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Hattie Tavernier is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Michelle Gayle between 5 July 1990 and 21 December 1993. Hattie and her family were introduced in July 1990 by producer Michael Ferguson. The Taverniers were the first collective black family to join the soap at the same time. Portrayed as an intelligent, independent young woman, Hattie remained in the serial after the departures of many of her screen family, covering issues such as miscarriage and sexual harassment.
Michelle Gayle quit the role in 1993 to embark on a pop career. Gayle filmed no official exit storyline for Hattie. Her last scene aired on 21 December 1993, with Hattie departing to visit her parents off-screen in Norwich for the Christmas holidays. Dialogue between characters at this time suggested that it was a temporary departure; however, Gayle left to pursue a singing career and did not return to the role. The character was hastily written out, appearing briefly one last time in February 1994 to show that Hattie decided to remain in Norwich. In the scene, Hattie's former lover Steve Elliot (Mark Monero) witnessed Hattie in the distance with another man. This fleeting appearance was played by a non-speaking and uncredited extra.
Storylines
Hattie and her family move to Albert Square in the summer of 1990. The head of the Tavernier household, Celestine (Leroy Golding), is a strict, religious man and despite having a strong personality, Hattie is made to obey his rules. Hattie becomes friendly with local girl Samantha Mitchell (Danniella Westbrook), but while Sam concentrates on boys and her modelling career, Hattie prefers to focus on school work.
Hattie is often forced to act older than her years to cope with her family's problems, standing by her brother Clyde (Steven Woodcock) when he is falsely accused of murdering Eddie Royle (Michael Melia), standing up to her father and acting as the voice of reason to her twin brother Lloyd (Garey Bridges), whose behaviour becomes problematic. Hattie lets her own school work suffer to help her less academic brother. Hattie's hard work at school pays off and she receives excellent grades in her final year exams, so it angers her parents when, at 16, she announces that she is leaving school to work as a waitress for Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) at his catering company, The Meal Machine. She soon becomes his personal assistant.
She excels in her work but Ian confuses her keen attitude towards her job as a come-on; he uses his position to sexually harass her but Hattie puts a stop to this by kneeing him in the groin when he tries to kiss her. Irrespective of this setback, Hattie remains working with Ian, despite his wife Cindy (Michelle Collins) doing everything in her power to get her sacked as she sees her as a threat. Hattie begins a relationship with her school friend Steve Elliot (Mark Monero), who gets a job as chef at the Meal Machine in 1992. Hattie feels the relationship has a future, so when her parents decide to leave Walford that same year, she stays behind with her grandfather Jules (Tommy Eytle) and older brother Clyde. Hattie loves Steve, but he takes the relationship less seriously. To Steve's surprise, Hattie proposes to him on New Year's Eve 1992. He accepts despite reservations. Hattie busily prepares for her upcoming wedding, but when Steve loses his job, he has second thoughts about marrying. Hattie's enemy, Mandy Salter (Nicola Stapleton), helps to convince Steve he is not ready for marriage and takes a job on an ocean liner without telling Hattie that he is leaving. Hattie is secretly pregnant and follows Steve to Southampton. When she finds him, an emotional scene results in them having sex. Hattie thinks that Steve has changed his mind about going but he believes their tryst is a final goodbye and Hattie returns to Walford alone. Hattie does not tell Steve about the pregnancy and after confiding in Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully), a single parent, Hattie decides to have an abortion. Hattie books it, but changes her mind at the last minute, deciding to keep the baby. However, she miscarries the next day.
Left nursing a broken heart, Hattie visits her parents in Norwich in December 1993 to spend Christmas with her family and does not return, having decided to make a fresh start away from Walford. Steve returns to Walford in February 1994, hoping to reunite with Hattie and even goes to Norwich to win her back but discovers that she has moved on and is dating another man.
Character creation and development
Background
In the latter part of 1989 EastEnders acquired a new executive producer named Michael Ferguson, who took over from Mike Gibbon. Ferguson had previously been a producer on ITV's The Bill — a hard-hitting, gritty and successful police drama, which seemed to be challenging EastEnders in providing a realistic vision of modern life in London. Due to his success on The Bill, Peter Cregeen, the Head of Series at the BBC, poached Ferguson to become executive producer of EastEnders.
Following a relatively unsuccessful inclination towards comic storylines throughout 1989, Ferguson decided to take the soap in a new direction in 1990. Big changes were implemented both off-screen and on-screen. Ferguson altered the way the episodes were produced, changed the way the storylines were conceptualised and introduced a far greater amount of location work than had previously been seen. EastEnders scriptwriter Colin Brake has said that it was a challenging period, but "the results on-screen were a programme with a new sense of vitality, and a programme more in touch with the real world than it had been for a while".
As a consequence of these changes, a large number of characters were axed in early 1990 as the new production machine cleared way for a new direction and new characters. Among the new characters were the Jamaican Tavernier family, who collectively arrived on-screen in July 1990, composed of grandfather Jules (Tommy Eytle), his son and daughter-in-law Celestine (Leroy Golding) and Etta (Jacqui Gordon-Lawrence), their eldest son Clyde (Steven Woodcock), and their twins Lloyd (Garey Bridges) and Hattie, played by Michelle Gayle. Colin Brake has described the Taverniers as the major new addition that year, and it heralded the first time that an entire family had joined the serial all at once. Their introduction has also been described as a well-intentioned attempt to portray a wider range of black characters than had previously been achieved on the soap.
Casting
At age 19, actress Michelle Gayle—already familiar to the younger audience for her role in Grange Hill—was required to "play down" for the role, because Hattie and her brother Lloyd were 15-year-old school children. The casting of the Tavernier family has been described as difficult by producer Corinne Hollingworth. In 1991, she commented, "The most difficult job we've had was finding six black actors who fitted the bill for the Tavernier family. Here we needed two teenagers [Hattie and Lloyd] who looked around fifteen, but were actually older, had left school and had matures attitudes to work. They had to love music, hanging around in tracksuits and, most importantly, they had to look as if they could be twins." At the time Gayle commented that she loved playing younger parts, and found having Garey Bridges as her younger brother a great bonus: "It turns out that he and I know the same crowd of people in North London so we are often out together at night."
It took a long time to cast the complete Tavernier family. Once EastEnders became a success, the producers had no difficulties in finding "good actors" who wanted to join the cast; however, what became hard was finding families—combinations of performers who "look and sound as though they could be related." According to producers Corinne Hollingworth and Pat Sandys, the Taveriner family were especially difficult as four generations of the family were being featured. Hollingworth has commented "The most difficult job we've had was finding six black actors who fitted the bill for the Tavernier family. Here we needed two teenagers who looked around fifteen but were actually older, had left school and had mature attitudes to work. They had to love music, hanging around in tracksuits and most important, they had to look as if they could be twins. And for Clyde, we needed someone who looked as though he'd been a boxer but also seemed thoughtful."
Personality
Writer Kate Lock has suggested that "Hattie was an intelligent girl with a promising future." Of her demeanour upon her introduction, author Rupert Smith has surmised that of the Taverniers, only Hattie seemed to be a happy child, but added that "her time would come", later referencing Hattie's misfortune with men as evidence of his classification of her as an "eternal victim".
Hilary Kingsley, author of The EastEnders Handbook, has described the character of Hattie in 1991: "Hattie is almost too well-balanced and happy to live in Albert Square. She loves music, sport, and could have a string of boyfriends but, unlike Sam Butcher, she's not yet interested. Clever at school, particularly at science, Hattie looks up to her big brother, Clyde, and protects her twin brother Lloyd, who is slower and quieter and can seem a bit of a wimp. She even let her own schoolwork slip at times to help him. Bossy, giggly and garrulous, she was an instant success helping as a waitress at Ian Beale's functions, even though it caused her parents distress. Hattie is as bright as her mother and loyal to her father. When her parents were quarrelling she was deeply upset, but nothing can dampen her natural good humour for long."
Departure
Gayle was permitted time off from filming in the summer of 1993 to develop a singing career. She returned to filming later in the year but decided to quit the role permanently at the end of 1993 to focus on music. On-screen, Hattie departed in December 1993 to visit her parents off-screen and never returned. The character appeared briefly one last time in February 1994 to explain Hattie's departure; however, Michelle Gayle did not reprise the role and this fleeting appearance was played by a non-speaking and uncredited extra.
Reflecting on her time in the soap in 2007, Gayle said, "There were 19 million people watching every episode. People would come up to me in the street and ask things like, 'Hattie, what's going on with you and Ian?'. They always had a comment to make - and always as if it was the first time you had heard it. But you would think, 'how many times today?'." She added that "I remember chilling with Sid Owen [who plays Ricky Butcher] and Danniella Westbrook [who plays Sam Mitchell] in our dressing rooms all the time and just really laughing a lot".
In 2008, when asked if she would return to the serial, Gayle commented, "I'd go back for Sid Owen. It's great now they've got him and Patsy Palmer [who plays Bianca Jackson] back in it - it's such a big show. If the producers asked me back and there was a good storyline, I'd definitely return."
Reception
In the 1992 book Come on down?: popular media culture in post-war Britain, the authors have referenced Hattie and the rest of the Tavernier family as non-white characters who appeared to have been integrated into part of the predominantly white communal setting of the soap. However, they suggested that this attempt at inclusion "is the single clue to an understanding of why EastEnders is a development of an old form of representation of working-class life. The ethnic minority households are accepted in the working-class community , but the black, white and Asian families remain culturally distinct." They suggested that there was no attempt to portray hybridity between black-white cultures.
Robert Clyde Allen has discussed the Tavernier family in his 1995 book To be continued--: soap operas around the world. He suggested that black characters in EastEnders were incorporated into the working-class culture of the soap as opposed to offering something different from it. He noted that the Taverniers, the focus of black characters in the early 1990s, for a while had the same mixture of generations and attitudes that characterized the Fowlers, one of the soap's core white families who had a dominant position in the series. However he stated that "somewhat typically [...] the family broke up leaving the teenage Hattie on her own."
References
External links
EastEnders characters
Fictional Black British people
Fictional twins
Television characters introduced in 1990
British female characters in television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattie%20Tavernier |
Grafschaft is a municipality in the district of Ahrweiler, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated approximately 20 km south of Bonn.
Grafschaft is famous for its Rheinischer Zuckerrübensirup, a PGI-protected sugar-beet syrup.
The following 17 villages belong to Grafschaft:
Alteheck
Beller
Bengen
Birresdorf
Bölingen
Eckendorf
Esch
Gelsdorf
Holzweiler
Karweiler
Lantershofen
Leimersdorf
Niederich
Nierendorf
Oeverich
Ringen
Vettelhoven
The total population is 10,900 inhabitants (2020).
It has been used as a special stage for the Rallye Deutschland.
It contains the headquarters for Haribo.
References
External links
Website
Ahrweiler (district)
Rallye Deutschland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafschaft%2C%20Rhineland |
James Loudon (May 24, 1841 – December 29, 1916) was a Canadian professor of mathematics and physics and President of the University of Toronto from 1892 to 1906. He was the first Canadian-born professor at the University of Toronto.
Biography
Loudon was educated at the Toronto Grammar School, Upper Canada College, and the University of Toronto, where he received a B.A. in 1862 and an M.A. in 1864. Initially a tutor in classics, he soon moved to mathematics, eventually becoming the professor of mathematics and physics at University College in 1875, succeeding his teacher John Bradford Cherriman. In 1887 he became professor of physics only, and became president of the University in 1892.
He visited the United Kingdom to attend the 450th jubilee of the University of Glasgow in June 1901, and received an honorary doctorate (LL.D) from the university.
References
External links
James Loudon archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
1841 births
1916 deaths
Canadian physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Presidents of the University of Toronto | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Loudon |
José Suárez Carreño (1915–2002) was a Spanish writer associated with the Generation of '36 movement. He was born in Guadalupe, Mexico, but lived in Madrid from an early age.
Awards
He was awarded the Adonais Prize in 1945 for his book Edad del hombre (age of man), the Nadal Prize in 1949 for his book Las últimas horas (the last hours) and the Lope de Vega theatre prize for his drama Condenados (the condemned).
Filmography (as screenwriter)
Name Of Wiki Mohammad Nasir Ahmed
Full Name: Md.Nasir Ahmed
Born: 8 Oct, 1997
Sakhipur Tangail
Singer, Author & Musical Artist
Proceso à la conciencia (1964)
A las diez y media (1962) (was based on his novel Las últimas horas)
Llovidos del cielo (1962)
Juicio final (1960)
Fulano y Mengano (1959)
Juanillo, papá y mamá (1957)
Condenados (1953)
Cabaret (1953)
(All films listed here were based on his novels, with the exception of Condenados, which was a play)
See also
Café Gijón (Madrid)
External links
1915 births
2002 deaths
Spanish male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Su%C3%A1rez%20Carre%C3%B1o |
Drudenhaus is the second studio album by the French symphonic black metal band Anorexia Nervosa. The album received very positive reviews from critics, and it meant a European breakthrough for the band.
Track listing
"A Doleful Night in Thelema" - 4:57
"The Drudenhaus Anthem" - 5:13
"God Bless the Hustler" - 4:35
"Enter the Church of Fornication" - 5:33
"Tragedia Dekadencia" - 6:30
"Divine White Light of a Cumming Decadence" - 4:32
"Dirge & Requiem for My Sister Whore" - 4:17
"Das Ist Zum Erschiessen Schön" - 5:00
"The Red Archromance" - 5:59
References
Anorexia Nervosa (band) albums
2000 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drudenhaus |
Washburn Field is a 1,500-seat stadium located in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It is home of the field sports teams from Colorado College and is the oldest college football facility west of the Mississippi River, having hosted its first game in 1898. It once was home to the Colorado Springs Blizzard; that team ceased to exist in 2006.
References
College football venues
Colorado College Tigers football
Sports venues in Colorado Springs, Colorado
American football venues in Colorado
Soccer venues in Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn%20Field |
Otto II ( 995 – 7 September 1047), a member of the Ezzonid dynasty, was Count Palatine of Lotharingia from 1034 until 1045 and Duke of Swabia from 1045 until his death.
Life
Otto was the son of the Lotharingian count palatine Ezzo (955–1034) and his wife Matilda (979–1025), a daughter of Emperor Otto II and his consort Theophanu. He was a member of the Ezzonian dynasty. Otto's elder brother Herman became Archbishop of Cologne in 1036; his sister Richeza married the Polish king Mieszko II Lambert in 1013.
Upon the death of his father in 1034, Otto succeeded him as count palatine as well as count in Deutz and in the Rhenish Auelgau, as his elder brother Liudolf had died already in 1031. He also served as protector (Vogt) of Brauweiler Abbey near Cologne, which had been founded by his parents.
In the conflict with Duke Godfrey III of Lower Lorraine, Otto remained a loyal supporter of the Salian king Henry III. In turn Henry vested him with the princeless Duchy of Swabia, which he had seized upon the early death of Duke Herman IV. At Easter on 7 April 1045 in Goslar, the ducal title was awarded to Otto; in exchange, he gave up the office of count palatine, which was bestowed on his cousin Henry I. Also, his territories in Kaiserswerth and Duisburg devolved onto the crown.
Marriage and children
Otto married a daughter of Count Hugh IV of Nordgau. He had a daughter, Richenza ( 1025 – 1083), who married, firstly, Herman, Count of Werl, and, secondly, Otto of Nordheim. Another daughter, Hildegarde, married Frederick of Büren, and they were the parents of Duke Frederick I of Swabia. Recently, any matrimonial alliance of Otto has been disputed.
On 7 September 1047, Otto died unexpectedly at his castle, the Tomburg, while preparing an imperial campaign against the invading forces of Count Baldwin V of Flanders and Count Dirk IV of Holland. He was buried in Brauweiler Abbey; the ceremony was held by his brother-in-law, Bishop Bruno of Toul, the later Pope Leo IX. In 1048, Emperor Henry III appointed Otto of Schweinfurt his successor as Duke of Swabia.
References
Sources
1047 deaths
Dukes of Swabia
Counts Palatine of Lotharingia
People of Byzantine descent
11th-century German nobility
Year of birth unknown
Burials at Brauweiler Abbey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20II%2C%20Duke%20of%20Swabia |
Sickness Insurance (Industry) Convention, 1927 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1927:
Modification
The principles contained in the convention were revised and included in ILO Convention C130.
Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention has been ratified by 29 states. One state that has ratified, Uruguay, has subsequently denounced the convention.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Employee benefits
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1927
Treaties entered into force in 1928
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of the First Austrian Republic
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of the Kingdom of Bulgaria
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
Treaties of the Weimar Republic
Treaties of Haiti
Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of the Second Spanish Republic
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Occupational safety and health treaties
Treaties extended to Guernsey
Treaties extended to Jersey
Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
1927 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickness%20Insurance%20%28Industry%29%20Convention%2C%201927 |
This list of film spoofs in Mad includes films spoofed (parodied) by the American comic magazine Mad. Usually, an issue of Mad features a spoof of at least one feature film or television program. The works selected by the staff of Mad are typically from cinema and television in the United States.
The authors parody the original titles with puns or other wordplay. Characters are caricatured, and lampooned with joke names.
These articles typically cover five pages or more, and are presented as a sequential storyline with caricatures and word balloons. The opening page or two-page splash usually consists of the cast of the show introducing themselves directly to the reader; in some parodies, the writers sometimes attempt to circumvent this convention by presenting the characters without such direct exposition. This approach was also used for Mads television parodies, and came to be identified with the magazine. The style was widely copied by other humor publications. In 1973, the promotional movie poster for Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye was designed in the introductory manner of a Mad parody, including the rectangular word balloons with self-referential dialogue; for verisimilitude, the poster was written and drawn by Mad regulars Frank Jacobs and Jack Davis.
Many parodies end with the abrupt deus ex machina appearance of outside characters or pop culture figures who are similar in nature to the film or TV series being parodied, or who comment satirically on the theme. For example, Dr. Phil arrives to counsel the Desperate Housewives, or the cast of Sex and the City show up as the new hookers on Deadwood.
The parodies frequently make comedic use of the fourth wall, breaking character, and meta-references. Within an ostensibly self-contained storyline, the characters may refer to the technical aspects of filmmaking, the publicity, hype, or box office surrounding their project, their own past roles, any clichés being used, and so on. In 2013, Film Comment wrote, "While film studies majors gasp over the deconstruction of genre in the works of David Lynch and the meta-movies of Charlie Kaufman, 'the usual gang of idiots' over at MAD have been deconstructing, meta-narrativing, and postmodernizing motion pictures since the very first movie parody (Hah! Noon!) appeared in 1954." (However, that was actually Mad'''s second movie parody; the first had been Ping Pong three issues earlier.)
Almost all of the parodies are of a single, particular film. However, Mad has occasionally done omnibus parodies of film series, such as the James Bond movies, the 1970s Planet of the Apes sequels, and the Twilight Saga movies. It has also combined multiple mini-parodies of unrelated films into a single article. Some actors and directors have said that they regarded ridicule by Mad as an indication of major success in their careers.
In recent years, the parodies and their creators have been available outside the pages of the regular magazine. The March/April 2013 issue of Film Comment (Film Society of the Lincoln Center) carried Grady Hendrix's historical survey of Mads film parodies, titled Cahiers du CinéMAD. In August 2016, four of Mads longtime contributors—editor/artist Sam Viviano, writers Dick DeBartolo and Desmond Devlin, and artist Tom Richmond—appeared at a public symposium in Nebraska to discuss their work in this particular medium. Mad has also published thematic collections of their past spoofs, from Oscar-winning films to superhero movies to gangster films.
In September 2020, with Mad having been reduced to a primarily reprint format, Tom Richmond and Desmond Devlin announced that they were crowdfunding a book of newly created movie parodies called Claptrap. They launched the campaign with the completed two-page opening spread for Star Worse: Plagiarizing Skywalker, a spoof of the ninth film in the Star Wars saga. The book will include twelve full parodies of older popular or iconic films that Mad had for various reasons opted not to parody at the time.
Film spoofs list
1950s
1960s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Spoofed Title
! Actual Title
! Writer
! Artist
! Issue
! Date
! Index
! Ref
|-
| The Producer and I| The King and I (June 1956)(Genre: Romantic musical)
| Nick Meglin
| Mort Drucker
|60
|1961-01January 1961
|
|
|-
| Mad Visits John Wayde on the set of "At the Alamo"| The Alamo (October 1960)(Genre: Historical epic war)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|63
|1961-06June 1961
|
|
|-
| The Guns of Minestrone| The Guns of Navarone (June 1961)(Genre: War film)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|68
|1962-01January 1962
|
|
|-
| If "Mardy" Were Made in Hollywood Today| Marty (April 1955)(Genre: Romantic drama)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|78
|1963-04April 1963
|
|
|-
| East Side Story| West Side Story (October 1961)(Genre: Romantic musical)
| Frank Jacobs
| Mort Drucker
|78
|1963-04April 1963
|
|
|-
| Mutiny on the Bouncy| Mutiny on the Bounty (November 1962)(Genre: Epic historical drama)
| Larry Siegel
| Wally Wood
|80
|1963-07July 1963
|
|
|-
| For the Birds| The Birds (March 1963)(Genre: Horror-thriller)
| Arnie KogenLou Silverstone
| Mort Drucker
|82
|1963-10October 1963
|
|
|-
| Hood!| Hud (May 1963)(Genre: Western)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|83
|1963-12December 1963
|
|
|-
| Flawrence of Arabia| Lawrence of Arabia (December 1962)(Genre: Epic historical drama)
| Frank JacobsStan HartLarry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|86
|1964-04April 1964
|
|
|-
| Charades| Charade (December 1963)(Genre: Romantic comedy/mystery)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|88
|1964-07July 1964
|
|
|-
| The Carpetsweepers| The Carpetbaggers (April 1964)(Genre: Drama)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|92
|1965-01January 1965
|
|
|-
| The Flying Ace| Mads tribute to fighter-pilot films
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
|93
|1965-03March 1965
|
|
|-
| 007: The James Bomb Musical
| Mads tribute to James Bond films
| Frank Jacobs
| Mort Drucker
|94
|1965-07April 1965
|
|
|-
| Son of Mighty Joe Kong
| Mad'''s tribute to great ape films
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
|94
|1965-07April 1965
|
|
|-
| Crazy Fists| Mads tribute to past fight films
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
|96
|1965-07July 1965
|
|
|-
| Cheyenne Awful| Cheyenne Autumn (October 1964)(Genre: Western)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|97
|1965-09September 1965
|
|
|-
| Lord Jump| Lord Jim (February 1965)(Genre: Adventure)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|98
|1965-10October 1965
|
|
|-
| Hack, Hack, Sweet Has-Been or What Ever Happened to Good Taste?| Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte (December 1964) (Genre: Psychological thriller)andWhat Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (October 1962) (Genre: Psychological thriller/Horror)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|100
|1966-01January 1966
|
|
|-
| The Sinpiper| The Sandpiper (June 1965)(Genre: Drama)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|101
|1966-03March 1966
|
|
|-
| Bubby Lake Missed by a Mile| Bunny Lake Is Missing (October 1965)(Genre: Psychological thriller)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
|102
|1966-04April 1966
|
|
|-
| The Agony and the Agony| The Agony and the Ecstasy (October 1965)(Genre: Historical)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|103
|1966-06June 1966
|
|
|-
| The Spy That Came in for the Gold| The Spy Who Came In from the Cold (December 1965)(Genre: Spy film)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
|105
|1966-09September 1966
|
|
|-
| The Bunch| The Group (March 1966)(Genre: Feminist film)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
|106
|1966-10October 1966
|
|
|-
| The Sound of Money| The Sound of Music (March 1965)(Genre: Musical drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
|108
|1967-01January 1967
|
|
|-
| Who in Heck is Virginia Woolfe?| Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (June 1966)(Genre: Black comedy-drama)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|109
|1967-03March 1967
|
|
|-
| Fantastecch Voyage| Fantastic Voyage (August 1966)(Genre: Science fiction)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|110
|1967-04April 1967
|
|
|-
| The Amateurs| The Professionals (November 1966)(Genre: Western)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|112
|1967-07July 1967
|
|
|-
| Throw-Up| Blow-Up (December 1966)(Genre: Thriller-drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Bruce Stark
|113
|1967-09September 1967
|
|
|-
| Dr. Zhicago| Doctor Zhivago (December 1965)(Genre: Epic romantic drama)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Jack Davis
|113
|1967-09September 1967
|
|
|-
| Is Paris Boring?| Is Paris Burning? (October 1966)(Genre: War film)
| Lou Silverstone
| Mort Drucker
|113
|1967-09September 1967
|
|
|-
| Sombre| Hombre (March 1967)(Genre: Revisionist western)
| Lou Silverstone
| Mort Drucker
|114
|1967-10October 1967
|
|
|-
| Grim Pix| Grand Prix (December 1966)(Genre: Auto-racing/Drama)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
|115
|1967-10December 1967
|
|
|-
| Dirtier by the Dozen| The Dirty Dozen (June 1967)(Genre: War film)
| Lou Silverstone
| Mort Drucker
|116
|1968-01January 1968
|
|
|-
| The "Sam Pebbles"| The Sand Pebbles (December 1966)(Genre: Period war)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
|117
|1968-03March 1968
|
|
|-
| In the Out Exit| Up the Down Staircase (July 1967)(Genre: Drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
|118
|1968-04April 1968
|
|
|-
| Balmy and Clod| Bonnie and Clyde (August 1967)(Genre: Biographical crime)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|119
|1968-06June 1968
|
|
|-
| Blue-Eyed Kook| Cool Hand Luke (November 1967)(Genre: Prison drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
|120
|1968-07July 1968
|
|
|-
| Valley of the Dollars| Valley of the Dolls (December 1967)(Genre: Drama)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
|121
|1968-09September 1968
|
|
|-
| The Post-Graduate| The Graduate (December 1967)(Genre: Romantic comedy-drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
|122
|1968-10October 1968
|
|
|-
| Guess Who's Throwing Up Dinner?| Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (December 1967)(Genre: Comedy-drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
|122
|1968-10October 1968
|
|
|-
| In Cold Blecch!| In Cold Blood (December 1967)(Genre: Docudrama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
|122
|1968-10October 1968
|
|
|-
| Can A Lot| Camelot (October 1967)(Genre: Musical comedy-drama)
| Frank Jacobs
| Mort Drucker
|123
|1968-12December 1968
|
|
|-
| Rosemia's Boo-Boo| Rosemary's Baby (June 1968)(Genre: Psychological horror)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
|124
|1969-01January 1969
|
|
|-
| 201 Minutes of a Space Idiocy| 2001: A Space Odyssey (April 1968)(Genre: Epic science-fiction)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
|125
|1969-03March 1969
|
|
|-
| Bullbit| Bullitt (October 1968)(Genre: Thriller)
| Al Jaffee
| Mort Drucker
|127
|1969-06June 1969
|
|
|-
| The Guru of Ours| The Wizard of Oz (August 1939)(Genre: Musical fantasy)
| Frank Jacobs
| Mort Drucker
|128
|1969-07July 1969
|
|
|-
| The Brother Hoods| The Brotherhood (December 1968)(Genre: Crime-drama)
| Lou Silverstone
| Mort Drucker
|129
|1969-09September 1969
|
|
|-
| Where Vultures Fare| Where Eagles Dare (December 1968)(Genre: War film)
| Larry Siegel
| Angelo Torres
|130
|1969-10October 1969
|
|
|-
| Hoo-Boy, Columbus!| Goodbye, Columbus (April 1969)(Genre: Romantic comedy-drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
|131
|1969-12December 1969
|
|
|}
1970s
1980s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Spoofed Title
! Actual Title
! Writer
! Artist
! Issue
! Date
! Index
! Ref
|-
| Alias| Alien (May 1979)(Genre: Science fiction horror)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 212
|1954-04 January 1980
|
|
|-
| Moneyraker| Moonraker (June 1979)(Genre: Science fiction)
| Stan Hart
| Harry North, Esq.
| 213
|1954-04 March 1980
|
|
|-
| Rockhead II| Rocky II (June 1979)(Genre: Sports drama)
| Larry Siegel
| Angelo Torres
| 213
|1954-04 March 1980
|
|
|-
| The Calamityville Horror| The Amityville Horror (July 1979)(Genre: Supernatural horror)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 214
|1954-04 April 1980
|
|
|-
| The Corncorde – Airplot '79| The Concorde ... Airport '79 (August 1979)(Genre: Disaster film)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 214
|1954-04 April 1980
|
|
|-
| A Crock O' (Blip!) Now| Apocalypse Now (August 1979)(Genre: War film)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
| 215
|1954-04 June 1980
|
|
|-
| Star Blecch: The (GACCK!) Motion Picture| Star Trek: The Motion Picture (December 1979)(Genre: Science fiction)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 216
|1954-04 July 1980
|
|
|-
| Crymore vs. Crymore| Kramer vs. Kramer (December 1979)(Genre: Drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 217
|1954-04 September 1980
|
|
|-
| Being Not All There| Being There (December 1979)(Genre: Comedy-drama)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
| 218
|1954-04 October 1980
|
|
|-
| Throw Up the Academy| Up the Academy (June 1980)(Genre: Teen comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 218
|1954-04 October 1980
|
|
|-
| Gold Mining Daughter| Coal Miner's Daughter (March 1980)(Genre: Biographical musical)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 219
|1954-04 December 1980
|
|
|-
| Little "Star"lings| Little Darlings (March 1980)(Genre: Teen comedy-drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 219
|1954-04 December 1980
|
|
|-
| The Empire Strikes Out| The Empire Strikes Back (May 1980)(Genre: Space opera)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 220
|1954-04 January 1981
|
|
|-
| The Shiner| The Shining (May 1980)(Genre: Psychological horror)
| Larry Siegel
| Angelo Torres
| 221
|1954-04 March 1981
|
|
|-
| Undressed to Kill| Dressed to Kill (July 1980)(Genre: Crime thriller)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 222
|1954-04 April 1981
|
|
|-
| Extraordinary People| Ordinary People (September 1980)(Genre: Drama)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 223
|1954-04 June 1981
|
|
|-
| Raving Bully| Raging Bull (December 1980)(Genre: Sports drama)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
| 224
|1954-04 July 1981
|
|
|-
| Assaulted State| Altered States (December 1980)(Genre: Science fiction horror)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 225
|1954-04 September 1981
|
|
|-
| Flopeye| Popeye (December 1980)(Genre: Musical comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 225
|1954-04 September 1981
|
|
|-
| Superduperman II| Superman II (December 1980)(Genre: Superhero film)
| Frank Jacobs
| Mort Drucker
| 226
|1954-04 October 1981
|
|
|-
|(Don Martin's Version of a Movie of) Ecchcaliber|Excalibur (April 1981)(Genre: Medieval fantasy)
|Larry Siegel
|Don Martin
|227
|1954-04 December 1981
|
|
|-
| Outlandish| Outland (May 1981)(Genre: Science fiction thriller)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 228
|1954-04 January 1982
|
|
|-
| Raiders of a Lost Art| Raiders of the Lost Ark (June 1981)(Genre: Fantasy adventure)
| Dick DeBartoloFrank Jacobs
| Jack Davis
| 228
|1954-04 January 1982
|
|
|-
| For Her Thighs Only| For Your Eyes Only (June 1981)(Genre: Spy film)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 229
|1954-04 March 1982
|
|
|-
| Deathcrap| Deathtrap (March 1982)(Genre: Comedy thriller)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 234
|1954-04 October 1982
|
|
|-
| Death Which-Is-Which II| Death Wish II (February 1982)(Genre: Crime thriller)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 234
|1954-04 October 1982
|
|
|-
| On Olden Pond| On Golden Pond (December 1981)(Genre: Drama)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 234
|1954-04 October 1982
|
|
|-
| Conehead the Barbiturate| Conan the Barbarian (March 1982)(Genre: Sword & Sorcery)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Don Martin
| 235
|1954-04 December 1982
|
|
|-
| Rockhead III| Rocky III (May 1982)(Genre: Sports drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Jack Davis
| 235
|1954-04 December 1982
|
|
|-
| Dumb Kind of Hero| Some Kind of Hero (April 1982)(Genre: Comedy-drama)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
| 235
|1954-04 December 1982
|
|
|-
| Awful Annie| Annie (June 1982)(Genre: Musical comedy-drama)
| Larry Siegel
| Angelo Torres
| 236
|1954-04 January 1983
|
|
|-
| Q.T. the Quasi-Terrestrial| E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (June 1982)(Genre: Science fiction comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Jack Davis
| 236
|1954-04 January 1983
|
|
|-
| Star Blecch II: The Wreck of Korn| Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (June 1982)(Genre: Science fiction)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 236
|1954-04 January 1983
|
|
|-
| Paltry Guise| Poltergeist (June 1982)(Genre: Supernatural horror)
| Arnie Kogen
| Jack Davis
| 237
|1954-04 March 1983
|
|
|-
| An Officer Ain't No Gentleman| An Officer and a Gentleman (July 1982)(Genre: Military drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 238
|1954-04 April 1983
|
|
|-
| The Verdiccch| The Verdict (December 1982)(Genre: Courtroom drama)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 239
|1954-04 June 1983
|
|
|-
| Tootsie Role| Tootsie (December 1982)(Genre: Comedy-drama)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
| 240
|1954-04 July 1983
|
|
|-
| Star Bores: Re-hash of the Jeti| Return of the Jedi (May 1983)(Genre: Space opera)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 242
|1954-04 October 1983
|
|
|-
| Stuporman ZZZ| Superman III (June 1983)(Genre: Superhero film)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 243
|1954-04 December 1983
|
|
|-
| Psycho, Too| Psycho II (June 1983)(Genre: Psychological horror)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 244
|1954-04 January 1984
|
|
|-
| Warped Games| WarGames (May 1983)(Genre: Science fiction)
| Larry Siegel
| Mort Drucker
| 244
|1954-04 January 1984
|
|
|-
| Staying Awake| Staying Alive (July 1983)(Genre: Dance film)
| Stan Hart
| Jack Davis
| 245
|1954-04 March 1984
|
|
|-
| Flashdunce| Flashdance (April 1983)(Genre: Romantic drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 246
|1954-04 April 1984
|
|
|-
| Raunchy Business| Risky Business (August 1983)(Genre: Romantic comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 246
|1954-04 April 1984
|
|
|-
| Trading Races| Trading Places (June 1983)(Genre: Comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 246
|1954-04 April 1984
|
|
|-
| The Right Stiff| The Right Stuff (October 1983)(Genre: Space adventure)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 247
|1954-04 June 1984
|
|
|-
| Scarred Face| Scarface (December 1983)(Genre: Crime drama)
| Larry Siegel
| Jack Davis
| 248
|1954-04 July 1984
|
|
|-
| Mentl| Yentl (November 1983)(Genre: Musical drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 248
|1954-04 July 1984
|
|
|-
| Grimlins| Gremlins (June 1984)(Genre: Horror comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 249
|1954-04 September 1984
|
|
|-
| Inbanana Jones and the Temple of Goons| Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (May 1984)(Genre: Fantasy adventure)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Jack Davis
| 250
|1954-04 October 1984
|
|
|-
| Splash-Dance| Splash (March 1984)(Genre: Fantasy comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 250
|1954-04 October 1984
|
|
|-
| Star Blecch III: The Search For Plot| Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (June 1984)(Genre: Science fiction)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 251
|1954-04 December 1984
|
|
|-
| Ghost-Dusters| Ghostbusters (June 1984)(Genre: Supernatural comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Sam Viviano
| 253
|1954-04 March 1985
|
|
|-
| The Karocky Kid| The Karate Kid (June 1984)(Genre: Martial arts drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Harry North, Esq.
| 253
|1954-04 March 1985
|
|
|-
| Purple Acid Rain| Purple Rain (July 1984)(Genre: Rock & Roll musical)
| Arnie Kogen
| Angelo Torres
| 253
|1954-04 March 1985
|
|
|-
| Supergall| Supergirl (July 1984)(Genre: Superhero film)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Jack Davis
| 253
|1954-04 March 1985
|
|
|-
| Gal of Me| All of Me (September 1984)(Genre: Fantasy comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 255
|1954-04 June 1985
|
|
|-
| Beverly Hills Cop Out| Beverly Hills Cop (December 1984)(Genre: Action comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 256
|1954-04 July 1985
|
|
|-
| Witless| Witness (February 1985)(Genre: Thriller)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 257
|1954-04 September 1985
|
|
|-
| Getcha| Gotcha! (May 1985)(Genre: Action comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| All the Right Movements| All the Right Moves (October 1983)(Genre: Sports drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Classless| Class (July 1983)(Genre: Comedy-drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Hot Dawg - The Movie| Hot Dog…The Movie (January 1984)(Genre: Teen sex comedy ski)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| The Breakfast Bunch| The Breakfast Club (February 1985)(Genre: Teen comedy-drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Flashing Times at Ridgemont High| Fast Times at Ridgemont High (August 1982)(Genre: Teen coming-of-age comedy-drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Caddyshlock| Caddyshack (July 1980)(Genre: Sports comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Cop Academy| Police Academy (March 1984)(Genre: Comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Revenge of the Nerdballs| Revenge of the Nerds (July 1984)(Genre: Comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Primate School| Private School (July 1983)(Genre: Teen sex comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Pokey's| Porky's (November 1981)(Genre: Teen sex comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Frisky Business| Risky Business (August 1983)(Genre: Teen coming-of-age comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Footloosed| Footloose (February 1984)(Genre: Musical drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Zapping| Zapped! (July 1982)(Genre: Teen sex comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Pokey's Revenge| Porky's Revenge! (March 1985)(Genre: Sex comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Valley Chick| Valley Girl (April 1983)(Genre: Teen romantic comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Goofies| The Goonies (June 1985)(Genre: Adventure comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Jack Davis
| 258
|1954-04 October 1985
|
|
|-
| Dumbo: More Blood Part II| Rambo: First Blood Part II (May 1985)(Genre: Action)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 259
|1954-04 December 1985
|
|
|-
| Bleak for the Future| Back to the Future (July 1985)(Genre: Science fiction comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 260
|1954-04 January 1986
|
|
|-
| Kookoon| Cocoon (June 1985)(Genre: Science fiction fantasy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 260
|1954-04 January 1986
|
|
|-
| Rockhead IV| Rocky IV (November 1985)(Genre: Sports drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 262
|1954-04 April 1986
|
|
|-
| The Fool of the Nile| The Jewel of the Nile (December 1985)(Genre: Action adventure)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 263
|1954-04 June 1986
|
|
|-
| Young Sureschlock Homely| Young Sherlock Holmes (December 1985)(Genre: Mystery adventure)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 263
|1954-04 June 1986
|
|
|-
| Clown and Lout in Beverly Hills| Down and Out in Beverly Hills (January 1986)(Genre: Comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 265
|1954-04 September 1986
|
|
|-
| Henna and Her Sickos| Hannah and Her Sisters (February 1986)(Genre: Comedy-drama)
| Debbee Ovitz
| Mort Drucker
| 265
|1954-04 September 1986
|
|
|-
| Top Gunk| Top Gun (May 1986)(Genre: Action-drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 267
|1954-04 December 1986
|
|
|-
| Alienators| Aliens (July 1986)(Genre: Science fiction horror)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Jack Davis
| 268
|1954-04 January 1987
|
|
|-
| Fearless Buller's Day Off| Ferris Bueller's Day Off (June 1986)(Genre: Teen comedy)
| Dennis Snee
| Angelo Torres
| 268
|1954-04 January 1987
|
|
|-
| The Karocky Kid Part II| The Karate Kid Part II (June 1986)(Genre: Martial arts drama)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 268
|1954-04 January 1987
|
|
|-
| Stand But Me| Stand By Me (August 1986)(Genre: Comedy-drama)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 269
|1954-04 March 1987
|
|
|-
| The Color of Monotony| The Color of Money (October 1986)(Genre: Drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 270
|1954-04 April 1987
|
|
|-
| Jumbled Joke Flash| Jumpin' Jack Flash (October 1986)(Genre: Spy comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 270
|1954-04 April 1987
|
|
|-
| Peggy Got Stewed and Married| Peggy Sue Got Married (October 1986)(Genre: Comedy-drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 270
|1954-04 April 1987
|
|
|-
| Star Blecch IV: The Voyage Bombs| Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (November 1986)(Genre: Science fiction)
| Frank Jacobs
| Mort Drucker
| 271
|1954-04 June 1987
|
|
|-
| Crock O'Dull Dummee| Crocodile Dundee (April 1986)(Genre: Adventure comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 273
|1954-04 September 1987
|
|
|-
| Legal Wreckin
| Lethal Weapon (March 1987)(Genre: Action comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 274
|1954-04 October 1987
|
|
|-
| Beverly Hills Slop, Too!
| Beverly Hills Cop II (May 1987)(Genre: Action comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 275
|1954-04 December 1987
|
|
|-
| Predecessor
| Predator (June 1987)(Genre: Science fiction horror)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Jack Davis
| 276
|1954-04 January 1988
|
|
|-
| The Unwatchables
| The Untouchables (June 1987)(Genre: Crime drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Angelo Torres
| 276
|1954-04 January 1988
|
|
|-
| The Wretches of Ecchflick
| The Witches of Eastwick (June 1987)(Genre: Fantasy comedy)
| Frank Jacobs
| Mort Drucker
| 276
|1954-04 January 1988
|
|
|-
| Roboslop
| RoboCop (July 1987)(Genre: Science fiction)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 277
|1954-04 March 1988
|
|
|-
| Dorky Dancing
| Dirty Dancing (August 1987)(Genre: Romantic drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 278
|1954-04 April 1988
|
|
|-
| Stinkout
| Stakeout (August 1987)(Genre: Crime comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 278
|1954-04 April 1988
|
|
|-
| Feeble Attraction
| Fatal Attraction (September 1987)(Genre: Psychological thriller)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 279
|1954-04 June 1988
|
|
|-
| Broadcast Snooze
| Broadcast News (December 1987)(Genre: Romantic comedy-drama)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 280
|1954-04 July 1988
|
|
|-
| Three Morons and a Baby
| Three Men and a Baby (November 1987)(Genre: Comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 280
|1954-04 July 1988
|
|
|-
| Crock O'dull Dummee, Too
| Crocodile Dundee II (May 1988)(Genre: Adventure comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 283
|1954-04 December 1988
|
|
|-
| Rambull III
| Rambo III (May 1988)(Genre: Action)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 283
|1954-04 December 1988
|
|
|-
| Biggie
| Big (June 1988)(Genre: Fantasy comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 284
|1954-04 January 1989
|
|
|-
| Numbing to America
| Coming to America (June 1988)(Genre: Romantic comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Sam Viviano
| 284
|1954-04 January 1989
|
|
|-
| Who De-Famed Robber Rabbit?
| Who Framed Roger Rabbit (June 1988)(Genre: Animated Fantasy comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 284
|1954-04 January 1989
|
|
|-
| Crocktale
| Cocktail (July 1988)(Genre: Romantic drama)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 285
|1954-04 March 1989
|
|
|-
| Kookoon: The Rehash
| Cocoon: The Return (November 1988)(Genre: Science fiction fantasy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Jack Davis
| 287
|1954-04 June 1989
|
|
|-
| Twinge
| Twins (December 1988)(Genre: Comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 288
|1954-04 July 1989
|
|
|-
| Lurking Girl
| Working Girl (December 1988)(Genre: Romantic comedy-drama)
| Frank Jacobs
| Angelo Torres
| 288
|1954-04 July 1989
|
|
|-
| Battyman
| Batman (June 1989)(Genre: Superhero film)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 289
|1954-04 September 1989
|
|
|-
| Grossbusters II
| Ghostbusters II (June 1989)(Genre: Supernatural comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 290
|1954-04 October 1989
|
|
|-
| Inbanana Jones and His Last Crude Days
| Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (May 1989)(Genre: Fantasy adventure)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 291
|1954-04 December 1989
|
|
|-
| No Hoax Barred
| No Holds Barred (June 1989)(Genre: Professional wrestling)
| Stan Hart
| Jack Davis
| 291
|1954-04 December 1989
|
|
|}
1990s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Spoofed Title
! Actual Title
! Writer
! Artist
! Issue
! Date
! Index
! Ref
|-
| Funny to Shrink the Kids
| Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (June 1989)(Genre: Comedy science fiction)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 292
|1990-01 January 1990
|
|
|-
| Legal Wreckin' Too!
| Lethal Weapon 2 (July 1989)(Genre: Buddy cop action comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Jack Davis
| 293
|1990-04 March 1990
|
|
|-
| Bleak for the Future Part II
| Back to the Future Part II (November 1989)(Genre: Science fiction-adventure comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 295
|1990-06 June 1990
|
|
|-
| Look Who's Squawking
| Look Who's Talking (October 1989)(Genre: Romantic comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 295
|1990-06 June 1990
|
|
|-
| The Gore of the Roses
| The War of the Roses (December 1989)(Genre: Dark comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 296
|1990-07 July 1990
|
|
|-
| The Hunt For Last October
| The Hunt For Red October (March 1990)(Genre: Espionage thriller)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 297
|1990-09 September 1990
|
|
|-
| Grimlins PTU!: The New Botch
| Gremlins 2: The New Batch (June 1990)(Genre: Comedy horror)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 298
|1990-10 October 1990
|
|
|-
| RoboCrap 2
| RoboCop 2 (June 1990)(Genre: Cyberpunk action-superhero)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 298
|1990-10 October 1990
|
|
|-
| Teen Rage Moolah Nitwit Turtles
| Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (March 1990)(Genre: Superhero science fiction action comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Sam Viviano
| 298
|1990-10 October 1990
|
|
|-
| Totally Recalled
| Total Recall (June 1990)(Genre: Science-fiction action)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 299
|1990-12 December 1990
|
|
|-
| Casabonkers
| Casablanca (November 1942)(Genre: Romantic drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 300
|1991-01 January 1991
|
|
|-
| Schtick Tracy
| Dick Tracy (June 1990)(Genre: Action comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 300
|1991-01 January 1991
|
|
|-
| Groan with the Wind
| Gone with the Wind (December 1939)(Genre: Epic historical romance)
| Stan Hart
| Jack Davis
| 300
|1991-01 January 1991
|
|
|-
| The Wizard of Odds
| The Wizard of Oz (August 1939)(Genre: Musical fantasy)
| Frank Jacobs
| Sam Viviano
| 300
|1991-01 January 1991
|
|
|-
| Gauche
| Ghost (July 1990)(Genre: Romantic fantasy thriller)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 301
|1991-03 March 1991
|
|
|-
| A Knack For Phobias
| Arachnophobia (July 1990)(Genre: Horror-comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Paul Coker, Jr.
| 301
| 1991-03 March 1991
|
|
|-
| Die Even Harder 2
| Die Hard 2 (July 1990)(Genre: Action)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 302
|1991-06 April 1991
|
|
|-
| Slutty Woman
| Pretty Woman (March 1990)(Genre: Romantic comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 302
|1991-06 April 1991
|
|
|-
| Days of Blunder
| Days of Thunder (June 1990)(Genre: Sports action drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 302
|1991-06 April 1991
|
|
|-
| Flopliners
| Flatliners (July 1990)(Genre: Science fiction psychological horror)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 302
|1991-06 April 1991
|
|
|-
| Dorkman
| Darkman (August 1990)(Genre: Superhero)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 302
|1991-06 April 1991
|
|
|-
| Presumed Impotent
| Presumed Innocent (July 1990)(Genre: Legal drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 302
|1991-06 April 1991
|
|
|-
| Home A-groan
| Home Alone (November 1990)(Genre: Christmas comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Sam Viviano
| 303
|1991-06 June 1991
|
|
|-
| Deadwood Scissorham
| Edward Scissorhands (December 1990)(Genre: Romantic dark fantasy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 304
|1991-07 July 1991
|
|
|-
| The Oddfather Part III
| The Godfather Part III (December 1990)(Genre: Crime)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 304
|1991-07 July 1991
|
|
|-
| Dunces with Wolves
| Dances with Wolves (October 1990)(Genre: Epic Western)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 305
|1991-09 September 1991
|
|
|-
| The Violence of the Hams
| The Silence of the Lambs (February 1991)(Genre: Horror-thriller)
| Frank Jacobs
| Sam Viviano
| 305
|1991-09 September 1991
|
|
|-
| Teen Rage Moolah Nitwit Turtles II
| Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II (March 1991)(Genre: Superhero science fiction action comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 306
|1991-10 October 1991
|
|
|-
| Hackdraft
| Backdraft (May 1991)(Genre: Drama thriller)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 307
|1991-12 December 1991
|
|
|-
| Throbbin Hood, Prince of Heaves
| Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (June 1991)(Genre: Romantic action adventure)
| Stan Hart
| Jack Davis
| 307
|1991-12 December 1991
|
|
|-
| Interminable Too Misjudgment Day
| Terminator 2: Judgment Day (July 1991)(Genre: Science-fiction action)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 308
|1992-01 January 1992
|
|
|-
| The Adnauseam Family
| The Addams Family (November 1991)(Genre: Supernatural black comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 311
|1992-06 June 1992
|
|
|-
| Buggy
| Bugsy (December 1991)(Genre: Crime-drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 312
|1992-07 July 1992
|
|
|-
| Hook'em
| Hook (December 1991)(Genre: Fantasy adventure)
| Stan Hart
| Sam Viviano
| 312
|1992-07 July 1992
|
|
|-
| Prince of Tirades
| The Prince of Tides (December 1991)(Genre: Romantic drama)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 312
|1992-07 July 1992
|
|
|-
| The Ham That Robs the Cradle
| The Hand that Rocks the Cradle (January 1992)(Genre: Psychological thriller)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 313
|1992-09 September 1992
|
|
|-
| Star Blecch V: The Farcical Frontier & Star Blecch VI: The Uninspired Continuation
| Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (June 1989) & Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (December 1991)(Genre: Science fiction)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Paul Coker, Jr.
| Special #83
|1992-09 September 1992
|
|
|-
| Basically It Stinks
| Basic Instinct (March 1992)(Genre: Neo-noir erotic thriller)
| Arnie Kogen
| Angelo Torres
| 314
|1992-10 October 1992
|
|
|-
| Buttman Returns
| Batman Returns (June 1992)(Genre: Superhero)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 314
|1992-10 October 1992
|
|
|-
| Lethal Wreckin' 3
| Lethal Weapon 3 (May 1992)(Genre: Buddy cop action comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 315
|1992-12 December 1992
|
|
|-
| Patr*idiotic Games
| Patriot Games (June 1992)(Genre: Spy thriller)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 316
|1993-01 January 1993
|
|
|-
| Sister Axed
| Sister Act (May 1992)(Genre: Musical comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 316
|1993-01 January 1993
|
|
|-
| A League to Bemoan
| A League of Their Own (July 1992)(Genre: Sports comedy-drama)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 317
|1993-03 March 1993
|
|
|-
| Home A-groan 2: Loot in New York
| Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (November 1992)(Genre: Christmas comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 318
|1993-04 April 1993
|
|
|-
| Drek-ula
| Bram Stoker's Dracula (November 1992)(Genre: Gothic horror)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 319
|1993-06 June 1993
|
|
|-
| Blunder Siege
| Under Siege (October 1992)(Genre: Action-thriller)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 319
|1993-06 June 1993
|
|
|-
| A-Lad-Dim
| Aladdin (November 1992)(Genre: Animated comedy musical romantic fantasy adventure)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 320
|1993-07 July 1993
|
|
|-
| Beauty and the Beef
| Beauty and the Beast (November 1991)(Genre: Animated musical romantic fantasy)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 320
|1993-07 July 1993
|
|
|-
| A Few Goofy Men
| A Few Good Men (December 1992)(Genre: Legal drama)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 320
|1993-07 July 1993
|
|
|-
| Groundhog Deja Vu
| Groundhog Day (February 1993)(Genre: Fantasy comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 321
|1993-09 September 1993
|
|
|-
| A Decent Disposal
| Indecent Proposal (April 1993)(Genre: Drama)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 322
|1993-10 October 1993
|
|
|-
| Dive
| Dave (May 1993)(Genre: Comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Angelo Torres
| 323
|1993-12 December 1993
|
|
|-
| Jurass-Has-Had-It Park
| Jurassic Park (June 1993)(Genre: Science-fiction adventure)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 323
|1993-12 December 1993
|
|
|-
| In Line to be Fired
| In the Line of Fire (July 1993)(Genre: Political thriller)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 324
|1994-01 January 1994
|
|
|-
| Senseless in Seattle
| Sleepless in Seattle (June 1993)(Genre: Romantic comedy-drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 324
|1994-01 January 1994
|
|
|-
| The Stooge-itive
| The Fugitive (August 1993)(Genre: Thriller)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 325
|1994-02 February 1994
|
|
|-
| Mrs. Doubtful
| Mrs. Doubtfire (November 1993)(Genre: Comedy-drama)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 327
|1994-05 May 1994
|
|
|-
| The Flickstones
| The Flintstones (May 1994)(Genre: Buddy comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 331
|1994-10 October–November 1994
|
|
|-
| Mavershtick
| Maverick (May 1994)(Genre: Western comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 331
|1994-10 October–November 1994
|
|
|-
| Fairest Shlump
| Forrest Gump (July 1994)(Genre: Romantic drama)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 332
|1994-12 December 1994
|
|
|-
| The Lion's Kin
| The Lion King (June 1994)(Genre: Animated epic musical)
| Stan Hart
| Sam Viviano
| 332
|1994-12 December 1994
|
|
|-
| Not Quite Up to Speed
| Speed (June 1994)(Genre: Action thriller)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 332
|1994-12 December 1994
|
|
|-
| It's Clear the President is a Danger
| Clear and Present Danger (August 1994)(Genre: Spy thriller)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 333
|1995-01 January–February 1995
|
|
|-
| Untrue Spies
| True Lies (July 1994)(Genre: Action)
| Stan Hart
| Tom Bunk
| 333
|1995-01 January–February 1995
|
|
|-
| Frankenslime
| Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (November 1994)(Genre: Horror drama)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 334
|1995-03 March–April 1995
|
|
|-
| Quease Show
| Quiz Show (September 1994)(Genre: Historical film)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 334
|1995-03 March–April 1995
|
|
|-
| Intravenous with the Vampire
| Interview with the Vampire (November 1994)(Genre: Drama horror)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 335
|1995-05 May 1995
|
|
|-
| Plot Friction
| Pulp Fiction (May 1994)(Genre: Crime black comedy)
| Arnie Kogen
| Sam Viviano
| 335
|1995-05 May 1995
|
|
|-
| Buttman Fershlugginer
| Batman Forever (June 1995)(Genre: Superhero)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 337
|1995-07 July 1995
|
|
|-
| Judge Dreck
| Judge Dredd (June 1995)(Genre: Science fiction)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 338
|1995-08 August 1995
|
|
|-
| Gasper
| Casper (May 1995)(Genre: Live-action/computer-animated fantasy comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Paul Coker Jr.
