 1966 and is unique in Europe. Its exhibits are almost exclusively ivory. Visitors can also watch the resident carvers as they go about their artistic work.
Economy
Franz I, the last ruling count (1754–1823), introduced ivory carving in 1783, thus giving the town the nickname Elfenbeinstadt ("Ivory Town"). Many artists made their homes here and today their works and activities can still be admired at the town's Deutsches Elfenbeinmuseum Erbach. Owing to widespread bans since 1989, aimed at protecting animals, on dealing in ivory, nowadays comparable materials such as animal horns are used. Very popular as a material is prehistoric mammoth tusk, which is still found from time to time in Siberia. Besides the slightly different colour, this is comparable to elephant tusk ivory.
Established businesses
Bosch Rexroth AG, Erbach works, Electric Drives and Controls division
Rowenta, Erbach works (clothes iron manufacturing)
Koziol GmbH, plastic articles
Infrastructure
Transport
Erbach lies on Bundesstraßen 45 and 47, and also on the Odenwald Railway (RMV Line 65; Frankfurt–Darmstadt/Hanau–Erbach–Eberbach). A planned Bundesstraße 45 bypass proposed since the 1970s has once again been included in Hesse state planning.
Education
Schule am Treppenweg (primary school)
Astrid-Lindgren-Schule (primary school)
Schule am Sportpark (Hauptschule and Realschule with transition level)
Schule am Drachenfeld (special school with department for physically handicapped learners)
Notable people
Franz, Count of Erbach-Erbach (b.1754 d.1823), nobleman and art collector
Norbert Busè (b.1963), filmmaker and film producer
Denis Huseinbasic (b.2001), football player
Oka Nikolov (b.1974), Football goalkeeper
Jessica Schwarz (b.1977), actress and presenter
Timo Boll (b.1981), table tennis player
Meike Weber (b.1987), Football player
(b.1882 d.1942), farmer and Righteous among the Nations
Christian Wilhelm Karl Kehrer (b.1775 d.1869), court painter and archivist
Karl Christian Kehrer (b.1755 d.1833), portrait painter
References
External links
Franconian Circle
Odenwaldkreis
Grand Duchy of Hesse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbach%20im%20Odenwald |
is a 2001 Japanese youth drama film, written and directed by Toshiaki Toyoda and based on Taiyō Matsumoto's manga of same title. It tells a tale of apathetic school students at a run-down Tokyo high school for boys. It was released on September 10, 2001.
The film title can be understood as "inexperienced years" or teenage years, but it also can be understood as "fresh start". According to manga artist Taiyō Matsumoto, the title is intended as a play on irony.
Plot
At Asashi High, a run-down high school for boys, Kujo, Aoki, Yukio, Yoshimura, and Ota are a gang of school friends lost in apathy and dissatisfaction. They are aware their future offers limited options. Even most teachers have already written them off as a lost cause.
Kujo's gang is part of the school's illegal society, which is controlled through a rooftop game as a test of courage: the Clapping Game. Whoever wins the game gets to be the society's leader, and rules all gangs throughout Asahi High. No teacher can stand up to this society.
After a round of the Clapping Game, Kujo wins the leadership role, which excites his best friend Aoki, who wants Kujo to dominate the school through the use of casual violence. However, Kujo passively resists doing this.
Aoki eventually realizes his best friend only took part in the Clapping Game to pass the time, and that Kujo never wanted to be the school's leader. Devastated, he challenges Kujo for his leadership, and loses.
As Aoki becomes disillusioned, alienated and hostile toward Kujo, friends around them slowly fall apart, bringing their school to a series of mini violent climaxes.
Cast
Ryuhei Matsuda as Kujo
Hirofumi Arai as Aoki
Sousuke Takaoka as Yukio
Yusuke Oshiba as Kimura
Yuta Yamazaki as Ota
Shugo Oshinari as Yoshimura
Kiyohiko Shibukawa as Kee
Onimaru as Suzuki
Eita as Obake/Ghost
Rei Yamanaka as Leo
Mame Yamada as Hanada-sensei
Erena as High School girl
Genta Dairaku as Career counselor
Kyôko Koizumi as Kiosk woman
Takashi Tsukamoto as Freshman in Baseball Club
Soundtrack
The Blue Spring original soundtrack rose to #24 on Oricon Albums Chart Top 30 shortly after the film release and Drop, a track from the soundtrack, rose to #13 on Oricon Singles Chart Top 30 in July 2002.
DVD
Released under Artsmagic in 2004, the DVD features extras including two interviews with Toyoda, biographies and filmographies of the main actors and a feature-length commentary by Tom Mes, who edits Midnight Eye, an online English-language magazine of Japanese cinema.
Reception
On Midnight Eye, Tom Mes said the film was "magnificent but much overlooked".
References
External links
2001 films
Live-action films based on manga
2000s thriller films
Japanese thriller films
Films directed by Toshiaki Toyoda
2000s Japanese-language films
2000s Japanese films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Spring%20%28film%29 |
In the Heat of the Night may refer to:
In the Heat of the Night (novel), a 1965 novel by John Ball
In the Heat of the Night (film), a 1967 film based on the novel
In the Heat of the Night (TV series), a 1988–1995 television series based on the film
Albums
In the Heat of the Night (Pat Benatar album), 1979
In the Heat of the Night (Imagination album), 1982
In the Heat of the Night (Jeff Lorber album), 1984
Live – In the Heat of the Night, a 2000 album by Diamond Head
Songs
"In the Heat of the Night" (Ray Charles song), song for the 1967 film performed by Ray Charles, composed by Quincy Jones, and written by Marilyn Bergman and Alan Bergman; covered by Bill Champlin for the TV series.
"In the Heat of the Night" (Imagination song), 1982
"In the Heat of the Night" (Sandra song), 1985
"In the Heat of the Night", a song by Diamond Head from Borrowed Time
"In the Heat of the Night", a song by Krokus from Stampede
"In the Heat of the Night", a song by Smokie and Pat Benatar
"In the Heat of the Night", a song by Star Pilots
See also
Heat of the Night, a 1997 song by Aqua
"Heat of the Night", a 1987 song by Bryan Adams
"Heat of the Night" (Paulina Rubio song), 2011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Heat%20of%20the%20Night |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:CO2 dragster}}
CO2 dragsters are cars used as miniature racing cars which are propelled by a carbon dioxide cartridge, pierced to start the release of the gas, and which race on a typically track. They are frequently used to demonstrate mechanical principles such as mass, force, acceleration, and aerodynamics. Two hooks (eyelets or screw eyes) linked to a string (usually monofilament fishing line) on the bottom of the car prevent the vehicle from losing control during launch. In a race, a laser scanner records the speed of the car at the end of its run. Often, the dragster is carved out of balsa wood because of its light weight and cheapness.
CO2 cars are a part of engineering curricula in parts of the world such as Australia, New Zealand and the United States. In the United States, classroom projects and competitions can operate under the aegis of the Technology Student Association at middle school and high school levels. Competitions are sometimes featured in local newspapers. Students learn about the forces of gravity, drag, wind resistance, and the motion of air as a fluid. The projects mainly test the aerodynamic, mass and friction properties of a car. These forces can influence performance in a race, so it is vital to take them into account when building.
See also
Pinewood Derby
F1 in Schools
References
Drag racing cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO2%20dragster |
The Monastery of Stoudios, more fully Monastery of Saint John the Forerunner "at Stoudios" (), often shortened to Stoudios, Studion or Stoudion (), was a Greek Orthodox monastery in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The residents of the monastery were referred to as Stoudites (or Studites). Although the monastery has been derelict for half a millennium, the laws and customs of the Stoudion were taken as models by the monks of Mount Athos and of many other monasteries of the Orthodox world; even today they have influence.
The ruins of the monastery are situated not far from the Propontis (Marmara Sea) in the section of Istanbul called Psamathia, today's Koca Mustafa Paşa. It was founded in 462 by the consul Flavius Studius, a Roman patrician who had settled in Constantinople, and was consecrated to Saint John the Baptist. Its first monks came from the monastery of the Acoemetae.
History
The Stoudites gave the first proof of their devotion to the Orthodox Faith during the schism of Acacius (484–519); they also remained loyal during the storms of iconoclastic dispute in the eighth and ninth centuries. They were driven from the monastery and the city by Emperor Constantine V (r. 741–775); after his death however, some of them returned.
Hegumenos (abbot) Sabas of Stoudios zealously defended the Orthodox doctrines against the Iconoclasts at the Second Ecumenical Council in Nicaea (787). His successor was Theodore the Studite to whom the monastery owes most of its fame, and who especially fostered academic and spiritual study. During St. Theodore's administration also the monks were harassed and driven away several times, some of them being put to death.
Theodore's pupil, Naukratios, re-established discipline after the Iconoclastic dispute had come to an end. Hegumenos Nicholas (848-845 and 855-858) refused to recognize the Patriarch St. Photios and was on this account imprisoned in his own monastery. He was succeeded by five abbots who recognized the patriarch. The brilliant period of the Stoudios came to an end at this time.
In the middle of the eleventh century, during the administration of Abbot Simeon, a monk named Niketas Stethatos, a disciple of Symeon the New Theologian, criticized some customs of the Latin Church in two books which he wrote on the use of unleavened bread, the Sabbath, and the marriage of priests.
As regards the intellectual life of the monastery in other directions, it is especially celebrated for its famous school of calligraphy which was established by Theodore. The art of manuscript illumination was cultivated, with many brilliant products of the monastic scriptorium now residing in Venice, Vatican City, and Moscow (e.g., Chludov Psalter). The Theodore Psalter, created at the monastery in the twelfth century is in the collection of the British Library.
In the eighth and eleventh centuries, the monastery was the centre of Byzantine religious poetry; a number of the hymns are still used in the Orthodox Church. Besides Theodore and Niketas, a number of other theological writers are known. Three of the Stoudite monks rose to become the ecumenical patriarchs; and three emperors—Michael V (r. 1041–1042), Michael VII Doukas (r. 1071–1078), and Isaac I Komnenos (r. 1057–1059)—took monastic vows in the Stoudion.
In 1204, the monastery was destroyed by the Crusaders and was not fully restored until 1290, by Constantine Palaiologos. The Russian pilgrims Anthony (c. 1200) and Stephen (c. 1350) were amazed by the size of the monastic grounds. It is thought that the cloister sheltered as many as 700 monks at the time. The greater part of the monastery was again destroyed when the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.
Modern condition
The 5th-century monastery's church, which has the plan of a basilica, was converted by Bayezid II's equerry, Ilias Bey, into the mosque İmrahor Camii (literally, Mosque of the Equerry). The ancient structure sustained grave damage from the great fire of 1782; the 1894 Istanbul earthquake also contributed to its ruin.
Following the 1894 earthquake, a group of Russian Byzantinist scholars led by Fyodor Uspensky opened the Russian Archaeological Institute on the monastery grounds, but its activity was suppressed in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917. During the subsequent decades the ruins of the monastery complex were looted by local inhabitants to repair their houses, while the magnificent 13th century pavement still lies open to elements "and disappears slowly but steadily".
In 2013 plans were announced that the church, currently a museum, was to be converted into a mosque after a restoration. It was announced in 2023 that restoration of the edifice was due to start later that year
See also
Degrees of Orthodox monasticism
History of Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Sabas of Stoudios
References
Sources
Official Website of the Ecumenical Patriarch | Studius
External links
Byzantium 1200 | Monastery of Saint John of Stoudios
Stoudios
Stoudios
Stoudios
Fatih
5th-century churches
Greek Orthodox monasteries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery%20of%20Stoudios |
Drake's Leat, also known as Plymouth Leat, was a watercourse constructed in the late 16th century to tap the River Meavy on Dartmoor, England, from which it ran in order to supply Plymouth with water. It began at a point now under water at Burrator Reservoir, from which its path now emerges some 10m lower than the typical reservoir water level. It was one of the first municipal water supplies in the country.
Plans
The leat was first mooted in 1560 and then Mr Forsland of Bovey was paid 16s 10d (89p) to prepare a feasibility study. Due to the necessity of following the contours the length of the leat was seventeen and a half miles.
In 1576, Walter Peperell became Mayor of Plymouth and it was at this time that the idea for the leat was resurrected by the Corporation of Plymouth. It was then that Robert Lampen of St Budeaux was paid 52s 5d (£2.62) to undertake a survey and the route of the leat was confirmed.
When Elizabeth I called a parliament in 1584, the Water Bill for Plymouth was already prepared for presentation. The bill had the following clauses:
To provide a supply of water for naval and merchant shipping.
To provide water for fire fighting in Plymouth.
To scour Sutton Harbour of silt.
To improve the poor quality of land on Dartmoor adjacent to the proposed leat.
The bill was passed to a Select committee chaired by a Mr Wroth and which included Sir Francis Drake, Mr Edgcumbe and Mr Grafton, for consideration. Drake proposed an additional clause stating that mills could be erected and operated on the banks of the leat. It gained royal assent and was passed as an Act in 1585 "For the Preservation of the Haven of Plymouth".
The town was authorized:
"... to digge and myne a Diche or Trenche conteynenge in Bredthe betwene sixe or seaven ffoote over in all Places throughe and over all the Lands and Grounds lyeing betweene the saide Towne of Plymmowth and anye parte of the saide Ryver Mewe als Mevye, and to digge, myne, breake, bancke and caste vpp, all and all maner of Rockes Stones Gravell Sande and all other Letts in anye places or Groundes for the conveyant or necessarie Conveyange of the same River to the saide Towne ..."
Construction
Due to lack of funding caused by the war with Spain and the Armada, construction was not started until 1590 and completed in 1591. The construction of the leat was by means of a simple ditch and bank which measured approximately six feet at its widest and was approximately two feet deep. Its course was deliberately meandering and gently sloping so that the water would not flow too fast and erode the banks. It was estimated that it took some thirty five men just over four months to complete the construction. Drake took part in the ceremonial turning of the first sod in December 1590. On 24 April 1591, the supply of water first flowed to Plymouth and the leat was blessed by the rector of Meavy. A legend records that at its opening Drake rode a white horse ahead of the water all the way to Plymouth.
Drake was paid £200 for the work plus another £100 for compensation to any landowners whose property the course of the leat would have to pass through. In the event he paid out only £100 for construction and £60 for compensation making a tidy £140 profit. The leat powered all six of the new mills built by Plymouth Corporation and leased by Drake, as well as the existing mill, already being leased by Drake.
On completion of the leat it was obvious that little heed had been paid to the original clauses as the leat did not flow to the naval victualling yard at Lambhay until 1645; it was of no use for fire fighting as it avoided the built up areas of the city; it never went near Sutton Harbour, entering the sea at Millbay instead; and finally no arrangements for supplying irrigation were ever made with the taking of water from the leat being made illegal. It can therefore be seen that the primary purpose was to enable Drake to capitalise on his milling operations. Some of the excess water was made available free to the public, via 27 conduits spread around the town, after it had driven the mill wheels but by 1600 only 30 wealthier homes had been directly connected.
Conflict with the tinners
Around 1600 an acrimonious dispute arose over the diversion of water from the leat for use in tin mills on Roborough Down. On one side was Thomas Drake, brother of the deceased Francis, who now owned the corn mills lower down the leat; on the other was Sir Walter Raleigh as Lord Warden of the Stannaries, who supported the tinners' claim under stannary law. The dispute went to the Star Chamber, and the outcome of the proceedings was that in 1603 the tinners were permitted to abstract water for their "two tynne milles knocking mills or classe milles".
Preservation
Harsh winters and a general decline in the condition of the leat brought the feasibility of its continued existence into question. The ever-growing population, and the increasing demand on the water supply in Plymouth, meant that a more reliable source and supply of fresh water had to be found, and this led to the creation of Burrator Reservoir in 1891. So, three hundred years after its construction, the upper part of Drake's Leat was lost as the valley was flooded, although lower sections remained for some years.
Despite many considerations and plans to put the leat to good use, little has been preserved. The leat was briefly restored during the Second World War, should it have been needed if the city's new supply was damaged. Parts of the leat are still visible on the moor at Roborough Down (just off the A386) and near Clearbrook.
See also
Devonport Leat
References
- a detailed article about Drake's Leat
Notes
Aqueducts in England
Dartmoor
Francis Drake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake%27s%20Leat |
Daaden is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Westerwald, approx. 15 km south-west of Siegen.
Daaden is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Daaden-Herdorf.
References
External links
(German)
Altenkirchen (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daaden |
Samuel Phillips Jr. (February 5, 1752 – February 10, 1802) was an American merchant, manufacturer, politician, and the founder of Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. Phillips is considered a pioneer in American education.
Biography
Samuel Phillips Jr. was born in Andover, Massachusetts (in a part that is now North Andover). He was a descendant of the Rev. George Phillips of Watertown, the progenitor of the New England Phillips family in America. His grandfather Rev. Samuel Phillips was the first and long-time pastor of the South Church in Andover.
A graduate of Governor Dummer Academy in 1767, and Harvard College in 1771, Phillips was a very active and able member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress from 1775 to 1780. He served as a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1779 and 1780, and was a state senator from 1780 to 1802, holding the office of President of the Massachusetts Senate from 1785 until his death. For a short period before his death, Phillips also served as the fifth Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. In November 1789 he escorted newly elected President George Washington on his progress through Massachusetts to Concord.
Beginning in 1775, Phillips aided the revolutionary cause by producing gunpowder for Washington's troops at a mill on the Shawsheen River in Andover. Though plagued by difficulties, the powder mill remained active into the 1790s. During this period, Phillips also ran a paper mill in Andover.
In the midst of the Revolution, and with financial backing from his father and his uncle, Dr. John Phillips, Samuel Phillips Jr. founded Phillips Academy in Andover. It opened April 21, 1778. He was a charter member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1780. Like the rest of his family and many Massachusetts patriots, Samuel Phillips Jr. was a strict Calvinist, but he was also a practical visionary concerned about the improvement of society. In the preamble to his constitution for the new school, Phillips wrote: "Youth is the important period, on the improvement or neglect of which depend the most important consequences to individuals and the community." He set out "to lay the foundation of a public free School or Academy for the purpose of instructing Youth, not only in English and Latin Grammar, Writing, Arithmetic, and those Sciences, wherein they are commonly taught; but more especially to learn them the Great End and Real Business of Living." From the first, financial aid scholarships were part of the program of Phillips Academy: "This Seminary shall be ever equally open to Youth, with requisit qualification, from every quarter."
See also
The Governor's Academy
Phillips Academy
Phillips Exeter Academy
References
Allis, Frederick S. Jr., Youth from Every Quarter: A Bicentennial History of Phillips Academy, Andover (University Press of New England, 1978).
Taylor, John. A Memoir of His Honor Samuel Phillips
Further reading
External links
1752 births
1802 deaths
People from North Andover, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Federalists
Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts
Massachusetts state senators
Presidents of the Massachusetts Senate
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Founders of American schools and colleges
Harvard College alumni
Phillips Academy
Phillips family (New England)
People of colonial Massachusetts
People from Andover, Massachusetts
The Governor's Academy alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Phillips%20Jr. |
Kyō may refer to:
The Japanese name for Koga, a Kanto gym leader
Kyō no Go no Ni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8D |
Internet fax, e-fax, or online fax is the use of the internet and internet protocols to send a fax (facsimile), rather than using a standard telephone connection and a fax machine. A distinguishing feature of Internet fax, compared to other Internet communications such as email, is the ability to exchange fax messages with traditional telephone-based fax machines.
Purpose
Fax has no technical advantage over other means of sending information over the Internet, using technologies such as email, scanner, and graphics file formats; however, it is extremely simple to use: put the documents to be faxed in a hopper, dial a phone number, and press a button. Fax continues to be used over the telephone network at locations without computer and Internet facilities; and sometimes a fax of a document with a person's handwritten signature is a requirement for legal reasons. Faxes can be sent from electronic devices, often referred to as online faxing which allows faxes to be sent and received without the need for a physical fax machine. Online faxing is still popular as it allows the user to send and receive documents using a secure line without the worry of being hacked, as online faxing services use end-to-end encryption to protect the documents from being hacked. Fax machines have transformed into fax apps or web sites offering fax server services, but the function is still very much a viable part of business transactions.
Traditional fax
The traditional method for sending faxes over phone lines (PSTN)
Fax machine → Phone line → Fax machine
A fax machine is an electronic instrument composed of a scanner, a modem, and a printer. It transmits data in the form of pulses via a telephone line to a recipient, usually another fax machine, which then transforms these pulses into images, and prints them on paper.
The traditional method requires a phone line, and only one fax can be sent or received at a time. The phone connection must not be a packet-based system in which delays can occur—a VoIP connection will not work well without special precautions (T.38-compliant equipment at both ends).
Internet fax
Internet fax achieves a dramatic reduction in communication costs especially when long faxes are frequently exchanged with overseas or distant offices.
Since there is no telephone connection charge when sending a fax over the Internet, the cost of sending faxes is covered entirely by the fixed line Internet connection fee. The recipient can either use a fax machine or an internet fax service to receive faxes sent via the internet fax method.
Hardcopy is converted to TIFF or PDF data and attached to an e-mail in MIME format. Then, taking advantage of a connection to the office LAN, data is sent via TCP/IP directly to any Internet Fax on the intranet or Internet. Because they make use of TCP/IP, Internet Faxes do not incur long-distance transmission costs and reception is verifiable.
IP fax and IP address relay
IP fax is frequently confused with Internet fax, though IP fax transmits data over an office intranet from a networked multi-functional device to the IP address of another. Taking advantage of an established LAN/WAN infrastructure, IP fax reduces or eliminates costly connection and transmission fees. T.38 is a commonly used and recommended transmission standard for IP fax.
Also, IP fax does not require a dedicated server or make use of the office mail server. IP Address Relay forwards to a multi-functional device for relaying to a local G3 fax machine.
Computer-based faxing
As modems came into wider use with personal computers, the computer was used to send faxes directly. Instead of first printing a hard copy to be then sent via fax machine, a document could now be printed directly to the software fax, then sent via the computer's modem. Receiving faxes was accomplished similarly.
Computer → Phone line → Fax machine
Fax machine → Phone line → Computer
A disadvantage of receiving faxes through the computer is that the computer has to be turned on and running the fax software to receive any faxes. It also means that the document is no longer readable by computer applications, unless optical character recognition methods are used to read the fax image.
Note: This method is distinct from Internet faxing as the information is sent directly over the telephone network, not over the Internet.
This helps to communicate from remote places to the fax machine's location.
Mobile-based faxing
In this method, smartphones are used to send and receive fax without the need to have any landline phone or any extra hardware. There are several fax applications (for both Android and iOS) that handle the mobile-based faxing.
Users must install an app on their smartphones or smartwatches and have an active subscription to an online fax service provider. The phone's camera is used as a scanner to scan documents or the user uploads documents to the service from the device which the service sends as a fax. Some providers also offer the option to get a dedicated fax number and receive faxes on this number.
Internet fax servers and gateways
The Internet has enabled the development of several other methods of sending and receiving a fax. The more common method is an extension of computer-based faxing, and involves using a fax server/gateway to the Internet to convert documents between faxes and emails. The process is often referred to as "fax to mail" or "mail to fax".
This technology offers the advantage of dispensing with the machine as well as the additional telephone line, and because of this, has started to replace the traditional fax machine.
Reception:
Fax machine → Phone line → Fax gateway → email message (over Internet) → computer email account
A fax is sent via the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to the fax server, which receives the fax and converts it into PDF or TIFF format, according to the instructions of the user. The processed file is then transmitted to the Web server, which sends it as an email containing the fax as an attached file, and sometimes sends a message reporting delivery to a mobile phone.
Sending:
Computer → Internet → fax gateway → phone line → fax machine
The user connects to the supplier Web site, specifies the receiving fax number, and uploads the document to send. The document is usually converted to PDF or TIFF format and sent by the Web server to the fax server, which then transmits it to the receiving fax machine via the telephone network. The sender usually receives confirmation that transmission was successful, either in the web interface or by email.
An Internet fax service allows faxes to be sent from a computer via an Internet connection, thanks to a Web interface usually available on the supplier's Web site. This technology has many advantages:
No fax machine - no maintenance, no paper, toner expenditure, possible repairs, etc.
Mobility - All actions are done on the Web interface; the service is thus available from any computer connected to Internet, everywhere in the world.
Confidentiality - The faxes are sent to the recipient's email account, which may be more private than a fax machine used by several people.
No installation of software or hardware required - the Web interface is used.
No need for a telephone line for fax use.
Several faxes can be sent or received simultaneously, and faxes can be received while the computer is switched off.
Early email-to-fax services such as The Phone Company and Digital Chicken were developed in the mid-1990s. However after the development of open source IP PBX systems, it became common to set up fully software-based email to fax or Web to fax gateways. like Asterisk (PBX) and ICTFax.
Fax using VoIP
Making phone calls over the Internet (Voice over Internet Protocol, or VoIP) has become increasingly popular. Compressing fax signals is different from compressing voice signals, so a new standard (T.38) has been created for this. Using a (sending) VoIP adapter and (receiving) gateway which are both T.38 compliant, most fax machines can be plugged into the VoIP adapter in the same way as to a regular phone line. Not all fax equipment claiming T.38 compliance works reliably. In particular communicating with older fax machines is problematic.
Fax machine → VoIP adapter → VoIP gateway → Phone line → Fax machine (or vice versa)
As with regular faxes, only one fax can be sent or received at a time.
Fax using email
While the needs of computer-to-fax communications are well covered, the simplicity of quickly faxing a handwritten document combined with the advantages of email are not.
"iFax" (T.37) was designed for fax machines to directly communicate via email. Faxes are sent as email attachments in a TIFF-F format.
iFax machine → email message (over Internet) → computer email account
iFax machine → email message (over Internet) → iFax machine (using email address)
A new fax machine (supporting iFax/T.37) is required, as well as a known email address for the sending and receiving machines. This has limited the standard's use, though a system for looking up a fax's email address based on its phone number is under development.
To work with existing fax machines, all iFax machines support standard faxing (requiring a regular phone line). Alternatively, an iFax can be used in conjunction with a fax gateway.
iFax machine → email message (over Internet) → Fax gateway → Phone line → traditional Fax machine (or vice versa)
See also
Fax
Fax server
Registered fax
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20fax |
In the Heat of the Night is the debut studio album by American singer Pat Benatar, released on August 27, 1979, by Chrysalis Records. The album debuted on the Billboard 200 for the week ending October 20, 1979, peaking at 12 in March 1980, almost six months after its release.
The album includes "Heartbreaker", her breakthrough single in the United States (where it reached the top 25), Canada and New Zealand (it reached the top 20 in both those countries). "Heartbreaker" was the third single released from the album, as neither the first single, Benatar's version of "I Need a Lover", or the second single, her rendition of "If You Think You Know How to Love Me", charted in the US, Canada, Australia or New Zealand.
In the Heat of the Night also contained "We Live for Love", which became Benatar's first top-10 entry in any country when it rose to No. 8 in Canada, while also reaching the top 30 in the US, New Zealand and Australia, her first sizable hit in the latter. In France, "We Live for Love" reached the top 40, although "Rated X" had previously reached the French top 30. In the Netherlands and Belgium, Benatar's rendition of "I Need a Lover" charted within the top 30.
On Billboard magazine's 1980 year-end top pop albums chart, In the Heat of the Night was listed at No. 7. The album also reached No. 3 in Canada, No. 8 in New Zealand, and No. 25 in Australia.
In the Heat of the Night was remastered and reissued on Capitol Records in 2006.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of In the Heat of the Night.
Musicians
Pat Benatar – vocals
Neil Giraldo – lead guitar, keyboards, slide guitar, back-up vocals
Scott St. Clair Sheets – guitars
Roger Capps – bass, back-up vocals
Glen Alexander Hamilton – drums
Recorded At
MCA Whitney Studios, Glendale California. June '79 to July '79
Technical
Mike Chapman – production
Peter Coleman – production
Steve Hall – mastering
Management and Direction
Rick Newman
Artwork
Ria Lewerke – art direction, design
Alex Chatelain – photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1979 debut albums
Albums produced by Mike Chapman
Chrysalis Records albums
Pat Benatar albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Heat%20of%20the%20Night%20%28Pat%20Benatar%20album%29 |
A square mile is a unit of area equal to the area of a square of one mile in length on each side.
Square mile may also refer to:
Places
A day-to-day name for a section of a survey township
The City of London, nicknamed the "Square Mile", being about a square mile in area
Adelaide city centre in South Australia, nicknamed the "Square Mile", in imitation of the City of London
Square Mile, South Australia, a locality in the local government area of the District Council of Grant
"Square Mile" or Golden Square Mile, a historic area in downtown Montreal
The Antwerp diamond district, an area within the city of Antwerp, Belgium
Other uses
Square Mile (magazine), a magazine marketed to City of London bankers
Square Mile (board game), land development game released by Milton Bradley Company in 1962
See also
square kilometre
hectare
acre
Mile square (disambiguation)
Square (disambiguation)
Mile (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20mile%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Flammersfeld is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Westerwald, approx. 35 km north of Koblenz.
Flammersfeld was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Flammersfeld.
People from the village
Andreas Balzar (known as Balzar of Flammersfeld, 1769–1797) poacher, robber and Freischärler who fought the French
Emil Bettgenhäuser (1906–1982), politician (SPD), MdB, MdL Rhineland-Palatinate
W. Gies (born 1945), fine art
Emil Müller (1890–1967), politician (SPD), MdL Rhineland-Palatinate, Bürgermeister of Flammersfeld
Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1818-1888), mayor in 1848, early founder of credit unions and cooperatives
References
Altenkirchen (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammersfeld |
Stewardess School is a 1986 American comedy film directed by Ken Blancato and starring Brett Cullen and Don Most. It is also known for being one of voice veteran Rob Paulsen's very few onscreen roles, and up until the early 2000s, one of the most played films on the American cable channel Comedy Central.
Plot
Pilots Philo and George are about to land a plane, only for Philo to accidentally knock out his contact lenses, causing the plane to malfunction and crash into a skyscraper. The destruction is then revealed to be a simulator and the duo was taking an exam in pilot school, causing the two to be attrited for unsatisfactory performance. Unemployed and out of options, they enroll in Weidermeyer Academy, one of the top stewardess schools in the country. George and Philo get put in a group full of misfits, including a lady wrestler whose fiancé got cold feet, a frumpy overweight girl, an ex-prostitute whose probation officer arranged for her to enroll in Weidermeyer as part of a work-release program, a gay man, and an extremely clumsy woman. The group has standard classes about emergencies, etiquette, and antiterrorism, which they work through. Also as part of a test is a full-sized replica of an airplane with people to wait on, and some difficult people are selected such as a bratty little kid, a group of middle aged drunks, and surly ex-NFL player who refuses George's orders not to smoke. The group starts to gel together, with George learning to start applying himself to a career and Philo finding common ground with the "jinx girl" due to his similar eye problems.
However, by happenstance, the group gains the ire of the school dean, a matronly martinet who believes all stewardesses to be attractive "flying waitresses", not tough, nerdy, chubby, promiscuous, and certainly not stewards like George and Philo. As she fails to wash them out, she resorts to her secondary plan as she is responsible for jobs. When everyone graduates, stewardesses are given jobs with reputable airlines such as Delta, Pan Am, or TWA, while this entire group has been detailed to Stromboli Air. The group is introduced to their owner, Mr. Stromboli, a kindly immigrant whose airline is on the verge of chapter 11 bankruptcy unless his final flight can prove reputable. The group agrees to work together to make it a profitable flight. Still not content, the school dean has gotten herself assigned to be purser, saying she will oversee them and if Stromboli goes bankrupt, they are doomed to unemployment. The flight is a mixture of ordinary businessmen and a blind people's convention, which starts to run into trouble when an unexpected rain squall hits and a "mad bomber" (in an ironic sense) calmly and quietly sets his plan into motion, drugging the drink of the man sitting next to him with a powerful hallucinogenic, then taking advantage of the turmoil to plant the bomb under a passenger's seat, sneak a gas pellet into the captain's cabin to knock out the pilot, then to the cargo hold to jump out into the sky.
Things go from bad to worse as one of the blind men, in an attempt to find the restroom, accidentally lets himself into the captain's cabin and hits the instrument panel with his white cane.
The plane is brought under control by Philo with the help of autopilot, but as his contacts were stepped on and broken earlier, he cannot see well at all. He directs staff to look for missing passengers and they discover the mad bomber is no longer on the plane. Philo correctly suspects he planted a bomb and jumped out of the cargo door, so directs the team to look for it.
