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Super Slow is a form of strengthening physical exercise (resistance training) popularized by Ken Hutchins. Super Slow is Hutchins' trademarked name for the High intensity training approach advocated by Arthur Jones. It is based on ideas from the 1940s and 1960s called 10/10 "muscle contraction with measured movement" and implemented using fixed weight Nautilus machines. In more recent times, such "Time Under Load" ideas have seen a renaissance with Dr Doug McGuff's best selling Body by Science.
The 10 second lifting, 10 second lowering repetition speed of movement was suggested to Ken Hutchins by Dr. Vincent Bocchicchio. Bocchicchio promoted his original idea as being impractical on compound movements such as leg press, chest press, overhead press, and pull downs (chin-ups). However, Hutchins developed a turnaround technique to include those important exercises during Nautilus-funded osteoporosis research at the University of Florida in the early 1980s. In addition, Hutchins improved the resistance curves of the exercise equipment and reduced their friction to further enhance the loading effect upon the muscles. The effect of this approach was further improved by the practice of the exercises in an "ideal" environment wherein the temperature was cool, ventilation was provided, and distractions (audio, smell, visual) were minimized. This clinical environment, in combination with the slow speed and improved mechanics, had never been managed before. SuperSlow instructors are also educated with an emphasis on using precise language in exercise.
A ten/ten protocol was used in the 1940s by body builders and later in the 1960s by powerlifters as a plateau breaker under the name MC/MM or muscle contraction with measured movement. This similar idea was sometimes advocated by Bob Hoffman of the York Barbell Company. None of these earlier approaches incorporated the ideal environment, the consistent turnaround technique, the superior equipment mechanics, nor the adherence to tracking muscular function that SuperSlow encompassed.
The method incorporates very slow repetition speeds as compared to traditional resistance training methods, with emphasis on minimizing acceleration and momentum to reduce the force the body is exposed to during exercise and improve muscular loading.
SuperSlow workouts typically consist of one set of each exercise carried out to complete muscle fatigue. Hutchins recommends performing each set for between 100 and 240 seconds, depending on the exercise and the subject's competence. A frequency of twice weekly is recommended for most trainees, with even less frequency for more advanced trainees. A workout should last no longer than 30 minutes and be performed to the exclusion of all other intense activity for maximum progress. In recent years, Hutchins has continued to refine methods and expand publications to include additional training methodology and exercise history.)
Some research indicates that Super Slow produces superior results compared to traditional methods in as little as 10 weeks.
Slow repetitions may be particularly beneficial to trainees working around injuries or conditions requiring extra caution and may be useful for practicing proper form when learning new exercises. Personal trainers who have abandoned Super Slow for general use may still use it as a method for teaching new exercises or evaluating clients' exercise form.
See also
Weight training
Resistance training
High intensity training
References
Further reading
The Renaissance of Exercise: A Vitruvian Adventure Vol I by Ken Hutchins
External links
https://seriousexercise.com/ SuperSlow® and SuperStatics™ Founder Ken Hutchins
Weight training methodologies
Physical exercise
Trademarks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Slow |
Alapalooza: The Videos is a VHS release of four of "Weird Al" Yankovic's music videos.
The VHS includes:
"Jurassic Park" (Alapalooza)
"Bedrock Anthem" (Alapalooza)
"UHF" (UHF)
"You Don't Love Me Anymore" (Off the Deep End)
External links
"Weird Al" Yankovic video albums
1993 video albums
Music video compilation albums
1993 compilation albums
Scotti Brothers Records albums
Scotti Brothers Records compilation albums
1990s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapalooza%3A%20The%20Videos |
Judah Dana (April 25, 1772 – December 27, 1845) was an American lawyer, judge and politician. He served as a United States senator from Maine and as judge of the Maine Court of Common Pleas during the early 1800s.
Early life
Born in Pomfret, Vermont, Dana was the son of John Winchester and Hannah (Putnam) Dana. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1795 and then studied law. In 1798, he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law in Fryeburg, Maine, which was then a part of Massachusetts.
Career
Dana served as the district attorney for Oxford County, Maine, from 1805 to 1811, and as judge of probate for Oxford County from 1811 to 1822. From 1811 to 1823, he was judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He was also a judge of the circuit court.