| 340
|1995-10 October–November 1995
|
|
|-
| Die Hard with No Variance
| Die Hard with a Vengeance (May 1995)(Genre: Action)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Drew Friedman
| 340
|1995-10 October–November 1995
|
|
|-
| Appalling 13
| Apollo 13 (June 1995)(Genre: Space docudrama)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 341
|1995-12 December 1995
|
|
|-
| Hokeyhontas
| Pocahontas (June 1995)(Genre: Animated musical romantic drama)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Walt F. Rosenberg
| 341
|1995-12 December 1995
|
|
|-
| Mr. Hollow's Old Puss
| Mr. Holland's Opus (December 1995)(Genre: Drama)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 346
|1996-06 June 1996
|
|
|-
| Broke 'N' Narrow
| Broken Arrow (February 1996)(Genre: Action)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 347
|1996-07 July 1996
|
|
|-
| Wishin' for the Impossible
| Mission Impossible I (May 1996)(Genre: Action spy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 347
|1996-07 July 1996
|
|
|-
| The Nerdcage
| The Birdcage (March 1996)(Genre: Comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 348
|1996-08 August 1996
|
|
|-
| Twit-sters
| Twister (May 1996)(Genre: Disaster adventure)
| Arnie Kogen
| Paul Coker Jr.
| 349
|1996-09 September 1996
|
|
|-
| It's Depends Day
| Independence Day (July 1996)(Genre: Science fiction action)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 350
|1996-10 October 1996
|
|
|-
| It's a Blunderful Life
| It's a Wonderful Life (December 1946)(Genre: Christmas fantasy comedy-drama)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 350
|1996-10 October 1996
|
|
|-
| Disgracer
| Eraser (June 1996)(Genre: Action thriller)
| Arnie Kogen
| Angelo Torres
| 351
|1996-11 November 1996
|
|
|-
| The Hunchback and Note the Dame
| The Hunchback of Notre Dame (June 1996)(Genre: Animated musical drama)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Sam Viviano
| 351
|1996-11 November 1996
|
|
|-
| The Crock
| The Rock (June 1996)(Genre: Action thriller)
| Stan Hart
| Mort Drucker
| 351
|1996-11 November 1996
|
|
|-
| Star Blecch: Worst Contact
| Star Trek: First Contact (November 1996)(Genre: Science fiction)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Paul Coker Jr.
| 352
|1996-12 December 1996
|
|
|-
| Marred Attack!
| Mars Attacks! (December 1996)(Genre: Comedy science fiction horror)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 353
|1997-01 January 1997
|
|
|-
| Rancid
| Ransom (November 1996)(Genre: Crime thriller)
| Stan Hart
| Sam Viviano
| 354
|1997-02 February 1997
|
|
|-
| The People vs. Larry Fylth
| The People vs. Larry Flynt (October 1996)(Genre: Biographical drama)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 357
|1997-05 May 1997
|
|
|-
| Buttman & Rubbin'''
| Batman & Robin (June 1997)(Genre: Superhero)
| Arnie Kogen
| Mort Drucker
| 359
|1997-07 July 1997
|
|
|-
| Howeird Stern, Private Putz| Howard Stern, Private Parts (February 1997)(Genre: Biographical comedy)
| Stan Hart
| Sam Viviano
| 359
|1997-07 July 1997
|
|
|-
| Corn Air| Con Air (June 1997)(Genre: Action)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 360
|1997-08 August 1997
|
|
|-
| The Last Word on Jurass-Has-Had-It Park| The Lost World: Jurassic Park (May 1997)(Genre: Science-fiction adventure)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Paul Coker Jr.
| 361
|1997-09 September 1997
|
|
|-
| Corntact| Contact (July 1997)(Genre: Science fiction drama)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Sam Viviano
| 363
|1997-11 November 1997
|
|
|-
| F*!@/OFF| Face/Off (June 1997)(Genre: Science fiction action)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 363
|1997-11 November 1997
|
|
|-
| Air Farce One| Air Force One (July 1997)(Genre: Political action-thriller)
| Stan Hart
| Sam Viviano
| 364
|1997-12 December 1997
|
|
|-
| G.I. Shame| G.I. Jane (August 1997)(Genre: Action)
| Josh Gordon
| Angelo Torres
| 365
|1998-01 January 1998
|
|
|-
| Starless Troopers| Starship Troopers (November 1997)(Genre: Military science-fiction action)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 367
|1998-03 March 1998
|
|
|-
| Alien Resuscitated| Alien Resurrection (November 1997)(Genre: Science-fiction action horror)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 368
|1998-04 April 1998
|
|
|-
| Screech 2| Scream 2 (December 1997)(Genre: Slasher/Horror)
| Arnie Kogen
| Angelo Torres
| 368
|1998-04 April 1998
|
|
|-
| Trypanic| Titanic (December 1997)(Genre: Epic romance-disaster)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Sam Viviano
| 369
|1998-05 May 1998
|
|
|-
| Gotsilly| Godzilla (May 1998)(Genre: Monster film)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 370
|1998-06 June 1998
|
|
|-
| Sleep Impact| Deep Impact (May 1998)(Genre: Science-fiction disaster)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 373
|1998-09 September 1998
|
|
|-
| The Ecch-Files: Fight This Feature| The X-Files: Fight the Future (June 1998)(Genre: Science fiction thriller)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Timothy Shamey
| 374
|1998-09 September 1998
|
|
|-
| The Truedumb Show| The Truman Show (June 1998)(Genre: Satirical science fiction)
| Stan Hart
| Sam Viviano
| 374
|1998-10 October 1998
|
|
|-
| AHM-A-GETTIN' (The Hell Outta Here!)| Armageddon (July 1998)(Genre: Science fiction disaster)
| Arnie Kogen
| Angelo Torres
| 375
|1998-11 November 1998
|
|
|-
| Hollow-Scream: It's 2 Slow| Halloween H2O (August 1998)(Genre: Slasher/Horror)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Sam Viviano
| 376
|1998-12 December 1998
|
|
|-
| Whattabore| The Waterboy (November 1998)(Genre: Sports comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Timothy Shamey
| 379
|1999-03 March 1999
|
|
|-
| Flushmore| Rushmore (October 1998)(Genre: Comedy-drama)
| Stan Hart
| Angelo Torres
| 380
|1999-04 April 1999
|
|
|-
| Star Blecch: Imperfection| Star Trek: Insurrection (December 1998)(Genre: Science fiction)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 380
|1999-04 April 1999
|
|
|-
| Playback| Payback (February 1999)(Genre: Neo-noir crime)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 382
|1999-06 June 1999
|
|
|-
| Satirize This| Analyze This (March 1999)(Genre: Gangster comedy)
| Josh Gordon
| Angelo Torres
| 383
|1999-07 July 1999
|
|
|-
| Putz Adams| Patch Adams (December 1998)(Genre: Semi-biographical comedy-drama)
| Stan Hart
| Bill Wray
| 383
|1999-07 July 1999
|
|
|-
| The Faketrix| The Matrix (April 1999)(Genre: Science fiction action)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 384
|1999-08 August 1999
|
|
|-
| Mild Mild Mess| Wild Wild West (June 1999)(Genre: Western action comedy)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 384
|1999-08 August 1999
|
|
|-
| Detroit Rock Sissies| Detroit Rock City (August 1999)(Genre: Comedy)
| Desmond Devlin
| Ray Alma
| 385
|1999-09 September 1999
|
|
|-
| Star Bores Epic Load I: The Fandumb Megamess| Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (May 1999)(Genre: Epic space opera)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Mort Drucker
| 385
|1999-09 September 1999
|
|
|-
| Tarzany| Tarzan (June 1999)(Genre: Animated musical drama adventure)
| Dick DeBartolo
| Angelo Torres
| 386
|1999-10 October 1999
|
|
|-
| I'm Enterin' Pie| American Pie (July 1999)(Genre: Teen sex comedy)
| Desmond Devlin
| Ray Alma
| 387
|1999-11 November 1999
|
|
|-
| Big Bladder| Big Daddy (June 1999)(Genre: Comedy)
| Desmond Devlin
| Angelo Torres
| 387
|1999-11 November 1999
|
|
|-
| The Bland Witch Project (Profits)| The Blair Witch Project (July 1999)(Genre: Supernatural horror)
| Desmond Devlin
| Bill Wray
| 387
|1999-11 November 1999
|
|
|-
| Mouth Park: Piggish, Lamer & Uncouth| South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (June 1999)(Genre: Adult animated musical comedy)
| Desmond Devlin
| Grey Blackwell
| 387
|1999-11 November 1999
|
|
|}
2000s
2010s
2020s
2023 (Claptrap)
See also
List of television show spoofs in Mad
Mad (magazine)
Notes
References
Hendrix, Grady: "Cahiers du CinéMAD", Film Comment'', Film Society of the Lincoln Center, March/April 2013
External links
The Mad Cover Site's list of film and television parodies
Film spoofs
Parodies of films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20film%20spoofs%20in%20Mad |
U.S. Family Network, Inc. (USFN) was founded in 1996 by Ed Buckham, who also served as the organization's consultant. USFN was a tax-exempt 501(c)(4) corporation founded in Virginia, with its principal offices located in the District of Columbia in the same building as Buckham's consulting firm Alexander Strategy Group and Tom DeLay's political action committee Americans for a Republican Majority (ARMPAC). USFN received $500,000 from the NRCC and $1 million from lobbyist Jack Abramoff's Russian clients.
Much of the money went to Buckham and his wife, Alexander Strategy Group, and a 15-year lease on a Washington Redskins skybox used by Abramoff. The group closed in 2001 while under a Federal Election Commission probe, distributing several hundred thousands of dollars in remaining assets among people associated with USFN. The townhouse was sold at below market value to U.S. Representative Jim Ryun (R-KS).
The activities of USFN are under investigation by the Justice Department; a subpoena for USFN documents was issued in February 2006, naming Abramoff, Tony Rudy and his wife Lisa, Tom DeLay and his wife Christine, Buckham and his wife Wendy, Ralph Reed, and Grover Norquist.
Financial connections with Jack Abramoff
The U.S. Family Network was largely funded by clients of embattled lobbyist Jack Abramoff. Payments to the group of up to $1 million coincided with votes and other actions taken by Tom DeLay in Congress in favor of the "donors."
Northern Marianas Islands tycoon Willie Tan, an Abramoff client, gave USFN $650,000.
$364,500 in donations to USFN from firms associated with Abramoff were in turn given to the Alexander Strategy Group.
DeLay's financial connections
The Dubya Report reported April 20, 2005 (updated December 29, 2005), that in 1998, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee "filed a Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations (RICO) lawsuit against DeLay and his fundraising operations. DeLay's operation had begun in 1994 when Newt Gingrich slashed DeLay's budget as House Whip. DeLay responded by setting up an organization of his own that would extend his power by contributing to the political campaigns of his colleagues. He hired tobacco lobbyist and anti-union activist Karl Gallant, and induced Enron's Ken Lay to contribute $500,000 to ARMPAC. Enron also came up with a $750,000 consulting contract for Gallant and DeLay chief of staff Ed Buckham. Buckham would later set up his own lobbying firm, the Alexander Strategy Group, which boasted DeLay's wife Christine, a retired schoolteacher, on its staff at a $40,000 a year salary.
"Also named in the RICO suit was Robert G. Mills. Prior to running DeLay's 1996 campaign, Mills worked for the Council for Government Reform, from which he reportedly stole $35,000. Before that he had worked for United Conservatives of America, which was investigated by the Federal Election Commission who believed that UCA's huge debts were being used to hide illegal corporate donations. In 1998 Mills represented an organization called the US Family Network, registered as a 501(c)(4) 'social welfare' organization focused on Christian conservatives. Also on the staff of US Family Network was Ed Buckham's wife, at a salary of $59,000 a year.
"By 1999 Mills had left US Family Network, but Buckham, an ordained minister remained. The Network made headlines as the recipient of the largest single donation the National Republican Congressional Caucus ever made, $500,000. The check was cut by Virginia Congressman and DeLay crony Tom Davis, NRCC chair, but was never approved by the executive committee. The RICO suit alleged that US Family Network existed to hide the source and control of donated funds. The Washington journal Roll Call speculated that the group also existed to make statements and take actions on behalf of (or in opposition to) candidates that the NRCC would be embarrassed to do directly.
"The other 'associated organizations' named in the RICO suit were: the Republican Majority Issues Committee (RMIC), which, like US Family Network, was designed to provide (possibly) legal money laundering for political contributions, and Americans for Economic Reform. The suit alleged that DeLay and his cohorts were 'extorting' money from people with a stake in federal legislation."
Robert Dreyfuss wrote in the February 4, 2000, Texas Observer that in Fall 1999, according to Roll Call, the NRCC gave the Network the $500,000 to "turn out conservative Christian voters on election day."
Additionally, on April 28, 2000, the Texas Observer reported that the "editors at Roll Call hired a tax accountant and consulted industry and academic authorities. Yet no one could figure why a 'grassroots lobbying' political action committee linked to Tom DeLay has raised $1.3 million from only five donors – then spent the money to buy a D.C. townhouse and a truck (registered at Buckham's home), and to lease a skybox at the Redskins stadium for fifteen years.
"Roll Call describe[d] U.S. Family Network as one of a 'web of interlocking groups revolving around DeLay and Ed Buckham, his former chief of staff and top political advisor.'"
The firm Liberty Consulting, owned by Tony Rudy's wife Lisa, was paid $15,600 by the U.S. Family Network in 1999 and $10,400 in 2000.
Nature of organization
"The fifteen-year lease on the skybox suggests that the group is doing a different kind of grassroots lobbying. Frances Hill, a University of Pennsylvania professor, who studies the political activities of tax-exempt groups, seemed bewildered by the group’s lobbying. 'What I can’t figure out is what type of lobbying they are doing,' Hill said. 'Usually a (c)4 is going to do expertise-type lobbying, which includes studies, reports and press conferences and publicly disseminating information. . . . They may have invented a way to turn lobbying into an entertainment activity, rather than an information activity. Have they really found a way to make direct lobbying a means to maintain what looks like a slush fund?'
"Hill also questioned the amount of money U.S. Family spent on fundraising: $665,863 in expenses in 1998, with 60 percent of it going to fundraising and consulting. In 1998 Buckham told Roll Call that he held the fundraising contract and raised money all over the country for U.S. Family. But fundraising in 1998 should not have been so labor-intensive and costly. One donor gave the group $1 million, and other large contributions included a $150,000, a $100,000, and two gifts of $50,000 – not the sort of contributions that require a big investment in mass mail and phone banks. 'They’re not mailing,' Hill said. 'They are going to the skybox. And one assumes that ordinary citizens are not going there.' (The PAC withholds the names of its donors.) The PAC’s mission statement on its tax return is the 'Promotion of social welfare for American Families' and funding projects to 'promote sound family values legislation.' The skybox, according to Thomas Susman, a lobbying law expert consulted by Roll Call, 'wouldn’t be grassroots.'"
Registered lobbyists
U.S. Family Network, Inc. holds lobbyist ID Number 34945000 in the U.S. House of Representatives.
On July 27, 2001 the State of Pennsylvania issued a cease and desist order against the US Family Network, which was listed among those organizations that could not "legally solicit contributions in Pennsylvania until they register[ed] with the bureau or provide[d] the bureau with evidence that they are excluded or exempt from the law."
References
External links
George Loper, Elections 2000: National Republican Congressional Committee Funds National Right to Life Committee and U.S. Family Network, Loper.org, December 1999.
Robert Dreyfuss, The Texas Observer. RICO Law Suit.
Kathryn Jean Lopez, "Karl Gallant Says... 'They clearly see that they’re not going to win the elections at the ballot box, and what they want to do is take it out of the ballot box'," National Review.
501(c)(4) nonprofit organizations
Non-profit organizations based in Virginia
Organizations established in 1996
Jack Abramoff scandals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20Family%20Network |
Sickness Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1927 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1927:
Modification
The principles contained in this convention were subsequently revised and included in ILO Convention C130.
Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention has been ratified by 21 states. One state that has ratified, Uruguay, has subsequently denounced the treaty.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Employee benefits
International Labour Organization conventions
Agriculture in society
Agricultural insurance
Treaties concluded in 1927
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Treaties extended to Aruba
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1927 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickness%20Insurance%20%28Agriculture%29%20Convention%2C%201927 |
Crazy Horse Too is a closed strip club located at 2476 Industrial Road in Las Vegas, Nevada, a few blocks west of the Las Vegas Strip. The club was known as Billy Jo's during the 1970s. In 1978, the club was purchased by Mob member Tony Albanese and renamed Billy Jo's Crazy Horse Too, after the Crazy Horse Saloon, another Las Vegas strip club owned by Albanese. In 1984, Rick Rizzolo took over operations of the club when it was purchased by his father, Bart Rizzolo. Rick Rizzolo was a majority owner by 1986.
In 1995, federal officials began an investigation of activities at Crazy Horse Too. The club endured a history of violent crimes, including the alleged beating of a tourist in 2001. In 2003, Crazy Horse Too was searched by multiple government officials who were investigating possible links between the club and organized crime. As part of a plea bargain, Rick Rizzolo and 16 club officials pleaded guilty to multiple charges in May and June 2006; Rizzolo was ordered to sell the club within a year as part of the deal. Crazy Horse Too subsequently closed in September 2006, after its liquor license was revoked. The club reopened with a temporary liquor license in October 2006.
Rizzolo's attempts to sell Crazy Horse Too failed, and the club was closed again in August 2007, when it was seized by the United States Marshals Service. After multiple failed attempts to sell Crazy Horse Too, the federal government auctioned the club in 2011. California strip club owner Mike Galam reopened the club in May 2013, as The Horse Gentlemen's Club; another Las Vegas strip club, Crazy Horse III, alleged that "Crazy Horse Too" was a trademark infringement. The Horse reverted to its previous name in February 2014, after a judge ruled that Galam had purchased the rights to the name.
Crazy Horse Too closed in August 2014, because of poor customer attendance and liquor license violations. The club continued to open once a month for eight hours to retain its erotic dance establishment license and land use rights. However, the license was revoked in August 2019, as the building had fallen into disrepair and was the target of vagrant break-ins. The building was heavily damaged in a June 2022 fire, and was demolished at the end of the year.
Background
Early history (1972–2000)
Crazy Horse Too operated in a strip mall, constructed in 1972, on Industrial Road, directly north of an overpass used for West Sahara Avenue. By 1978, a popular discothèque named Billy Jo's, which included strippers, had been operating in the strip mall. Tony Albanese, a member of the Mob, purchased Billy Jo's that year after its owner died of health complications. Albanese had already opened a strip club named Crazy Horse Saloon at the intersection of Paradise Road and Flamingo Road, and chose to rename his new club as Billy Jo's Crazy Horse Too. Henry Rapuano took over operations of the club in 1981, after Albanese's severed head was found in the desert in Needles, California.
Rapuano renamed the club simply as Crazy Horse Too. Rapuano died of a sudden heart attack in 1982. Frederick "Rick" Rizzolo – a close associate of Henry Rapuano's son, Al Rapuano – took over operations on February 1, 1984; Rick Rizzolo's father, Bart Rizzolo, purchased the club that month. The club at that time contained and had 12 strippers employed. In 1985, a man named Rick Sandlin suffered permanent brain damage after being beaten outside the club with a baseball bat by Rick Rizzolo, who claimed he was defending himself. Rizzolo, represented by criminal defense attorney Oscar Goodman, pleaded no contest to a misdemeanor charge and avoided jail time. By 1986, Rizzolo was the club's majority owner.
From 1984 until 2006, Rick Rizzolo was involved in an ongoing dispute over parking with "Buffalo" Jim Barrier, a well-known Las Vegas personality and a commercial tenant of Rizzolo. According to numerous newspaper and television reports, for 22 years Rizzolo engaged in an unsuccessful pattern of harassment in attempts to drive Buffalo Jim and his automotive repair business off the Crazy Horse Too property so the club could expand.
In 1991, future pornographic film actress Jenna Jameson began working at the club. In 1998, Rizzolo invested $800,000 in a expansion of the club. The club was expanded into a closed adjacent adult novelty store named L.A. Hot. The expansion brought the club up to approximately , and served as a new dressing room for the club's 600 workers. Rizzolo planned to eventually convert the former dressing room – which served as office space – into a new entertainment area with a bar and stage. Rizzolo learned during construction that he needed a variance for his expansion, as a zoning ordinance prohibited strip clubs from expanding if they were located within 1,000 feet of other sexually oriented businesses. Rizzolo chose to continue construction, as he believed he would be approved for a variance; he said he would likely sue if he was denied.
In January 1999, the expansion was approved by the city's Board of Zoning Adjustments. However, the vote was appealed by a nearby resident and a business, with claims that the expansion would increase traffic and cause parking problems. Another complaint was that hundreds of local children would be exposed to an increased number of drug dealers and drug seekers who would visit the expanded club. City planners allowed Rizzolo to use his expansion pending the outcome of a vote by the City Council, which approved Rizzolo's request for a variance in February 1999. In October 2000, Crazy Horse Too filed a lawsuit against MGM Grand Las Vegas, seeking an injunction to prevent the resort from using the Crazy Horse name for their debut of a topless show titled Crazy Horse Paris. Crazy Horse Too also sought $10,000 in damages.
Criminal investigations (2001–2006)
On October 2, 2001, a lawsuit was filed against the club by Kirk Henry, a tourist from Kansas City, Kansas, who suffered a broken neck after visiting the club on September 20, 2001. Henry alleged that he was beaten up in the club's parking lot after a dispute involving an $80 tab at the club's bar. Representatives of the club contend that Henry was heavily drunk and fell in the parking lot, breaking his own neck. The lawsuit allowed authorities to pursue a criminal RICO investigation of the club.
On October 4, 2001, police utilized search warrants to search the club and confiscate business records, although the club was allowed to remain open during the search. The Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department was investigating the case as of April 2002. Nearly a year after the incident, agents from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) interviewed Henry, who identified Bobby D'Apice, a shift manager at the club, as the man who allegedly attacked him. The Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department launched a criminal investigation in October 2002. By the end of the month, the Federal Bureau of Investigation was now leading the investigation.
As part of the investigation, Rick Rizzolo was questioned about his relationships with various crime figures. Henry's lawyers alleged that many of Crazy Horse Too's employees had extensive criminal records for various offenses. In November 2002, police detectives declined to turn over documents from their investigation, saying, "Premature disclosure of this information would prejudice the criminal investigation and endanger the safety of possible witnesses." Police officials and the FBI expected the investigation to continue at least another six months.
Raid
On February 20, 2003, around 5:00 a.m., the club was raided by approximately 80 to 100 law enforcement officers, some of them armed with rifles. The group included agents from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, as well as two SWAT teams. Crazy Horse Too's attorney, Tony Sgro, said, "They handled (Thursday's) search with the scope and intensity that would be expected if they had located a terrorist cell within the club." Sgro also said, "It was like they found somebody in the al-Qaida network in there. That's how many agents were in there." Sgro criticized the search warrant, as he believed that it contained vague and generic wording. Sgro noted the presence of the news media as the raid began, and called it "nothing short of a publicity stunt." The raid, which lasted 11 hours, was conducted as part of an investigation to determine possible links between the club and organized crime. The investigation had been ongoing for at least 15 months. Officers seized a variety of records – a total of 170 items – that dated back to 1995. The search ended around 4:00 p.m., and the club reopened later that night. The only drugs found on the premises was a marijuana cigarette in a stripper's locker.
On February 21, 2003, Sgro filed a motion in U.S. District Court, seeking the return of certain items seized during the raid: "The club is making a request for the return of only a tiny fraction of the truckloads of equipment, furniture and records taken from the club. These items are basic to the running of the business and are required immediately." The items included nine cash registers, valued at over $10,000 each. Other requested items included computers and current financial documents needed for preparing 2002 tax returns. According to Bart Rizzolo, who had a 10 percent interest in the club, officers also seized all of the club's money in the raid, at least $250,000. Sgro said the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure was violated during the raid, claiming that a Crazy Horse Too representative was not allowed to observe the search: "It cannot be determined, with any accuracy, what was actually taken by officers or what might have been left behind." Rick Rizzolo, who denied any involvement in criminal activity, said his club made more than $10 million a year: "It makes so much money, I wouldn't do something stupid to jeopardize it." Rick Rizzolo also planned to sue the federal government for money lost during the hours of the raid, estimated to be between $40,000 and $60,000.
One of the items under investigation was the $20,000 monthly consulting fee from the Crazy Horse Too bar in Chicago that was being paid to Rizzolo. Actors Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci were interviewed as part of the investigation, as well as George Clooney, who was a longtime friend of Rick Rizzolo.
In late February 2003, employees alleged that they were held at gunpoint during the raid and were forced to provide videotaped statements in exchange for their release from the club. In March 2003, a judge ordered for the return of all items seized during the raid. Rick Rizzolo said business had improved at the club as a result of publicity from the raid. As of March 2003, Crazy Horse Too had approximately 100 employees and more than 5,700 strippers. Talks about a possible plea bargain began a few months after the raid.
Further developments
In October 2003, Rick Rizzolo filed a lawsuit against the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department and several of its officers for their search of the club in October 2001. Rizzolo alleged that the officers persuaded a judge to issue the search warrant by using false information and omitting facts, saying that "there was not in fact probable cause to search the club." That same month, Sgro revealed that Rick Rizzolo had been informed recently that federal authorities had wiretapped Rizzolo's phones and had been intercepting his phone conversations as early as 1996. At the end of the month, a man suffered multiple gunshot wounds after arguing with another person in the club's parking lot. The shooter, unaffiliated with the club, was not found. In November 2003, the Las Vegas Review-Journal noted that the club's violent crimes tend to occur in its parking lot. From 2001 through 2003, officers from the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department had been called out to the club more than 700 times.
In November 2004, D'Apice's home was searched by FBI and IRS agents as part of their investigation into the club. On January 19, 2005, D'Apice was arrested for alleged activities he participated in at the club including federal racketeering charges, assault from a 2001 crime, aided and abetted in prostitution or illegal sexual activity, and distribution of narcotics. It was the first arrest in the ongoing investigation. D'Apice had worked at the club for approximately a decade. It was also revealed that federal officials had been investigating the club since August 1995. D'Apice and a cocktail waitress were also charged with making false statements to a federal grand jury in January 2003 and August 2002 respectively, regarding Henry's incident at the club in September 2001.
In March 2005, Rizzolo's lawyers anticipated an indictment would be made soon.
In January 2006, Luke Brugnara planned to purchase the club. In April 2006, talks increased regarding a group plea deal. In May 2006, 16 people involved with the club pleaded guilty as part of the group plea deal. The plea agreements revealed that strippers at Crazy Horse Too were required to pay 15 percent of their earnings to certain employees at the club. The agreements also revealed that management and other employees at the club had agreed to underreport financial income at the end of each shift, from 2000 to 2003.
On June 1, 2006, Rick Rizzolo pleaded guilty as part of the group plea deal, in which Rizzolo agreed to sell Crazy Horse Too within 12 months. It had been reported that Rizzolo was in talks with potential buyers, including one who was willing to pay $36 million for the club. Rizzolo was required to pay $17 million in fines, including $4.2 million to the federal government and $1.7 million to the IRS. The deal also required Rizzolo to pay $10 million to Henry, after the sale of the club. As part of the deal, prosecutors agreed not to press criminal charges against Rizzolo's sister, Annette Patterson; his brother, Ralph; or his father, Bart, all of whom had been employed or involved at the club. The investigation, which generated more than 8,000 hours of wiretapped conversations, focused on allegations of money laundering, prostitution, tax evasion, and violence.
In July 2006, the Las Vegas City Council voted to hold a hearing in September to discuss penalties for Crazy Horse Too following the guilty pleas from club officials. On September 6, 2006, the City Council voted to revoke the club's liquor license and to impose a fine of nearly $2.2 million, as council members were concerned that some of the people who had pleaded guilty earlier that year were still operating the club. Deputy City Attorney Bill Henry said that Rizzolo "ran the Crazy Horse Too like Tony Soprano runs the Bada Bing."
Crazy Horse Too stopped serving alcoholic beverages on September 7, 2006, after city officials and police served an order revoking the club's liquor license. However, the club resumed sales of alcohol later that night, after Sgro determined that "the way the city served the order was invalid". Sgro filed a complaint to halt the city's order, claiming that potential buyers would not be interested in purchasing the club if were operating without a liquor license.
Closures and reopenings (2006–2019)
Crazy Horse Too closed on the afternoon of September 8, 2006, after a temporary restraining order against the city's decision was denied. While Sgro believed that Crazy Horse Too still had the right to serve alcohol, Rizzolo chose cautiously to have the club closed until a judge issued his decision. Sgro alleged that the city's "true intent" was to seize the property for a widening expansion of Industrial Road. On September 12, 2006, the judge upheld the city's decision to revoke the club's liquor license. Stuart Cadwell, a strip club owner and operator, had agreed in the previous week to purchase the club for $45 million. Although the deal was in escrow, Cadwell said the lack of a liquor license would probably nullify the deal.
On September 19, 2006, Michael Signorelli, who owned the nearby Golden Steer Steakhouse, applied for a temporary six-month liquor license at Crazy Horse Too. Signorelli would temporarily lease the club from Rizzolo, as Cadwell was still considered a potential buyer. At the end of September 2006, an opponent of Crazy Horse Too opened a nearby church; because of a Las Vegas city code, businesses that serve alcohol were prohibited from operating within 1,500 feet of a church. The church's deacon denied that he was attempting to sabotage Signorelli's plans for the club. Signorelli was considered a potential buyer of the club in early October 2006, while a city attorney said the nearby church would not be able to prevent Crazy Horse Too from serving alcohol, saying the club would only become ineligible for a liquor license if it went six months without serving alcohol.
Crazy Horse Too reopened under new management on October 18, 2006, after Signorelli had been granted a temporary three-month liquor license earlier that day. Signorelli leased the club from Rizzolo for $400,000 a month. In January 2007, the city council extended Signorelli's temporary liquor license for another 90 days, despite various concerns, including Rizzolo's possible involvement with the club's operations. Despite lower lease payments as a result of poor business, Signorelli still planned to purchase the club, possibly for another use.
Despite concerns, particularly from Las Vegas police, the City Council approved Signorelli for a permanent liquor license in April 2007. The license came with 12 conditions, one being that Signorelli had to close escrow on the club by June 30, 2007, which was Rick Rizzolo's deadline for selling the club.
Signorelli, who was considered a straw man, had until May 31, 2007, to deposit $38 million into escrow for the sale to close in time; Signorelli failed to do so. In early June 2007, Crazy Horse Too had four other potential buyers, while officials from the FBI, IRS, and U.S. attorney's office were preparing to take over the club and liquidate it.
By late June 2007, Crazy Horse Too had at least two potential buyers: nightclub owner Tommy Karas, and Brugnara, both of whom were willing to pay over $30 million for the club. Crazy Horse Too's liquor license was revoked on July 1, 2007, although the club remained open. Later that month, Signorelli offered $31 million for the club, with $3 million in an escrow account. It was unclear why Signorelli missed the initial deadline. Signorelli also appealed the city's decision to revoke the club's liquor license. Rizzolo declined Signorelli's offer, citing Signorelli's past failure to meet certain obligations. At that time, there were two potential buyers interested in purchasing the club.
In August 2007, Crazy Horse Too had several offers ranging from $31 million to $34 million, with Rick Rizzolo facing a deadline to sell the club by September 30, 2007. At that time, the club's value was believed to have decreased significantly following Signorelli's management. In late August 2007, a retired NBA player was reportedly considering purchasing the club. The club closed later that month after it was seized by the United States Marshals Service.
Prospective buyers
In November 2007, an unnamed buyer planned to purchase the club for $31 million. In May 2008, David Dupont and Maheshkumar Patel, the principals of LCC Cafe Nevada, planned to purchase the closed club for $32 million. The men had approximately half of the money, and attempted to obtain a liquor license in hopes of securing the remaining funds necessary to purchase the club. The club had a deadline of June 30, 2008, after which it would no longer be eligible to offer topless dancing and alcohol because of current zoning codes. In June 2008, Dupont and Patel's request for a liquor license was denied. Later that month, a federal prosecutor urged a judge to override the city's ordinance in order to maintain the club's estimated value of $32 million to $35 million, for the sake of Henry's compensation. Without the special permits, the club's value was expected to drop to between $8 million and $10 million. The judge chose not to extend the deadline.
In September 2009, Christopher Condotti and his Chicago company, CC Holdings, planned to purchase the club. That month, CC Holdings filed a lawsuit against a Las Vegas strip club operating under the name "Crazy Horse III Gentlemen's Club." Condotti claimed that the club infringed on the "Crazy Horse Too" trademark, with the lawsuit claiming that the other club "is confusingly similar in sight, sound and meaning" to the trademark. The lawsuit sought damages and an injunction against the club's owner.
In April 2010, Condotti filed a $10.5 million sales contract in federal court, with one condition being that the club receive all the necessary licenses – a liquor license, a sexually oriented business license, a tobacco license, and a retail sales license – by November 30, 2010. The club would also need a special-use zoning permit, which would require approval from the city council. Las Vegas mayor Oscar Goodman demanded that the city be paid the $2 million fine owed by the club since September 2006, before issuing any of the licenses. Condotti challenged the fine in court. In December 2010, after failed sales attempts, a judge ordered the U.S. Marshals Service to sell the club "by any lawful means, including public auction," with a deadline of May 3, 2011. At that time, the club's value was estimated to be as low as $5 million.
In February 2011, the government scrapped its plans to sell the club and chose to let it enter foreclosure, after realizing that the property could not be sold for the amount of liens against it. The club, at that time, was only valued at $2 million to $3 million, due to a poor economy and the lack of liquor and adult entertainment licenses. A foreclosure sale was expected to take place by April 1, 2011. Rizzolo's lawyer, Dominic Gentile, accused the government of mismanaging the sale: "This is the worst case of bad faith that I've experienced in almost 40 years as a lawyer. The only reason it's worth what it is today is because of the government's deliberate, malignant conduct. This is really, truly outrageous. It won't surprise me if they did it on purpose."
On July 1, 2011, a public auction failed to turn out any potential bidders. As a result, Canico Capital Group, the owner of the property's first deed of trust, purchased the club for $3 million. Canico left open the possibility of persuading the city to reconsider its zoning laws, to allow for a strip club and bar to operate on the property again. Canico and city officials had been discussing the club's future for months as of May 2012. An attorney for Canico said that it was difficult to "imagine that such a funky little strip mall is the most talked about piece of real estate in Clark County."
In June 2012, the city council approved a city ordinance that would allow Crazy Horse Too to reopen as a strip club and bar, allowing Canico to sell the property to a potential buyer at a higher value. The vote was approved with the belief that Canico would donate $1.4 million to the city, an amount of money similar to what Rick Rizzolo owed from his September 2006 fine. In July 2012, the city council voted against diverting $750,000 of the $1.4 million donation to Henry, who had only received $1 million of the $10 million he was owed following his injury at the club in 2001.
New ownership
In March 2013, California strip club owner Mike Galam purchased Crazy Horse Too as part of a $5 million, 59 percent stake in Canico. In early May 2013, Crazy Horse III filed a complaint against Galam, claiming that the club's use of the "Crazy Horse" name was a trademark infringement. The club was renamed as The Horse Gentlemen's Club. Crazy Horse Too's old sign was kept up, but covered with a new sign. Other potential names included "Crazy Mike's" and "The Two."
Nearly 60 strippers were hired for the club's grand reopening, which occurred on May 31, 2013. Galam hoped to have 200 to 250 strippers employed at The Horse within a couple months. A new $75,000 sound system was installed, as well as $30,000 worth of new lights, and 96 infrared cameras located inside and outside the club. Galam also had 26 air conditioners installed for $187,000. The building's copper wiring, which had been stolen by thieves during its long closure, was also replaced. Galam said the club would be free of violence. Galam also planned a reality documentary television series about the club's reopening and its employees, although the series was not produced.
On February 11, 2014, a judge ruled that Galam had purchased the rights to the "Crazy Horse" name when he bought the club. The club reverted to its previous name on the following day. Five people were arrested for prostitution at the club on March 13, 2014. Under Galam's ownership, the club suffered a lack of business, and was criticized for an inadequate video surveillance system. Problems continued at Crazy Horse Too after the sudden death of Galam's longtime girlfriend in April 2014, as Galam subsequently became inattentive in managing the club. The club had been operating with a temporary liquor license, but had amassed between 18 and 27 violations. In June 2014, Craig Franze joined as part owner and a major remodeling of the club was completed.
In early August 2014, Galam was told by city officials that he would not be able to attain a permanent liquor license if he could not avoid future violations. At the advice of city officials and legal counsel, Galam withdrew his application for a permanent liquor license. Crazy Horse Too closed on August 23, 2014, after Galam's temporary liquor license expired. City officials also revoked the club's cabaret license, forcing the club's closure. Franze took over management of the closed property, along with Galam's father and sister: Victor Galam and Jackie Barnes.
The club continued to open once a month for eight hours to retain its erotic dance establishment license and land use rights, without serving alcohol. As of July 2019, the property had opened for eight hours under the name Sin City Teaser's Gentlemen's Club. By that time, the building was considered to be in disrepair and unsafe, with criminal activity frequently occurring on the property and requiring police assistance. Such activity included vagrant break-ins. In August 2019, the city council unanimously voted to revoke the erotic dance license as the club could not comply with municipal codes. The majority landowner and licensee wanted to remedy the issues, but progress was hampered by the other owners.
Fires and demolition (2022)
On the early morning of June 5, 2022, a fire broke out at the strip club and tore through the roof. The structure was heavily damaged, and a second fire occurred at the rear of the building later that month. A closed diner, connected to the club via the strip mall, caught on fire in July 2022. The fires were believed to have been started by homeless people living within the buildings. The city announced that it would proceed with demolition of the club and adjoining buildings on its own, as the property owner failed to secure the site. The property owner ultimately hired a demolition crew, and the club was torn down in December 2022.
Other lawsuits
Scott Fau (1995)
In August 1995, an interstate truck driver named Scott Fau got into a fight with four bouncers at the club. The fight was taken outside and continued in the parking lot, where police and paramedics responded to stop the fighting. Fau, who was nearly dead, was found approximately three hours later near railroad tracks behind the club. Fau, who had a broken nose, foot, and leg, and a severe wound to the head died shortly thereafter.
Fau's widow, Camille Fau, filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the four employees, two of whom died before the case went to trial. On January 13, 2003, after two days of deliberations, jurors found that the bouncers were not liable in Fau's death. According to testimony, just over 30 minutes had passed from the time the fight was stopped to the time the club employees arrived at a hospital for treatment of their broken hands. The jury felt that there was not enough time for a second beating to have taken place during that 30-minute period. Fau's attorney, disappointed with the verdict, said, "We had witnesses that were intimidated. We had witnesses who didn't show up. It just shows that the ongoing criminal activity of employees of the Crazy Horse Too is a lot more far-reaching than they would like people to believe."
Stripper lawsuit (1997)
In March 1997, two strippers filed a lawsuit against Crazy Horse Too, claiming they were not paid any minimum wage and were required to pay $30 of tip money to the club owner at the end of every work shift. The lawsuit sought $30,000 for each stripper who had worked at the club, as well as class action status to cover all strippers who had worked in Las Vegas strip clubs for the previous two years. Crazy Horse Too, which planned to countersue, denied the allegations: "This club receives no payment or income from entertainers who are hired as, and are treated as, independent contractors." The lawsuit was expanded to other strip clubs in June 1997, with Crazy Horse Too's attorney, Tony Sgro, responding "we stand by our original assessment."
Brian Devlin (2001)
In March 2001, a man named Brian Devlin declined to pay an entertainer $600 for lap dances that he believed would only cost $100. As of January 2005, a lawsuit against the club was pending in District Court. Devlin alleged that after he refused to pay, he was escorted outside to the parking lot by several bouncers, who beat him until he was unconscious. Devlin claimed that he woke up covered in blood, with torn clothes and his wallet missing.
Eben Kostbar (2001)
In July 2001, a man named Eben Kostbar visited the club and offered to pay for a friend to receive a table dance. Kostbar refused to pay for the $40 dance, as he believed it was a $20 dance. Kostbar claimed that after exiting the club, he was beat up by multiple bouncers and doormen. Kostbar suffered a concussion, and a contusion to his nose, and had plastic surgery performed on his eye.
Kostbar filed a lawsuit against the club in September 2002, alleging "battery, infliction of emotional distress and negligent training and supervision and negligent infliction of emotional distress." In April 2003, Kostbar offered to settle the case for $140,000. The case was dismissed in September 2003, approximately one month before the trial was scheduled to begin.
Michael Silverman (2002)
A man named Michael Silverman attended the club with his wife in May 2002. While looking for his wife, Silverman got into an argument with a bouncer after saying that his wife had probably left with a stripper to obtain cocaine. Silverman was told by the bouncer not to say "cocaine" inside the club, and was hit by the bouncer after repeating the word. The bouncer was cited for misdemeanor battery. Silverman sued the bouncer, Rick Rizzolo, and Crazy Horse Too for "pain and suffering caused by the assault, emotional distress, negligent hiring and punitive damages." By December 2002, the case had been settled.
Film history
In October 2000, Crazy Horse Too was among scheduled filming locations for Legends in Las Vegas, an A&E documentary. Interior and exterior scenes were shot at the club in April 2001, for Ocean's Eleven. For filming at the club, Rick Rizzolo turned down an offer of $100,000 from the film's producers, which included longtime friend Jerry Weintraub. Rizzolo felt that the club's appearance in the film was enough.
In March 2003, scenes were expected to be shot at the club for the pilot episode of NBC's Las Vegas. In June 2006, scenes were shot at the club for Food Network's reality television series, The Family Restaurant.
See also
Las Vegas Dancers Alliance
List of strip clubs
References
Defunct nightclubs in the Las Vegas Valley
Sex industry in Nevada
Strip clubs in the United States
Buildings and structures in Las Vegas
Prostitution in Nevada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy%20Horse%20Too |
The Northeast India-Myanmar pine forests is a montane subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion in the mountains of Northeastern India and adjacent portions of Myanmar (also known as Burma).
Setting
The ecoregion covers an area of of the Naga Hills that with the Patkai (including the Lushai Hills) and the Manipur Hills form part of the Burmese-Java arc of folded mountains that run south-east of the Himalayas and make up the India-Myanmar border region. The pine forests are found between in elevation, and occur in three separate enclaves. The largest enclave straddles the boundary between India's Nagaland state and Myanmar, and the two smaller enclaves grows in the southern part of India's Mizoram state, also along the Myanmar border. The pine forests are surrounded at lower elevations by the predominantly broadleaf Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests and are part of the huge Burma Monsoon Forest transition zone between the South Asia and Indochina regions.
Flora
The pine forests forms a habitat that is rare in the Indomalayan realm. Tenasserim pine (Pinus latteri) is the dominant species at lower elevations, sometimes associated with dipterocarps. At higher elevations, Khasi pine (P. kesiya) and blue pine (P. wallichiana) are the predominant species, associated with other evergreens including hemlocks (Tsuga) and firs (Abies), and broadleaf trees, including oaks (Quercus) and maples (Acer), while Rhododendron, Ilex, Prunus, and bamboo (Arundinaria) are common understory shrubs.
Fauna
Although home to a smaller variety of wildlife than the surrounding rainforest these pine forests are relatively unspoilt and therefore still important habitat for a number of species adapted to the rocky heights. When the area was surveyed by the Wildlife Conservation Society in the 1950s mammals of the pine forest included Red serow (Capricornis rubidus), sambar (rusa unicolor), Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and Asian black bear (ursus thibetanus) while smaller mammals include Oriental giant squirrels, Indian giant flying squirrel and civets. None of these mammals are endemic to this ecoregion.
Birds reported in the survey include the silver-breasted broadbill (Serilophus lunatus), white-naped yuhina (Yuhina bakeri), rufous-vented tit (Periparus rubidiventris), stripe-throated yuhina (Yuhina gularis), a number of Old World babblers, grey-sided laughingthrush (Garrulax caerulatus), rufous-chinned laughingthrush (Garrulax rufogularis), striated laughingthrush (Garrulax striatus), purple and green cochoas, beautiful nuthatch (Sitta formosa), sultan tit (Melanochlora sultana), some leafbirds and white-browed fulvetta (fulvetta vinipectus) while large numbers of shelduck and bar-headed goose were seen on the Chindwin River. Two more species of laughingthrush are thought to be endemic to these mountains: brown-capped laughingthrush (Garrulax austeni) and striped laughingthrush (Garrulax virgatus).
Threats and preservation
These mountains have been poorly researched since the 1950s, when it was noted that patches were being systematically cleared for farming and this shifting cultivation continues today resulting in soil erosion and loss of habitat for wildlife.
See also
List of ecoregions in India
References
Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, D.C. (U.S.)
Ecoregions of India
Ecoregions of Myanmar
Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
Forests of India
Forests of Myanmar
Montane forests
Indomalayan ecoregions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast%20India%E2%80%93Myanmar%20pine%20forests |
Mayday "Dean" Trippe is a United States-based comic book artist and illustrator. Trippe graduated from the Savannah College of Art and Design with a B.F.A. in Sequential Art in 2003.
Work
Along with Jamie Dee Galey, Trippe was also one of the instigators of the 2005 Batgirl Livejournal Meme, which grew into a phenomenon of over 1000 artists contributing their own unique renditions of DC Comics' Batgirl.
With writer Chris Arrant, they co-founded Project: Rooftop, a website devoted to original redesigns of classic American comic book characters.
Trippe started a Kickstarter campaign in 2014 to publish Something Terrible, an autobiographical comic about child abuse and sexual violence. The work was distributed by Iron Circus Comics.
In September 2015, Trippe illustrated the cover of the scientific journal Nature, in which they designed a team of superheroes representing areas of knowledge (economics, psychology, astronomy, quantum mechanics, medicine, computer science, and Evolutionary biology) that also is used in an editorial and a special issue. Trippe also illustrated a variant for another article within the issue.
Private life
Trippe came out as non-binary in 2021.
They are a member of the Democratic Socialists of America.
Bibliography
Something Terrible Comic autobiography of Dean Trippe and their struggles. Self-published.
Power Lunch Book 1: First Course (with writer J. Torres, Oni Press, 2011, )
Knock Knock Joke of the book with Paul and Jack short story in Yo Gabba Gabba: Comic Book Time! (Oni Press, 2011)
Butterfly, a superhero parody webcomic
Merman Short Story in Comic Book Tattoo (with Jason Horn, Image Comics, 2008, )
Wake, a serialized webcomic for Act-i-vate
Butterfly Origin in Superior Showcase #1 (AdHouse Books, 2006)
Untitled short story in You Ain't No Dancer, Vol. 1 (New Reliable Press, 2005, )
Untitled short story in 2005 FLUKE Anthology
References
External links
Living people
American comics artists
American comics writers
American webcomic creators
LGBT comics creators
Members of the Democratic Socialists of America
American non-binary artists
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American artists
21st-century American writers
21st-century American LGBT people
Savannah College of Art and Design alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday%20Trippe |
The 2008 Africa Cup of Nations, also known as the MTN Africa Cup of Nations due to the competition's sponsorship by MTN, was the 26th edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the biennial football tournament for nations affiliated to the Confederation of African Football (CAF). The tournament was staged at four venues around Ghana between 20 January and 10 February 2008. This was the last Africa Cup of Nations to use the old CAF logo.
Egypt won the tournament, beating Cameroon 1–0 in the final. As winners, they qualified for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup as the CAF representatives.
Host selection
Bids:
Ghana (selected as hosts)
Libya
South Africa (withdrew)
The organization of the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations was awarded to Ghana on 8 July 2004 by the CAF Executive Committee members which are 12 in Cairo, Egypt. Voters had a choice between Ghana and Libya which was disadvantaged by the fact that two countries in the North Africa region had already hosted the last two editions (Tunisia in 2004, and Egypt in 2006).
South Africa, also was a candidate at the start, eventually withdrew in May 2004 after being nominated for the organization of the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
This is the fourth time that Ghana has hosted the African Cup after 1963, 1978 and 2000 (jointly with Nigeria).
Venues
Squads
Qualification
The entrants were divided into 12 groups. All group winners and the best three runners-up from groups with four teams (groups 2-11) qualified for the finals. Host Ghana qualified automatically. Qualifying took place between 2 September 2006 and 13 October 2007.
Teams
– Host, 16th appearance (4 titles)
– Group 1 winner, 17th appearance (1 title)
– Group 2 winner, 21st appearance (5 titles)
– Group 3 winner, 15th appearance (2 titles)
– Group 4 winner, 7th appearance (1 title)
– Group 5 winner, 15th appearance (4 titles)
– Group 6 winner, 4th appearance
– Group 7 winner, 11th appearance
– Group 8 winner, 9th appearance
– Group 9 winner, 5th appearance
– Group 10 winner, 2nd appearance
– Group 11 winner, 13th appearance
– Group 12 winner, 13th appearance (1 title)
– Group 4 runner-up, 13th appearance (1 title)
– Group 9 runner-up, 2nd appearance
– Group 11 runner-up, 7th appearance (1 title)
Match officials
16 referees and 16 assistant referees were selected for the tournament, including two from Japan and one from South Korea.
Seeding and grouping procedure
The draw for the tournament took place on 19 October 2007. The sixteen teams were divided into four pots according to their performances in past Cup of Nations tournaments. Ghana, as host, were automatically seeded as the top team in Group A. Egypt, the defending champions, were seeded as the top team in Group C. Each group consists of four teams, one drawn from each of the pots.