Kelly discovers the bomb and presents it to the team. The back of the plane is evacuated, then George and Jolean try to disable it before running away when realizing it will detonate. It explodes, blowing a hole in fuselage, causing Jolean to be sucked back. The width of her backside was sufficient to plug the hole perfectly and the plane remains in flight.
Back in the cockpit, Philo is given binoculars which he turns around the other way and can see the instruments perfectly, allowing him to land the plane.
The film ends with a court case where the fate of the stewardesses and airline are on trial.
The undercover evaluator onboard turned out to be the passenger beside the mad bomber who was drugged and received a blow job from Sugar Dubois to calm him down. He states that it was the best flight of his life and the case is dismissed resulting in celebrations all round.
Cast
Brett Cullen as Philo Henderson
Don Most as George Bunkle
Mary Cadorette as Kelly Johnson
Judy Landers as Sugar Dubois
Sandahl Bergman as Wanda Polanski
Wendie Jo Sperber as Jolean Winters
Julia Montgomery as Pimmie Polk
Dennis Burkley as Snake
Corinne Bohrer as Cindy Adams
Rob Paulsen as Larry Falkwell
Vito Scotti as Carl Stromboli
William Bogert as Roger Weidermeyer
Vicki Frederick as Miss Grummet
Alan Rosenberg as Mad Bomber
Sherman Hemsley as Mr. Buttersworth
Tim Hoskins as Boy
Richard Erdman as Attorney
References
External links
1980s sex comedy films
1986 films
American aviation films
Columbia Pictures films
Films about flight attendants
Films scored by Robert Folk
Teen sex comedy films
1986 directorial debut films
1986 comedy films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewardess%20School |
This is a complete episode list for the BBC television series Secret Army, which ran for three series from 7 September 1977 until 15 December 1979.
The series follows the members of a Belgian secret group 'Lifeline', dedicated to enabling Allied airmen to escape to Britain, usually after they had been shot down by the Luftwaffe. Following the timeline of the Second World War, the series shows its impact on the people of Belgium, but also features the attempts of the German Nazi occupiers of Belgium to capture the airmen and to expose and exact retribution on those helping them.
43 episodes of Secret Army were produced; however, the final episode "What Did You Do In The War, Daddy?" has never been broadcast.
List of series
A boxed set of all three series was released on 8 November 2004.
Series One: 1977
Series One was transmitted in 1977 and featured sixteen episodes. It begins in 1941 or 1942, when the Café Candide owner Albert Foiret and his mistress Monique Duchamps help Lisa Colbert (codenamed "Yvette") hide airmen and run the 'Lifeline' organisation. The principal Germans in this series are Sturmbannführer Ludwig Kessler and Luftwaffe Major Erwin Brandt. A British agent, Flight Lieutenant John Curtis is Lifeline's liaison with London.
Series Two: 1978
Series Two was broadcast in 1978 with various changes in the cast, including the death of Lisa in the first episode and the inclusion of pianist Max Brocard (Stephen Yardley). With financial support from London, Albert opened the larger Restaurant Candide, which was centrally located on the Grand-Place.
Series Three: 1979
References
Secret Army | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Secret%20Army%20episodes |
An ultra-mobile PC, or ultra-mobile personal computer (UMPC), is a miniature version of a pen computer, a class of laptop whose specifications were launched by Microsoft and Intel in Spring 2006. Sony had already made a first attempt in this direction in 2004 with its Vaio U series, which was only sold in Asia. UMPCs are generally smaller than subnotebooks, have a TFT display measuring (diagonally) about , are operated like tablet PCs using a touchscreen or a stylus, and can also have a physical keyboard. There is no clear boundary between subnotebooks and ultra-mobile PCs, but UMPCs commonly have major features not found in the common clamshell laptop design, such as small keys on either side of the screen, or a slide-out keyboard.
The first-generation UMPCs were simple PCs running Linux or an adapted version of Microsoft's tablet PC operating system. With the announcement of the UMPC, Microsoft dropped the licensing requirement that tablet PCs must support proximity sensing of the stylus, which Microsoft termed "hovering". Second-generation UMPCs used less electricity and therefore could be used for longer (up to five hours) and also had support for Windows Vista.
Originally code-named Project Origami, the project was launched in 2006 as a collaboration between Microsoft, Intel, Samsung, and a few others. After largely being supplanted by tablet computers, production of ultra-mobile PCs was discontinued in the early 2010s.
History
In February 2006, a viral marketing campaign was quietly launched for the UMPC, then still referred to by its codename, "Project Origami".
Speculation over "what is Origami?" and pictures of the rumored prototypes were passed around and covered extensively on Engadget, Scobleizer, Thatedeguy and other technology sites. Finalization of the Origami project was announced in time for CeBIT.
Much speculation had positioned Origami as a portable gaming device that would directly compete with Nintendo's DS and Sony's PlayStation Portable. This rumor gained credibility after videos were leaked showing Halo: Combat Evolved being played on a UMPC. While the movie was quickly taken down from its original source, mirrors still existed on many other sites.
Later in the week, the Associated Press confirmed that "Origami" was actually to be a regular PC with "limited gaming capabilities".
First devices
The first UMPCs on the market were AMtek's T700 and Samsung's Q1.
The AMtek T700 was sold in the US as the TabletKiosk eo v7110, agoPC ago7, and Azentek GB-810, in Europe as the PaceBlade EasyBook P7 and its Label Origami, and in Australia the TabletKiosk eo v7110 and the Pioneer DreamBook UMPC 700 and in Japan the PBJ SmartCaddie.
Sony made a first attempt in this direction in 2004 with its Vaio U series.
OQO also sold UMPCs. The OQO model 01 and OQO model 01+ were launched prior to the ultra-mobile PC era, but its specifications were very similar to those of most UMPC models.
2006
In July 2006, Sony released the VAIO UX, including a model which contained a solid state drive (SSD). Because of this, the VAIO UX was the first flash-memory SSD based PC available. Sony continued releasing and selling VAIO UX models until early 2009.
In late August 2006, TabletKiosk launched a line of Intel-based UMPCs, the eo i7210 and i7209. It followed this up in March 2007 with a ruggedized VIA based UMPC, the eo TufTab v7112XT.
In September 2006, Raon Digital launched the Vega running an AMD Geode LX800, 256 MB of RAM, and a 30 GB hard drive. It had a screen, a 500 MHz processor, and a battery life of 5.5 hours. It ran Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition and retailed for 680,000 Korean won (US$700–750). However it did not have WiFi capability.
In early October 2006 Samsung quietly launched the Q1B, bringing the ultra-mobile platform closer to the vision that Microsoft created. The Q1b featured a VIA C7-M ULV processor running at 1 GHz, up to five hours of battery life, and a lower price than the Samsung Q1. It also featured optional modules for HSDPA or WiBro for ubiquitous internet connectivity in major cities around the world.
AMtek also released their T770, a Windows Vista powered device with a 1200 MHz processor and 1024 MB of RAM. It had a 40 GB hard disk (or 60 GB on another cheaper brand but also the same device) and a screen. It was available for €899 (the cheaper brand was €849).
2007
Wibrain launched their first UMPC models, B1E and B1H, in December 2007.
In 2007, Bill Gates introduced the OQO model 02 in his keynote at CES 2007. The OQO model 02 shipped with a screen, EV-DO WWAN, Bluetooth, 802.11 a/b/g Wi-Fi, running Windows XP and Vista. OQO won the Guinness World Records recognition of its model 02 as the world's smallest fully functional computer (where a 'computer' means ability to run Windows).
In August 2007, Raon Digital launched their second UMPC 'Everun' which had built in Wi-Fi and HSDPA. It used the AMD Geode LX900. Later, Everun was introduced as the UMPC with the longest battery life—as much as 6–7 hours with its standard battery and 12 hours with a large battery. Unlike the previous model, Everun had a full QWERTY keypad, aesthetically similar to a smartphone of the time.
On September 17, 2007, OQO launched the model e2 for the European market with a localized keyboard, 1.6 GHz VIA C7-M processor, 120 GB hard drive or a 32 GB SSD option.
In October 2007 the Asus Eee PC (model 701) was launched. With a 7-inch screen, full keyboard and Wi-Fi, running Linux, it started the netbook revolution.
2008
HTC launched the Shift in January 2008. It ran both Windows Vista and a PDA mode called SnapVUE simultaneously. The Windows Vista half ran on an Intel A110 Stealey CPU at 800 MHz, with 2 GB of RAM, Intel GMA 950, and a 40/60 GB HDD. The PDA mode ran on an ARM11 CPU with 64 MB of RAM. The two operating systems shared quadband GSM, triband UMTS, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g, and Bluetooth 2.0 radios as well as a single 800 x 480 touchscreen display. Input could be selected with a single hardware button, with the Windows Mobile half limited to 640 x 480. Behind the display was a sliding and tilt mechanism, similar to that seen on the HTC TyTN II, to reveal a full QWERTY keyboard.
Wibrain launched the second models of B1L series with Ubuntu Linux on February 27, 2008. The starting price was around $500.00. Wibrain UMPC featured a touch enabled LCD screen at 1024x600 resolution, a 1.0 GHz or 1.2 GHz VIA C7M CPU, 512 MB or 1 GB of memory, a 30 GB or 60 GB harddisk, a full QWERTY keyboard and built-in WiFi (802.11b/g).
Around the same date, CHIP.DE featured an article about the R2H and R50A from ASUS, which ran a Windows Tablet PC edition OS on its Intel Celeron system. It had a VGA-TV output, GPS, 3 USB ports, 60 GB hard drive and 512 MB RAM. It also offered wired/wireless network capabilities.
In September 2008 Nova Mobility announced its second generation Side Arm 2 Industrial UMPC. It was designed around the Intel Atom processor and was the first industrial grade UMPC released on that platform. It had GPS, WiFi and Bluetooth standard and 3G as an option. EVDO was also available via the PCI Express card slot in the top of the unit. Two USB ports, a touch screen and QWERTY keyboard were available. The device weighed less than and offered up to ten hours of battery life.
2009–2010
Yukyung introduced the Viliv S5 in mid-2009 followed by Viliv X70 models. In July 2010, the Viliv N5 was introduced. The N5 was a small notebook-style UMPC whereas the S5 and X70 were tablets. They featured GPS, Wifi, Bluetooth, 3G availability, SSD options with Intel Z520 processors and integrated GMA500 graphics with hardware acceleration for H264 HD video playback. The starting prices were around $599 with a battery life of five hours or longer.
Also in 2009, Panasonic introduced the Toughbook U1 UMPC, what was then the world's first fully rugged UMPC on the market.
After Microsoft
Several companies developed handheld personal computers in very small sizes after Microsoft ended its UMPC marketing effort in the early 2010s.
In 2010, Ocosmos announced the OCS1, a gaming UMPC with the latest CPU from Intel, which featured Windows 7 Home Premium and front and rear-facing cameras. It, along with several other models introduced by Ocosmos, were never released.
In early 2015, Ockel Computers developed the Ockel Sirius B. Ockel introduced its successor, the Ockel Sirius B Black Cherry, in November 2016.
Ockel was also working on a UMPC, which included a 6’’ touchscreen. The Ockel Sirius A was launched mid-2016 as a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo. In 2017 the company started shipping the device to backers.
GamePad Digital (GPD) released the GPD Win, an x64 Windows 10-powered handheld gaming PC, in October 2016. In May 2018, GPD released the GPD Win 2 as a successor to the GPD Win. In January 2021, GPD announced the GPD Win 3. Unlike previous models, which relied on low-power Intel Atom or Intel Core-M processors, the Win 3 is available with higher power Core i5 and Core i7 processors with Intel's Iris Xe Graphics. The Win 3 also dropped the clamshell form-factor in favor of a sliding screen. GPD also released the GPD Pocket, a 7-inch PC which included an aluminum casing and a full keyboard. It was released in mid-2017 after receiving more than $3 million in crowdfunding.
While not branded as UMPCs, several 7–8 inch Windows tablets with Intel Atom SoCs such as the HP Stream 7 were released between 2014 and 2016 running either Windows 8.1 or Windows 10.
Features
Project Origami defined a specification for computers with a 20 cm (8 inch) or smaller touch sensitive screen at a minimum resolution of 800 × 480. To make it more suited for the small form factor, Windows XP Tablet PC Edition was originally used with slight tweaks to the interface and a software add-on known as the Touch Pack Interface to make the interface more suitable for use of a stylus as well as hands. When the UMPC was disclosed at CeBIT 2006, Samsung, Asus, and Founder had near-complete devices on display. The UMPC initiative also included later Windows versions.
UMPCs with Windows XP installed are able to run any software that has been written for the Windows XP platform, though the small form factor often mandates some changes to the interface. The standard Windows XP interface is the default, though a choice of having an interface more suited for the small form factor is available with the Touch Pack Interface. As the units are so small, many UMPCs do not feature a physical keyboard, but an on-screen virtual keyboard provided in the Touch Pack Interface (such as the DialKeys, below). Since the devices have standard USB 2.0 connectivity, external keyboards and mice can also be attached.
UMPC devices included either Intel or VIA processors, 256 MB to 2 GB of RAM, and a 30 to 160 GB hard disk, depending on the manufacturer. Other ultra mobile devices featured AMD or Transmeta Crusoe CPUs. Some ultra-mobile PCs also featured Global Positioning System (GPS) devices, webcams, fingerprint readers, stereo speakers, TV tuners, and memory card readers. Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Ethernet and WWAN connections were sometimes included as well.
UMPCs had enough processing power to support audio, video, and gaming at the time, in addition to rich support for browsing the internet as well as for other communication and networking applications. Windows Media Player was included with a special skin designed to provide a better experience on the small screen. The devices also featured DirectX 9–class graphics.
In 2006, UMPC prices were approximately $1000 in the United States, and although Microsoft made efforts to push down prices for the 2006 holiday season, they were not expected to reach the $500 range market analysts felt was necessary to achieve mainstream success. Most UMPCs were available with Windows 7, although many later UMPCs came with the option to have XP or Linux installed, as some devices were too sluggish to run the Vista kernel on which Windows 7 is based. One example of this is the Samsung Q1 Ultra which originally launched with only Vista versions, but subsequently launched Windows XP versions. This is largely because UMPC hardware at the time was too close to the minimum Vista requirements to be comfortably used.
DialKeys
A new text input method was implemented for ultra-mobile PCs. Consisting of two rings of keys around the lower corners of the screen, DialKeys was intended for use with the thumbs.
Accessories
Several companies developed accessories exclusively for the 7" UMPC platform. These included carry cases, screen protectors, styli, protective bump cases and docking stations. In addition, several prototypes of "mounting solutions" were previewed which permitted the UMPC device to be mounted in the car, on the wall or attached to an adjustable arm. User interface software was created enabling UMPCs to become portable infotainment devices. There were touch-friendly, voice-controlled, user interface software platforms designed to run on Windows XP and Vista-based UMPCs allowing users to control Windows without the need of a mouse and keyboard.
Programs
Microsoft Office OneNote
GO Corporation
EverNote
Stardraw Control
See also
CrunchPad
Handheld PC
Mobile Internet device
Netbook
Palmtop PC
Picoprojector together with a webcam and laser projector, this can be used to eliminate keyboard and screen of a UMPC, making the UMPC significantly smaller.
Subnotebook
GPD Win
Ayaneo
Steam Deck
Asus ROG Ally
References
Further reading
External links
Microsoft's official ultra-mobile PC website
UMPC comparison website
Annotated bibliography of references to handwriting recognition and pen computing
Notes on the History of Pen-based Computing (YouTube)
Microsoft initiatives
Microsoft Tablet PC
Personal computers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-mobile%20PC |
Ogilby's duiker (Cephalophus ogilbyi) is a small antelope found in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, southeastern Nigeria, Bioko Island and possibly Gabon. No subspecies are recognized. It is named after Irish zoologist William Ogilby.
The two former subspecies, the white-legged duiker Cephalophus crusalbum and the Brooke's duiker Cephalophus brookei, are considered as distinct species since 2011.
Ogilby's duikers weigh up to and have a shoulder height of up to . They vary in color from chestnut to mahogany to deep brown, and have massive hindquarters typical of duikers.
Ogilby's duikers live mainly in high-altitude rainforests, where they feed mainly on fallen fruit.
The total population is estimated at 12,000 individuals.
References
External links
ultimateungulate.com
Ogilby's duiker
Mammals of West Africa
Fauna of Bioko
Ogilby's duiker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogilby%27s%20duiker |
Army General Yury Nikolayevich Baluyevsky (; born 9 January 1947 at Truskavets in the Ukrainian SSR) is the former First Deputy Minister of Defense and Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, positions he held from July 2004 to 2007.
Biography
In 1970, he graduated from the Leningrad joint-arms command college, in 1980, from the M. V. Frunze Military Academy and in 1990, from the General Staff Academy. From 1970 to 1982, Baluyevsky served with the Soviet Army's Ground Forces, advancing from commander of a motorized rifle platoon to senior officer of a military district operations department. He spent some time with the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.
From 1982 to 1997, Baluyevsky held positions at the General Staff, the Defense Ministry and in the Group of Russian Forces of the Transcaucasus. In August 1997, he was appointed chief of the General Staff main operations department, and in July 2004, chief of staff of the Armed Forces and first deputy defense minister. Following the controversial tenure of General Anatoly Kvashnin, General Baluyevsky was seen as a lower-profile officer with good strategic planning skills, according to the Jamestown Federation.
Baluyevsky was promoted to General of the Army on 22 February 2005, and by June he was appointed CSTO Chief of Staff, echoing Warsaw Pact practice with Soviet and now Russian CGSs taking mirror positions within the alliance organisations.
On 19 January 2008, Baluyevsky warned that Russia was ready to use force, including pre-emptively and with nuclear weapons, to defend itself against the potential threats from "international terrorism or countries seeking global or regional hegemony."
He is also a member of the Board of Directors of Almaz-Antey since July 2005.
Traditionally thought of as a commanding officer with good strategic planning skills, Baluyevsky expressed strong criticism over some controversial issues in Russia's military policy, including the relocation of the Navy Headquarters from Moscow to St. Petersburg and the role and place of the General Staff in the management of the Russian military. The Chief of General Staff said in a public forum that the move was unnecessary.
On 2 June 2007, Baluyevsky stepped down as Chief of the General Staff, and moved to the position in the Security Council of the Russian Federation. He was succeeded by General of the Army Nikolai Makarov, former Chief of Armaments & Deputy Minister of Defense.
Iran's Nuclear Program
In explaining Russia's rationale, General Yuri Baluyevsky, the Russian Deputy Chief of Staff said at a press conference in June 2002, "Iran does have nuclear weapons. These are non-strategic nuclear weapons. I mean these are not ICBMs with a range of more than 5,500 kilometers... As for the danger of Iran's attack on the United States, the danger is zero." General Baluyevsky's extraordinary briefing implied that Iran had acquired its fissile material from another source so there was no reason for Russia not to complete the nuclear reactor at Bushehr. He concluded "This co-operation will continue." (The cooperation, aside from nuclear reactors, included the delivery of Russian Kilo-class diesel-powered submarines, MiG-29 fighters, Sukhoi bombers, GLONASS navigation system and satellite-launching assistance).
Honours and awards
Order of Merit for the Fatherland:
2nd class (3 June 2008) – for services to the state and significant contribution to the defense of the Fatherland
3rd class (30 December 2006) – for outstanding contribution to strengthening the defense capability of the Russian Federation and many years of conscientious service
4th class
Order of Military Merit
Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR, 3rd class
Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"
Medal "Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
Jubilee Medal "70 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
Medal "For Military Merit" (MOD), 1st class
Medal "Diligence in carrying out engineering tasks"
Medal for Bosnia-Kosovo
Medal for Strengthening Military Cooperation (MoD)
Medal "200 Years of the Ministry of Defense"
Meritorious Service, 1st class (previously also 2nd and 3rd classes)
Order of the Yugoslav Star, 1st class
Sources
Interfax-AVN, Russian Armed Forces chief of staff promoted to army general, MOSCOW, 22 Feb 2005
External links
http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2368275
Official Biography from the Russian Federation Ministry of Defense.
http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369943
1947 births
Living people
People from Truskavets
Russian people of Ukrainian descent
Generals of the army (Russia)
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Russia)
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni
Deputy Defence Ministers of Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri%20Baluyevsky |
"Vincent" is a song by Don McLean, written as a tribute to Vincent van Gogh. It is often erroneously titled after its opening refrain, "Starry, Starry Night", a reference to Van Gogh's 1889 painting The Starry Night.
McLean wrote the lyrics in 1971 after reading a book about the life of Van Gogh. It was released on McLean's 1971 American Pie album; the following year, the song topped the UK Singles Chart for two weeks, and peaked at No. 12 in the United States, where it also hit No. 2 on the Easy Listening chart. Billboard ranked it as the No. 94 song for 1972.
The song makes use mainly of the guitar, but also includes the accordion, marimba, and strings.
In July 2020, the original handwritten lyrics went up for sale for $1.5 million.
Background
McLean said the following about the genesis of the song:
Critical reception
The Telegraph wrote: "With its bittersweet palette of major and minor chords, "Vincent"'s soothing melody is one of high emotion recollected in tranquillity". Record World called the song "artful", saying that "the Vincent Van Gogh story is told with melody and poetry." Cash Box called it "another of those tunes for people who like to pick apart lyrics and messages. AllMusic retrospectively described the song as "McLean's paean to Van Gogh ... sympathiz[ing] with Van Gogh's suicide as a sane comment on an insane world." The site also said McLean performs "a particularly poignant rendition" of "Vincent" on the 2001 live album Starry, Starry Night.
The song was a particular favorite of the rapper and actor Tupac Shakur, and was played to him at the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, the hospital that he was admitted to just before he died of gunshot wounds from a drive-by shooting.
English musician Jake Bugg credited hearing the song in an episode of The Simpsons as his formative musical moment.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Notable cover versions
Jane Olivor recorded the song for her 1976 album release First Night.
Julio Iglesias covered the song in his 1990 album Starry Night.
In 1996, a punk rock cover by NOFX was published on the compilation album Survival of the Fattest by the record label Fat Wreck Cords.
Josh Groban recorded a version on his 2001 self-titled album.
Rick Astley released a cover version on his 2005 album Portrait.
Marina Prior recorded the song for her 2012 album Both Sides Now.
Lianne La Havas recorded a cover for the soundtrack album and credits of the 2017 film Loving Vincent.
In December 2017, James Blake performed a live piano-backed cover at Conway Studios, Los Angeles.
Ellie Goulding released a cover of the song on Valentine's Day 2018, apologizing to her fans about delays in her recording projects. McLean tweeted Goulding, saying "'Vincent' is not an easy song to sing and you sing it very beautifully." She included her cover in her 2020 Songbook for Christmas EP.
In December 2018, Jasmine Thompson and Ryan Keen performed a duet cover for their YouTube channel.
References
External links
Don McLean songs
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in Italy
1972 songs
1972 singles
United Artists Records singles
Works about Vincent van Gogh
Rock ballads
Folk ballads
1970s ballads
NOFX songs
Songs written by Don McLean
Songs about painters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20%28Don%20McLean%20song%29 |
Robby McGehee (born July 20, 1973) is an American former race car driver. He competed in the Indy Racing League and won the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award in 1999 after finishing fifth. He then raced for veteran owner Fred Treadway the next few seasons. By 2002 Treadway's team had closed and McGehee bounced around several teams and last raced in the Indianapolis 500 for PDM Racing in 2004.
McGehee got started in racing in 1994 when he went to Skip Barber Racing School with his mother. McGehee finished second in the Formula 2000 series Road to Indy Oval Crown series, including wins at Homestead-Miami Speedway and Atlanta Motor Speedway in 1998.
The 1999 VisionAire 500K at Charlotte was the first IndyCar race he qualified for, starting 13th. The race however, was cancelled after 79 laps due to spectator fatalities and struck from the record. McGehee was running 9th when the race was stopped. Later that month, the 1999 Indianapolis 500 would be his first official start in the IRL. He finished fifth in that race. Later that week, Robby presented his Rookie of the Year trophy to team mechanic Steve Fried, who was severely injured in a pit lane accident during the race, while he was in the hospital.
In 2004, McGehee was to have a fully sponsored effort, but the deal fell through weeks before the race. He was able to get backing from a St. Louis business (his hometown) and eventually Burger King. In order to qualify, he had to sweat out a possible qualification effort by Tony Stewart that never came to pass.
Racing record
American open–wheel racing results
(key)
IndyCar Series
Indianapolis 500
References
External links
http://rmracing.homestead.com/
Ball State Daily News Profile of Robby McGehee
1973 births
Living people
Indianapolis 500 Rookies of the Year
IndyCar Series drivers
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Racing drivers from St. Louis
U.S. F2000 National Championship drivers
PDM Racing drivers
Panther Racing drivers
Cheever Racing drivers
Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robby%20McGehee |
Harry Kipling is a comics character appearing in the British weekly anthology 2000 AD, created by Simon Spurrier and Boo Cook. He is a True Brit, trying to survive in a world of rampant Pantheistic solipsism aided only by strong tea and a big gun.
Plot
The story takes place in an alternate steampunk version of the British Empire (Neo-Britannia). The Empire has collapsed and every supernatural being has somehow been physically manifested. The various deities and sprites pass their time eating their subjects, squabbling and fighting amongst themselves in hopes of achieving monotheism.
They are fought by a single relic of the NeoBritannia Empire, Harry Kipling. A parody of a traditional Imperial man, he wears a solar topee, uses an elephant gun and drinks earl-grey tea. He lives as a zombie, dedicating his undead existence to the complete eradication of gods - "Proactive Atheism".
In this he's aided by Neesha, a bewildered refugee from a war-torn planet, and Klux, a powerful but unintelligent engine of destruction. Kipling discovered he is the pawn of an unnamed god who is presumably more powerful than those he's seen before and probably the one who brought him back.
Appearances
So far he has only appeared in his own eponymous series, formed by the following episodes:
"Prologue" (in 2000 AD #1476, 2006)
"Mad Gods & Englishmen" (in 2000 AD #1481-1483, 2006)
"Whetting the Whistle" (in 2000 AD #1492-1493, 2006)
"Something for Nothing" (in 2000 AD #1497-1499, 2006)
"The Hitman and Hermoth" (in 2000 AD #1509-1512, 2006)
"Winter Wonderbrand" (in 2000 AD Prog 2007, 2007)
Gods
The Family - Appears in #1476
Sobek the crocodile god - Appears in #1481-1483
Spider Queen of Teotihuacan - Appears in #1492-1493
Ama-Tsu-Mara - Appears in #1492-1493
Ornumila the Wise - Appears in #1497-1499
The Anti-God/Atheist Commander - Appears in #1497-1499
Bellin-Bellin - Appears in #1509 - 1512
Hermoth - Appears in #1509 - 1512
Christmas Gods - Appears in #2007
See also
List of steampunk works
Steampunk comics
2000 AD comic strips
2000 AD characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Kipling |
Christian Pedersen Horrebow (15 April 1718 – 15 September 1776) was a Danish astronomer of the 18th century. He was a son of Peder Horrebow, whom he succeeded as director of the observatory associated with the University of Copenhagen.
He was himself succeeded by Thomas Bugge.
Neith, a supposed moon of Venus, was spotted by Christian Horrebow, while he was studying this planet from 1766 to 1768. He also discovered the periodicity of sunspots.
References
Sources
Astronomy in Denmark
18th-century Danish astronomers
1718 births
1776 deaths
Burials at the Church of Our Lady, Copenhagen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Horrebow |
The Ambeno was a traditional kingship on the north coast of Timor, among the Atoni people. Its area is now in the Oecusse district (former Oecussi-Ambeno) of East Timor. The capital was in Nunheno until 1912, then in Tulaica.
References
History of East Timor
Oecusse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambeno |
Conny Van Dyke, sometimes credited as Connie Van Dyke, is an American singer and actress.
Van Dyke was born in Cape Charles, Virginia, to Benjamin and Charlotte Elizabeth Van Dyke.
When she was 15 years old, Van Dyke made recordings, worked as a fashion model, and made her first film, Among the Thorns.
She worked as a songwriter and recording artist for Wheelsville Records in Detroit, Michigan.
She entered and won Teen magazines Miss Teen of the United States (unrelated to the current Miss Teen USA pageant) in 1960 and signed with Motown Records in 1961, making her one of the first white recording artists for the label. Her only Motown release appeared in early 1963, featuring "Oh Freddy", written by Smokey Robinson, backed with "It Hurt Me Too", written and previously recorded by Marvin Gaye.
She was cast in Hell's Angels '69 with Tom Stern, Jeremy Slate, and several members of the Hells Angels motorcycle club. Her only sibling, Benjamin Van Dyke III, was killed in an auto accident near Salinas, California in 1969. Shortly after Hell's Angels '69 she married Robert Page and gave birth to a son, Bronson Page. She continued to pursue recording, and released a self-titled album in 1972. She co-starred in W.W. and the Dixie Dancekings in 1975 with Burt Reynolds. Another album, Conny Van Dyke Sings for You, followed the film.
In 1975 she co-starred in Framed with Joe Don Baker, and in 2004 she co-starred in Shiner. Van Dyke appeared on Adam-12, Nakia, and Police Woman, and on several game shows in the 1970s, including Match Game, You Don't Say, The Cross-Wits, The Hollywood Squares, Tattletales, and The Gong Show. In 2008 she made a return to network television, guest-starring on Cold Case; she appeared on CSI the following year.
Van Dyke supported United Cerebral Palsy's telethons for over 25 years.
Shortly after her return to television in 2008, Van Dyke suffered a massive stroke, leaving her partially paralyzed, and marking the beginning of her retirement. Since then, she has lived in Los Angeles, and is cared for by her son, Bronson.
References
External links
Living people
People from Nassawadox, Virginia
Actresses from Virginia
Singers from Virginia
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conny%20Van%20Dyke |
Hugh Tootell (1671/72 – 27 February 1743) was an English Catholic historian. He is commonly known under his pseudonym Charles Dodd.
Life
Tootell was born in Lancashire. He was tutored by his uncle, Christopher Tootle, before studying with Edward Hawarden at the English College, Douay (1688-1693). He earned a bachelor of divinity at St Gregory's Seminary, Paris (1693-1697). He adopted the pen name "Charles Dodd" to spare his family a fine under the Penal Laws, for sending him abroad to be educated. He travelled widely in Europe, and after ordination he returned to England in 1698 to serve for a time on the English mission, before becoming chaplain to the Molyneux family at Mosborough Hall, Lancashire.
In 1711 he returned to the Continent where he is said to have witnessed the siege of Douay (1712) as chaplain to an English regiment; certainly he wrote in that character a short History of the English College at Douay (1713) which purported to be by a Protestant chaplain. As it attacked the Jesuits, Father Thomas Hunter published his "Modest Defence" (1714), to which Dodd replied in The Secret Policy of the English Society of Jesus (1715). From 1716 he was again at Mosborough till 1718, when he returned to Douay to collect materials for his magnum opus The Church History of England from 1500 to 1688, which occupied him for twenty years. The work was written at Harvington Hall, Worcestershire, where he resided from 1722 till his death, first as assistant chaplain, then (from 1726) as chaplain to Robert Throckmorton.
During his sojourn abroad he wrote and published Pax Vobis: An Epistle to the Three Churches (London, 1721); and while at Harvington he composed several spiritual, controversial, and historical treatises most of which have never been published. Many of these MSS. are preserved at St Mary's College, Oscott. Those certainly published were: Certamen Utriusque Ecclesiae (1724); An Abridgment of Christian Doctrine (s.d.) and Flores Cleri Anglo-Catholici (s.d.)
After many years' labour the Church History was completed in three folio volumes published in 1737, 1739, and 1742 at Wolverhampton, though for prudential reasons Brussels appears on the title-page. Father John Constable, S.J., attacked the work as unfair to the Jesuits, and Dodd replied in An Apology for the Church History of English, published in 1742. On his death-bed Dodd expressed his desire to die in peace with the Jesuits.
The Church History presented an important alternative view of history, and its primary source documents in the appendices provided a valuable resource for later historians. John Lingard was a subscriber for one of the later editions.