In 1819, Dana was a delegate to the convention that framed the state constitution of Maine, and was a trustee for Bowdoin College from 1820 to 1843. He was a bank commissioner from 1836 to 1837. In 1833, he was elected a member of the Governor's Council for Governor Samuel E. Smith., serving in 1834.
An adherent of the Jacksonian Party, Dana was appointed United States Senator upon the resignation of Ether Shepley when Shepley became Judge of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. Dana served as Senator from December 21, 1836, to March 3, 1837, when a successor was elected and qualified.
Personal life
He married Elizabeth Ripley in 1800 and they had eight children: Caroline Elizabeth Dana, Maria Annette Dana, John Winchester Dana, Francis Putnaman Dana, Abigail Ripley Dana, Catherine Putnam Dana, Emily Wheelock Dana, and Sarah Malleville Dana. Their son John became Governor of Maine. After Elizabeth's death in 1819, Dana married Mehitable Osgood Mcmillan.
Dana was the grandson (on his mother's side) of the American Revolutionary War General Israel Putnam.
Death
Dana died in Fryeburg, Oxford County, Maine, on December 27, 1845 (age 73 years, 246 days). He is interred at Village Cemetery in Fryeburg, Maine.
References
Further reading
"The School and College Life of Judah Dana of the Class of 1795" by James A. Spalding, published by Dartmouth Alumni Magazine in February 1917.
External links
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1772 births
1845 deaths
People from Pomfret, Vermont
American people of English descent
Jacksonian United States senators from Maine
Democratic Party United States senators from Maine
Maine Jacksonians
People from Fryeburg, Maine
Dartmouth College alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah%20Dana |
David Morrow (December 18, 1960 – February 1, 2010) became editor-in-chief of TheStreet.com in July 2001. Under his tenure, TheStreet.com won numerous journalism awards, including the prestigious Gerald Loeb Award in 2005 and three Society of Business Editors and Writers Awards.
In 2001, Out magazine named Morrow one of the year's 100 most successful gay people in the United States. He became the first Reynolds Endowed Chair of Business Journalism at the University of Nevada in Reno, Nevada, where he taught from August 2009 until his death on February 1, 2010. Morrow died of pancreatic cancer.
References
1960 births
2010 deaths
American business and financial journalists
American male journalists
American LGBT journalists
British LGBT journalists
21st-century American LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20J.%20Morrow |
KBSC may refer to:
KBSC (FM), a radio station (91.9 FM) licensed to serve Cambridge, Idaho, United States; see List of radio stations in Idaho
KBSC-LP, a defunct low-power television station (channel 49) formerly licensed to serve Brookings, Oregon, United States
KBSC-TV, the former call sign for television station KVEA the serving the Los Angeles, California area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBSC |
Khoury (, or ), also transliterated as Khouri, is a Levantine surname that is found among Christians in the Middle East. The term Khoury means "priest" in Levantine Arabic. It derives from the Latin word curia, or may come from the French curé meaning parish Priest, from Medieval Latin curatus "one responsible for the care (of souls)," from Latin curatus, past participle of curare "to take care of".
Although most popular amongst the population in Lebanon, the name can also be found within Christian communities in Israel, Syria, Palestine, and Jordan. It is often given as a last name to a new priest or minister, replacing the old one and to the children of the married priest and their descendants. The Maronite Church, which is in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church, allows married men to become priests.
It is common for a family to keep the Khoury surname for generations past the life of the priest. Catholic and Orthodox clergy (particularly Maronite Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Melkite Catholic and Syriac Orthodox) are the largest numbers of people with this name; all four rites having a married priesthood according to Catholic and Orthodox norms. Khoury/Khouri is uncommon as a given name. In the Eastern Christian Churches, "Khoury" or "El-Khoury" means Corepiscopos, which is an honorary rank above a priest.
Due to the Lebanese diaspora, which started in the late 19th century, the name has acquired different variants in different countries and is also uncommonly spelled as El Khouri, El Khoury, Elcure, Elkhori, Elkouri, Kouri, Couri, Koury, Coury, Kourie, Koory, Koorey, Kuri, Khuri, Khury, Kury, Xouri, Curi, Cury, Coorey, Courey, Korey, Kory, Corey, Chory, Correy and in Latin America as Xuri, Kure, Cure, Correa, Juri, Jury, Cura, Jure, Eljure, Aljure and Alcuri.