Pot 1: Ghana (Group A), Egypt (Group C), Nigeria, Tunisia
Pot 2: Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Morocco, Senegal
Pot 3: Guinea, Mali, South Africa, Zambia
Pot 4: Angola, Benin, Namibia, Sudan
Tournament ball
During the previous editions of the Africa Cup of Nations, the ball used was not a ball especially made for the tournament. As the tournament was held on even years, the same years big tournaments such as the UEFA European Championships or the FIFA World Cup were held, the official ball for the tournament held this year was used for the African Cup of Nations: the Adidas Roteiro in 2004, or the Adidas Teamgeist in 2006. However, for the 2008 tournament, Adidas made a special ball, clearly different from the Adidas Europass going to be used five months later for the Euro. The ball was named Wawa Aba and was designed to include host nation Ghana's red, yellow and green. The ball was later used for the other African competitions.
For the Akan culture originating from Western Africa, one of the Adinkra symbols named Wawa Aba is a symbol of hardiness, toughness, and perseverance. People there particularly believe in the strength and team spirit of a community. The Wawa Aba literally means "seed(s) of Wawa tree (Triplochiton scleroxylon)”, one of the strongest and most processible woods of Africa and whose seeds are very hard. For the population, the Wawa Aba mainly has mystical significance. These are people who don't let failure discourage them, who seize all opportunities successfully and who are thus just as strong and adaptable as the Wawa Aba.
Group stage
Tie-breaking criteria
Where two or more teams end the group stage with the same number of points, their ranking is determined by the following criteria:
points earned in the matches between the teams concerned;
goal difference in the matches between the teams concerned;
number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned;
goal difference in all group matches;
number of goals scored in all group matches;
drawing of lots by the organizing committee.
All times given as local time (UTC+0)
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Knockout stage
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Third place match
Final
Awards
Player of the tournament
Hosny Abd Rabo
Top scorer
Samuel Eto'o – 5 goals
Best Goalkeeper
Essam El-Hadary
Best XI
The following players were selected as the best in their respective positions, based on their performances throughout the tournament. Their performances were analysed by the tournament's Technical Study Group (TSG), who picked the team.
Substitutes
Richard Kingson
Hany Said
Ahmed Fathy
Frej Saber
Stéphane Mbia
Didier Drogba
Kader Keïta
Goalscorers
5 goals
Samuel Eto'o
4 goals
Manucho
Hosny Abd Rabo
Mohamed Aboutrika
Amr Zaki
3 goals
Didier Drogba
Salomon Kalou
Kader Keïta
Boubacar Sanogo
Junior Agogo
Sulley Muntari
Soufiane Alloudi
2 goals
Geremi
Joseph-Désiré Job
Stéphane Mbia
Mohamed Zidan
Michael Essien
Pascal Feindouno
Brian Brendell
Yakubu
Elrio van Heerden
Chaouki Ben Saada
Francileudo dos Santos
Chris Katongo
1 goal
Flávio
Razak Omotoyossi
Achille Emana
Alain N'Kong
Aruna Dindane
Bakari Koné
Yaya Touré
Marco Zoro
Ahmed Fathy
Haminu Dramani
Asamoah Gyan
Quincy Owusu-Abeyie
Ismaël Bangoura
Oumar Kalabane
Souleymane Youla
Frédéric Kanouté
Hicham Aboucherouane
Abdeslam Ouaddou
Tarik Sektioui
Monsef Zerka
Mikel John Obi
Moustapha Bayal Sall
Henri Camara
Abdoulaye Diagne-Faye
Diomansy Kamara
Katlego Mphela
Yassine Chikhaoui
Issam Jemâa
Mejdi Traoui
James Chamanga
Felix Katongo
Jacob Mulenga
Own goals
Mohammed Ali El Khider (playing against Cameroon)
References
External links
2008 African Cup of Nations at CAFonline.com
Africa Cup of Nations on BBC 1Xtra
African Cup of Nations 2008 coverage on Reuters.co.uk
Africa Cup of Nations tournaments
International association football competitions hosted by Ghana
2007–08 in Ghanaian football
Africa Cup of Nations 2008
Nations
January 2008 sports events in Africa
February 2008 sports events in Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Africa%20Cup%20of%20Nations |
Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery Convention, 1928 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1928:
Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to minimum wage-fixing machinery,...
The principles of the convention were modified and included in the Minimum Wage Fixing Machinery (Agriculture) Convention, 1951 and Minimum Wage Fixing Convention, 1970.
Ratifications
As of 2015, 105 states have ratified the convention. One state, the United Kingdom, has ratified it but subsequently denounced it.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Minimum wage law
Treaties concluded in 1928
Treaties entered into force in 1930
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of the Bahamas
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Belarus
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Belize
Treaties of the Republic of Dahomey
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic
Treaties of the Kingdom of Bulgaria
Treaties of Burkina Faso
Treaties of Burundi
Treaties of Cameroon
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of the Central African Republic
Treaties of Chad
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of the Comoros
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Ivory Coast
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of Dominica
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of the United Arab Republic
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of the French Third Republic
Treaties of Gabon
Treaties of the Weimar Republic
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of Grenada
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
Treaties of Guyana
Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)
Treaties of India
Treaties of the Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
Treaties of the Irish Free State
Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Treaties of Jamaica
Treaties of Japan
Treaties of Kazakhstan
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of South Korea
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Lesotho
Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Madagascar
Treaties of Malawi
Treaties of Mali
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Mauritania
Treaties of Mauritius
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Myanmar
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Niger
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of Paraguay
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Estado Novo (Portugal)
Treaties of Rwanda
Treaties of Saint Lucia
Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Treaties of Senegal
Treaties of Seychelles
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of the Solomon Islands
Treaties of the Union of South Africa
Treaties of the Second Spanish Republic
Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon
Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)
Treaties of Eswatini
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Tanzania
Treaties of Togo
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Uganda
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Venezuela
Treaties of Zambia
Treaties of Zimbabwe
1928 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20Wage-Fixing%20Machinery%20Convention%2C%201928 |
The CBSO Chorus is a chorus based in Birmingham, England.
Description
It was founded in 1973 as the CBSO Chorus, with an upper age limit of 45 years old. Simon Halsey has served as Chorus Director since 1983. Between 1995 and 2009 was known officially as The City of Birmingham Symphony Chorus (CBSC). The chorus is allied with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO), but unlike the orchestra, the singers are amateur.
Because of its close association with the CBSO, the chorus regularly performs with the orchestra and prioritises its time to the CBSO. It has also performed with other major orchestras such as the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, and the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. The chorus has travelled and toured to all the major concert halls around the UK and has toured Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. It has recorded with both the CBSO and other orchestras, mainly on the EMI Classics label. The chorus rehearses at the CBSO Centre in Birmingham, and its home venue is Symphony Hall.
Membership
Membership of the chorus is by audition. All members are reauditioned every other year, with members over 50 year of age reauditioned annually. Members come from all walks of life; many are professionals, others are students. Long service awards are presented for 10, 20 and 30 years service.
The standard is very high and with around 15–20 concerts per year. The chorus rehearses on Wednesday evenings and at other times as required for concerts, and has a full-time management of two, the Chorus Manager and Assistant Chorus Manager and one part-time Chorus Administrator.
Notable performances
The choir performed Mahler's Symphony of a Thousand at the opening of the Sydney Olympic Arts Festival in 2000 during the chorus's World Tour. In Birmingham in October 2000 the chorus was joined by the City of Birmingham Choir for the centenary performances of Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius.
The chorus and youth chorus performed Mahler's Symphony of a Thousand on three occasions in 2002: with the BBC Philharmonic and Gianandrea Noseda at the Bridgewater Hall to open the Commonwealth Games Festival in July 2002 (and also at Symphony Hall and the BBC Proms in August). In May 2002 the chorus accepted an invitation to record live for EMI at the Vienna Musikverein singing in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony with the Vienna Philharmonic and Sir Simon Rattle. After two performances, the chorus received complimentary reviews such as from the Wiener Zeitung noting that "the CBSC met Rattle's demands with transparency, clarity and perfect execution".
In January 2004 the chorus flew to Helsinki to join the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra for the Finnish premiere of Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius (they performed later in the year with the CBSO in Birmingham and Amsterdam). On 31 January 2004, the chorus celebrated its 30th Anniversary with a choral programme and, in June, live concert recordings for EMI of Mahler's Symphony of a Thousand with the CBSO and Sir Simon Rattle. In September 2004 the chorus performed for the first time with the Berlin Philharmonic under Sir Simon Rattle at the BBC Proms and at Symphony Hall in performances of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.
In February 2006 the chorus appeared in Hong Kong at the Hong Kong Cultural Festival, giving a performance of Mahler's Second Symphony with the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra under Edo de Waart and performing Fauré's Requiem under Simon Halsey. October 2006 saw the chorus joining the City of Birmingham Choir and the CBSO to give the Centenary performances of Elgar's The Kingdom.
In June 2007 the chorus took part in the 150th Anniversary of Edward Elgar's birth by performing The Dream of Gerontius, The Apostles and The Kingdom over three days with Sakari Oramo and the CBSO. The chorus then performed The Apostles again with Oramo and the CBSO at The Proms in August and The Dream of Gerontius in St. George's Chapel, Windsor in September at the Windsor Festival with Christopher Robinson and the CBSO.
The 2007–2008 season saw the chorus taking part in the reopening of the Town Hall, Birmingham. In April 2008 the chorus travelled to Kuala Lumpur to perform Vaughan Williams' A Sea Symphony with the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra under Martyn Brabbins. In June 2008 they performed Beethoven's Ninth Symphony for the 50th time in the final concert under Sakari Oramo as music director of the CBSO.
In 2013 to mark the centenary of the birth of Benjamin Britten, the CBSA chorus accompanied the orchestra and three solo singers to perform Britten's War Requiem at Coventry Cathedral.
Recordings
The chorus claims many recordings to its credit, including five award-winning releases: Mahler's Symphony No. 2 conducted by Sir Simon Rattle which won Gramophone Record of the Year in 1988; Sir Michael Tippett's A Child of Our Time, conducted by the composer, which was awarded the Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik; Szymanowski's Stabat Mater conducted by Sir Simon Rattle, which was awarded the 1995 Gramophone Best Choral Recording. At the 2000 Gramophone Awards the chorus was awarded Best Opera recording for its EMI release of Szymanowski's King Roger with the CBSO and Sir Simon Rattle, and Best Choral recording for its Chandos release of works by Lili Boulanger with the BBC Philharmonic and Yan Pascal Tortelier in 1999. Other recent releases include Walton's Belshazzar's Feast, and Mahler's Symphony No. 3 with the CBSO, and choral works by Fauré with the BBC Philharmonic. In 2006 the chorus released its first completely choral CD under Halsey on the EMI label. In 2007 the chorus featured on a new recording of The Dream of Gerontius with the CBSO and Oramo released for the Elgar 150th birthday celebrations on the CBSO's own label.
References
External links
Choruses page of the CBSO website
CBSC Concert History – list of concerts given to date by the Chorus, and list of recordings
Musical groups established in 1973
English choirs
Culture in Birmingham, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBSO%20Chorus |
Otto Hoetzsch (14 February 1876 – 27 August 1946), was a German academic and politician (German Conservative Party, DNVP and KVP). At the beginning of the 20th century, he was one of the founders of East German research and advocated dealing with the Eastern European states amicably. For this reason, when he spoke out against annexationist efforts towards Russia in 1917, the National Socialists defamed him as a pro-Bolshevik.
Bibliography
Son of a plumber, he studied history, economics and history of art in Leipzig, starting in 1895. In 1899 he obtained a PhD, worked for several newspapers and was active in the Alldeutscher Verband and favoured the creation of a German Navy. In 1905 he passed the exam as an interpreter in Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, French, English, Italian and Dutch. Between 1906 and 1913 he taught in the Prussian Royal Academy in Posen. In 1913 he became Professor for Eastern European history in Berlin.
He started his political career as a member of the Prussian constitutional assembly. In 1918 he joined the DNVP (German National People's Party), and was a member of the Reichstag from 1920 to 1930. In 1922 he helped negotiate the Treaty of Rapallo with the new Soviet Union, as an interpreter. He felt that this would also lead to an international rehabilitation of Germany after the Great War.
He greatly admired President Hindenburg, whom he also entertained at dinner in his home.
Between 1923 and 1934 he repeatedly travelled to the Soviet Union and founded the Journal Osteuropa (Eastern Europe) which still exists. In 1928 he went on an extensive lecturing tour through the United States. Back in Berlin he maintained contacts with Russian emigrants.
Although he was a German nationalist (like many of his contemporaries in 1914 he had enthusiastically welcomed the outbreak of World War I), the Nazis considered him a Bolshevik. Consequently, he resigned from the Reichstag in 1932 and was forced to retire in 1935.
After World War II, he once more became a professor of history in Berlin, this time with Soviet approval. He published extensively on Russian and American History and was widely recognized in both East and West Germany.
In 1966 his classic text Grundzüge der Geschichte Russlands was translated and published as The Evolution of Russia as part of the "Library of European Civilization" series.
References
External links
1876 births
1946 deaths
Politicians from Leipzig
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
German Lutherans
German Conservative Party politicians
German National People's Party politicians
Conservative People's Party (Germany) politicians
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Alldeutscher Verband members
Prussian politicians
Academic staff of Royal Academy Posen
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Hoetzsch |
Hinde Ester Singer Kreytman (31 March 1891 – 13 June 1954), known in English as Esther Kreitman, was a Yiddish-language novelist and short story writer. She was born in Biłgoraj, Vistula Land to a rabbinic Jewish family. Her younger brothers Israel Joshua Singer and Isaac Bashevis Singer subsequently became writers.
Early life and education
Kreitman was the daughter of Pinkjas Mendl Menachem Zynger (Singer) and his wife Basheve (Bathsheba), née Zylberman. Her father was a rabbi and an avid Hasid with a passion for mysticism. Kreitman's mother also came from a rabbinic, albeit non-Hasidic, family. The daughter of the rabbi of Biłgoraj, who was renowned in his day for his intellectual and spiritual character, she had benefited from an education comparable to that of her brothers.
Kreitman had an unhappy childhood. According to her son, her mother gave her to a poverty-stricken wet nurse for the first three years, who left her in a cot under a dusty table where she was visited once a week by her mother, who did not touch her. The dust caused her to go blind, and she only partially regained her sight. Later, as a highly gifted child, she had to watch her younger brothers being taught, while she was relegated to menial household duties. Kreitman's first novel includes numerous scenes depicting the main female character's desires for education: scenes in which she waits with great anticipation for the bookseller to arrive in their town, dreams of becoming a scholar, and hides a Russian text-book from the male members of her family so that they won't find out she is studying in secret. It is likely that these incidents reflect Kreitman's own story.
Career
In 1912, she agreed to an arranged marriage, and went to live with her husband, Avraham Kreitman, a diamond cutter, to Antwerp, Belgium. The events surrounding this marriage are both described by her in Deborah and by Isaac Bashevis Singer in his autobiographical collection In my Father's Court.
In Antwerp her son, Morris Kreitman, was born. (He later was known by his journalistic pen name, Maurice Carr, and his novelistic pen name, Martin Lea.) The outbreak of World War I forced the family to flee to London, where Kreitman lived for the rest of her life, except for two long return visits to Poland.
Her marriage was not happy. She and her husband both worked in menial jobs, and she translated classic English works into Yiddish to earn extra
money. Although she had been the first in the family to write, she published relatively late in life, her first novel Der Sheydims Tants (Dance of the Demons) appearing in Poland in 1936. It was translated by her son in 1946 as Deborah. Her second novel, Brilyantn (Diamonds) was published in 1944. Yikhes (Lineage), her book of short stories, was published in 1949. Many of her works deal with the status of women, particularly intellectual women, among Ashkenazi Jews. Other works explore class relationships, and her short stories include several set in London during The Blitz, which she experienced.
After World War II, Kreitman attempted to contact her mother and a third brother, Moyshe, who had become a village-rabbi in Poland and had fled to the Soviet Union with their mother and his wife; their father had died before the war. Although she received two postcards from southern Kazakhstan, in the town of Dzhambul, (today Taraz), no further communication was forthcoming. Forced evacuation of Jewish refugees to Central Asia under extremely harsh conditions was relatively common in the Soviet Union during World War II, and both are reported to have perished in 1946. Her other brother Israel Joshua Singer had died in New York in 1944, but her remaining sibling, Isaac Bashevis Singer, came to visit her in London in 1947.
Her relationship with her brothers had always been complex. Her son tells about how she constantly told him stories about her brothers – until mother and son went to visit them Poland in 1936 when she felt rejected by both and never talked about them again. This feeling of rejection must have been aggravated when Isaac Bashevis Singer refused to help her immigrate to the United States after 1947. He also did not answer letters and failed to send money, although – then far from being the famous and well-to-do writer he would become in his old age – he was comparably secure and Kreitman and her family were in great need.
Kreitman's two brothers are not known to have encouraged or helped her as an author. Her books were never reviewed in Yiddish daily The Forward, for which they both worked. But the deep impression her personality made on both of them is reflected in their work. In Israel Joshua Singer's Yoshe Kalb an unhappy and unstable seductress appears to be modelled on Kreitman, and Isaac Bashevis Singer's Satan in Goraj includes an innocent girl who is crushed by circumstance, who carries Kreitman's features and particularities. (Esther Kreitman suffered either from epilepsy or another physical or mental condition with similar symptoms, and was later in life diagnosed as paranoid.) I.B. himself stated that his sister was the model for his fictional Yentl, a woman from a traditional background who wishes to study Jewish texts. He considered Esther Kreitman the "best female Yiddish writer" he knew, but difficult to get along with. "Who can live with a volcano?" (Hadda, p. 137). And he dedicated the volume of his collected short stories The Seance (New York, 1968) "To the memory of my beloved sister".
Death and legacy
Kreitman died in 1954 in London. Since her death, her works, which she wrote "in support of the Haskalah (Jewish enlightenment) from a female perspective," have been translated into French, German, Dutch and Spanish. Almost her entire small output is now available in English translation. There are only a few works of Kreitman translated into Polish, Kreitman's stories were published in Poland in 2016 (translated by Natalia Moskal). Her biography and works were the inspiration for the play "Hindełe, the Sister of the Magician" performed from 2017 in Lublin.
Works in Yiddish and English
Der Sheydim-Tants (Warsaw: Brzoza, 1936); translated by Maurice Carr as Deborah (London: W. and G. Foyle, 1946; republished London: Virago, 1983, New York: St. Martins Press, 1983, London: David Paul, 13 August 2004, , and New York: Feminist Press, 1 May 2009 ).
Brilyantn (London: W. and G. Foyle, 1944); translated by Heather Valencia as Diamonds (London: David Paul, 15 October 2009, ).
Yikhes (London: Narod Press, 1949); translated by Dorothee van Tendeloo as Blitz and Other Stories (London: David Paul, 1 March 2004 ).
References
Bibliography
Carr, Maurice. "My Uncle Itzhak: A Memoir of I. B. Singer." Commentary, December 1992: 25–32.
Carr, Maurice. "Kadish Mayn Muter Ester Kreytman." Loshn un Lebn 173 (June 1954): 8–10. (In Yiddish)
Carr, Maurice. "My Mother, Hindele", Introduction by David Mazower, Pakn-Treger 45 (Summer 2004): 44–49.
"Ester Kreytman, o'h." [London] Yidishe Shtime 18 June 1954: 1. (In Yiddish)
Fogel, Joshua. "Esther Kreitman and Her Sketch, 'A New World,'" The Yale Review 73 (Summer 1984): 525–32.
Hadda, Janet. Isaac Bashevis Singer: A Life. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
Kreitman, Esther. "Ester Kreytman's Notitsn Vegn Zikh Aleyn." [London] Yidishe Shtime. 9 July 1954: 3. (In Yiddish)
Norich, Anita. "The Family Singer and the Autobiographical Imagination." Prooftexts, 10 n. 1 (Jan. 1990): 97–107.
Ravitch, Melech. "Ester Kreytman." Mayn leksikon vol. 4 pt. 2 (Montreal: Komitet, 1982): 254–6. (In Yiddish)
Sinclair, Clive. "Esther, the silenced Singer", Los Angeles Times, Sunday, 14 April 1991: BR1, 11.
Singer, I.J. Fun A Velt Vos Iz Nishto Mer. (New York: Farlag Matones, 1946). In English as Of a World That is No More. Trans. Joseph Singer. (New York: Vanguard Press, 1971).
Tree, Stephen. Isaac Bashevis Singer. (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 2004). (In German)
External links
Guide to the Papers of Esther Kreitman (RG 341). YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
A Bibliography of Works by and About Esther Kreitman
Books by Esther Kreitman in All Languages
Article on the "Jewish Women's Archive"
The Life and Works of Esther Kreitman
Kreitman Esther on the Virtual Shtetl, Museum of History of Polish Jews POLIN
1891 births
1954 deaths
British Jewish writers
British writers
British people of Polish-Jewish descent
20th-century Polish women writers
Translators from English
Translators to Yiddish
Yiddish-language writers
20th-century translators
20th-century British women writers
Jewish women writers
People from Biłgoraj | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther%20Kreitman |
John Henry Batchelor MBE (1936-2019) was an English artist and technical illustrator, particularly known for his clear and detailed cutaway illustrations of vehicles and military equipment and stamp illustrations. His work can be seen in many hundreds of late-20th-century works on armour, fighting vehicles, ships, firearms, etc. (for example the many works of Ian V. Hogg). Batchelor's work is particularly sought after by scale model makers for its accuracy. He provided illustrations for many magazines such as Radio Times, TV Times and technical interest publications such as Popular Mechanics, Air & Space, and The Aeroplane.
Career
Batchelor was born and brought up in Essex, leaving home aged 16 to travel the world for two years before joining the RAF aged 18. After leaving the RAF he worked in the technical illustration departments of Bristol Aeroplane Company, Saunders-Roe (where he worked on the first hovercraft) and Martin-Baker, developing a hobby of drawing and painting antique pistols and becoming adept at portraying metal and wood finishes.
As a freelance illustrator he worked first on boys' papers including The Eagle, then in 1966 he became involved with Purnell's partwork History of the Second World War, for which he produced a total of 1163 illustrations. This partnership extended to the same publisher's subsequent History of the First World War and Encyclopedia of modern Weapons and Warfare.
He was also commissioned by commercial organisations, notably Trans World Airlines, to produce reference illustrations for historical and technical publications.
During his career Batchelor designed 864 stamps for 49 countries in 25 years which probably makes him the world's premier stamp illustrator. The 49 countries don't include Great Britain, whose Post Office never answered the letters he sent over the years. Batchelor’s stamp designs feature in his 2016 book John Batchelor’s World of Stamps: A Unique Collection.
Batchelor was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to illustration. He also received awards from the American Institute of Graphic Arts and the Society of Illustrators.
Personal life
John Batchelor lived in Dorset with his second wife, Elizabeth, whom he married in Canada in the early 1980s.
He died on 2 January 2019, aged 82.
References
Publishing Solutions WWW Limited (archived 2014)
1936 births
Living people
English illustrators
Members of the Order of the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Batchelor%20%28illustrator%29 |
Albert Leslie Yoxall (18 May 1914 – 30 September 2005) was a British codebreaker at Bletchley Park during World War II. He devised a method to assist in solving Enigma messages which was dubbed Yoxallismus. After the war he worked at GCHQ until the mid-1970s.
Early life
Albert Leslie Yoxall was born on 18 May 1914 in Salford, and was the youngest out of four brothers. His father died young in a tramway accident. Leslie Yoxall was educated at Manchester Grammar School from 1925 and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge from 1933, graduating with first-class honours. He received his doctorate in 1941.
On the outbreak of war, Yoxall returned to teach at Manchester Grammar School, and was next in line to become the head of mathematics.
Codebreaking at Bletchley Park
In April 1941, Gordon Welchman wrote to Yoxall advising him that he would soon be asked to help with "war work". In due course, Yoxall was invited to join Bletchley Park and was, alongside Bill Tutte, interviewed by Hugh Alexander and then Alan Turing. Yoxall was selected to join the team in Hut 8, working on Naval Enigma as a "temporary junior administrative officer". He worked on the problem of Offizier (Officer) messages, which had been enciphered on Enigma with a second setting for additional security. Yoxall discovered what became known as "Yoxallismus", a method for recovering the Offizier setting.
In October/November 1942, he moved to Hut 7 to work on a Japanese naval cipher, making a significant contribution in identifying how the cipher permutations were constructed.
Post-war work
After the war he moved to Eastcote and then moved again with GCHQ to Cheltenham in 1953. He worked in Washington as a liaison officer from 1959 to 1963, and returned again in 1968 to 1972. After the first tour in the US, a letter sent to the director of GCHQ (Clive Loehnis) stated that "his superior technical competence and analytic insight have served as a stimulus to everyone with whom he came into contact. His engaging personality, diplomacy and tact have endeared him to us all".
He retired from GCHQ around 1974 and returned to teaching, tutoring and coaching students in mathematics.
Personal life and death
In 1949, Yoxall married Doris Gibson. She died in 2002.
Yoxall died on 30 September 2005, at the age of 91.
References
GCHQ cryptographers
People from Salford
Bletchley Park people
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
1914 births
2005 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Yoxall |
Kelvin Trent Tucker (born December 20, 1959) is an American retired professional basketball player who played eleven seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA).
A shooting guard, Tucker attended the University of Minnesota from 1978 to 1982, leading them to a Big Ten Conference championship in his senior year. He was then selected by the New York Knicks with the 6th overall pick of the 1982 NBA draft. On 30 November 1982, in his NBA debut, Tucker outscored the opposing Utah Jazz 17-11 in the third quarter. One of the earliest three-point specialists, Tucker represented the Knicks in the first ever Three-point Shootout (1986), making it to the semifinals before being outpaced by Craig Hodges and eventual winner Larry Bird. Tucker would play nine seasons with the Knicks before joining the San Antonio Spurs in 1991, and after one season with the Spurs he joined the Chicago Bulls, who won the 1993 NBA Championship. He retired after that season, having tallied 6,237 career points and 1,532 career assists.
The Trent Tucker Rule
On January 15, 1990, when Tucker was with New York, with 0.1 of a second remaining in a game against the Chicago Bulls, he got off a wild three-point shot before the buzzer and made the basket. The shot counted and the Knicks won. After Bulls' coach Phil Jackson vociferously complained following the game, the NBA immediately established a rule, which states that 0.3 needs to be on the clock in order for a player to get a shot off whether they make it or not. Inside of 0.3 seconds, only a tip-in or a high lob would count.
This rule is also used in 3x3 basketball.
Post-playing career
After retiring, Tucker worked as a broadcast analyst for Minnesota Timberwolves basketball games. He currently works for KFAN radio. Tucker has also been an active philanthropist; he founded the Trent Tucker Non-Profit Organization in 1998. On April 15, 2013, Trent began his duties as Director of District Athletics for the Minneapolis, MN Public School District.
Tucker, however, resigned from his post as Director of District Athletics for the Minneapolis, MN Public School District on February 9, 2018 after "he didn’t see eye-to-eye with new district leadership."
References
External links
NBA stats @ basketball-reference.com
TrentTucker.org
NBA Three-Point Shootout - All Time Results
Hoopology
1959 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Flint, Michigan
Basketball players from North Carolina
Chicago Bulls players
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball players
Minnesota Timberwolves announcers
New York Knicks draft picks
New York Knicks players
People from Tarboro, North Carolina
San Antonio Spurs players
Shooting guards
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent%20Tucker |
Marking of Weight (Packages Transported by Vessels) Convention, 1929 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1929:
Ratifications
As of 2013, the treaty has been ratified by 66 states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1929
Treaties entered into force in 1932
Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of the First Austrian Republic
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Bangladesh
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of the Kingdom of Bulgaria
Treaties of Burundi
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of the French Third Republic
Treaties of Nazi Germany
Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
Treaties of Honduras
Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)
Treaties of British India
Treaties of Indonesia
Treaties of the Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
Treaties of the Irish Free State
Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Treaties of the Empire of Japan
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of Myanmar
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
Treaties of the Ditadura Nacional
Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of South Africa
Treaties of the Second Spanish Republic
Treaties of Suriname
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Venezuela
Treaties of Vietnam
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Admiralty law treaties
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
1929 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marking%20of%20Weight%20%28Packages%20Transported%20by%20Vessels%29%20Convention%2C%201929 |
Jari Veikko Sillanpää (; born 16 August 1965) is a Finnish-Swedish singer. With over 820,000 records sold, he is the fifth-best-selling music artist and second-best-selling solo artist in Finland.
Life and career
Born into a Sweden-Finnish family, Sillanpää spent his childhood in Sweden. His mother was one of the tens of thousands Finnish children who were evacuated to Sweden during World War II. Sillanpää's maternal great-grandfather, Potif Afanasief, and great-grandmother were Russians.
Sillanpää moved to Finland in the mid-1990s. He gained fame after winning the Seinäjoki Tangomarkkinat tango contest in 1995.
Sillanpää's 1996 debut album Jari Sillanpää is the best-selling album of all time in Finland, with over 270,000 copies sold.
In 1998, Sillanpää was awarded the Male Soloist of the Year Emma award.
Sillanpää represented Finland in Eurovision Song Contest 2004 and his song "Takes 2 to Tango" (which he wrote the lyrics for) received 51 points in the semi-final, taking the 14th place and not qualifying for the final. Sillanpää participated in the Finnish National Final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Kirkas kipinä", making it to the final show, but finishing out of the final three.
A Swedish citizen by birth, Sillanpää also obtained Finnish citizenship in the early 2010s. In 2006 Sillanpää came out publicly as homosexual.
In August 2018, Sillanpää received a suspended 10-month sentence for buying methamphetamine. In early 2020, Sillanpää was on trial for having filmed a computer screen with his phone while a child sexual abuse video was playing on the computer. Sillanpää denied the charge and said someone else had used his phone. He was convicted and given a fine of more than 15,000 euros.
Discography
Albums
Jari Sillanpää (1996)
Hyvää joulua (1996) – Christmas album
Auringonnousu (1997)
Varastetut helmet (1998)
Onnenetsijä (1999)
Maa on niin kaunis (2000) – Christmas album
Hän kertoo sen sävelin (2001)
Määränpää tuntematon (2003)
Albumi (2008)
Al Ritmo Latino (2008)
Kuin elokuvissa (2009)
Millainen laulu jää (2011)
Rakkaudella merkitty mies (2014)
Compilation albums
Kuninkaan kyyneleet (2000)
Parhaat (2005)
Kaikkien aikojen parhaat (2013)
Singles
"Bum bum bum" (1997)
"Valkeaa unelmaa" (1998)
"Lauluni" (1999)
"Kuuleeko Eero?" (1999)
"Lumilinna" (1999)
"Sininen & punainen" (2001)
"Takes 2 to Tango" (2004)
"Vierellesi kaipaan" (with Katri Helena) (2007)
"Liekeissä" (2012)
See also
List of best-selling music artists in Finland
References
External links
Official website
1965 births
Living people
People from Ludvika Municipality
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Finland
20th-century Finnish male singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2004
Gay singers
Finnish LGBT singers
Finnish gay musicians
Finnish tango musicians
Swedish expatriates in Finland
Swedish people of Finnish descent
Finnish people of Russian descent
Swedish people of Russian descent
Naturalized citizens of Finland
Swedish LGBT singers
Swedish gay musicians
20th-century Finnish LGBT people
21st-century Finnish LGBT people
21st-century Finnish male singers
20th-century Swedish LGBT people
21st-century Swedish LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari%20Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4 |
Hen Cliff is part of the Jurassic Coast near Kimmeridge in the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset, England.
The cliff runs from the eastern end of Kimmeridge Bay (below the folly called Clavell Tower) east to an area called Cuddle. The cliffs consist (as at Kimmeridge Bay) of ledges of dolomite interspersed with thicker units of shale. Rockfalls are common and dangerous here. To the southeast are the Kimmeridge Ledges.
References
Isle of Purbeck
Cliffs of England
Headlands of Dorset
Jurassic Coast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen%20Cliff |
Adenau () is a town in the High Eifel in Germany. It is known as the Johanniterstadt because the Order of Saint John was based there in the Middle Ages. The town's coat of arms combines the black cross of the Electorate of Cologne with the lion of the lords of Nürburg. The northern loop of the Nürburgring lies just outside the town.
The Breidscheid section of Adenau was a separate municipality until 1952. The lords of Breidscheid are mentioned in the 13th century. The chapel of Breidscheid is dedicated to Saints Roch and Sebastian and was built in 1630 as a plague chapel.
History
Adenau is mentioned for the first time in 992, under the name Adenova. In 1162, Ulrich, Count of Are donated his manor to the Order of St. John (also called the Order of Malta). Adenau was the third oldest settlement of this order in Germany. The members of the order cared for paupers and pilgrims. Until 1518, the Komtur of the order also served as the parish priest.
In 1816 Adenau became the seat of an independent district. The District of Adenau was one of the poorest districts in Prussia. In 1927 the Nürburgring opened, built on the initiative of local magistrate Dr. Otto Creutz. In 1932 the district of Adenau was merged into the district of Ahrweiler.
Destinations
The Nürburgring
The Hohe Acht
Population development
The population development of Adenau refers to today's area of Adenau. The numbers 1871-1987 are census results:
Politics
The town council consists of 20 councillors and the local mayor.
CDU: 12 seats
ÖDP: 3 seats
FDP: 2 seats
SPD: 3 seats (situation: Local election on 25 May 2014)
Schools
In Adenau, there are three schools: a primary, a secondary (Realschule) and a high school (Gymnasium). The Erich Klausener Gymnasium
has 723 pupils and 46 teachers. The secondary school has 486 pupils.
(Hauptschule) The primary school has 240 pupils and 21 teachers.
Hohe Acht
The Hohe Acht is a tertiary volcano, the highest peak in the Eifel, rising 747 m above sea level. It is immediately east of Adenau. The Kaiser-Wilhelm-tower has stood on the peak since 1909. The tower was built from 1908 to 1909 on the occasion of the silver wedding of Emperor Wilhelm II and Empress Augusta Victoria. The 16.3 m high tower was designed by architect Freiherr von Tettau and became a protected monument in 1987. The tower offers extensive views of the Eifel landscape.
Culture
The international rock festival Rock am Ring
is a major cultural event. Every year 80,000 or more people meet near Adenau to "rock". The event first took place in 1985, and was originally planned as a unique event. It was so successful, with 75,000 participants, that it was decided to make it an annual event. There has been one 2-year break since then after attendance numbers fell in 1988, after which the festival resumed in 1991 in a revised format with more emphasis on new acts. The camp associated with the festival is an important part of the experience.
Adenau is also known globally in the motorsports world from the name of the Adenau Bridge corner on the Nürburgring Nordschliefe race circuit. The corner is about 9.5km from the start of the circuit and is located to the south east of Adenau town.
Twin towns — sister cities
Adenau is twinned with:
Sillery, Marne, France
Mellieħa, Malta
Castione della Presolana, Italy
Famous people
Johann Nicola Baur (1808−1874) merchant and Prussian civil servant
Clemens de Lassaulx (1809–1906), forester in Adenau, the "father of the Eifel"
Erich Klausener (1885–1934), magistrate of the rural district of Adenau 1917–1919, shot by the Nazis in 1934
Otto Wemper (1894–1969), forester, pioneer of reforestation of strip-mined sites, head of the Forestry Department at Adenau 1925–1940
Max Funke (1895–1980), entrepreneur and inventor, founded Max Funke KG in Adenau 1951
Bernhard Müller-Feyen (1931−2004), artist born in Adenau
Marion von Haaren (born 1957), European correspondent with ARD, educated in Adenau
Sabine Schmitz (1969-2021), Racing Driver and Television Personality, born in Adenau
Torsten Jansen, handballer, born 1976 in Adenau
Fabian Giefer, footballer, born 1990 in Adenau
Christopher Theisen (born 1993), football player
References
External links
Adenau official site
Erich-Klausener-Gymnasium Adenau
Adenau portrait with video, Südwestrundfunk
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Populated places in Ahrweiler (district)
Districts of the Rhine Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenau |
A mixed-species feeding flock, also termed a mixed-species foraging flock, mixed hunting party or informally bird wave, is a flock of usually insectivorous birds of different species that join each other and move together while foraging. These are different from feeding aggregations, which are congregations of several species of bird at areas of high food availability.
While it is currently unknown how mixed-species foraging flocks originate, researchers have proposed a few mechanisms for their initiation. Many believe that nuclear species play a vital role in mixed-species flock initiation. Additionally, the forest structure is hypothesized to play a vital role in these flocks' formation. In Sri Lanka, for example, vocal mimicry by the greater racket-tailed drongo might have a key role in the initiation of mixed-species foraging flocks, while in parts of the American tropics packs of foraging golden-crowned warblers might play the same role.
Composition
Mixed-species foraging flocks tend to form around a "nuclear" species. Researchers believe nuclear species both stimulate the formation of a mixed-species flock and maintain the cohesion between bird species. They tend to have a disproportionately large influence on the flock. Nuclear species have a few universal qualities. Typically, they are both generalists that employ a gleaning foraging strategy and intraspecifically social birds. "Associate" or "attendant" species are birds that trail the flock only after it has entered their territory. Researchers have shown that these species tend to have a higher fitness following mixed-species foraging flocks. The third class of birds found in mixed-species flocks have been termed "sentinel" species. Unlike nuclear species, sentinels are fly-catching birds that are rarely gregarious. Their role is to alert the other birds in the mixed-species flock to the arrival of potential predators.
Benefits
Ecologists generally assume that species in the same ecological niche compete for resources. The formation of mixed-species flocks demonstrates a possible exception to this universal ecological assumption. Instead of competing with one another for limited resources, some bird species who share the same food source can co-exist in mixed-species flocks. In fact, the more similar body size, taxonomy, and foraging style two bird species are, the more likely they are to be found cooperating in mixed-species flocks. Researchers have proposed two primary evolutionary mechanisms to explain the formation of mixed-species flocks. The first mechanistic explanation is that these different bird species cooperate to gain access to more food. Studies have shown that birds in mixed-species flocks are more likely to spot potential food sources, avoid already exploited locations, and drive insects out of hiding. The second mechanistic explanation is that birds join mixed-species flocks to avoid predation. A bird reduces its risk of being eaten when it is surrounded by other birds who can be potential food for the predator instead. Other studies have hypothesized that multi-species flocks form because large groups reduce a predator's ability to single out one prey, while others have hypothesized that multi-species flocks are more likely to spot predators.
Costs
Mixed-species feeding flocks are not purely beneficial for their member species. Some bird species suffer a higher cost when joining mixed-species flocks. Studies have shown that some bird species will leave their standard optimal feeding area to travel to a worse foraging location in order to follow the path of a mixed-species flock. Birds may also be forced to change their foraging strategy in order to conform with the flock. Another third proposed cost of mixed-species flocks is an increased risk of kleptoparasitism.
In the Holarctic
In the North Temperate Zone, they are typically led by Paridae (tits and chickadees), often joined by nuthatches, treecreepers, woodpeckers (such as the downy woodpecker and lesser spotted woodpecker), kinglets, and in North America Parulidae (New World "warblers") – all insect-eating birds. This behavior is particularly common outside the breeding season.
The advantages of this behavior are not certain, but evidence suggests that it confers some safety from predators, especially for the less watchful birds such as vireos and woodpeckers, and also improves feeding efficiency, perhaps because arthropod prey that flee one bird may be caught by another.
In the Neotropics
Insectivorous feeding flocks reach their fullest development in tropical forests, where they are a typical feature of bird life. In the Neotropics the leaders or "core" members may be black-throated shrike-tanagers in southern Mexico, or three-striped warblers elsewhere in Central America. In South America, core species may include antbirds such as Thamnomanes, antshrikes, Furnariidae (ovenbirds and woodcreepers) like the buff-fronted foliage-gleaner or the olivaceous woodcreeper, or Parulidae (New World "warblers") like the golden-crowned warblers. In open cerrado habitat, it may be white-rumped or white-banded tanagers. Core species often have striking plumage and calls that attract other birds; they are often also known to be very active sentinels, providing warning of would-be predators.
But while such easy-to-locate bird species serve as a focal point for flock members, they do not necessarily initiate the flock. In one Neotropic mixed flock feeding on swarming termites, it was observed that buff-throated warbling finches were most conspicuous. As this species is not an aerial insectivore, it is unlikely to have actually initiated the flock rather than happening across it and joining in. And while Basileuterus species are initiators as well as core species, mixed flocks of Tangara species – in particular red-necked, brassy-breasted, and green-headed tanagers – often initiate formation of a larger and more diverse feeding flock, of which they are then only a less significant component.
Nine-primaried oscines make up much of almost every Neotropical mixed-species feeding flock. Namely, these birds are from families such as the cardinals, Parulidae (New World "warblers"), and in particular Passerellidae (American "sparrows") and Thraupidae (tanagers). Other members of a Neotropic mixed feeding flock may come from most of the local families of smaller diurnal insectivorous birds, and can also include woodpecker, toucans, and trogons. Most Furnariidae do not participate in mixed flocks, though there are exceptions such as Synallaxis spinetails and some species of the woodcreeper subfamily – e.g. those mentioned above or the lesser woodcreeper – are common or even "core" members. Among the tyrant flycatchers there are also some species joining mixed flocks on a somewhat regular basis, including the sepia-capped flycatcher, eared pygmy tyrant, white-throated spadebill, and Oustalet's tyrannulet.
However, even of commonly participating families not all species join mixed flocks. There are genera such as Vireo in which some species do not join mixed flocks, while others (e.g., the red-eyed vireo) will even do so in their winter quarters. Of the three subspecies groups of the yellow-rumped warbler, only one (Audubon's warbler) typically does. And while the importance of certain Thraupidae in initiating and keeping together mixed flocks has been mentioned already, for example the black-goggled tanager is an opportunistic feeder that will appear at but keep its distance from any disturbance – be it a mixed feeding flock, an army ant column or a group of monkeys – and pick off prey trying to flee.
Gnateaters are notable for their absence from these flocks, while swifts and swallows rarely join them, but will if there is for example an ant or termite swarm. Cotingidae (cotingas) are mainly opportunistic associates which rarely join flocks for long if they do so at all; the same holds true for most Muscicapoidea (mockingbirds and relatives), though some thrushes may participate on more often. And though most Tityridae rarely join mixed flocks, becards do so regularly. Tapaculos are rarely seen with mixed flocks, though the collared crescentchest, doubtfully assigned to that family, may be a regular member. Icteridae (grackles and relatives) are also not too often seen to take part in these assemblages, though caciques like the golden-winged or red-rumped cacique join mixed flocks on a somewhat more regular basis. Cuculiformes (cuckoos and allies) are usually absent from mixed feeding flocks, but some – for example, the squirrel cuckoo – can be encountered not infrequently.
Some species appear to prefer when certain others are present: Cyanolyca jays like to flock with unicolored jays and the emerald toucanets species complex. Many Icteridae associate only with related species, but the western subspecies of the yellow-backed oriole associates with jays and the band-backed wren.
Other species participate to varying extents depending on location or altitude – presumably, the different species composition of mixed flocks at varying locations allows these irregular members more or less opportunity to get food. Such species include the grey-hooded flycatcher, or the plain antvireo and the red-crowned ant tanager which are often recorded in lowland flocks but rarely join them at least in some more montane regions.
A typical Neotropic mixed feeding flock moves through the forest at about , with different species foraging in their preferred niches (on the ground, on trunks, in high or low foliage, etc.). Some species follow the flock all day, while others – such as the long-billed gnatwren – join it only as long as it crosses their own territories.
In the Old World tropics
The flocks in the Old World are often much more loosely bonded than in the Neotropics, many being only casual associations lasting the time the flock of core species spends in the attendants' territory. The more stable flocks are observed in tropical Asia, and especially Sri Lanka. Flocks there may number several hundred birds spending the entire day together, and an observer in the rain forest may see virtually no birds except when encountering a flock. For example, as a flock approaches in the Sinharaja Forest Reserve in Sri Lanka, the typical daytime quiet of the jungle is broken by the noisy calls of the orange-billed babbler and greater racket-tailed drongo, joined by species such as the ashy-headed laughingthrush, Kashmir flycatcher, and velvet-fronted nuthatch.
A mixed flock in the Cordillera Central of Luzon in the Philippines was mainly composed of bar-bellied cuckooshrikes, Philippine fairy-bluebirds, and violaceous crows. Luzon hornbills were also recorded as present. With the crows only joining later and the large hornbills probably only opportunistic attendants rather than core species, it is likely that this flock was started by one of the former species – probably the bold and vocal cuckoo-shrikes rather than the more retiring fairy-bluebirds, which are known to seek out such opportunities to forage.
African rainforests also hold mixed-species flocks, the core species including bulbuls and sunbirds, and attendants being as diverse as the red-billed dwarf hornbill and the tit-hylia, the smallest bird of Africa. Drongos and paradise-flycatchers are sometimes described as the sentinels of the flock, but they are also known to steal prey from other flock members. Acanthizidae are typical core members in New Guinea and Australia; in Australia, fairy-wrens are also significant. The core species are joined by birds of other families such as minivets.
Notes
References
External links
Zoology
Bird behavior
Ornithology
Birds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-species%20foraging%20flock |
The Utah Native Plant Society (UNPS) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the appreciation, preservation, conservation and responsible use of the native plants and plant communities found in the state of Utah and the Intermountain West. Its goal is to foster public recognition of the spectacularly diverse flora of the state.
UNPS advocates the use of local, native plants in the landscape and in revegetation projects as well as for the preservation of endangered and threatened plant species and native ecosystems.
History
The organization was founded in 1978. W. Richard ("Dick") Hildreth was the primary founder (then director of the State Arboretum of Utah and later the first director of Red Butte Garden and Arboretum). UNPS recognized Hildreth with a lifetime achievement award in March 2005. The first president was botanist N. Duane Atwood.
Projects
Since January 1982, the Sego Lily, named for the plant Calochortus nuttallii, has been the official newsletter and primary publication of the organization. From its inception, rare plants (particularly those under consideration for listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 as amended) and the horticulture of native plants have been the primary areas of focus. The Sego Lily newsletter has been a reference source for various Federal Register and other publications. The Sego lily is the state flower of Utah.
Under the leadership of Susan Meyer, the society embarked on an ambitious "heritage garden program" that led to the creation of numerous native plant gardens typically in association with educational institutions in the 1990s. The organization has regularly provided grants to others related to activities associated with rare plant research and other native plant related work. One of the society's first grants was in connection with the endangered dwarf bearclaw poppy, Arctomecon humilis.
UNPS hosted annual rare plant conferences throughout the 1980s. It resumed that role in 2000, and since 2001 has co-hosted rare plant conferences with Red Butte Garden. In 2003 the society completed the initial phase of digitizing and updating the Utah Endangered, Threatened, and Sensitive Plant Field Guide (by Duane Atwood et al., 1991) which was funded in part by a Bureau of Land Management challenge grant. This led to the publication of the Utah Rare Plant Guide.
References
Utah Native Plant Society homepage
Utah Rare Plant Guide
Washington County, Utah rare plants
Red Butte Garden
Native plant societies based in the United States
Environmental organizations based in Utah
Flora of Utah
1978 establishments in Utah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah%20Native%20Plant%20Society |
Business process outsourcing to India refers to the business process outsourcing services in the outsourcing industry in India, catering mainly to Western operations of multinational corporations (MNCs).
As of 2012, around 2.8 million people work in outsourcing sector. Annual revenues are around $11 billion, around 1% of GDP. Around 2.5 million people graduate in India every year. Wages are rising by 10–15 percent as a result of skill shortage. As of 2021, revenue of Indian BPO industry was estimated at US$ 38 billion. Government of India has launched India BPO Promotion Scheme (IBPS) as part of Digital India initiative to encourage job creation in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities. India's BPO Industry handles 56% of the world's business process outsourcing.
History
Amex
In the second half of the 1980s, American Express consolidated its JAPAC (Japan and Asia Pacific) back office operations into Gurgaon region. This centre (called the Financial Resource Centre East or FRC-E)was headed by an Expat Harry Robertson, a veteran American Express employee with Raman Roy reporting to him, Raman Roy later on quit Amex to join GE and later on started his own enterprise called Spectramind which got later on merged with Wipro and then later on started Quatrro BPO.
General Electric
In the 1990s Jack Welch was influenced by K.P. Singh, (a Delhi-based realtor) to look at Gurgaon in the NCR region as a base for back office operations. Pramod Bhasin, the India head of G.E. hired Raman Roy and several of his management from American Express to start this enterprise called GECIS (GE Capital International Services). Raman for the first time tried out voice operations out of India. The operations in India were the Beta site for the GE Six sigma enterprise, as well. The results made GE ramp up their Indian presence and look at other locations.
In 2004 GECIS was spun off as a separate legal entity by GE, called Genpact. GE has retained a 40% stake and sold a 60% stake for $500 million to two equity companies, Oak Hill Capital Partners and General Atlantic Partners.
Future of outsourcing services to India
Analysts believe that India remains a vital destination for outsourcing and expect its annual GDP to grow at 8–10% for the next decade. In addition, outsourcing efforts to India are held up as an effective remedy for concerns about both Chinese government policy and labour force issues, such as increasing costs and shortages.
Size of the industry
The industry has been growing rapidly. It grew at a rate of 38% over 2005. For the FY06 financial year the projections is of US$7.2 billion worth of services provided by this industry. The base in terms of headcount being roughly 400,000 people directly employed in this Industry. The global BPO Industry is estimated to be worth 120–150 billion dollars, of this the offshore BPO is estimated to be some US$11.4 billion. India thus has some 5–6% share of the total Industry, but a commanding 63% share of the offshore component. The U.S. $7.2 billion also represents some 20% of the IT and BPO Industry which is in total expected to have revenues worth US$36 billion for 2006. The headcount at 400,000 is some 40% of the approximate one million workers estimated to be directly employed in the IT and BPO Sector.
The related Industry dependent on this are Catering, BPO training and recruitment, transport vendors (home pick up and drops for night shifts being the norm in the industry), security agencies, facilities management companies.
Registration of BPO as OSP
BPO/KPO/Domestic & International Call Centres/NOC etc. are covered under the 'Other Service Provider' (OSP) Category by the Department of Telecommunications.
The companies who are providing the 'Applications Services' means providing services like tele-banking, tele-medicine, tele-education, tele-trading, e-commerce, call centre, network operation centre and other IT Enabled Services, by using Telecom Resources provided by Authorised Telecom Service Providers. The 'Telecom Resource' means Telecom facilities used by the OSP including, but not limited to Public Switched Telecom Network (PSTN), Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and /or the telecom bandwidth provided by authorized telecom service provider having valid licence under Indian Telegraph Act, 1885. The 'Company' means a company registered under Indian Companies Act including foreign companies permitted by RBI under Foreign Exchange Management Regulations and registered under Part-XI(Section 591 to 608) of the Companies Act, 1956 for setting up a place of business in India.
'Domestic OSP' are the OSP providing the Application Services within national boundaries. 'International OSP' are the OSP providing the Application Services beyond national boundaries.
General conditions of OSP registration
(1) Registration may be granted to any company to provide Application Services. These service providers will not infringe on the jurisdiction of other Authorised Telecom Service Providers and they will not provide switched telephony.
(2) The entities entitled for OSP registration must be a company registered under
Indian Companies Act, 1956.
(3) A Company may apply for registration to the Authority in the proforma prescribed by the Authority from time to time.
Online system for OSP registration
It is mandatory to get new Registration Number allotted by the Online OSP Registration system for the existing OSP Registrations. In case you have existing registered OSP sites for which you would like to get the new Registration Number from the system please contact Assistant Director General (ADG) of the concerned Telecom Enforcement, Resource and Monitoring Cell (TERM Cell) preferably before applying for the login-id from the system.
Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Gurgaon, NCR, Ahmedabad, Mumbai and Pune are Tier I cities that are leading IT cities in India.
With rising infrastructure costs in these cities, many BPO's are shifting operations to Tier II cities like Nashik, Sangli, Aurangabad (Maharashtra), Mangalore, Mysore, Hubli-Dharwad, Belgaum, Coimbatore, Nagpur, Trichy, Calicut, Kochi, Trivandrum, Chandigarh, Mohali, Panchkula, Bhubaneshwar, Jaipur, Visakhapatnam, Raipur and Lucknow. Jammu and Kashmir have become new hubs for outsourcing.
Tier II cities offer lower business process overhead compared to Tier I cities, but have a less reliable infrastructure system which may hamper dedicated operations. The Government of India in partnership with private infrastructure corporations is working on bringing all around development and providing robust infrastructure all over the nation.