References
External links
Church History of England on Google Books
1670s births
1743 deaths
17th-century English Roman Catholic priests
18th-century English Roman Catholic priests
Clergy from Lancashire
Writers from Wolverhampton
English College, Douai alumni
18th-century English historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Tootell |
The Gompertz–Makeham law states that the human death rate is the sum of an age-dependent component (the Gompertz function, named after Benjamin Gompertz), which increases exponentially with age and an age-independent component (the Makeham term, named after William Makeham). In a protected environment where external causes of death are rare (laboratory conditions, low mortality countries, etc.), the age-independent mortality component is often negligible. In this case the formula simplifies to a Gompertz law of mortality. In 1825, Benjamin Gompertz proposed an exponential increase in death rates with age.
The Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality describes the age dynamics of human mortality rather accurately in the age window from about 30 to 80 years of age. At more advanced ages, some studies have found that death rates increase more slowly – a phenomenon known as the late-life mortality deceleration – but more recent studies disagree.
The decline in the human mortality rate before the 1950s was mostly due to a decrease in the age-independent (Makeham) mortality component, while the age-dependent (Gompertz) mortality component was surprisingly stable. Since the 1950s, a new mortality trend has started in the form of an unexpected decline in mortality rates at advanced ages and "rectangularization" of the survival curve.
The hazard function for the Gompertz-Makeham distribution is most often characterised as . The empirical magnitude of the beta-parameter is about .085, implying a doubling of mortality every .69/.085 = 8 years (Denmark, 2006).
The quantile function can be expressed in a closed-form expression using the Lambert W function:
The Gompertz law is the same as a Fisher–Tippett distribution for the negative of age, restricted to negative values for the random variable (positive values for age).
Future of human longevity
The birth year cohorts of those born after 1950 should be the first to see a considerable delay in the historical course of death, according to 2023 research paper that draws this conclusion solely from maths. The study predicts a future in which longevity records will frequently be broken after 2073, with some prediction graphs reaching into the 140s.
See also
Bathtub curve
Biodemography
Biodemography of human longevity
Gerontology
Demography
Life table
Maximum life span
Reliability theory of aging and longevity
References
Actuarial science
Medical aspects of death
Population
Senescence
Statistical laws
Applied probability | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham%20law%20of%20mortality |
Nienburg () is a town in the district of Salzlandkreis in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is located in the lower Saale valley, approx. 5 km northeast of Bernburg. In January 2010 it absorbed the former municipalities Gerbitz, Latdorf, Neugattersleben, Pobzig and Wedlitz, that became Ortschaften or municipal divisions of the town. In 2020 its population was 6,104.
Nienburg is first mentioned in travel records dating from 961. The medieval centre of the town is occupied by the Benedictine monastery, Nienburg Abbey, later turned into a castle, recently destroyed by fire. The church of the monastery, over 1000 years old, was inaugurated in 1004, and is beautifully preserved to this day.
In 1623, during the Thirty Years' War, part of the town was destroyed. On December 6, 1825, an early cable-stayed bridge over the river Saale collapsed during a celebration honoring the bridge's patron. 55 people were killed, 60 were injured, and two people remained missing. The bridge had been open for just three months. A contributing factor may have been youths attempting to get the bridge to sway to the tune of "God Save the King."
Personality
Gustav Flügel (1812–1900), composer
Annalista Saxo, Nienburg chronicler
Ibrahim ibn Jaqub, traveler, first mention of Nienburg
Odo I, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark (around 930–983), buried in the monastery Nienburg an der Saale
References
External links
Salzlandkreis
Duchy of Anhalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nienburg%2C%20Saxony-Anhalt |
Studium is a latin word meaning "study", "zeal", "dedication", etc. It may refer to:
Chavagnes Studium, a center for the study of the Liberal Arts
Medieval university, a corporation organized during the High Middle Ages
Studium Angelopolitanum, a non-profit educational organization
Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, a Franciscan academic society in Jerusalem
Studium Excitare, a quarterly academic journal
Studium generale, the customary name for a medieval university
Studium Generale Marcianum
Studium monastery, historically the most important monastery of Constantinople
See also
List of medieval universities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studium |
The Country and the City is a book of cultural analysis by Raymond Williams which was first published in 1973.
Origins
Coming from the Welsh border, a village in the Black Mountains, Raymond Williams found that the images of rural life taught at the University of Cambridge did not match what he had seen. As an academic at Cambridge, he studied and examined the contradiction, along with the contrasting idea of the city, which in the United Kingdom has never been separate from the countryside. Rural life without cities had existed in other parts of the world, but not for a very long time in Britain.
Chapter 2, A Problem of Perspective, examines the idea that an ancient continuous rural life has recently ended. Authors generally remember this timeless order existing in their own childhood. But look at writers from the time of their childhood, and they consider that the timeless order has already vanished, having still existed in the older writer's childhood. He gives a chain of examples, going back as far as William Langland’s Piers Plowman and Pope Innocent III in the fourteenth and twelfth centuries, respectively, but suggests one could continue doing so all the way back to Eden. This “escalator”, as he calls it, does not serve to explain a greater narrative about pastoralism, but rather allows him to employ “precise analysis of each kind of retrospect, as it comes.” (p. 12)
Urban life is also examined - see in particular chapter 19, Cities of Darkness and of Light.
Discussion of the country and the city
In The Country and the City, Raymond Williams analyzes images of the country and the city in English literature since the 16th century, and how these images become central symbols for conceptualizing the social and economic changes associated with capitalist development in England. Williams debunks the notion of rural life as simple, natural, and unadulterated, leaving an image of the country as a Golden age. This is, according to Williams, “a myth functioning as a memory” that dissimulates class conflict, enmity, and animosity present in the country since the 16th century. Williams shows how this imagery is embedded in the writings of English poets, novelists and essayists. These writers have not just reproduced the rural-urban divide, but their works have also served to justify the existing social order. The city, on the other hand, is depicted in English novels as a symbol of capitalist production, labor, domicile, and exploitation, where it is seen as the “dark mirror” of the country. The country represented Eden while the city became the hub of modernity, a quintessential place of loneliness and loss of romanticism. In the novels of Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy, there seems to be a feeling of loss, and at the same time a sense of harmony among the lonely and isolated souls.
For Williams, “the contrast of the country and city is one of the major forms in which we become conscious of a central part of our experience and of the crises of our society” (p. 289). What kinds of experience do the ideas appear to interpret, and why do certain forms occur or recur at this period or at that? To answer these questions, Williams argues that “we need to trace, historically and critically, the various forms of the ideas” (p. 290). It is this historical perspective that makes Williams's work essentially important for it rejects a simple, dualistic explanation of the city as evil in search of peace and harmony in the countryside. Instead, Williams sees the country as inextricably related to the city. In search of the historical, lived form, Williams distinguishes two of his best-known categories: “knowable communities” and the “structure of feeling.” Over the centuries, Williams describes the prevailing structure of feeling—traces of the lived experience of a community distinct from the institutional and ideological organization of the society—in the works of poets and novelists.
In the same vein, Williams sees most novels as “knowable communities” in the sense that the “novelist offers to show people and their relationships in essentially knowable and communicable ways” (p. 163). In sum, Williams notably said: “It was always a limited inquiry: the country and the city within a single tradition. But it has brought me to the point where I can offer its meanings, its implications and its connections to others: for discussion and amendment; for many kinds of possible cooperative work; but above all for an emphasis—the sense of an experience and of ways of changing it—in the many countries and cities where we live” (p. 306).
See also
Chapter Eight of Raymond Williams: Hope and Defeat in the Struggle for Socialism
Quotes
"A contrast between country and city, as fundamental ways of life, reaches back into classical times."
Human habitats
Rural geography
Books about urbanism
1973 non-fiction books
Books of literary criticism
Chatto & Windus books
Settlement geography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Country%20and%20the%20City |
The Air Quality Modeling Group (AQMG) is in the U.S. EPA's Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) and provides leadership and direction on the full range of air quality models, air pollution dispersion models and other mathematical simulation techniques used in assessing pollution control strategies and the impacts of air pollution sources.
The AQMG serves as the focal point on air pollution modeling techniques for other EPA headquarters staff, EPA regional Offices, and State and local environmental agencies. It coordinates with the EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) on the development of new models and techniques, as well as wider issues of atmospheric research. Finally, the AQMG conducts modeling analyses to support the policy and regulatory decisions of the EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS).
The AQMG is located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Projects maintained by the AQMG
The AQMG maintains the following specific projects:
Air Quality Analyses to Support Modeling
Air Quality Modeling Guidelines
Dispersion Modeling Computer Codes
Dispersion Modeling
Emissions Inventories For Regional Modeling
Guidance on Modeling for New NAAQS & Regional Haze
Meteorological Data Guidance and Modeling
Model Clearinghouse
Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ)
Models3 Applications Team, Outreach and Training Coordination
Multimedia Modeling
PM Data Analysis and PM Modeling
Preferred/Recommended Models Alternative Models Screening Models
Regional Ozone Modeling
Roadway Intersection Modeling
Support Center For Regulatory Air Models (SCRAM)
Urban Ozone Modeling
Visibility and Regional Haze Modeling
See also
Accidental release source terms
Bibliography of atmospheric dispersion modeling
Air Quality Modelling and Assessment Unit (AQMAU)
Air Resources Laboratory
AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Atmospheric Studies Group
:Category:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
List of atmospheric dispersion models
Met Office
UK Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Liaison Committee
UK Dispersion Modelling Bureau
References
Further reading
www.crcpress.com
www.air-dispersion.com
External links
UK Dispersion Modelling Bureau web site
UK ADMLC web site
Air Resources Laboratory (ARL)
Air Quality Modeling Group
Met Office web site
Error propagation in air dispersion modeling
Air pollution in the United States
Air pollution organizations
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
United States Environmental Protection Agency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Quality%20Modeling%20Group |
Ruth R. Faden is an American scientist, academic, and founder of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics. She was the Berman Institute's Director from 1995 until 2016, and the inaugural Andreas C. Dracopoulos Director from 2014 to 2016. Faden is the inaugural Philip Franklin Wagley Professor of Biomedical Ethics.
Faden is a member of the Institute of Medicine and a Fellow of The Hastings Center and the American Psychological Association. She has served on President Clinton's Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, which she chaired. Faden co-launched the Global Food Ethics and Policy Program, sponsor of the 7 by 5 Agenda for Ethics and Global Food Security. She is also a co-founder of the Hinxton Group, a global community committed to advancing ethical and policy challenges in stem cell science, and the Second Wave initiative, an effort to ensure that the health interests of pregnant women are fairly represented in biomedical research and drug and device policies.
In 2011, Faden was the recipient of Lifetime Achievement Awards from the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities (ASBH) and Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research (PRIMR).
Faden was born and raised in Philadelphia. At 16, Faden was accepted to Temple University, where she studied for two years before transferring to the University of Pennsylvania, where she earned her bachelor's degree. Faden later earned her M.A. from the University of Chicago, and her MPH and PhD from University of California, Berkeley.
Academic work
Faden is the author and editor of books and articles on biomedical ethics and public policy, including Social Justice: The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Health Policy (with Madison Powers) and A History and Theory of Informed Consent (with Tom L. Beauchamp).
Publications
Books
References
External links
Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
Ruth Faden's page at Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
1949 births
Living people
Bioethicists
Hastings Center Fellows
Members of the National Academy of Medicine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Faden |
Colin Higgins (28 July 1941 – 5 August 1988) was an Australian-American screenwriter, actor, director, and producer. He was best known for writing the screenplay for the 1971 film Harold and Maude, and for directing the films Foul Play (1978) and 9 to 5 (1980).
Life and career
Early life
Higgins was born in Nouméa, New Caledonia, France, to an Australian mother, Joy (Kelly), and American father, John Edward Higgins, one of six sons. Higgins' father enlisted in the army following the attack on Pearl Harbor, and his mother returned to her home in Sydney with Colin and his elder brother. Apart from a brief stint in San Francisco in 1945, Higgins lived in Sydney until 1957, mostly in the suburb of Hunters Hill, attending school at Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview.
After moving to Redwood City, California, Higgins attended Stanford University for a year, but then lost his scholarship because he became "obsessed" with theatre. He moved to New York and hung around the Actors Studio but could not find work, so he became a page at the ABC television studios. He lost hope at becoming an actor and enlisted in the U.S. Army, where he was sent to Germany and worked for Stars and Stripes newspaper.
Higgins was discharged in 1965, spent six months in Europe, mostly in Paris, then returned to Stanford University to study a Bachelor of Arts in Creative Writing. Higgins later said, "after I had traveled and worked for a while I was anxious to study for the sake of studying. I took courses for what they were, not so that I could sleep in."
While at college Higgins supported himself as an actor, playing in small theatre productions, including acting in a sex farce called Once Over Nightly for a year and a half. He wrote a play Once Around the Quad which was performed at Stanford after he left.
Hollywood
After Higgins graduated from Stanford he got a job as an able-bodied seaman "because I wanted to see the Orient. It didn't take me long to realize that the days of Conrad and Eugene O'Neill were over. There was no work and too many people to do it."
He visited Expo 67 in Montreal and was inspired by the film exhibits there and decided to learn about film. He began working on a Master of Fine Arts in screenwriting at UCLA, where his classmates included Paul Schrader and actor brother Barry Higgins. While there, he made the short films Opus One (1968), a satire on student films, and Retreat, an anti-war statement. His thesis was the basis for Harold and Maude (1971).
Harold and Maude
After graduating he went to work for a wealthy family in Los Angeles as a part-time chauffeur and pool cleaner in exchange for free accommodation, where he met film producer Ed Lewis. Higgins showed a draft of Harold and Maude to Lewis, who then showed it to Robert Evans at Paramount. Higgins wanted to direct the script himself and was allowed to shoot a director's test for $7,000 but Paramount was not sufficiently impressed, and Hal Ashby was hired. Higgins collaborated well with Ashby and both were pleased with the final film, but it was not a large box-office success on original release.
Higgins got an offer to write the screenplay for the TV movie The Devil's Daughter (1972), which he later described as "just a job". He also wrote a TV movie, The Distributor, which was not made, and a feature film script, Killing Lydia, which would later become the basis for his 1978 film Foul Play. He then received an offer from Jean-Louis Barrault in Paris to turn Harold and Maude into a play for French actor Madeleine Renaud. Higgins did so, working on the French translation with Jean-Claude Carrière, and the play ran for seven years. The film of Harold and Maude continued to run in cinemas around the world, where by 1983 it was in profit. (The same year it was estimated Higgins had earned $1 million from his script and productions of the play.)
While in Paris, Higgins met theatre director Peter Brook and worked with him as playwright-in-residence for his company. They did a play about mountain people in Uganda called The Ik which ran in Paris, London and New York. The producers of The Devil's Daughter hired Higgins to write a Hitchcock-style thriller. This script became Silver Streak (1976), which was a hit under the direction of Arthur Hiller. Higgins later said if he had directed it he would have been "a bit less faithful to the writer; I would have slashed away."
Director
The success of Silver Streak enabled Higgins to revive his earlier script Foul Play (1978) and direct the film himself. It was enormously popular at the box office and launched his directing career.
He was writing the comedy-thriller The Man Who Lost Tuesday when he received an offer to re-write and direct 9 to 5 (1980). It was a big hit, as was the musical The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1982), which Higgins directed.
He was meant to follow it with The Man Who Lost Tuesday, but Paramount felt the budget was too high and passed.
In 1985, he was working on a project with playwright Jonathan Reynolds. In 1986, he was reportedly writing the script Washington Girls as a vehicle to reunite Jane Fonda, Lily Tomlin and Dolly Parton.
His last credit was the TV movie Out on a Limb (1987), which he co-wrote and co-produced.
Legacy and death
Higgins, who was openly gay, died of an AIDS-related illness at his home on August 5, 1988, at the age of 47. The Colin Higgins Foundation was established in 1986 to provide support for gay and transgender youth. It was established by Higgins following his diagnosis with HIV in 1985. His writing is said to have inspired filmmakers like Judd Apatow, Seth Rogen, Wes Anderson and Paul Feig.
His brother is Australian actor John Higgins.
Filmography
Film
Actor
Unmade screenplays
The Man Who Lost Tuesday – a comedy thriller set in Paris
First Lady – a satire on politics to star Lily Tomlin
Theatre
Harold and Maude (1972)
The Ik (1975)
References
External links
The Colin Higgins Foundation
Finding aid for the Colin Higgins Papers
1941 births
1988 deaths
People from Nouméa
AIDS-related deaths in California
American male film actors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American people of Australian descent
American gay actors
American gay writers
American LGBT screenwriters
American LGBT film directors
Stanford University alumni
UCLA Film School alumni
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American LGBT people
Film directors from California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Higgins |
"A Horse with No Name" is a song by the folk rock band America. Written by Dewey Bunnell, it was the band's first and most successful single, released in late 1971 in Europe and early 1972 in the United States. The song topped the charts in Canada, Finland, and the United States. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.
Development
America's self-titled debut album was released initially in Europe, without "A Horse with No Name", and achieved only moderate success. Originally called "Desert Song", "Horse" was written while the band was staying at the home of musician Arthur Brown, near Puddletown, Dorset, England. The first two demos were recorded there by Jeff Dexter and Dennis Elliott, which were intended to capture the sensation of the hot, dry desert that had been depicted in a Salvador Dalí painting, and in a picture by M. C. Escher which featured a horse. Writer Dewey Bunnell also says he remembered his childhood travels through the Arizona and New Mexico desert when his family lived at Vandenberg Air Force Base. Bunnell has explained that "A Horse with No Name" was "a metaphor for a vehicle to get away from life's confusion into a quiet, peaceful place".
Trying to find a song that would be popular in both the United States and Europe, Warner Bros. was reluctant to release the ballad "I Need You" as the first single from America. The label asked the band if it had any other material, then arranged for America to record four more songs at Morgan Studios, in Willesden, London. "A Horse with No Name" was released as the featured song on a three-track single in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Italy and the Netherlands in late 1971. On the release, "A Horse with No Name" shared the A-side with "Everyone I Meet Is from California", while "Sandman" featured on the B-side. However, its early-1972 two-track United States release did not include "Sandman", with "Everyone I Meet Is from California" appearing on the B-side.
Composition
"A Horse with No Name" was recorded in E Dorian (giving it a key signature with two sharps, F# and C#) with acoustic guitars, bass guitar, drum kit, and bongo drums. The only other chord is a D, fretted on the low E and G strings, second fret. A 12-string guitar plays an added F♯ (second fret, high E string) on the back beat of the Em. A noted feature of the song is the driving bass line with a hammer-hook in each chorus. A "waterfall"-type solo completes the arrangement. Produced by Ian Samwell on the day of final recording at Morgan Studios, when at first the group thought it was too corny and took some convincing to actually play it. Gerry Beckley has explained in Acoustic Guitar magazine (March 2007) that the correct tuning for the guitar is D E D G B D, low to high. The chord pattern that repeats throughout the entire song is: 202002 (Em), then 020202 and 000202. The tuning is unique to this song; they did not use it on any other America song.
Reception
Despite the song being banned by some U.S. radio stations, most notably WHB in Kansas City, because of supposed drug references to heroin use ("horse" is a common slang term for heroin), the song ascended to number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and the album quickly reached platinum status. The song charted earlier in Ireland (reaching number 4), the Netherlands (reaching number 11) and the UK (reaching number 3, the band's only Top 40 hit in the country) than it did in the United States.
The song's resemblance to some of Neil Young's work aroused some controversy. For example, in its review of "A Horse with No Name" Cash Box described America as "CSN&Y soundalikes." "I know that virtually everyone, on first hearing, assumed it was Neil", Bunnell said. "I never fully shied away from the fact that I was inspired by him. I think it's in the structure of the song as much as in the tone of his voice. It did hurt a little, because we got some pretty bad backlash. I've always attributed it more to people protecting their own heroes more than attacking me." By coincidence, it was "A Horse with No Name" that replaced Young's "Heart of Gold" at the number 1 spot on the U.S. pop chart.
The single achieved sales of over 50,000 copies in Australia, being eligible for the award of a gold disc.
The song has received criticism for its lyrics, including "The heat was hot"; "There were plants, and birds, and rocks, and things"; and "'Cause there ain't no one for to give you no pain." According to an anecdote from Robert Christgau, Randy Newman dismissed "A Horse With No Name" as a "song about a kid who he’s taken acid".
Penn Jillette asked the band about their lyrics, "there were plants, and birds, and rocks, and things" after a show in Atlantic City, where America opened for Penn & Teller. According to Jillette, their explanation for the lyrics was that they were intoxicated with cannabis while writing it. In a 2012 interview, Beckley disputed Jillette's story, saying, "I don't think Dew was stoned."
Personnel
(Per back cover of 1972 vinyl issue of America.)
America
Dewey Bunnell – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Gerry Beckley – 12-string acoustic guitars, backing vocals
Dan Peek – bass, backing vocals
Session musicians
Ray Cooper – percussion
Kim Haworth – drums
Cover version
In the season 4 episode of BoJack Horseman "The Old Sugarman Place", the title character drives through the desert to Patrick Carney and Michelle Branch's interpretation of the song. This version also appears on the soundtrack album of the series.
Musical references
Michael Jackson's song "A Place with No Name" was released posthumously by TMZ as a 25-second snippet on July 16, 2009. The snippet closely resembles "A Horse with No Name". Jim Morey, both Jackson's and America's former band manager, has stated that "America was honored that Michael chose to do their song and they hope it becomes available for all Michael's fans to hear." The song was remastered and released in its entirety along with the original Michael Jackson recording on Jackson's 2014 album, Xscape.
The song was sampled by Milo in his song "Geometry and Theology" from his album Cavalcade, in which every song samples a song by America.
The song is name-checked in the 1991 Tin Machine song 'Stateside' on the Tin Machine II album.
Charts
Year-end charts
All-time charts
Certifications
See also
List of fictional horses
Caballo sin Nombre
References
External links
Official America Homepage
1971 songs
1971 debut singles
1972 singles
Songs written by Dewey Bunnell
America (band) songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Warner Records singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Ian Samwell
Songs about horses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Horse%20with%20No%20Name |
The Cannon Valley Trail is a paved rail trail that follows the Cannon River in southeast Minnesota. The trail follows an abandoned Chicago Great Western Railway corridor for between Cannon Falls, Minnesota and Red Wing, Minnesota. In the spring, summer, and fall months, the trail is open to hiking, biking, and inline skating. In the winter months, the trail is groomed for cross-country skiing.
Points of interest on the trail include the Cannon River, wildlife management areas, a mountain-bike trail, Welch Village ski area, and the Red Wing archaeological preserve. The trail is managed by a joint powers board consisting of representatives from Cannon Falls, Red Wing and Goodhue County, Minnesota.
History
The railroad of Alpheus Beede Stickney, the Minnesota Central Railroad Company (MCRR), built the Cannon Valley railroad out from Red Wing through Northfield to Faribault in 1882, pushing on to Mankato. There was a railroad war with the Milwaukee Road building a branch on the opposite bank. The MCRR was bought out by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad who in 1899 sold the trackage to Stickney's new company, the Minnesota and Northwestern Railroad, that by this time had become the Chicago Great Western Railway (a railroad better known by its slight name change nine years later when Stickney had left: the Chicago Great Western Railroad).
Local private citizens purchased the railroad roadbed for a recreational trail in 1983 following the C&NWs (the successor to the CGW) decision to abandon the line.
The Cannon Valley Trail contains milepost markers installed by CGW, which indicate the distance from Mankato — the railroad's original western terminus.
Related Trails
Sakatah Singing Hills State Trail
The section of the Chicago Great Western from Faribault to Mankato is now the Sakatah Singing Hills State Trail.
Cannon Falls to Faribault
The section of the Chicago Great Western between Faribault and Cannon Falls is being developed by the Mill Towns Trail Association which would result in the former route of the entire Chicago Great Western (originally the Central Railway Company of Minnesota and later the Wisconsin, Minnesota & Pacific) from Mankato to Red Wing being converted to trail use.
Goodhue Pioneer State Trail
In Red Wing, the trail connects to the Goodhue Pioneer State Trail.
References
Protected areas of Goodhue County, Minnesota
Rail trails in Minnesota
Regional parks in Minnesota
Chicago Great Western Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon%20Valley%20Trail |
At the 1948 Winter Olympics, five Nordic skiing events were contested: three cross-country skiing events, one ski jumping event, and one Nordic combined event, all for men only.
1948 Winter Olympics events
1948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic%20skiing%20at%20the%201948%20Winter%20Olympics |
World of Lies, released in 2005, is the third album by the band The Berzerker. This release marked a change in the band's sound as the tempo was slower on most tracks.
Track listing
All songs written and arranged by Luke Kenny.
"Committed to Nothing" – 2:39
"Black Heart" – 2:16
"All About You" – 2:41
"Burn the Evil" – 2:30
"World of Tomorrow" – 2:24
"Follow Me" – 2:42
"Y" – 2:57
"As the World Waits" – 3:16
"Afterlife" – 3:20
"Never Hated More" – 3:18
"Free Yourself" – 3:03
"Constant Pain" – 2:25
"Farewell" – 20:08
The thirteenth track, "Silence", is not listed on the back cover of the album and is normally referred to as "............". Rather than the usual way of listing untitled tracks (track number, no song name), the track number is eliminated completely.
Reception
Personnel
Luke Kenny – producer, vocals, drum programming, synth
Ed Lacey – guitar, bass
Jason V. – guitar, bass
Adrian Naudi – guitar, bass
Sam Bean – guitar, bass
References
2005 albums
The Berzerker albums
Earache Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20of%20Lies |
Klaus Koch (October 4, 1926 – March 28, 2019) was an Old Testament scholar.
Koch first studied in the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz and later at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen. He did his doctoral dissertation at the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg under Gerhard von Rad.
Later, Koch became a Pastor in the Lutheran Church in Prießnitz. He began his teaching career as a professor at the University of Kiel. He is Professor Emeritus of Old Testament and History of the Ancient near East Religions at the University of Hamburg, Germany.
Koch has identified Martin Noth and Gerhard von Rad as the Fathers of Redaction Criticism in Old Testament Studies.
Koch is best known for his assertion that the Old Testament wisdom literature has no concept of divine retribution. In his 1983 article, "Is there a Doctrine of Retribution in the Old Testament?", Koch argued for a "deed-consequences" construct, in which human deeds have "automatic and inescapable consequences", meaning that Yahweh does not need to intervene to punish or reward. He died on March 28, 2019.
Selected bibliography
Die Priesterschrift von Exodus 25 bis Leviticus 16 (1959)
Was ist Formgeschichte?: Methoden der Bibelexegese: Mit einem Nachwort, Linguistik und Formgeschichte (1964; 5th ed. 1989)
Book of Books: The Growth of the Bible (1969)
The Growth of the Biblical Tradition: The Form-critical Method (1969)
The Rediscovery of Apocalyptic: A Polemical Work on a Neglected Area of Biblical Studies and Its Damaging Effects on Theology and Philosophy (1972)
Um das Prinzip der Vergeltung in Religion und Recht des Alten Testaments (Wege der Forschung) (1972)
Amos: Untersucht mit den Methoden einer strukturalen Formgeschichte (Alter Orient und Altes Testament) (1976)
Das Buch Daniel (Erträge der Forschung) (1980)
The Prophets I - The Assyrian Period (1983)
The Prophets II - The Babylonian and Persian Periods (1984)
Daniel (Biblischer Kommentar. Altes Testament) (1986)
Deuterokanonische Zusätze zum Danielbuch: Entstehung und Textgeschichte (Alter Orient und Altes Testament) (1987)
Geschichte der ägyptischen Religion: Von den Pyramiden bis zu den Mysterien der Isis (1993)
Die Reiche der Welt und der kommende Menschensohn: Studien zum Danielbuch (Gesammelte Aufsätze) (1995)
Vor der Wende der Zeiten: Beiträge zur apokalyptischen Literatur (Gesammelte Aufsätze) (1996)
Reise durch Indonesien (1997)
Die Schriftrollen von Qumran. Zur aufregenden Geschichte ihrer Erforschung und Deutung (1998)
From Amos to Jesus - Biblical Eschatology and its Social and Political Implications, (1999)
Reclams Bibellexikon. Sonderausgabe (2000) (with Eckart Otto and Jürgen Roloff)
Biblischer Text und theologische Theoriebildung (2001)
Europa, Tausendjähriges Reich und Neue Welt (2003) (with Mariano Delgado and Edgar Marsch)
Der Gott Israels und die Gotter des Orients Religionsgeschichtliche Studien II, (2006)
References
Notes
Further reading
External links
Full bibliography at the University of Hamburg
1926 births
2019 deaths
20th-century German Protestant theologians
German Lutheran theologians
20th-century German Lutheran clergy
German biblical scholars
Old Testament scholars
Heidelberg University alumni
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz alumni
University of Tübingen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Hamburg
Academic staff of the University of Kiel
German male non-fiction writers
Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)
Lutheran biblical scholars
21st-century German Lutheran clergy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus%20Koch |
Gebhardshain is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Westerwald, approx. 20 km south-west of Siegen. Gebhardshain was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Gebhardshain.
Gebhardshain was mentioned for the first time in the year 1220.
Gebhardshain belonged at that time to the nobility of those from Gervertzhagen and was assigned to the territory of the count von Sayn.
In 1378, these recognized prince elector of Trier as their liege lord. Therefore, Gebhardshain belonged both to the diocese Trier and to the archbishop's secular barony.
Since 1990, there is a partnership with the municipality Kreuzebra.
References
Altenkirchen (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebhardshain |
Crucial to the survival of a glacier is its mass balance of which surface mass balance (SMB), the difference between accumulation and ablation (sublimation and melting). Climate change may cause variations in both temperature and snowfall, causing changes in the surface mass balance. Changes in mass balance control a glacier's long-term behavior and are the most sensitive climate indicators on a glacier. From 1980 to 2012 the mean cumulative mass loss of glaciers reporting mass balance to the World Glacier Monitoring Service is −16 m. This includes 23 consecutive years of negative mass balances.
A glacier with a sustained negative balance is out of equilibrium and will retreat, while one with a sustained positive balance is out of equilibrium and will advance. Glacier retreat results in the loss of the low elevation region of the glacier. Since higher elevations are cooler than lower ones, the disappearance of the lowest portion of the glacier reduces overall ablation, thereby increasing mass balance and potentially reestablishing equilibrium. However, if the mass balance of a significant portion of the accumulation zone of the glacier is negative, it is in disequilibrium with the local climate. Such a glacier will melt away with a continuation of this local climate.
The key symptom of a glacier in disequilibrium is thinning along the entire length of the glacier. For example, Easton Glacier (pictured below) will likely shrink to half its size, but at a slowing rate of reduction, and stabilize at that size, despite the warmer temperature, over a few decades. However, the Grinnell Glacier (pictured below) will shrink at an increasing rate until it disappears. The difference is that the upper section of Easton Glacier remains healthy and snow-covered, while even the upper section of the Grinnell Glacier is bare, melting and has thinned. Small glaciers with shallow slopes such as Grinnell Glacier are most likely to fall into disequilibrium if there is a change in the local climate.
In the case of positive mass balance, the glacier will continue to advance expanding its low elevation area, resulting in more melting. If this still does not create an equilibrium balance the glacier will continue to advance. If a glacier is near a large body of water, especially an ocean, the glacier may advance until iceberg calving losses bring about equilibrium.
Definitions
Accumulation
The different processes by which a glacier can gain mass are collectively known as accumulation. Snowfall is the most obvious form of accumulation. Avalanches, particularly in steep mountain environments, can also add mass to a glacier. Other methods include deposition of wind-blown snow; the freezing of liquid water, including rainwater and meltwater; deposition of frost in various forms; and the expansion of a floating area of ice by the freezing of additional ice to it. Snowfall is the predominant form of accumulation overall, but in specific situations other processes may be more important; for example, avalanches can be much more important than snowfall in small cirque basins.
Accumulation can be measured at a single point on the glacier, or for any area of the glacier. The units of accumulation are meters: 1 meter accumulation means that the additional mass of ice for that area, if turned to water, would increase the depth of the glacier by 1 meter.
Ablation
Ablation is the reverse of accumulation: it includes all the processes by which a glacier can lose mass. The main ablation process for most glaciers that are entirely land-based is melting; the heat that causes melting can come from sunlight, or ambient air, or from rain falling on the glacier, or from geothermal heat below the glacier bed. Sublimation of ice to vapor is an important ablation mechanism for glaciers in arid environments, high altitudes, and very cold environments, and can account for all the surface ice loss in some cases, such as the Taylor Glacier in the Transantarctic Mountains. Sublimation consumes a great deal of energy, compared to melting, so high levels of sublimation have the effect of reducing overall ablation.