India BPO promotion scheme
The Digital India programme introduced the India BPO Promotion Scheme (IBPS) with the aim of boosting employment opportunities in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities of India, as well as rural areas. This initiative, a crucial component of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Digital India Programme, incentivizes the establishment of 48,300 BPO/ITES seats across the country. The Software Technology Parks of India (STPI), operating under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, serves as the pivotal agency overseeing this scheme.
Visakhapatnam, in particular, has emerged as a noteworthy contributor to the India BPO Promotion Scheme (IBPS), generating an impressive 10,000 employment opportunities. The state of Andhra Pradesh secured 13,792 out of the 48,300 seats allocated for the entire country, emphasising its significant role in this nationwide endeavour. Pulsus Group, a prominent player in the scheme, secured an impressive 4,095 IBPS seats out of the total allocation, surpassing 154 companies spanning 93 cities. Their substantial investment of Rs. 440 crore has not only led to the creation of 5,000 jobs in Visakhapatnam but has also included 4,000 women employees, a commendable stride towards gender diversity. Additionally, their remarkable contribution resulted in the acquisition of Rs. 41 crore in viability gap funding. Gedela Srinubabu, the CEO of Pulsus, expressed immense pride in their significant role in the success of the India BPO Promotion Scheme (IBPS), highlighting that this achievement adds to their track record of creating 25,000 jobs over 15 years, with 5,000 stemming from IBPS alone. Minister Rajeev Chandrasekhar commended Pulsus remarkable accomplishment and expressed aspirations to expand the programme into Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities, as well as rural areas, ultimately shaping the digital landscape of India. Arvind Kumar, the Director General of STPI, lauded the company's outstanding contribution to women's employment, underscoring their pivotal role in fostering gender inclusivity.
Criticisms
The BPO industry in India has attracted criticism from some observers.
Shehzad Nadeem, of the Sociology Department at Lehman College, City University of New York, reports that Indian call-centre employees, to confirm to expectations of the US consumers who they support long-distance, are expected to imitate the Western employees they have replaced in terms of the use of US vernacular, even temporarily adopting an Anglo name during the call. While this is true, Nadeem claims further that this temporary switch to an American-like identity inflicts psychological distress, and has led to the adoption of Western-style-consumer lifestyles by the employees, who earn far more than their compatriots.
Jyoti Saraswati of the Stern School of Business, New York University, claims that the outsourcing industry's political influence far exceeds the industry's economic contribution, and has allowed the industry to secure the support and resources of the Indian state ahead of other sectors of the national economy where the developmental returns would be far greater.
Another point that should be considered while outsourcing, not only to India but any other region, is Intellectual Property Protection. When companies outsource their work, they have to dilute their core knowledge related to process before transferring the diluted knowledge to the outsource. If they fail to do this, the outsource can learn enough about the outsourcing organization's business to compete with them later by offering similar services in their own country or even multi-nationally.
See also
General
H-1B visa
Globalisation
Software Technology Parks of India
Nalini by Day, Nancy by Night, 2005 documentary on outsourcing in India
Large BPO parks
Tidel Park
HITEC City
Silicon Valley of India
Economy
Economy of India
Remittances to India
Foreign trade of India
List of exports of India
Largest trading partners of India
Information technology in India
Indianisation
References
Further reading
Nadeem, Shehzad. Dead Ringers:How Outsourcing is Changing the Way Indians Understand Themselves. .
Saraswati, Jyoti. Dot.compradors: Power and Policy in the Development of the Indian Software Industry. .
External links
NASSCOM (National Association of Software & Service Companies)
Ministry of Communications & Information Technology, Department of Information Technology, India
Articles
The Rise Of India, Business Week Online
Inside Outsourcing in India, CIO.com
India's New Faces of Outsourcing, The Washington Post
Outsourcing: Silicon Valley East, MSNBC
Where the Good Jobs Are Going, Jyoti Thottam, Time.com
Some U.S. hospitals outsourcing work: Shortage of radiologists spurs growing telemedicine trend, Associated Press
Videos
The Other Side of Outsourcing, Discovery Times Channel
Exporting IT: Austin to India, News 8 Austin
Will India's outsourcing boom ever bust?: Infosys Chairman talks outsourcing, News.com
India 101 on eweek Video Seminars hosted by Stan Gibson
The Rise of India, ABC News | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20process%20outsourcing%20to%20India |
AdHouse Books was an independent comic book publisher based in Richmond, Virginia. It was founded in 2002 by graphic designer Chris Pitzer.
AdHouse was known primarily as a publisher of graphic novels, beginning with 2002's Pulpatoon: Pilgrimage, traditional comic book series, and art books, including James Jean's Process Recess;
The company announced on July 14, 2021, that it would cease publications after its 101st book. The company would then take 2022 to visit as many shows, conventions, festivals, etc., as they could. Among the reasons, Pitzer mentioned his older age, as well as "low sales on recent releases, uneasiness about the crowdfunding model, and the lack of conventions due to the COVID-19 pandemic."
Graphic novels and single issue comics
Superior Showcase (2005 - 2008) anthology, by Dean Trippe, Nick Bertozzi, Mike Dawson, and Hope Larson (4 issues)
Zig Zag (2005–2007) by J. Chris Campbell (2 issues)
Project: Romantic (2006) Anthology, edited by Chris Pitzer
Bumperboy and the Loud, Loud Mountain (2006) by Debbie Huey
Noble Boy (2006) by Scott Morse, published by Red Window and distributed by AdHouse Books
The Preposterous Adventures of IronHide Tom (2006) by Joel Priddy
Project: Superior (2005) Anthology, edited by Chris Pitzer, Dean Haspiel and Scott Morse
Mort Grim (2005) by Doug Fraser
Bumperboy Loses His Marbles (2005) by Debbie Huey, distributed by AdHouse Books
Salamander Dream (2005) by Hope Larson
The Secret Voice (2005) by Zack Soto (1 issue)
The Collected Sequential (2004) by Paul Hornschemeier
Return of the Elephant (2004) by Paul Hornschemeier
One Step After Another (2004) by Fermin Solis
FREE Comic Book Day Comic Book 2004 (2004) by Scott Morse, Joel Priddy, and Chris Pitzer
Southpaw (2004) by Scott Morse
Monkey & Spoon (2004) by Simone Lia
Project: Telstar (2004) Anthology, edited by Chris Pitzer
Skyscrapers of the Midwest (2004) by Joshua W. Cotter (4 issues)
My Own Little Empire (2003) by Scott Mills
Pulpatoon Pilgrimage (2002) by Joel Priddy
Art books
Blue Collar / White Collar by Sterling Hundley
Pink, Vol. 1: GRRR! (2004) by Scott Morse
Process Recess (2005) by James Jean
Process Recess 2: Portfolio (2007) by James Jean
Process Recess 3 (2009) by James Jean
Awards
In 2004, AdHouse's Project: Telstar received Domtar Paper's Kudos Award for Excellence. The anthology was also nominated for several other awards, including Best Anthology and Special Award for Excellence in Presentation by the Harvey Awards, and Best Anthology and Best Publication Design by the Eisner Awards.
AdHouse's first publication, Pulpatoon Pilgrimage, won the 2002 Small Press Expo Ignatz Award for Outstanding Debut and the 2002 Ninth Art Lighthouse Award for Debut Book, and was nominated for a 2003 Eisner Award for Best Graphic Novel.
References
External links
AdHouse Books official website
2008 podcast interview with Peter Semeti and Chris Pitzer at comiXology
2006 Newsarama Interview
2006 Graphic Language Interview
2008 Comics Reporter Holiday Interview
Comic book publishing companies of the United States
Publishing companies established in 2002
2002 establishments in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdHouse%20Books |
The Ministry of Railways (, Wazarat-e-Railway, abbreviated as MoR) is a ministry of the Government of Pakistan tasked with planning, administrating and overseeing government policies for the development of the national rail network, Pakistan Railways. Originally a department of the Ministry of Communications, in May 1974 it formed into an autonomous ministry of the federal government. The ministry headquarters is located at Block D of the Pak Secretariat in Islamabad.
History
1858–1947
In 1858, several railway companies began laying track and operating in what is today Pakistan. The present Pakistan Railways network was originally built as a patchwork of local rail links operated by small private railway companies. These included the Scinde Railway, Punjab Railway, Delhi Railway and Indus Steam Flotilla companies. In 1870, these 4 companies were amalgamated into the Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway company. Shortly thereafter, several other railways lines were built including the Indus Valley State Railway, Punjab Northern State Railway, Sind–Sagar Railway, Sind–Pishin State Railway, Trans–Baluchistan Railway and Kandahar State Railway. These 6 companies along with the Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway company merged to form the North Western State Railway in 1880 and would continue as a company until 1947.
1947–1970
In 1947, when Pakistan achieved its independence from Britain, the North Western State Railway and Assam Bengal Railway were inherited by Pakistan and renamed to Pakistan Western Railway and Pakistan Eastern Railway respectively. Both railways were owned by the Government of Pakistan and efforts were made to unify the governance of these two railways under a single railway board. However, until the formulation of the Railway Board, both the railways were administered through the Railway Division of the Ministry of Communications. The division was headed by the Director General of Railways (DG Railways) within the ministry, who had the general supervision over operations.
In 1959, an ordinance bill was passed in the parliament underlying the need for the creation of a semi-autonomous Railway Board. The board was perceived in accordance with the principal powers of the Central Government as stipulated in the Railways Act IX of 1890. Even after the establishment of the Railway Board (RB), the Central Government continued to administer the affairs of the railways, albeit less directly. There were no suggestions of actual transfer of property or changes in the financial relationship of the railways to the government. The board however had the general supervision over the railway operations but referred to the government for matters of general policy. Since its establishment in 1959 and up until 1 July 1962, the Railway Board management consisted of the former DG Railways, a financial member and an engineering member. The board was assisted by a small staff of experts in fields ranging from operations and finances to engineering. General managers were appointed for both railways who were tasked with the day-to-day operations of the railways including procurement, personnel and fares. Under the GMs, the organisation of Pakistan Western Railways was based on a divisional system, while that of Pakistan Eastern Railways was based on a departmental system. However, it later transpired that the departmental system held an inherent weakness as traffic and operational movements increased on the Eastern Railway and decision-making was kept centralized for the railway, needing immediate reforms. Even amidst such teething perils, the management was found competent.
Earlier on 20 September 1924, a special resolution had been adopted by the Legislative Assembly of British India which came to be known as the Separation Convention of 1924. The resolution asked for the separation of railway finances from the general finances of the country. But soon after the independence, the Central Government discarded the resolution and the railway finances were merged with the general finances of the country. In preparation for the second five-year plan (1960—65), the necessity to separate the railway finances from the general revenues continued to be felt.
After the first session of the third national assembly, president Ayub Khan issued a presidential order (PO 33) on 9 June 1962. The presidential order instructed for the transfer of control of both railways, PWR and PER, from the Central Government to the provincial governments of West Pakistan and East Pakistan respectively. When the presidential order came into effect on 1 July 1962, concurrent Railway Boards were established by both provinces, repealing the original Railway Board Ordinance of 1959. The presidential order also reinstated the formerly discarded Separation Convention, whereby the railway finances were ultimately separated from the general finances for the fiscal year 1961–62 and thereafter, giving each board increased autonomy.
In transferring the jurisdiction of the railways to their respective provincial governments, the resulting provincial Railway Boards exercised all the powers and functions of the former Railway Board (as established in 1959) with the exception of a few responsibilities. To address these exceptional responsibilities, the Central Government established a Central Railway Division which retained certain powers and functions not completely dissolved to the provincial boards. These included the responsibilities of:
Dealing with international organisations and foreign countries;
Implementing agreements with such organisations and countries;
Coordinating rail movements to and from ports; and,
Coordinating Development Programmes of each railway as part of the National Development Programmes.
Furthermore, the provincial governments were refrained from altering the priority of movement of defence traffic, close or dismantle any railway line, or modify any Ministry of Defence lines, without the prior approval of the Central Railway Division.
1970–present
With the succession of East Pakistan, the Eastern Railway was inherited by Bangladesh, while the Pakistan Western Railway was taken under control of the President who created the Ministry of Railways in 1974 to look after the planning and policy-making, technical advisory service and management of the railway. The PWR railway was then renamed Pakistan Railways in May 1974. In 1982, the Ministry of Railways was merged with the Railway Board under a presidential order, resulting in the federal ministry as it stands to date. The ministry has since been tasked with administering the various railway junctions and stations in rural, insular and urban areas of Pakistan. Declining passenger numbers and financial losses in the late 1980s to early 1990s prompted the closure of many branch lines and small stations. The 1990s saw severe cuts in rail subsidies and mismanagement within the company. Due to falling passenger numbers, rail subsidies from the government are necessary to keep the railways financially viable.
Railway Board
The Railway Board (RB) is the highest governing body for technical matters for Pakistan Railways and the MoR. The highest form of bureaucrats in the railways consisted the government appoint bureaucrat who is the Chairman of Pakistan Railways- The following list includes the officers and government appoint bureaucrats reporting directly to the Secretary Railways who also serves as chairman of the Board:-
i). Secretary Railway Board, MoR, Islamabad.
ii) Member Finance, Railway Board, MoR, Islamabad.
iii) Director General (Operations) MoR, Islamabad.
iv) Director General (Technical) MoR, Islamabad.
v) Director General (Planning) MoR, Islamabad.
Chief Executive/Sr. General Manager of Railway, PR.Headquarters, Lahore.(CEO/Sr.GM )
Managing Director, PRACS.Rawalpindi.
Chief Executive (CEO), PRFTC, Rawalpindi.
Managing Director, REDAMCO, Rawalpindi.
Managing Director, Railcop, Lahore
Federal Government Inspector of Railways (FGIR)
Director-General of Vigilance Department (DG Vigilance)
Functions
All matters pertaining to Pakistan Railways.
Movement and priority in respect of Defence traffic.
Maintenance of Railway lines for strategic reasons.
Negotiations with International Organizations and other Countries and implementation of agreements, with them.
Coordination of Development Projects of Railways as a part of the National Development Programme.
Standardization and specifications of materials and stores.
Overall efficiency and safety of Railways.
Coordination of Rail movements into and from Ports.
Divisions
Pakistan Locomotive Factory Risalpur
The Pakistan Locomotive Factory was established in Risalpur at a total cost of . Its function is to manufacture indigenous diesel electric and electric locomotives, thus allowing Pakistan Railways to have less dependency on foreign technology. The factory has capacity to manufacture 25 locomotives per year. Technology for manufacturing of locomotives has been acquired from Hitachi Japan, General Electric, ADtranz Germany and Dalian Locomotives & Rolling Stock Works, China.
Carriage Factory Islamabad
Pakistan Railways Carriage Factory, Islamabad was set up in 1970 under the technical collaboration of LHB, Germany for manufacture of passenger carriages. The capacity of the Factory is 150 passenger coaches per year on single shift basis.
Railway Estate Development & Marketing Company (REDAMCO)
REDAMCO was established in 2012. REDAMCO deals with non core business of Pakistan Railways that includes, Development of lands, business of advertisements and hoardings, and matters relating to franchises.
Pakistan Railway Advisory & Consultancy Services (PRACS)
Pakistan Railway Advisory & Consultancy Services Limited (PRACS) was incorporated in 1976 as a private limited company. In the year 2002, it was converted to a public limited. PRACS provides a wide range of services in the fields of Civil Engineering, commercial management of passenger trains as well as passenger reservation and ticketing, Rail Cuisine, Mechanical engineering and Electrical engineering.
Railway Constructions Pakistan Limited (RAILCOP)
Railway Constructions Pakistan Limited (RAILCOP) is a subsidiary of Ministry of Railways was incorporated as a Public Limited Company in 1980.
RAILCOP offers services in Engineering fields like railway tracks, railway stations, bridges, overhead bridges, under-passes, tunnels, culverts, railway facilities at port and harbors.
RAILCOP has also completed a number of projects in Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Somalia, Iran and Senegal Railways.
Ministers
Updated as of August 2018.
See also
Government of Pakistan
Transport in Pakistan
External links
Official site
Railway Estate Development & Marketing Company
Pakistan Railway Advisory & Consultancy Services
Railway Constructions Pakistan Limited
Citations
References
Rail transport in Pakistan
Railways
Transport organisations based in Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Railways%20%28Pakistan%29 |
The Dimond District () is a neighborhood centered on the intersection of MacArthur Boulevard and Fruitvale Avenue in East Oakland, California, in the United States. It is located about two miles east of Lake Merritt, north of the Fruitvale District, and west of the Laurel District. It lies at an elevation of 213 feet (65 m). Dimond's ZIP code is 94602. It is a multicultural neighborhood where the hills meet the flatlands and is a unique melting pot of cultures and social classes. Dimond Park is located in the district.
History
It is named after Hugh Dimond, who came to California during the Gold Rush and purchased the land comprising the district in 1867. In 1897 he built a cottage that used the adobe bricks from the Peralta family's 1827 home. The bricks were used again to build the Boy Scout hut that is still standing in Dimond Park. Oakland's Camp Dimond was located at the head of Dimond Canyon where the present day Montera Middle School is located.
Dimond was originally a settlement distinct from Oakland, in an area called Dimond Canyon. The Dimond post office was opened in 1891 and by 1908 had become a branch of the Oakland post office.
Present Day
The district is home to several historic buildings, including the Altenheim, originally a retirement home for German Americans. The current structure was built in 1909 according to a design by San Francisco architect Oscar Haupt, after the original structure was destroyed by fire. Every October the district celebrates "Oaktoberfest", saluting the area's German heritage with beer, food, and entertainment in a tented beer hall.
The Dimond Business District is situated among several of Oakland's neighborhoods including Oakmore, Glenview, and Lincoln Highlands. National (e.g. Safeway, CVS Pharmacy, Peet's Coffee & Tea) and regional retailers (e.g. Farmer Joe's Marketplace, Grand Lake Kitchen) are mingled with locally-owned retail outlets, Dimond Tax Services and mom-and-pop restaurants including La Farine, a French bakery. Major national banks, a U.S. post office and a branch of the Oakland Public Library are also located in the district. Dimond has excellent freeway access and visibility from Interstate 580. The intersection of Fruitvale Avenue and MacArthur Boulevard is also a major AC Transit hub including Transbay lines to San Francisco. Casual carpool service operates opposite a CalTrans park & ride lot on Montana Street.
References
External links
Dimond Improvement Association - Community organization
CEDA - Community and Economic Development Agency
Neighborhood Crime Prevention Council - beat 22x
Oakland tourism website
Neighborhoods in Oakland, California
Streetcar suburbs
Populated places established in 1891
1891 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimond%20District%2C%20Oakland%2C%20California |
Nashville String Machine is a musical collective comprising session musicians, based in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Members of the group have been credited on records dating from 1972 to the present, although the group was formally formed as "The Nashville String Machine" in 1981.
The group was formed by violinist and concertmaster Carl J. Gorodetzky (born 1936/7 in Pennsylvania) and his wife (also violinist) Carol W. Gorodetzky (b. 1937 in Pennsylvania). They oversee the contracting of arrangers, players and studio support as needed; their available supply of potential orchestra members maximizes at 80.
Since the required number of orchestra members changes from project to project, individual members vary. However, there are four members of the ensemble who date from its 1981 founding:
Carol W. Gorodetzky – violin
Pam Sixfin – violin
Gary Vanosdale – viola
Craig Nelson – arco bass.
The music aggregating website AllMusic lists 1,171 albums on which "The Nashville String Machine" is credited (from 1972 through 2017). The group has appeared as large as an orchestra, or as small as a duo.
References
External links
Musical collectives
American instrumental musical groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville%20String%20Machine |
Altenahr () is a municipality in the district of Ahrweiler, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the administrative centre for the eponymous collective municipality, to which it belongs. Altenahr is a state-recognised tourist resort and is ranked as a Grundzentrum for state planning purposes.
Geography
Location
Altenahr is situated on the river Ahr, on the northeastern edge of the Ahr Hills. part of the Eifel mountains, approximately 10 kilometres west of Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler and about 35 kilometres southwest of Bonn.
Administrative organisation
The municipality of Altenahr comprises the following parishes: Altenahr, Altenburg, Kreuzberg and Reimerzhoven.
Neighbouring municipalities
Altenahr borders on the following neighbouring municipalities, listed clockwise from the north:
Kalenborn, Grafschaft, Mayschoß, Ahrbrück, Lind and Berg.
Climate
The annual precipitation is 668 mm which is in the middle third of readings collected for Germany as a whole. 34% of weather stations of the German Meteorological Service record lower values. The driest month is February, the greatest amount of rain falls in July; 1.6 times that of February. However, in general the level of precipitation varies little and is evenly distributed over the year. Only 13% of weather stations record lower seasonal variations.
The town was almost entirely submerged during the 2021 European floods.
History
Altenahr was first mentioned in 893 in the Prüm Urbar.
Incorporations
On 7 June 1969 the hitherto independent municipality of Kreuzberg, with its 560 inhabitants, was incorporated into Altenahr.
Population growth
The growth in Altenahr's population related to the present-day municipal area; the values from 1871 to 1987 are based on censuses:
Gallery
References
Populated places in Ahrweiler (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenahr |
The Montreal–Gaspé train (formerly the Chaleur) was a thrice-weekly passenger train operated by Via Rail between Montreal and Gaspé, Quebec. Passenger rail service to Gaspé is to be restored in 2026.
History
In 1907 the Quebec Atlantic Oriental Railway was built from Matapédia through New Carlisle to Port Daniel, and gradually extended until it reached Gaspé. Before that, inhabitants had to drive by horse or sleigh to catch the Intercolonial Railway from Matapédia to Montreal, a journey of four days.
Schedule
The train left Montreal in the evening and arrived in Gaspé at about noon the following day. The train departed Gaspé mid-afternoon and arrived in Montreal in the morning.
Operation
In later years the train was normally merged with the Ocean between Montreal and Matapédia. The Montreal–Gaspé train after 1995 was composed exclusively of cars built by the Budd Company, many originally used by the Canadian Pacific Railway's Canadian.
This had been the case until 2004 for the Ocean as well, but the introduction of the Renaissance cars on the Ocean resulted in both trains operating separately during the summer months (when trains were longer) and combined during the winter; the reason for this policy appears to be related to the braking effort of a combined train.
When operating separately, the Montreal–Gaspé train would run several minutes ahead of the Ocean. When combined, the trains ran together as far as Matapédia, before the Ocean continued to Halifax, Nova Scotia and the Montreal–Gaspé train proceeded to Gaspé.
Suspension of service
Service east of Matapédia, Quebec, was suspended by Via Rail in December 2011, owing to poor track and bridge conditions between Matapédia and Gaspé. In winter/spring 2012 some repair work was carried out on the track and on one of the bridges passing over the Cascapedia River. VIA Rail service was restored between Matapédia and New Carlisle in May 2012.
In August 2013, VIA Rail service once again was suspended between Matapédia and New Carlisle owing to poor track and bridge conditions. Replacement buses between Matapédia and Gaspé operated until September 17, 2013, after which the bus service was withdrawn.
On 22 August 2013, Via Rail announced that as a result of Société de chemin de fer de la Gaspésie (SCFG)'s rail infrastructure problems (including rail corrosion and malfunctioning crossing signals), service between Matapédia and Gaspé would be suspended. Service resumed about a month later as buses were used to transport passengers until the track upgrades were completed. As of 17 September 2013, both rail and bus service in the affected portion were suspended, and no timeline for re-establishment was released.
Restoration of service
In 2020, repair work was finally underway and the rail section from Matapédia to Port Daniel is expected to be operational in late 2023. Via Rail said, however, they wish to wait until the whole line is repaired before resuming service.
On June 27, 2023 the Government of Québec announced that service to Gaspé will be restored in 2026 after the completion of a multi-year $872 million project to completely rehabilitate the Gaspé railroad.
The Gaspé railroad rehabilitation project was divided into three sections: Matapédia to Caplan (which is complete), Caplan to Port-Daniel-Gascons (which is now under construction and will be completed in 2024), and Port-Daniel-Gascons to Gaspé (which will begin in 2023 with riprap work along the line).
Route
The tracks this train operated on have changed ownership several times. Until 1998, the tracks from Montreal to Gaspé were owned by Canadian National Railway (CN). That year, CN sold the lines between Rivière-du-Loup and Matapédia, as well as Matapédia to Gaspé, to Quebec Railway Corporation which established two subsidiary companies, the Chemin de fer de la Matapédia et du Golfe (Matapédia & Gulf Railway) and Chemin de fer Baie des Chaleurs (Chaleur Bay Railway) respectively. In 2001, CFBC sold the portion of the Matapédia-to-Gaspé line east of Chandler to Chemin de fer de la Gaspésie (Gaspé Railway), which is owned by local municipalities with maintenance contracted to CFBC. In 2007, CFG purchased the remainder of the line from Matapédia to Chandler after the CFBC listed it for abandonment. In 2008, CN purchased the CFMG line from Rivière-du-Loup to Matapédia, returning ownership of this line after QRC encountered financial difficulty.
References
"By Rail to the Gaspé, Via The Chaleur; A Return Trip in 2005", by John C. Dahl, Empire State Express, 2005. Published by Hamburg: Niagara Frontier Chapter, NRHS
External links
Rehabilitation of the Gaspésie railway
Gaspé Peninsula
Former Via Rail routes
Passenger rail transport in Quebec
Night trains of Canada
Rail transport in Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine
2026 in rail transport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal%E2%80%93Gasp%C3%A9%20train |
Gokul is a town in the Mathura district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located south-east of Mathura. According to Bhagavata Purana, Krishna spent his childhood in Gokul.
Geography
The town has an average elevation of .
Transportation
Gokul is conveniently located ten kilometers from Mathura, a well-known Hindu pilgrimage site. The pilgrimage site is well connected to every significant Indian city by air, train, and road.
Road
Gokul has excellent road connections, making it simple to travel here by car. Numerous buses are run by the Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation to and from Mathura and Gokul. Additionally, the town has a decent network of state and federal highways that pass close to Gokul, including the Yamuna Expressway and Taj Expressway.
Rail
Mathura, which is 7 km from the town, has the closest railway station. From the train station, you can reserve a cab to take you to Gokul. Other Indian cities including Delhi, Lucknow, and Mumbai are easily accessible from the Mathura railhead.
Air
Agra, which is 54 kilometers away from Gokul, has the closest airport. To go to Gokul from the Agra airport, you can arrange a taxi. With fewer flights, the air connection of the Agra airport is not the finest. As an alternative, you can travel 232 kms from the airport in Jaipur or 186 km from the Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi to get here. To get to Gokul from either airport, you can reserve a cab.
Demographics
According to the 2001 census of India, Gokul had a population of 4041. Males constituted 55% of the population and females 45%. The average literacy rate was 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 68%, and female literacy was 49%. 18% of the population was under 8 years of age.
Places of interest
Baithakji of Mahaprabhu shrimad Vallabhacharya
Shri Vallabhacharya Mahaprabhu was the one who rediscovered Gokul and places where Purushottam Shri Krishna did his leela. He did Shrimad Bhagwat parayana there in two places called Baithakji.
1. Govindghat
2. Badi bhitar baithak
Raja Thakur temple
It is a prominent temple of Vallabh sampraday Pushtimarg. It is considered as home to Shri Gusaiji and the place where the self-manifested deity shri navnitlal[a form of krishna] lived. It is divine place.
References
Cities and towns in Mathura district
Krishna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokul |
Jack McVitie (19 April 1932 – 29 October 1967), best known as Jack the Hat, was an English criminal from London during the 1950s and 1960s. He is posthumously famous for triggering the imprisonment and downfall of the Kray twins. He had acted as an enforcer and hitman with links to The Firm, and was murdered by Reggie Kray in 1967.
Criminal history
McVitie's first criminal conviction was in October 1946 when he was taken to Buntingford Juvenile Court for stealing a watch and cigarettes.
Life
McVitie married Marie Marney in Surrey in 1950. He fathered one son who was named Tony McVitie. The nickname Jack the Hat is said to be because of a trilby hat that he wore to cover up his hair loss. A known drug trafficker by the 1960s, he had been an associate of the Kray twins for some time and, although never a permanent member of The Firm, was regularly employed to commit various crimes on their behalf.
In 1967, Ronnie Kray paid McVitie £500 in advance to kill ex-friend and business partner Leslie Payne, promising he would give another £500 when the job was finished, amid fears that Payne was about to inform the police of his criminal activities. McVitie and a friend, Billy Exley, set off to shoot Payne, but were unsuccessful. Exley, the driver, suffered from heart trouble and McVitie was now heavily dependent on drugs.
Arriving at Payne's home, McVitie hammered loudly on the front door, which luckily for Payne was opened by his wife. "He's not in," she said. "That's all right," said McVitie and he and Exley left. Instead of repaying the money, McVitie kept it. This incident led, in part, to McVitie's death.
Death
With McVitie's drink and drug use growing ever greater, he started going around the pubs of London taunting the Krays and saying that he was going to kill them, which both twins soon heard about. Joey Pyle, a friend of McVitie's since childhood, contacted him half a dozen times to tell him to reel it in: "If you carry on like this," he told him, "one day you're gonna get it".
On 29 October 1967, McVitie was invited to a party at Evering Road in Hackney, London, with several of his underworld associates and their families. The Krays had secretly arrived at the party first and had spent an hour clearing away guests. Reggie Kray's initial plan to shoot McVitie upon entry failed. His gun jammed and, instead, he stabbed McVitie repeatedly in the face, chest and stomach as part of a brief but violent struggle. The twins quickly fled the scene and McVitie's body was wrapped in an eiderdown and left outside St Mary's Church, Rotherhithe by Tony and Chris Lambrianou, Keith Askem and Ronnie Bender, who were minor members of the Firm.
When the Krays discovered the whereabouts of the corpse, they ordered it to be immediately moved, probably because of the close proximity of friend and associate Freddie Foreman. The body was never recovered, although in an interview in 2000 (which featured Reg Kray giving a frank account of the activity of the Firm 12 days before his death) Foreman admitted to throwing McVitie's body from a boat into the sea at Newhaven, Sussex. "Jack got silly," reflected Pyle. "He knew he was going to get it. At the end of the day I can't blame the Twins for what they did. If someone goes around saying they are going to kill you, then you don't have a lot of choice – you have to do them first. But Jack should never have died the way he did. He died like a fucking rat."
Justice
Following McVitie's murder, the Krays and several other members of their gang were finally arrested by the Scotland Yard police officers who had been watching their exploits for years. At the Old Bailey on 4 March 1969, both were found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment with a recommendation that they should each serve a minimum of 30 years. Ronnie's murder conviction was for the murder of a rival gangster, George Cornell, whom he shot dead in March 1966.
The jury took 6 hours and 55 minutes to reach their unanimous verdict. Never before at the Old Bailey had such a long and expensive trial taken place. The Krays' elder brother Charlie, together with Freddie Foreman (who helped move the body) and Cornelius Whitehead, were all found guilty of being accessories to McVitie's murder.
Prison seemed to do much to encourage the myth and legend surrounding the Krays. Both wrote best-selling books about their lives and, in 1990, a full-length biographical film entitled The Krays was released (featuring real-life brothers Martin and Gary Kemp as the Kray twins). Jack McVitie was portrayed by actor Tom Bell in this film before also featuring in the 2004 film Charlie, this time depicted by Marius Swift. In the 2015 film about the Krays, Legend, he is played by Sam Spruell.
See also
List of solved missing person cases
References
Sources
DeVito, Carlo. The Encyclopedia of International Organized Crime. New York: Facts on File Inc., 2005;
External links
1932 births
1960s missing person cases
1960s murders in London
1967 deaths
1967 in London
1967 murders in the United Kingdom
Criminals from London
English gangsters
English murder victims
Formerly missing people
Kray twins
Male murder victims
Missing person cases in England
Murder convictions without a body
Murdered British gangsters
Murder in London
People murdered by British organized crime
People murdered in London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20McVitie |
Deep Red (), also known as The Hatchet Murders, is a 1975 Italian giallo film directed by Dario Argento and co-written by Argento and Bernardino Zapponi. It stars David Hemmings as a musician who investigates a series of murders performed by a mysterious figure wearing black leather gloves. The cast also stars Daria Nicolodi, Gabriele Lavia, Macha Méril, and Clara Calamai. The film's score was composed and performed by Goblin, the first in a long-running collaboration with Argento.
The film was released during the height of the "giallo craze" of Italian popular cinema, and was a critical and commercial success. Retrospective reviews have been equally positive, and the film is considered one of the genre's definitive entries, as well as one of Argento's best works.
Plot
During Christmas at a family home, one figure stabs another to death. A bloody knife falls to the floor at a child's feet.
Twenty years later in Turin, Professor Giordani chairs a parapsychology conference featuring psychic medium Helga Ulmann. Helga is suddenly overwhelmed by the "twisted, perverted, murderous" thoughts of someone in the audience. Speaking later with Giordani, Helga says she believes she can identify this person, unaware that someone is listening from the shadows.
Later that night, a black-gloved figure invades Helga's apartment and kills her with a meat cleaver. English Jazz musician and bandleader Marcus Daly sees the murder from the window as he passes by and rushes to her apartment, finding her mutilated corpse. After the police arrive, Marcus thinks one of the apartment's paintings has disappeared, but he cannot pinpoint what exactly is missing.
The media identifies Marcus as the eyewitness and shows reporter Gianna Brezzi's photo of him. The next morning, Marcus visits the home of his heavy-drinking friend, Carlo, but only finds Carlo's eccentric mother Martha, who seems interested in Marcus. That night, the killer plays a recording of a child's song outside Marcus's door; he manages to lock the door before the person can enter, but he hears the gruff whisper, "I'll kill you sooner or later." Feeling guilty for endangering him by taking his photo, Gianna begins helping Marcus investigate.
Marcus tells Giordani, whom he met at Helga's funeral, about the encounter. Giordani, noting that Helga also mentioned hearing child's song during her vision, recalls a book of modern folklore describing a local haunted house where a child's song is sometimes heard. Marcus finds the folklore book at the library. He rips out a picture of the house and plans to learn more by visiting the book's author. However, the killer, who has been watching Marcus, attacks the author and drowns her in scalding water before Marcus arrives.
Marcus uses the photo from the book to find the huge, abandoned house. Under sheetrock he uncovers a disturbing mural: a child holding a bloody knife over a dead body. After he leaves, a loose chunk of sheetrock falls away, revealing another figure in the drawing. Meanwhile, Giordani, who has been assisting Marcus' investigation, is murdered by the killer after being distracted by a large mechanized doll.
Continuing his search of the abandoned house, Marcus finds a walled-off room. In the middle of the dusty floor sits a desiccated corpse. Someone knocks Marcus unconscious as he backs away in horror. He awakens outside the house, which is burning. Gianna appears, explaining that she got his message about investigating the house and arrived in time to save him. As Marcus and Gianna wait at the caretaker's house for the police, Marcus notices that the caretaker's daughter has drawn a picture identical to the hidden mural he found in the house. She tells him she saw the picture in the archives of the local school.
Marcus and Gianna immediately go to the school. Marcus finds the drawing in a schoolboy's record. When Gianna leaves to call the police, someone stabs her. Marcus corners the attacker; it is his friend Carlo, who as a child drew the disturbing pictures. The police arrive, and Carlo flees into the dark street where a garbage truck hits him and drags him. When the truck stops, an oncoming car runs over Carlo's head.
At the hospital, Marcus learns that Gianna has survived. Marcus remembers that on the night of Helga's murder he met an utterly intoxicated Carlo coming from a different direction than the killing, meaning that Carlo couldn't have been the killer. Marcus reinvestigates Helga's apartment. There, he has an epiphany: the night of Helga's murder it was not a missing painting he saw when he entered the apartment, but rather a reflection of the killer, framed in a mirror. As Marcus realizes he saw Martha, Carlo's mother, she appears behind him with a meat cleaver. Martha explains that after her husband said he would re-commit her to an insane asylum, she murdered him in front of the young Carlo. She walled off the room containing his body. Carlo, scarred psychologically, compulsively drew the scene as a youth and as an adult tried to repress the memory of the homicide with alcohol: he attacked Marcus and Gianna to protect his murderous mother from their investigation.
Martha attacks Marcus and wounds him with the cleaver. After Martha's necklace tangles in the bars of the building's elevator, Marcus sends the elevator down, decapitating her.
Cast
Background
Deep Red represented Argento's return to the horror genre after an attempted breakaway with the historical dramedy The Five Days (1974). It was his last giallo film before Tenebre (1982), which was produced years after the genre's heyday.
The film was also his first collaboration with actress Daria Nicolodi, with whom he would begin a relationship during this film, and progressive rock band Goblin, who composed and performed the film score. Argento would collaborate with Nicolodi five more times, and Goblin or its frontman Claudio Simonetti ten more times. Nicolodi would also co-write the screenplay for Suspiria.
Production
The film was shot mainly on-location in Turin in sixteen weeks. Additional scenes were shot in Rome and Perugia. Argento chose Turin because at the time there were more practising Satanists there than in any other European city, excluding Lyon. He had previously shot parts of The Cat o' Nine Tails (1971) in the city. Filming locations included Santa Costanza Church and Teatro Carignano. Argento would later revisit Carignano 25 years later in Sleepless (2001). The "House of the Screaming Child" was Villa Scott, a historical villa owned at the time by a convent of nuns and operated as a boarding school.
Argento's original working title for the film was La Tigre dei Denti a Sciabola (The Sabre-Toothed Tiger), matching the "animal" motif of his previous gialli.
Co-writer Bernardino Zapponi said the inspiration for the murder scenes came from him and Argento thinking of painful injuries to which the audience could relate, as the pain of being stabbed or shot is outside the experience of most viewers. Their original screenplay ran approximately 500 pages, but after it was deemed unfilmable, Argento shortened it to 321. The use of a psychic medium originated from an early draft of Four Flies on Grey Velvet (1971).
The close-up shots of the killer's hands, clad in black leather gloves, were performed by director Dario Argento himself. Argento was convinced that having all the killing scenes performed by himself would be quicker and easier than teaching the moves to an actor, who would require endless re-takes to perform everything to the director's satisfaction. The film's special effects, which include several mechanically operated heads and body parts, were created and executed by Carlo Rambaldi.
As was common in Italian filmmaking at the time, Deep Red was shot without sync sound, and all dialogue was dubbed in post-production. The screenplay was written in both Italian and English, all actors except for Clara Calamai spoke in English. The Italian dub cast included Isa Bellini (Calamai), Wanda Tettoni (Del Balzo), and Corrado Gaipa (Meniconi). The English dub cast included Cyril Cusack, Ted Rusoff, Carolyn De Fonseca, Geoffrey Copleston, Michael Forest, and Edward Mannix. David Hemmings dubbed himself.
Release
Deep Red was released in Milan and Rome in Italy on 7 March 1975.
In the United States, the film first premiered in New York City on 9 June 1976 and saw a wide theatrical release
on 11 June 1976 by the defunct US independent film distributor Howard Mahler Films. The film was once again re-released
and re-titled in the US on 18 January 1980, as The Hatchet Murders, and again in 1982 as The Phantom of Terror. Unlike Argento's previous features, the film did not have a wide cinema release in the UK. The 1982 video release on Fletcher Video was uncertificated. The first formal submission to the BBFC for classification was made by Redemption Films for their VHS release in 1993. It was passed 18 with 11s of cuts (to 'fighting' dogs), and reframing (of a lizard apparently impaled alive on a blade) on 03/12/1993 (all cuts were subsequently waived, see below).
Critical reception
The film holds a 93% approval rating on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 29 reviews with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's consensus reads: "The kinetic camerawork and brutal over-the-top gore that made Dario Argento famous is on full display, but the addition of a compelling, complex story makes Deep Red a masterpiece." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 89 out of 100 based on 7 critic reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". One negative review upon the film's original American release came from Vincent Canby in The New York Times, who referred to the film as a "bucket of ax-murder-movie cliches" and called Dario Argento "a director of incomparable incompetence."
From retrospective reviews, Kim Newman wrote in the Monthly Film Bulletin that Deep Red was a transitional work for Argento between his earlier whodunit plots and the more supernatural themed films. Newman concluded that Deep Red is "nothing if not an elaborate mechanism, with the camera crawling among objets trouvés" and "what sets Argento apart from imitators like Lucio Fulci is his combination of genuine pain (the murders are as nasty as one could wish, but the camera flinches where Fulci's would linger) and self-mocking humour" Total Film gave the film four stars out of five, noting that Argento's films "can be an acquired taste; it's necessary to attune yourself with the horror director's style in order to get the most from his movies." The review stated that the film "presents some striking visual compositions that raise it above the level of the usual subgenre offerings." and that the film was "A great introduction to Dario Argento's evolving style of horror". The A.V. Club wrote, "Operating under the principle that a moving camera is always better than a static one – and not above throwing in a terrifying evil doll – Deep Red showcases the technical bravado and loopy shock tactics that made Argento famous." AllMovie compared the film to other in Argento's work, noting that the film script was "significantly stronger and the actors much better" AllMovie noted that "Each of the murders is perfectly choreographed with particular praise going to Glauco Mauri's killing" and that "The final reel wraps the film up in a thrilling manner and features two extremely graphic deaths that leave the viewer stunned as the credits roll"
Quentin Tarantino described being "rattled" by the movie as a teenager, and picked it as one of his favorite horror movies.
Home media
Multiple versions of the film exist on DVD and VHS, in large part due to the fact that Argento removed twenty-six minutes (largely scenes between Nicolodi and Hemmings) from the film, footage that was never dubbed in English. For years, it was assumed that the film's American distributors were responsible for removing said scenes, but the recent Blu-ray release confirmed that Argento oversaw and approved the edits to the film.
Eleven seconds of animal cruelty cuts made to the film by the BBFC in 1993 were waived when the film was re-submitted in 2010. Upon consideration, examiners concluded that the 'fighting' dogs were actually playing, and a letter sent from the production company stated that the lizard on a knife was a 'visual effect'.
In 1999, Anchor Bay acquired the rights to release the film uncut on both DVD and VHS. Their version restored the missing footage but kept the American end credit scene (a freeze-frame shot of Hemmings looking down into a pool of blood). As there were no dubbed versions of the missing scenes, the scenes (and additional dialogue omitted in the dubbed version) were featured in their original Italian language. The DVD offered both English and Italian audio tracks as well.
Blue Underground obtained the rights to the film in 2008 and released it as a standard DVD. Their Blu-ray release, released in 2011, contains the US version of the film (which is referred to as "The Director's Cut") and the original edit (referred to as "Uncut" and contains option to watch it in either language).
Arrow Films, a distributor of the United Kingdom, acquired the rights to the film and released it on January 3, 2011. The 2-disc set was released uncut as part of the now out-of-print window slip cover sets which released a number of films by Argento and other directors; it contained several special features including interviews, a documentary, trailers, audio commentary, four cover artwork designs, an exclusive collector's booklet written by Alan Jones on the film, and a double-sided poster. Both the director's cut and the theatrical cut are available on the set with an English and Italian audio track, and English subtitles. On January 25, 2016, Arrow Films released Deep Red in a 3-disc Limited Edition set of 3000 copies. The edition is available in new 4K restoration, with new commissioned artwork exclusive from Arrow Films. The original version of the film, as well as US cut are available, with new special features including a soundtrack CD featuring 28 tracks, 6 lobby cards, double-sided poster, reversible sleeve, and a limited edition booklet written by Mikel J. Koven. Bonus features from the previous edition are also included. A standard version of the Limited Edition was released on May 30, 2016 in a single-disc set and contains only the director's cut/original version. Special features from the edition are available.
On November 6, 2013, Australian distributor, Umbrella Entertainment made the film available with both the director's cut and the theatrical cut included.
Soundtrack
Argento originally contacted jazz pianist and composer Giorgio Gaslini to score the film; however, he was unhappy with Gaslini's output. After failing to get Pink Floyd to replace Gaslini, Argento turned back to Italy and found Goblin, a local progressive rock band. Their leader Claudio Simonetti impressed Argento by producing two compositions within just one night. Argento signed them immediately, and they ended up composing most of the film's musical score (three Gaslini compositions were retained in the final version). Subsequently, Goblin composed music for several other films by Dario Argento.
The soundtrack was made available for the first time ever on vinyl after Waxwork Records released the complete score by Goblin on a triple LP. In addition to Goblin's music, the LP also included instrumental and alternate tracks by Gaslini.
Legacy
Two key sequences in this film influenced directors of later horror movies: the lead-up to the famous exploding head scene in David Cronenberg's Scanners is modeled after the parapsychology discussion at the beginning of Deep Red, and Rick Rosenthal's Halloween II contains a scalding water death inspired by the death of Giuliana Calandra's character Amanda Righetti here.
Director James Wan has cited the works of Dario Argento as an influence for the Saw horror series, and Billy the Puppet, the avatar of the series' villain, is visually similar to the mechanical doll that menaces Giordani in Deep Red.
The film's title, Profondo Rosso, is the name of a Rome horror memorabilia store owned and operated by Argento and Luigi Cozzi.
Unproduced remake
In 2010, George A. Romero was contacted by Claudio Argento to direct a 3D remake of Deep Red, which Claudio said would also involve Dario. Romero showed some interest in the film; however, after contacting Dario – who said he knew nothing about the remake – Romero declined Claudio's offer.
Stage adaptation
In 2007, Argento directed a musical theatre adaptation of Deep Red with music by Claudio Simonetti. The role of Marcus was played by Michel Altieri.
Alternate versions
The original Italian version is 126 minutes long. Most US versions remove 22 minutes' worth of footage, including the most graphic violence, all humorous scenes, almost all of the romantic scenes between David Hemmings and Daria Nicolodi, and part of the subplot regarding the house of the screaming child.
The US video release by Anchor Bay Entertainment is mostly restored, reinstating gore shots and scenes with dialogue that were cut from the initial US release. It was likely that these scenes were cut before the English dub was prepared, so they now only exist with an Italian dub (English subtitles are provided for these scenes). In the original theatrical version, the end credits are displayed over a shot of Marcus' reflection in a pool of blood. The image is moving (blood drips into the pool, Hemmings' face changes expression, etc.) while the credits are displayed. Anchor Bay's release features the credits over a freeze-frame of the original shot. Other than this change, the Anchor Bay VHS/DVD is the full, uncut version of the film.
The later DVD release from Blue Underground is the exact version mentioned above. Also, Blue Underground released an "Uncensored English Version" on DVD on 17 May 2011. This cut of the film runs no more than 105 minutes, with the gore from the original Italian version intact but the other cuts from the edited English version again excised.
The film had no UK theatrical release. The 1993 Redemption video was cut by 11 seconds to remove a brief scene of two dogs fighting and shots of a live lizard impaled with a pin. The 2005 Platinum DVD issue was pre-cut (to exclude the shot of the lizard) and restored the dog sequence (as it was evident that they were playing rather than fighting). It was finally passed uncut for the 2010 Arrow DVD release.
The full-length Italian version (with English subtitles and one small cut by UK censors) is available on video in the UK in pan and scan format from Redemption Films. The only known widescreen print of this version can be found in Australia on both SBS TV and its pay-TV channel World Movies, completely uncut. (Note that the widescreen laserdisc release is in English language and was cut by director Argento himself by about 12 minutes).
Some releases of the film incorporate a still from the film, revealing the murderer.
See also
Profondo Rosso (store)
References
External links
– 98 minute edited U.S. theatrical version (101 minutes with credits) in pan-and-scan format
Commentary by DVD Talk critic Michael Mackenzie
1975 LGBT-related films
1970s horror thriller films
1975 films
Films scored by Goblin (band)
Films directed by Dario Argento
Giallo films
Italian LGBT-related films
Italian horror thriller films
1970s Italian-language films
Home invasions in film
LGBT-related horror films
Paranormal films
Films with screenplays by Dario Argento
Italian serial killer films
Films set in country houses
Films set in Turin
Films shot in Turin
Films shot in Rome
1970s Christmas horror films
Italian exploitation films
1970s Italian films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20Red |
Protection against Accidents (Dockers) Convention, 1929 (shelved) is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1929:
Modification
The concepts contained in the convention were revised and included in ILO Convention C32, Protection against Accidents (Dockers) Convention (Revised), 1932, and again in ILO Convention C152, Occupational Safety and Health (Dock Work) Convention, 1979.
Ratifications
Prior to it being shelved, the convention had been ratified by four states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Health treaties
Shelved International Labour Organization conventions
Occupational safety and health treaties
Treaties concluded in 1929
Treaties entered into force in 1932
Admiralty law treaties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection%20against%20Accidents%20%28Dockers%29%20Convention%2C%201929%20%28shelved%29 |
InkBall is a computer game that is included with Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005 and Windows Vista except the Starter and Home Basic editions. It employs the use of a stylus or mouse to draw lines to direct balls into holes of corresponding colors. On Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, a pen tablet was required to play the game properly, as the mouse cursor was not visible inside the game window. However, pressing Alt twice while playing the game will cause the mouse cursor to show up. In Windows Vista, it can also be played using the mouse without any issues.
InkBall is not available for later versions of Windows, and is removed when users upgrade from Windows XP or Vista to Windows 7.
Points are awarded for putting colored balls in the correct hole, time left at the end of the round, and for breaking blocks. The game is over when time runs out, or when a ball enters a hole of the wrong color. However, gray is a neutral color and therefore if a gray ball goes into the hole of a different color or if any ball goes into a gray hole nothing will happen. Some blocks have special properties, such as breaking when hit, opening and closing at intervals, changing the ball's color or making the ball accelerate. InkBall has a variety of difficulty levels, ranging from Beginner, to Novice, to Intermediate, to Advanced and finally to Expert. As the difficulty increases, the time to move the balls into their correct hole(s) is dramatically lowered, and the overall complexity of the task increases substantially.
See also
List of games included with Windows
References
External links
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005: Tools to Use with Your Tablet PC
2004 video games
Discontinued Windows components
Microsoft games
Puzzle video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InkBall |
New Obscurantis Order is the third album by the French symphonic black metal band Anorexia Nervosa.
Track listing
"Mother Anorexia"
"Châtiment De La Rose" (Eng: Chastisement of the Rose)
"Black Death, Nonetheless"
"Stabat Mater Dolorosa"
"Le Portail De La Vierge" (Eng: The Virgin's Portal)
"The Altar of Holocausts"
"Hail Tyranny" (Rachmaninov Cover(Actual song called Prelude in C# Minor op. 3 no. 2))
"Ordo Ab Chao - The Scarlet Communion"
"Solitude" (Candlemass Cover) (*)
"Metal Meltdown" (Judas Priest Cover) (**)
(*) 'Limited Edition' and 'Limited LP' version only.
(**) 'Limited LP' version only.
Anorexia Nervosa (band) albums
2001 albums
Osmose Productions albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Obscurantis%20Order |
Bad Breisig () is a town in the district of Ahrweiler, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the Rhine, approx. 15 km south-east of Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler.
Bad Breisig is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Bad Breisig.
Personalities
Sons and daughters of the town
Beate Berger (1886-1940), director of the Jewish children's home Beith Ahawah in Berlin and Haifa
People connected with Bad Breisig
Max Barthel (1893-1975), working poet, lived from 1948 to 1969 in Bad Breisig
Klaus Badelt (born 1967), a German composer, which specializes in television and soundtrack.
Kai Krause (born 1957), a German musician and software - pioneer, lives in .
The religious scholar and sociologist Oliver Krüger (born 1973) grew up in Bad Breisig.
See also
Bad Breisig (Final Palaeolithic site)
References
Populated places on the Rhine
Populated places in Ahrweiler (district)
Middle Rhine
Spa towns in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%20Breisig |
George Edmond Manley (born September 17, 1965) is an American voice actor, novelist and screenwriter. He attended San Jose State University, majoring in theatre arts, University of Nevada, Reno, majoring in journalism and holds his associate of science degree in Computer Information Systems and trained at San Francisco's Voice One Studio and with Braintracks Audio's Nancy Wolfson in commercial and character voiceover. He performed voice work at ADV Films, including Francesco in the second volume of Noir; Impact, the giant robot in Legend of the Mystical Ninja; Hyugi Zeravire from Gravion Zwei; Barba from Hakugei: Legend of The Moby Dick; and the English-language narrator for Science Ninja Team Gatchaman. He wrote a script adaptation for six episodes of Gantz, and is the series writer for the adaptation of Super Dimension Fortress Macross, 009-1, Coyote Ragtime Show, Pumpkin Scissors and Full Metal Panic! The Second Raid. Manley became a voice artist, after meeting and receiving encouragement at the 2002 FanimeCon from Amanda Winn-Lee, Tiffany Grant and Matt Greenfield. Manley is an on-air personality for Houston's Taping for the Blind Radio (now known as Turning Sight into Sound Radio), reading the Houston Chronicle and Sports Illustrated on a weekly basis.