Snow can also be eroded from glaciers by wind, and avalanches can remove snow and ice; these can be important in some glaciers. Calving, in which ice detaches from the snout of a glacier that terminates in water, forming icebergs, is a significant form of ablation for many glaciers.
As with accumulation, ablation can be measured at a single point on the glacier, or for any area of the glacier, and the units are meters.
Rates, mass flux, and balance year
Glaciers typically accumulate mass during part of the year, and lose mass the rest of the year; these are the "accumulation season" and "ablation season" respectively. This definition means that the accumulation rate is greater than the ablation rate during the accumulation season, and during the ablation season the reverse is true. A "balance year" is defined as the time between two consecutive minima in the glaciers mass—that is, from the start of one accumulation season through to the start of the next. The snow surface at these minima, where snow begins to accumulate again at the start of each accumulation season, is identifiable in the stratigraphy of the snow, so using balance years to measure glacier mass balance is known as the stratigraphic method. The alternative is to use a fixed calendar date, but this requires a field visit to the glacier each year on that date, and so it is not always possible to strictly adhere to the exact dates for the fixed year method.
Mass balance
The mass balance of a glacier is the net change in its mass over a balance year or fixed year. If accumulation exceeds ablation for a given year, the mass balance is positive; if the reverse is true, the mass balance is negative. These terms can be applied to a particular point on the glacier to give the "specific mass balance" for that point; or to the entire glacier or any smaller area.
For many glaciers, accumulation is concentrated in winter, and ablation in the summer; these are referred to as "winter-accumulation" glaciers. For some glaciers, the local climate leads to accumulation and ablation both occurring in the same season. These are known as "summer-accumulation" glaciers; examples are found in the Himalayas and Tibet. The layers that make winter-accumulation glaciers easy to monitor via the stratigraphic method are not usable, so fixed date monitoring is preferable.
Equilibrium line
For winter-accumulation glaciers, the specific mass balance is usually positive for the upper part of the glacier—in other words, the accumulation area of the glacier is the upper part of its surface. The line dividing the accumulation area from the ablation area—the lower part of the glacier—is called the equilibrium line; it is the line at which the specific net balance is zero. The altitude of the equilibrium line, abbreviated as ELA, is a key indicator of the health of the glacier; and since the ELA is usually easier to measure than the overall mass balance of the glacier it is often taken as a proxy for the mass balance.
Symbols
The most frequently used standard variables in mass-balance research are:
a – ablation
c – accumulation
b – mass balance (c + a)
ρ – density
h – glacier thickness
S – area
V – volume
AAR – accumulation-area ratio
ELA – equilibrium-line altitude
By default, a term in lower case refers to the value at a specific point on the glacier's surface; a term in upper case refers to the value across the entire glacier.
Measurement methods
Mass balance
To determine mass balance in the accumulation zone, snowpack depth is measured using probing, snowpits or crevasse stratigraphy. Crevasse stratigraphy makes use of annual layers revealed on the wall of a crevasse. Akin to tree rings, these layers are due to summer dust deposition and other seasonal effects. The advantage of crevasse stratigraphy is that it provides a two-dimensional measurement of the snowpack layer, not a point measurement. It is also usable in depths where probing or snowpits are not feasible. In temperate glaciers, the insertion resistance of a probe increases abruptly when its tip reaches ice that was formed the previous year. The probe depth is a measure of the net accumulation above that layer. Snowpits dug through the past winters residual snowpack are used to determine the snowpack depth and density. The snowpack's mass balance is the product of density and depth. Regardless of depth measurement technique the observed depth is multiplied by the snowpack density to determine the accumulation in water equivalent. It is necessary to measure the density in the spring as snowpack density varies. Measurement of snowpack density completed at the end of the ablation season yield consistent values for a particular area on temperate alpine glaciers and need not be measured every year. In the ablation zone, ablation measurements are made using stakes inserted vertically into the glacier either at the end of the previous melt season or the beginning of the current one. The length of stake exposed by melting ice is measured at the end of the melt (ablation) season. Most stakes must be replaced each year or even midway through the summer.
Net balance
Net balance is the mass balance determined between successive mass balance minimums. This is the stratigraphic method focusing on the minima representing a stratigraphic horizon. In the northern mid-latitudes, a glacier's year follows the hydrologic year, starting and ending near the beginning of October. The mass balance minimum is the end of the melt season. The net balance is then the sum of the observed winter balance (bw) normally measured in April or May and summer balance (bs) measured in September or early October.
Annual balance
Annual balance is the mass balance measured between specific dates. The mass balance is measured on the fixed date each year, again sometime near the start of October in the mid northern latitudes.
Geodetic methods
Geodetic methods are an indirect method for the determination of mass balance of glacier. Maps of a glacier made at two different points in time can be compared and the difference in glacier thickness observed used to determine the mass balance over a span of years. This is best accomplished today using Differential Global Positioning System. Sometimes the earliest data for the glacier surface profiles is from images that are used to make topographical maps and digital elevation models. Aerial mapping or photogrammetry is now used to cover larger glaciers and icecaps such found in Antarctica and Greenland, however, because of the problems of establishing accurate ground control points in mountainous terrain, and correlating features in snow and where shading is common, elevation errors are typically not less than 10 m (32 ft). Laser altimetry provides a measurement of the elevation of a glacier along a specific path, e.g., the glacier centerline. The difference of two such measurements is the change in thickness, which provides mass balance over the time interval between the measurements.
Mass balance research worldwide
Mass balance studies have been carried out in various countries worldwide, but have mostly conducted in the Northern Hemisphere due to there being more mid-latitude glaciers in that hemisphere. The World Glacier Monitoring Service annually compiles the mass balance measurements from around the world. From 2002 to 2006, continuous data is available for only 7 glaciers in the southern hemisphere and 76 glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere. The mean balance of these glaciers was its most negative in any year for 2005/06. The similarity of response of glaciers in western North America indicates the large scale nature of the driving climate change.
Alaska
The Taku Glacier near Juneau, Alaska has been studied by the Juneau Icefield Research Program since 1946, and is the longest continuous mass balance study of any glacier in North America. Taku is the world's thickest known temperate alpine glacier, and experienced positive mass balance between the years 1946 and 1988, resulting in a huge advance. The glacier has since had a negative mass balance trend. The Juneau Icefield Research Program also has studied the mass balance of the Lemon Creek Glacier since 1953. The glacier has had an average annual balance of −0.44 m per year from 1953 to 2006, resulting in a mean loss of over 27 m of ice thickness. This loss has been confirmed by laser altimetry.
Austrian Glacier Mass Balance
The mass balance of Hintereisferner and Kesselwandferner glaciers in Austria have been continuously monitored since 1952 and 1965 respectively. Having been continuously measured for 55 years, Hintereisferner has one of the longest periods of continuous study of any glacier in the world, based on measured data and a consistent method of evaluation. Currently this measurement network comprises about 10 snow pits and about 50 ablation stakes distributed across the glacier. In terms of the cumulative specific balances, Hintereisferner experienced a net loss of mass between 1952 and 1964, followed by a period of recovery to 1968. Hintereisferner reached an intermittent minimum in 1976, briefly recovered in 1977 and 1978 and has continuously lost mass in the 30 years since then. Total mass loss has been 26 m since 1952 Sonnblickkees Glacier has been measured since 1957 and the glacier has lost 12 m of mass, an average annual loss of −0.23 m per year.
New Zealand
Glacier mass balance studies have been ongoing in New Zealand since 1957. Tasman Glacier has been studied since then by the New Zealand Geological Survey and later by the Ministry of Works, measuring the ice stratigraphy and overall movement. However, even earlier fluctuation patterns were documented on the Franz Josef and Fox Glaciers in 1950. Other glaciers on the South Island studied include Ivory Glacier since 1968, while on the North Island, glacier retreat and mass balance research has been conducted on the glaciers on Mount Ruapehu since 1955. On Mount Ruapehu, permanent photographic stations allow repeat photography to be used to provide photographic evidence of changes to the glaciers on the mountain over time.
An aerial photographic survey of 50 glaciers in the South Island has been carried out for most years since 1977. The data was used to show that between 1976 and 2005 there was a 10% loss in glacier volume.
North Cascade glacier mass balance program
The North Cascade Glacier Climate Project measures the annual balance of 10 glaciers, more than any other program in North America, to monitor an entire glaciated mountain range, which was listed as a high priority of the National Academy of Sciences in 1983. These records extend from 1984 to 2008 and represent the only set of records documenting the mass balance changes of an entire glacier clad range. North Cascade glaciers annual balance has averaged −0.48 m/a from 1984 to 2008, a cumulative thickness loss of over 13 m or 20–40% of their total volume since 1984 due to negative mass balances. The trend in mass balance is becoming more negative which is fueling more glacier retreat and thinning.
Norway mass balance program
Norway maintains the most extensive mass balance program in the world and is largely funded by the hydropower industry. Mass balance measurements are currently (2012) performed on fifteen glaciers in Norway. In southern Norway six of the glaciers have been measured continuously since 1963 or earlier, and they constitute a west–east profile reaching from the maritime Ålfotbreen Glacier, close to the western coast, to the continental Gråsubreen Glacier, in the eastern part of Jotunheimen. Storbreen Glacier in Jotunheimen has been measured for a longer period of time than any other glacier in Norway, starting in 1949, while Engabreen Glacier at Svartisen has the longest series in northern Norway (starting in 1970). The Norwegian program is where the traditional methods of mass balance measurement were largely derived.
Sweden Storglaciären
The Tarfala research station in the Kebnekaise region of northern Sweden is operated by Stockholm University. It was here that the first mass balance program was initiated immediately after World War II, and continues to the present day. This survey was the initiation of the mass balance record of Storglaciären Glacier, and constitutes the longest continuous study of this type in the world. Storglaciären has had a cumulative negative mass balance from 1946 to 2006 of −17 m. The program began monitoring the Rabots Glaciär in 1982, Riukojietna in 1985, and Mårmaglaciären in 1988. All three of these glaciers have had a strong negative mass balance since initiation.
Iceland Glacier mass balance
Glacier mass balance is measured once or twice annually on numerous stakes on the several ice caps in Iceland by the National Energy Authority. Regular pit and stake mass-balance measurements have been carried out on the northern side of Hofsjökull since 1988 and likewise on the Þrándarjökull since 1991. Profiles of mass balance (pit and stake) have been established on the eastern and south-western side of Hofsjökull since 1989. Similar profiles have been assessed on the Tungnaárjökull, Dyngjujökull, Köldukvíslarjökull and Brúarjökull outlet glaciers of Vatnajökull since 1992 and the Eyjabakkajökull outlet glacier since 1991.
Swiss mass balance program
Temporal changes in the spatial distribution of the mass balance result primarily from changes in accumulation and melt along the surface. As a consequence, variations in the mass of glaciers reflect changes in climate and the energy fluxes at the Earth's surface. The Swiss glaciers Gries in the central Alps and Silvretta in the eastern Alps, have been measured for many years. The distribution of seasonal accumulation and ablation rates are measured in-situ. Traditional field methods are combined with remote sensing techniques to track changes in mass, geometry and the flow behaviour of the two glaciers. These investigations contribute to the Swiss Glacier Monitoring Network and the International network of the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS).
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
The USGS operates a long-term "benchmark" glacier monitoring program which is used to examine climate change, glacier mass balance, glacier motion, and stream runoff. This program has been ongoing since 1965 and has been examining three glaciers in particular. Gulkana Glacier in the Alaska Range and Wolverine Glacier in the Coast Ranges of Alaska have both been monitored since 1965, while the South Cascade Glacier in Washington State has been continuously monitored since the International Geophysical Year of 1957. This program monitors one glacier in each of these mountain ranges, collecting detailed data to understand glacier hydrology and glacier climate interactions.
Geological Survey of Canada-Glaciology Section (GSC)
The GSC operates Canada's Glacier-Climate Observing System as part of its Climate Change Geoscience Program. With its University partners, it conducts monitoring and research on glacier-climate changes, water resources and sea level change using a network of reference observing sites located in the Cordillera and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. This network is augmented with remote sensing assessments of regional glacier changes. Sites in the Cordillera include the Helm, Place, Andrei, Kaskakwulsh, Haig, Peyto, Ram River, Castle Creek, Kwadacha and Bologna Creek Glaciers; in the Arctic Archipelago include the White, Baby and Grise Glaciers and the Devon, Meighen, Melville and Agassiz Ice Caps. GSC reference sites are monitored using the standard stake based glaciological method (stratigraphic) and periodic geodetic assessments using airborne lidar. Detailed information, contact information and database available here: Helm Glacier (−33 m) and Place Glacier (−27 m) have lost more than 20% of their entire volume, since 1980, Peyto Glacier (−20 m) is close to this amount. The Canadian Arctic White Glacier has not been as negative at (−6 m) since 1980.
Bolivia mass balance network
The glacier monitoring network in Bolivia, a branch of the glacio-hydrological system of observation installed throughout the tropical Andes mountains by IRD and partners since 1991, has monitored mass balance on Zongo (6000 m asl), Chacaltaya (5400 m asl) and Charquini glaciers (5380 m asl). A system of stakes has been used, with frequent field observations, as often as monthly. These measurements have been made in concert with energy balance to identify the cause of the rapid retreat and mass balance loss of these tropical glaciers.
Mass balance in former USSR
Nowadays, glaciological stations exist in Russia and Kazakhstan. In Russia there are 2 stations: Glacier Djankuat in Caucasus, is located near the mountain Elbrus, and Glacier Aktru in Altai Mountains. In Kazakhstan there is glaciological station in Glacier Tuyuk-Su, in Tian Shan, is located near the city of Almaty.
PTAA-Mass balance model
A recently developed glacier balance model based on Monte Carlo principals is a promising supplement to both manual field measurements and geodetic methods of measuring mass balance using satellite images. The PTAA (precipitation-temperature-area-altitude) model requires only daily observations of precipitation and temperature collected at usually low-altitude weather stations, and the area-altitude distribution of the glacier. Output are daily snow accumulation (Bc) and ablation (Ba) for each altitude interval, which is converted to mass balance by Bn = Bc – Ba. Snow Accumulation (Bc) is calculated for each area-altitude interval based on observed precipitation at one or more lower altitude weather stations located in the same region as the glacier and three coefficients that convert precipitation to snow accumulation. It is necessary to use established weather stations that have a long unbroken records so that annual means and other statistics can be determined. Ablation (Ba) is determined from temperature observed at weather stations near the glacier. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures are converted to glacier ablation using twelve coefficients.
The fifteen independent coefficients that are used to convert observed temperature and precipitation to ablation and snow accumulation apply a simplex optimizing procedure. The simplex automatically and simultaneously calculates values for each coefficient using Monte Carlo principals that rely on random sampling to obtain numerical results. Similarly, the PTAA model makes repeated calculations of mass balance, minutely re-adjusting the balance for each iteration.
The PTAA model has been tested for eight glaciers in Alaska, Washington, Austria and Nepal. Calculated annual balances are compared with measured balances for approximately 60 years for each of five glaciers. The Wolverine and Gulkana in Alaska, Hintereisferner, Kesselwandferner and Vernagtferner in Austria. It has also been applied to the Langtang Glacier in Nepal. Results for these tests are shown on the GMB (glacier mass balance) website at ptaagmb.com. Linear regressions of model versus manual balance measurements are based on a split-sample approach so that the calculated mass balances are independent of the temperature and precipitation used to calculate the mass balance.
Regression of model versus measured annual balances yield R2 values of 0.50 to 0.60. Application of the model to Bering Glacier in Alaska demonstrated a close agreement with ice volume loss for the 1972–2003 period measured with the geodetic method. Determining the mass balance and runoff of the partially debris-covered Langtang Glacier in Nepal demonstrates an application of this model to a glacier in the Himalayan Range.
Correlation between ablation of glaciers in the Wrangell Range in Alaska and global temperatures observed at 7000 weather stations in the Northern Hemisphere indicates that glaciers are more sensitive to the global climate than are individual temperature stations, which do not show similar correlations.
Validation of the model to demonstrate the response of glaciers in Northwestern United States to future climate change is shown in a hierarchical modeling approach. Climate downscaling to estimate glacier mass using the PTAA model is applied to determine the balance of the Bering and Hubbard Glaciers and is also validated for the Gulkana, a USGS benchmark glacier.
See also
Climate change
Glacier retreat (disambiguation)
Notes
References
Sources
External links
World Glacier Monitoring Service
How does mass balance vary over Antarctica?
An introduction to Glacier Mass Balance
Glaciology
Effects of climate change | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier%20mass%20balance |
The Bretagne Classic, also called Bretagne Classic Ouest-France, is an elite cycling classic held annually in late summer around the Breton village of Plouay in western France.
The race was originally named Grand-Prix de Plouay and, from 1989 to 2015, GP Ouest-France. It was included in the inaugural UCI ProTour in 2005 and in 2011 in its successor, the UCI World Tour. Since 2016 it is called Bretagne Classic Ouest-France.
Since 2002, a women's event, the Classic Lorient Agglomération is organized on Saturday, the day before the men's race. Supporting events have grown over the years and now include BMX races, track racing and a mass-participation ride, as part of a four–day festival in the last summer weekend in Brittany.
History
The Bretagne Classic, originally named Circuit de Plouay and later the Grand-Prix de Plouay, was created in 1931 by former Tour de France doctor Berty, who used his influence to attract some of the biggest names of French cycling to the inaugural edition. Breton rider François Favé won the inaugural edition. In its first decades the race was dominated by French riders. The first non-French winner was Italian Ugo Anzile in 1954, the second was Holland's Frits Pirard in 1979. Ten riders have won the race two times, all of them French except Oliver Naesen, the most recent to do so with wins in 2016 and 2018.
Throughout its history, the roll of honour includes some illustrious winners. Séan Kelly was the first English-speaking rider to win in 1984. Belgian Frank Vandenbroucke became the youngest winner in 1996, at the age of 21. Italian Vincenzo Nibali, on his way to cycling legend, took a surprise victory in 2006, at the age of 22. Australians Simon Gerrans and Matthew Goss won in 2009 and 2010 respectively, with Norway's Edvald Boasson Hagen soloing to victory in 2012 and Italy's Filippo Pozzato helping resurrect his career with a surprise win in 2013.
In 2014 the attackers managed to hold off the chasing peloton, with Frenchman Sylvain Chavanel winning the seven-man sprint. Alexander Kristoff was only two seconds behind, winning the sprint for eighth place. In 2015 it was Kristoff's turn for victory, leading out a bunch sprint of 69 riders.
Route
The race starts and finishes in the small village of Plouay, in the heartland of French cycling. The course consists of eight laps of a demanding circuit and one lap in the backdrop of Brittany. The circuit is known for its high rate of attrition, featuring climbs and technical descents. The total distance covered is .
The first climb is addressed almost immediately after the start as the race goes over the Côte du Lézot, a climb with an average gradient of 6%. Next is a gentle ascent up to the Chapelle Sainte-Anne des Bois, marking the halfway point of the circuit. After a flat section, the race addresses the Côte de Ty-Marrec, with a maximum gradient of 10%.
The race ends with a final lap of , with the last climb of the Côte de Ty-Marrec providing opportunities to launch attacks or distance sprinters. Sometimes a small group of riders manages to stay away, but often they are caught by the sprinters and their teams in sight of the finish line.
Winners
Multiple winners
Wins per country
Classic Lorient Agglomération
Since 2002, a women's event, the Classic Lorient Agglomération has been organized, using the same circuit. Originally part of the UCI Women's Road World Cup, the race is now part of the UCI Women's World Tour. Britain's Lizzie Deignan holds the record with three wins.
Trivia
No rider has won the race more than two times so far.
The GP Ouest-France is one of only a few international sporting events organized entirely by volunteers: 600-700 members of the Comité des Fêtes de Plouay manage the proceedings of the organization.
Plouay has organized the 2000 Road World Championships, using the circuit of the GP Ouest-France. Latvian Romāns Vainšteins won the elite men's road race, beating Zbigniew Spruch and Óscar Freire in a bunch sprint. Belarusian Zinaida Stahurskaia won the women's road race in a solo victory.
References
External links
Cycle races in France
UCI World Tour races
Classic cycle races
Recurring sporting events established in 1931
1931 establishments in France
UCI ProTour races
Sport in Morbihan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne%20Classic |
Mania or Manya (; c. 440 BC – c. 399 BC), known primarily through Xenophon, was a Dardanian sub-satrap as the tyrant ruler of ancient Dardanus in Asia Minor.
She was the wife of Zenis, sub-satrap under the Persian satrap Pharnabazus II, and became sub-satrap herself after her husband's death.
Her husband Zenis ruled Dardanus as tyrant with the support of the Persian satrap. When he died, she succeeded him as tyrant ruler. It was unusual for a woman to succeed as tyrant in a Greek city state. Like Zenis, she also needed the support of Pharnabazus II to secure her rule. According to Xenophon, she gave many gifts to Pharnabazus II and the influential members of his court when she successfully applied for his support in her succession.
As ruler, Mania was known for her loyalty as sub-satrap. She fulfilled her duties as sub-satrap by paying her tributes as well as assisting Pharnabazus II's military with her army of mercenaries. She participated in campaigns against the rebellious Mysians and Pisidians, and secured Persian rule in the cities of Larisa (Troad), Hamaxitos and Kolonai. She attended the battles of her mercenaries in a carriage or chariot, and was never defeated. Polyaenus, following Xenophon, describes her as an excellent general.
Mania was described with admiration by contemporary male Greek chronicles. Her relationship with Pharnabazus II was very good, and Xenophon writes that he asked for her opinion on political issues.
She, as well as her seventeen-year-old son, were both murdered by her son-in-law Meidias. Pharnabazus II refused to support Meidias as her successor, and the citizens were reportedly unwilling to accept him as such. Shortly after the murder, the city surrendered to the Spartan General Dercylidas.
References
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
4th-century BC deaths
Female satraps
5th-century BC births
Achaemenid Anatolia
Ancient murder victims
Satraps of the Achaemenid Empire
Women in ancient Near Eastern warfare
Women in ancient European warfare
Ancient Greek female tyrants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania%20%28satrap%29 |
The Counter Misinformation Team or Counter Mis-information Team, headed by Todd Leventhal, was part of the United States Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs. The team was tasked with responding to alleged misinformation and disinformation about the United States government. It was discontinued after the Bush administration ended.
Creation
The team was originally formed to counter Soviet misinformation during the Cold War.
Response to 9/11 conspiracy theories
In an attempt to debunk 9/11 conspiracy theories, the team released "The Top September 11 Conspiracy Theories" report on August 28, 2006.
References
United States Department of State
Communication of falsehoods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter%20Misinformation%20Team |
Bhakkar (), is the principal city of Bhakkar District located in Punjab, Pakistan. It lies on the left bank of the Indus River. It is the 86th largest city by population in Pakistan. It is famous for its mustard oil. Bhakkar was an important historical city. The towns of Bhakkar District are: Darya Khan, Dulle Wala, Kalor Kot, Mankera and Nawan Jandanwala.
Administration
Bhakkar city is also the administrative centre of Bhakkar Tehsil one of the four tehsils of the district. Bhakkar Tehsil is subdivided into 17 union councils, three of which form the city of Bhakkar.
History
Bhakkar was founded probably towards the close of the fifteenth century by a group of colonists from Dera Ismail Khan. During the 15th century, Bhakkar saw a struggle for power between Hassan Malik and Naveed Asghar. It came under Humayun's rule after he restored the Mughal empire and he appointed Khan Khanan as the governor of the city alongside Multan, as Multan was a province of the Mughal empire that included the city of Bhakkar. it is on the name of Bakhar Khan.
Fray Sebastian Manrique, a 17th-century traveller, travelled to this city in 1641 and described it as the capital of a Kingdom of Bhakkar.
British rule
During British rule, Bhakkar Town was part of Bhakkar tehsil of Mianwali District. It was located on the left bank of the Indus River and was on the North-Western Railway line.
The Imperial Gazetteer of India described the town as follows:
Places to Visit
Dilkusha Bagh
There is an Old Date Orchard, locally known as 'Dilkusha Bagh' which is believed by some to be a Mughal garden built by Humayun, however Humayun never visited the area, on his retreat to Iran, he went to another Bakhar in Sindh to seek help from Mahmood Khan, which was however denied by historian Henry Raverty.
Famous things of Bhakkar
Tail Karna
The flower is used in a multitude of ways, but the most common use is to make oil. Its essence is extracted and added to mustard oil while cloves, cardamom, jasmine and other spices are also added to the mixture. The resulting product is called ‘karna oil’ and is thought to be a quality product for treating a wide array of hair related issues such as dandruff and unnecessary shedding.
Notable people
Malik Ghulam Yasin Chhina (lawyer and social worker)
Rasheed Akbar Khan Nawani (political person)
Hassan Saghir, Finance Manager at PSL franchise Peshawar Zalmi & Zalmi Foundation.
Muhammad Zafar Ullah Khan Dhandla (political person)
References
Bibliography
External links
Populated places in Bhakkar District
Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Bhakkar District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakkar |
"Hunger Strike" is a song by the American rock band Temple of the Dog. Written by vocalist Chris Cornell, it was released in 1991 as the first single from the band's sole studio album, Temple of the Dog (1991). It was the band's most successful song, peaking at number four on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.
Origin and recording
"Hunger Strike" was written by vocalist Chris Cornell. It features a duet between Cornell and vocalist Eddie Vedder. Cornell was having trouble with the vocals at practice, when Vedder stepped in. Cornell later said "he sang half of that song not even knowing that I'd wanted the part to be there and he sang it exactly the way I was thinking about doing it, just instinctively."
"Hunger Strike" became Temple of the Dog's breakout single; it was also Vedder's first featured vocal on a record.
Cornell on the song:
When we started rehearsing the songs, I had pulled out "Hunger Strike" and I had this feeling it was just kind of gonna be filler, it didn't feel like a real song. Eddie was sitting there kind of waiting for a (Mookie Blaylock) rehearsal and I was singing parts, and he kind of humbly—but with some balls—walked up to the mic and started singing the low parts for me because he saw it was kind of hard. We got through a couple choruses of him doing that and suddenly the light bulb came on in my head, this guy's voice is amazing for these low parts. History wrote itself after that, that became the single.
Guitarist Mike McCready on the song:
I remember thinking that this was a really beautiful song when I heard it. Chris Cornell (Soundgarden) showed me the riff. I had a '62 reissue Strat and I wanted to use the fourth-position tone setting—between the bridge and middle pickups—for the beginning of the song because I like that softer sound. Then I kicked it to the front pickup for the heavier part of the song. This is one of many amazing songs written by Chris.
Eddie Vedder on the song:
It was during that same week that I was up there [In Seattle rehearsing with Pearl Jam]. Day four maybe, or day five, they did a Temple [of the Dog] rehearsal after our afternoon rehearsal. I got to watch these songs, and watch how Chris [Cornell] was working, and watch Matt [Cameron] play drums. It got to "Hunger Strike" — I was sitting in the corner, putting duct tape on a little African drum. About two-thirds of the way through, he was having to cut off the one line, and start the other. I'm not now, and certainly wasn't then, self-assured or cocky, but I could hear what he was trying to do, so I walked up to the mic — which I'm really surprised I did — and sang the other part, "Going hungry, going hungry." The next time I was up, he asked if I'd record it — so it was just me and Chris in the same studio that we made [1991's] Ten record. I really like hearing that song. I feel like I could be real proud of it — because one, I didn't write it, and two, it was such a nice way to be ushered onto vinyl for the first time. I'm indebted to Chris time eternal for being invited onto that track. That was the first time I heard myself on a real record. It could be one of my favorite songs that I’ve ever been on — or the most meaningful.
Release and reception
In the summer of 1992, the album received new attention. Although it had been released more than a year earlier, A&M Records realized that they had in their catalog what was essentially a collaboration between Soundgarden and Pearl Jam, who had both risen to mainstream attention in the months since the album's release with their respective albums, Badmotorfinger and Ten. A&M decided to reissue the album and promote "Hunger Strike" as a single. "Hunger Strike" became the most successful song from Temple of the Dog on the American rock charts. The song peaked at number four on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number seven on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. Jim Guerinot, A&M's senior VP of marketing at the time, said, "I don't think that anyone would have paid attention if 'Hunger Strike' wasn't a great song."
Outside the United States, the single was released in Australia, Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom. In Canada, the song reached the top 50 on the Canadian Singles Chart. "Hunger Strike" reached the top 60 in the UK.
David Fricke of Rolling Stone said, "Cornell and Vedder . . . turn its four minutes into a veritable opera of rock-star guilt. . . . Cornell turns on the Robert Plant-style napalm full blast, but it is Vedder's scorched introspection that brings the conscience in the song to a full boil. 'Hunger Strike' was his first starring vocal on record; it is still one of his best."
Music videos
The original music video for "Hunger Strike" was directed by Paul Rachman who also directed the 2006 punk documentary American Hardcore. A&M decided to reissue the album and promote "Hunger Strike" as a single, with an accompanying music video. The video features the band performing the song on a beach and in a forest. The video was filmed at Discovery Park in Seattle, Washington. The West Point Lighthouse is featured in the video. There are two different versions of the video for the track. The music video is playable in the video game Guitar Hero Live.
The music video for the 2016 mix, also directed by Rachman, was filmed at an abandoned elementary school on March 7, 1991. Only Chris Cornell and Eddie Vedder appeared in the video. It premiered on Vevo on September 2, 2016.
Live performances
"Hunger Strike" was first performed live at the band's November 13, 1990 concert in Seattle, Washington at the Off Ramp Café. In the time since the album's release, the band reformed for short live performances on four occasions where both Soundgarden and Pearl Jam were performing. Temple of the Dog performed "Hunger Strike" on October 3, 1991, at the Foundations Forum in Los Angeles, California; October 6, 1991 at the Hollywood Palladium in Hollywood for the RIP Magazine 5th anniversary party; August 14, 1992 at Lake Fairfax Park in Reston, Virginia; and September 13, 1992, at Irvine Meadows Amphitheater in Irvine, California (both shows were part of the Lollapalooza festival series in 1992). Pearl Jam has played the song, without Cornell, on several occasions, most notably during the 1996 tour.
Temple of the Dog reunited to perform the song during a Pearl Jam show at the Santa Barbara Bowl in Santa Barbara, California on October 28, 2003. Vedder and Corin Tucker of Sleater-Kinney performed a rendition of "Hunger Strike" that is viewable as an easter egg on disc 1 of the Pearl Jam Live at the Garden DVD. Chris Cornell performed the song live several times with Audioslave, Brad Wilk singing Vedder's parts. Pearl Jam also performed the song in Antwerp and Barcelona in 2006 with Andrew Stockdale of Wolfmother singing Cornell's parts. Cornell added "Hunger Strike" to his solo live set in 2007. Cornell also performed the song on Linkin Park's Projekt Revolution tour singing Vedder's part with Linkin Park frontman Chester Bennington joining in to sing Cornell's part.
On October 6, 2009, Pearl Jam played in Los Angeles at the Gibson Amphitheatre. They were joined onstage by Cornell to perform the song.
On September 3 and 4, 2011 Pearl Jam played at the Alpine Valley Music Theatre as part of the PJ20 destination weekend in celebration of the band's 20 years together, Cornell joined onstage to perform the song as well as several other lengthy Temple of the Dog and Mother Love Bone tracks.
At the Bridge School Benefit on October 25 and 26, 2014 Pearl Jam were once again joined onstage with Cornell to play the song. The October 26 concert marked the last time that Vedder and Cornell performed the song together.
On July 22, 2015 Halestorm and Corey Taylor performed this song during the 2015 Alternative Press Music Awards.
On August 9, 2015 Zac Brown Band performed this song during the final show of their three night stand at Boston's Fenway Park.
The original members of Temple of the Dog (minus Vedder), performed the song during the band's first tour in the fall of 2016 in celebration of the 25th anniversary of their self-titled album, with the crowd singing Vedder's parts. "It was one of the most emotional moments in the show", Cornell said.
During the concert at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle on November 21, 2016, Chris Cornell dedicated the song to Eddie Vedder and asked for the crowd to sing Vedder's part.
Track listing
All songs written by Chris Cornell, except where noted:
7" vinyl (Germany and UK), 7" promotional vinyl (UK), CD (Australia), and Cassette (UK)
"Hunger Strike" – 4:03
"All Night Thing" – 3:52
12" vinyl (UK), 12" promotional vinyl (UK), CD (Germany and UK), and Promotional CD (UK)
"Hunger Strike" – 4:03
"Your Saviour" – 4:02
"All Night Thing" – 3:52
Promotional CD (Canada) and Promotional CD (US)
"Hunger Strike" – 4:03
Promotional Cassette (US)
"Hunger Strike" – 4:03
"Say Hello 2 Heaven" (excerpt)
"Pushin Forward Back" (excerpt) (Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, Cornell)
"Reach Down" (excerpt)
Chart positions
References
External links
1991 debut singles
Protest songs
Temple of the Dog songs
Male vocal duets
Songs written by Chris Cornell
Song recordings produced by Matt Cameron
Song recordings produced by Jeff Ament
Song recordings produced by Stone Gossard
Song recordings produced by Mike McCready
Song recordings produced by Eddie Vedder
Song recordings produced by Chris Cornell
Song recordings produced by Rick Parashar
1991 songs
A&M Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger%20Strike%20%28song%29 |
Gerhard von Rad (21 October 1901 – 31 October 1971) was a German academic, Old Testament scholar, Lutheran theologian, exegete, and professor at the University of Heidelberg.
Early life, education, career
Gerhard von Rad was born in Nuremberg, Bavaria, to Lutheran parents. His family were part of the patrician class. He was educated at the University of Erlangen and further at the University of Tübingen.
In 1925, he became a curate in the Lutheran Landeskirche (i.e. the church in the federal state) of Bavaria. Later, he taught at the University of Erlangen in 1929 as tutor. In 1930 he was a privatdozent at the University of Leipzig. From 1934 to 1945 he served as a professor at the University of Jena and later at the University of Göttingen from 1945 to 1949. After that, he became Professor of Old Testament at the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg in the state of Baden-Württemberg and taught there until his death in 1971.
He was conferred honorary doctorates from the University of Lund, Sweden and the University of Wales, United Kingdom.
Oral tradition and the Pentateuch
Along with German biblical scholar Martin Noth, Gerhard von Rad applied form criticism, originated by Hermann Gunkel, to the documentary hypothesis.
Nazi Germany's anti-Semitism led to an "anti-Old Testament" bias among German scholars. Disturbed by this, von Rad turned to the study of the Old Testament and gradually started to bring back its message.
His lively papers achieved a renewal of interest and research in Old Testament studies. Along with Martin Noth, he applied research into the Pentateuch's oral tradition to the explanation of its origin.
In 1960, von Rad traveled to the United States where he was a visiting scholar at Princeton Theological Seminary. He was greatly influential during this period. While at Princeton, he took on Richard A. Jensen as an understudy, who would also further his research and application.
Death
Gerhard von Rad and his wife are buried in Heidelberg's On their gravestone is minimalist artwork depicting Jonah emerging from the great fish, an Old Testament symbol of resurrection.
Selected works
Publications
The Problem of the Hexateuch and other essays
Genesis: A Commentary (Old Testament Library)
Deuteronomy: A Commentary (Old Testament Library)
Studies in Deuteronomy (Studies in Biblical theology) ASIN B0007JWYNA
Old Testament Theology
Old Testament Theology, One-Volume Edition
The Message of the Prophets: Old Testament Theology
Holy War in Ancient Israel
Das Alte Testament Deutsch (ATD), Tlbd.2/4, Das erste Buch Mose, Genesis (This textbook series of detailed theological commentaries on individual books of the bible translates as "The Old Testament [in] German"; the volume is on the book of Genesis)
God at work in Israel
Biblical interpretations in preaching
Gottes Wirken in Israel: Vorträge zum Alten Testament ("God's acting in Israel: [public] lectures on the Old Testament")
Wisdom in Israel (translation of the German book below ?)
The message of the prophets ASIN B0006C6BA0
Weisheit in Israel ASIN B000E1Q3CY ("Wisdom in Israel")
Theologie des Alten Testaments (Einführung in die evangelische Theologie) ASIN B0007JBBTI ("Theology of the Old Testament"/ series title: "Introduction into 'evangelisch'[e] theology" ["evangelisch" in German is used in a similar sense as "Protestant" in English, but has other connotations; hence it is not directly translatable; it usually refers to lutheran or closely related faith and theology, or Christians adhering to it)
Basileia (Bible Key Words from Gerhard Kittel's Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament) ASIN B000BGT0RW
Theologie des Alten Testaments, Bd. 2. (vol.2 of the title above)
Kaiser Taschenbücher, Bd.1, Theologie des Alten Testaments. Die Theologie der geschichtlichen Überlieferungen Israels. ("Kaiser [publisher's name] pocketbooks, vol.1, "Theology of the Old Testament. Theology of the historical tradition of Israel")
Das Alte Testament Deutsch (ATD), Tlbd.8 : Das fünfte Buch Mose (Deuteronomium) (the volume on the book Deuteronomium of the series mentioned above)
Erinnerungen aus der Kriegsgefangenschaft, Frühjahr 1945 ("Memories of a prisoner of war, spring 1945")
Predigt-Meditationen ("Sermon meditations")
Eirene (Pocket crammer series) ASIN B0007FP9LI
Origin of the concept of the day of Yahweh ASIN B0007JF2HA
From Genesis to Chronicles: Explorations in Old Testament Theology (review)
Scholarly impact
Victor Premasagar, a Cambridge tripos and past Principal of the Andhra Christian Theological College, Secunderabad, India in introducing critical methods and tools used in Biblical interpretation writes about von Rad as:
Prof. Premasagar concludes by saying that
Henning Graf Reventlow of Ruhr University, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany in introducing a book by von Rad, makes the following observations:
Gerhard Hasel of the Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary of Andrews University, Michigan, United States in writing about the approaches to OT studies, mentions von Rad with the words....,
John H. Hayes, Professor at Candler School of Theology of the Emory University in Atlanta, United States writes about von Rad...
G. Henton Davies, past Principal, Regent's Park College, a Permanent Private Hall of Oxford University, Oxford, England, writes about von Rad thus
See also
Book of Deuteronomy
Biblical Criticism, Form Criticism
Martin Noth
Deuteronomistic History and Deuteronomist
Dr. Klaus Koch, D.D., Professor Emeritus of Old Testament and History of the Ancient near East Religions at the University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Richard A. Jensen former apprentice of Gerhard von Rad
Andhra Christian Theological College, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Books of Chronicles
References
Notes
Further reading
The July 2008 issue of Interpretation: a Journal of Bible and Theology has as its subject "Gerhard von Rad: Theologian of the Church." See especially:
Manfred Oeming, "Gerhard von Rad as a Theologian of the Church" p. 229
Martin Hauger, "On the Significance of Preaching in the Theology and Work of Gerhard von Rad" p. 278
Bernard M. Levinson, "Reading the Bible in Nazi Germany: Gerhard von Rad's Attempt to Reclaim the Old Testament for the Church" p. 238
1901 births
1971 deaths
20th-century German Lutheran clergy
20th-century German male writers
20th-century German Protestant theologians
Bible commentators
German biblical scholars
German Lutheran theologians
German male non-fiction writers
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
Academic staff of Leipzig University
Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Academic staff of the University of Jena
Lutheran biblical scholars
Old Testament scholars
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Protestants in the German Resistance
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni
University of Tübingen alumni
Writers from Nuremberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard%20von%20Rad |
Tremblay (French pronunciation: [tʁɑ̃blɛ]) may refer to:
Places
Tremblay River, a tributary of the rivière aux Anglais in Rivière-aux-Outardes, Quebec, Canada
Tremblay, Ille-et-Vilaine in the Ille-et-Vilaine department
Le Tremblay in the Maine-et-Loire department
Tremblay-en-France in the Seine-Saint-Denis department
Tremblay-les-Villages in the Eure-et-Loir department
Le Tremblay-Omonville in the Eure department
Le Tremblay-sur-Mauldre in the Yvelines department
Tremblay Park, an urban park in the commune of Champigny-sur-Marne (a part of Paris)
Tremblay, New Brunswick
Tremblay, Quebec, former township municipality, now part of Saguenay, Quebec, Canada
Other
Tremblay (surname)
Tremblay v Daigle, Canadian court case over abortion
Tremblay Commission, or Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems, a Quebec government report on Canada's constitution
Tremblay station, an O-Train station in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
French-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremblay |
Fort George is situated in Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, and was built to become the main island military headquarters and to protect barracks to house the island garrison for the British Army, in place of Castle Cornet.
Planned during the Anglo-French War (1778–83), construction started in 1780 and was completed in 1812. It was built to accommodate the increase in the number of troops stationed in the island to deter the anticipated French invasion, such as the attempted Jersey one in 1779 and the one that resulted in French troops landing in Jersey in January 1781, which resulted in the Battle of Jersey in the centre of Saint Helier.
History
The area occupied by the fort was excellent corn fields but with one and a half regiments moved into the island as defence following the start of the American War of Independence, were used by the military before the construction of the current fort. In 1775/6 an epidemic amongst highland soldiers stationed at the fort area decimated the unit and the disease spread to civilians in neighbouring parishes. The old fort was in a poor state and General Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey, Governor of Guernsey from 1797 to 1807 was having difficulty persuading the island to improve its defences. In 1798 in frustration, he ordered the part built a fort to be demolished so as not to give potential invaders a haven, it was not destroyed and construction work continued.
The design was that of a Star fort with a bastioned trace. A detached redoubt, Fort Irwin, was linked to the fort. To seaward the Clarence Battery was constructed.
On 27 March 1783, there was a mutiny in Guernsey by 500 regular soldiers, mainly Irish soldiers in the recently created 104th Regiment, who were in winter quarters in Fort George, caused possibly by some discharged men from the recently disbanded 83rd Regiment who had just been sent to join the 104th on the island. The soldiers demanded that the fort gates be left open so they could come and go as they pleased, however, whilst this was agreed the soldiers inside the fort a few days later fired at their officers forcing them to withdraw from the fort. Both the 18th Regiment (the Royal Irish) and the Guernsey Militia turned out with 6 pieces of artillery. Volleys of shots were fired by the rebels, but when the militia outflanking the rebels, they surrendered. The Government of Guernsey gave a public thanks to the 18th Regiment and militiamen, awarding them 100 guineas. Two men were wounded, 36 ringleaders arrested. In April the 104th Regiment was transferred to Southampton and disbanded there in May.
From 1794 to 1819 a company from an invalid battalion of the Royal Artillery was based at Fort George. Duelling was not permitted in Guernsey, however duels took place, the most famous recorded being between two officers based at the fort in 1795, fought at L'Hyvreuse Avenue, St Peter Port, where Major Byng of the 92nd Regiment died after challenging the Regimental Surgeon over a matter of honour for not standing for the National Anthem.
Before the barracks were built in the fort, islanders were required to provide accommodation for soldiers that could not be accommodated in Castle Cornet. Each Parish had its quota and if men were quartered in public houses or private dwellings the parish authorities were liable for the cost.
Lieutenant-General John Doyle was appointed Lieutenant Governor in 1803 and commander of all forces in Guernsey. After declaring a state of emergency in 1804, he undertook many works to improve the defence of the Island, including the draining of the Braye du Valle, improving some roads to military standard and building forts and batteries around the coast. The building of Fort George progressed more rapidly with Lt. Col. John Mackelcan (allegedly the illegitimate son of George III and Hannah Lightfoot) promoted to Commander of the Royal Engineers at the fort in 1803. The fort was completed in 1812 and Major-General Sir John Doyle became the Commanding Officer.
Families of the soldiers stationed in the fort normally lodged in St Peter Port. In 1832 J. M. W. Turner sketched the fort. The last person to be executed for murder in Guernsey in 1853, a John Tapner, worked as a clerk in the Engineers Department in Fort George; his botched robbery was matched with a bungled hanging. The fort attracted dubious activities with 'Maisons de débauche' being established close to the fort. They became such a problem that a law was passed in 1895 to restrict their activities, but it was not sufficient and a further law was passed in 1912 giving powers to examine women for diseases, detain them in the hospital if necessary and to deport foreign women deemed 'dangereuses pour la santé publique'.
The Royal Guernsey Light Infantry trained at Fort George before the 1st Battalion sailed on 1 June 1917 on their way to the Western Front, the 2nd Battalion remaining at the fort as a training battalion.
During the Second World War the fort was occupied by German forces who gave it the name Stützpunkt Georgefest, constructing a number of emplacements and a Luftwaffe radar early warning station "Adlerschloss" with 2 x Freya, 2 x Giant FuMG 65 Würzburg-Riese radar installations and a Dezimetergerat microwave communication station. Attempts by Allied aircraft to destroy the radar station before the Normandy landings in June 1944 were ineffective, with allied aircraft shot down on 2 and 5 June. Unexploded bombs occasionally surface.
The States of Guernsey bought the land from the Crown in 1958. In 1967 the land was sold to a developer, Fort George Developments, with the aim of building 120 luxury houses amongst the stronger of the military buildings, the main barrack buildings being demolished. Objections to the planned building work were rejected despite 21% of the population signing a petition against the works.
Structure
Main gate
The main entrance is through an imposing gateway that still houses the original wooden gates. Behind the gate would have been a moat and drawbridge which would have provided a second line of defence.
A plaque over the gate is addressed to Maj-Gen. Sir John Doyle Bt, GCB, KC, Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey from 1803 to 1816 and Commanding Officer in 1812.
Armaments
In 1833 the fort mounted 34 cannons, one carronade, and four mortars. Support came from several nearby strong batteries. The armoury contained pikes, muskets, and swords.
Clarence battery
Originally called Terres Point Battery when it was built in 1780, it was renamed in 1815 in honour of the third son, Prince William, Duke of Clarence of King George III. Ten gun mountings allowed the battery to fire in two directions, a magazine and Guard Room was also built. The original guns were later replaced with 2x 5-inch guns on Vavasseur mountings at the tip of the battery. During the occupation, a triple 3.7cm flak battery was installed along with machine guns and a 60cm searchlight.
Cemetery
A military cemetery was created and housing graves of British soldiers and sailors from the 19th and 20th-centuries. It is also the final resting place of 111 German soldiers and sailors. The cemetery is War Department property and contains war graves of both world wars. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists all 136 military graves in the cemetery, irrespective of nationality.
A register of Baptisms and Burials was maintained by the Garrison Chaplain at Fort George between 1794 and 1810 and is held in the island archives. The Register can be consulted at the Priaulx Library.
Access and current use
Access to the site is possible although much of the land is now in private hands. The majority of the minor buildings were demolished and the remainder has been incorporated into houses. The original main gate is complete and provides vehicle access to the estate. There are car parks at the bottom of the Belvedere field and the cemetery.
From the Valette bathing places, one can walk along to the aquarium, which is built inside a tunnel under the fort, and climb the steps up to the Clarence battery, from where one can access the fort and the cemetery. UPDATE 2020 - the steps are currently closed due to landslip and the paths from the south or bottom of Val Des Terres / Postern gate should be used instead.
The main road leading from St Peter Port to the fort is Le Val des Terres which was opened in 1935 by Le Prince de Galles. Before that, the approach was via George Road.
See also
Fortifications of Guernsey.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Johnston, Peter, The Building of Fort George Citadel 1779-1782 - Part 1, Review of the Guernsey Society, Autumn 2000
G
Buildings and structures in Saint Peter Port
Infrastructure completed in 1812
Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in the United Kingdom
German War Graves Commission
Tourist attractions in Guernsey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20George%2C%20Guernsey |
"Dancer in the Dark" is a 2004 science fiction story by American writer David Gerrold. It was the cover story in the April 2004 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction and was also selected for the anthology The Year's Best Science Fiction and Fantasy for Teens edited by Jane Yolen and Patrick Nielsen Hayden (2005).
Plot summary
The story appears to take place in an alternate version of North America in the present or near-future. Following the collapse of social order in cities, the newly orphaned teenager Michael is put aboard a refugee train and sent to work on a small-town farm. Conditions are difficult because the countryside is covered with "darklines", a type of wire that absorbs light, making the environment dull and gloomy and seemingly draining all the townsfolk of vitality and joy. The darklines have been erected in an attempt to prevent the encroachment of a strange "brightness" which the townsfolk claim will cause anyone who enters it to go blind and mad and eventually die.
Wearing protective gear and dark goggles, the townspeople show Michael the brightness; he risks taking off his goggles for a brief peek and is surprised to see what looks like a naked boy of about his own age, dancing in the light. He guesses that the boy must be his predecessor Doey, who ran off into the brightness and was believed dead. Michael learns that Doey was not the only one, and begins to suspect that the brightness may not be as deadly as the locals believe. His suspicions are strengthened when Doey, still naked and glowing with brilliant colors, briefly dances into the darkness to taunt and invite Michael when no one else is watching.
Doey's joyful attitude and his androgynous beauty stir feelings in Michael that he does not fully understand, and he is torn between remaining in the gloom of his familiar world or taking his chances in the light. Seeing his change of attitude the townsfolk guess that Michael has been touched by the brightness, and decide to use him as bait in a trap. Their plan is to leave Michael in an old house on the border of the brightness and activate a new darkline to trap anyone who comes for him. Instead the brightness overtakes the house. Under its influence Michael feels all of the joy and vitality he has never been able to experience in the dark. Putting aside his inhibitions and clothing he joins Doey and the others who have left the darkness behind forever. Doey has sabotaged the local darklines, and invites Michael to join him in bringing them all down. According to Doey all of the dark-dwellers will eventually have to choose, either to join the brightness-dwellers or to die.
External links
Science fiction short stories
2004 short stories
American short stories
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancer%20in%20the%20Dark%20%28short%20story%29 |
The water dimer consists of two water molecules loosely bound by a hydrogen bond. It is the smallest water cluster. Because it is the simplest model system for studying hydrogen bonding in water, it has been the target of many theoretical (and later experimental) studies that it has been called a "theoretical Guinea pig".
Structure and properties
The ab initio binding energy between the two water molecules is estimated to be 5-6 kcal/mol, although values between 3 and 8 have been obtained depending on the method. The experimentally measured dissociation energy (including nuclear quantum effects) of (H2O)2 and (D2O)2 are 3.16 ± 0.03 kcal/mol (13.22 ± 0.12 kJ/mol) and 3.56 ± 0.03 kcal/mol (14.88 ± 0.12 kJ/mol), respectively. The values are in excellent agreement with calculations. The O-O distance of the vibrational ground-state is experimentally measured at ca. 2.98 Å; the hydrogen bond is almost linear, but the angle with the plane of the acceptor molecule is about 57°. The vibrational ground-state is known as the linear water dimer (shown in the figure to the right), which is a near prolate top (viz., in terms of rotational constants, A > B ≈ C). Other configurations of interest include the cyclic dimer and the bifurcated dimer.
History and relevance
The first theoretical study of the water dimer was an ab initio calculation published in 1968 by Morokuma and Pedersen. Since then, the water dimer has been the focus of sustained interest by theoretical chemists concerned with hydrogen bonding—a search of the CAS database up to 2006 returns over 1100 related references (73 of them in 2005). In addition to serving as a model for hydrogen bonding, (H2O)2 is thought to play a significant role in many atmospheric processes, including chemical reactions, condensation, and solar energy absorption by the atmosphere. In addition, a complete understanding of the water dimer is thought to play a key role in a more thorough understanding of hydrogen bonding in liquid and solid forms of water.
References
Forms of water
Water chemistry
Cluster chemistry
Dimers (chemistry) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20dimer |
Seconds of Pleasure is a 1980 album by Rockpile, a band consisting of guitarists/vocalists Dave Edmunds and Billy Bremner, bassist/vocalist Nick Lowe, and drummer Terry Williams. The band had played together on various solo albums by Edmunds and Lowe in previous years, but Seconds of Pleasure would be the first (and only) album released under the Rockpile name.
The album's opening track, "Teacher, Teacher", became a minor hit on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was written by Kenny Pickett and Eddie Phillips, both of whom were former members of the 1960s British rock band The Creation. The song appears in the opening credits of the 2011 film, Bad Teacher.
A four-song EP, Nick Lowe & Dave Edmunds Sing the Everly Brothers, was included in the first pressings of the LP; the songs were later included on the album's various CD versions.
The front cover is a painting by the designer Barney Bubbles, who used pseudonyms and rarely signed his work. This is signed "Dag".
LP track listing
All songs written by Nick Lowe and Rockpile, unless otherwise indicated.
Side one
"Teacher, Teacher" (Kenny Pickett, Eddie Phillips) – 2:36 lead vocal: Lowe
"If Sugar Was As Sweet As You" (Joe Tex) – 2:35 lead vocal: Edmunds
"Heart" – 2:38 lead vocal: Bremner
"Now and Always" – 1:58 lead vocal: Lowe and Edmunds
"A Knife and a Fork" (Kip Anderson, Isaiah Hennie, Charles Derrick) – 3:18 lead vocal: Edmunds
"Play That Fast Thing (One More Time)" (Lowe) – 4:13 lead vocal: Lowe
Side two
"Wrong Again (Let's Face It)" (Chris Difford, Glenn Tilbrook) – 2:23 lead vocal: Edmunds
"Pet You and Hold You" – 3:13 lead vocal: Lowe
"Oh What a Thrill" (Chuck Berry) – 3:06 lead vocal: Edmunds
"When I Write the Book" – 3:17 lead vocal: Lowe
"Fool Too Long" – 2:51 lead vocal: Edmunds
"You Ain't Nothin' But Fine" (Sidney Simien, Floyd Soileau) – 2:54 lead vocal: Bremner
Bonus EP tracks (Nick Lowe & Dave Edmunds Sing The Everly Brothers)
produced by Nick Lowe & Dave Edmunds
"Take a Message to Mary" (Felice Bryant, Boudleaux Bryant) – 2:28
"Crying in the Rain" (Howard Greenfield, Carole King) – 2:04
"Poor Jenny" (Felice Bryant, Boudleaux Bryant) – 2:28
"When Will I Be Loved" (Phil Everly) – 2:14
CD reissue bonus tracks (2004)
"Back to Schooldays" [Live] (Graham Parker) – 3:31 produced by Jeff Griffin
"They Called It Rock" [Live] – 3:20 produced by Jeff Griffin
"Crawling from the Wreckage" [Live] (Parker) – 3:07 produced by Chris Thomas
Personnel
Billy Bremner – guitar, vocals
Dave Edmunds – guitar, vocals, piano, organ
Nick Lowe – bass, vocals
Terry Williams – drums
Aldo Bocca – engineer
Charts
Album
Single
References
Albums produced by Nick Lowe
Albums produced by Dave Edmunds
1980 debut albums
Rockpile albums
Columbia Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconds%20of%20Pleasure |
Michael Sucsy (born February 14, 1973) is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. He is best known for directing the HBO film Grey Gardens and The Vow.
Early life and education
Sucsy was raised in Connecticut and New York City. He is a graduate of Deerfield Academy, Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, where he earned a degree in International Relations, Law & Organization, and the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, CA, where he received a Masters in Fine Arts.
Film career
Sucsy segued from studying international relations to film production via the advertising industry, where he worked for the award-winning agency Cliff Freeman & Partners on the first-ever Staples t.v. ads. Sucsy then pursued work as a production assistant, an art department coordinator, a production secretary, and an assistant director on feature films, commercials, and music videos in Washington DC, New York City, and Los Angeles. He later went on to earn a Masters of Fine Arts in film from Art Center College of Design in Los Angeles. Sucsy then began directing commercials and was soon dubbed by Shoot! Magazine "as one of the industry's crop of new directors to watch." He was subsequently nominated for the Young Director of the Year Award given in conjunction with the 2002 Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival.
Grey Gardens
In 2003, Sucsy was inspired to write and direct a narrative feature film about the famous true story of Jackie O's eccentric relatives "Big Edie" Bouvier Beale and "Little Edie" Bouvier Beale called Grey Gardens after viewing the well-known documentary of the same name. The day after he first watched the documentary, Sucsy embarked on what was to become a six-year process to get Grey Gardens made. He used primary sources including Little Edie's personal correspondence, private journals, and poetry as well as interviews with family members and friends as the basis of his original script which traced the Beales' tragic descent from riches to rags over some forty years. With Drew Barrymore and Jessica Lange attached to star as the reclusive mother-daughter duo, the project made its way to HBO who, in 2006, announced that Grey Gardens was moving into production with Sucsy as its director. Principal photography on Grey Gardens began in October 2007, and it debuted on HBO in April 2009 to great acclaim from critics and audiences, both new and old to the Grey Gardens phenomenon.
The film received multiple awards: 6 Primetime Emmy Awards including Best Made for Television Movie, the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture Made for Television, and both the Broadcast Film Critics and the Television Critics Association Awards for Best Television Movie. Sucsy was additionally nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television/Mini-Series as well as the Writers Guild of America Award for Original Long Form Teleplay.
The Vow
Sucsy's follow-up to Grey Gardens was The Vow, a romantic drama set in Chicago, starring Rachel McAdams and Channing Tatum. The Vow was released by Sony Screen Gems and Columbia Pictures on February 10, 2012. It was a critical and commercial success, becoming the eighth highest-grossing romantic drama film since 1980. In an interview with The Advocate's Jeremy Kinser, Sucsy said for his follow-up to Grey Gardens "I wanted to make something for a mainstream audience." He was also pleased with the opportunity to work with Lange a second time. "There are multiple layers to everything she does," he told The Advocate. "I'm not kidding when I say I'd look over and the grips and prop guys who are obviously watching — but not on the same level that I need to watch — their eyes are bugging out and their mouths are agape. We rewrote scenes and deepened scenes for her because you don't want to waste that kind of talent."
Every Day
Sucsy followed up The Vow with the film adaptation of the novel Every Day. The movie was released on February 23, 2018.
Every Day is a 2018 American romantic fantasy drama film directed by Michael Sucsy and written by Jesse Andrews, based on the 2012 novel of the same name by David Levithan. The film stars Angourie Rice as 16-year-old Rhiannon, who falls in love with a traveling soul who wakes each morning in a different body; Justice Smith, Debby Ryan and Maria Bello also star.
Film critic Peter Bradshaw created a new Special Braddie Award for "Every Day" calling it "the quirky film overlooked by the complacent MSM gatekeeper-establishment which might be a future cult classic."
Upcoming projects
On February 26, 2021 Deadline Hollywood announced that New Republic Pictures will co-finance and produce an original holiday musical, A Lot Like Christmas, co-written by Sucsy and composer Elliott Wheeler (Elvis, The Get Down). Sucsy will also direct and produce.
On December 11, 2018 Deadline Hollywood announced that Sucsy will write and direct a film adaptation of Playing to the Gods based on the novel by Peter Rader.
Personal life
Sucsy became engaged to interior designer Demitri Sgourakis on February 14, 2012, Sucsy's 39th birthday. They were married on August 15, 2015, aboard the Midnight Rambler, a sailboat, off the coast of Montauk, N.Y.
Filmography
References
External links
HuffPost: Inspiration in Squalor: How I "Rebuilt" Grey Gardens by Michael Sucsy
Out Magazine Top 100
Grey Gardens - Official Website: HBO
The Advocate: The Cult of Grey Gardens
Michael Sucsy's Emmy Acceptance Speech - Grey Gardens, Winner For Outstanding Made For Television Movie : 61st PT Emmy Awards
FilmTalk Interview: “If you think of a film like a quick tryst and not a love affair, you’re going to run out of steam” Michael Sucsy
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
American LGBT screenwriters
LGBT producers
Living people
1973 births
Deerfield Academy alumni
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
English-language film directors
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Screenwriters from Connecticut
American LGBT film directors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Sucsy |
Foothill Boulevard is a major road in the city and county of Los Angeles, as well as an arterial road in the city and county of San Bernardino, stretching well over in length, with some notable breaks along the route. Like its name implies, Foothill Boulevard runs across the foothills of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains.
For much of its length, Foothill Boulevard is the historic Route 66, so many diners and other establishments along the road have been refurbished in a 1950s style, or otherwise trade on the Route 66 association.
Route description
Foothill Boulevard starts off in Newhall Pass in the Sylmar district of Los Angeles at Sierra Highway near the southern terminus of the Antelope Valley Freeway (SR 14). Foothill Boulevard is a two-lane road through Newhall Pass, paralleling the Interstate 5 truck lanes until its intersection with Balboa Boulevard, where it becomes a four-lane road for the remainder of its length. At the I-5/I-210 interchange, Foothill Boulevard heads southeast along the Foothill Freeway, bypassing the city of San Fernando, entering Lake View Terrace south of the I-210/SR 118 interchange. SR 118 formerly ran along Foothill Boulevard from the 210/118 interchange until Pasadena. In 1974, the current alignment of Interstate 210 was completed, and the only remaining portion of the Foothill Boulevard Freeway was the unsigned freeway over the Arroyo Seco in Pasadena.
Foothill Boulevard leaves the San Fernando Valley, passing through the Sunland and Tujunga neighborhoods in the northwestern Crescenta Valley. It then enters the Crescenta Highlands neighborhood of Glendale and serves as a main street in the north Glendale area. Then it enters the unincorporated area of La Crescenta-Montrose (known just as "La Crescenta" to locals), and it serves as the main street through the valley. Upon crossing the Verdugo Wash, it enters the city of La Cañada Flintridge and the northern terminus of the Glendale Freeway. Further east is the southern terminus of the Angeles Crest Highway (SR 2). Note that although the Glendale Freeway and Angeles Crest Highway both end at Foothill Boulevard, Foothill itself does not intersect State Route 2, as SR 2's alignment heads east on Interstate 210. This portion of Foothill Boulevard is operated by Glendale Transit line 3 and Metro Local lines 90 and 690. The western segment of Foothill Boulevard ends at Oak Grove Drive in Pasadena, where it heads southeast across the unsigned freeway alignment, with an interchange at Yucca Lane. To reach the second portion of Foothill Boulevard, one must head east on Oak Grove, where it becomes Woodbury Road, head south on Fair Oaks Avenue, and head east on Walnut Street, passing through Old Town Pasadena, where at Greenwood Avenue, Foothill Boulevard branches off.
Until the 1960s, there was another segment of Foothill Boulevard that extended north into Altadena along the current route of Altadena Drive. This spur began at the current intersection of Foothill Boulevard and Altadena Drive in the eastern part of Pasadena—at that time, Foothill was named East Foothill Boulevard; Altadena Drive north of Foothill was signed North Foothill Boulevard, while Altadena Drive south of Foothill was signed Santa Anita Avenue. North Foothill Boulevard ran north along the eastern part of Pasadena into the eastern extremity of Altadena, paralleling Eaton Canyon for about . At Mendocino Lane in Altadena, the route became East Foothill Boulevard again and ran east–west through the central part of Altadena. At the intersection with Fair Oaks Avenue in west Altadena, the road became West Foothill Boulevard and came to a dead end about west of Lincoln Avenue, a good mile away from the end of the western segment of Foothill in La Cañada Flintridge. It is not clear if the two segments were ever supposed to be connected, as the Arroyo Seco and Jet Propulsion Laboratory intervene; however, the changes in direction and duplicate street names were confusing—not only did North Foothill meet East Foothill, there were two East Foothill Boulevards (one in Pasadena and one in Altadena) and two Santa Anita Avenues (again, one in Pasadena and one in Altadena.) The city of Pasadena and the County of Los Angeles both agreed to change the name of the spur north of Foothill to Altadena Drive; Santa Anita Avenue between Foothill and the southern city limit of Pasadena was also renamed Altadena Drive, though that name change did not occur until the early 1970s.
Foothill Boulevard remains parallel to Interstate 210 until entering the Arcadia city limits, where it heads due east and the freeway heads southeast. This section of Foothill Boulevard, which ends at Mountain Avenue in Monrovia, was also a part of US 66 until the late 1930s. Before Huntington Drive was built through Duarte, Foothill Boulevard ran along the current routing of Royal Oaks Drive between Shamrock Avenue in Monrovia just past Highland Avenue in Duarte, meeting the current end of Foothill Boulevard at the San Gabriel River bridge. Most of the old route in eastern Duarte was removed during the housing boom in the 1940s.