Filmography
Anime
009-1 – Double Gomez, Apollo
Area 88 – Charlie (OAV), Gustav Tanhelm (TV series)
Akame ga Kill! – Ogre
Aura Battler Dunbine – Captain Kawasse, Lord Shotan, Puradon, Kotaro
Blue Drop – Hasegawa (Mari's Driver)
Bodacious Space Pirates – Schnitzer
The Book of Bantorra – Ruweek Hartain, Boramotte, Karune
Canaan – U.S. President
Children Who Chase Lost Voices – Commander of Arned Priest
Chrono Crusade – Viede, Gotti
Coicent – Blue Brother
Comic Party Revolution – The Chief, Nagase Chou
Coyote Ragtime Show – Admiral Malcolm Floyd
Cromartie High School – Masked Takenouchi
Devil Survivor 2: The Animation – Byakko
Dirty Pair: Affair of Nolandia – Yullgis
Divergence Eve – Doctor Kessler
Five Numbers! – VO (Old Man/Enplein)
Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood – Darius
Full Metal Panic! The Second Raid – Gate's Subordinate
Gantz – Haruya
Ghost Stories – Asai, Muffled Doctor
Gintama: The Movie – Henpeita Takeuchi
Godannar – Moukaku
Gravion Zwei – Hyugi Zeravire
Hakugei: Legend of The Moby Dick – Barba
Hakkenden: Eight Dogs of the East – Toad Spirit
Hakuōki – Kai Shimada
Halo Legends – Berger (The Babysitter)
Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere – Tadatsugu Sakai
Intrigue in the Bakumatsu - Irohanihoheto – Genba Hario
Kaleido Star – Marine Park Owner, Herron
Kurau Phantom Memory – Frank Zaksman
Legends of the Dark King – Jadaum
Legend of the Mystical Ninja – Impact
Log Horizon – Isaac
Maburaho – Principal Mori
Madlax – Lieutenant "Pops" Nyman
Majestic Prince – Dolgana
Majikoi! – Oh! Samurai Girls – Cookie (Form II & V)
Maria Holic – Narrator
Megazone 23 – Guts, Computer Tech, Alphonse
Michel – Sitel
Neon Genesis Evangelion – Man in Suit
Nerima Daikon Brothers – Buff Pandaikon
Night Raid 1931 – Director, Kanji Ishihara
Noir – Francesco, Boss Bertonie
One Piece (Funimation dub) – Hatchan, Montblanc Cricket
Papuwa – Isami Kondo
Parasyte - Hirama
Problem Children Are Coming from Another World, Aren't They? - Deen, Water God
Project Blue Earth SOS – Commander Horner
Pumpkin Scissors – Lance Corporal Mercury, Old Man (episode 6)
RahXephon – Ulysses Captain, Captain Nomad
Saint Seiya – Dante (ADV Dub)
Samurai Gun – Lord Kozan
Science Ninja Team Gatchaman (ADV dub) – Narrator
Shining Hearts: Shiawase no Pan – Hank
Short Peace – Gimlet (A Farewell to Weapons)
Tears to Tiara – Ladu, Bublux
The Super Dimension Fortress Macross – Lynn Shaochin
Those Who Hunt Elves – Villager, Mary the Shepherd, Santa Claus, Sorcerer, Tree Demon
Xam'd: Lost Memories – Senten Island Commandant
Yugo the Negotiator – Senior Lieutenant Viktor
Live-Action
Meet My Folks – Mailman (episodes 1 and 3)
Room – Jim
The Brain Storm – BLT
Video games
Kohan II: Kings of War – Jonas Teramun/Sijansur, Xander Kharei, King Agborus, Ord
Axis & Allies RTS – General George Patton, Field Marshal Konstantin Rokossovski, Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa, American Commander, Tutorial Narrator
Production staff
ADR Script Adaptation
009-1
The Ambition of Nobuna Oda
Amnesia
Black Bullet
Bryhildr: in The Darkness
Coyote Ragtime Show
Devil Survivor 2: The Animation
Dog & Scissors
Dramatical Murder
Full Metal Panic! The Second Raid
Gantz
Gatchaman Crowds -insight-
Hakkenden: Eight Dogs of the East (season 1 and 2)
Hakuoki: The Boisterous Dance of Kyoto
Hakuoki: The Blue Sky of a Samurai's Spirit
Hamatora - Season 2
Hanayamata
Log Horizon
Log Horizon 2
Magical Warfare
Majestic Prince
MM!
Pumpkin Scissors
Rozen Maiden: Zurückspulen
Samurai Bride
Say "I Love You".
The Super Dimension Fortress Macross
The World God Only Knows: Goddess Arc
When Supernatural Battles Became Commonplace
Upotte!!
Spotting
Girls und Panzer der Film
My Love Story
Utawarerumono: The False Faces
References
External links
1965 births
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male writers
American television writers
American male screenwriters
American male television writers
American male voice actors
Living people
Male actors from Sacramento, California
San Jose State University alumni
University of Nevada, Reno alumni
Writers from Sacramento, California
Male actors from Houston
Writers from Houston
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from Texas
21st-century American screenwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Manley |
Mammaliaformes ("mammalian forms") is a clade that contains the crown group mammals and their closest extinct relatives; the group radiated from earlier probainognathian cynodonts. It is defined as the clade originating from the most recent common ancestor of Morganucodonta and the crown group mammals; the latter is the clade originating with the most recent common ancestor of extant Monotremata, Marsupialia, and Placentalia. Besides Morganucodonta and the crown group mammals, Mammaliaformes includes Docodonta and Hadrocodium as well as the Triassic Tikitherium, the earliest known member of the group.
Mammaliaformes is a term of phylogenetic nomenclature. In contrast, the assignment of organisms to Mammalia has traditionally been founded on traits and, on this basis, Mammalia is slightly more inclusive than Mammaliaformes. In particular, trait-based taxonomy generally includes Adelobasileus and Sinoconodon in Mammalia, though they fall outside the Mammaliaformes definition. These genera are included in the broader clade Mammaliamorpha, defined phylogenetically as the clade originating with the last common ancestor of Tritylodontidae and the crown group mammals. This wider group includes some families that trait-based taxonomy does not include in Mammalia, in particular Tritylodontidae and Brasilodontidae.
Animals in the Mammaliaformes clade are often called mammaliaforms, without the e. Sometimes, the spelling mammaliforms is used. The origin of crown-group mammals extends back to the Jurassic, with extensive findings in the Late Jurassic outcrops of Portugal and China. The earliest confirmed specimens of fur are found in them, demonstrating that the ancestors of mammals had already developed fur.
Mammaliaformes in life
Early mammaliaforms were generally shrew-like in appearance and size, and most of their distinguishing characteristics were internal. In particular, the structure of the mammaliaform (and mammal) jaw and the arrangement of teeth are nearly unique. Instead of having many teeth that are frequently replaced, mammals have one set of baby teeth and later one set of adult teeth that fit together precisely. This is thought to aid in the grinding of food to make it quicker to digest. Endothermic animals require more calories than those that are ectothermic, so speeding up the pace of digestion is a necessity. The drawback to the fixed dentition is that worn teeth cannot be replaced, as was possible for the reptiliomorph ancestors of mammaliaforms. To compensate, mammals developed prismatic enamel, characterized by crystallite discontinuities that helped spread out the force of the bite.
Lactation, along with other characteristically mammalian features, is also thought to characterize the Mammaliaformes, but these traits are difficult to study in the fossil record. Evidence of lactation is present in morganucodontans, via tooth replacement patterns. Combined with the more basal tritylodontids that also display evidence of lactation, this seems to imply that milk is an ancestral characteristic in this group. However, the fairly derived Sinoconodon appears to have uniquely discarded milk altogether. Prior to hatching, the milk glands would provide moisture to the leathery eggs, a situation still found in monotremes.
The early mammaliaforms did have a harderian gland. In modern mammals, this is used for cleaning the fur, indicating that they, contrary to their Cynodont ancestors, had a furry covering. An insulative covering is necessary to keep a homeothermic animal warm if it is very small, less than 5 cm (1.97 in) long; the 3.2 cm (1.35 in) Hadrocodium must have had fur, therefore, but the 10 cm (3.94 in) Morganucodon might not have needed it. The docodont Castorocauda, further removed from crown group mammals than Hadrocodium, had two layers of fur, guard hairs and underfur, as do mammals today.
It is possible that early mammaliaforms had vibrissae; Tritheledontidae, a group of Cynodonts, probably had whiskers. A common ancestor of all therian mammals did so. Indeed, some humans even still develop vestigial vibrissal muscles in the upper lip. Thus, it is possible that the development of the whisker sensory system played an important role in mammalian development, more generally.
Like monotremes today, the legs of early mammaliaforms were somewhat sprawling, giving a rather "reptilian" type of gait. However, there was a general tendency to have more erect forelimbs, forms like eutriconodonts even having a fundamentally modern forelimb anatomy while the hindlimbs remained "primitive"; this tendency is in some effect still seen in modern therian mammals, which often have more sprawling hindlimbs. In some forms, the hind feet likely bore a spur similar to those found in the platypus and echidnas. Such a spur would have been connected to a venom gland for protection or mating competition.
Hadrocodium lacks the multiple bones in its lower jaw seen in reptiles. These are still retained, however, in earlier mammaliaforms.
With the possible exception of Megazostrodon and Erythrotherium (as well as placental mammals), all mammaliforms possess epipubic bones, a possibly synapomorphy with tritylodontids, which also have them. These pelvic bones strengthen the torso and support abdominal and hindlimb musculature. They, however, prevent the expansion of the abdomen, and so force species that possess them to either give birth to larval young (as in modern marsupials), or produce minuscule eggs that hatch into larval young (as in modern monotremes). Most mammaliforms, therefore, probably had the same constraints, and some species could have borne pouches.
Phylogeny
The cladogram below follows the analysis of Luo and colleagues in 2015.
Expanded from above
Cladogram based on Rougier et al. (1996) with Tikitherium included following Luo and Martin (2007).
See also
Evolution of mammals
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Therapsid
Vertebrate paleontology
References
External links
Mammaliforms and Mammaliaformes from Palaeos
Mesozoic Mammals; Basal Mammaliaformes, an internet directory
Carnian first appearances
Extant Late Triassic first appearances
Taxa named by Timothy B. Rowe
de:Säugetiere#Säugetiere im weiteren Sinn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammaliaformes |
Wolfgang Schwarz (born 14 September 1947, in Vienna) is an Austrian former figure skater. He is the 1968 Olympic gold medalist (one of the youngest male figure skating Olympic champions), a two-time (1967–1968) World silver medalist, and three-time (1967–1969) European silver medalist. Prior to the Grenoble Olympics, he had finished second to Austrian teammate Emmerich Danzer multiple times at the World and European Championships.
In December 2002, Schwarz was convicted on charges of trafficking in human beings after he brought five women from Russia and Lithuania to Austria to work as prostitutes. He was given an 18-month sentence, postponed due to his skin cancer. In December 2005, he was acquitted in a separate case of human trafficking. In August 2006, he was convicted and sentenced to eight years in prison for plotting a kidnapping of a Romanian teenager.
Competitive highlights
References
1947 births
Living people
Austrian male single skaters
Olympic figure skaters for Austria
Figure skaters at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Austria
Austrian criminals
Austrian prisoners and detainees
Figure skaters from Vienna
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
Recipients of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
Medalists at the 1968 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Schwarz |
In music theory, the half-diminished seventh chord (also known as a half-diminished chord or a minor seventh flat five chord) is a seventh chord composed of a root note, together with a minor third, a diminished fifth, and a minor seventh (1, 3, 5, 7). For example, the half-diminished seventh chord built on B, commonly written as Bm7(♭5), or B7, has pitches B-D-F-A:
It can be represented by the integer notation {0, 3, 6, 10}.
The half-diminished seventh chord exists in root position and in three inversions. The first inversion shares identity with the minor sixth chord:
In diatonic harmony, the half-diminished seventh chord occurs naturally on the seventh scale degree of any major scale (for example, B7 in C major) and is thus a leading-tone seventh chord in the major mode. Similarly, the chord also occurs on the second degree of any natural minor scale (e.g., D7 in C minor). It has been described as a "considerable instability".
Expressive potential
The half-diminished seventh chord is frequently used in passages that convey heightened emotion. For example, the "mournful affect" of the sombre opening Chorus of J. S. Bach's St Matthew Passion (1727) features the chord on the seventh beat of its first measure:
Similarly in the Et carnatus est section from Michael Haydn's Missa Sancti Nicolai Tolentini (1768):
In contrast, however, one of the most striking and best known examples of a half diminished seventh can be found in a piece that expresses joyful celebration, namely the chord that follows the fanfare at the start of the Wedding March from Mendelssohn's incidental music to A Midsummer Night's Dream (1842).
An instance of the power latent in this "quintessentially dramatic chord" can be found in the "shriek of despair" that launches the "torrent of fury" that is Chopin's Scherzo No. 1 (1835):
Wagner frequently used the chord for dramatic and expressive effect. (The chord that opens Tristan und Isolde (1859) is the best known and most-discussed example.) However, in his final opera Parsifal (1882), the composer used the half-diminished seventh to colour a leitmotif that conveys how its hero develops as the story progresses. In the first Act, the music portrays Parsifal as vigorous, youthful and naïve. His leitmotif consists almost entirely of diatonic chords:
"As the hero grows in wisdom, so his music develops." When Parsifal re-appears in the final act, set many years later, half-diminished chords permeate the leitmotif. The chromatic harmony here conveys "a deeply sad and resigned impression"
In the opening section of his Fantasy-Overture, Romeo and Juliet (1880), Tchaikovsky follows a minor chord with a half-diminished chord to striking effect:
Gustav Mahler saw the opening movement of his Symphony No. 7 " (1905) as a tragic night without stars or moonlight." The low register of the half-diminished chord at the start appropriately conveys a dark, brooding character. A striking phrase on the tenor horn unfolds the chord as an arpeggio in the second bar.
In his book celebrating popular songs of the first half of the twentieth century, musicologist Allen Forte writes, "The half-diminished seventh chord is in many respects the star of the seventh chord harmonic cast. Many songs in the classic American popular song repertoire reserve it for their most intensely expressive moments." Forte cites as a particular example George Gershwin's use of the chord in his song "Embraceable You". Other examples in the popular song repertoire that use the half-diminished seventh chord include "From This Moment On" by Cole Porter, where the opening phrase of the melody unfolds the chord as an arpeggio and "Because" by the Beatles.
Chord symbols and terminology
Half-diminished seventh chords are often symbolized as a circle with a diagonal line through it, as in C7 or simply C. It also can be represented as m75, −75, m7(5), etc.
The terms and symbols for this chord break expectations that derive from the usual system of chord nomenclature. Normally a symbol like "Bdim" indicates a diminished triad and "B7" indicates a major triad plus a minor seventh. Thus, one would expect the term "Bdim7" to indicate a diminished triad plus a minor seventh. Instead, it means a diminished triad plus a diminished seventh. To make this distinction clear, the term "half-diminished" and the symbol (ø) were invented. Since the term dim7 (as in Bdim7) meant something else, the accurate but unwieldy term "minor seventh flat five" (as in B7) came to be used.
Jazz musicians typically consider the half-diminished chord (more commonly known as the minor seventh flat five chord, m75, among jazz musicians) as built from one of four scales: the seventh mode (the Locrian mode) of the major scale, the sixth mode of the melodic minor scale (the latter scale is nearly identical to the Locrian mode, except that it has a 9 rather than a 9, giving it a somewhat more consonant quality): or the second mode of the harmonic minor scale. Jazz teacher Barry Harris taught that bebop musicians would play a descending Dominant seventh (Mixolydian) scale with an added half-step to maintain all of the chord tones on the beat. For example, for the chords "D-7b5 G7b9 play down the Bb7 scale from its seventh to B" (B being the added half-step bebop note and the 3rd of the G7b9 chord). One reason this works is that the notes of the D-7b5 chord = D F Ab and C, which are also chord tones of Bb7(9) = Bb D F Ab C. This jazz scale is the only scale permutation that maintains the chords tones of both D-7b5 and its G7b9 on the beat. It is sometimes called a Phrygian dominant scale.
The "Tristan chord" is sometimes described as a half-diminished seventh chord; however, the term "Tristan chord" is typically reserved for a very specific harmonic function, especially determined by the chord voicing and sometimes even the way the chord is spelled.
Function
Most common functions
The half-diminished seventh chord has three functions in contemporary harmony: predominant (also called "subdominant"), diminished, and dominant function.
The vast majority of its occurrences are on the II chord in the minor mode, where it takes a predominant function, leading naturally to the dominant V chord. Not including the root motion, there is only a one-note difference between a half-diminished seventh chord and a V7 chord with a flat ninth. Since it is built on the diatonic II chord of the minor scale, most of the time the II-V pattern resolves to a minor tonic (such as in the progression D7 – G79 – Cm), but there are also instances where there is a major tonic resolution.
For example, over the first three bars of the Ciaccona movement of J.S. Bach's Violin Partita No. 2 in D minor, the tonic in the first measure progresses to the ii7 chord (in third inversion) for the first beat of the second measure, then to the dominant (a V7 in first inversion), and then back to the tonic in the third measure.
Diminished chord function is rarer but still exists. Half-diminished chords can function in the same way as fully diminished chords, such as in the chord progression CM7 – Cdim7 – Dm7, or Em7 – Edim7 – Dm7, where the diminished chord serves as a chromatic passing chord preceding a chord with a diatonic root. A typical example of this is when IV7 progresses to IVm7, such as in the Cole Porter song "Night and Day", where there is the progression F7 – Fm7 – Em7 – Edim7 – Dm7 – G7 – CM7. If analyzed in its predominant function, it wouldn't sufficiently explain how it functions preceding the Fm7 chord.
In dominant function, the VII half diminished chord, like its fully diminished counterpart, can take the place of the dominant V chord at a point of cadential motion. This chord, sometimes called a leading-tone diminished seventh chord, is represented by the Roman numeral notation vii7, the root of which is the leading-tone to the tonic. In the key of C, this is chord is B7, as shown below.
This generally occurs in a major key, since the flattening of the sixth degree in the natural minor scale renders a dominant diminished seventh chord fully diminished if played within the scale. Indeed, the VII half diminished chord in a major key is identical to a dominant ninth chord (a dominant seventh with a major ninth) with its root omitted.
The dominant function of the half-diminished seventh chord may also occur in a secondary dominant context, i.e., as part of a progression where the chord performs the dominant function with respect to the overall key's dominant chord. In this scenario, the half-diminished seventh chord is built on the tritone of the overall key and is equivalent to a secondary dominant seventh chord with added ninth and omitted root. If written with respect to the overall key, this chord is styled "iv7," but in terms of its function in the progression, the styling "viiø7/V" is more descriptive.
Other functions
A variant of the supertonic seventh chord (ii7) is the supertonic half-diminished seventh with the raised supertonic (ii7), which is enharmonically equivalent to the lowered third (in C: D = E).
D–F–A–C = F–A–C–E
D7 = Fmadd dim7
The sharpened subdominant diminished triad with minor seventh chord is represented with the Roman numeral notation iv7; the root of this chord is the raised subdominant (sharpened fourth). That root also serves as the leading tone to the dominant when used in the vii7/V function described above; such a function is the diminished, secondary-dominant equivalent of a backdoor progression. For example, in the key of C major, the chord playing this role is F7.
The half-diminished seventh chord may also be enharmonically interpreted as an augmented sixth chord. The minor seventh interval (between root and seventh degree, i.e.: { C B } in { C E G B } ) is enharmonically equivalent to an augmented sixth { C E G A }. Transposing this gives { A C D F }, a virtual minor version of the French augmented sixth chord. Like the typical augmented sixth chord, this enharmonic interpretation gives on a resolution irregular for the half-diminished seventh but regular for the augmented sixth chord, where the two voices at the enharmonic major second converge to unison or diverge to octave.
Half-diminished seventh chord table
{| class="wikitable"
!Chord
!Root
!Minor third
!Diminished fifth
!Flat seventh
|-
!Cm75
|C
|E (D)
|G (F)
|B (A)
|-
!Cm75
|C
|E
|G
|B
|-
!Cm75
|C
|E
|G
|B
|-
!Dm75
|D
|F (E)
|A (G)
|C (B)
|-
!Dm75
|D
|F
|A
|C
|-
!Dm75
|D
|F
|A
|C
|-
!Em75
|E
|G
|B (A)
|D
|-
!Em75
|E
|G
|B
|D
|-
!Em75
|E
|G
|B
|D
|-
!Fm75
|F
|A (G)
|C (B)
|E (D)
|-
!Fm75
|F
|A
|C (B)
|E
|-
!Fm75
|F
|A
|C
|E
|-
!Gm75
|G
|B (A)
|D (C)
|F (E)
|-
!Gm75
|G
|B
|D
|F
|-
!Gm75
|G
|B
|D
|F
|-
!Am75
|A
|C (B)
|E (D)
|G
|-
!Am75
|A
|C
|E
|G
|-
!Am75
|A
|C
|E
|G
|-
!Bm75
|B
|D
|F (E)
|A
|-
!Bm75
|B
|D
|F
|A
|-
!Bm75
|B
|D
|F
|A
|}
See also
Bar-line shift
Diminished seventh chord
Subtonic
Tristan chord
References
External links
Improvising over half-diminished chords, jazzguitar.be
Seventh chords | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-diminished%20seventh%20chord |
Rochester-upon-Medway was a local government district in north Kent, England from 1974 to 1998. It covered Rochester, Chatham, Luton, Lordswood, Walderslade, Strood and the Hoo Peninsula.
The district was formed as the District of Medway under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, as a merger of the municipal borough and city of Rochester, the borough of Chatham and most of Strood Rural District. The district council was granted a charter entitling it to be known as the Borough of Medway, and preserving the mayoralties of Rochester and Chatham.
Name change and city status
On creation in 1974 the new Medway Borough Council applied to inherit the city status of Rochester, but this was refused. Instead, special letters patent were granted on 18 March 1974, which declared that the existing area would continue to constitute the City of Rochester, notwithstanding its abolition as a local government authority. In rejecting the council's application, the Home Office noted that it might be possible to extend city status to the entire borough in the future, provided that "Rochester" feature in its name.
On 3 December 1979 the Medway Borough Council passed a resolution renaming the district as the Borough of Rochester-upon-Medway, and on 25 January 1982 further letters patent were issued declaring that in future:
...the whole of the said Borough and not the said part of the Borough as heretofore should have the name style and status of a City...
Accordingly the district became the City of Rochester-upon-Medway.
Abolition
Following a review by the Local Government Commission for England, the city was abolished on 1 April 1998, when it was merged with the neighbouring Borough of Gillingham to form a new unitary authority of Medway.
An inadvertent effect of the 1998 abolition was the ending of Rochester's historic city status, due to the failure of the outgoing city council to appoint charter trustees. This only became apparent in 2002.
See also
Rochester-upon-Medway City Council elections
References
Former non-metropolitan districts of Kent
Medway
Districts of England established in 1974
Former boroughs in England
1998 disestablishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20Rochester-upon-Medway |
Mistissini ( meaning Big Rock) is a Cree town located in the south-east corner of the largest natural lake in Quebec, Lake Mistassini. The town is inside the boundaries of the Baie-James Municipality and is the second largest Cree community with a population of 3,731 people in 2021. The surface area of the town is (Category I land, as defined in the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement).
Mistissini is part of the Grand Council of the Crees (Eeyou Istchee) and the Cree Regional Authority. The Cree School Board and the Cree Construction Company have their head offices here.
The town is about north-east from the town of Chibougamau, connected by a paved road. Mistissini has a fishing lodge with 20 rooms and a restaurant.
History
Cree have lived in the Rupert River watershed area and around Lake Mistassini for centuries. French explorers and traders entered the area in the 17th century and by the second half of that century, a trading post was established on Lake Mistassini. The location of the post shifted from time to time until 1821, when the Hudson's Bay Company established it at the present village site.
The trading post was supplied by canoe brigade from Rupert House (now Waskaganish) up the Rupert River or through Neoskweskau (a former Cree site) on the Eastmain River. The travel route shifted to the south - first through Oskelaneo when the railroad was built in 1910, and subsequently through the Lac Saint-Jean area. The road reached Mistissini in 1970.
Through time Mistissini and the various posts in the area were also known as "Maison Dorval", "Patagoosh", "Abatagoushe", "Mistassini", and "Baie-du-Poste".
Education
The Cree School Board operates two schools in Mistissini: Voyageur Memorial Elementary School (VMES) and Voyageur Memorial High School (). Voyageur Memorial School was built in 1983.
References
External links
Cree Nation of Mistissini
http://www.ottertooth.com/Native_K/mistissini.htm
Cree villages in Quebec
Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
Eeyou Istchee (territory) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistissini |
Purnell's Illustrated Encyclopedia of modern Weapons and Warfare is a partwork originating with Purnell in 1967–1969, republished under the Phoebus brand.
Its contributors and editors included Bill Gunston (aviation), Ian V. Hogg (land weapons), John Batchelor (illustrations) and editor Bernard Fitzsimons. The quality of these lead contributors ensured high quality and accuracy in the finished product.
The publication covers the twentieth century to publication, in alphabetical order, in 125 volumes. Levels of detail varied from a short paragraph, to several pages of technical and operational analysis.
In addition to the main content there were a number of John Batchelor posters and other promotional offers.
A 24-volume encyclopedia, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare, was published in 1977. It was distributed by Columbia House.
References
Encyclopedias of the military
Partworks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons%20and%20Warfare |
The Forced Labour Convention, the full title of which is the Convention Concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour, 1930 (No.29), is one of eight ILO fundamental conventions of the International Labour Organization. Its object and purpose is to suppress the use of forced labour in all its forms irrespective of the nature of the work or the sector of activity in which it may be performed. The Convention defines forced labour as "all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily", with few exceptions like compulsory military service.
The convention was adopted in Geneva 28 June 1930 and came into force on 1 May 1932. By the end of 1932 ten countries had ratified the convention (Japan, Bulgaria, Spain, Norway, Denmark, Australia, Sweden, United Kingdom, Liberia, and Ireland). Austria in 1960, Luxembourg in 1964 and Malta in 1965 were the last Western European countries to ratify the convention. Canada ratified it in 2011 and as of 2022, the United States has not ratified it.
The convention was supplemented by the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention which canceled a number of exceptions to abolition in the 1930 Convention, such as punishment for strikes and as a punishment for holding certain political views.
Exceptions
Article 2 of the Convention excepts from the term forced or compulsory labour the following:
(a) any work or service exacted in virtue of compulsory military service laws for work of a purely military character;
(b) any work or service which forms part of the normal civic obligations of the citizens of a fully self-governing country;
(c) any work or service exacted from any person as a consequence of a conviction in a court of law, provided that the said work or service is carried out under the supervision and control of a public authority and that the said person is not hired to or placed at the disposal of private individuals, companies or associations;
(d) any work or service exacted in cases of emergency, that is to say, in the event of war, of a calamity or threatened calamity, such as fire, flood, famine, earthquake, violent epidemic or epizootic diseases, invasion by: animal, insect or vegetable pests, and in general any circumstance that would endanger the existence or the well-being of the whole or part of the population;
(e) minor communal services of a kind which, being performed by the members of the community in the direct interest of the said community, can therefore be considered as normal civic obligations incumbent upon the members of the community, provided that the members of the community or their direct representatives shall have the right to be consulted in regard to the need for such services.
Ratifications
As of July 2023, the convention has been ratified 181 of the 187 ILO members. The ILO members that have not ratified the convention are:
UN member states which are not members of the ILO are Andorra, Bhutan, Liechtenstein, Micronesia, Monaco, Nauru, and North Korea; these states are not eligible to ratify the Convention unless they first join the ILO.
Protocol
In 2014, a protocol was adopted by the International Labour Conference: P29, Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930. The Protocol was adopted with 437 votes in favour, 8 against and 27 abstentions (there are 3 votes per member state: one for the government, one for employees, and one for employers). The Government of Thailand was the only state to vote against adoption, though it reversed its position a few days later. The protocol obligates states parties to provide protection and appropriate remedies, including compensation, to victims of forced labour and to sanction the perpetrators of forced labour. It also obligates states parties to develop "a national policy and plan of action for the effective and sustained suppression of forced or compulsory labour".
On 14 May 2015, Niger became the first state to ratify the 2014 Protocol. As of November 2016, it has been ratified by nine states: Argentina, Czech Republic, France, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Norway, Panama, and the United Kingdom. The Protocol entered into force on 9 November 2016.
See also
Civil conscription
Slave Trade Act
Conscription in North Korea
Conscription in South Korea
Supplementary service in South Korea, Social service agent
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
References
External links
Text of the Forced Labour Convention.
Ratifications.
The ILO Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL)
Thailand’s Military Government Votes ‘Yes’ On Forced Labor
International Labour Organization conventions
Anti-slavery treaties
Treaties concluded in 1930
Treaties entered into force in 1932
Unfree labour
1930 in labor relations
June 1930 events
1930 in Switzerland
20th century in Geneva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced%20Labour%20Convention |
Brohltal is a Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Ahrweiler, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated approximately 30 km north-west of Koblenz. The seat of the municipality is in Niederzissen.
The Verbandsgemeinde Brohltal consists of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
* seat of the Verbandsgemeinde
References
Verbandsgemeinde in Rhineland-Palatinate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brohltal |
Natalie Kimberly "Kim" Seybold-Catron (born September 18, 1965) is an American former pair skater. Competing with her brother Wayne Seybold, she won five senior international medals, became a two-time U.S. national silver medalist, and competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics. The pair grew up in Marion, Indiana and were coached by Ronald Ludington from 1984 in Wilmington, Delaware.
Seybold married a former hockey player, Mark Catron, with whom she has two daughters, Kaitlyn and Ashley. She underwent operations to remove a brain tumor in 1995, 2002 and 2006, resulting in numbness on the right side of her face and hearing loss in her right ear.
Results
(with Seybold)
References
1965 births
American female pair skaters
Figure skaters at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Living people
People from Marion, Indiana
21st-century American women
20th-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie%20Seybold |
In music, a major seventh chord is a seventh chord in which the third is a major third above the root and the seventh is a major seventh above the root. The major seventh chord, sometimes also called a Delta chord, can be written as maj7, M7, , ⑦, etc. The "7" does not have to be superscripted, but if it is, then any alterations, added tones, or omissions are usually also superscripted. For example, the major seventh chord built on C, commonly written as Cmaj7, has pitches C–E–G–B:
It can be represented by the integer notation {0, 4, 7, 11}.
According to Forte, the major seventh chord is exemplified by IV7, which originates melodically.
The just major seventh chord is tuned in the ratios 8:10:12:15, as a just major chord is tuned 4:5:6 and a just major seventh is tuned 15:8.
The minor flat sixth chord (minor triad with an added minor sixth) is an inversion of this chord.
Examples
In 1888, the French composer Erik Satie composed three slow waltzes, entitled Gymnopédies. The first and best-known of these alternates two major seventh chords. The first eight measures (shown below) alternate between Gmaj7 and Dmaj7.
Later examples of tonic major seventh chords include Henry Mancini's Theme from Charlie's Angels, Joseph Kosma's "Autumn Leaves", The Beatles' "This Boy", Eagles' "One of These Nights", Bread's "Make It With You", America's "Tin Man", Blood Sweat & Tears' "You've Made Me So Very Happy", the third (main) part of Paul McCartney and Wings' "Band On The Run", Carly Simon's "The Right Thing to Do", and Chicago's "Colour My World".
Common in jazz since the Jazz Age of the 1920s, major seventh chords appeared frequently in compositions of genres influenced by jazz in the subsequent decades, such as traditional pop, bossa nova, and easy listening. Moving into the 1970s to replace the prominence of the dominant seventh chord as a stable tonic more common in the first fifteen years of the rock era, the major seventh was common in all styles, "pervading soul, country rock, soft rock, MOR (middle-of-the-road styles), jazz rock, funk, and disco." Music theorist Ken Stephenson continues:
Pieces which feature prominent major seventh chords include: Tadd Dameron's "Lady Bird", and "This Guy's in Love with You", by Burt Bacharach and Hal David.
Major seventh chord table
{|class="wikitable"
!Chord
!Root
!Major third
!Perfect fifth
!Major seventh
|-
!Cmaj7
|C
|E
|G
|B
|-
!Cmaj7
|C
|E (F)
|G
|B (C)
|-
!Dmaj7
|D
|F
|A
|C
|-
!Dmaj7
|D
|F
|A
|C
|-
!Dmaj7
|D
|F (G)
|A
|C (D)
|-
!Emaj7
|E
|G
|B
|D
|-
!Emaj7
|E
|G
|B
|D
|-
!Fmaj7
|F
|A
|C
|E
|-
!Fmaj7
|F
|A
|C
|E (F)
|-
!Gmaj7
|G
|B
|D
|F
|-
!Gmaj7
|G
|B
|D
|F
|-
!Gmaj7
|G
|B (C)
|D
|F (G)
|-
!Amaj7
|A
|C
|E
|G
|-
!Amaj7
|A
|C
|E
|G
|-
!Amaj7
|A
|C (D)
|E (F)
|G (A)
|-
!Bmaj7
|B
|D
|F
|A
|-
!Bmaj7
|B
|D
|F
|A
|}
Major seventh chords for guitar
In standard tuning, the left is the low E string. To the right of the | is another way of playing the same chord. x means mute the string. (The Amaj7 demonstrates the movable chord shapes.)
Amaj7: xx7654 | xxx224 | xx7999 | x02120 | 576655
Bmaj7: x24342 | 7988xx
Cmaj7: x35453 | x32000 | x35453
Dmaj7: xx0222 | x57675
Emaj7: xx2444 | 021100
Fmaj7: xx3555 | 103210 | xx3210
Gmaj7: xx5777 | 320002
See also
Subtonic
References
Seventh chords
ca:Acord de sèptima#Acord de sèptima major | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20seventh%20chord |
Cultural selection theory is the study of cultural change modelled on theories of evolutionary biology. Cultural selection theory has so far never been a separate discipline. However it has been proposed that
human culture exhibits key Darwinian evolutionary properties, and "the structure of a science of cultural evolution should share fundamental features with the structure of the science of biological evolution".
In addition to Darwin's work the term historically covers a diverse range of theories from both the sciences and the humanities including those of Lamark, politics and economics e.g. Bagehot, anthropology e.g. Edward B. Tylor, literature e.g. Ferdinand Brunetière, evolutionary ethics e.g. Leslie Stephen, sociology e.g. Albert Keller, anthropology e.g. Bronislaw Malinowski, Biosciences e.g.
Alex Mesoudi, geography e.g.
Richard Ormrod, sociobiology and biodiversity e.g. E.O. Wilson, computer programming e.g. Richard Brodie, and other fields e.g. Neoevolutionism, and Evolutionary archaeology.
Outline
Crozier suggests that Cultural Selection emerges from three bases: Social contagion theory, Evolutionary epistemology, and Memetics.
This theory is an extension of memetics. In memetics, memes, much like biology's genes, are informational units passed through generations of culture. However, unlike memetics, cultural selection theory moves past these isolated "memes" to encompass selection processes, including continuous and quantitative parameters. Two other approaches to cultural selection theory are social contagion and evolutionary epistemology.
Social contagion theory’s epidemiological approach construes social entities as analogous to parasites that are transmitted virally through a population of biological organisms. Evolutionary epistemology's focus lies in causally connecting evolutionary biology and rationality by generating explanations for why traits for rational behaviour or thought patterns would have been selected for in a species’ evolutionary history. Memetics models cultural change after population genetics, taking cultural units to be analogous to genes.
A good example of this theory is found by looking to the reason large businesses tend to grow larger. The answer includes the benefits of mass production and distribution, international advertising, and more funds for product development. These self-amplifying effects, known as the economies of scale, give rise to selection effects which have a quantitative nature, unlike the qualitative effects described by the theory of memetics.
On the whole, cultural selection theory embraces the inherent complexity of cultural change and vouches for a systemic, rather than deconstructionist, approach to analyzing the way a society's norms and values change.
Criticism
The cultural selection theory faces many objections due to the lack of evidence to support the adaptation of natural selection in the structural mechanisms of cultural systems. Major objections against the cultural selection theory stem from Lamarckianism, genotype-phenotype distinction, common hereditary architecture, biological analogue for cultural units, and environmental interactions. The Biological Analogue for Cultural Units breaks down into 3 subunits. The first is regarding strict analogues. This means that a biological unit (traits etc.) should be related to a cultural unit. This is a way for the old biological model and the modern cultural model to correlate and solidify the point. The second is regarding trait analogues. This means that some analogues are viewed the wrong way. Sometimes, one analogue is mistaken for another and often, the line between the two analogues is unclear and the distinction isn't as evident. The third is regarding virus analogue. This clarifies the point that the ability of the virus is different from the organism and the ability of both the virus and organisms should be looked at independently.
Some have argued that in order for the cultural selection theory to stand strong against objections, conclusive and explicit case studies are required. There needs to be empirical support to clarify the interaction between cultural systems and their environments. Crozier conducted a study on the acoustic adaptation of bird songs. This research study provided empirical evidence to support and strengthen the cultural selection theory.
Like Darwin's natural selection theory, cultural selection theory has three phases too; variation, reproduction and selection. Variation gives rise to a subject, reproduction is responsible for the spread and selection is based on the factors that control the spread.
See also
References
Sociological theories
Darwinism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20selection%20theory |
Purnell is a name shared by:
People
Alton Purnell (1911–1987), American pianist
Arthur Purnell (1878–1964), architect in Melbourne, Victoria
Benjamin Franklin Purnell (1861–1927), American preacher, House of David (commune)
Bervin E. Purnell (1891–1972), Australian politician
Charles Purnell (1843–1926), New Zealand soldier, journalist, lawyer, and writer
Clyde Purnell (1877–1934), British football player
Ella Purnell (born 1996), British actress
Fred S. Purnell (1882–1939), American politician
Glynn Purnell (born 1975), English chef and restaurateur
Heather Purnell (born 1986), Canadian gymnast
Idella Purnell (1901–1982), American author and librarian
James Purnell (born 1970), British politician
Jesse Purnell (1881–1966), American baseball player
Jim Purnell (1941–2003), American football player
John Purnell English academic administrator
John Howard Purnell (1925–1996), Welsh chemist
Jon Purnell, US diplomat, ambassador to Uzbekistan
Keg Purnell (1915–1965), American drummer
Louis Purnell (1920–2001), American curator and Tuskegee airman
Lovett Purnell (born 1972), American football player
Mark Purnell, British palaeontologist
Marshall Purnell (born 1950), American architect
Phil Purnell (born 1964), British football player
Oliver Purnell (born 1953), American basketball coach
Russ Purnell (born 1948), American football coach
Sonia Purnell, British writer and journalist
Thomas Richard Purnell (1847–1908), American judge
Tony Purnell (born 1958), English businessman
William Henry Purnell (1826–1902), American politician
Winifred Purnell (born 1893), Australian-born pianist in England.
Zedekiah Johnson Purnell (1813–1882), African-American activist and businessman
Places
Purnell, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, a neighborhood
George Washington Purnell House
Purnell House (disambiguation)
Organizations
Julia A. Purnell Museum
Purnell and Sons, defunct British printing company
Purnell School, a girls' school in New Jersey
Purnell (company), Swiss watch manufacturer
Science
Purnell equation in chemistry
See also
Parnell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purnell |
Mount Ayanganna is a sandstone tepui in the Pakaraima Mountains of western Guyana, and located east of Mount Roraima.
With a height of it is the easternmost tepui taller than . It is part of the Guiana Shield and Guyana Highlands.
Ecology
The slopes of Mount Ayanganna are covered in tall-canopy lower montane forest, up to about 1100 metres. Above this elevation, there is a series of "steps" – relatively flat plateaus separated by steeper slopes. The poorly drained plateaus support low-canopy forest or terrestrial bromeliads. The slopes support medium-canopy high-montane forest. The amphibians and reptiles of Ayanganna have been surveyed.
Mount Ayanganna is fully within Guyanese territory and is surrounded by rainforest.
Culture
In 1966, the national flag was planted on Mount Ayanganna to commemorate Independence. It is undertaken yearly by members of the Guyana Defence Force. The Georgetown army base headquarters is also named after Mount Ayanganna. In 1992, the first female soldier joined the expedition.
See also
References
Ayanganna
Ayanganna
Guayana Highlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Ayanganna |
Johann Ludwig Krebs (baptized 12 October 1713 – 1 January 1780) was a German Baroque musician and composer for the pipe organ, harpsichord, other instruments and orchestras. His output also included chamber music, choral works and concertos.
Life
Krebs was born in 1713 in Buttelstedt to Johann Tobias Krebs, an organist. At least three of his brothers were musically talented. Krebs was sent to Leipzig to study organ, lute, and the violin.
Krebs studied with Johann Sebastian Bach on the organ. Bach (who had also instructed Krebs's father) held Krebs in high standing. From a technical standpoint, Krebs was unrivaled next to Bach in his organ proficiency. However, Krebs found it difficult to obtain a patron or a cathedral post. His Baroque style was being supplanted by the newer galant music style and the classical music era.
Krebs took a small post in Zwickau, and in 1755 (five years after the death of Bach, which is normally referred to as the end of the Baroque period) he was appointed court organist of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg under Prince Friedrich. Krebs had seven children and struggled to feed his family. Despite never holding a court composer post, and never being commissioned for a work, Krebs was able to compose a significant collection of works, though few were published until the 1900s.
Works
Krebs's counterpoint is considered by many to be comparable to Bach's, but it was old-fashioned and excessively complex for the galant era, which espoused clarity and simplicity.
Krebs's Fantasia in F minor for oboe and organ is one of his best-known works, as is the Eight Short Preludes and Fugues that are sometimes attributed to him as well as to his father and J.S. Bach. He is also remembered for two large-scale concertos for lute and orchestra. Krebs's three sons became well-known performers in their day, and one of them became a noted Lieder composer.
Krebs’ organ works include the following:
7 Preludes and Fugues
2 Toccatas and Fugues
3 Preludes
4 Preludes (small)
2 Fantasias and Fugues (one fugue is a fragment)
3 Fantasias
11 Fugues
17 Trios
35 Chorale Settings (with 5 Variants and 6 other Chorale Settings of dubious authenticity)
13 Chorales with 3 Settings of each – "Clavierübung" (Nuremberg, 1752–1753)
5 Fantasias for wind instrument (trumpet, flute, oboe) and organ; 1 Variant
15 Chorale Settings for wind instrument and organ; 1 Fragment
Bibliography
Clavier Ubung Bestehend in verschiedenen vorspielen und veränderungen einiger Kirchen Gesaenge (Nürnberg, J.U. Haffner, ca. 1744)
Clavier-Ubung bestehet in einer [...] Suite [...] Zweyter Theil (Nürnberg, J.U. Haffner, ca. 1744)
Clavier-Ubung bestehend in sechs Sonatinen … IIIter Theil (Nürnberg, J.U. Haffner, ca. 1744)
References
External links
1713 births
1780 deaths
People from Buttelstedt
People from Saxe-Weimar
German Baroque composers
German classical composers
German male classical composers
German classical organists
Organists and composers in the North German tradition
German male organists
Composers for harpsichord
Composers for pipe organ
Composers for lute
18th-century German people
18th-century classical composers
18th-century male musicians
German lutenists
Pupils of Johann Sebastian Bach
18th-century keyboardists
Male classical organists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Ludwig%20Krebs |
Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1930 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1930:
Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention had been ratified by 30 states. Two of the ratifying states—Finland and New Zealand—have subsequently denounced the treaty.
See also
Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Working time
Treaties concluded in 1930
Treaties entered into force in 1933
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of the Kingdom of Bulgaria
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of the United Arab Republic
Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
Treaties of the First Austrian Republic
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Haiti
Treaties of the Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of Kuwait
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Paraguay
Treaties of Saudi Arabia
Treaties of the Second Spanish Republic
Treaties of Uruguay
1930 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hours%20of%20Work%20%28Commerce%20and%20Offices%29%20Convention%2C%201930 |
Vernell Eufaye "Bimbo" Coles (born April 22, 1968) is an American retired professional basketball player. He received his nickname from a cousin in reference to a country music song of the same name.
Coles was a standout at Greenbrier East High School in Lewisburg, West Virginia. At Greenbrier East, Coles played basketball, baseball and football. Coles was more heavily recruited to play college football than basketball before announcing his intent to play basketball in college. In football, he was twice named all-state and once named All-America. As a shortstop and outfielder, Coles claimed to be selected by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1986 Major League Baseball draft. He was recruited to play college basketball at Virginia Tech, Maryland and West Virginia.
He played his college basketball for the Virginia Tech Hokies for four seasons from 1986 to 1990. Coles set the school and Metro Conference records for career points and the school record for career assists. He was inducted into the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame and West Virginia Sports Hall of Fame. He was a member of the United States national basketball team which won a bronze medal in the 1988 Summer Olympics. Despite not having played baseball since high school, Coles was drafted by the California Angels in the final round of the 1990 Major League Baseball draft.
His NBA career started when he was selected by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 NBA draft, and immediately traded to the Miami Heat in exchange for veteran guard Rory Sparrow. After Coles' first of two stints with the Miami Heat, he was traded to the Golden State Warriors, and also played with the Atlanta Hawks, Cleveland Cavaliers, and Boston Celtics. He was utilized primarily as a backup point guard.
Coles' brother, Sidney, played basketball for two years at Memphis and for two years at Marshall, one of which was under head coach Billy Donovan. In 2000, Sidney was hired as an assistant coach at Wyoming under head coach Steve McClain. Until 2021, Coles coached at his alma mater of Greenbrier East High School in Lewisburg, West Virginia.
References
External links
NBA stats @ www.basketball-reference.com
NBA stats @ www.nba.com
NCAA stats @ www.sports-reference.com
1968 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Atlanta Hawks players
Basketball coaches from Virginia
Basketball players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Virginia
Boston Celtics players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Golden State Warriors players
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Miami Heat assistant coaches
Miami Heat players
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in basketball
People from Lewisburg, West Virginia
People from Covington, Virginia
Point guards
Sacramento Kings draft picks
United States men's national basketball team players
Virginia Tech Hokies men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbo%20Coles |
Don Manuel Luis Gayoso de Lemos y Amorín (May 30, 1747 – July 18, 1799) was the governor of Spanish Louisiana from 1797 until his death in 1799.
Biography
Early years and military career
Born in Oporto, Portugal, on May 30, 1747, to Spanish consul Manuel Luis Gayoso de Lemos y Sarmiento and Theresa Angélica de Amorín y Magallanes, he received his education in London, where his parents were living.
At age 23 Manuel Gayoso de Lemos joined the Spanish Lisbon Regiment as a cadet (1771), and he was commissioned ensign (sub-lieutenant) the following year. The Lisbon Regiment had been reassigned from Havana to New Orleans following since Spain assumed control of Louisiana under Field Marshal Alejandro O'Reilly in 1769. Throughout his life, Gayoso de Lemos retained his military rank and he was a brigadier at the time of his death.
On November 3, 1787, Gayoso de Lemos assumed military and civil command of the fort and the newly organized Natchez District, having been appointed district governor by Governor-General Esteban Rodríguez Miró following the defeat of the British in West Florida. On his arrival, Gayoso de Lemos established an informal cabildo (council) of landed planters, which was formalized in 1792. Most of the council were of non-Spanish origin having come down from the Ohio River Valley settlements (especially Kentucky). Gayoso de Lemos continued to encourage American settlement on Spanish soil, especially by Catholics, notably the Irish and the Scots, and by those who brought significant property. He moved the administrative part of the town of Natchez from the waterfront up onto the bluff. One of the most troubling aspects during his civil administration was confusion in the land titles, with a number of inconsistent land grants. Unfortunately, Rodríguez Miró's successor, Governor-General Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet was not amenable to rectifying the problem.
While in Natchez, Gayoso de Lemos used the greed of a number of Americans, notably General James Wilkinson and Philip Nolan, to help limit the growth of the United States. Also to this end, Gayoso de Lemos entered into alliances with local Native American tribes and signed formal treaties with them, most notably the 1793 Treaty of Nogales establishing offensive and defensive alliances with the Chickasaw, Muscogee, Talapuche, Alabama, Cherokee, and Choctaw nations. Under his direction the Spanish fortified the Mississippi at Fort Nogales (later Walnut Hills, then Vicksburg) and Chickasaw Bluffs (later Memphis). He was instrumental in acquiring the information from Wilkinson concerning the proposed U.S. attack on New Orleans in 1793 by General George Rogers Clark.
However, under the terms of Pinckney's Treaty in 1796, Spain agreed to relinquish the Natchez District to the United States. Gayoso de Lemos oversaw the gradual Spanish withdrawal from the east side of the middle Mississippi River. In March 1797, the Fort Nogales was decommissioned, with the troops and stores being moved to St. Louis. Final evacuation of the district did not occur until 1798, at which time the U.S. established the Mississippi Territory.
Governor of Louisiana
Gayoso de Lemos succeeded Carondelet as Governor-General of Louisiana on August 5, 1797. His first act was to issue a Bando de Buen Gobierno (Edit of Good Government) and to send a list of instructions to commandants of all posts concerning land grants.
As governor, Gayoso de Lemos consolidated the military power of Spain in New Orleans, still fearing a possible thrust south by Britain and desiring to keep Spanish Louisiana as buffer between the U.S. and Spanish Texas. He was pragmatic and continued the unofficial policy of allowing Americans to bring their slaves with them from the north, although the importation of new slaves had been prohibited by Spain since 1792. However, he was dogmatic in other areas of government; in 1798, he issued a comprehensive edict concerning Catholicism as the state faith of the colony. In addition to increasing formal church membership, it attempted to coerce people to give up unnecessarily working on Sundays and holy days. In the edict, Gayoso de Lemos condemned anyone who challenged the theology or social centrality of the Church. In 1798 he also instituted state-run garbage collection (a novel idea at the time) to prevent the spread of diseases and bad smells in the city.
Gayoso de Lemos died in New Orleans of yellow fever on July 18, 1799, and his remains were interred in the Saint Louis Cathedral. Col. Francisco Bouligny became the acting military governor and Nicolás María Vidal the acting civil governor. Gayoso Bayou, a partially covered stream in Memphis, Tennessee, is named after Manuel Gayoso.
Personal life
Gayoso de Lemos married three times. His first marriage was to Theresa Margarita Hopman y Pereira of Lisbon, with whom he had two children. In 1792 he married Elizabeth Watts of Philadelphia and Louisiana; she died three months later. He then married Elizabeth's sister, Margaret Cyrilla Watts, with whom he had one son.
References
External links
1747 births
1799 deaths
Deaths from yellow fever
Governors of Spanish Louisiana
Spanish generals
Spanish people of Portuguese descent
Infectious disease deaths in Louisiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Gayoso%20de%20Lemos |
Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society is a book by the Welsh Marxist academic Raymond Williams published in 1976 by Croom Helm.
Originally intended to be published along with the author's 1958 work Culture and Society, this work examines the history of more than a hundred words that are familiar and yet confusing: Art, Bureaucracy, Culture, Educated, Management, Masses, Nature, Originality, Radical, Society, Welfare, Work, and many others.
The approach is cultural rather than etymological. Sometimes the origins of a word cast light on its meaning, but often one finds that it originally meant something quite different. Or that there has been a fierce political struggle over the 'correct' meaning.
A revised and expanded edition of Keywords was published by Fontana in 1983. In 2005 Blackwell published New Keywords: A Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society, an attempt to update Williams' text.
Summary of Williams's "Culture"
In his essay on "Culture" within Keywords, Williams begins by tracing the origin and development of the word. For him, it is one of the most complicated words in the English language not just due to its intricate historical development but mainly due to its relevance and indisputable impact in other systems of thought.
Williams then goes on to map the treatment that the word has undergone (in Latin and French), along with the range of meanings it has been a host to, until it got passed on to English. "The primary meaning was then in husbandry, the tending of natural growth." This then explains the metaphoric meaning (a noun of process) it undertook when "the tending of natural growth was extended to the process of human development". This, along with the meaning in husbandry, was the main sense until 1C18 and eC19.