The third section of Foothill Boulevard is accessed by going south on Mountain and going east on Huntington Drive through the Los Angeles County cities of Monrovia and Duarte. Upon crossing the San Gabriel River into Irwindale, Huntington turns into Foothill Boulevard. Foothill passes through the city of Azusa, where it jogs north at Citrus Avenue. It continues through Glendora one block north of the old U.S. Route 66 to Amelia Avenue. In Azusa, east of Cerritos Avenue, Alosta Avenue (the old U.S. Route 66) forks southeast (the city of Glendora renamed Alosta Avenue "Route 66"), and at Amelia Avenue, it turns back into Foothill Boulevard. At the interchange with SR 210 near the San Dimas/La Verne city limits, Foothill Boulevard is defined as State Route 66, although it is unsigned in Los Angeles County. Foothill Blvd (SR 66) passes through the north end of Pomona and Claremont before entering San Bernardino County in the city of Upland. Foothill passes through residential areas before emerging in Rancho Cucamonga, where it intersects Interstate 15. Foothill Boulevard continues east through the cities of Fontana (and such landmarks as Bono's Restaurant and Deli), Rialto, and San Bernardino. Foothill Boulevard ends at the San Bernardino city limits, where it retains its SR 66 signage, but changes into 5th Street and the route passes through downtown San Bernardino. At the interchange with Interstate 215, the SR 66 designation ends (at downtown San Bernardino), although old US 66 headed north on Mount Vernon Avenue (along old US 395/US 91) before exiting the Inland Empire over the Cajon Pass. Fifth Street has an interchange with SR 210 in Highland before turning into Greenspot Road, where it ends in the San Bernardino Mountains.
There are US 66 signs within the cities of Rancho Cucamonga, Rialto, and San Bernardino. Many other cities along the boulevard have posted "Historic Route 66" signage.
California's legislature has relinquished state control of the segment from the Pomona–Claremont line east to the Fontana–Rialto line, and turned it over to local control.
SR 66 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, although it is neither a freeway nor an expressway. SR 66 is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.
See also
Foothill Boulevard Milestone (Mile 11)
Interstate 210
U.S. Route 66
References
External links
Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Streets in San Bernardino County, California
Streets in Los Angeles
Streets in Pasadena, California
Streets in the San Fernando Valley
Streets in the San Gabriel Valley
Boulevards in the United States
Crescenta Valley
Pomona Valley
La Cañada Flintridge, California
Lake View Terrace, Los Angeles
Sun Valley, Los Angeles
Sunland-Tujunga, Los Angeles
U.S. Route 66 in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill%20Boulevard%20%28Southern%20California%29 |
The blue petrel (Halobaena caerulea) is a small seabird in the shearwater and petrel family, Procellariidae. This small petrel is the only member of the genus Halobaena, but is closely allied to the prions. It is distributed across the Southern Ocean but breeds at a few island sites, all close to the Antarctic Convergence zone.
Taxonomy
The blue petrel was first described in 1777 by the German naturalist Georg Forster in his book A Voyage Round the World. He had accompanied James Cook on Cook's second voyage to the Pacific. Forster did not give the blue petrel a binomial name, but when the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin updated Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae in 1789 he included a brief description of the bird, coined the binomial name Procellaria caerulea and cited Forster's book. The blue petrel is now the only species placed in the genus Halobaena that was introduced for the blue petrel in 1856 by French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte. The name Halobaena combines the Ancient Greek hals, halos meaning "sea" with bainō meaning "to tread". The specific epithet caerulea is from Latin caeruleus meaning "blue". The word "petrel" is derived from Saint Peter and the story of his walking on water. This is in reference to the petrel's habit of appearing to run on the water to take off. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.
The blue petrel is a member of the order Procellariiformes. It shares certain identifying features with the rest of the order. First, it has nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns. The bills of Procellariiformes are unique in that they are split into between 7 and 9 horny plates. It also produces a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights. Finally, it also has a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate its body, due to the high amount of ocean water it drinks. It excretes a high saline solution from their nose.
Description
The blue petrel's plumage is predominantly blue-grey, with a dark "M" extending across the upperwing from wingtip to wingtip. It has a prominent black cap and white cheeks. It is white below apart from dark patches at the side of the neck. The square tail has a white tip. It has a slender black bill. It is in length, has a wing span of and weighs approximate .
Distribution and habitat
The blue petrel inhabits the southern oceans ranging as far north as South Africa, Australia and portions of South America. They mostly only breed in a narrow latitudinal band from 47° to 56° S on either side of the Antarctic Polar Front. Nesting on subantarctic islands, such as the Diego Ramírez Islands, the Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Macquarie Island, South Georgia, Prince Edward Island.
In 2014 a breeding colony was discovered on Gough Island (40° S, 10° W), central South Atlantic Ocean, more than 700 km north of its known and usual breeding range. Breeding here appears to take place later than at colonies farther south, so although the discovery is recent it does not necessarily represent a recent range extension.
Behaviour
Feeding
The blue petrel feeds predominantly on krill, as well as other crustaceans, small fish, squid and occasionally insects. It can dive to a depth of up to .
Breeding
The blue petrel, like all members of the Procellariiformes, is colonial, and have large colonies. It nests in a burrow, and lays one egg per breeding attempt. Both parents incubate the egg for approximately 50 days and the chick fledges after 55 days. Skuas are the main danger for their eggs and chicks.
Conservation status
The blue petrel has a very large range and an estimate population of 3,000,000 adult birds and thus it is rated as Least Concern, by the IUCN.
References
Sources
External links
Blue petrel on Birdlife International
Blue petrel on ZipcodeZoo
Blue petrel Photos
Stamps (for French Southern and Antarctic Territory, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands)
Blue petrel videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Blue petrel photo gallery VIREO
blue petrel
Petrels
Birds of South Australia
Birds of Western Australia
Birds of Southern Africa
Birds of Patagonia
Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean
Birds of subantarctic islands
Birds of the Falkland Islands
Birds of Tierra del Fuego
Birds of the Indian Ocean
Fauna of the Crozet Islands
Fauna of the Prince Edward Islands
Birds of New Zealand
Birds of the Southern Ocean
blue petrel
blue petrel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20petrel |
Memorial Field may refer to:
Airports
Memorial Field Airport, serving Hot Springs, Arkansas, United States (FAA: HOT)
Archer Memorial Field, serving St. Johns, Michigan, United States (FAA: 2S3)
Chapman Memorial Field, serving Centerburg, Ohio, United States (FAA: 6CM)
Dexter B. Florence Memorial Field, serving of Arkadelphia, Arkansas, United States (FAA: M89)
Ed Carlson Memorial Field, also known as South Lewis County Airport, serving Toledo/Winlock, Washington, United States (FAA: TDO)
Frankfort Dow Memorial Field, serving Frankfort, Michigan, United States (FAA: FKS)
H. A. Clark Memorial Field, serving Williams, Arizona, United States (FAA: CRM)
James G. Whiting Memorial Field, serving Mapleton, Iowa, United States (FAA: MEY)
Karl Stefan Memorial Field, also known as Norfolk Regional Airport, serving Norfolk, Nebraska, United States (FAA: OFK)
Kevin Burke Memorial Field, also known as Anita Municipal Airport, serving Anita, Iowa, United States (FAA: Y43)
Lenzen-Roe Memorial Field, also known as Granite Falls Municipal Airport, serving Granite Falls, Minnesota, United States (FAA: GDB)
Miley Memorial Field, serving Big Piney/Marbleton, Wyoming, United States (FAA: BPI)
Noble F. Lee Memorial Field, also known as Lakeland Airport, serving Minocqua/Woodruff, Wisconsin, United States (FAA: ARV)
Sporting
Kearney Memorial Field, baseball field for University of Nebraska at Kearney
Memorial Field (Dartmouth), the football field at Dartmouth College
Alumni Memorial Field, the football field at the Virginia Military Institute
See also
Memorial Coliseum (disambiguation)
Memorial Gymnasium (disambiguation)
Memorial Park (disambiguation)
Memorial Stadium (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial%20Field |
Calvin Wayne Emery (June 28, 1937 – November 28, 2010) was an American professional baseball first baseman and batting coach, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies. He also spent the season with Hankyu Braves of the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). During his playing days, Emery stood tall, weighing ; he threw and batted left-handed. Emery attended Penn State University.
Career
Emery was signed by the Phillies as an amateur free agent, on June 5, 1958. Five years and one month later, on July 15, 1963, he made his big league debut at the age of 26. In 16 career MLB games (most of them as a pinch hitter), he hit .158, in 19 at-bats. Of Emery’s three major league hits, one was a double; however, he showed a keen eye at the plate, by striking out only twice. (In a 500 at-bat season, that would only be about 53 strikeouts.) Emery played his final big league game on September 20, 1963.
During Emery's only MLB season, he wore uniform number 9.
Emery hit .400 for the Triple-A Eugene Emeralds in the Pacific Coast League (PCL) in , collecting 104 hits in 260 at-bats. The following season, he played for the NPB Hankyu Braves.
After his playing career, Emery managed in minor league baseball (MiLB), scouted for multiple organizations, and served as a big league batting coach for the Chicago White Sox.
On November 28, 2010, Emery died at age 73 in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Other information
Emery won the Most Outstanding Player Award in the 1957 College World Series.
Emery served as a coach for the Chicago White Sox in 1988.
Emery was the MVP of the Three-I League (aka the Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League). He played for the Des Moines Demons.
Emery was selected as the first baseman on the 1969 Sporting News Triple-A West All-Star Team.
References
External links
1937 births
2010 deaths
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Arkansas Travelers players
Asheville Tourists players
Bakersfield Bears players
Baltimore Orioles scouts
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Cañeros de Los Mochis players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Chicago White Sox coaches
Chicago White Sox scouts
Cincinnati Reds scouts
College World Series Most Outstanding Player Award winners
Des Moines Demons players
Eugene Emeralds players
Hankyu Braves players
Hawaii Islanders players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Penn State Nittany Lions baseball players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Reading Phillies managers
Rochester Red Wings players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
San Francisco Giants scouts
Seattle Angels players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%20Emery |
Route 58 is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Connecticut connecting the towns of Fairfield and Bethel. Route 58 is long and is one of the primary routes to the downtown Danbury area via Routes 302 and 53.
Route description
Route 58 officially begins at U.S. Route 1 in Fairfield, traveling for about on Tunxis Hill Road up to the Black Rock Turnpike. Route 58 continues northward along the Black Rock Turnpike, passing through the towns of Easton and Redding. There is an interchange with the Merritt Parkway in Fairfield. Within Easton, Route 58 can also go by the name "Black Rock Road" as well as "Black Rock Turnpike." Route 58 passes by two reservoirs (Hemlock Reservoir and Aspetuck Reservoir) that supply the Greater Bridgeport area with much of its drinking water. On crossing into the town of Bethel, Route 58 runs along "Putnam Park Road", ending at Route 302.
Black Rock Turnpike continues south after Route 58 separates from it in Fairfield. It ends at a junction between U.S. Route 1 and Interstate 95. This portion is designated as State Road 732 and is long.
A section in Easton near the Hemlock Reservoir is a designated scenic highway.
History
On April 25, 1777, during the Revolutionary War, British soldiers under the command of General William Tryon marched up the Redding Road, which paralleled present-day Route 58 south of Easton center and ran along Route 58 north of Easton center, on their way to Danbury to destroy homes, warehouses and ammunition stores as part of the Danbury Raid.
In May 1797, the northern portion of Redding Road was chartered as the Fairfield, Weston, and Redding Turnpike. The turnpike company improved the road from Easton village through Redding Ridge into Bethel (then a part of Danbury). It ran from Easton center along modern Route 58 then along Sunset Hill Road and Hoyts Hill Road. In May 1832, the road from Black Rock harbor to Easton village was chartered as a public toll road known as the Black Rock and Weston Turnpike, or more commonly as just the Black Rock Turnpike. The old road ran north up to the Branch Turnpike (Route 136) and used the Branch Turnpike to reach Easton. Both turnpike roads are collectively known as Black Rock Turnpike today.
In the 1922, the Bridgeport to Danbury road became a state road and was known as State Highway 124. Highway 124 uses a newer alignment through Putnam Memorial State Park instead of the 19th century turnpike alignment (Sunset Hill Road). It also continued into downtown Danbury using modern Route 302 and 53. Modern Route 58 was created in the 1932 state highway renumbering from old Highway 124. The route was truncated in 1935 to end in Bethel (at modern Route 302) instead of Danbury, when U.S. Route 202 was designated, which was designated on the Danbury-Bethel segment.
The state developed plans in the 1960s to extend Route 58 northward as a freeway from its present terminus to I-84 in Danbury to divert through traffic around Danbury's congested central business district. Although the Route 58 Connector was cancelled, a short segment (known as Patriot Drive today) near the Danbury Train Station between White Street and Liberty Street was built.
Major intersections
References
External links
kurumi.com - CT Route 58
058
Fairfield, Connecticut
Redding, Connecticut
Transportation in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Easton, Connecticut
Bethel, Connecticut
U.S. Route 202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%2058 |
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in Australia.
Incumbents
Monarch – George VI
Governor General – William McKell
Prime Minister – Ben Chifley
Chief Justice – Sir John Latham
State Premiers
Premier of New South Wales – James McGirr
Premier of Queensland – Ned Hanlon
Premier of South Australia – Thomas Playford IV
Premier of Tasmania – Edward Brooker (until 25 February), then Robert Cosgrove
Premier of Victoria – Thomas Hollway
Premier of Western Australia – Ross McLarty
State Governors
Governor of New South Wales – Sir John Northcott
Governor of Queensland – Sir John Lavarack
Governor of South Australia – Sir Charles Norrie
Governor of Tasmania – Sir Hugh Binney
Governor of Victoria – Sir Winston Dugan
Governor of Western Australia – Sir James Mitchell (from 5 October)
Events
23 January – De Havilland Australia conducts the first flight of its 3 engined Drover transport aircraft at Bankstown Airport.
19 February – An Avro Lincoln bomber crashes at RAAF Base Amberley in Queensland, killing 16 Royal Australian Air Force personnel.
25 February – Robert Cosgrove is reinstated as Premier of Tasmania after being cleared of corruption charges on 22 February.
8 May – Margaret McIntyre becomes the first woman elected to the Parliament of Tasmania. She is killed in a plane crash later in the year.
29 May – A federal referendum is held, asking one question on Rents and Prices. It is not carried.
1 July – The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme is introduced.
21 August – A state election is held in Tasmania. The result is a hung parliament, but Robert Cosgrove and Labor retain power with the support of an independent, William Wedd.
2 September – The Douglas DC-3 Lutana crashes near Nundle, New South Wales, killing all 13 on board.
21 September – H.V. Evatt becomes President of the United Nations General Assembly.
29 November – The first Holden car, the model 48-215, popularly known as the FX, rolls off the assembly line. The on-road cost was approximately £760.
1 December – The body of an unidentified man is found on a beach in Adelaide, becoming known as the Somerton Man.
16 December – HMAS Sydney is commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy as its first aircraft carrier.
Arts and literature
William Dobell wins the Archibald Prize with his portrait of Margaret Olley
One of the few Australian songs to top the Australian charts "Good-Night Mister Moon" by Allan Ryan and William Flynn
Sport
18 September – Minor premiers Western Suburbs win the 1948 NSWRFL season, claiming their first premiership since 1934 after defeating Balmain 8–5. North Sydney finish in last place, claiming the wooden spoon.
Morna takes line honours and Westward wins on handicap in the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
Rimfire wins the Melbourne Cup
Births
5 January – Wally Foreman, football commentator (died 2006)
23 January – Glenn Wheatley, musician and talent manager (died 2022)
24 January – Brian Langton, NSW politician (died 2023)
25 January – Ros Kelly, politician
10 February – Mike Pratt, politician
2 March – Jeff Kennett, Premier of Victoria (1992–1999)
13 March – Rick Amor, artist
19 March – Vince Lovegrove, singer, journalist and band manager (died 2012)
27 March – Rosemary Follett, Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory (1989, 1991–1995)
31 March – Graham Cornes, Australian rules footballer
2 April – Jennifer Rowe, children's author
29 April – Leslie Howard, musician
15 May – Muriel Porter, Anglican laywoman
28 May – Michael Field, Premier of Tasmania (1989–1992)
11 June – Pat Wilson, singer and journalist
21 June – Lionel Rose, boxer (died 2011)
30 June – Galarrwuy Yunupingu, Aboriginal leader (died 2023)
15 July – Richard Franklin, film director (died 2007)
24 July – Joan London, writer
7 August – Greg Chappell, cricketer
18 August – Richard Tracey, Australian military and civil judge and barrister (died 2019)
19 August – Robert Hughes, actor
20 August – John Noble, actor
12 September – Max Walker, cricketer and VFL footballer (died 2016)
18 September – Christopher Skase, fugitive businessman (died 2001)
22 September – Denis Burke, Chief Minister of the Northern Territory (1999–2001)
25 September – Vicki Viidikas, poet (died 1998)
26 September – Olivia Newton-John, entertainer (died 2022)
3 October – Rob Langer, cricketer
4 October – Bob Morris, racing driver
5 October – Jim Waley, journalist
8 October – Warren Truss, leader of the National Party
19 October – Meg Lees, Democrat senator for South Australia
30 October – Garry McDonald, actor
5 November – Malcolm Milne, Olympic skier
6 November – Geoff Prosser, politician
14 November – Ian Stanley, golfer (died 2018)
15 November – James Kemsley, cartoonist (died 2007)
22 November – Gary Dempsey, Australian rules footballer
1 December – John Quigley, WA politician
2 December – Patricia Hewitt, British Labour Party politician
5 December – Cheryl Kernot, politician
12 December – Kim Beazley, politician
15 December – Cassandra Harris, actor (died 1991)
29 December – Michael White, psychotherapist (died 2008)
Deaths
12 February – Sir Isaac Isaacs, 9th Governor-General of Australia and 3rd Chief Justice of Australia (b. 1855)
23 March – Lou Cunningham, New South Wales politician (b. 1889)
24 March – Sydney Sampson, Victorian politician and newspaper proprietor (b. 1863)
9 April – George Carpenter, 5th General of The Salvation Army (b. 1872)
15 April – Eric Fairweather Harrison, Victorian politician and soldier (b. 1880)
20 May – Marie Pitt, poet and journalist (b. 1869)
8 June – Thomas Crawford, Queensland politician (b. 1865)
18 June – Edward Brooker, 31st Premier of Tasmania (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1891)
18 July – May Moss, welfare worker and suffragette (b. 1869)
21 July – Francis Joseph Bayldon, master mariner and nautical instructor (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1872)
24 July – Stanley Goble, 2nd Chief of the Air Staff (b. 1891)
31 July – Nigel Barker, Olympic track and field athlete (b. 1883)
28 August – Jack Lumsdaine, singer, songwriter and soldier (b. 1895)
2 September – Margaret McIntyre, Tasmanian politician (b. 1886)
9 September – Frank Foster, New South Wales politician (b. 1872)
18 October
George Cann, New South Wales politician (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1871)
Philip Collier, 14th Premier of Western Australia (b. 1873)
8 December – Matthew Charlton, 7th Federal Leader of the Opposition (b. 1866)
See also
List of Australian films of the 1940s
References
Australia
Years of the 20th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%20in%20Australia |
"He Knows You Know" is a song by the British neo-progressive rock band Marillion. It was their second single, with "Charting the Single" as the B-side. It was released from their first album, Script for a Jester's Tear, and peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart. The song's theme is drug abuse, and alludes particularly to intravenous drug use. In concert, lead vocalist Fish would often introduce it as "The Drug Song" and state that it was inspired by drug use while he was working at the Job/Benefits centre in Aylesbury.
As with all Marillion songs during this period, the lyrics were written by Fish. The music video for this song features Fish struggling in a straitjacket having visions of a Jackson's Chameleon as featured on the album artwork of Marillion's first three albums.
"He Knows You Know" is the only 12-inch single from Marillion's first three albums that was never produced as a picture disc. The song was supposed to be performed live on Top Of The Pops in 1983, but as Fish explains during the concert recorded for Recital of the Script, this never happened. However, a live version was later recorded for the BBC Oxford Road Show.
A CD replica of the single was also part of a collectors' box-set released in July 2000, which contained Marillion's first twelve singles and was re-issued as a 3-CD set in 2009 (see The Singles '82-'88).
Track listing 7" version
Side A
"He Knows You Know" (single edit) – 3:33
Side B
"Charting the Single" – 4:53
Track listing 12" version
Side A
"He Knows You Know" (album version) – 5:07
Side B
"He Knows You Know" (single edit) – 3:33
"Charting the Single" – 4:53
Personnel
Fish – vocals
Steve Rothery - guitars
Mark Kelly - keyboards
Pete Trewavas - bass
Mick Pointer - drums
References
External links
Music video on YouTube
Marillion songs
1983 singles
Songs about drugs
Songs written by Fish (singer)
Songs written by Steve Rothery
Songs written by Pete Trewavas
Songs written by Mark Kelly (keyboardist)
1983 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%20Knows%20You%20Know |
Hong Meng, Hung Meng, or Hung Mung (), literally the Vast Mist, is a character in the Daoist text Zhuangzi and a metaphor for the "primordial world, primeval chaos" in Chinese creation myths. Like many Zhuangist names, Hong Meng is a word play, translated as "Mists-of-Chaos", "Vast Obscurity", "Big Concealment", "Vital Principle", "Natural Energy" and "Big Goose Dummy".
Name
[[image:iching-hexagram-04.svg|right|Hong, Yijing hexagram 4]]
Hong Meng compounds hong 鴻 "wild goose, swan; vast, great" and meng 蒙 "covered; ignorant (esp. in childhood), untutored; encounter, receive; (Yijing) Hexagram 4". The (ca. 111 CE) Hanshu biography of the Daoist author Yang Xiong writes Hong Meng as 鴻濛, with the variant Chinese character meng 濛 "mist, drizzling rain" (sharing the 氵 "water radical in hong 鴻). In Modern Standard Chinese usage, hongmeng 鴻蒙 is a literary metonym meaning "primordial world; primeval atmosphere of nature" before Pangu created the world.
Zhuangzi
Hong Meng first appears in the (ca. 3rd century BCE) "Outer Chapters" of Zhuangzi (chapter 11, Zài Yòu 在宥) paired with Yun Jiang (). This character name combines yun 雲 "cloud, clouds" and jiang 將 "military commander, general officer; (Chinese chess) general corresponding to (chess) king". English translators of the Zhuangzi have rendered Yun Jiang and Hong Meng as:
Frederic H. Balfour (1881:127) Spirit of the Clouds, Mists-of-Chaos
James Legge (1891:300) Yün Kiang, Hung Mung
Herbert Giles (1926:129) Spirit of the Clouds, Vital Principle
Burton Watson (1968:120) Cloud Chief, Big Concealment
Victor H. Mair (1994:97) Cloud General, Vast Obscurity
Sam Hamill and Jerome P. Seaton (1998:76) Cloud General, Big Goose Dummy
Wang Rongpei (1999:163) General Cloud, Natural Energy
Yun Jiang meets Hong Meng twice in three years, both times when wandering or traveling eastward. First, Yun Jiang was passing the fuyao zhi zhi 扶搖之枝 "branch(es) of a whirlwind". Watson (1968:121) notes fuyao 扶搖 "whirlwind; typhoon" appears in Zhuangzi chapter 1, but suggests this context is an error for fusang 扶桑 "a huge mythical tree in the eastern sea from whose branches the sun rises." Both interpretations are possible, compare "an offshoot of a whirlwind" (tr. Mair 1994:97) and "the branches of the sacred wood" (tr. Wang 1999:163). Second, they meet when Yun Jiang was passing the Song zhi ye 宋之野 "wilds of Song" (present day Henan), and respectfully addresses Hong Meng as tian 天 "heaven; heavenly master".
Cloud Chief was traveling east and had passed the branches of the Fu-yao when he suddenly came upon Big Concealment. Big Concealment at the moment was amusing himself by slapping his thighs and hopping around like a sparrow. When Cloud Chief saw this, he stopped in bewilderment, stood dead still in his tracks, and said, "Old gentleman, who are you? What is this you're doing?"
Big Concealment, without interrupting his thigh-slapping and sparrow-hopping, replied to Cloud Chief, "Amusing myself."
"I would like to ask a question," said Cloud Chief.
"Oh dear!" said Big Concealment, for the first time raising his head and looking at Cloud Chief.
"The breath of heaven is out of harmony, the breath of earth tangles and snarls," said Cloud Chief. "The six breaths do not blend properly," the four seasons do not stay in order. Now I would like to harmonize the essences of the six breaths in order to bring nourishment to all living creatures. How should I go about it?"
Big Concealment, still thigh-slapping and sparrow-hopping, shook his head. "I have no idea! I have no idea!"
So Cloud Chief got no answer. Three years later he was again traveling east and, as he passed the fields of Sung, happened upon Big Concealment once more. Cloud Chief, overjoyed, dashed forward and presented himself, saying, "Heavenly Master, have you forgotten me? Have you forgotten me?" Then he bowed his head twice and begged for some instruction from Big Concealment.
Big Concealment said, "Aimless wandering does not know what it seeks; demented drifting does not know where it goes. A wanderer, idle, unbound, I view the sights of Undeception. What more do I know?"
Cloud Chief said, "I too consider myself a demented drifter, but the people follow me wherever I go and I have no choice but to think of them. It is for their sake now that I beg one word of instruction!"
Big Concealment said, "If you confuse the constant strands of Heaven and violate the true form of things, then Dark Heaven will reach no fulfillment. Instead, the beasts will scatter from their herds, the birds will cry all night, disaster will come to the grass and trees, misfortune will reach even to the insects. Ah, this is the fault of men who 'govern'!"
"Then what should I do?" said Cloud Chief.
"Ah," said Big Concealment, "you are too far gone! Up, up, stir yourself and be off!"
Cloud Chief said, "Heavenly Master, it has been hard indeed for me to meet with you – I beg one word of instruction!"
"Well, then – mind-nourishment!" said Big Concealment. "You have only to rest in inaction and things will transform themselves. Smash your form and body, spit out hearing and eyesight, forget you are a thing among other things, and you may join in great unity with the deep and boundless. Undo the mind, slough off spirit, be blank and soulless, and the ten thousand things one by one will return to the root – return to the root and not know why. Dark and undifferentiated chaos – to the end of life none will depart from it. But if you try to know it, you have already departed from it. Do not ask what its name is, do not try to observe its form. Things will live naturally and of themselves."
Cloud Chief said, "The Heavenly Master has favored me with this Virtue, instructed me in this Silence. All my life I have been looking for it, and now at last I have it!" He bowed his head twice, stood up, took his leave, and went away. (tr. Watson 1968:120-123)
Watson (1968:120) notes that Hong Meng apparently represents "the Taoist Sage".
Huainanzi
The (2nd century BCE) Huainanzi uses Hong Heng twice, translated as "primal chaos" and "Profound Mist", and both contexts echo the Zhuangzi. The "Activating the Genuine" (Chuzhen 俶真訓) chapter says,
In an age of Utmost Potency, [people] contentedly slept in boundless realms and moved [between] and lodged in indeterminate dwellings. They clasped Heaven and Earth and discarded the myriad things. They took primal chaos as their gnomon and floated freely in a limitless domain. (2, tr. Major et al. 2010:99)
And "Responses of the Way" (Daoying 道應訓) says,
One such as I – to the south, I wander to the wilderness of Wangliang [Penumbra]; to the north, I rest in the countryside of Chenmu [Sunken Tomb]; to the west, I go as far as the hamlet of Yaoming [Deep Obscurity]; to the east, I close myself up within Hongmeng [Profound Mist]. In such places, no Earth lies below; no Heaven spreads above. You listen but do not hear; you look but do not see. (12, tr. Major et al. 2010:471)
References
Balfour, Frederic Henry, tr. 1881. The Divine Classic of Nan-Hua; Being the Works of Chuang Tsze, Taoist Philosopher. Kelly & Walsh.
Giles, Herbert Allen, tr. 1926. Chuang Tzǔ: Mystic, Moralist, and Social Reformer. Kelly & Walsh.
Legge, James, tr. 1891. The Sacred Books of China: The Texts of Taoism, Part I. Oxford University Press.
Mair, Victor H., tr. 1994. Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu. Bantam Books.
Major, John S., Sarah Queen, Andrew Meyer, Harold D. Roth, trs. 2010. The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China. Columbia University Press.
Wang Rongpei, tr. 1999. Zhuangzi (Library of Chinese Classics: Chinese-English edition). Foreign Languages Press.
Watson, Burton, tr. 1968. The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu. Columbia University Press.
Hamill, Sam, Jerome P. Seaton trs. 1999 The Essential Chuang Tzu''. Shambhala.
Taoist cosmology
Taoist philosophy
Discordianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Meng |
The Ribnica (, ) is a small river that runs through Podgorica, Montenegro.
It is a tributary to the river Morača, their confluence being at the city centre. It is mainly dried up in the summer. Podgorica was known as "Ribnica" after the Ribnica River in the Middle Ages. Today, an area of Podgorica, Vrela Ribnička, is named after the river, which flows through the area as well.
References
Rivers of Montenegro | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribnica%20%28river%29 |
Djidingar Dono Ngardoum (1928 – February 19, 2000) was Prime Minister of Chad from May 19, 1982 to June 19, 1982. He was minister of finance until 1965.
References
1928 births
2000 deaths
Heads of government of Chad
Finance ministers of Chad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djidingar%20Dono%20Ngardoum |
Stricken may refer to:
"Stricken" (song), a 2005 song by Disturbed
Stricken (2010 film), a 2010 American film directed by Matthew Sconce
Stricken (2009 film), a 2009 Dutch drama film
"Stricken", when a warship's name is removed from a country's Navy List | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stricken |
Hamm is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Hamm can also refer to:
Places
Germany
Hamm (Sieg), a municipality in the Verbandsgemeinde Hamm (Sieg) in the district of Altenkirchen, Rhineland-Palatinate
Hamm, Bitburg-Prüm, part of the Verbandsgemeinde Bitburg-Land, Rhineland-Palatinate
Hamm am Rhein, part of the Verbandsgemeinde Eich, Rhineland-Palatinate
Düsseldorf-Hamm, a borough of Düsseldorf
Hamm, Hamburg, a neighborhood of Hamburg
Luxembourg
Hamm, Luxembourg, a suburb of Luxembourg
People
Hamm (surname)
Fictional characters
Hamm (character), a character in Samuel Beckett's play Endgame.
Hamm the toy, the piggy bank from the movie Toy Story and the Pixar film, Cars, as a piggy bank minivan.
Other uses
Hamm AG, a manufacturer of road rollers.
See also
Ham (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamm%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Sitnica (, ) is a river that flows through Podgorica, Montenegro. It is a right tributary of the Morača.
References
Rivers of Montenegro
nn:Sitnica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitnica%20%28Mora%C4%8Da%29 |
Square Mile was the land development board game released by Milton Bradley in 1962. It is for 2–4 players.
Gameplay
The square mile is divided into sixteen tracts, most of which are zoned (at the beginning of the game) for certain types of development. Each player has the role of a real estate developer starting the game with $100,000 and one free tract (decided randomly). Then there is a round where players bid on additional tracts that may be had at very cheap prices; the number of tracts that each player bids on is determined by how many players are in the game. Then a number of road segments are built: One plus one per player.
The rest of the game, players take turns, each of which consists of the following phases:
Sell: Sell any property, in any stage of development, at market value.
Develop: Pay the cost to increase the value of any number of tracts that you own, only one type of which may be used per turn:
Build roads: $10,000 for a road or $15,000 for a road with a bridge.
Subdivide: A tract must have roads on all four sides before it can be subdivided (for $25,000)
Construct buildings: If a tract is zoned for a particular type of buildings, that type of buildings must be built there; otherwise, any type of buildings may be built. (But the banker must reserve enough of the available buildings for those tracts that are zoned for them.) The cost of buildings vary depending on type.
Buy: Buy, at market value, any tracts not fully developed or already owned. Each player may own at most five tracts.
Market value of a tract depends on how it is zoned and the state of development. The market value and development costs are shown on a chart that is visible to all players.
The game ends when the last tract of land is bought that is not fully developed. Then players total the amount of cash that they have plus the market value of tracts owned. The player with the greatest total is the winner.
Reception
In the March 1989 edition of Games International (Issue #3), Phil Orbanes mourned the loss of this game, saying, "At the risk of exaggerating, I think the game was nothing less than a sheer delight to behold — and play." After reviewing its strong points and the mistakes in marketing that he believed had led to its demise, Orbanes concluded, "If brought back today, Square Mile might need some modernisation, but its essential play qualities would be very attractive to all game players who enjoy financial manipulation."
References
External links
Board games introduced in 1962
Economic simulation board games
Milton Bradley Company games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20Mile%20%28board%20game%29 |
The Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention (1948) No 87 is an International Labour Organization Convention, and one of eight conventions that form the core of international labour law, as interpreted by the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work.
Content
The Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention comprises the preamble followed by four parts with a total of 21 articles. The preamble consists of the formal introduction of the instrument, at the Thirty-first Session of the General Conference of the International Labour Organization, on 17 June 1948. A statement of the "considerations" leading to the establishment of the document. These considerations include the preamble to the Constitution of the International Labour Organization; the affirmation of the Declaration of Philadelphia in regard to the issue; and the request by the General Assembly of the United Nations, upon endorsing the previously received report of 1947, to "continue every effort in order that it may be possible to adopt one or several international Conventions." In closing, the preamble states the date of adoption: July 9, 1948.
Part 1 consists of ten articles which outline the rights of both worker and employers to "join organisations of their own choosing without previous authorisation." Rights are also extended to the organizations themselves to draw up rules and constitutions, vote for officers, and organize administrative functions without interference from public authorities. There is also an explicit expectation placed on these organizations. They are required, in the exercise of these rights, to respect the law of the land. In turn, the law of the land, "shall not be such as to impair, nor shall it be so applied as to impair, the guarantees provided for in this Convention." Finally, article 9 states that these provisions are applied to both armed forces and police forces only as determined by national laws and regulations, and do not supersede previous national laws that reflect the same rights for such forces. Article 1 states all ILO members must give effect to the following provisions.
Part 2 states that every ILO member undertakes to ensure "all necessary and appropriate measures to ensure that workers and employers may exercise freely the right to organise." This sentence is expanded upon in the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949.
Part 3, which contains articles 12 and 13, deals with technical matters related to the Convention. It outlines the definitions of who may accept (with or without modification), or reject the obligations of this Convention with regards to "non-metropolitan territory[ies]", whose self-governing powers extend into this area. It also discusses reporting procedures for modification of previous declarations in regard to acceptance of these obligations. Part 4 outlines the procedures for formal ratification of the Convention. The Convention was declared to come into force twelve months from the date when the Director-General had been notified of ratification by two member countries. This date became July 4, 1950, one year after Norway (preceded by Sweden) ratified the Convention. Part 4 also outlines provisions for denunciation of the Convention, including a ten-year cycle of obligation. Final discussion highlights procedures which would take place in the event that the Convention is eventually superseded by a new Convention, in whole, or in part.
Ratifications
As of January 2023, 157 out of 187 ILO member states have ratified the convention:
See also
International labour law
Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work
UK labour law
References
External links
ratifications
Text of the Convention at the Center for a World in Balance
Freedom of association
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1948
Treaties entered into force in 1950
Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Angola
Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Australia
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Treaties of Azerbaijan
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Treaties of Niger
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Treaties of Norway
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Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Philippines
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
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Treaties of Rwanda
Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Treaties of Saint Lucia
Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Treaties of Samoa
Treaties of San Marino
Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
Treaties of Senegal
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Seychelles
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of the Solomon Islands
Treaties of Somalia
Treaties of South Africa
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Sri Lanka
Treaties of Suriname
Treaties of Eswatini
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of the United Arab Republic
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of Tanzania
Treaties of Togo
Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Turkmenistan
Treaties of Uganda
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Uzbekistan
Treaties of Vanuatu
Treaties of Venezuela
Treaties of Yemen
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Treaties of Zambia
Treaties of Zimbabwe
Treaties extended to Norfolk Island
Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to Greenland
Treaties extended to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Treaties extended to French Somaliland
Treaties extended to French Guiana
Treaties extended to French Polynesia
Treaties extended to Guadeloupe
Treaties extended to Martinique
Treaties extended to Réunion
Treaties extended to Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Treaties extended to New Caledonia
Treaties extended to the Colony of Aden
Treaties extended to the West Indies Federation
Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas
Treaties extended to British Honduras
Treaties extended to Bermuda
Treaties extended to the Bechuanaland Protectorate
Treaties extended to the Colony of North Borneo
Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji
Treaties extended to the Gambia Colony and Protectorate
Treaties extended to Gibraltar
Treaties extended to Guernsey
Treaties extended to British Guiana
Treaties extended to Jersey
Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
Treaties extended to Basutoland
Treaties extended to the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Treaties extended to the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Treaties extended to the Colony of Sarawak
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Seychelles
Treaties extended to the Colony of Sierra Leone
Treaties extended to Swaziland (protectorate)
Treaties extended to the Uganda Protectorate
Treaties extended to the Sultanate of Zanzibar
Treaties extended to the Aden Protectorate
1948 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20of%20Association%20and%20Protection%20of%20the%20Right%20to%20Organise%20Convention |
Ibri () is a city and Wilāyat (Province) in the Ad Dhahirah Governorate, in northwest Oman.
Ancient history
Ibri Province (Wilayat Ibri) is distinguished by archaeological landmarks including forts, castles, and towers. In 1979 the largest metal hoard in the ancient Near East came to light in ʿIbri-Selme. Also, there are the remains of the town of Bat, which is the second archaeological site to be classified by UNESCO on the list of world heritage and culture sites, after the Bahla Fort in the A’Dakhliya district. The protohistoric archaeological complex of Bat, al-Khutm and al-Ayn represents one of the most complete and well-preserved ensembles of settlements and necropolises from the 3rd millennium BCE worldwide. The core site is a part of the modern village of Bat, in the Wadi Sharsah approximately east of the city of Ibri, in the Al-Dhahira Governorate of north-western Oman. Further extensions of the site of Bat are represented by the monumental tower at al-Khutm and by the necropolis at Al-Ayn. Together, monumental towers, rural settlements, irrigation systems for agriculture, and necropolises embedded in a fossilized Bronze Age landscape, form a unique example of cultural relics in an exceptional state of preservation.
Seven monumental stone towers have been discovered at Bat and one is located in Al-Khutm, west of Bat. The towers feature a circular outer wall about in diameter, and two rows of parallel compartments on either side of a central well. The earliest known tower at Bat is the mud-brick Hafit period structure underneath the Early Umm An-Nar stone tower at Matariya. The latest known tower is probably Kasr al-Rojoom, which can be ceramically dated to the Late Umm an-Nar period (ca. 2200–2000). All of the stone-built towers show dressed blocks of local limestone laid carefully with simple mud mortar. While conclusive evidence of their function is still missing, they seem to be platforms on which superstructures (now missing) were built – either houses, or temples, or something else entirely. The vast necropolis at Bat includes different clusters of monumental tombs that can be divided into two distinct groups. The first group is Hafit-period "beehive" tombs located on the top of the rocky slopes surrounding Bat, while the second group extends over a river terrace and includes more than a hundred dry-stone cairn tombs. Another important group of beehive tombs is located at Qubur Juhhal at Al-Ayn, east-southeast of Bat. Most of these tombs are small, single-chambered, round tombs with dry masonry walls dating to the beginning of the 3rd millennium BCE. Others are more elaborate, bigger, multi-chambered tombs from the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE. As in many other ancient civilizations, monuments in ancient Oman were usually built with regularly cut stones. Unique of Bat and Al-Ayn are the remains the ancient quarries from which the building materials were mined, and the many workshops that attest to the complete operational procedure, from the quarries, to the stone-masonry, to the buildings construction techniques. The continuous and systematic survey activities constantly increase the types and number of monuments and sites to be documented and protected, which include villages and multiple towers, quarries associated with the Bronze Age stone-masonry workshops, Bronze Age necropolises, an Iron Age fort, Iron Age tombs, and two Neolithic flint mines connected with workshop areas for stone tool-making.
Climate
Ibri is characterized by a hot desert climate (Köppen-Geiger climate classification BWh). The average annual temperature is , and about of precipitation falls annually. Most of the rainfall occurs in winter.
Economy
Historically, Ibri was known for its market and for fruit.
Ibri is currently a center for marble quarrying. In 2022, a landslide killed 10 quarry workers in the area of Al-Aridh.
The area is also home to the Ibri 2 Solar Power Plant, a 500-megawatt solar farm that is Oman's largest renewable energy project. Completed in 2022 by a consortium of companies from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and other Gulf states, the project is expected to power 33,000 homes. The plant consists of 1.4 million solar panels and covers an area of 13 million square meters.
Education
There are many government primary and secondary schools in the wilayah plus some private primary schools and one Indian school. In terms of higher education, there is the Ibri College of Technology and a College of Applied Sciences.
In addition to this, there are many institutes offering various courses.
The United States Department of State-funded Critical Language Scholarship Program offers Arabic-language training in Ibri, through the Noor Majan Training Institute.
Culture
Ibri was one of three locations in Ad Dhahirah Governorate to host the first Al Dhahirah International Film Festival, in October 2022.
Transport
Ibri is connected by road to the Emirati city of Al-Ain, via the Mezyad border post near Jebel Hafeet. This road also goes through the Wilayat of Dhank and to Nizwa.
In September 2021, a road between Oman and Saudi Arabia was completed. Measuring between in total, it extends from Ibri to Al-Ahsa in eastern Saudi Arabia. The Omani side of the road measures approximately , and the Saudi side . Aside from the Empty Quarter, the road goes through the archaeological sites.
See also
Al-Buraimi
Sunaynah
Biladhi Shuhoom
Railway stations in Oman - planned 2015
References
Articles
Magazine Article on Ibri
Populated places in Ad Dhahirah North Governorate
Ad Dhahirah Governorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibri |
An hórreo is a typical granary from the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Asturias, Galicia, where it might be called a Galician granary, and Northern Portugal), built in wood or stone, raised from the ground (to keep rodents out) by pillars ( in Asturian, pegoyos in Cantabrian, in Galician, in Portuguese, in Basque) ending in flat staddle stones (vira-ratos in Galician, mueles or tornarratos in Asturian, or zubiluzea in Basque) to prevent access by rodents. Ventilation is allowed by the slits in its walls.
Names
In some areas, hórreos are known as horriu, (Asturian), (Leonese), (Cantabrian), hórreo, paneira, canastro, piorno, cabazo (Galician), , , , (Portuguese), , , (Basque).
Distribution
Hórreos are mainly found in the Northwest of Spain (Galicia and Asturias) and Northern Portugal. There are two main types of hórreo, rectangular-shaped, the more extended, usually found in Galicia and coastal areas of Asturias; and square-shaped hórreos from Asturias, León, western Cantabria and eastern Galicia.
Origins
The oldest document containing an image of an hórreo is the Cantigas de Santa Maria by Alfonso X "El Sabio" (song CLXXXVII) from the 13th century. In this depiction, three rectangular hórreos of gothic style are illustrated.
Types
There are several types of Asturian hórreo, according to the characteristics of the roof (thatched, tiled, slate, pitched or double pitched), the materials used for the pillars or the decoration. The oldest still standing date from the 15th century, and even nowadays they are built ex novo. There are an estimated 18,000 hórreos and paneras in Asturias, some are poorly preserved but there is a growing awareness from owners and authorities to maintain them in good shape.
The longest hórreo in Galicia is located in Carnota, A Coruña, and is long.
Other similar granary structures include Asturian paneras (basically, big hórreos with more than four pillars), cabaceiras (Galician round basketwork hórreo), trojes or in Castile or silos.
Hórreo-like granaries in Europe
Similar granaries were common throughout Atlantic Europe: Northwest Iberian Peninsula, France, the British Isles, Scandinavia.
There are espigueiros or canastros in northern Portugal (the most famous concentration is located in Soajo).
French Savoy has its regard, also encountered in the Swiss Valais (raccard) and the Italian Aosta Valley (rascard). Norway has its stabbur, Sweden its härbre or more precisely stolphärbre or . Hambars are found in the Balkans, and serender in northern Turkey.
Similar buildings (barns) on staddle stones are found in Southern England.
See also
Raccard
Hambar
Horreum
Corn crib
References
External links
Hórreo de Carnota
Asturian Hórreo
Galician hórreos
Horreos in English
:es:Archivo:Santa fe navarra horreo jpg
Nice collection of images of horreos.
Large collection of images of staddle stones/pillars
Buildings and structures in Asturias
Buildings and structures in Galicia (Spain)
Buildings and structures in Cantabria
Architecture in Spain
Granaries
Food storage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3rreo |
Hamm is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the river Sieg, approx. 10 km north-east of Altenkirchen, and 40 km east of Bonn.
Hamm is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Hamm (Sieg). It is the home of the Raiffeisenmuseum honouring Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen who pioneered rural credit unions.
References
External links
Official website
Altenkirchen (district)
Districts of the Rhine Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamm%20%28Sieg%29 |
Blistex, Incorporate is an American consumer products company headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois. Founded in 1947, in the business of developing and marketing lip care products, its offerings have grown to include other brands including Odor-Eaters, Stridex, and Kank-A.
Description
Blistex, Incorporated was founded in 1947 as a private, independent company in the business of developing and marketing lip care products. It manufactures and sells a wide range of lip balm, lip ointment, and other lip-related products under the Blistex brand name. The company owns and markets additional consumer health and personal care brands including Odor-Eaters (foot care), Tucks (rectal care), Stridex (acne care), Ivarest (anti-itch ointments), Kank-A (oral pain relief), and Glysomed (moisturizing lotions).
Blistex is headquartered outside of Chicago in Oak Brook, Illinois. The company operates a production facility in Oak Brook, Illinois, and is a member of the Illinois Manufacturers' Association. , Blistex products are sold around the world.
Cultural impact
The use of Blistex's lip care products extended into space when NASA included two tubes of Blistex in the Emergency Medical Kit during the Space Shuttle program.
In 2021, Blistex Lip Ointment earned fourth-place honors in the "Coolest Thing Made in Illinois" contest sponsored by the Illinois Manufacturers' Association.
References
External links
Blistex Official website
Skin care brands
Personal care brands
Manufacturing companies established in 1947
Lips
1947 establishments in Illinois
Cosmetics companies of the United States
Companies based in DuPage County, Illinois
Oak Brook, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blistex%2C%20Incorporated |
The Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (1949) No 98 is an International Labour Organization Convention. It is one of eight ILO fundamental conventions.
Its counterpart on the general principle of freedom of association is the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention (1949) No 87.
Content
The Preamble of Convention 98 notes its adoption on July 1, 1949. After this the Convention covers, first, the rights of union members to organise independently, without interference by employers in article 1 to 3. Second, articles 4 to 6 require the positive creation of rights to collective bargaining, and that each member state's law promotes it.
Rights to organise
Article 1 states that workers must be protected against discrimination for joining a union, particularly conditions of employers to not join a union, dismissal or any other prejudice for having union membership or engaging in union activities. Article 2 requires that both workers and employers' organisations (i.e. trade unions and business confederations) should not be interfered in their own establishment, functioning or administration. Article 2(2) prohibits, in particular, unions being dominated by employers through "financial or other means" (such as a union being given funding by an employer, or the employer influencing who the officials are). Article 3 requires each ILO member give effect to articles 1 and 2 through appropriate machinery, such as a government watchdog.
Rights to collective bargaining
Article 4 goes on to collective bargaining. It requires that the law promotes "the full development and utilisation of machinery for voluntary negotiation" between worker organisations and employer groups to regulation employment "by means of collective agreements." Article 5 states that national law can provide different laws for the police and armed forces, and the Convention does not affect laws that existed when an ILO member ratifies the Convention. Article 6 further gives an exemption for "the position of public servants engaged in the administration of the State".
Administrative provisions
Article 7 says ratifications should be communicated to the ILO Director General. Article 8 says the Convention is only binding on those who have ratified it, although the 1998 Declaration means that this is no longer entirely true: the Convention is binding as a fact of membership in the ILO. Articles 9 and 10 deal with specific territories where the Convention may be applied or modified. Article 11 concerns denunciation of the Convention, although again, because of the 1998 Declaration, it is no longer possible for an ILO member to profess they are not bound by the Convention: it is an essential principle of international law. Article 12 states the Director General shall keep all members notified of which countries have adhered to the Conventions. Article 13 states this shall be communicated to the United Nations. Article 14 states the ILO Governing Body shall produce reports on the working of the Convention. Article 15 deals with revisions to the Convention (none have taken place yet), and article 16 states that the English and French versions are equally authoritative.
Ratifications
The following countries have ratified ILO Convention 98:
See also
Freedom of association
Freedom of assembly
References
External links
Text of the Convention
ratifications
Freedom of association
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1949
Treaties entered into force in 1951
Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of the Bahamas
Treaties of Bangladesh
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Belize
Treaties of the Republic of Dahomey
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Botswana
Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic
Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Treaties of Burkina Faso
Treaties of Burundi
Treaties of Cambodia
Treaties of Cameroon
Treaties of Cape Verde
Treaties of the Central African Republic
Treaties of Chad
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of the Comoros
Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1964–1971)
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Ivory Coast
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of Dominica
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of East Timor
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of the Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)
Treaties of El Salvador
Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
Treaties of Eritrea
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
Treaties of Gabon
Treaties of the Gambia
Treaties of Georgia (country)
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
Treaties of Grenada
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
Treaties of Haiti
Treaties of Honduras
Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of Indonesia
Treaties of the Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Jamaica
Treaties of Japan
Treaties of Jordan
Treaties of Kazakhstan
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of Kiribati
Treaties of Kuwait
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Lesotho
Treaties of Liberia
Treaties of the Kingdom of Libya
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Madagascar
Treaties of Malawi
Treaties of Malaysia
Treaties of the Maldives
Treaties of Mali
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Mauritania
Treaties of Mauritius
Treaties of Moldova
Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of Mozambique
Treaties of Namibia
Treaties of Nepal
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Niger
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of Paraguay
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Philippines
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of the Estado Novo (Portugal)
Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Treaties of Rwanda
Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Treaties of Saint Lucia
Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Treaties of Samoa
Treaties of San Marino
Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
Treaties of Senegal
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Seychelles
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Singapore
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of the Solomon Islands
Treaties of Somalia
Treaties of South Africa
Treaties of South Sudan
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Sri Lanka
Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)
Treaties of Suriname
Treaties of Eswatini
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of the Syrian Republic (1930–1963)
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of Togo
Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Turkmenistan
Treaties of Uganda
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Uzbekistan
Treaties of Vanuatu
Treaties of Venezuela
Treaties of Vietnam
Treaties of South Yemen
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Treaties of Zambia
Treaties of Zimbabwe
Treaties of East Germany
Treaties of Tanganyika
Treaties extended to the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
Treaties extended to Norfolk Island
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to French Guiana
Treaties extended to Guadeloupe
Treaties extended to Martinique
Treaties extended to Réunion
Treaties extended to the Colony of Aden
Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas
Treaties extended to the West Indies Federation
Treaties extended to British Honduras
Treaties extended to Bermuda
Treaties extended to the Colony of North Borneo
Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
Treaties extended to Brunei (protectorate)
Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji
Treaties extended to the Gambia Colony and Protectorate
Treaties extended to Gibraltar
Treaties extended to Guernsey
Treaties extended to British Guiana
Treaties extended to Jersey
Treaties extended to British Kenya
Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
Treaties extended to the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Treaties extended to Basutoland
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Malta
Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
Treaties extended to British Mauritius
Treaties extended to the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Treaties extended to the Colony of Sarawak
Treaties extended to the Colony of Sierra Leone
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Singapore
Treaties extended to Swaziland (protectorate)
Treaties extended to Tanganyika (territory)
Treaties extended to the Uganda Protectorate
Treaties extended to Northern Rhodesia
Treaties extended to the Sultanate of Zanzibar
Treaties extended to the Aden Protectorate
Treaties extended to Greenland
Treaties extended to French Somaliland
Treaties extended to French Polynesia
Treaties extended to New Caledonia
Treaties extended to Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
1949 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right%20to%20Organise%20and%20Collective%20Bargaining%20Convention%2C%201949 |
Vera Sarah Bushfield (née Cahalan, August 9, 1889April 16, 1976) was an American politician served as a U.S. senator from South Dakota in 1948, as well as the First Lady of South Dakota from 1939 to 1943. Bushfield's appointment also marked the first time one state had been represented by two female senators; Gladys Pyle served for two months in late 1938 and early 1939.
Early life
Vera Sarah Cahalan was born in Miller, South Dakota, on August 9, 1889, the daughter of Maurice Francis Cahalan and Mary Ellen (Conners) Cahalan. She attended the public schools of Miller and in 1912 she graduated from Menomonie, Wisconsin's Stout Institute with a degree in domestic science. In addition, Cahalan attended Dakota Wesleyan University and the University of Minnesota.
On April 15, 1912, Cahalan married Harlan J. Bushfield, who was also a resident of Miller, and the Bushfields continued to reside there. The Bushfields were the parents of three children; Mary, John, and Harlan Jr.
First lady of South Dakota
Harlan Bushfield was an attorney and Republican Party official who served as Governor of South Dakota from 1939 to 1943. During his governorship, Vera Bushfield was the official sponsor of , a World War II ship launched in Camden, New Jersey on June 7, 1941.
After serving as governor, Harlan Bushfield served as a U.S. Senator beginning in 1943. Because of illness, he was not running for reelection in 1948, and he died in September. The contest to succeed him was between Republican Karl E. Mundt and Democrat John A. Engel.
U.S. Senator
On October 6, 1948, Vera Bushfield was appointed to the Senate to temporarily fill the vacancy caused by her husband's death. Governor George T. Mickelson appointed her with the understanding that she would resign before the end of the term. During her tenure, the Senate was not in session, so Bushfield chose to remain in Pierre with a small staff and attend to constituent services rather than travel to Washington, D.C.
Mundt won the November election, and Bushfield resigned on December 26, 1948. Her resignation enabled Mickelson to appoint Mundt, giving him a few days of seniority over other senators elected in 1948, whose terms began in January 1949.
Later life
Bushfield maintained an interest in politics. In 1952, she endorsed Senator Robert A. Taft for president. Taft lost the Republican nomination to Dwight Eisenhower, who went on to win the general election.
In 1961, Bushfield took advantage of the floor privileges granted to former senators to speak to the U.S. Senate on the 100th anniversary of the creation of Dakota Territory. After a speech by James Eastland in which he praised the career of Harlan Bushfield, Eastland yielded the floor to Senator Francis H. Case, who introduced Vera Bushfield so she could deliver her remarks.
Vera Bushfield died in Fort Collins, Colorado, on April 16, 1976. She is buried at the G.A.R. Cemetery in Miller.
See also
Women in the United States Senate
References
External links
1889 births
1976 deaths
Dakota Wesleyan University alumni
Female United States senators
First ladies and gentlemen of South Dakota
People from Miller, South Dakota
Republican Party United States senators from South Dakota
South Dakota Republicans
Spouses of South Dakota politicians
University of Minnesota alumni
University of Wisconsin–Stout alumni
Women in South Dakota politics
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
Old Right (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera%20C.%20Bushfield |
In computer science, a readers–writer (single-writer lock, a multi-reader lock, a push lock, or an MRSW lock) is a synchronization primitive that solves one of the readers–writers problems. An RW lock allows concurrent access for read-only operations, whereas write operations require exclusive access. This means that multiple threads can read the data in parallel but an exclusive lock is needed for writing or modifying data. When a writer is writing the data, all other writers and readers will be blocked until the writer is finished writing. A common use might be to control access to a data structure in memory that cannot be updated atomically and is invalid (and should not be read by another thread) until the update is complete.
Readers–writer locks are usually constructed on top of mutexes and condition variables, or on top of semaphores.
Upgradable RW lock
Some RW locks allow the lock to be atomically upgraded from being locked in read-mode to write-mode, as well as being downgraded from write-mode to read-mode. Upgrading a lock from read-mode to write-mode is prone to deadlocks, since whenever two threads holding reader locks both attempt to upgrade to writer locks, a deadlock is created that can only be broken by one of the threads releasing its reader lock. The deadlock can be avoided by allowing only one thread to acquire the lock in "read-mode with intent to upgrade to write" while there are no threads in write mode and possibly non-zero threads in read-mode.
Priority policies
RW locks can be designed with different priority policies for reader vs. writer access. The lock can either be designed to always give priority to readers (read-preferring), to always give priority to writers (write-preferring) or be unspecified with regards to priority. These policies lead to different tradeoffs with regards to concurrency and starvation.
Read-preferring RW locks allow for maximum concurrency, but can lead to write-starvation if contention is high. This is because writer threads will not be able to acquire the lock as long as at least one reading thread holds it. Since multiple reader threads may hold the lock at once, this means that a writer thread may continue waiting for the lock while new reader threads are able to acquire the lock, even to the point where the writer may still be waiting after all of the readers which were holding the lock when it first attempted to acquire it have released the lock. Priority to readers may be weak, as just described, or strong, meaning that whenever a writer releases the lock, any blocking readers always acquire it next.
Write-preferring RW locks avoid the problem of writer starvation by preventing any new readers from acquiring the lock if there is a writer queued and waiting for the lock; the writer will acquire the lock as soon as all readers which were already holding the lock have completed. The downside is that write-preferring locks allows for less concurrency in the presence of writer threads, compared to read-preferring RW locks. Also the lock is less performant because each operation, taking or releasing the lock for either read or write, is more complex, internally requiring taking and releasing two mutexes instead of one. This variation is sometimes also known as "write-biased" readers–writer lock.
Unspecified priority RW locks does not provide any guarantees with regards read vs. write access. Unspecified priority can in some situations be preferable if it allows for a more efficient implementation.
Implementation
Several implementation strategies for readers–writer locks exist, reducing them to synchronization primitives that are assumed to pre-exist.
Using two mutexes
Raynal demonstrates how to implement an R/W lock using two mutexes and a single integer counter. The counter, , tracks the number of blocking readers. One mutex, , protects and is only used by readers; the other, (for "global") ensures mutual exclusion of writers. This requires that a mutex acquired by one thread can be released by another. The following is pseudocode for the operations:
Initialize
Set to .
is unlocked.
is unlocked.
Begin Read
Lock .
Increment .
If , lock .
Unlock .
End Read
Lock .
Decrement .
If , unlock .
Unlock .
Begin Write
Lock .
End Write
Unlock .
This implementation is read-preferring.
Using a condition variable and a mutex
Alternatively an RW lock can be implemented in terms of a condition variable, , an ordinary (mutex) lock, , and various counters and flags describing the threads that are currently active or waiting. For a write-preferring RW lock one can use two integer counters and one boolean flag:
: the number of readers that have acquired the lock (integer)
: the number of writers waiting for access (integer)
: whether a writer has acquired the lock (boolean).
Initially and are zero and is false.
The lock and release operations can be implemented as
Begin Read
Lock
While or :
wait ,
Increment
Unlock .
End Read
Lock
Decrement
If :
Notify (broadcast)
Unlock .
Begin Write
Lock
Increment
While or is :
wait ,
Decrement
Set to
Unlock .
End Write
Lock
Set to
Notify (broadcast)
Unlock .
Programming language support
POSIX standard pthread_rwlock_t and associated operations
ReadWriteLock interface and the ReentrantReadWriteLock locks in Java version 5 or above
Microsoft System.Threading.ReaderWriterLockSlim lock for C# and other .NET languages
std::shared_mutex read/write lock in C++17
boost::shared_mutex and boost::upgrade_mutex locks in Boost C++ Libraries
SRWLock, added to the Windows operating system API as of Windows Vista.
sync.RWMutex in Go
Phase fair reader–writer lock, which alternates between readers and writers
std::sync::RwLock read/write lock in Rust
Poco::RWLock in POCO C++ Libraries
mse::recursive_shared_timed_mutex in the SaferCPlusPlus library is a version of std::shared_timed_mutex that supports the recursive ownership semantics of std::recursive_mutex.
txrwlock.ReadersWriterDeferredLock Readers/Writer Lock for Twisted
rw_semaphore in the Linux kernel
Alternatives
The read-copy-update (RCU) algorithm is one solution to the readers–writers problem. RCU is wait-free for readers. The Linux kernel implements a special solution for few writers called seqlock.
See also
Semaphore (programming)
Mutual exclusion
Scheduler pattern
Balking pattern
File locking
Lock (computer science)
Readers–writers problem
Notes
References
Concurrency control
Software design patterns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readers%E2%80%93writer%20lock |
The "Weird Al" Yankovic Video Library is a VHS release of most of "Weird Al" Yankovic music videos to date.
The VHS contains 12 music videos:
"Fat" (from Even Worse album)
"Smells Like Nirvana" (from Off the Deep End album)
"Like a Surgeon" (from Dare to Be Stupid album)
"Eat It" (from "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D album)
"Living with a Hernia" (from Polka Party! album)
"Dare to Be Stupid" (from Dare to Be Stupid album)
"This Is The Life ("Weird Al" Yankovic)" (from Dare to Be Stupid album)
"I Lost on Jeopardy" (from "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D album)
"I Love Rocky Road" (from "Weird Al" Yankovic)
"Christmas at Ground Zero" (from Polka Party! album)
"Ricky"(from "Weird Al" Yankovic)
"One More Minute" (from Dare to Be Stupid album)
Notable, for their absence, are "UHF" and "Money For Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies", Yankovic's only two music videos at the time of release not to be included. Both songs are from the album UHF - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack And Other Stuff. They were both later released on VHS, with "UHF" appearing on Alapalooza: The Videos and "Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies" appearing on Bad Hair Day: The Videos.
External links
"Weird Al" Yankovic video albums
Scotti Brothers Records compilation albums
1990s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20%22Weird%20Al%22%20Yankovic%20Video%20Library |
The Port of Richmond, also known as the Richmond Deepwater Terminal, is located on the James River in Richmond, Virginia, United States, inland from Cape Henry and approximately northwest of Newport News, Virginia. It is located at 77° 25' west latitude and 37° 27' north longitude and lies adjacent to Interstate 95. The port is the western terminus for commercial navigation on the James River and is south of downtown Richmond. The port was built in 1940.
Description
The Port of Richmond is a domestic and international multi-modal freight and distribution center serving waterborne, rail and truck shippers throughout the mid-Atlantic region. It handles containers, breakbulk, bulk, neo-bulk and livestock cargo. The port has container and general cargo facilities on the James River and is part of a supply-chain network of over 600 warehouses.
Owned by the city of Richmond, Virginia, it is one of only a few municipality-owned ports on the Eastern Seaboard. It is governed by the Port of Richmond Commission, with day-to-day operations managed by Federal Marine Terminals, Inc. Federal Marine Terminals provides exclusive stevedoring services as well as a full range of supply-chain management services including export, packaging and transfer, as well as warehouse and inland distribution services.
Major port cargo include tobacco, tobacco products, textiles, newsprint, wastepaper, chemicals, steel, steel products, phosphates, forest products, machinery, project cargo, refractory, vehicles, pharmaceuticals, aplite and livestock.
Distribution
The port used to provide service to northern Europe, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, Mexico and South America.
In early 2009, Independent Container Line (ICL), the port's principal carrier, discontinued its service to the Port of Richmond after more than 20 years. It continues to serve Chester, Pennsylvania, Liverpool, England and Antwerp, Belgium, and added service to Wilmington, North Carolina. Eimskip, Iceland's biggest transportation company, began service in November 2006 Eimskip - Eimskip announces new port call in USA and ended service in 2011.
References
External links
Port of Richmond
See also
Deepwater Terminal Railroad
Southside (Richmond, Virginia)
Richmond
Richmond
Port of Richmond
Economy of Richmond, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20of%20Richmond%20%28Virginia%29 |
Pante Macassar (, ) is a city in the Pante Macassar administrative post on the north coast of East Timor, to the west of Dili, the nation's capital. It has a population of 4,730 (Stand 2006). It is the capital of the Oecusse exclave (former Oecussi-Ambeno).
The name literally means "beach of Makassar," alluding to the erstwhile trade with Makassar in Sulawesi (South Celebes). Locally Pante Macassar is known also as "Oecussi," which is commonly translated as "water pot", and was the name of one of the two original kingdoms that form the exclave. The other was Ambeno. During the Portuguese colonisation, the city was also known as Vila Taveiro.
Lifau, in the outskirts of the present city, was the place where the Portuguese first disembarked on Timor and was the first capital of Portuguese Timor. It continued as capital until 1769, when that was transferred to Dili because of constant attacks from the Topasses.