Williams points out that this sense developed crucially towards a "degree of habituation" being added to the metaphor as well as "an extension of particular processes to a general process, which the word could abstractly carry". It is from here that the independent noun 'culture' began its complicated modern history with its complicated latencies of meaning.
Williams refers to a letter from 1730 (Bishop of Killala to Mrs. Clayton) which he cites from John H. Plumb's England in the Eighteenth Century as one of the earliest recorded references of 'culture' in English appearing as an independent noun, an abstract process or the product of such a process. He then quotes Mark Akenside (1744), William Wordsworth (1805) and Jane Austen (1816) on their uses of the word 'culture' to make clear the fact that "culture was developing in English towards some of its modern senses before the decisive effects of a new social and intellectual movement".
Williams then looks at the developments in other languages, especially in German, to follow the development of 'culture' in English. German borrowed the word from French, Cultur and later spelt Kultur, its main use synonymous to 'cultivation': first in the abstract sense of a general process of becoming 'civilized or cultivated'; second in the sense which had already been established for civilization by the historians of the Enlightenment as a description of the secular process of human development. Then Johann Gottfried von Herder, according to Williams, in his unfinished Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind (1784—91), brought about a decisive change of use in the word where he challenged the universal histories' assumption that civilization or culture – the historical self-development of humanity – was a unilinear process; an assumption that led to the "high and dominant point of C18 European Culture" and thereby attacking that very dominant claim to a superior culture. Taking up from Herder, "cultures in the plural" were looked at; to speak of "cultures of the plural: the specific and variable cultures of different nations and periods, but also the specific and variable cultures of social and economic groups within a nation." This sense of culture was widely developed in the Romantic movement as an alternative to the orthodox and dominant 'civilization'. And from here, the new concept of 'folk-culture' emerged, emphasizing national and traditional cultures. this sense of culture was primarily a response to the emergence of the "mechanical character of the new civilization", and was used to distinguish between "human and material development".
However, the 1840s in Germany saw Kultur being used very much in the sense of civilization as used in the C18 universal histories. Williams uses G F Klemms' Allgemeine Kulturgeschichte de Menschheit – 'General Cultural History of Mankind' (1843–52) – to show this use of Kultur in the sense of tracing human development from savagery through domestication to freedom.
These various treatments of 'culture' contribute to its modern usage and complexity. There is then the literal continuity of physical process as used in say 'sugar-beet culture' or 'germ culture'. Beyond this physical reference, Williams recognises three broad categories of usage:
"(i) The independent and abstract noun which describes a general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic development, from C18.
(ii) The independent noun, whether used generally or specifically, which indicates a particular way of life, whether of a people, a period, a group, or humanity in general, from Herder and Klemm.
(iii) the independent and abstract noun which describes the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activity."
The third category, a relatively late category according to Williams, seems to lend itself to the widespread usage of 'culture' to be music, literature, painting and sculpture, theatre and film.
The complex and still active history of the word, along with the complex senses, "indicates a complex argument about the relations between general human development and a particular way of life, and between both and the works and the practices of art and intelligence". Embedded within the complex argument are also the opposed as well as overlapping positions, thereby further complicating the argument. Rather than trying to reduce the complexity of usage, Williams advocates that "The complexity, that is to say, is not finally in the word but in the problems which its variations of use significantly indicate".
1976 non-fiction books
Books about cultural politics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keywords%3A%20A%20Vocabulary%20of%20Culture%20and%20Society |
Giblets may refer to:
Giblets, the edible offal of a fowl
Gibs, or giblets, gamer slang expression for the remnants of a kill
Gibelet, a 13th-century Crusader holding, today known as Byblos
Guelphs and Ghibellines, Crusader factions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giblets%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Caitlin A. "Kitty" Carruthers (born May 30, 1961) is a former American pair skater. With her adoptive brother, Peter Carruthers, she won a 1984 Olympic Silver medal, a 1982 World Bronze medal, and had been a four-time (1981-1984) United States National champion.
Career
The Carruthers siblings were coached by Ronald Ludington.
They finished off the podium at the U.S. Championships in January 1979 but their results improved the following season. After winning the International St. Gervais in late August 1979, the pair went on to take gold at the Nebelhorn Trophy and silver at the 1979 Norton Skate (the inaugural Skate America). They placed second at the 1980 U.S. Championships and were assigned to their first Winter Olympics, where they finished fifth.
The pair won their first U.S. national title in 1981 and stepped onto the World podium at the 1982 World Championships. In 1984, after winning their fourth national title, they were sent to their second Winter Olympics and won the silver medal.
Following the 1984 Winter Olympics, the Carruthers siblings starred with "Ice Capades" and "Stars on Ice" for twelve years. They appeared throughout the world in many productions and made for television specials during their twelve-year career as professionals. They were inducted into the Adoption Hall of Fame in 1996 and into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1999.
Personal life
On June 16, 1990, Kitty Carruthers married Brett Conrad in Houston, Texas. They have four children — BJ, Kyle, Kayla and Brooke. She coaches figure skaters in the Houston area and contributes to many different charitable organizations.
Competitive highlights
(with Peter Carruthers)
References
External links
Pairs on Ice profile
1961 births
Living people
American female pair skaters
American adoptees
Figure skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in figure skating
Sportspeople from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
People from Burlington, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Katy, Texas
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1984 Winter Olympics
21st-century American women
20th-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty%20Carruthers |
Raul Morales, sometimes known as just "Rawl", has been one of San Pedro's most prolific drummers from the 1990s to present. He is currently the drummer for Killer Dreamer as well as Mike Watt of the Minutemen fame's current projects.
Bands and Line ups
The Secondmen: Mike Watt, Pete Mazich (or Paul Roessler), Raul Morales
The Missingmen: Mike Watt, Tom Watson, Raul Morales
Killer Dreamer: Kid Kevin, Tony, Jacob, Rawl
F.Y.P: Todd C., Sean, Rawl
Jag Offs: Jacob, Tony, Monica, Rawl
The Leeches: Brian, Tony, Rawl
Bunk: Dan, Pete, Rawl
Drinkers Purgatory Troy, Sean, Mike, Rawl
Able Cross Adrian, Lalo, Raul
Record labels who have released material featuring Raul Morales:
Recess Records
Geykido Comet Records
Kapow Records
References
American punk rock drummers
American male drummers
American drummers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul%20Morales |
The NCC Class WT is a class of 2-6-4T steam locomotives built by the Northern Counties Committee's parent company, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway for service in Northern Ireland.
History
18 Class WT locomotives were built at Derby Works in England to the design of George Ivatt between 1946 and 1950, numbered 1–10 and 50–57. They were a tank engine version of the NCC Class W moguls. A tank engine did not require turning at termini and the LMS had produced a series of successful 2-6-4Ts. Like the LMS Fairburn 2-6-4T built at the same time, they had a hopper bunker and absence of plating ahead of the cylinders. They were based on the LMS Fowler 2-6-4T by Sir Henry Fowler.
Their original duties included commuter services on the branch to Larne, operations to , and some services on the Belfast–Derry line via . Following the transfer of lines from Great Northern Railway of Ireland to the Ulster Transport Authority they also seen use over those lines, particularly from Belfast to and suburban services to . There was at least one example of use of an adapted tender to achieve an extended range between water refills.
In December 1962, locomotive No. 50 received a boiler from one of the ex-NCC 2-6-0 tender locomotives, the boiler and firebox being overhauled and repaired at Derby.
In early 1966 and towards the end of their careers, the Class WT locomotives were involved in working notable traffic. This was on spoil trains that transported fill for motorway construction from the Blue Circle cement works at Magheramorne to Greencastle near Belfast. Three trains of twenty hopper wagons each were made up, with a Class WT locomotive at each end. Each train when filled carried of rock and in all, some 7,600 trains had carried of material by the time the contract ended in May 1970.
The last of the Class WT locomotives were officially withdrawn in 1971, the last time one was in traffic being 22 October 1970. This made them the last steam locomotives in mainline operation in the British Isles; Córas Iompair Éireann steam in the Republic of Ireland having ended in 1962 and British Railways steam in Great Britain having finished in 1968.
Preservation
One of these locomotives, No. 4, has been preserved by the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland (RPSI) following its withdrawal. The RPSI operates it on special mainline trains. It is currently operational after an overhaul was completed in June 2015.
No. 4 was one of seven that were converted to have an extended coal bunker in the mid-1960s to extend the range before needing refilling with coal.
No. 58 Project
The RPSI was considering the possibility of building a new member of the class (No.58) to give them a second mainline tank locomotive considering the low availability of turntables on modern day lines. However, a NCC Class W Mogul is being built instead, due to the longer range between coaling and watering allowed by a tender engine.
Technical details
The locomotives were built with many LMS standard features such as a self-cleaning smokebox, rocking firegrate, self-emptying ashpan, side window cab and a simplified footplate together with others which followed NCC practice, such as a water top-feed on a parallel boiler (as opposed to the taper boilers being used by the LMS at the time), Dreadnought type vacuum brake gear, Detroit sight feed cylinder lubricator and a cast number plate.
The locomotives were capable of over and could be expected to use one ton of coal for every .
Notes
References
Footnotes
Sources
External links
https://www.steamtrainsireland.com/rpsi-collection/4/no4
WT
Steam locomotives of Northern Ireland
2-6-4T locomotives
Steam locomotives of Ireland
Railway locomotives introduced in 1946
Passenger locomotives
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCC%20Class%20WT |
This page details the process of qualifying for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations.
Qualified teams
The 16 qualified teams were:
as hosts.
as group 1 winner.
as group 2 winner.
as group 3 winner.
as group 4 winner.
as group 5 winner.
as group 6 winner.
as group 7 winner.
as group 8 winner.
as group 9 winner.
as group 10 winner.
as group 11 winner.
as group 12 winner.
, , and as the three best runners-up from groups 2–11.
Teams that did not enter
(FIFA World Ranking of 16 May 2007)
[180]
[182]
[192]
[199]
Team Excluded
(FIFA World Ranking of 16 May 2007)
[187] had their entry rejected as they had unpaid debts to CAF.
Qualifying round
The 47 nations were divided into 11 groups of four teams and 1 group of 3 teams, with the 12 group winners and the best 3 runners-up from groups with four teams (originally groups 1–11, now groups 2–11 after the withdrawal of Djibouti from group 1) qualifying for the finals. Qualifying took place between 2 September 2006 and 13 October 2007.
Group 1
On 17 August 2006, the Djiboutian Football Federation announced that the Djibouti national team was withdrawing from the qualifying tournament, without giving a reason. All Djibouti matches were therefore cancelled.
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
Group 8
Group 9
Group 10
Group 11
Zambia finished as group winner by winning the head-to-head against South Africa.
Group 12
Best runners-up (groups 2-11)
The best 3 runners-up from groups with four teams (groups 2-11) would qualify for the finals.
Top goalscorers
Source: Official site - qualifying
References
External links
Draw details at BBC Sport
2008 African Nations Cup qualifying at CAFOnline.com
2008 African Nations Cup at RSSSF
Official MTN African Cup of Nations website
Ghana CAN 2008 - African Cup of Nations News
Official site - qualifying
Africa Cup of Nations qualification
Qual
Qual
qualification | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Africa%20Cup%20of%20Nations%20qualification |
Purnell and Sons started out as a small family printers based in Somerset which merged with other printers over the next 100 years to become one the largest print groups in the UK and at one time a major publisher.
History
The company was founded by Charles Dando Purnell in 1839 as a small family printers with small print shops in Radstock, Midsomer Norton and Paulton.
With the influence of Wilfred Harvey, who was originally the firm's accountant, Purnell & Sons grew from the 1920s onwards, with letterpress printing being added as well as a lithography department in the late 1930s. The company grew to become a major concern that published and printed millions of colour books and magazines. In 1940, Purnell took control of book publisher MacDonald.
In 1966 Purnell & Sons printed the popular and successful Purnell's History of the Second World War partwork series of magazines. In the 1960s and 1970s the company also published other partwork series including Knowledge (1962), Discovering Art (1964–66), The Masters (1965), Man, Myth and Magic (1970), Discovering Antiques (1970), A History of the English Speaking Peoples (1971), and History of the Twentieth Century (1968). The latest issues in these series would offered for sale every week or fortnight in newsagents across the world and were sold in large numbers (for example, 400,000 copies of Knowledge were printed).
With the profits made by the letterpress and lithography parts of the firm, a purpose built gravure factory was added in the early 1960s, equipped with Cerutti presses with pre-press and printing cylinder production manufactured in-house by Bristol Photo Engraving (BPE).
At its peak employing 2,000 people and at one stage being one of Europe's largest print plants, Purnell group of companies merged with Hazell Sun to form the British Printing Corporation in 1964. In 1981 Robert Maxwell, the then owner of BPC closed the letterpress department, ink factory and much reduced the Lithography department, with the loss of 800 staff.
From 1981 to final closure saw a steady decline in the once large print company and major local employer. A five-month union dispute in the gravure plant against Robert Maxwell occurred in 1986. The web offset department was closed in 1989, and all book production stopped in 1996. Many former employees had their pensions affected by the Robert Maxwell pension scandal.
The gravure plant printed many glossy Sunday colour newspaper supplements such as the Observer and the Sunday Times, catalogues such as the IKEA and of Argos, holiday brochures such as those of Cosmos Holidays and weekly magazines such as Woman's Own, Radio Times and the original UK edition of Grazia. Purnell remained faithful to web fed Cerutti presses, either 2.2m or 2.4m paper width. The final 2.4m Cerutti press was installed in 2001, which replaced an older machine, it could produce 72 A4 pages per impression, had a run speed of 50,000iph with inline stitching, with a crew of three printers and two assistants.
Other than one new press, Purnell suffered from under investment in both plant and equipment. Although the staff continued to produce high quality work on ageing presses and printing cylinder production equipment, in the end the Polestar print group opted to build a brand new plant in Sheffield. With some of the staff relocating to help set of the new plant, the print works in Paulton finally closed in December 2005 with the loss of 400 jobs.
References
Further reading
Terry Goodman, The History of Purnell & Sons Ltd. and the British Printing Corporation, Published by Terry Goodman, 2004
Charlotte Biszewski, The rise and fall of Bristol's print industry, The Bristol Cable, 2 February 2017.
External links
Polestar Purnell
Polestar unveils Purnell's new Cerutti
Magazine publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Somerset | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purnell%20and%20Sons |
Edin Dervišhalidović (born 12 September 1962), known professionally as Dino Merlin, is a Bosnian singer-songwriter, musician, and record producer. Born in Sarajevo, he was the founder and leader of Merlin, which eventually became one of the best-selling rock-bands of Southeast Europe.
Nicknamed "The Wizard", he is considered one of the most prominent and commercially successful artists ever to emerge from former Yugoslavia.
Dino is recognized for his later solo work, which established him as one of the best-selling regional artists of all time. Over the course of his career, he has produced over a dozen chart-topping albums, held several record-breaking tours, won many awards including the Sixth April Award of Sarajevo, and has authored the first national anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He is widely known for his distinctive voice, stage performances and poetic lyrics.
Early life
Edin Dervišhalidović was born on 12 September 1962, in the historic neighbourhood of Alifakovac in Sarajevo, PR Bosnia and Herzegovina (at the time part of Yugoslavia). The Dervišhalidović family traces its origins to Novi Pazar. Dino's father, Abid, was a carpenter who came to Sarajevo as a teenager. His mother, Fatima (née Činjarević), was born and raised in Sarajevo, and was a Muslim clerk. His parents divorced when he was 7 years old and he was subsequently raised by his mother.
Dino attended the historic Moris Moco Salom elementary school, where he was the captain of the school's soccer, basketball and table tennis teams. The school and its historic surroundings – Emperor's Mosque, President Tito's residence and Hotel Nacional – all influenced his later art.
On his mother's insistence, and contrary to his own wishes of attending music school, Dino enrolled into the Sarajevo Technical High School. During after-school hours, he performed in a music duo with his childhood friend and keyboard player Mirsad Lutvica with whom he later established the band Merlin.
Music career
Early years
Although Dino's mother was against the idea of her son being a musician, she helped Dino buy his first guitar when he was 12 years old. After learning his first chords, Dino began writing his own melodies and lyrics. He penned his first song at 14 years old. Dino was mostly self-taught although he did take a couple lessons from an older neighbour called Mirsad. Mirsad's younger brother, Mensur Lutvica, played the keyboard and attended the same school as Dino. They soon became best friends and eventually became the founding members of the later band 'Merlin'. Mensur began accompanying Dino while performing on the streets of Sarajevo.
Dino was heavily influenced by the Yugoslavian musicians Bijelo Dugme, Zdravko Čolić, Kemal Monteno, Toma Zdravković, among others. He entered several music competitions covering the songs of the aforementioned artists. He would later become close friends with Goran Bregović, the founder and primary songwriter of Bijelo Dugme.
After enrolling in university, Dino formed a band, with Mensur on keyboards, Amir "Tula" Bjelanović on guitar, Džafer Saračević on drums and Enver Milišić on bass guitar. Each of the five put a paper with their idea for a band name in a hat; the name "Merlin" was the first to be pulled out of the hat and therefore chosen as the name of the band.
First album, period of struggle
After completing his first semester at university, Dino soon dropped out in order to pursue a music career. However, he did not have enough money to enter a recording studio. During this time, he married his high-school sweetheart Amela, and soon found himself working two shifts a day at a metal factory in the suburbs of Sarajevo in order to support his newly formed marriage. Dino ended up working in a factory for a couple of years before earning enough money to consider making an album. It was during the long nights at the assembly lane that he started writing most of the songs which would later be present in his first LP.
In 1984, Dino entered a local studio in Sarajevo owned by producer Brano Likić. All of the songs recorded were written by Dino while the fees of the recording were paid from Dino's personal funds. During this time, Dino was rejected by every major record label in Sarajevo. At the same time, Dino's private funds were only enough for about 6 songs with the norm of the time being 10 songs for a proper album. During the recording session of the final song, a local A&R agent Muradif Brkić entered the studio where Dino and Brano were mixing a song, which later turned out be Kokuzna Vremena. After listening to the track a couple of times, Muradif offered Dino a contract with his record label "Sarajevo Disk" on the spot and agreed to finance the remainder of the song recordings. Eventually, Merlin was able to release his first album in 1985 with the leading single Kokuzna vremena - the same song which gave Dino and his band a lifeline into the music industry.
With the band, he has recorded 5 studio albums: Kokuzna vremena in 1985, Teško meni sa tobom in 1986, Merlin in 1987, Nešto lijepo treba da se desi in 1989, and Peta strana svijeta in 1990.
Solo career
Dervišhalidović began his solo career under the name Dino Merlin in 1991 and has since recorded six studio albums: Moja bogda sna in 1993, Fotografija in 1995, Sredinom in 2000, Burek in 2004, Ispočetka in 2008 and Hotel Nacional in 2014.
During the Bosnian War, several members of the band "Merlin" were killed in the attacks, including their long-time manager Kemal Bisić with whom Dino was particularly close. Dino suffered a period of depression during which he contemplated abandoning music altogether.
As Dino was the sole songwriter for the band and produced most of their work, it was no surprise that he went on a solo career. Not long after the band dissolved, Merlin was invited by the Bosnian state government to write its first ever national anthem "Jedna si jedina". The song had acted as the state's national anthem until the late 1990s.
In 1993 he wrote the song and eventually participated Bosnia's first Eurovision Song Contest in Millstreet in 1993. Dino authored the song "Sva bol svijeta" (trans. "All the grief in the world"). The song was about the hardships the people in his home country were enduring during the war and called for peace. He again participated in the Eurovision Song Contests in Jerusalem in 1999 (singing Putnici with Béatrice, a French singer) and in 2011 with "Love in Rewind". Dino Merlin has also taken part in other big European festivals, such as Copenhagen in 1996 and Turkovision in 1997.
Breaking records, major success
In 2000, aged 38, Dino wrote and released his most successful album to date - the famous "Sredinom" (trans. Middle). The album was the top-selling album in Bosnia and Herzegovina and was sold in all of the former Yugoslav republics.
The album eventually turned into a classic and became the highest selling album of the region in the last 30 years. Some estimates put the album sales at about 2,000,000 - a record breaking success considering that the whole population of Yugoslavia was about 20,000,000 people.
The subsequent tour promoting his Sredinom album included over 200 concerts with a spectacular record-breaking performance at the Koševo Olympic Stadium in Sarajevo in front of an audience of about 80,000. This was the largest crowd ever to assemble in the national stadium in Bosnia's history. Dino subsequently performed three more times at this stadium and is the only artist ever to have filled this venue to capacity on four occasions.
Current success, Billboard recognition
After a 6-year hiatus, Dino returned to the stage with his eleventh album Hotel Nacional. It was released in June 2014 and was featured in the top 10 on the Billboard World Albums list immediately upon release due to unprecedented online sales in the region. This is the only album from Slavic-speaking Europe ever to be charted on the prestigious Billboard list. The album featured a star-studded line up of Yoad Nevo, Richard Niles, Husnu Senlendirici and many other musicians that have worked for globally renowned music acts such as Sugababes, Morcheeba, Lisa Ekdahl, Sophie Ellis-Bextor and many others. The Hotel National World Tour has had a box office success of 700,000 people that have attended concerts across 4 continents. It is the largest tour ever to have been produced by an artist from Southeast Europe.
Towards the end of 2019, Dino posted a teaser for a new song which was to be released, titled 'Mi'. Dino released the song in October 2019, followed by 'Dođi' at the start of 2021, and then with two more songs ('Mir svim dobrim ljudima' and 'Jedan dan, jedna noć') in May.
Personal life
Dino resides in his hometown of Sarajevo, in the same house and street where he was born and raised, in the historic neighbourhood of Alifakovac. He has two children. His daughter, Naida, earned her bachelor's degree from Buckingham University and master's degree at Oxford University. His son, Hamza, graduated from the Boğaziçi University in Istanbul and earned his master's degree at University of Westminster in London.
Dino is an avid chess player, skier, art collector and book reader. He also owns a record label and concept store in the centre of Sarajevo, in the old city centre of Baščaršija.
Philanthropy
Although Dino likes to keep his humanitarian activities private and out of public sight, it is known that he is an active donor of scholarships to underprivileged children in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He is a long-time member of the Hastor Foundation, the biggest organization of its kind devoted to distributing scholarships to primary and high-school students in the country. Dino acts as a sponsor to over dozen students every year and has been a member of this programme since 2008.
Dino worked for five years pro bono as the honorary and de facto president of the assembly of AMUS - the main association of music artists of Bosnia. He has been one of the founding members of this organization in 2013. In early 2018 he resigned from his position as president due to the lack of available time at his disposal to run the association.
During his career he has played numerous charity concerts. During the great floods, which have affected the region in 2014, Dino's team was heavily involved in humanitarian works - distributing water, food, blankets and other provisions to the most endangered parts of Bosnia and Serbia.
In 2013 Dino was awarded the International Humanitarian Award in Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
Discography
Albums
With Merlin
Kokuzna vremena (1985)
Teško meni sa tobom (a još teže bez tebe) (1986)
Merlin (1987)
Nešto lijepo treba da se desi (1989)
Peta strana svijeta (1990)
Solo career
Moja bogda sna (1993)
Fotografija (1995)
Sredinom (2000)
Burek (2004)
Ispočetka (2008)
Hotel Nacional (2014)
Compilation albums
The Best of Dino Merlin (2001)
DVDs
Live Koševo 2004 (2005)
Koševo 19. Juli (2009)
Beograd 2011 (2016)
Hotel Nacional - Koševo 2015 (2016)
Blu-rays
Arena Zagreb (2018)
Arena Pula (2020)
Singles
1989: "Kad zamirišu jorgovani" (with Vesna Zmijanac)
1991: "Ja joj trijezan prići ne smijem" (from Yugoslav comedy film "Bračna Putovanja")
1993: "Zaboravi" (Collaborated with Ceca)
1995: "Beograd" (Collaborated with Ceca)
1997: "Zaspao je mjesec"
1999: "Putnici" (with Béatrice Poulot)
1999: "Smijehom strah pokrijem"
2000: "I have no cannons that roar" (with Yusuf Islam)
2001: "Tako prazan" (with Adi Lukovac)
2002: "Pustite me" (with Osman Hadžić)
2005: "Kako starim, sve te više volim" (Collaborated with Bata Zdravković)
2006: "Kao moja mati" (with Zdravko Čolić)
2007: "Otkrit ću ti tajnu"
2008: "Med" (with Emina Jahović)
2011: "Love in Rewind"
2011: "Undo"
2014: "Ruža" (with Hüsnü Şenlendirici)
2020: "Mi"
2020: "Dođi" (with Senidah)
2021: "Jedan dan, jedna noć"
2022: "Krive karte"
2022: "Kako da ti kažem"
Tours
Kokuzna vremena Yugoslavian Tour (1985–1986)
Teško meni sa tobom Yugoslavian Tour (1986–1987)
Nešto lijepo treba da se desi European Tour (1988–1989)
Fotografija Balkan Tour (1997–1998)
Sredinom World Tour (2000–2003)
Burek World Tour (2004–2007)
Ispočetka World Tour (2008–11)
Hotel Nacional World Tour (2014–2019)
References
External links
Official Website
1962 births
Living people
Singers from Sarajevo
Musicians from Sarajevo
Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
20th-century Bosnia and Herzegovina male singers
Bosnia and Herzegovina singer-songwriters
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Bosnia and Herzegovina
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1999
Bosnia and Herzegovina rock singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2011
Bosnia and Herzegovina songwriters
Bosnia and Herzegovina folk-pop singers
National anthem writers
Yugoslav male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino%20Merlin |
Parrondo's paradox, a paradox in game theory, has been described as: A combination of losing strategies becomes a winning strategy. It is named after its creator, Juan Parrondo, who discovered the paradox in 1996. A more explanatory description is:
There exist pairs of games, each with a higher probability of losing than winning, for which it is possible to construct a winning strategy by playing the games alternately.
Parrondo devised the paradox in connection with his analysis of the Brownian ratchet, a thought experiment about a machine that can purportedly extract energy from random heat motions popularized by physicist Richard Feynman. However, the paradox disappears when rigorously analyzed. Winning strategies consisting of various combinations of losing strategies were explored in biology before Parrondo's paradox was published.
Illustrative examples
According to Harmer and Abbott, other than the last two examples (i.e. the saw-tooth example and the coin-tossing example), the other examples do not truly exhibit Parrondo's paradox in its strictest definition. In particular, since Parrondo's paradox was physically motivated from the flashing Brownian ratchet, a skip free process must be used to properly preserve this ratchet action and so only a +1 or -1 unit payoff structure can be used. See the coin-tossing example for an explicit illustration of this.
The simple example
Consider two games Game A and Game B, with the following rules:
In Game A, you lose $1 every time you play.
In Game B, you count how much money you have left — if it is an even number you win $3, otherwise you lose $5.
Say you begin with $100 in your pocket. If you start playing Game A exclusively, you will obviously lose all your money in 100 rounds. Similarly, if you decide to play Game B exclusively, you will also lose all your money in 100 rounds.
However, consider playing the games alternatively, starting with Game B, followed by A, then by B, and so on (BABABA...). It should be easy to see that you will steadily earn a total of $2 for every two games.
Thus, even though each game is a losing proposition if played alone, because the results of Game B are affected by Game A, the sequence in which the games are played can affect how often Game B earns you money, and subsequently the result is different from the case where either game is played by itself.
Watering a plant
Now consider the case of a potted houseplant. There are two games that can be played with the plant:
Game A: pour a continuous stream of water into the pot.
Game B: pour no water into the pot.
From the point of view of keeping the plant alive, both are losing games; over time, the plant will either take on too much water and rot, or it will dry up. Paradoxically, however, the plant can be kept alive by judiciously switching between the games, alternately watering the plant and turning off the water.
Pedestrian example
Consider the situation of a pedestrian trying to get to a grocery store. The pedestrian can play two games:
Game A: cross every street regardless of traffic.
Game B: stand still.
If the pedestrian plays only A, then they will eventually be struck by a vehicle. However, if they only play B, then they will never move from their position, failing to get to their destination. Parrondo's paradox suggests a solution: counterintuitively, if the pedestrian waits at every red light for traffic to pass, but crosses the street when the light turns green, then they may safely make their way to the grocery store.
Another pedestrian example
This time, the pedestrian is trying to get to the office on time. The two games are:
Game A: put the left foot on the ground.
Game B: put the right foot on the ground.
If the pedestrian plays only A or B, they will effectively hop along on one foot. This is a losing strategy, as it is not an efficient way to travel, and they will be late for work. Rigorous analysis shows that there is a solution, namely to alternate between the two games, which permits the pedestrian to walk, run, or even leap all the way to the office.
Example of a student writing a test
Suppose a student is to write a multiple-choice test; for simplicity, assume the test is a list of statements which are either true or false. To prepare for the test, the student comes up with two games, or strategies:
Game A: given a statement, answer "true".
Game B: given a statement, answer "false".
By sticking to Game A or B, the student will always answer true, or always answer false. If the distribution of the correct responses is close to even, however, then both of the strategies will give a grade of around 50%, which may be unacceptable. A more sophisticated approach would have the student carefully alternate between the two games: for each statement, they might consider whether they believe it to be true or false, and answer accordingly. In other words, paradoxically, if the student knows the subject matter, then they can get a better score this way than by always guessing the same answer regardless of the question.
The saw-tooth example
Consider an example in which there are two points A and B having the same altitude, as shown in Figure 1. In the first case, we have a flat profile connecting them. Here, if we leave some round marbles in the middle that move back and forth in a random fashion, they will roll around randomly but towards both ends with an equal probability. Now consider the second case where we have a saw-tooth-like profile between the two points. Here also, the marbles will roll towards either end depending on the local slope. Now if we tilt the whole profile towards the right, as shown in Figure 2, it is quite clear that both these cases will become biased towards B.
Now consider the game in which we alternate the two profiles while judiciously choosing the time between alternating from one profile to the other.
When we leave a few marbles on the first profile at point E, they distribute themselves on the plane showing preferential movements towards point B. However, if we apply the second profile when some of the marbles have crossed the point C, but none have crossed point D, we will end up having most marbles back at point E (where we started from initially) but some also in the valley towards point A given sufficient time for the marbles to roll to the valley. Then we again apply the first profile and repeat the steps (points C, D and E now shifted one step to refer to the final valley closest to A). If no marbles cross point C before the first marble crosses point D, we must apply the second profile shortly before the first marble crosses point D, to start over.
It easily follows that eventually we will have marbles at point A, but none at point B. Hence if we define having marbles at point A as a win and having marbles at point B as a loss, we clearly win by alternating (at correctly chosen times) between playing two losing games.
The coin-tossing example
A third example of Parrondo's paradox is drawn from the field of gambling. Consider playing two games, Game A and Game B with the following rules. For convenience, define to be our capital at time t, immediately before we play a game.
Winning a game earns us $1 and losing requires us to surrender $1. It follows that if we win at step t and if we lose at step t.
In Game A, we toss a biased coin, Coin 1, with probability of winning , where is some small positive constant. This is clearly a losing game in the long run.
In Game B, we first determine if our capital is a multiple of some integer . If it is, we toss a biased coin, Coin 2, with probability of winning . If it is not, we toss another biased coin, Coin 3, with probability of winning . The role of modulo provides the periodicity as in the ratchet teeth.
It is clear that by playing Game A, we will almost surely lose in the long run. Harmer and Abbott show via simulation that if and Game B is an almost surely losing game as well. In fact, Game B is a Markov chain, and an analysis of its state transition matrix (again with M=3) shows that the steady state probability of using coin 2 is 0.3836, and that of using coin 3 is 0.6164. As coin 2 is selected nearly 40% of the time, it has a disproportionate influence on the payoff from Game B, and results in it being a losing game.
However, when these two losing games are played in some alternating sequence - e.g. two games of A followed by two games of B (AABBAABB...), the combination of the two games is, paradoxically, a winning game. Not all alternating sequences of A and B result in winning games. For example, one game of A followed by one game of B (ABABAB...) is a losing game, while one game of A followed by two games of B (ABBABB...) is a winning game. This coin-tossing example has become the canonical illustration of Parrondo's paradox – two games, both losing when played individually, become a winning game when played in a particular alternating sequence.
Resolving the paradox
The apparent paradox has been explained using a number of sophisticated approaches, including Markov chains, flashing ratchets, simulated annealing, and information theory. One way to explain the apparent paradox is as follows:
While Game B is a losing game under the probability distribution that results for modulo when it is played individually ( modulo is the remainder when is divided by ), it can be a winning game under other distributions, as there is at least one state in which its expectation is positive.
As the distribution of outcomes of Game B depend on the player's capital, the two games cannot be independent. If they were, playing them in any sequence would lose as well.
The role of now comes into sharp focus. It serves solely to induce a dependence between Games A and B, so that a player is more likely to enter states in which Game B has a positive expectation, allowing it to overcome the losses from Game A. With this understanding, the paradox resolves itself: The individual games are losing only under a distribution that differs from that which is actually encountered when playing the compound game. In summary, Parrondo's paradox is an example of how dependence can wreak havoc with probabilistic computations made under a naive assumption of independence. A more detailed exposition of this point, along with several related examples, can be found in Philips and Feldman.
Applications
Parrondo's paradox is used extensively in game theory, and its application to engineering, population dynamics, financial risk, etc., are areas of active research. Parrondo's games are of little practical use such as for investing in stock markets as the original games require the payoff from at least one of the interacting games to depend on the player's capital. However, the games need not be restricted to their original form and work continues in generalizing the phenomenon. Similarities to volatility pumping and the two envelopes problem have been pointed out. Simple finance textbook models of security returns have been used to prove that individual investments with negative median long-term returns may be easily combined into diversified portfolios with positive median long-term returns. Similarly, a model that is often used to illustrate optimal betting rules has been used to prove that splitting bets between multiple games can turn a negative median long-term return into a positive one. In evolutionary biology, both bacterial random phase variation and the evolution of less accurate sensors have been modelled and explained in terms of the paradox. In ecology, the periodic alternation of certain organisms between nomadic and colonial behaviors has been suggested as a manifestation of the paradox. There has been an interesting application in modelling multicellular survival as a consequence of the paradox and some interesting discussion on the feasibility of it. Applications of Parrondo's paradox can also be found in reliability theory.
Name
In the early literature on Parrondo's paradox, it was debated whether the word 'paradox' is an appropriate description given that the Parrondo effect can be understood in mathematical terms. The 'paradoxical' effect can be mathematically explained in terms of a convex linear combination.
However, Derek Abbott, a leading researcher on the topic, provides the following answer regarding the use of the word 'paradox' in this context:
See also
Brazil nut effect
Brownian ratchet
Game theory
List of paradoxes
Ratchet effect
Statistical mechanics
References
Further reading
John Allen Paulos, A Mathematician Plays the Stock Market, Basic Books, 2004, .
Neil F. Johnson, Paul Jefferies, Pak Ming Hui, Financial Market Complexity, Oxford University Press, 2003, .
Ning Zhong and Jiming Liu, Intelligent Agent Technology: Research and Development, World Scientific, 2001, .
Elka Korutcheva and Rodolfo Cuerno, Advances in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics, Nova Publishers, 2004, .
Maria Carla Galavotti, Roberto Scazzieri, and Patrick Suppes, Reasoning, Rationality, and Probability, Center for the Study of Language and Information, 2008, .
Derek Abbott and Laszlo B. Kish, Unsolved Problems of Noise and Fluctuations, American Institute of Physics, 2000, .
Visarath In, Patrick Longhini, and Antonio Palacios, Applications of Nonlinear Dynamics: Model and Design of Complex Systems, Springer, 2009, .
Marc Moore, Sorana Froda, and Christian Léger, Mathematical Statistics and Applications: Festschrift for Constance van Eeden, IMS, 2003, .
Ehrhard Behrends, Fünf Minuten Mathematik: 100 Beiträge der Mathematik-Kolumne der Zeitung Die Welt, Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 2006, .
Lutz Schimansky-Geier, Noise in Complex Systems and Stochastic Dynamics, SPIE, 2003, .
Susan Shannon, Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Nova Science Publishers, 2005, .
Eric W. Weisstein, CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics, CRC Press, 2003, .
David Reguera, José M. G. Vilar, and José-Miguel Rubí, Statistical Mechanics of Biocomplexity, Springer, 1999, .
Sergey M. Bezrukov, Unsolved Problems of Noise and Fluctuations, Springer, 2003, .
Julian Chela-Flores, Tobias C. Owen, and F. Raulin, First Steps in the Origin of Life in the Universe, Springer, 2001, .
Tönu Puu and Iryna Sushko, Business Cycle Dynamics: Models and Tools, Springer, 2006, .
Andrzej S. Nowak and Krzysztof Szajowski, Advances in Dynamic Games: Applications to Economics, Finance, Optimization, and Stochastic Control, Birkhäuser, 2005, .
Cristel Chandre, Xavier Leoncini, and George M. Zaslavsky, Chaos, Complexity and Transport: Theory and Applications, World Scientific, 2008, .
Richard A. Epstein, The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic (Second edition), Academic Press, 2009, .
Clifford A. Pickover, The Math Book, Sterling, 2009, .
External links
J. M. R. Parrondo, Parrondo's paradoxical games
Nature news article on Parrondo's paradox
Parrondo's Paradox - A Simulation
Parrondo's Paradox at Futility Closet
Parrondo's Paradox at Wolfram
Online Parrondo simulator
Parrondo's paradox at Maplesoft
Optimal adaptive strategies and Parrondo
Mathematical paradoxes
Game theory
Decision-making paradoxes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrondo%27s%20paradox |
San Giovanni in Oleo is a chapel adjacent to the church of San Giovanni a Porta Latina in Rome. It commemorates the place where, according to legend, in 92 CE, at the hands of the emperor Domitian, the apostle John was immersed in a vat of boiling oil from which he emerged unharmed. Tradition relates that, having failed to execute the apostle, Domitian exiled him to the island of Patmos where John wrote the biblical Book of Revelation. It is supposed that John later died and was buried in Ephesus where a large basilica was built to house his relics. He is held to be the only one of the Twelve Disciples to have been spared from martyrdom.
Although the current building is not ancient, the small centralized form - customarily employed by the Romans for martyria, mausolea and other memorial purposes - may have been inspired by an earlier structure. Documentary sources seem to indicate that San Giovanni a Porta Latina was in existence by the end of the 5th century.
The present octagonal chapel was built circa 1509. The design was commonly ascribed to the architect Donato Bramante, although it is now thought to have been the work either of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger or Baldassare Peruzzi. In 1658, it was remodeled by Borromini who added the frieze and the elaborate finial (the original of which is now preserved in the portico of the church nearby).. On the door is the coat of arms of the French prelate Benoît Adam, with the motto "Au plaisir de Dieu". The frescos depicting Saint John's attempted execution were painted by Lazzaro Baldi in 1716.
Notes
5th-century churches
16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Donato Bramante church buildings
Francesco Borromini buildings
Giovanni Oleo
Renaissance architecture in Rome
Giovanni Oleo
Giovanni Oleo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Giovanni%20in%20Oleo |
Neyriz (, also Romanized as Neyrīz and Nīrīz) is a city in the Central District of Neyriz County, Fars province, Iran, serving as both capital of the district and of the county.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 45,180 in 11,970 households. The following census in 2011 counted 50,291 people in 14,416 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 49,850 people in 15,338 households.
The name is also used for the district in which it is situated and for the Bakhtegan Lake. The town was located on its shores, but because of the shrinkage of the salt lake it is now to its southeast. In the nineteenth century some of the Neyriz inhabitants were Bábís, and were persecuted by the government.
History
Neyriz is mentioned in the Persepolis Administrative Archives of the Achaemenid Empire under the Elamite name Narezzash, which reflects its Old Persian name Narēcha. The city was known for its armorers, which has been connected to the historical evidence of iron mining in the region. The Persian King Cambyses II has also been said to have been buried here. However, no direct archaeological evidence of the Achaemenid city has been found.
The 10th-century writer al-Muqaddasi described the great mosque of Neyriz as laying on the same street as the town's marketplace. The mosque was dedicated in the year 951. During this period, Neyriz was protected by a formidable castle, and it belonged to the district of Darabjird. The main route connecting Fars with Kerman at the time bypassed Neyriz, instead travelling through the nearby city of Khayrah on the way to Chahak. An alternate route, however, branched off at Khayrah and passed through Neyriz, eventually rejoining the main highway at the town of Bimand, west of Sirjan. Among the notable inhabitants of the city were the 10th-century astronomer-mathematician Abu'l-Abbās Fazl b. Ḥātem Neyrizi and the 13th-century master calligrapher Mirza Ahmad Neyrizi.
On 27 May 1850, Sayyed Yahya Darabi arrived in Neyriz to great fanfare, entered the Great Mosque, and proclaimed the coming of the Bāb as the chosen one of Islam. Darabi, who had been a Muslim cleric prior to converting to Bābism, was also known as Wahid, meaning "unique", a name the Bāb had bestowed upon him. Fearing that Darabi would lead a Bābi uprising against him, governor of Neyriz, Haji Zayn al-Abedin Khan, recruited a local militia of 1,000 men to crack down on him and his followers. A standoff followed, with the governor's militia occupying the bazaar quarter and the Bābis holding the Chenār-sūkhta quarter around the mosque. The Bābis defeated the governor's forces in several skirmishes, and he retreated to the nearby village of Qotra. Zayn al-Abedin Khan sent for reinforcements from Shiraz, receiving three infantry regiments along with cavalry and artillery. These forces were also defeated in a pitched battle that lasted eight hours. After this, Zayn al-Abedin Khan offered Darabi and his followers safe passage home, but when they came out from their fort, they were captured and killed.
Two years later, in 1852, Ali Sardar had emerged as the new leader of the Bābis in Neyriz. Fearing a new wave of persecution, a group of Bābis assassinated the governor at the public bath, despite such an action being forbidden by Bābi teachings. When a new governor arrived, the Bābis of Neyriz failed to win his trust, and they fled into the mountains to the south for protection, carrying provisions for several months. The governor recruited as many as 12,000 troops and besieged the Bābis' positions. Ali Sardar was killed in a failed sortie by late October 1853. Eventually, the dropping temperatures and waning food supplies forced the Bābis to surrender. 450 to 500 adult prisoners, including around 300 women, as well as an unknown number of children, were taken prisoner and deported to Shiraz.
Historical places
Attractions
Tarm waterfall
Tarm is one of the highest waterfalls in the Middle East and is a season waterfall.
Friday mosque
The Friday mosque of Neyriz was built in at least three phases, spanning Buyid, Seljuk and Il-Khanid rule in the Fars province. An inscription on the great qibla iwan indicates that the mihrab was built in 973, which is probably the date when the qibla iwan and the minaret were constructed and enclosed within the precinct walls. Identified as "iwan-mosque," the pre-Islamic typology of the Masjid-i Jami' in Neyriz, Bamiyan and Nishapur has led some scholars to believe that their mihrabs and minarets may have been appended to Zoroastrian fire temples. At Neyriz, the northwest iwan facing the original sanctuary was erected at a later date, followed by the addition of two rows of lateral arcades along the courtyard and iwan walls. The portal, which bears the date 1472, commemorates the last known period of construction.
The mosque has a rectangular layout, measuring about forty-eight by thirty-four metres on the exterior. It is aligned with qibla along the northwest–southeast axis and is centred on an arcaded courtyard that is fifteen metres long and eighteen and a half metres wide. Entered from a simple portal at the northern end of the northwest façade, the courtyard is dominated by the tall sanctuary iwan that occupies its southwest wing. Eleven metres wide and seventeen metres deep, the sanctuary iwan is vaulted at a height double that of the flat-roofed courtyard arcades that continue along its side walls. The archways connecting the iwan to the arcades were pierced when the latter were constructed. The sanctuary iwan also dominates the exterior appearance of the mosque with its projecting buttresses.
Across the courtyard from the sanctuary is the vaulted northeast iwan, which is seven metres square. It is flanked by passageways on either side that connect it with the main portal and the secondary portal, which was added to the eastern corner of the mosque in 1472. It is adjoined by the modern addition of two halls that span the length of the southeast mosque wall; the southern of these halls contains ablution fountains and latrines. There's also an octagonal fountain at the center of the courtyard. A single minaret, with a round tapering shaft terminating at a parapet, rises alongside the main portal. The spiraling steps of the minaret are accessed from the northwest arcade.
The mosque is made of baked bricks, covered with clay on the exterior and plastered white on the interior. The courtyard façade of the great iwan is simply ornamented with polychrome tiles composed into geometric patterns. Inside, the decorative effort is focused on the mihrab niche on the qibla wall, which is framed with multiple bands of ornate arabesques and inscriptions carved in relief out of stucco. The original minbar, probably wooden, has since been replaced.
Palangan
Palangan is a valley located in the south of the city, separated by a mountain. From the city center, Palangan is a 45 to 60 minutes trip. The valley is especially popular in spring and summer and is a wonderful promenade for people who live in this part of the world, especially during the 13 be-dar ceremony.
Palangan means "panthers"; in the past, many Iranian tigers lived in the region, but today only a few remain. The spring of the stream that flows through the valley is named Besher and is located two hours from Palangan.
Gallery
References
Sources
Populated places in Neyriz County
Cities in Fars Province
Achaemenid cities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neyriz |
This is a list of characters appearing in the video games Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (2003) and Star Wars Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords (2004).
The main and player character of the first game is Revan, and the main and player character of the second game is the Jedi Exile. Both can be either a human male or a human female. Various other characters join the player's party and become controllable, with a maximum of three characters at a time.
Concept and creation
Chris Avellone, the lead designer of The Sith Lords, has said that "a core part of what made KOTOR I so great was the story and your companions, and that was our intention in the sequel as well", and has also said that he thought that the characters and voice-acting were some of the key strengths of The Sith Lords, and said that they got a lot of help and support from LucasArts in the voice-acting and sound department. Avellone stated that in some cases, the characters turned out "better than we thought they would be". According to Avellone, while "there was some stuff we wanted to add", overall they "got almost everything we wanted in there". Avellone has said he has been surprised by the positive feedback of some of the characters.
Player characters
Revan
The main protagonist and player character of the first game is Revan, an amnesiac Sith Lord who is reassigned a new identity as a member of the Republic army. Revan's true identity is not revealed until a predetermined point in the narrative where the player is confronted by the game's central antagonist Darth Malak for the first time.
According to continuity established by supplementary material, as well as the massively multiplayer online role-playing game Star Wars: The Old Republic, in Star Wars Legends, Revan is male and follows the light-side path.
Jedi Exile
The Jedi Exile, also known simply as the Exile, is the main protagonist and player character of the second game. The player may choose the gender and decide what path to take.
According to continuity established by Star Wars: The Old Republic and its associated supplementary material, in Star Wars Legends, the Jedi Exile is named Meetra Surik, who is female and aligned to the light-side of the Force.
Other playable characters
Recurring characters
Canderous Ordo
Canderous Ordo, voiced by John Cygan, is a Mandalorian who appears in both the first game and in The Sith Lords. Ordo is a veteran Mandalorian warrior who joins the player's party in Knights of the Old Republic. After the game's conclusion, he becomes "Mandalore the Preserver", leader of the Mandalorians. Mandalore pledges himself and his warriors to the service of the Jedi Exile in The Sith Lords.
UGO Networks ranked Ordo among their list of top fifty Expanded Universe characters.
T3-M4
T3-M4 is an astromech droid who appears in both games. It was constructed by a Twi'lek named Janice Nall of Taris for local crime lord, Davik Kang. The droid features code-breaking and computer "slicing" skills in addition to being able to mount armor and weapon upgrades. If the player attempts to talk to T3 it will simply communicate in a series of bleeps, similar to other astromech droids like R2-D2.
HK-47
HK-47, voiced by Kristoffer Tabori, is an assassin droid owned by Revan, who appears in both of the games. In 2003 HK-47 won Computer Gaming World "NPC of the Year" award, and later won the category of "Original Game Character of the Year" in the 2004 Game Developers Choice Awards.
Knights of the Old Republic characters
Carth Onasi
Carth Onasi, voiced by Raphael Sbarge, is a Republic soldier and pilot. During the Mandalorian wars, Carth served under Admiral Saul Karath, who would become his mentor and, later, object of revenge. He met Revan while the two were fleeing the Endar Spire, following a Sith attack on the ship. He is the second character to become a party member in the first game, after Trask Ulgo sacrifices himself to fend off the Sith apprentice Darth Bandon. It is later revealed that Carth had a family on Telos who were killed by the Sith: his son Dustil later turns up as a Sith convert and the player has the option of killing him or opening his eyes. He is a romance option for the female Revan. Carth can appear briefly in the sequel, The Sith Lords, via recorded audio and video messages.
Mission Vao
Mission Vao, voiced by Catherine Taber, appears in Knights of the Old Republic. She is a fourteen-year-old Twi'lek and the best friend of Zaalbar. Mission joins the player's party after encountering her in the Undercity on Taris.
Zaalbar
Zaalbar is a character from Knights of the Old Republic. He is a Wookiee who is friends with Mission Vao and joins the player's party, swearing a life-debt to the player for helping Mission rescue him from a group of Gammorrean slavers in the Undercity of Taris. Zaalbar is the brother to Chuundar, the leader of a tribe on their home planet Kashyyyk. When the player's party first lands on Kashyyyk, Zaalbar is referred to as "mad-claw". Through Zaalbar's and Chuundar's father, Freyyr, Revan learns why Zaalbar was banished from the tribe: Zaalbar learned that Chuundar was selling Wookiee slaves to Czerka Corporation, and in a fit of rage attacked him with his bare claws, breaking a major Wookiee taboo; this led Freyyr to side with Chuundar and thus Zaalbar was exiled. When Revan and Freyyr confront Chuundar, Zaalbar sides with Freyyr and Revan and in turn kills Chuundar, freeing the Wookiees and driving Czerka off the planet. A dark-side alternative has Revan kill Freyyr, allowing Czerka's slave trade on Kashyyyk to continue: a dark-sided Revan can also order Zaalbar to kill Mission in order to fulfill his life-debt - this may cause Zaalbar to turn against Revan as well.
Bastila Shan
Bastila Shan, voiced by Jennifer Hale, is a Jedi who defeated Revan prior to the beginning of Knights of the Old Republic. The first part of the game is spent searching for her after the Endar Spire is destroyed, and she joins the party upon her rescue. Darth Malak later captures her and seduces her to the dark side. Revan later confronts Bastila in a lightsaber duel and has the option of killing her or allowing her to live: a dark-side character makes her their apprentice, while a light-side character helps her redeem herself by helping the Republic fleet. Bastila is a romance option for a light-sided male player character.
Juhani
Juhani, voiced by Courtenay Taylor, is a Cathar padawan who incorrectly believed she killed her master. She turned to the dark side and tainted the grove on Dantooine where she lived. Depending on which path the conversation is steered in by the player, Revan may either fight (and kill) her, or redeem her, where she joins the party to discover the location of the Star Forge and returns to the Order as a Jedi Knight. Juhani is the first explicitly LGBTQ character in Star Wars media.
Jolee Bindo
Jolee Bindo, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson, is a character in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic. Jolee is an old hermit living in the Shadowlands on the forest floor of Kashyyyk and a former Jedi Padawan. Bindo helps Revan bypass shield generators that lead deeper into the Shadowlands to find the Star Map and remains with Revan's party. After the main character gains experience, Jolee tells the tale of how he was once a smuggler, and through this met his wife. Against the wishes of the Jedi Council, he trained her in the way of the Force. She was then seduced to the dark side by Exar Kun, upon failing to convince Jolee to join Exar Kun as well, she drew her lightsaber on him. Jolee won the fight, but he was unable to bring himself to kill her. She escaped and went on to kill many Jedi. Jolee expected to be punished harshly for his mistakes, but the Council said he had learned his lesson the hard way, and even considered promoting him to knighthood. Disappointed with the Jedi’s decision, Jolee left the Order and started wandering the galaxy before crash landing on Kashyyyk, where he lived for 20 years until he met Revan.
Kimberley Wallace of Game Informer included Jolee Bindo in her list of best BioWare characters; she called him a "cranky old man who hacks the hell out of enemies is hard to top". According to Wallace, "he almost beats HK-47 for his power with sarcasm, as Jolee Bindo's self-ridicule is part of his charm", and claims that he will perhaps never live down his infamous line, "I did it all for the Wookiees!"
The Sith Lords characters
Kreia
Kreia, voiced by Sara Kestelman, is the teacher and mentor to the Jedi Exile in The Sith Lords. Near the end of the game, she is revealed to have been Darth Traya, the Lord of Betrayal, all along. Her character received mixed reception since the game's publication, but is generally thought to be one of the most well developed backgrounds and characterizations in retrospective reviews.
Atton Rand
Atton Rand, voiced by Nicky Katt, is a character in The Sith Lords. Atton is a human pilot that the Exile meets on the asteroid mining station Peragus II, and is patterned after the iconic Star Wars character Han Solo. Atton can become a Jedi Sentinel once the player character accrues enough influence with him.
Bao-Dur
Bao-Dur, voiced by Roger G. Smith, is a character in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords. He is a Zabrak engineer from Iridonia, who fought under the command of the Jedi Exile during the Mandalorian Wars. Bao-Dur is the inventor of the Mass Shadow Generator that ended the battle on Malachor V by completely obliterating the Mandalorian Armada and inadvertently killing many Republic soldiers on his own side of the battle, leading to a great deal of guilt later in his life. The Exile, who did not know Bao-Dur on a personal level at the time, gave the command, which sent massive echoes in the Force throughout the galaxy. Bao-Dur is trainable as a Jedi Guardian.
Visas Marr
Visas Marr, voiced by Kelly Hu, appears in The Sith Lords as an apprentice of Darth Nihilus. She is a Miraluka from the planet of Katarr where all living things except for her were consumed by Darth Nihilus. While she is considered blind, she is able to see through the Force which allowed her to find the Jedi Exile. When she confronts the Exile, she loses and in turn becomes part of the Exile's party. Eventually the player confronts Nihilus with Visas, and needs to kill him. The player may choose to have Visas sacrifice herself to weaken Nihilus.
Brian Menze designed the character, and drew on ninjas, the look of previous Sith Lords, and G.I. Joe character the Baroness in creating her concept art. As the character was mostly covered – only the lower half of her face is visible – Menze decided to make what was shown "as sexy as possible". Menze deviated from the usual black Sith Lords dressed in and instead added some color to soften her, based on the written description of the character. Menze noted that the character has since become a fan favorite and a popular choice for cosplay activities at fan conventions. Voice directors Will Beckman and Darragh O'Farrell wanted someone "special" and "maybe a little sexy" to voice the part. It was Hu's first role as a voice-actress, and she has said she enjoyed the role.
Brianna
Brianna, voiced by Grey DeLisle, is the "Last Handmaiden" on a Jedi Academy located on Telos IV in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords. She initially does not reveal her name to the Exile; until she mentions her name late in the game, she is referred to as the Handmaiden. Brianna joins the party after leaving Telos on the Ebon Hawk if the player's character is male. Her training before joining the Exile's party makes her a skilled close quarter combatant and, after fulfilling certain combat and conversation requirements, she can be trained to become a Jedi Guardian or a Dark Jedi Guardian. It is revealed by Kreia that Brianna takes up Atris' role as the historian of the Jedi.
Mical
Mical, also known as the Disciple, is a character in The Sith Lords voiced by Greg Ellis. He is a soldier and force-adept that was refused for training because of the Mandalorian Wars. He eventually tells the player character that he wishes the player to be his master. He is a playable character that joins the player's party on Dantooine if your character is female. The Disciple can be influenced by light side acts and can be trained as a Jedi Consular.
Mira
Mira, voiced by Emily Berry, appears in The Sith Lords. Mira lost her family during the Mandalorian Wars. By the end of the wars, the Galactic Republic was flooding with refugees, and many of them, including Mira, ended up in the refugee sector of Nar Shaddaa. To survive in the hostile environment, she became a bounty hunter with the sole purpose of earning credits. A rival bounty hunter, the Wookiee Hanharr, was employed to hunt her by an unknown person. Mira will join player characters who are oriented towards light-sided or neutral alignments, and can become a Jedi Sentinel.
Menze had a "shaggy-like character from the Hanna-Barbera cartoon Speed Buggy" as a reference for Mira. Her visual design was based on the appearances of women Menze described as the "gothic girl gamer" who attend shows or fan conventions in the early 2000’s, and whose stylistic choices included dyed hair, strapped platform leather boots and Hello Kitty backpacks, as he had hoped to tap into a likeness that these fans would respond to.
Hanharr
Hanharr is a Wookiee bounty hunter in The Sith Lords, and can play different roles within the game, depending on the alignment of the player character. Hanharr is encountered on the planet Nar Shaddaa, as is Mira, another bounty hunter. One of these will join the party of the Jedi Exile, as is determined by the personality of the player character. Light-side and neutral players are joined by Mira, dark-side players are joined by Hanharr.
G0-T0
G0-T0, voiced by Daran Norris, is a droid who appears in The Sith Lords. Built to oversee and aid in the planetary reconstruction of the planet Telos, its programming included two directives: produce options to rebuild the Republic and follow all the laws of the Republic. Sadly, all options G0-T0 could think of to assist the Republic would involve breaking a Republic law. Following this, the droid 'broke'; it overrode the second directive, and set up The Exchange, the greatest smuggling organization in the galaxy. Eventually the droid would be destroyed, but not before the organization had helped countless systems achieve prosperity.
Major antagonists
Darth Malak
Darth Malak, voiced by Rafael Ferrer, is the old Sith apprentice of Revan and the main antagonist of the first game. As Jedi, Malak and Revan disobeyed the Jedi Council and helped the Republic defend against the Mandalorians. During the war, Malak was captured by them for a time and experimented upon, which caused his baldness. It was also during the Mandalorian Wars that he got the name "Malak", his birth name being "Alek". He first started calling himself Malak to escape the arrest warrant issued by the Jedi Council, and he later decided to keep this name in protest until the war is over. At the end of the Mandalorian Wars, however, both Revan and Malak fell to the dark side and turned against the Republic, although Malak viewed Revan as too soft, which led to a duel that ended with Revan cutting off his lower jaw. Malak later betrays Revan when he is facing Jedi and usurps the title of Dark Lord of the Sith. But Revan survives the attack, at the cost of his memory. Under Malak's leadership, the Sith devastate planets Taris and Dantooine, while Revan regains his power in the search for the ancient space factory The Star Forge where he defeats Malak in the game's final battle. GamePro's Hugh Sterbakov ranked Darth Malak as 22nd most diabolical videogame villain of all time, saying he was "one of, if not the coolest expanded universe Star Wars character yet". UGO Networks put the character as their 19th top Star Wars Expanded Universe character. On GameSpot's "All-Time Greatest Villain" competition in 2011, Darth Malak managed to get into the top sixteen. GameDaily's Robert Workman put Darth Malak as their 16th top evil mastermind of all time. Workman also listed Malak as one of his favourite Star Wars video game characters.
Darth Sion
Darth Sion, voiced by Louis Mellis, is an antagonist in The Sith Lords. Darth Traya trained both Sion and Nihilus, who in turn betrayed her. He holds his ravaged, necrotic body together by drawing on his constant pain using the dark side of the Force, making himself virtually unkillable. The player's character Jedi Exile eventually defeats Sion several times, and convinces him to end his own miserable existence by letting go of the Force.
Chris Avellone, lead designer of The Sith Lords, was inspired to create Sion by Tessai's death scene in Ninja Scroll. In contrast to other characters, Sion's design took much longer to hone down. Brian Menze, creator of the concept art and in-game model, had difficulty finding a design that Avellone was satisfied with, and the two had many conversations on how he should appear. It was planned that Sion would have small parts of him orbiting around him. Engine troubles, however, made that difficult, ultimately resulting in a character looking far more "human". Voice directors Will Beckman and Darragh O'Farrell originally sought to hire someone with an English accent, rather than the Scottish one found in the game. Problems arose due to most English actors lacking deep voices, though afterwards they wished to avoid making Sion "too Scottish", wishing to avoid creating a caricature to American ears. They called Sion's voice one of their favorites in The Sith Lords.
Darth Nihilus
Darth Nihilus appears in Knights of the Old Republic II - The Sith Lords as one of the titular Sith Lords. He is known as the Lord of Hunger, capable of draining the life force out of any living thing, and intends to consume as much life in the galaxy as possible. He is depicted as a wraith-like being who speaks in unintelligible rasps and feasts on the Force like a parasite. Nihilus bound his consciousness into his robes and mask in order to preserve his physical form. Prior to the game's events, Darth Sion, Darth Nihilus and Darth Traya formed a short-lived Triumvirate as leaders of the resurgent Sith based on Malachor V, though Traya was later cast out and driven into exile. Nihilus then uses the might of the Sith Armada not to conquer planets, but to contain them so that he could "feed" off the Force energy of each planet's lifeforms, wiping planets of life. Nihilus is defeated in the game after being drawn out and tricked into launching an attack on Telos, believing it to harbour the last of the Jedi. The Exile, together with Canderous Ordo and Nihilus' former associate Visas Marr confront the Sith Lord on his ship, and Nihilus is slain either after Visas sacrifices herself due to their shared link in the Force, or after his attempt to feast on the Exile's connection to the Force backfires and weakens him.
Nihilus appears in the "Unseen, Unheard" story in the final issue of Star Wars Tales, which recounts Nihilus using his power to decimate all life on the Miraluka colony world of Katarr, including the vast majority of the Jedi Order's leadership. Visas Marr is shown as the sole survivor of the catastrophic event, which impressed Nihilus and moved him to claim her as his apprentice and slave. Nihilus is mentioned in a few other stories in the original Star Wars Expanded Universe, and makes a short appearance in Star Wars: Legacy. The character's distinctive mask is also made available as a loot item for Star Wars: The Old Republic if the Crime Lord's Cartel Pack DLC is installed. Nihilus is introduced to the Galaxy of Heroes mobile game as a playable character in a 2017 update. As the “face” of the marketing for The Sith Lords, the character has been featured prominently in promotional material and subject to merchandise, including several action figures.
Nihilus was written so players would identify him less as a "human" and more a "force of nature". Avellone described him as without personality beyond "just a feeling of hunger" due to having succumbed so far to the dark side. Avellone felt beating such a force seemed "more heroic" or "far more epic" than taking on an individual person. The character's visual was quick to define; Eurogamer describes him as "a concept created and greenlit in all of 15 minutes". Character modeller and lead concept artist Brian Menze was asked to create a Sith Lord with No-Face from Hayao Miyazaki's Spirited Away (2001) as a reference; Avellone felt that the final design, which employs a lot of voluminous black, was closer to the Studio Ghibli character than was intended. One idea behind Nihilus's design was that there should be nothing behind the mask – representative of him being a void. A "pet peeve" of Avellone's is promotional art of Nihilus with a visible nose, which contradicted his concept of a character who lack facial features; Menze had drawn a nosed Nihilus for a magazine cover which had become widely circulated and Avellone had "let it go", to Menze's now regret.
Nihilus is considered to be one of the best remembered aspects of The Sith Lords's story. IGN's Jesse Schedeen singled out his obliteration of Visas' homeworld as the Sith Lord's "defining moment of villainy". Chris Freiberg from Den of Geek ranked the introduction of Darth Nihilus as one of the most memorable moments in Star Wars video game history. Glixel listed him as one of twenty "awesome" Star Wars characters originating in video games, and considered him "terrifying" and "more of a malevolent ghost than a typical self-serving Sith".
Nihilus' visual design proved to be very popular with Star Wars fandom. Revan aside, Eurogamer's Robert Purchese described The Sith Lords villains as "far more memorable" than those of the first game, and described Nihilus as the most recognisable of the trio. Schedeen remarked that "Nihilus probably wins the award for coolest-looking Star Wars villain ever". The Citizen's Lake Life editor David Wilcox opined that Darth Nihilus is the best designed character outside of the Star Wars saga's "main players". The character has been frequently referenced in fan art, cosplay and other derivative works since his appearance in The Sith Lords. The character was also featured on The Howard Stern Show for several weeks.
Nihilus' popularity has led to discussions about the supposed references to the character in canon Star Wars works, such as the identity of an ancient Sith statue in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker, as well as the origins of the Nihil, a faction set to be the overarching antagonists of the upcoming Star Wars: The High Republic subseries. Obsidian Entertainment acknowledged their creation of Darth Nihilus and the character's popularity as a notable contribution to the Star Wars license. Menze noted in retrospect that co-creating Darth Nihilus with Avellone is a career highlight for him, and acknowledged that the character "has gone on to be bigger than the game we created".
Atris
Atris, voiced by Elizabeth Rider, is a former member of the Jedi Council and one of the Jedi largely responsible for banishing the Jedi Exile from the Jedi Order. Prior to the events of The Sith Lords, Atris had an idealistic view of the Jedi that bordered on fanaticism, believing that they were the perfect guardians of the galaxy and, as a result, did not tolerate any criticism directed towards them. However, Atris' beliefs were challenged during the events of the Mandalorian War and the war against Darth Malak in the first game. This drove her to betraying the Jedi by leaking the location of their hidden conclave, resulting in them being driven to near-extinction by Darth Nihilus. Atris then planned to rebuild the Jedi Order under her own dogmatic doctrine, and started an unethical campaign against the Sith. This included leaking information of the Jedi Exile's return to the rest of the galaxy, setting off the events of The Sith Lords.
Other characters
Trask Ulgo was a Republic soldier who appears in the first game aboard the Republic battleship Endar Spire before it is shot down over Taris by Malak's forces at the beginning of the game. He serves as a "tutorial" companion and is killed holding off Darth Bandon- allowing the player to escape. Once the player meets Darth Bandon again, they may choose a dialogue option to avenge Ulgo.
Vrook Lamar was a Jedi Master who was on the Jedi Council that decided to exile the Jedi Exile. Vrook is one of the masters that helps retrain Revan in the first game. In the second, the Exile finds Vrook on Dantooine, where he is later killed by Kreia (if he has not already been killed by the player following the dark side path).
Kavar was a Jedi Master who was on the Jedi Council that decided to exile the Jedi Exile. In the second game, he is in exile on Onderon. He goes to meet with the other Jedi Masters on Dantooine, where he is killed by Kreia (if he has not already been killed by the player following the dark side path).
Zez-Kai Ell was a Jedi Master who was on the Jedi Council that decided to exile the Jedi Exile. In the second game, he is in exile on Nar Shadaa. He goes to meet with the other Jedi Masters on Dantooine, where he is killed by Kreia (if he has not already been killed by the player following the dark side path).
Darth Bandon was a Sith apprentice of Malak who attacked the player, and was defeated. He appears in the first game after Calo Nord fails to slay Revan.
Calo Nord was a bounty hunter in the first game. Nord was originally a slave, until he murdered his captors and escaped when he was sixteen years old. He is a notorious bounty hunter with a legendary fast draw who bears a grudge against Revan for escaping him, and can be fought on any of the Star Map worlds in the first game.
Zax the Hutt was a Hutt found on Taris in the video game Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic. Players go to him to obtain bounties.
Ajuur the Hutt was a Hutt who worked in the Upper City cantina who ran the duelling ring in KOTOR I. He can arrange the player's character to fight the Mandalorian death-match champion Bendak Starkiller, which can be redeemed for a bounty to Zax.
Davik Kang was the Exchange leader of Taris, and used elite mercenaries such as Canderous Ordo and Calo Nord to carry out his dirty work. He was killed in the orbital bombardment of Taris, from which point the player has to make their escape from the planet in his ship, the Ebon Hawk. He appeared in the first game.
Saul Karath was Carth Onasi's old mentor who betrayed him to join the Sith. He appeared in the first game where he was killed by Revan onboard the Leviathan. He was voiced by Robin Sachs.
Queen Talia is a descendant of the ancient Sith Lord Freedon Nadd and the ruler of Onderon who is at odds with her cousin Vaklu when the Exile comes to the planet. She appeared in the second game.
Azkul is a battle-scarred mercenary who served under Malak and later settled on Dantooine, attempting to destroy the local community of Khoonda but was thwarted by the Jedi Exile. He appeared in the second game.
General Vaklu is the power-crazed cousin of Queen Talia who seeks to overthrow his young cousin and take the royal throne.
Chuundar is a Wookiee character in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic. Zaalbar was exiled for attacking Chuundar, his brother, with his claws after discovering his brother was selling fellow Wookiees into slavery. Chuundar then later took over his tribe and exiled his own father, the former Wookiee chieftain, Freyrr. Once the player comes with Zaalbar to Kashyyyk in search of a Star Map, Chuundar imprisons Zaalbar and tells Revan that he must kill their father, Freyrr, in the Shadowlands to free the Wookiee. If Revan chooses to kill Freyrr, the player leaves with the gratitude of Chuundar. Chuundar continues to enslave Wookiees and the player can no longer return to the Wookiee village. If Revan spares Freyyr, he kills Chuundar and the slavers, frees the Wookiees, frees Zaalbar, and leaves with the gratitude of Freyrr, able to return to the village on Kashyyyk at any time, although the player is unable to trade on Kashyyk any longer after Freyyr leads a Wookiee rebellion that expels the slavers from the planet.
B4-D4: An administrative protocol droid that works for Czerka on Telos in the Outer Rim. It is possible for the player to assume control of B4-D4 if the Exile helps the Ithorians with their restoration project.
is a Mandalorian Neo-Crusader who was famous for his proficiency in the Taris duelling ring. Refusing to leave an opponent alive, Bendak retired from the ring after the Tarisian government outlawed death matches some ten years earlier. During the Jedi Civil War, he remained on Taris, watching matches in the cantina and hoping for the day he could return to the arena for another death match with a worthy opponent. In a dark side option, the player can duel Bendak in a death match after defeating the reigning Taris duelling champion, Twitch. The player will receive credits from Ajuur for winning the illegal death match and receive Bendak's blaster pistol, and will receive the bounty fee from Zax as well.
Reception
The characters have overall been well-received, with the first Knights of the Old Republic winning the Academy of Interactive Art's "Outstanding Achievement in Character and Story Development", and both Kreia and HK-47 receiving other awards.
The characters of the Knights Of The Old Republic series have remained highly popular, often being cited as some of the best characters in both the Star Wars franchise and video games in general by both critics and fans. IGN ranked several characters from the series in their list of Top 100 Star Wars Characters: Darth Revan, Darth Malak, HK-47, Canderous Ordo, Darth Nihilus, Bastila Shan, Darth Sion, and Darth Traya placed 12th, 28th, 33rd, 52nd, 56th, 62nd, 73rd and 81st respectively. Darth Revan and Darth Malak jointly ranked fifth place in a Top 15 list of Star Wars villains by IGN's Jesse Schedeen, who remarked that "[v]isually, both Jedi are immediately memorable". The members of the Sith Triumvirate, Darth Nihilus, Darth Sion and Darth Traya, came second place in a modified supplementary list of the best Star Wars villains based on reader requests for characters left out of the original Top 15 list published by IGN. In a 2020 fan poll organized by IGN for best Star Wars characters of all time, Revan, Darth Malak and Bastila Shan placed 30th, 34th and 69th place out of 200 characters. Several characters from the series dominated GameSpot's 2019 list of "15 Great Star Wars Characters Who Came From Video Games".
References
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic
Knights of the Old Republic Characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters%20of%20the%20Star%20Wars%3A%20Knights%20of%20the%20Old%20Republic%20series |
Siân Reeves is an English actress, known for her roles as Sydney Henshall in the BBC drama Cutting It, Sally Spode in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale and Charlie Wood in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street.
Life and career
Reeves was born in West Bromwich, and was raised in Brewood, South Staffordshire. After being educated at Wolgarston High School in nearby Penkridge, she worked in a shoe shop until pursuing acting professionally.
In 1985, Reeves was cast as an original cast member of Les Misérables. Reeves appeared in the BBC soap opera EastEnders in 2006 as Elaine Jarvis for five episodes. In March 2006, Reeves appeared in the BBC singing competition Just the Two of Us. Her singing partner was originally Rick Astley, but after he failed to turn up for the second rehearsal, he was replaced by Russell Watson, and the pair went on to win the series.
In 2007, Reeves suffered a backstage accident whilst rehearsing the play Vernon God Little at London's Young Vic theatre. A stage trapdoor had been left open, and she fell through it, onto a steel ladder, suffering a punctured lung and crushed ribcage, leaving her unable to move for 10 months. In July 2009, it was announced that Reeves would join the cast of the ITV soap opera Emmerdale, playing the role of villain Sally Spode. In 2009, Reeves appeared as Hannah Temple in the BBC drama series Hope Springs and as office manager Gloria in BBC Three sitcom Lunch Monkeys. From 2011 to 2014, Reeves portrayed Bianca in the Sky comedy drama Mount Pleasant. In 2019, she joined the cast of the ITV soap opera Coronation Street as Charlie Wood. In 2022 she won the Special Jury Award in Direction at the first season of Casablanca Film Factory Awards for her short film 'I Know Something Happened'.
References
External links
1965 births
English musical theatre actresses
Living people
Reality show winners
English soap opera actresses
People from West Bromwich
People from Brewood
Actresses from Staffordshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A2n%20Reeves |
Li Chengjiang (; born April 28, 1979) is a Chinese former competitive figure skater. He is the 2001 Four Continents champion, the 2004 Grand Prix Final bronze medalist, and a six-time Chinese national champion. Li placed as high as fourth at the World Championships (2003) and competed twice at the Winter Olympics. He retired from competition in 2009 and became a coach in Beijing, working with Zhao Ziquan among others.
Programs
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Chinese male single skaters
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for China
Figure skaters from Changchun
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
Asian Games medalists in figure skating
Figure skaters at the 1999 Asian Winter Games
Figure skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Figure skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 1999 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Competitors at the 1997 Winter Universiade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Chengjiang |
Peder [Nielsen] Horrebow (Horrebov) (14 May 1679 – 15 April 1764) was a Danish astronomer. Born in Løgstør, Jutland to a poor family of fishermen, Horrebow entered the University of Copenhagen in 1703. He worked his way through grammar school and university by virtue of his technical knowledge: he repaired mechanical and musical instruments and cut seals. He received his MA from the university in 1716, and his MD in 1725. From 1703 to 1707, he served as an assistant to Ole Rømer and lived in Rømer's home. He worked as a household tutor from 1707 to 1711 to a Danish baron, and entered the governmental bureaucracy as an excise writer in 1711.
After repeatedly petitioning King Frederick IV, Horrebow became professor of mathematics at the University of Copenhagen in 1714. He also became director of the university's observatory (called the Rundetårn, "the Round Tower"). His son Christian succeeded him in this position. Horrebow and his wife, Anne Margrethe Rossing, had a total of 20 children.
In 1728, the great fire of Copenhagen destroyed all of the papers and observations made by Rømer, who had died in 1710. Horrebow wrote the Basis Astronomiae (1734–35), which describes the scientific achievements made by Rømer. Horrebow's own papers and instruments were destroyed in the same fire. Horrebow was given a special grant from the government to repair the observatory and instruments. Horrebow received further support from a wealthy patron.
Horrebow invented a way to determine a place's latitude from the stars. The method fixed latitude by observing differences of zenith distances of stars culminating within a short time of each other, and at nearly the same altitude, on opposite sides of the zenith. The method was soon forgotten despite its value until it was rediscovered by the American Andrew Talcott in 1833. It is now called the Horrebow-Talcott Method.
He wrote on navigation and determined the sun parallax, 9", an approximative solution to the Kepler equation. Horrebow also learned how to correct inherent flaws in instruments. This preceded Tobias Mayer's theory of correction of 1756.
Horrebow was a member of a number of scientific societies, including the Académie des Sciences (from 1746). He also worked as a medical doctor and as an academic notary (from 1720).
He died in Copenhagen.
The crater Horrebow on the Moon is named after him.
References
Sources
Imago Mundi: Peder Horrebow
The Galileo Project: Peder Horrebow
Astronomy in Denmark
1679 births
1764 deaths
People from Vesthimmerland Municipality
18th-century Danish astronomers
18th-century Danish mathematicians
University of Copenhagen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Copenhagen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peder%20Horrebow |
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guadalajara () is a Roman Catholic archdiocese based in the Mexican city of Guadalajara, Jalisco. It currently covers an area of 20,827 km² (8,044 Square Miles). The diocese was erected on July 13, 1548 and was elevated to Archdiocese on January 26, 1863.
The Archdiocese of Guadalajara is the Metropolitan see of the suffragan sees of Aguascalientes, Autlán, Ciudad Guzmán, Colima, Jesús Maria del Nayar (a Territorial Prelature), San Juan de los Lagos and Tepic.
On Thursday, July 19, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI accepted the resignation of Francisco Martínez Sáinz, Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guadalajara and Titular Bishop of Dura, in accordance with Canons 411 and 401.1 of the Code of Canon Law.
Bishops
Ordinaries
Diocese of Guadalajara
Erected: 13 July 1548
Pedro Gómez Malaver (Maraver) (13 Jul 1548 – 28 Dec 1551 Died)
Antonius de Ciudad Rodrigo, O.F.M. (1552 – 13 Sep 1553 Died)
Pedro de Ayala (bishop), O.F.M. (18 Dec 1561 – 19 Sep 1569 Died)
Francisco Gómez de Mendiola y Solórzano (19 Apr 1574 – 23 Apr 1576 Died)
Domingo de Alzola, O.P. (1 Oct 1582 – 15 Feb 1590 Died)
Pedro Suarez de Escobar, O.S.A. (1591 Died Bishop-elect)
Francisco Santos García de Ontiveros y Martínez (22 May 1592 – 28 Jun 1596 Died)
Alfonso de la Mota y Escobar (11 Mar 1598 – 12 Feb 1607 Appointed, Bishop of Tlaxcala (Puebla de los Ángeles)
Juan de Valle y Arredondo, O.S.B. (19 Mar 1607 – 1617 Resigned).
Francisco de Rivera y Pareja, O. de M. (29 Jan 1618 – 17 Sep 1629 Appointed, Bishop of Michoacán)
Leonel de Cervantes y Caravajal (17 Dec 1629 – 18 Feb 1636 Appointed, Bishop of Antequera, Oaxaca)
Juan Sánchez Duque de Estrada (21 Jul 1636 – 12 Nov 1641 Died)
Juan Ruiz de Colmenero (25 Jun 1646 – 28 Sep 1663 Died)
Francisco Verdín y Molina (6 Jul 1665 – 27 Nov 1673, Appointed Bishop of Michoacán)
Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz y Sahagún (19 Feb 1674 – 19 Oct 1676 Confirmed, Bishop of Tlaxcala (Puebla de los Ángeles))
Juan de Santiago y León Garabito (13 Sep 1677 – 12 Jul 1694 Died)
Felipe Galindo Chávez y Pineda, O.P. (30 May 1695 – 7 Mar 1702 Died)
Diego Camacho y Ávila (14 Jan 1704 – 19 Oct 1712 Died)
Manuel de Mimbela y Morlans, O.F.M. (26 Feb 1714 – 4 May 1721 Died)
Pedro de Tapiz y Garcia (23 Sep 1722 Appointed – Did Not Take Effect)
Juan Bautista Alvarez de Toledo, O.F.M. (30 Aug 1723 – 1 Jul 1725 Died)
Nicolás Carlos Gómez de Cervantes y Velázquez de la Cadena (20 Feb 1726 – 6 Nov 1734 Died)
Juan Leandro Gómez de Parada Valdez y Mendoza (2 Dec 1735 – 14 Jan 1751 Died)
José Francisco Martínez de Tejada y Díez de Velasco, O.F.M. (20 Dec 1751 – 20 Dec 1760 Died)
Diego Rodríguez de Rivas y Velasco (29 Mar 1762 – 11 Dec 1770 Died)
Antonio Alcalde y Barriga, O.P. (27 Jan 1772 – 7 Aug 1792 Died)
Esteban Lorenzo de Tristán y Esmenota (17 Jun 1793 – 10 Dec 1794 Died)
Juan Cruz Ruiz de Cabañas y Crespo (18 Dec 1795 – 28 Nov 1824 Died)
José Miguel Gordoa y Barrios (19 Oct 1830 – 12 Jul 1832 Died)
Diego de Aranda y Carpinteiro (11 Jul 1836 – 17 Mar 1853 Died)
Archdiocese of Guadalajara
Elevated: 26 January 1863
Pedro Espinosa y Dávalos (12 Sep 1853 – 12 Nov 1866)
Pedro José de Jesús Loza y Pardavé (22 Jun 1868 – 15 Nov 1898)
Jacinto López y Romo (19 Aug 1899 – 31 Dec 1900)
José de Jesús Ortíz y Rodríguez (16 Sep 1901 – 19 Jun 1912 )
José Francisco Orozco y Jiménez (2 Dec 1912 – 18 Feb 1936)
José Garibi y Rivera (18 Feb 1936 – 1 Mar 1969); elevated to Cardinal in 1958
José Salazar López (21 Feb 1970 – 15 May 1987); elevated to Cardinal in 1973
Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo (15 May 1987 – 24 May 1993); elevated to Cardinal in 1991
Juan Sandoval Íñiguez (21 Apr 1994 – 7 Dec 2011); elevated to Cardinal in 1994
Francisco Robles Ortega (7 Dec 2011 – ); elevated to Cardinal in 2007
Coadjutor bishops
José Garibi y Rivera (1934–1936); future Cardinal
Francisco Javier Nuño y Guerrero (1954–1972); did not succeed to see; appointed Archbishop (personal title) of San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco
Auxiliary bishops
Ignacio Mateo Guerra y Alba (1862–1863), appointed Bishop of Zacatecas
Francisco Uranga y Sáenz (1919–1922), appointed Bishop of Cuernavaca, Morelos
Rafael Garcia González (1972–1974), appointed Bishop of Tabasco
Antonio Sahagún López (1973–1992)
Adolfo Hernández Hurtado (1974–1997)
Ramón Godinez Flores (1980–1998), appointed Bishop of Aguascalientes
José Guadalupe Martín Rábago (1992–1995)
Javier Navarro Rodríguez (1992–1999), appointed Bishop of San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco
José Luis Chávez Botello (1997–2001), appointed Bishop of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas
José Trinidad González Rodríguez (1997–2015)
José Benjamín Castillo Plascencia (1999–2003), appointed Bishop of Tabasco
Miguel Romano Gómez (2000–2014)
José María de la Torre Martín (2002–2008), appointed Bishop of Aguascalientes
Rafael Francisco Martínez Sáinz (2002–2012)
José Leopoldo González González (2005–2015), appointed Bishop of Nogales, Sonora
José Francisco González González (2008–2013), appointed Bishop of Campeche
Juan Humberto Gutiérrez Valencia (2008–2018)
Héctor López Alvarado (2018–
Juan Manuel Muñoz Curiel, O.F.M. (2018–
Engelberto Polino Sánchez (2018–
Other priests of this diocese who became bishops
Rafael Sabás Camacho y García, appointed Bishop of Querétaro in 1885
Jaime Anesagasti y Llamas, appointed Bishop of Campeche in 1909
Miguel María de la Mora y Mora, appointed Bishop of Zacatecas in 1911
Manuel Azpeitia Palomar, appointed Bishop of Tepic, Nayarit in 1919
Silviano Carrillo y Cárdenas, appointed Bishop of Sinaloa in 1920
José de Jesús López y González, appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Aguascalientes in 1927
Ignacio de Alba y Hernández, appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Colima in 1939
Alfonso Tóriz Cobián, appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Chilapa, Guerrero in 1954
Miguel González Ibarra, appointed Bishop of Autlán, Jalisco in 1961
Carlos Quintero Arce, appointed Bishop of Ciudad Valles, San Luís Potosí in 1961
José Guadalupe Padilla Lozano, appointed Bishop of Veracruz in 1963
José Trinidad Sepúlveda Ruiz-Velasco, appointed Bishop of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas in 1965
José Refugio Mercado Díaz, appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca in 2003
Marcelino Hernández Rodríguez, appointed Auxiliary Bishop of México, Federal District in 2008
Felipe Salazar Villagrana, appointed Bishop of San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco in 2008
See also
List of Roman Catholic archdioceses in México
References
External links
Archdiocese of Guadalajara website
Roman Catholic dioceses in Mexico
Guadalajara, Jalisco
Religious organizations established in the 1540s
1548 establishments in New Spain
Roman Catholic dioceses established in the 16th century
Roman Catholic ecclesiastical provinces in Mexico
A | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Archdiocese%20of%20Guadalajara |
Victoria Margareta Sandell Svensson (born 18 May 1977) is a Swedish football manager and former player. Nicknamed Vickan, she was team captain on the Swedish women's national team and Djurgårdens IF Dam, captaining the national team during the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, and is one of the most merited Swedish footballers of all time. She was originally known as Victoria Svensson, and then Victoria Sandell Svensson after marrying Camilla Sandell in April 2008 and adding her surname to her own.
Career
In 1998, and again in 2003, she won the Diamantbollen, an award given to the best female player in Sweden each year. Also in 1998, 2001, and 2003 Sandell Svensson scored the most goals in the Damallsvenskan.
Sandell Svensson retired after Sweden's Euro 2009 quarter-final defeat to Norway. She had 166 caps and 68 goals.
Sandell Svensson can be seen in the Sveriges Television documentary television series The Other Sport from 2013.
Victoria has been a sporting director for Djurgården, head coach for the Sweden women's F16 national team, and most recently in 2018–2020 coach for Tyresö FF
On 6 May 2021 Victoria Sandell was presented as a new assistant coach for the women's national team. She will assume office when the World Cup qualifiers starts in the autumn 2021. She was only contracted for 3 matches, but aims to stay longer if it works well.
Vickan will focus on individual training and performance analysis, particularly the offence.
Matches and goals scored at World Cup and Olympic tournaments
Matches and goals scored at European Championship tournaments
International goals
Honours
Club
Älvsjö AIK FF
Damallsvenskan (2):1998, 1999
Svenska Cupen: 1999
Djurgården/Älvsjö
Damallsvenskan (2): 2003, 2004
Svenska Cupen (2):2004, 2005
Individual
Damallsvenskan top scorers: 1998, 2001, 2003
2003 FIFA Women's World Cup Silver Ball
2003 FIFA Women's World Cup All star team
Best female player in Sweden (Diamantbollen) (2): 1998, 2003
Fotbollsgalan 1997
Breakthrough of the Year
Fotbollsgalan 1998
Diamantbollen: Best female player in Sweden 1998
Fotbollsgalan 2003
Diamantbollen: Best female player in Sweden 2003
Best female striker in Sweden 2003
Fotbollsgalan 2004
Best female striker in Sweden 2004
International tournaments with the national team
FIFA Women's World Cup 1999: Quarter-final
FIFA Women's World Cup 2003: Runner-up
FIFA Women's World Cup 2007: Group stage
2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney: Group stage
2004 Summer Olympics in Athens: Fourth place
2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing: Quarter-final
UEFA Women's Euro 1997: Semi-finals
UEFA Women's Euro 2001: Runner-up
UEFA Women's Euro 2005: Semi-finals
UEFA Women's Euro 2009: Quarter-final
Algarve Cup (Participated from 1997 to 2009): Winner 2001, 2009
Four Nations Tournament: Fourth Place 1998, Third Place 2004
Australia Cup: Runner-up 2000, Winner 2003
International tournaments with the national team U-20
Nordic Cup: Winner 1994
International tournaments with the national team U-16
Nordic Cup: Winner 1993
Footnotes
References
Match reports
External links
1977 births
Living people
FIFA Women's Century Club
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Lesbian sportswomen
Swedish LGBT footballers
Swedish lesbians
Olympic footballers for Sweden
Sweden women's international footballers
Swedish women's footballers
Footballers from Borås
Women's association football forwards
Djurgårdens IF Fotboll (women) players
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2003 FIFA Women's World Cup players
1999 FIFA Women's World Cup players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Sandell%20Svensson |
Rebecca Lee Lok Sze, MH (Traditional Chinese: 李樂詩, born 1944 in Canton) is an explorer from Hong Kong. She is the first Hong Kong person and the first woman to have visited the North Pole, the South Pole, and Mount Everest. She has visited the Yarlung Tsangpo Canyon (the deepest canyon in China) and the Taklamakan (the hottest desert in China).
Life and work
Dr Lee has worked as a professional graphic designer, painter, photographer, and writer. In 1985 she joined the Chinese National Antarctic Expedition and first set foot on Antarctica. Over the following 30 years Dr Lee has made significant contributions toward polar exploration and educating people about environmental impacts. In 1997 she founded the Polar Museum Foundation. Dr Lee has donated a collection of artifacts from her polar expeditions to the Museum of Climate Change at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. In 2012 she collaborated with the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra on a performance of the Sinfonia antartica by Ralph Vaughan Williams.
Dr Lee is currently the Honorary Adviser of the Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Chai Wan), Science Adviser of the Hong Kong Leisure and Cultural Services Department and Vice Chairman of the Scout Association of Hong Kong Programme Committee.
Awards and honours
Doctor of Humanities, honoris causa, by Lingnan University (Hong Kong) in 2000
Awarded the Medal of Honour by the Hong Kong SAR Government in 2008
Awarded an Honorary Fellowship of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University in 2009
Doctor of Humanities awarded by The Hong Kong Institute of Education in 2012
Awarded an Honorary Fellowship of The Chinese University of Hong Kong in 2013
References
External links
Rebecca Lee discusses lessons from her life
Rebecca Lee talks about the Sinfonia antartica performance
Chinese explorers
Living people
1944 births
Members of the Selection Committee of Hong Kong
Members of the Society of Woman Geographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca%20Lee%20%28explorer%29 |
Tyr, in comics, may refer to:
Tyr (Marvel Comics), an Asgardian in Marvel Comics
Tyr, a character in the Danish series Valhalla
See also
Tyr (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyr%20%28comics%29 |
Zhang Min (; born 24 March 1976) is a Chinese former competitive figure skater. He is a two-time Four Continents medalist and a three-time Chinese national champion. He competed at three Winter Olympic Games, placing as high as tenth, and finished a career-best seventh at the 2004 World Championships.
At the 1999 Four Continents, Zhang became the first skater to land a clean quadruple toe loop in the short program at an ISU Championship. He has also landed quadruple salchows in competition. He is the second person to land three quadruple jumps in one program. At the 2006 World Championships, the day before his 30th birthday, he landed a 4T-3T combination and 4S in his free skate. He named Elvis Stojko as his idol in the sport.
Programs
Results
GP: Champions Series/Grand Prix
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Olympic figure skaters for China
Chinese male single skaters
Figure skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
Asian Games medalists in figure skating
Figure skaters at the 1996 Asian Winter Games
Figure skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Sportspeople from Qiqihar
Medalists at the 1996 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Asian Games bronze medalists for China
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Universiade bronze medalists for China
Competitors at the 1995 Winter Universiade
Competitors at the 1999 Winter Universiade
Figure skaters from Heilongjiang | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Min%20%28figure%20skater%29 |
Il cucchiaio d'argento (), or The Silver Spoon in English, is a major Italian cookbook and kitchen reference work originally published in 1950 by the design and architecture magazine Domus. It contains about 2000 recipes drawn from all over Italy, and has gone through eleven editions.
History
It originated from a post-World War II pricing dispute between the publishers and some of the distributors of the popular Il talismano della felicità by Ada Boni.
Editoriale Domus still publishes the book as a single volume as well as a series of single-subject books. It is now in its eleventh Italian edition. Domus also produces Il cucchiaino d'argento for children, as well as creating recipes for Phaidon's books; these include regional cookbooks (so far for Tuscany, Sicily, and Puglia) as well as seasonal and single-ingredient books on pasta and seafood.
Several English versions (customized for the country of sale) were published as The Silver Spoon by the United Kingdom's Phaidon Press in 2005, then later in German, French and Dutch. They are based on the 1997 Italian edition, with a special section of recipes from prominent Italian cooks around the world. While Phaidon's original edition had been criticized for awkward measurements, the English editions have overall been well received and are very popular. In the US the book became a New York Times Bestseller, catching some in the industry by surprise.
Phaidon followed up in 2009 with The Silver Spoon: Pasta and The Silver Spoon Book for Children.
A revised English edition was released in November 2011, with adjusted measurements, 400 new photographs, as well as a new cover, more similar to the red leather binding of the original Italian edition.
In 2014 Phaidon published Chop Sizzle Wow: The Silver Spoon Comic Book, with a selection of 50 recipes in comics format. The concept and drawings were made by the Brazilian artist Adriano Rampazzo. In 2015 The Gourmand International awarded best illustrated cookbook published in 2014 in the UK. Then it was awarded best illustrated cookbook in the world for that year. Later on the same year, as a celebration of the 20 years of the Gourmand Awards, Chop Sizzle Wow received best illustrated cookbook of all times prize.
Coverage
The book covers Antipasti & Contorni (appetizers and side dishes), Primi (first courses), Secondi (main courses), Dolci (desserts), and Il Cucchiaio d'Argento Estate (summer dishes).
See also
Italian cuisine
References
External links
Official website (Italian edition)
Official website (English and international editions)
1950 non-fiction books
Italian cookbooks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%20cucchiaio%20d%27argento |
Matthew Allwright (born 14 April 1970) is an English television presenter, journalist, and musician. He has presented shows such as Watchdog, Rogue Traders, Food Inspectors, The Code, Fake Britain and The One Show for BBC One.
Early life
Allwright was educated at two independent schools in Berkshire: Dolphin School in Hurst (near Reading), and Reading Blue Coat School in Sonning, where he was Head Boy; followed by the University of Manchester, where he gained a degree in English.
Career
In 1997, while working as a producer on BBC Radio Solent, Allwright was commissioned to report on his mother’s issue with Bounce tumble dryer sheets. He negotiated with Watchdog, and fronted the piece himself after contacting the programme. The BBC saw potential and requested Allwright present the report himself. This led to a regular reporting slot on the show. Many of his early Watchdog stints also guest-starred his mother, as a consumer commentator.
In 2001, Allwright also began presenting another programme, Rogue Traders with Dan Penteado. The show was a 30-minute undercover consumer programme in which Allwright and Penteado investigated and confronted rogue tradesmen. In 2004, Allwright hosted Brassed Off Britain, Scambusters and Fat Nation for the BBC. In 2007, he also presented Food Poker for BBC Two. In 2008, Allwright and former Watchdog presenter Anita Rani hosted a short-lived spin-off from Rogue Traders, called Rogue Restaurants. In 2009, Rogue Traders was merged with Watchdog, with Rogue Traders split into feature segments and shown throughout. Allwright also became co-host on Watchdog.
Since 2010, Allwright has guest hosted BBC One's The One Show, where he fills in for Matt Baker on numerous occasions, as well as being a regular feature reporter. Since 2011, Allwright has also hosted the BBC show You've Been Scammed. In 2012, Allwright presented ITV's primetime game show The Exit List for one series. Allwright also co-hosting the BBC One programme Food Inspectors with Chris Hollins. In 2012, Rogue Traders co-presenter Dan Penteado was dropped by the BBC following his arrest for fraud. Allwright continued to present the show, in a solo capacity.
From 2013, Allwright replaced Dominic Littlewood in presenting BBC consumer rights programmes Fake Britain and Saints and Scroungers, in 2017 Dominic Littlewood returned to presenting duties on Fake Britain and Allwright left the series. In December 2013, Allwright began co-presenting the BBC One programme Keeping Britain Safe 24/7 with Julia Bradbury.
From 1 September 2014, Allwright presented The Housing Enforcers, a daytime programme for BBC One. There were ten 45-minute episodes showing each week day for a run of two weeks. A second series was shown on the BBC in 2015 of which there were twenty 45-minute episodes. In April 2016, Allwright began presenting the BBC One daytime game show The Code which returned for a second series in March 2017.
On 4 June 2016, Allwright guest presented an episode of The Saturday Show on Channel 5 alongside Gaby Roslin. The following month he became a permanent co-presenter after Matt Barbet left the show, but the series was still cancelled in October 2016.
Personal life
Allwright is a patron of the Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Society (SANDS). He is also a patron of Launchpad Reading, a local charity working to prevent homelessness in Reading, and the Dorset-based Grace Secondary School Appeal. Allwright is a follower of cricket and a supporter of Bracknell Bees ice hockey club and Liverpool Football Club.
Allwright is an aficionado of country music and plays guitar, lap and pedal steel guitars, keyboards, and sings. He writes a regular blog about his experiences learning to play the pedal steel guitar.
Matt is married, has two children and has a miniature schnauzer called Enzo.
Filmography
Television
Guest appearances
The Wright Stuff (2006)
Pointless Celebrities (26 May 2012, 28 May 2016)
Hacker Time (30 July 2013)
Holiday of My Lifetime (3 November 2014)
The Saturday Show (23 April 2016)
The Chase: Celebrity Special (30 October 2016)
Debatable (4 & 5 May 2017)
Richard Osman's House of Games (3-8 December 2018)
References
External links
Official website
Rogue Traders website
Matt Allwright at the British Film Institute
Living people
English television presenters
English male journalists
People educated at Reading Blue Coat School
1970 births
People from Wokingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Allwright |
The 1922 Labour Party leadership election was the first leadership election for the posts of chairman and leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party. Previously the position had been simply the "Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party".
The election took place when the incumbent chairman J. R. Clynes was challenged by the former leader Ramsay MacDonald. MacDonald opposed the way Clynes led the party.
Candidates
John Clynes, incumbent leader of the Labour Party, Member of Parliament (MP) for Manchester Platting
Ramsay MacDonald, former leader of the Labour Party, MP for Aberavon
Result
Ramsay MacDonald was elected in a single ballot of Labour MPs on 14 December.
Aftermath
After the election Clynes was given the newly created office of deputy leader of the Labour Party. As Labour leader, MacDonald became prime minister in 1924 and from 1929 to 1931, at which point he became head of a National Government that was opposed by the bulk of the Labour Party. He was succeeded as party leader by Arthur Henderson. MacDonald was subsequently expelled from the party. In 1932, George Lansbury became leader unopposed, as one of the few experienced Labour MPs left in Parliament, but trades union opposition to his pacifism led to his resignation in 1935 and replacement by his deputy Clement Attlee. A month later Attlee was challenged in a new election.
References
1922
1922 elections in the United Kingdom
Ramsay MacDonald
Labour Party leadership election (UK) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20election%20%28UK%29 |
Hours of Work (Coal Mines) Convention, 1931 was an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1931:
The convention was never brought into force.
Revision
The principles of the convention were subsequently revised by ILO Convention C46.
Withdrawn
The convention was never brought into force, and it was withdrawn May 30, 2000 at the ILO General Conference.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Working time
Treaties concluded in 1931
History of coal mining
Treaties not entered into force
Mining treaties
1931 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hours%20of%20Work%20%28Coal%20Mines%29%20Convention%2C%201931 |
Kenya has a Christian majority, with Islam being the second largest faith representing 10.9% of the Kenyan population, or approximately 5.2 million people as of 2019 census. The Kenyan coast is mostly populated by Muslims. Nairobi has several mosques and a notable Muslim population. The faith was introduced by merchants visiting the Swahili coast, which led to local conversions and foreign Muslims becoming assimilated. This would later result in the emergence of several officially Muslim political entities in the region.
The majority of Muslims in Kenya are Sunni Muslims forming 81% of the Muslim Population, 7% identify as Shia. There are also sizeable populations of Ibadism, Quranist and Ahmadi adherents. In large part, Shias are Ismailis descended from or influenced by oceanic traders from the Middle East and India. These Shia Muslims include the Dawoodi Bohra, who number some 6,000–8,000 in the country. As for the orthodox Twelver Shia presence in Kenya, twentieth-century Pakistani scholar Khwaja Muhammad Latif Ansari played an important role in proselytisation for the resident Khoja community.
Historical overview
Islamic arrival on the Swahili Coast
Muslim merchants arrived on the Swahili Coast around the eighth century. The tension following the death of Mohammad, the prophet of Islam, and the already established trade links between the Persian Gulf and the Swahili Coast were some of the factors leading to this development.
Archaeological evidence attests to a thriving Muslim town on Manda Island by the tenth century AD. The Moroccan Muslim traveller, Ibn Battuta, visiting the Swahili Coast in 1331 AD, reported a strong Muslim presence. Ibn Battuta said: The inhabitants are pious, honourable, and upright, and they have well-built wooden mosques.
On arrival, the Muslims settled along the coast, engaging in trade. The Shirazi intermarried with the local Bantu people resulting in the Swahili people, most of who converted to Islam. Swahili, structurally a Bantu Language with heavy borrowings from Arabic, was born.
Primarily, Islam spread through the interactions of individuals, with the Arab Muslims who had settled in small groups maintaining their culture, and religious practices. Despite encountering local communities, Islam was not ‘indigenised’ along the patterns of the local Bantu communities. Nevertheless, Islam grew through absorption of individuals into the newly established Afro-Arabic Muslim communities. This resulted in more ‘Swahilization’ than Islamization.
There was strong resistance toward Islam by the majority of communities living in the interior. The resistance was because conversion was an individual act, leading to detribalisation and integration into the Muslim community going against the socially acceptable communal life.
Islam on the Swahili Coast was different from the rest of Africa. Unlike West Africa where Islam was integrated to the local communities, the local Islam was ‘foreign’; the Arab-Muslims lived as if they were in the Middle East.
The primary concern for the early Muslims was trade with a few interested in propagating Islam. The arrival of the Portuguese in the fifteenth century interrupted the small work in progress. On the other hand, the interstate quarrels that ensued meant that much effort was now directed towards restoring normality and not Islamization.
The spread of Islam into the interior
Islam remained an urban and coastal phenomenon. The Spread of Islam was low-keyed with no impact amongst the local non-Swahili African Community. There were no intermediary Africans to demonstrate that, adoption of a few Islamic institutions would not disrupt society.
The spread of Islam to the interior was hampered by several factors: for instance, the nature of the Bantu society's varied beliefs, and scattered settlements affected interior advancement. Other factors included, harsh climatic conditions, the fierce tribes like the Maasai, tribal laws restricting passage through their land, health factors, and the lack of an easy mode of transportation. For Trimingham, the brand of Islam introduced to the region was equally to blame.
Muslim traders were not welcome in the social structures thereby impeding any meaningful progress until the beginning of European occupation.
Other factors affecting Islamic movement into the interior included atrocities committed during slave trading, as these unfavourably affected the spread of Islam. In addition, the embracing of Islam by large portions of coastal tribes in the nineteenth century aided in its spread.
Besides, local Muslim preachers and teachers played major roles in teaching religion (Ar. dīn) and the Qur’ān at the Qur’ān Schools (Swa. vyuo) and madrasa attached to the mosques.
The coming of the second wave of Europeans, in the nineteenth century, brought mixed fortunes to the coastal Muslims, their strong sense of pride and belonging was greatly diminished, with efforts being redirected to self adjustments.
Nonetheless, Muslim agents deployed by Europeans as subordinate labourers to assist in the establishment of colonial administration centres, were advantageously placed throughout the country, bringing the Islamic influence to the interior. Each place where a European installed himself, military camp, government centre, or plantation, was a centre for Muslim influence.
In the interior, the Muslims neither integrated nor mingled with the local communities, yet non-Swahili Africans began joining the Swahili trends in trade with some returning as Muslims. Swahili became the trade and religious language. Alongside the interpersonal contacts, intermarriages also yielded some conversions.
Although coastal rulers did not send missionaries to the interior, local Africans embraced Islam freely through attraction to the religious life of the Muslims. Close integration with the local population helped to foster good relations resulting in Islam gaining a few converts, based on individual efforts.
Subjectively, most of the surrounding Bantu communities had a close-knit religious heritage, requiring strong force to penetrate. The pacification and consolidation by European powers provided the much-needed force to open up the communities for new structures of power and religious expression (Trimingham: 1983:58).
Basically, progress in the spread of Islam in Kenya came between 1880 and 1930. This was when most social structures and the African worldviews were shattered, leaving them requiring a new, wider worldview encompassing or addressing the changes experienced.
Consequently, Islam introduced new religious values through external ceremonial and ritualistic expressions, some of which could be followed with no difficulty.
Socio-culturally, Muslims presented themselves with a sense of pride and a feeling of superiority. Islamic civilisation was identified with the Arab way of life (Ustaarabu), as opposed to ‘barbarianism’ (Ushenzi) hence the domination of a form of Arabism over the local variety of Islam.
The ease, with which Islam could be adopted, meant adding to the indigenous practices, new religious rites and ceremonies to the African ways, with new ways of defining one's identity by new forms of expression. Mingling with Muslims led to conversion meaning returning home as Muslims and not aliens. Lacunza-Balda shows that Islam could be adopted easily.
Although most of the conversions were of individuals, there were communities that embraced Islam en-masse. Some of these included the Digo and Pokomo of the Lower Tana region. From these communities Islam slowly penetrated inland.