Due to its distance from the remainder of East Timor, Oecussi-Ambeno, and specifically Pante Macassar, became the first territory occupied by Indonesia on 29 November 1975.
In 1999, in the tumult that accompanied the referendum for independence, Pante Macassar was particularly affected by the destructiveness of the pro-integration militias, supported by the Indonesian army. Sixty-five civilian supporters of independence were hanged, and 90 percent of the buildings were burned down.
Twice a week, a ferry boat from Dili arrives, for a journey that takes 12 hours (which is half a day).
Climate
As is typical of the north coast of Timor, Pante Macassar has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with a wet season from December to March and a long dry season from April to November.
References
Timor-Leste at GeoHive
Further reading
External links
Populated places in Oecusse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pante%20Macassar |
The Veneridae or venerids, common name: Venus clams, are a very large family of minute to large, saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs. Over 500 living species of venerid bivalves are known, most of which are edible, and many of which are exploited as food sources.
Many of the most important edible species are commonly known (in the USA) simply as "clams". Venerids make up a significant proportion of the world fishery of edible bivalves. The family includes some species that are important commercially, such as (in the USA) the hard clam or quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria.
Taxonomy
The classification within the family Veneridae has been controversial at least since the 1930s. Molecular approaches show that much of this traditional classification is unnatural. Some common species have been moved between genera (including genera in different subfamilies) because of repeated attempts to bring a more valid organization to the classification or taxonomy of the family, therefore changes in the generic name of species are frequently encountered.
The characters used for classifying this group still tend to be superficial, focusing on external features, especially those of the shell. Venerid clams are characterized as bivalves with an external posterior ligament, usually a well demarcated anterior area known as the lunule, and three interlocking structures (called cardinal teeth) in the top of each valve; several of the subfamilies also have anterior lateral teeth, anterior to the cardinal teeth: one in the left valve, and two (sometimes obscure) in the right valve. The inner lower peripheries of the valves can be finely toothed or smooth.
Classification
The following genera are recognised in the family Veneridae:
Description
Shell sculpture tends to be primarily concentric, but radial and divaricating ornamentation (see Gafrarium), and rarely spines (Pitar lupanaria for example) occur on some. One small subfamily, the Samarangiinae, is created for a unique and rare clam found in coral reefs with an outer covering of cemented sand or mud that texturally camouflages it while enhancing the thickness of the shell. Several venerid clams have overall shell shapes adapted to their environments. Tivela species, for example, have the triangular outline of the surf clams in other bivalve families, and occur often in surf zones. Some Dosinia species are almost disc-like in shape and reminiscent of lucinid bivalves; both types of circular bivalves tend to burrow relatively deeply into the sediment. Further reclassification is to be expected as the results of current research in molecular systematics on the group appear in the literature.
Venerids have rounded or oval solid shells with the umbones (projections) inturned towards the anterior end. Three or four cardinal teeth are on each valve. The siphons are short and united, except at the tip, and are not very long. The foot is large.
References
Keen, A. M. (1969). Superfamily Veneracea. pp. 670–690, in: Leslie Reginald Cox et al., Part N [Bivalvia], Mollusca 6, vols. 1 and 2: xxxvii + 952 pp. Part of Raymond C. Moore, ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Lawrence, Kansas (Geological Society of America & University of Kansas).
Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
Gallery
External links
Taxonomy on the half shell A major project of the Chicago Field Museum of Natural History and the American Museum of Natural History on Venerid classification
Bibliography of venerid taxonomy
VENERIDAE - www.chez.com
ZipCodeZoo
Bivalve families
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneridae |
Rostaq (), also rendered as Rastagh, may refer to:
Rostaq, Afghanistan (village), a village in Takhar Province, Afghanistan
Rustaq District, Afghanistan, a district in Takhar Province, Afghanistan
Rostaq, Fars, Iran
Rostaq, Hormozgan, Iran
Rostaq District, an administrative subdivision of Iran
Rostaq Rural District (disambiguation), administrative subdivisions of Iran
Rustaq, a city in Oman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostaq |
Wissen is a town in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the river Sieg, approximately 12 km northeast of Altenkirchen.
Wissen is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Wissen.
History
The name Wissen was first appeared in the records in 1013 in a document now in the State Archives of Hanover. The original settlement was founded in 1048 during the second period of settlement in the woodland clearings on the perimeter of the Archbishopric of Cologne and was called "Wisnerofanc".
The lords of Arenberg, burgraves of Electoral Cologne, were given territorial lordship in 1176. After the family died out in 1280, the Archbishopric of Cologne acquired the parish of Wissen on the left bank of the river Sieg as a redeemed fief. That part of the parish on the right hand side of the Sieg remained in the hands of the lords of Wildenburg, whose Werther line of the House of Hatzfeld later also gained that part of Wissen on the left bank as a fief.
In 1803-1815 the two halves of the parish went to Nassau; later they were united under Prussian reign and Wissen became the seat of a Bürgermeisterei. In the 19th century, its communications links were considerably improved and bigger industries moved to Wissen. On 19 April 1969, Wissen received town rights. The incorporation of the three hitherto independent municipalities Elbergrund, Köttingerhöhe and Schönstein followed on 7 June 1969.
Population growth
The table below shows the growth of the population from 1871-1987 based on censuses.
Data source: Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz
References
Altenkirchen (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissen |
Session laws are the collection of statutes enacted by a legislature during a single session of that legislature, often published following the end of the session as a bound volume. The United States Statutes at Large is an example of session laws which are published biennially, because the United States Congress meets for two years per session. Session laws are typically published annually or biennially, depending on the length of the session of the legislature, which in turn typically depends on the frequency with which general elections of the legislature are held.
Laws that are enacted during a session may modify existing statutes of the jurisdiction, or may need to be added to the collection of statutes. If the agency responsible for printing updated statutes has not yet published a new collection of statutes containing the amendments or additions passed during a recent legislative session, people who need to refer to the changes may refer directly to the session laws. Furthermore, some laws may be passed during a legislative session that is not intended to apply to the general population, e.g. a successful appropriation bill or a private act. Such laws might never be added to the statutes of the jurisdiction, and might only be contained in the session laws.
See also
Slip law
References
Legal research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session%20laws |
Adele Goldstine (; December 21, 1920 – November 1964) was an American mathematician and computer programmer. She wrote the manual for the first electronic digital computer, ENIAC. Through her work programming the computer, she was also an instrumental player in converting the ENIAC from a computer that needed to be reprogrammed each time it was used to one that was able to perform a set of fifty stored instructions.
Early life and education
Goldstine was born in New York City on December 21, 1920, to Yiddish-speaking Jewish parents. Her father was a business man and his name was William Katz. Her father emigrated from Pandėlys, Lithuania (then Russian Empire) in 1902. She attended Hunter College High School, then Hunter College. After receiving her B.A., she attended the University of Michigan, where she earned a Master's in mathematics aged 22.
Personal life
At the University of Michigan, she met Herman Goldstine, who was the military liaison and administrator for the construction of the ENIAC, and they were married in 1941. After marriage, Herman had his job as a manager for project ENIAC, while Adele went to the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. Together, they had two children, born in 1952 and 1959.
Work on ENIAC
As an instructor of mathematics for the women "computers" at the Moore School, Goldstine also trained some of the six women who were the original programmers of ENIAC to manually calculate ballistic trajectories (complex differential calculations). The job of computer was critical to the war effort, and women were regarded as capable of doing the work more rapidly and accurately than men. By 1943, and for the balance of World War II, essentially all computers were women as were many of their direct supervisors.
Goldstine wrote the Operators Manual for the ENIAC after the six women (Kay McNulty, Betty Jean Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman) trained themselves to "program" the ENIAC using its logical and electrical block diagrams. Reconfiguring the machine to solve a different problem involved physically plugging and unplugging wires on the machine; it was called "setting-up," as the modern terminology of "program" had not yet come into use.
In 1946 Goldstine sat in on programming sessions with Bartik and Dick Clippinger and was hired to help implement Clippinger's stored program modification to the ENIAC. John von Neumann was a consultant on the selection of the instruction set implemented. This solved the problem of the programmers having to unplug and replug patch cables for every program the machine was to run; instead the program was entered on the three function tables, which had previously been used only for storage of a trajectory's drag function. ENIAC programmer Jean Bartik called Goldstine one of her three great programming partners along with Betty Holberton and Art Gehring. They worked together to program the Taub program for the ENIAC.
Post-war years
After the war, Goldstine continued her programming work with von Neumann at Los Alamos National Laboratory, where she devised problems for ENIAC to process.
Death
After having two children, in 1953 and 1960, she was diagnosed with cancer in 1962. She died two years later at the age of 43 in 1964.
See also
Kathleen Antonelli
Jean Bartik
Betty Holberton
Marlyn Meltzer
Frances Spence
Ruth Teitelbaum
Footnotes
References
1920 births
1964 deaths
People from New York City
Date of death missing
Place of death missing
Hunter College alumni
University of Michigan alumni
American computer programmers
20th-century American Jews
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
20th-century American women scientists
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Jewish scientists
Jewish women scientists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele%20Goldstine |
Fee-Charging Employment Agencies Convention, 1933 (shelved) is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1933:
Modification
The concepts included in the convention were revised and included in ILO Convention C96, Fee-Charging Employment Agencies Convention (Revised), 1949.
Ratifications
Prior to its shelving, this convention had been ratified by 11 states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Employment agencies
Shelved International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1933
Treaties entered into force in 1936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee-Charging%20Employment%20Agencies%20Convention%2C%201933%20%28shelved%29 |
Don't Blame Me may refer to:
Don't Blame Me (TV series), an Australian children's program
Don't Blame Me (manga)
Don't Blame Me (album) by Marc Ribot
"Don't Blame Me" (Dorothy Fields and Jimmy McHugh song), first published in 1933
"Don't Blame Me" (Taylor Swift song), from the album Reputation (2017)
"Don't Blame Me", a song by Little River Band from Playing to Win
"Don't Blame Me" (James Marriott song), from the album Are We There Yet (2023)
"Don't Blame Me", a B-side track by Ozzy Osbourne's on the single "Mama, I'm Coming Home"
"Don't Blame Me", a song by Santigold from I Don't Want: The Gold Fire Sessions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t%20Blame%20Me |
Ime Sunday Udoka ( ; born August 9, 1977) is a Nigerian-American professional basketball coach and former player, who is the head coach for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Born in the United States, he represented the Nigeria national team during his playing career.
Early life
Udoka was born in Portland, Oregon on August 9, 1977. He attended Portland's Jefferson High School.
College career
Udoka played for Utah State University Eastern and the University of San Francisco before transferring to Portland State University where he starred for the Vikings.
Professional career
Udoka started his professional basketball career by playing in the NBDL with the Charleston Lowgators who drafted him with 39th overall pick in 2002 NBDL Draft. He was called up to play with the Los Angeles Lakers on January 14, 2004, but was later waived. After a stint in Europe, Udoka returned to the United States and once again drafted in NBDL. This time he was drafted third overall by the Fort Worth Flyers in 2005 NBDL Draft. He averaged 17.1 points and 6.2 rebounds per game with the Flyers. On April 6, 2006, Udoka was signed by the New York Knicks. Udoka was waived by the Knicks on September 11, 2006.
Udoka was the last player invited to his hometown Portland Trail Blazers' training camp before the 2006–07 season, getting the invitation only after Aaron Miles failed a physical. Despite the death of his father during the preseason, Udoka impressed the coaching staff with his defensive skills and made the team. After having played in only 12 NBA games in his career, Udoka started in 75 games played in the 2006–07 season. He played 28.6 minutes per game while averaging 8.4 points, 3.7 rebounds, and 0.9 steals.
In 2007, Udoka signed a contract with the San Antonio Spurs. He played in 73 games averaging 5.8 points and 3.1 rebounds in 18 minutes. On his second season with the Spurs, Udoka played in 67 games, and started in three. He averaged 4.3 points and 2.8 rebounds in 15.4 minutes.
Following the 2009 season, Udoka became a free agent, eventually re-signing with the Trail Blazers. He was waived by the Blazers on October 22, 2009, but signed with the Sacramento Kings on November 4, 2009. He played 69 games with the Kings, averaging 3.6 points and 2.8 rebounds in 13.7 minutes.
On November 24, 2010, Udoka rejoined the Spurs, but he was waived on January 5, 2011 after playing only 20 games.
On December 15, 2011, Udoka signed with the New Jersey Nets. However, he was waived on December 23, 2011.
In January 2012, Udoka signed with UCAM Murcia of the Spanish Liga ACB.
Coaching career
San Antonio Spurs (2012–2019)
In August 2012, Udoka joined the San Antonio Spurs as an assistant coach for Gregg Popovich. Udoka would win his first championship as the Spurs defeated the Miami Heat in the 2014 NBA Finals, 4–1.
Udoka was also the key for LaMarcus Aldridge's decision to join the Spurs in 2015. Both Udoka and Aldridge played together with the Trail Blazers during Aldridge's rookie season.
Philadelphia 76ers (2019–2020)
On June 26, 2019, Udoka was hired as an assistant coach of the Philadelphia 76ers. Udoka's head coach on the 76ers, Brett Brown, also coached under Gregg Popovich for the Spurs, and Udoka and Brown were on the same staff in the 2012–13 season.
Brooklyn Nets (2020–2021)
On October 30, 2020, the Brooklyn Nets hired Udoka as an assistant coach.
Boston Celtics (2021–2023)
On June 28, 2021, Udoka was hired as head coach of the Boston Celtics, becoming the fifth head coach of African origin in Boston Celtics history. Though the Celtics began the season 18–21, Udoka led them to a 51–31 record, finishing as the second seed in the Eastern Conference. The Celtics won the Eastern Conference title and made their first NBA Finals appearance since 2010. The Celtics lost in six games to the Golden State Warriors.
On September 22, 2022, the Celtics suspended Udoka for the entirety of the 2022–23 season for violations of team policies, pertaining to an improper intimate relationship with a female Celtics staff member. Though the relationship was originally believed by the organization to be consensual, the woman later accused Udoka of making unwanted comments towards her. He issued an apology after the suspension was handed out, but chose not to resign from his position as a result of the violation, though Adrian Wojnarowski reported that Udoka was not guaranteed to stay with the organization following the 2022–23 season. Assistant coach Joe Mazzulla took his place as the interim head coach. On February 16, 2023, Udoka's time with the Celtics came to an end when Mazzulla, who had led the Celtics to a league-best 42–17 record at the NBA All-Star break, was named the team's permanent head coach.
Houston Rockets (2023–)
On April 25, 2023, Udoka was hired as head coach by the Houston Rockets.
National team career
Udoka was a player on the Nigerian national team. At the 2006 FIBA World Championships, he led Nigeria in scoring, assists, and steals. Udoka also played for Nigeria in the 2005 and 2011 FIBA Africa Championships, winning a bronze medal in both tournaments.
Udoka has served as an assistant coach for USA Basketball under his Spurs head coach, Gregg Popovich. Udoka's coaching role on the 2019 FIBA World Cup team helped him build relationships with Celtics players Jayson Tatum, Jaylen Brown, and Marcus Smart, who advocated for his hiring as the new Celtics head coach. Udoka also coached for Team USA under Popovich at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, along with Celtics assistant Will Hardy.
Personal life
Udoka's father was of Nigerian descent, which qualified Udoka for Nigerian citizenship. His older sister, Mfon, played in the WNBA. Udoka's mother, who died in late 2011, was an American from Illinois.
In November 2011, Udoka's then-girlfriend, Nia Long, gave birth to their first child. The couple became engaged in May 2015, but they split in 2022 after his cheating on her with a Boston Celtics staff member came to light.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 4 || 0 || 7.0 || .333 || .000 || .500 || 1.3 || .5 || .5 || .2 || 2.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|New York
| 8 || 0 || 14.3 || .375 || .333 || .500 || 2.1 || .8 || .1 || .0 || 2.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Portland
| 75 || 75 || 28.6 || .461 || .406 || .742 || 3.7 || 1.5 || .9 || .2 || 8.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
| 73 || 0 || 18.0 || .424 || .370 || .759 || 3.1 || .9 || .8 || .2 || 5.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
| 67 || 3 || 15.4 || .383 || .328 || .609 || 2.8 || .8 || .5 || .2 || 4.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 69 || 2 || 13.7 || .378 || .286 || .737 || 2.8 || .8 || .5 || .1 || 3.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
| 20 || 0 || 6.5 || .238 || .000 || .500 || .9 || .7 || .4 || .0 || .7
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 316 || 80 || 18.1 || .417 || .356 || .705 || 2.9 || 1.0 || .7 || .2 || 5.2
Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2008
| style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
| 16 || 0 || 14.8 || .465 || .400 || .714 || 2.9 || 1.1 || .7 || .1 || 5.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2009
| style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
| 5 || 0 || 20.8 || .350 || .125 || .400 || 4.6 || .8 || .8 || .2 || 3.4
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 21 || 0 || 16.2 || .440 || .354 || .583 || 3.3 || 1.0 || .7 || .1 || 5.0
Head coaching record
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Boston
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82||51||31|||| style="text-align:left;"|1st in Atlantic||24||14||10||
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in NBA Finals
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Houston
| style="text-align:left;"|
| – ||– || – || – || style="text-align:left;"| ||– ||– ||–||–
|style="text-align:center;"|
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 82||51||31|||| ||24||14||10||||
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
2006 FIBA World Championship players
African-American history of Oregon
African Americans in Oregon
American expatriate basketball people in Argentina
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball players
American sportspeople of Nigerian descent
Basketball coaches from Oregon
Basketball players from Portland, Oregon
Boston Celtics head coaches
Brooklyn Nets assistant coaches
CB Gran Canaria players
CB Murcia players
Charleston Lowgators players
Fort Worth Flyers players
Houston Rockets head coaches
Independiente de General Pico basketball players
JA Vichy players
Jefferson High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni
Liga ACB players
Los Angeles Lakers players
National Basketball Association controversies
New York Knicks players
Nigerian basketball coaches
Nigerian men's basketball players
Philadelphia 76ers assistant coaches
Portland State Vikings men's basketball players
Portland Trail Blazers players
Sacramento Kings players
San Antonio Spurs assistant coaches
San Antonio Spurs players
San Francisco Dons men's basketball players
Small forwards
Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Utah State Eastern Golden Eagles men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ime%20Udoka |
El Nuevo Cojo Ilustrado is an American online Spanish language magazine published from Los Angeles, California. It was founded in 2003 as a free alternative webzine published monthly from Harlem, New York. Originally it was an arts and opinion magazine focused exclusively on Venezuelan culture for Venezuelans living in the United States. It also sought to be a window to the US press for Spanish-speaking immigrants by translating English articles from mainstream newspapers. The website slowly embraced a wider audience by covering general interest issues.
The name of the magazine was inspired by El Cojo Ilustrado, an influential Venezuelan magazine published in Caracas between 1892 and 1915.
The site went online on April 19, 2003, and a print edition was announced in August 2004. In April 2005 El Nuevo Cojo started publishing a printed monthly tabloid in New York City, focusing on local and international events and highly politicized opinion articles in line with a gradual shift towards a more left-leaning and liberal editorial point of view. However, over time, the satirical articles and sections like fake horoscopes, polls, movie reviews and obituaries have demonstrated to be El Nuevo Cojo Ilustrados real trademark.
Until December 2005 the website was updated monthly, but starting in January 2006, El Nuevo Cojo Ilustrado moved into a model of constant updating after the discontinuation of the print edition in October 2005.
El Nuevo Cojo Ilustrados music section is integrated to a radio streaming service called Lobotoradio. The service transmits a 24-hour stream of Hispanic and English pop/rock in support of music reviews and articles.
El Nuevo Cojo was founded by Gordon Milcham, a Venezuelan lawyer and then New York resident, who frequently contributes history and opinion articles. The staff consists of an international group of Hispanic writers and journalists from Europe, Latin America and the United States. Freelance writers are frequent contributors, given El Nuevo Cojos policy of promoting the art of writing for non-journalists. In its first year, 80% of El Nuevo Cojos articles were written by freelancers, mostly readers. Today freelancers' contributions make only about 10% of the magazine's output. The change, rather than from diminishing readership, was due to the development of a strong team of columnists and contributors.
El Nuevo Cojo first gained notoriety among Venezuelan readers by its strong criticism to the failed coup d'etat that sought the deposing of President Hugo Chávez in Venezuela and later against the 2004 recall referendum, when the wide majority of Venezuelan media outlets opposed the president. Attacks against opposition journalists and politicians were frequent and opened the door to articles about local racism, classism and values in Venezuelan society. This position gained the webzine a "Chavista" reputation that it hasn't been able to clean up. Far from being "Chavista" (El Nuevo Cojo Ilustrado has published articles criticizing Chávez' politics on several occasions), its ideological stance about Venezuelan affairs was motivated by its liberal and anti-Bush, anti-War in Iraq point of view.
El Nuevo Cojo Ilustrados staff has changed a lot since its launching, but frequent contributors include Spanish writer Xavier B. Fernández (Barcelona), Venezuelan writer Vicente Ulive-Schnell (Paris) and Argentine writer Cruz Joaquin Saubidet (New York). The printed edition of El Nuevo Cojo Ilustrado was highlighted by high-concept illustrations by Catalan artist ADOLF.
References
External links
Monthly magazines published in the United States
News magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2003
Magazines disestablished in 2005
Online magazines with defunct print editions
Spanish-language magazines
Spanish-language mass media in California
Magazines published in Los Angeles
Online magazines published in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Nuevo%20Cojo |
The Atlanta Transit Company (ATC) was a public transport operator based in Atlanta, Georgia, which existed from 1950 to 1972. It was the immediate predecessor of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA).
History
Since the 1920s, the Georgia Railway and Power Company (now Georgia Power, a part of Southern Company), had been losing money on transit. It commissioned a study from Beeler in 1926, but the suggestions were not enough to help. In the late-1940s most years saw double-digit percentage losses of ridership: from 125 million in 1946 down to 100 million in 1948 and finally 86 million in 1949.
In April 1949, Georgia Power ran the last streetcar on Atlanta's original network, and in May of the next year its drivers went on strike. During the five-week-long work stoppage, Georgia Power sought for a buyer for its increasingly troubled transit business. In response to this, Atlanta businessmen Clement Evans, Granger Hansell and Inman Brandon, along with Leland Anderson of Columbus, Georgia, formed the ATC and purchased the transportation properties on June 23, 1950, just over a month into the strike. More than 1,300 employees signed on to the new company and ended their strike. Anderson became the president of the ATC, and in September 1950 a Georgia Power vice president, Jackson Dick, joined to become the chairman of the board.
The system consisted of the trolleybus (trackless trolley) system as well as regular (diesel) transit buses. The former was phased out in 1963, allowing the city to remove its overhead wires. The city's drivers and mechanics were part of Amalgamated Street Car Union Local 732. One of the company's promotional drives was called Orchids for Operators, in which customers could nominate a helpful or courteous employee for that honor.
In 1965, the newly formed MARTA began plans for a new rapid transit system. By 1972, when planning was mostly finished, Fulton and DeKalb counties had signed on to the new rail system. As a result, MARTA purchased ATC for US$13 million, making it the sole mass transit entity in the area.
See also
Streetcars in Atlanta
Trolleybuses in Atlanta
References
Forty Years on the Force (1972), Herbert Jenkins
History of the Georgia Power Company 1855-1956 (1957), Wade H. Wright, Foote and Davies
Mule to MARTA vol 2 (1976), Jean Martin, Atlanta Historical Society
History of Atlanta
Defunct public transport operators in the United States
Companies based in Atlanta
Defunct companies based in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta%20Transit%20Company |
The akşa was the currency of the Tuvan People's Republic (Tannu-Tuva) between 1934 and 1944 and was equal to the Soviet ruble upon introduction. It was subdivided into 100 kɵpejek (cf. kopeck). Akşa in the Tuvan language (akça in many other Turkic languages) simply means "money".
History
Prior to the introduction of the akşa, Tuva issued overprinted Russian and Soviet banknotes. The first series (issued in 1924) was overprinted with denominations in lan, with the number of lan equal to the face value of the (otherwise obsolete) Russian notes. The second series (issued 1933) carried overprints on Soviet notes in rubles and chervonets.
Coins were issued in 1934 in denominations of 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kɵpejek, a Tuvanized name for the Russian kopeck, with banknotes issued in 1935 and 1940 in denominations of 1 to 25 akşa. The names kɵpejek and akşa are spelled in Jaꞑalif.
Shortly after the Tuvan People's Republic was absorbed into the Soviet Union, the akşa was replaced by the ruble, with 1 akşa = 3.5 rubles.
Coins
On the obverse of the coins - the name of the state () and the issuing bank ().
On the reverse - the nominal number and in words, the year of issue.
Banknotes
See also
Akçe
Manchukuo yuan
Mengjiang yuan
External links
Banknotes of Tuva.
Image of a three-kɵpejek coin
Currencies of Asia
Currencies introduced in 1934
Modern obsolete currencies
Aksa
1934 establishments in Asia
1944 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
History of the Tuvan People's Republic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan%20ak%C5%9Fa |
José Gomes Ferreira, GOSE, GOL (9 July 1900 – 1985) was a Portuguese poet and fiction writer with a vast work of varied influences. Gomes Ferreira was also a political activist that participated in the resistance against the dictatorship of Oliveira Salazar, becoming later a member of the Portuguese Communist Party. In the late 1970s he occupied the presidency of the Portuguese Writers Association.
A native of Porto, Ferreira graduated in law in 1924 and became a consul in Norway in the late 1920s. Soon after, became a journalist and published his works on several progressive magazines. After the rising of the right-wing dictatorship led by Salazar, Ferreira acquainted himself with the democratic resistance movements. During the later years of the regime, he continued publishing and saw his poetic work recognized by his peers. After the Carnation Revolution, Ferreira joined the Communist Party and continued his work until the mid-1980s.
His artistic work was representative of his concern with social problems, a mirror of his leftwing ideology. His poetry had varied influences, ranging from neorealism to surrealism, in a dialectic relation between his own ego and the need to share other people suffering.
Biography
José Gomes Ferreira was born in Porto, in the north of Portugal, in 1900. When he was four years old his parents moved and settled in Lisbon. Ferreira made his early studies in the Camões High School, and soon started reading Portuguese literature, mainly Raul Brandão.
After some time he became the director of a magazine titled Ressurreição (Resurrection), where he collaborated with one of the major names of the Portuguese literature, Fernando Pessoa.
Influenced by his father, a republican, Ferreira developed strong political ideas, and after completing the military service, he joined the Republican Academic Battalion, a republican organization created by university students in order to protect the young Portuguese Republic against monarchism.
He graduated in law in 1924. Soon after he became the Portuguese consul in Kristiansund, Norway. After the military coup of 1926, he returned and started working as a journalist, collaborating in several magazines, such as Presença, Seara Nova, Descobrimento, Imagem (a cinema magazine), Kino and others. He also became a translator, subtitling several films under the pseudonym of Álvaro Gomes.
José Gomes Ferreira's first book of poems, Lírios do Monte, was published in 1918, a work he would later classify as a childhood experience. In 1948 he published his first serious work, Poesia I. Fifteen years later his book Aventuras Maravilhosas de João Sem Medo would also confirm his credits among the younger readers, overwhelmed by a fable that arouses imagination and creativity.
He was born in a family with strong connections to music and started his musical studies when he was eight years old. He took part as a pianist and a mandolinist in the chamber group Quarteto Beethoven led by Manfredo Peixoto, for which he composed several waltzes, fados and variations. His better known piece was however the symphonic poem Idílio Rústico, first performed in 1918 by the Politeama Theatre Symphonic Orchestra under the direction of David de Sousa.
Due to his strong political positioning, Gomes Ferreira developed several contacts with the democratic resistance against the fascist regime of Salazar. He joined several democratic movements, including the communist influenced Movement of Democratic Unity. At the time, he worked along with other anti-fascist writers in composing several revolutionary songs, in a project coordinated by Fernando Lopes Graça. After publishing several works, both fiction and poetry, he was awarded the prestigious Big Prize of Poetry by the Portuguese Writers Society in 1962.
In the democratic revolution of 1974, Gomes Ferreira continued publishing and developing his work and in 1978 he was elected president of the Portuguese Writers Association. During the next year he made part of the electoral lists of the United People Alliance, a coalition of the Portuguese Communist Party with the Portuguese Democratic Movement. In that year, 1979, he officially joined the Communist Party. In 1981 he was awarded the Military Order of Sant'Iago de Espada by the President of the Republic, Ramalho Eanes.
In 1983 Gomes Ferreira submitted to surgery and would die two years later.
Works
Poetry
1918 - Lírios do Monte
1921 - Longe
1946 - Marchas, Danças e Canções (collaboration)
1948 - Poesia I
1948 - Homenagem Poética a Gomes Leal (collaboration)
1950 - Líricas (collaboration)
1950 - Poesia II
1956 - Eléctico
1962 - Poesia III
1970 - Poesia IV
1973 - Poesia V
1978 - Poeta Militante I, II e III
Fiction
1960 - O Mundo Desabitado
1960 - O Mundo dos Outros - histórias e vagabundagens
1962 - Os segredos de Lisboa"
1963 - Aventuras Maravilhosas de João Sem Medo
1971 - O Irreal Quotidiano - histórias e invenções
1975 - Gaveta de Nuvens - tarefas e tentames literários
1976 - O sabor das Trevas - Romance-alegoria
1978 - Coleccionador de Absurdos
1978 - Caprichos Teatrais
1980 - O Enigma da Árvore Enamorada - Divertimento em forma de Novela quase Policial
Chronicles
1975 - Revolução Necessária
1977 - Intervenção Sonâmbula
Memories
1965 - A Memória das Palavras - ou o gosto de falar de mim
1966 - Imitação dos Dias - Diário Inventado
1980 - Relatório de Sombras - ou a Memória das Palavras II
1990 - Dias Comuns I: Passos Efémeros
1998 - Dias Comuns II: A Idade do Malogro
2000 - Dias Comuns III: Ponte Inquieta
Short story collections
1958 - Contos
1969 - Tempo Escandinavo
Translations
???? - La casa de Bernarda Alba by Federico García Lorca
1926 - The Book of One Thousand and One Nights
References
http://www.classical-composers.org/comp/gomes_ferreira
1900 births
1985 deaths
Writers from Porto
Portuguese anti-fascists
Portuguese Communist Party politicians
Portuguese journalists
Portuguese male journalists
Portuguese male poets
Communist writers
Communist poets
20th-century Portuguese poets
Grand Officers of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
20th-century journalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Gomes%20Ferreira |
The High Court of Constabulary was a court in Scotland presided over by the Lord High Constable of Scotland and other judges known as Constables-depute. The court had exclusive jurisdiction over crimes of rioting, disorder, bloodshed, and murder that took place within of the Monarch of Scotland, Privy Council of Scotland, or the Parliament of Scotland. It was established in the 13th century, and its de jure jurisdiction continued until at least the 19th century. From the 16th century the Constables-depute appear to have been the Lord Provosts, bailies, and Sheriffs of Edinburgh. Following the Treaty of Union of 1707, the Court had jurisdiction when the Monarch of Great Britain, and later the Monarch of the United Kingdom, was resident at the Palace of Holyrood House.
History
Much of the history belonging to the High Court of Constabulary comes from records kept by the Earls of Erroll, who hold the position of Lord High Constable as a hereditary right. However, the burgh magistrates (the Lord Provost and bailies) of Edinburgh appear to have objected to the jurisdiction of the Constabulary Court, and from the 16th century it appears that the Earls of Erroll appointed the burgh magistrates as Constables-depute. The Lord High Constable continued to claim his jurisdiction into the 19th century, and from then the Sheriff of Edinburgh and the burgh magistrates of Edinburgh were appointed as Constables-depute whenever the Monarch of the United Kingdom was resident at the Palace of Holyroodhouse.
Remit and jurisdiction
Established in the late 13th century the Court was empowered to judge all cases of rioting, disorder, bloodshed, and murder if such crimes occurred within four miles of the King of Scots, the King's Council, or the Parliament of Scotland. Following James VI's move to England, the jurisdiction of the Lord High Constable was defined in terms of the "resident place" appointed for the Council.
References
External links
Historic Earls and Earldoms of Scotland: Chapter IV - Earldom and Earls of Erroll
13th-century establishments in Scotland
Courts of Scotland
Courts and tribunals established in the 13th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Court%20of%20Constabulary |
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