Organised missionary activities
Pioneer Muslim missionaries to the interior were largely Tanganyikans, who coupled their missionary work with trade, along the centres began along the railway line, such as, Kibwezi, Makindu, and Nairobi.
Outstanding amongst them was Maalim Mtondo, a Tanganyikan credited with being the first Muslim missionary to Nairobi. Reaching Nairobi at the close of the nineteenth century, he led a group of other Muslims and enthusiastic missionaries from the coast to establish a ‘Swahili village’ in the present-day Pumwani.
A small mosque was built to serve as a starting point, and he began preaching Islam in earnest. He soon attracted several Kikuyus and Wakambas, who became his disciples.
Local men converted and having learned from their teachers took up the leadership of religious matters. Khamis Ngige was a prominent local convert of the early outreach. Having learned from Maalim Mtondo, he later became the Imam of the Pumwani Mosque.
Different preachers scattered in the countryside from 1900 to 1920, introducing Islam to areas around, Mt. Kenya, Murang’a, Embu, Meru, Nyeri and Kitui. This serious missionary move interior was out of personal enthusiasm with the influence being highly localised. Only a few Africans were converted, and the impact was short lived.
One example of Shia missionary efforts in Kenya is the work of twentieth-century Pakistani scholar Khwaja Muhammad Latif Ansari. Ansari left South Asia for Kenya in the 1950s, fulfilling his dream of preaching to distant, foreign Shi'i communities. He was already a reputed cleric by that time, but nevertheless joined a number of scholars coming from South Asia into the relatively unheard of Shia community of Kenya. After becoming a resident alim there, Ansari helped the community to become large and prosperous as it is today. He is remembered to this day in the country for an address he delivered at the Arusha Conference in December 1958, in which he emphasised the need for tabligh. A large amount of his efforts were focused on the Khoja community.
Islam in Western Kenya
Muslim traders introduced Islam to the western region between 1870 and 1885. The chief Mumia of Nabongo accorded the Swahili traders warm welcome. During an interethnic war, the Muslims assisted Chief Mumia to overcome his enemies. In return, one Eid day, Chief Mumia, his family and officials of his court converted to Islam. Henceforth, Islam spread to the surrounding areas of Kakamega, Kisumu, Kisii and Bungoma.
The Influence and the new trends in Islamic outreach
Although the struggle for independence in Kenya was a very crucial time for all Kenyans, very little is documented on Muslim's participation. Given that there were Muslims involved in the negotiation for the inclusion of the Kadhi courts in the Independent Kenya's constitution, points to key Muslim involvement.
Events in the Muslim world from the nineteen-nineties, the experiences of crises and failures, power and success served as catalysts for the reassertion of Islam in public and private world, through a call for a return to true Islam. John Esposito sees the goal for the revivalisms as transformation of the society through Islamic formation of individuals at the grass roots (1999:20).
The growing religious revivalism in personal and public Islamic life, created awareness on Islamic beliefs, culminating to increased religious observance, building of mosques, prayer and fasting, proliferation of religious programming, publications, and emphasis on Islamic dress and values. Lately, Islamic reassertion in public life, like the quest for the upgrading of the Kadhi Courts in Kenya have not gone unnoticed (Esposito:1999:9).
Contemporary Islamic activisms are indebted to the ideology and organizational model of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhoods (Ikhwhan) led by Hassan al-Banna and Sayyid Qutb; and the Islamic Society Jamaat-I-Islami led by Mawlana Abul ala Mawdudi. Their ideas and methods of revivalism are observed in different parts of the world today. They blamed the west for misleading the Muslim leaders and the Muslim leaders for blindly following the European ways.
Whereas the Qur’ān and Hadith are fundamental, in responding to the demands and challenges of modernity, revival movements are crucial in spreading and restoring true Islam. Prolonged Muslim awareness has led to attraction to Islam, giving the converted a sense of pride.
Methods used in recent trends of Islamization, are twofold, some directed to the Muslims, and others reaching to non-Muslims. There has been increased social action, building of schools, health facilities, and relief food distribution. Moreover, proselytisation is carried out through print media, broadcasting, increased formation of Missionary organisations, and organisation of public debates (Mihadhara).
Joseph M. Mutei,
St. Paul's University, Kenya
Shia Islam
Shi'a Islam in Kenya is represented primarily by a number of sects, who are largely the descendants of or influenced by Muslim traders from the Middle East and India who came to the East African coast for the either as indentured labourers or for the purposes of trade. The mainstream Shia IthnaAsheri sect is composed of Khojas who are of Indian descent and indigenous Kenyans. The Shia Ismaili sect is represented by Dawoodi Bohra, Mustaali Ismaili denomination and Khoja Ismailis, a Nizari Ismaili denomination both of Indian descent. Most of the Shia of Indian origin arrived in East Africa in the nineteenth century, primarily to landing in Zanzibar and Lamu. initially as traders, later branching into hardware and glass, and then into real estate and construction businesses. Today they are a vibrant part of the Kenyan economy in telecoms, information technology, manufacturing industry, logistics, import and export. Khoja Shia IthnaAsheris number some two thousand (Mombasa & Nairobi) and the indigenous Shia are thirty thousand (Nairobi, Mombasa, Nakuru & Lamu) most prominent amongst them is Shaykh Abdillahi Nassir, a Kenyan convert from Sunni to Shia Islam based in Mombasa and Seyyid Aidarus Alwy of Lamu. The Khoja Ismailia Community has a very small number and Dawoodi Bohra number some 6,500–8,000 in Kenya overall, with some 2,500 in Nairobi and under 3,000 in Mombasa. There are also some 200 members of a breakaway faction, the Progressive Dawoodi Bohra, in Nairobi.
Notable Muslims
Habib Salih – scholar
Khwaja Muhammad Latif Ansari – scholar
Dekha Ibrahim Abdi – activist
Yusuf Hassan Abdi – politician, diplomat, social activist, journalist
Najib Balala – politician
Mohamed Yusuf Haji – politician
Ali Korane – politician
Abdul Majid Cockar – lawyer, also served as Chief Justice of Kenya
Asif Karim – cricketer
Ragheb Aga – cricketer
Irfan Karim – cricketer
Omar Ahmed – boxer
Shehzana Anwar – archer
Sauda Rajab – businesswoman
Rama Salim – footballer
Awadh Saleh Sherman – businessman
Amina Mohamed – politician
See also
Religion in Kenya
References
Kenya | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Kenya |
Charles Harold Dodd (1884–1973) was a Welsh New Testament scholar and influential Protestant theologian. He is known for promoting "realized eschatology", the belief that Jesus' references to the kingdom of God meant a present reality rather than a future apocalypse. He was influenced by Martin Heidegger and Rudolf Otto.
Life
Dodd was born on 7 April 1884 in the Welsh town of Wrexham, Denbighshire. He was the elder brother of the historian A. H. Dodd, the classicist P. W. Dodd and the teacher E. E. Dodd. He studied classics at University College, Oxford, from 1902. After graduating in 1906 he spent a year in Berlin, where he studied under the influential Adolf von Harnack.
He studied for the ministry at Mansfield College, Oxford, and was ordained in 1912. He was a Congregationalist minister for three years in Warwick, before going into academia. From 1915 he was Yates Lecturer in New Testament at Oxford. He became Rylands Professor of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis at the Victoria University of Manchester in 1930. He was Norris–Hulse Professor of Divinity at the University of Cambridge from 1935, becoming emeritus in 1949. His students from Cambridge include David Daube and W. D. Davies. The three together, each through his own work, ushered in changes in New Testament studies that led to the New Perspective on Paul and the scholarship of Davies's student, E. P. Sanders.
He directed the work of the New English Bible translators, from 1950.
He was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1946. He was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1961.
Dodd died on 21 September 1973 in Goring-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England. His daughter Rachel married the Old Testament scholar Eric William Heaton in 1951.
Works
Books
- fiction
- called Triptych on spine
Journal articles
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Biography (National Library of Wales)
Radical Faith
Preaching and Teaching in the Early Church Chapter 1 of Gospel and Law: The Relation of Faith and Ethics in Early Christianity (1951)
1884 births
1973 deaths
20th-century Christian biblical scholars
Norris–Hulse Professors of Divinity
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
Alumni of University College, Oxford
British theologians
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
New Testament scholars
People from Wrexham
Welsh biblical scholars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20H.%20Dodd |
The Birmingham gauge is a wire gauge system, and is also used to specify thickness or diameter of hypodermic needles and tube products.
Terminology
Birmingham gauge is also known as the Stubs Iron Wire Gauge or Birmingham Wire Gauge. It is not the same as, though similar to, the Stubs Steel Wire Gauge.
Birmingham gauge is often simply termed Gauge, with the abbreviation G. However, this should not be confused with French gauge.
System
The gauge starts at the lowest gauge number of 5Ø or 00000, corresponding to the largest size of , and runs to the highest gauge number of 36, corresponding to the smallest size of . Size steps between gauges range from between high gauge numbers to between the two lowest gauge numbers and do not correspond to a particular mathematical pattern, although for the most part the steps get smaller with increasing gauge number. Concerning wire and fine tubing, the gauge number is used to specify the outside diameter of the product, whereas for larger mechanical tubing the gauge number specifies the wall thickness independent of the overall size of the tube.
In medicine, the Birmingham gauge specifies the outside diameter of hypodermic needles, catheters, cannulae and suture wires. It was originally developed in early 19th-century England for use in wire manufacture, and began appearing in a medical setting in the early 20th century.
Another common needle gauge system is the French catheter scale.
Needle wire gauge was derived from the Stubs Iron Wire Gauge.
Sizes of hypodermic needles
Hypodermic needles are available in a wide variety of outer diameters described by gauge numbers. Smaller gauge numbers indicate larger outer diameters. Inner diameter depends on both gauge and wall thickness. The following chart shows nominal inner diameter and wall thickness for regular-wall needles. Thin-wall needles (not shown) have identical outer diameters but larger inner diameters for a given gauge.
Rapid blood transfusion through 23G or smaller needles can cause hemolysis (rupturing of red blood cells).
Sizes of catheters
This includes peripheral venous catheters. The gauge compared to outer diameter is the same as for needles, but the color coding is different.
See also
Wire gauge, including other systems
French gauge, mainly for catheters
American Wire Gauge
References
Further reading
ISO 9626: Stainless steel needle tubing for the manufacture of medical devices, 1st ed. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 1991: 1–2.
ISO 9626: Stainless steel needle tubing for the manufacture of medical devices, Amendment 1. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 2001: 1–2.
External links
Sheet Metal Gauge Size Data – Engineers Edge
Wire gauges
Standards of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham%20gauge |
An avoidance response is a response that prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring. It is a kind of negative reinforcement. An avoidance response is a behavior based on the concept that animals will avoid performing behaviors that result in an aversive outcome. This can involve learning through operant conditioning when it is used as a training technique. It is a reaction to undesirable sensations or feedback that leads to avoiding the behavior that is followed by this unpleasant or fear-inducing stimulus.
Whether the aversive stimulus is brought on intentionally by another or is naturally occurring, it is adaptive to learn to avoid situations that have previously yielded negative outcomes. A simple example of this is conditioned food aversion, or the aversion developed to food that has previously resulted in sickness. Food aversions can also be conditioned using classical conditioning, so that an animal learns to avoid a stimulus previously neutral that has been associated with a negative outcome. This is displayed nearly universally in animals since it is a defense against potential poisoning. A wide variety of species, even slugs, have developed the ability to learn food aversions.
Experiments
An experiment conducted by Solomon and Wynne in 1953 shows the properties of negative reinforcement. The subjects, dogs, were put in a shuttle box (a chamber containing two rectangular compartments divided by a barrier a few inches high). The dogs had the ability to move freely between compartments by going over the barrier. Both compartments had a metal floor designed to administer an unpleasant electric shock. Each compartment also had a light above each, which would turn on and off. Every few minutes, the light in the room the dog was occupying was turned off, while the other remained on. If after 10 seconds in the dark, the dog did not move to the lit compartment, a shock was delivered to the floor of the room the dog was in. The shock continued until the dog moved into the other compartment. In doing this, the dog was escaping the shock by jumping the barrier into the next room. The dog could avoid the shock completely though by jumping the barrier before the 10 seconds of darkness led to a shock. Each trial worked this way with avoiding the shock as the response. In the first few trials, the dog did not move until the shocks began and then it jumped over the barrier. However, after several trials, the dog began to make avoidance responses and would jump over the barrier when the light turned off, and would not receive the shock. Many dogs never received the shock after the first trial. These results led to questioning in the term avoidance paradox (the question of how the nonoccurrence of an aversive event can be a reinforcer for an avoidance response?)
Because the avoidance response is adaptive, humans have learned to use it in training animals such as dogs and horses. B.F. Skinner (1938) believed that animals learn primarily through rewards and punishments, the basis of operant conditioning. The avoidance response comes into play here when punishment is administered. An animal will presumably learn to avoid the behavior that preceded this punishment. A naturally occurring example for humans would be that after a child has been burned by a red stove, he or she learns not to touch the stove when it is red. The child avoids that behavior in the future. For a non-human animal, an example would be that of invisible fences which prompt a dog to learn not to cross a certain (invisible) boundary because its collar shocks it when it does.
Disorders
Although the avoidance response is often advantageous and has developed because it is adaptive, it can sometimes be harmful or become obsessive. Such is the case with obsessive compulsive disorder, a disorder involving mental obsessions followed by actions performed often repetitively, to relieve the anxiety of the obsessions, panic disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. In panic disorder, a person learns to avoid certain situations such as being in crowded places because when they enter these situations, a panic attack (aversive stimulus) ensues. People with obsessive compulsive disorder may learn to avoid using public restrooms because it produces anxiety in them (aversive stimulus).
Neuropharmacology
The posterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary are necessary for maintenance of the avoidance response once learned. When these areas of the brain are lesioned or removed, animals display difficulty in maintaining a conditioned avoidance response.
The avoidance response can be extinguished using a procedure called "flooding" or response prevention. This is a method in which the subject is forced to remain in the fearsome or aversive situation and not allowed the opportunity to avoid it. This is sometimes used in treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Systematic desensitization can also be used to extinguish avoidance response behaviors.
See for example studies involving avoidance response.
See also
Escape response
Fight-or-flight response
Flight zone
Startle reaction
References
Ethology
Reflexes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidance%20response |
Lluís Llach i Grande (; born 7 May 1948) is a Catalan singer-songwriter, novelist and politician from Spain. He is one of the main representatives of the nova cançó genre and an outspoken advocate of the right to self-determination of Catalonia. His most famous song, "L'Estaca", has become the unofficial anthem of the Catalan independence movement. He was a member of the Catalan Parliament from September 2015 until January 2018.
Music
He is one of the main representatives of nova cançó (New Song), a movement of musicians, and singers who defied Francisco Franco's dictatorship by singing political songs in Catalan during a time where the language, and other cultural manifestations of Catalan identity were allowed although Castillian was the official language in public institutions; nonetheless, on January 23, 1973, TVE aired the show Lluís Llach, in Catalan languague, shot various locations in Gerona province. His famous song "L'Estaca" about a rotten stick about to fall was clear enough as an image of the regime. As many other singers, writers and politically involved artists, Llach left Spain and lived in voluntary exile in Paris until the death of the dictator.
Though partially dependent on arrangers, like Manel Camp or Carles Cases in his early works, Llach's songwriting has largely evolved from the more basic early compositions to a vastly more complex harmonic and melodic writing. Self-taught as a guitarist, Llach only strums simple chords on guitar. As a pianist, he shows a good knowledge of the European song tradition from Schubert to Hahn with touches of Satie ("Nounou") and his local imitators like Mompou and Manuel Blancafort ("A la taverna del mar"). Llach has used salsa piano patterns ("Terra") and jazzy whole-step block modulations ("El jorn dels miserables") and progressions ("Cançó d'amor a la llibertat"). Some early songs depicted some inspiration from Baroque dances ("Laura", "Jo sé", "Vinyes verdes vora el mar") and ostinato chord patterns ("Non", "Somniem"). Among his influences as singer, Llach has recognized Mahalia Jackson and Jacques Brel.
His lyrics can range from the most traditionally romantic songs, to more complex, philosophical song-cycles and also to some more ironic, politically based compositions, with a more upbeat tempo. Sea and vitalistic attitude in face of death are two of his cherished topics. When he doesn't write the lyrics of his songs he puts music to a variety of poets, including Constantine P. Cavafy, Màrius Torres, Josep Maria de Segarra, Pere Quart and, perhaps more often than with any of the others, Miquel Martí i Pol.
Llach has occasionally performed as a classical baritone, including a series of performances of Gabriel Fauré's Requiem, and has also been a wine producer. He marked his retirement as front man in music with a farewell concert in Verges (March 2007), in Baix Empordà on the Costa Brava, the village in which he grew up. Afterwards, he has performed incidental music for theatre pieces.
His 1968 song "L'Estaca" has become the anthem of numerous freedom and political movements, including Solidarność in Poland, the Tunisian Revolution, the Indignados or Occupy movement in Spain, and the Catalan independence movement, regularly sung by crowds at demonstrations.
Politics
Llach is a supporter of Catalan independence and the left-wing party ERC. He stood for election in the parliamentary elections of September 2015, as an independent candidate in the Junts pel Sí (Together for Yes) pro-independence alliance. He headed the alliance's list for Girona, one of the four constituencies, and was elected.
The coalition got 11 out of 17 seats in Girona.
In 2021, Llach endorsed the left-wing, pro-independence CUP citing the issue of healthcare.
Controversial statements
In July 2017, Lluis Llach stated that civil servants in Catalonia who continued to follow Spanish law after a future declaration of independence would be "penalised".
On 7 October 2017, prior to the anti-independence unionist demonstration the following day, he tweeted: "Tomorrow let's leave the streets of Barcelona empty. Let the vultures find no food"
Personal life
Llach is openly gay. During the trial of Catalonia independence leaders in 2019, he protested being asked to answer questions from the lawyers of the far-right party Vox, "as a homosexual and pro-independence citizen, and aspiring citizen of the world."
Discography
Els èxits de Lluís Llach (1969)
Ara i aquí (1970)
Com un arbre nu (1972)
Lluís Llach a l'Olympia (1973)
L'Estaca (1973)
I si canto trist... (1974)
Viatge a Itaca (1975)
Barcelona, gener de 1976 (1976)
Campanades a morts (1977)
El meu amic, el mar (1978)
Somniem (1979)
Verges 50 (1980)
I amb el somriure, la revolta (1982)
T'estimo (1984)
Maremar (1985)
Camp del Barça, 6 de juliol de 1985 (1985)
Astres (1986)
Geografia (1988)
La forja de un rebelde (1990)
Torna aviat (1991)
Ara, 25 anys en directe (1992)
Un pont de mar blava (1993)
Rar (1994)
Porrera (1995)
Nu (1997)
9 (1998)
Temps de revoltes (2000)
Jocs (2002)
Junts (2003)
Poetes (2004)
Que no s'apague la llum (2005)
i... (2006)
Verges 2007 (2007)
Bibliography
Memòria d'uns ulls pintats (2012)
Estimat Miquel (2014)
Les dones de la Principal (2014)
El noi del Maravillas (2017)
Escac al destí (2020)
Literature about Lluís Llach
Pep Blay's Lluís Llach (Col·lecció "Los Autores", SGAE, Barcelona, 1995) is a biography about the Catalan musician and songwriter Llach, which contains an interesting chronology, a collection of pictures, an anthology of songs and a discography.
Awards and Distinctions
1982: Creu de Sant Jordi
2013: Euskadi de Plata prize for the Spanish translation of Memòria d'uns ulls pintats.
2013: Premi de Narrativa Maria Àngels Anglada for Memòria d'uns ulls pintats.
2016: Prix Méditerranée for Les yeux fardés (French translation of Memòria d'uns ulls pintats).
2017: Doctor Honoris Causa per la Universitat de Girona
2020: Medalla d'Or de la Generalitat
References
External links
Official website (in Catalan and Spanish)
1948 births
Living people
People from Girona
Catalan-language singers
Spanish male singer-songwriters
Spanish singer-songwriters
Spanish male novelists
Musicians from Catalonia
Composers from Catalonia
Members of the 11th Parliament of Catalonia
20th-century Spanish male singers
21st-century Spanish male singers
20th-century Spanish male writers
21st-century Spanish male writers
20th-century Spanish novelists
21st-century Spanish novelists
Gay singers
Gay songwriters
Gay novelists
Gay politicians
Spanish gay musicians
Spanish gay writers
Spanish LGBT singers
Spanish LGBT songwriters
Spanish LGBT novelists
Spanish LGBT politicians
20th-century Spanish LGBT people
21st-century Spanish LGBT people
Catalan Anti-Francoists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs%20Llach |
Gairsay (Old Norse: Gáreksey) is a small island in Orkney, Scotland, located in the parish of Rendall, off the coast, astride one of the approaches to the bays of Firth and Kirkwall. It is about long and wide and includes one conical hill and a small harbour called Millburn Bay, which is sheltered by the peninsula known as the Hen of Gairsay.
History
Viking age
According to the Orkneyinga saga, in Norse times Gairsay was the winter home of the Norse chieftain Sweyn Asleifsson, one of the last great Vikings. He farmed during the summer months and spent the winters with his eighty men at arms on his Gairsay estate. After the spring planting had been done Sweyn would go on Viking raids down the coast of Scotland, England and Ireland. He died attempting to conquer Dublin in the year 1171.
17th to 19th centuries
A mansion called Langskaill was built on the site of Sweyn's estate in the seventeenth century by a wealthy merchant, Sir William Craigie, who lived there with his wife Margaret Honyman, daughter of the Bishop of Orkney. He was a member of Parliament and died in Edinburgh in 1712.
According to census records, in 1831 there were 69 people living on Gairsay, and 71 people in fifteen families in 1841. In the 1841 census it was stated that: "The island used to be noted for the quantity of kelp made on it. None has for some years been made on it." In 1851 there were only 41 people in six families living on the island. Ten years later the population was down to 34 people in only five families. By 1881 that number was 37 people in only four families. In recent years the island was owned by one family, named McGill, who purchased the island in 1968 and now farm it and who issue their own postage stamps. Gairsay is one of the few Scottish islands permitted to do this due to the lack of a Royal Mail service.
The following are passages from 19th century Scottish gazetteers about the island of Gairsay. According to the 1840 Topographical Gazetteer of Scotland:
"GAIRSA (sic), one of the Orkneys, constituting part of the parish of Rendal (sic), from which it is separated by a strait about 1½ mile broad. This island is about 2 miles long, and 1 broad; the greater part of it consists of a conical hill of considerable altitude. The whole of its west side is steep; but towards the east, it is both plain and fertile; and in that quarter, as well as on the south, the lands are well-cultivated. It contained 69 inhabitants in 1838. Close by the south shore stand the remains of an old house which seems formerly to have possessed some degree of elegance and strength, and was the residence of Sir William Craigie, and others of that name and family. Here is a small harbour, called the Mill-burn, perfectly secured on all sides by the island itself; and a small holm, which covers the entrance to the south, leaving a passage on each side of it to the anchoring ground."
Samuel Lewis's 1846 Topographical dictionary of Scotland made very similar observations:
"GAIRSAY, an island, in the parish of Evie and Rendall, county of Orkney; containing 71 inhabitants. This is an isle of the Orkney group, about four miles (six km) in circuit, and separated by a strait from Rendall. It consists chiefly of a conical hill of considerable altitude; the whole of the west side is pretty steep, but towards the east it is more level and fertile, and in this quarter, and in the south, the lands are tolerably well cultivated. Here is a small harbour called the Mill-Burn, perfectly secured on all sides by the island itself, and by a holm, which covers the entrance to the south, leaving a passage on each side of it to the anchoring ground."
See also
List of islands of Scotland
Notes
References
External links
Islands of the Orkney Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairsay |
Charles Hamilton, Lord Binning (1697 – 27 December 1732), was a Scottish nobleman, politician and poet.
Life
The son of Thomas Hamilton, 6th Earl of Haddington, and Helen Hope, he used the courtesy title Lord Binning from birth.
Lord Binning was present with his father at the Battle of Sheriffmuir, in 1715. From 1718 until his death he held office as Knight Marischal, an office that had been vacant since the battle following the forfeiture of the Jacobite, Earl of Kintore.
He was elected at the 1722 general election as a member of parliament (MP) for borough of St Germans in Cornwall, and held the seat until the 1727 general election.
Lord Binning had an important influence on the decision of his father-in-law, George Baillie of Jerviswood, to build Mellerstain House, and he took an active interest in the design of its policies.
In 1731, and in increasingly frail health, Lord Binning, accompanied by the Baillie family, left Britain for the continent, and settled in Naples, where he died on 27 December 1732.
Marriage and issue
On 3 September 1717, he married Rachel Baillie, the daughter of George Baillie of Jerviswood and Mellerstain and Lady Grisell Baillie. His wife outlived Binning for 41 years, dying at Mellerstain in 1773.
Thomas Hamilton, 7th Earl of Haddington.
George Baillie-Hamilton, grandfather to George Baillie-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Haddington
Grizel Hamilton, married Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl Stanhope
References
Notes
Sources
Anderson, J., Historical and genealogical memoirs of the House of Hamilton; with genealogical memoirs of the several branches of the family, Edinburgh 1825.
Balfour Paul, Sir J., Scots Peerage IX vols. Edinburgh 1904.
1697 births
1732 deaths
Scottish politicians
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for constituencies in Cornwall
British MPs 1722–1727
British courtesy barons and lords of Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Hamilton%2C%20Lord%20Binning |
WRNS-FM (95.1 MHz) is a radio station located in Kinston, North Carolina in the United States. Its format is contemporary country.
The station has a non-directional signal of 100,000 watts, that reaches "from the capital to the coast". The station has served Kinston and eastern North Carolina since the 1960s, when it was WFTC-FM. At one time, it was the only country station in the area and had one of the highest market shares of any station. Known for its generosity, the station has held a radiothon for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital annually for the past 5 years. The station is constantly ranked as the #1 station in its market by Arbitron.
The WRNS-FM transmitter antenna is located on WCTI-TV's tower north of Trenton, North Carolina. Studios are located in New Bern.
In September 2017, Dick Broadcasting announced the purchase of Alpha Media stations in three markets — 18 stations and two translators in total, at a purchase price of $19.5 million. The acquisition of WRNS-FM by Dick Broadcasting was consummated on December 20, 2017.
Jim Mantel, who spent 18 years on WGAR-FM in Cleveland and was named to the Country Radio Hall of Fame in 2017, retired in 2018 after hosting the morning show since 2010, joined by Crystal Legends in 2012. Bobby Bones moved from co-owned WQSL/WQZL to replace Mantel, and Legends, also program director, moved to middays.
References
External links
WRNS-FM website
FCC History Cards for WRNS-FM
Country radio stations in the United States
RNS-FM
Radio stations established in 1968
1968 establishments in North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRNS-FM |
Mark Stephen Moraghan (born 27 January 1963) is an English actor and singer. He has appeared in many British drama series including Peak Practice, London's Burning and Heartbeat. He is most famous for being the narrator for the children's television show Thomas & Friends from the seventeenth to twenty-first seasons, and his roles as Greg Shadwick in Brookside, Ray Wyatt in Dream Team, Owen Davies in Holby City and Adrian Atkins in Coronation Street.
Life and career
Moraghan was born in Toxteth, Liverpool on 27 January 1963. He started acting in 1978, when the BBC held auditions in his high school for the TV play Lies, and he was selected. On 14 May 1988, Moraghan started his professional acting career playing a ferryman in the comedy Help!, and he subsequently went on to play in many TV series and several films. His longest running role was Owen Davies, a Consultant Obstetrician, in Holby City which he played from 2001 until 2005. He also appeared in a television commercial for the fabric softener 'Bounce' in 1996 with fellow Liverpudlian Katy Carmichael. He was recently a member of the cast of the British independent film Allies (2014).
Moraghan may be best known for his acting, but he also sings and in 2006 he starred in a musical production of Willy Russell's "Our Day Out" at Liverpool's Royal Court Theatre.
He performed as a backing vocalist and percussionist in the Liverpool band Personal Column in the late 1970s. In 2006, Moraghan came second in the BBC singing competition Just the Two of Us. His singing partner was Atomic Kitten singer Natasha Hamilton with whom he sang classic songs like "Islands in the Stream" and "With You I'm Born Again". He has also appeared on Lily Savage's Blankety Blank.
He will starred and co-directed the made-for-TV film Stepdad.
In 2008, Moraghan appeared in Celebrity MasterChef, reaching the final alongside Andi Peters and eventual champion Liz McClarnon.
On 9 April 2009, it was announced that Moraghan was touring the UK in a theatre production of Brian Clemens' play Strictly Murder, alongside Nick Barclay, Katie Funk, David Rumelle and Miriam Miller.
Moraghan's swing album, Moonlight's Back in Style (words by Nicky Campbell) was released on Linn Records on 14 September 2009. He sang the title song from the album on GMTV on 2 September 2009.
From 2013 to 2017, Moraghan became the narrator on the children's television show Thomas & Friends, succeeding both Michael Angelis and Michael Brandon (for both the UK and the US, respectively). He is also narrator for the Thomas & Friends specials/films, King of the Railway, Tale of the Brave, The Adventure Begins, Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure, The Great Race and Journey Beyond Sodor. Despite having John Hasler and Joseph May take over his narration duties from 2018 onwards, Mark said that he will still work on Thomas & Friends. He returned in Season 22 to voice Dexter, an abandoned passenger coach who was found by Duck and restored as a mobile classroom. He also portrayed Mr Evans, a stationmaster who reads books from The Railway Series, and other stories about Thomas and his friends to the audience in the web series "Storytime with Mr. Evans" which aired from the 1 to 7 March 2019. He then went on to return to his role as narrator as part of the podcast: Thomas & Friends Storytime airing from June 2020 to December 2021.
Prior to narrating Thomas & Friends, Moraghan has appeared in other children's television shows The Lodge and Wilderness Edge which were both dramas and both made for ITV's children's programming block CITV.
In 2017, he appeared as recurring character Tim Richards in Emmerdale.
On December 2017, Mark starred in Jack and the Beanstalk Pantomime in Bournemouth where he played the devilish Fleshcreep.
Filmography
Film
Television
Web Videos
References
External links
Official Mark Moraghan website
1963 births
Living people
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
English male soap opera actors
Male actors from Liverpool
People from Toxteth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Moraghan |
The following lists events that happened during 1947 in Australia.
Incumbents
Monarch – George VI
Governor-General – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (until 11 March), then William McKell
Prime Minister – Ben Chifley
Chief Justice – Sir John Latham
State Premiers
Premier of New South Wales – William McKell (until 6 February), then James McGirr
Premier of Queensland – Ned Hanlon
Premier of South Australia – Thomas Playford IV
Premier of Tasmania – Robert Cosgrove (until 18 December), then Edward Brooker
Premier of Victoria – John Cain (until 20 November), then Thomas Hollway
Premier of Western Australia – Frank Wise (until 1 April), then Ross McLarty
State Governors
Governor of New South Wales – Sir John Northcott
Governor of Queensland – Sir John Lavarack
Governor of South Australia – Sir Charles Norrie
Governor of Tasmania – Sir Hugh Binney
Governor of Victoria – Sir Winston Dugan
Governor of Western Australia – none appointed
Events
1 January – A massive hailstorm strikes Sydney, causing hundreds of injuries and an estimated £1 million damage.
6 February – William McKell stands down as Premier of New South Wales following royal approval of his appointment as Governor-General. The Labor Party elects James McGirr as its leader and the new Premier.
15 March – A state election is held in Western Australia. The Labor government of Frank Wise is defeated by the Liberal/Country coalition led by Ross McLarty.
3 May – A state election is held in Queensland. Ned Hanlon's Labor government is returned for its sixth term in government.
1 April – The Woomera rocket range is established in South Australia as a testing site for British and Australian missiles.
5 May – A train derails in the Camp Mountain rail accident in Queensland, killing 16 people.
15–17 June – Major flooding in Tasmania.
30 June – The Australian government assumes control of Qantas.
1 July – Real estate company L. J. Hooker is listed on the Australian Stock Exchange.
5 August – Australia becomes a member of the International Monetary Fund.
30 August – The Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration grants workers a 40-hour week.
8 November – A state election is held in Victoria, after the upper house blocks supply. The Labor minority government of John Cain is defeated by a Liberal–Country coalition led by Thomas Hollway.
18 November – Australia reduces its trade tariffs after ratifying the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in Geneva.
18 December – Robert Cosgrove resigns as Premier of Tasmania after being indicted on charges of bribery and corruption. Edward Brooker is sworn in as his replacement the next day.
26 December – Heard Island and McDonald Islands in Antarctica are transferred from British control to Australian territories.
Arts and literature
17 January – William Dargie wins the Archibald Prize with his portrait of Marcus Clarke.
Sport
30 August – Fred Fanning, in his last league match, kicks a VFL/AFL record of eighteen goals against St. Kilda
20 September – Balmain win the 1947 NSWRFL season, claiming their tenth title after defeating minor premiers Canterbury-Bankstown 13–9. The newly formed Parramatta team finish in last place, claiming the wooden spoon.
27 September – Carlton 13.8 (86) defeats Essendon 11.19 85 to win the 51st VFL Premiership in the 1947 VFL Grand Final.
4 November – Hiraji wins the Melbourne Cup.
30 December – Morna takes line honours and Westward wins on handicap in the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race.
The Parramatta rugby league club is formed in Sydney's West. The Manly-Warringah club is also formed in the Northern Beaches.
Births
10 January
David Irvine, diplomat, Director-General of ASIS and ASIO (died 2022)
Stevie Wright, English-Australian singer-songwriter (died 2015)
29 January – Lorraine Landon, basketball administrator, former player and coach
8 February – Kerrie Biddell, singer and pianist (died 2014)
8 April – Fay Miller, politician (died 2023)
15 May – Graeham Goble, musician
19 May – David Helfgott, concert pianist
29 May – Stan Zemanek, Australian radio broadcaster (died 2007)
3 June – Mike Burgmann, racing driver and accountant (died 1986)
19 June – James Mason, field hockey player
25 June – Robert Percy, Australian rules footballer
14 July – John Blackman, radio and television presenter
16 July – Don Burke, Television presenter, television producer, author, and horticulturist
28 July – Peter Cosgrove, Chief of the Defence Force (2002–05)
5 August – Angry Anderson, singer & actor
28 August – Jennie George, politician and trade unionist
5 September – Bruce Yardley, Test cricketer (died 2019)
28 September – Bob Carr, Premier of New South Wales (1995–2005); Senator and Minister for Foreign Affairs (2012–13)
2 November – David Ahern, composer (died 1988)
4 November – Rod Marsh, cricketer (died 2022)
Deaths
16 January – Traugott Bernhard Zwar, academic, army medical officer and surgeon (b. 1876)
27 February – Charles Hoadley, geologist (b. 1887)
26 April – Hector Lamond, New South Wales politician (b. 1865)
27 April
Robert Barr, Victorian politician (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1862)
Roland Green, New South Wales politician (b. 1885)
9 May – Hugh de Largie, Western Australian politician (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1859)
16 May – William McCormack, 22nd Premier of Queensland (b. 1879)
25 May – Rupert Bunny, painter (b. 1864)
28 May – Walter Duncan, New South Wales politician (b. 1883)
1 July – E. Harold Davies, musician, conductor and teacher (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1867)
30 July – Sir Joseph Cook, 6th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1860)
28 August – Matthew Reid, Queensland politician (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1856)
14 September – John Feetham, Anglican bishop (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1873)
26 October – Jack Bailey, New South Wales politician (b. 1871)
19 December – Arthur Wilson, Australian rules footballer, gynaecologist and obstetrician (b. 1888)
See also
List of Australian films of the 1940s
References
Australia
Years of the 20th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%20in%20Australia |
The Ashbury Carriage and Iron Company Limited was a manufacturer of railway rolling stock founded by John Ashbury in 1837 in Commercial Street, Knott Mill in Manchester, England, near the original terminus of the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway. It moved to Ashton Old Road, Openshaw in 1841 and became a limited company in 1862 as The Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Company. After the founder's death in 1866, the company was owned by his son, James Lloyd Ashbury. In 1898 the works covered about and employed about 1,700.
Later history
In 1902 the business was transferred to Saltley in Birmingham when it merged with Ashbury, Brown and Marshalls. This was absorbed into the Metropolitan Amalgamated Railway Carriage & Wagon Company, which later became the Metropolitan-Cammell Carriage & Wagon Co.
Examples of its rolling stock survive to this day on preserved railways all over the world. The company name was revived in 2004 by the Welsh Highland Heritage Railway in North Wales to recreate some of the carriages that it built. That company was dissolved in 2022.
See also
Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Co Ltd v Riche, a well known UK company law case
References
Other references
London Underground 1900/1903 Stock
External links
Details of a revived incarnation
Bluebell Ashbury Supporters and Helpers - Restoration project for three Victorian Ashbury-built carriages, now completed
The Ashbury Composite Cars Johnson, Geoff Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, February, 1971 pp36–38
British companies established in 1837
Railway companies established in 1837
Railway companies disestablished in 1902
Early British railway companies
Rolling stock manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct companies based in Manchester
1837 establishments in England
Manufacturing companies established in 1837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashbury%20Railway%20Carriage%20and%20Iron%20Company%20Ltd |
Unknown White Male is a 2005 documentary film directed by Rupert Murray, covering the life of his childhood friend Doug Bruce, a British resident of New York who appeared to suffer from sudden amnesia, who woke up on a subway train in Coney Island in 2003, not knowing who or where he was.
The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival 2005. It was nominated for a British Independent Film Award, a Grierson and a Directors Guild of America award. It was also shortlisted for a Grierson and an Academy Award. It was theatrically released in the US by Wellspring and shown on Court TV. In the UK it was released by Shooting People, the filmmakers community whose members made the film and shown on Channel 4 TV who had commissioned the film originally.
During the film, medical experts opine that Bruce is suffering from a syndrome called retrograde amnesia, a form of amnesia where the sufferer cannot recall events from before the onset of the amnesia, although it remains unclear how or whether Bruce suffered a trauma which caused the amnesia.
Amnesia hoax theory
The authenticity of the film has been questioned by some critics, who allege that it is an elaborate fraud. The filmmakers have consistently denied this allegation. Roger Ebert, film critic for the Chicago Sun-Times, initially said he found the documentary "faintly fishy", but after meeting the filmmakers subsequently wrote that he was "convinced of its truthfulness".
Objections to Bruce's claims include:
Although the documentary presents Bruce's condition as standard retrograde amnesia, this condition typically lasts a few hours or days at most, not years. The Washington Post consulted Hans Markowitsch, a neuropsychologist and professor at the Bielefeld University in Germany and a specialist on total retrograde amnesia. "To Markowitsch, the absence of any plausible trigger makes Bruce's story more than just suspicious. "Total retrograde amnesia doesn't happen out of nothing," he says. "I can't imagine that this story is true." The same article states, "A leading amnesia expert believes Bruce's story is without medical precedent."
During an early interview, Bruce noted that it was raining the day he first walked into the police department to report his amnesia. "A couple days later, while sitting in his apartment and being interviewed, he says that he'd taken a walk a day earlier and seen a breathtaking summer storm. "It was the first time," he mutters, choking up, "that I had ever seen rain."" Retrograde amnesia would not account for this additional post-episode memory loss.
Previous to Bruce waking up with amnesia and no identification, one of his best friends in Paris had an accident while playing soccer, sustained a head injury, and woke up with amnesia and no identification. The amnesia was caused by visible head trauma and lasted only a week. "Bruce says the friend set aside his hard-charging business career and moved to either Bali or Thailand, where he learned to give massages. "And now he heals people," Bruce whispers."
The film makers address the hoax theory with a six-minute-long DVD feature titled, "Questions With The Director & Producer." It opens with a written message responding to the allegations of a hoax with: "We, the film makers, Douglas, his friends and family categorically deny this claim." Director Rupert Murray states that he finds it shocking when people believe the film to be fake, because it raises the question "Is my life a fake?" Of Bruce, he admits, "He coincidentally happened to film himself [thus providing footage used in the documentary], which people find strange." Producer Beadie Finzi explains her belief in Bruce's amnesia with, "The bottom line is that anyone and everyone who has ever known Douglas, [his] friends and family, is completely convinced that this traumatic event did indeed happen to him. And indeed, every physician that has treated him is also convinced that this has happened to him."
External links
David Segal: "A Trip Down Memory Lane; Did Doug Bruce Forget It All, Or Just the Boring Truth?" - Washington Post article on the film and the controversy. March 2006.
"New Man", New Yorker article on Doug Bruce. February 2006.
"Is Unknown White Male another Million Little Pieces?" on cinematical.com.
2005 films
2005 documentary films
American documentary films
British documentary films
Documentary films about amnesia
Biographical documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s British films
English-language documentary films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknown%20White%20Male |
Kenneth W. Meyer (July 14, 1925 – August 14, 2016) was an American football coach at the high school, collegiate and professional levels. He may be best remembered as the head coach of the National Football League (NFL)'s San Francisco 49ers in 1977, and winning two college national championships at Alabama coaching under Bear Bryant. He was a head coach in Finland's top league Vaahteraliiga and for the Finland national American football team.
Early years
Ken Meyer was the son of Werner Meyer and Pauline (Uhrmacher). Meyer graduated from Ashtabula Harbor High School in 1943, and was inducted into the Ashtabula County Football Hall of Fame in 2004. He was proud to have served as a staff sergeant in the mighty 8th Air Force during World War II and flew 25 missions over Germany as a tail gunner on a B-17 Flying Fortress. He maintained close ties with the men in his bomber group, and was an active supporter and past president of the 305th Bomber Group Association.
Playing career
Meyer played quarterback at Denison University under legendary football coach Woody Hayes before Hayes became head coach at the Ohio State University. Meyer set several single season and career school records, one of which still stands, and the team's record was 22–3 during his varsity career. He was elected to Denison's Athletic Hall of Fame in 1987.
College coaching career
Meyer gained his first coaching experience as head coach at an Ohio high school. From 1952 to 1957, he was an assistant at his alma mater before accepting an assistant coaching position at Wake Forest University in 1958. After two years with the Demon Deacons, he moved on to take another assistant position, this time with the Florida State Seminoles. While with Florida State, he recruited and coached future NFL quarterback Steve Tensi and future Pro Football Hall of Famer Fred Biletnikoff.
Following three years in that capacity, Meyer accepted an assistant's role in 1963 at the University of Alabama under Bear Bryant. During his five years with the Crimson Tide, he worked with the team's quarterbacks, a group which included future Pro Football Hall of Famer Joe Namath, as well as Super Bowl winning signal caller Ken Stabler. Alabama's combined record during this time was 47–6–2, including five straight top-10 seasons, an undefeated year finishing #3 in the country, plus two national championships.
NFL coaching career
When Dick Nolan was hired as head coach of the 49ers in 1968, he hired Meyer to tutor the team's offensive backs. After one year, Meyer departed to accept a similar role with the New York Jets, reuniting him with Namath. Despite coming off a win in Super Bowl III, the Jets were never able to recapture their magic during Meyer's four years with the team, with major injuries to Namath serving as a major culprit. On February 6, 1973, Meyer left the Jets to accept the position of offensive coordinator with the Los Angeles Rams, reuniting him with Chuck Knox, who had worked with him at Wake Forest. During four frustrating years, the team reached the NFC Championship game three times, but lost on each occasion.
Meyer became an NFL head coach when he was appointed by the 49ers on April 19, 1977, succeeding Monte Clark who had been forced out earlier that month as a result of losing a power struggle to general manager Joe Thomas. Following a 5–9–0 campaign, he was fired on January 10, 1978 and replaced by Pete McCulley who had actually been Thomas' first choice for the position before settling for Meyer. He returned to coaching nine weeks later as the offensive coordinator with the Chicago Bears under new head coach Neill Armstrong. The Bears reached the postseason once in Meyer's three seasons, with the veteran coach resigning on December 24, 1980.
Meyer returned to the college ranks for the next two years, serving as offensive coordinator for Tulane University. When former mentor Chuck Knox became head coach of the Seattle Seahawks, he hired Meyer as an assistant on February 24, 1983 where he was quarterbacks coach Seahawks through the 1991 season. He helped guide the Seahawks to the 1983 AFC Championship game and the 1988 AFC West Division title.
Finland coaching career
The American Football Association of Finland invited Meyer to run a quarterback clinic in 1992 and he returned to the country in 1993 to coach the Turku Trojans in the (Maple League) Vaahteraliiga. The Trojans reached the Maple Bowl Championship game before losing to the Helsinki East City Giants. Meyer was named the head coach of the Finland national American football team from 1993–1997. Finland won the European Championship under Meyer in 1993, 1995, and 1997. He also was an assistant coach with Team Finland Juniors in the 1996 European Championship tournament held in Frankfurt where Team Finland won all its games. In September 2014 Meyer became the 20th person to be inducted to Finnish American Football Hall of Fame. He is also the first and currently only non-Finnish person to be inducted. He died in Gadsden, Alabama on August 14, 2016.
Head coaching record
NFL
References
External links
Pro-Football-Reference.Com
1925 births
2016 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Alabama Crimson Tide football coaches
Chicago Bears coaches
Denison Big Red football players
Florida State Seminoles football coaches
Los Angeles Rams coaches
New York Jets coaches
San Francisco 49ers head coaches
Seattle Seahawks coaches
Tulane Green Wave football coaches
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football coaches
National Football League offensive coordinators
High school football coaches in Ohio
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Sportspeople from Ashtabula, Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
American expatriate sportspeople in Finland
American expatriate players of American football | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Meyer |
Erbach an der Donau is a town on the Danube River in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Located in the Alb-Donau District, Erbach lies between Ulm and Ehingen an der Donau on the southern edge of the Swabian Jura.
History
The oldest known mention of Erbach was in the Konstanz Tithe Book in 1275 as a parish called Irlebach, although findings dating from the Neolithic Age indicate the area around Erbach was settled earlier. Erbach received town privileges on 1 August 2002.
In 1972 the community Ringingen was incorporated into Erbach. In the course of community reforms in 1974 the communities Bach, Dellmensingen, Donaurieden and Ersingen were also incorporated into Erbach.
Politics
The mayor is elected for a term of eight years. The term of office of Paul Roth ended on November 26, 2010. His successor is Achim Gaus, who was elected on October 24, 2010 in the second round and has taken up his duties on 1 January 2011.
Gemeinderat
The elections on May 25, 2014 led to the following results.
Town twinning
Erbach is twinned with Wolkersdorf im Weinviertel in Austria since 1981 and Thorigny sur Marne in France since 1982.
Infrastructure
Erbach lies on the Bundesstraße 311 between Ulm and Ehingen. It is also located on the Southern Railway (Württemberg) between Ulm and Lindau. Erbach is part of the Danube-Iller Traffic Network, in whose tariff region the South Rail between Ulm and Bad Schussenried belongs to. Erbach has an airfield used by many private pilots from Ulm.
Sights
Erbach is located on the Upper Swabian Baroque Route as well as the Way of St. James. The most prominent sight is the Renaissance Erbach Castle, dating from the early 16th century. The castle was the residence of the Freiherren of Ulm in Erbach. Next to the castle is the Baroque Church of St. Martin from 1767.
Dellmensingen Castle is an early Baroque castle in Dellmensingen.
Personalities
Joseph von Egle (1818–1899), architect, builder of the polytechnical school and the Church of St. Mary in Stuttgart
Joseph Eberle, missionary in Africa
Phillip Roth, honorable town speaker
Franz Ignaz Albert of Werdenstein (1697–1766), Vicar and Auxiliary Bishop of Freising
Maximilian Marquard of Ulm-Erbach-Mittelbiberach (1802–1864), landowner and a deputy in the Second Chamber of Württemberg Parliament
Anton Hafner (1918–1944), officer of the Luftwaffe in World War II
Wolf-Dietrich Hammann (born 1955), lawyer, assistant secretary in Stuttgart and former chief of police in Baden-Württemberg
Manfred Albert von Richthofen (1953-2002), German-Brazilian engineer
References
External links
Municipal website
Alb-Donau-Kreis
Württemberg
Populated places on the Danube | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbach%20an%20der%20Donau |
Protection against Accidents (Dockers) Convention (Revised), 1932 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1932:
Modification
This convention is a partial revision of Convention C28 - Protection against Accidents (Dockers) Convention, 1929 (shelved). It was subsequently revised in 1979 by Convention C152 - Occupational Safety and Health (Dock Work) Convention, 1979.
Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention has been ratified by 46 states. Of the ratifying states, 13 have denounced the treaty, many automatically due to the ratification of Convention C152.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Health treaties
International Labour Organization conventions
Occupational safety and health treaties
Treaties concluded in 1932
Treaties entered into force in 1934
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Bangladesh
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Honduras
Treaties of British India
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Mauritius
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Singapore
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Uruguay
Admiralty law treaties
1932 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection%20against%20Accidents%20%28Dockers%29%20Convention%20%28Revised%29%2C%201932 |
In music, an augmented major seventh chord or major seventh sharp five chord is a seventh chord composed of a root, major third, augmented fifth, and major seventh (1, 3, 5, 7). It can be viewed as an augmented triad with an additional major seventh. When using popular-music symbols, it is denoted by augM7, +M7, +7, M75, M7(5), M7/5, M7+5, maj+7, +7, etc. For example, the augmented major seventh chord built on A, written as AaugM7, has pitches A-C-E-G:
The chord can be represented by the integer notation {0, 4, 8, 11}.
The augmented major seventh chord is associated with the augmented scale (see jazz scale and chord-scale system). This chord also comes from the third mode of both the harmonic minor and the melodic minor scales. For example, the third mode of the A melodic minor scale outlines an augmented major seventh chord, as shown below.
As with dominant seventh chords, nondominant seventh chords including the augmented major seventh usually progress according to the circle, thus III+M7 resolves to vi or VI. For example, in the key of A minor, C maj75 usually resolves to F.
Augmented major seventh chord table
{| class="wikitable"
!Chord
!Root
!Major third
!Augmented fifth
!Major seventh
|-
!align=center|CaugM7
|align=center|C
|align=center|E
|align=center|G
|align=center|B
|-
!align=center|CaugM7
|align=center|C
|align=center|E
|align=center|G
|align=center|B
|-
!align=center|CaugM7
|align=center|C
|align=center|E (F)
|align=center|G (A)
|align=center|B (C)
|-
!align=center|DaugM7
|align=center|D
|align=center|F
|align=center|A
|align=center|C
|-
!align=center|DaugM7
|align=center|D
|align=center|F
|align=center|A
|align=center|C
|-
!align=center|DaugM7
|align=center|D
|align=center|F (G)
|align=center|A (B)
|align=center|C (D)
|-
!align=center|EaugM7
|align=center|E
|align=center|G
|align=center|B
|align=center|D
|-
!align=center|EaugM7
|align=center|E
|align=center|G
|align=center|B (C)
|align=center|D
|-
!align=center|EaugM7
|align=center|E
|align=center|G (A)
|align=center|B (C)
|align=center|D (E)
|-
!align=center|FaugM7
|align=center|F
|align=center|A
|align=center|C
|align=center|E
|-
!align=center|FaugM7
|align=center|F
|align=center|A
|align=center|C
|align=center|E
|-
!align=center|FaugM7
|align=center|F
|align=center|A
|align=center|C (D)
|align=center|E (F)
|-
!align=center|GaugM7
|align=center|G
|align=center|B
|align=center|D
|align=center|F
|-
!align=center|GaugM7
|align=center|G
|align=center|B
|align=center|D
|align=center|F
|-
!align=center|GaugM7
|align=center|G
|align=center|B (C)
|align=center|D (E)
|align=center|F (G)
|-
!align=center|AaugM7
|align=center|A
|align=center|C
|align=center|E
|align=center|G
|-
!align=center|AaugM7
|align=center|A
|align=center|C
|align=center|E (F)
|align=center|G
|-
!align=center|AaugM7
|align=center|A
|align=center|C (D)
|align=center|E (F)
|align=center|G (A)
|-
!align=center|BaugM7
|align=center|B
|align=center|D
|align=center|F
|align=center|A
|-
!align=center|BaugM7
|align=center|B
|align=center|D
|align=center|F (G)
|align=center|A
|}
See also
Jazz chord
References
Seventh chords | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented%20major%20seventh%20chord |
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