People
A−H
Adam Kury, bassist for American rock band Candlebox
Albert Eli Coury, known as Al Coury (1934–2013), Lebanese American record company executive
Amin Khoury, founder of B/E Aerospace
Ana Khouri (born 1981), Brazilian jewelry designer and sculptor
Augusto Cury, Lebanese Brazilian neuroscientist
Bechara El Khoury, first post-independence President of Lebanon
Callie Khouri, Lebanese American Academy Award winner for writing the film Thelma & Louise
Carlos Cure, Lebanese Colombian businessman
Clara Khoury, Israeli actress
Donald Kouri, American physicist
Elias James Corey, Lebanese American organic chemist
Elias Khoury, Lebanese novelist, journalist, and academic
Elias Khoury (lawyer), Israeli lawyer
Elissar Zakaria Khoury, known as Elissa (Lebanese singer), Lebanese singer
Emile Kuri, Lebanese Mexican film director
Fadlo R. Khuri, Lebanese American medical doctor and university administrator
Faris al-Khoury, Syrian politician, former Prime Minister of Syria
Fred Coury, drummer for American glam metal band Cinderella
Fuad Khuri, Lebanese anthropologist
George Khoury, multiple people
Giselle Khoury, Lebanese journalist
Gui Khury, Brazilian skateboarder
Herbert Khaury, known as Tiny Tim (musician) (1932–1996), American musician
Huguette Khoury, known as Huguette Caland, French Lebanese painter
Humberto Curi, an Argentine-born Olympic boxer who competed in the middleweight class in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam
I–Z
Joanne Chory, Lebanese American molecular biologist and geneticist
Joelle Khoury, Lebanese pianist, jazz and contemporary classical music composer
Jowy Khoury, Lebanese actress
Joyce El-Khoury, Lebanese-Canadian operatic soprano
Karyn Khoury, American award-winning perfumer
Katheryn Curi, American racing cyclist
Ken Khouri, Lebanese Jamaican record company owner
Makram Khoury, Israeli actor
Mario El-Khoury, Lebanese-Swiss engineer and business executive
Marwan Khoury, Lebanese singer, writer and composer
Maurice J Koury, textile businessman and philanthropist
Michael Khouri, American politician
Muin J. Khoury, American geneticist and epidemiologist
Pablo Kuri-Morales, Lebanese Mexican world health expert in pandemics
Paul Khoury, Australian television personality and leading TV Host in the poker arena
Philip S. Khoury, American historian
Philip Khuri Hitti, Historian and professor at Harvard University
Pilar Khoury (born 1994), Lebanese footballer
Rami George Khouri, Palestinian-Jordanian American journalist and editor
Raymond Khoury, Lebanese screenwriter and novelist
Said Khoury, Palestinian-Lebanese businessman
Sari Ibrahim Khoury, Palestinian abstract visual artist
Sylvia Khoury, American writer and playwright
Theodore Khoury, Lebanese-born German Catholic theologian
Yusuf Al-Khuri, ancient translator and mathematician
Walter Hugo Khouri, Brazilian film director and producer
Zahi Khouri, Palestinian-American businessman
References
Arabic-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khouri |
The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (CDHRI) is a declaration of the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) first adopted in Cairo, Egypt, on 5 August 1990, (Conference of Foreign Ministers, 9–14 Muharram 1411H in the Islamic calendar), and later revised in 2020 and adopted on 28 November 2020 (Council of Foreign Ministers at its 47th session in Niamey, Republic of Niger). It provides an overview on the Islamic perspective on human rights. The 1990 version affirms Islamic sharia as its sole source, whereas the 2020 version doesn't specifically invoke sharia. The focus of this article is the 1990 version of the CDHRI.
The CDHRI declares its purpose to be "general guidance for Member States [of the OIC] in the field of human rights". This declaration is widely acknowledged as an Islamic response to the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted in 1948. It guarantees some, but not all, of the UDHR and serves as a living document of human rights guidelines prescribed for all members of the OIC to follow, but restricts them explicitly to the limits set by the sharia. Because of this limit, the CDHRI has been criticized as an attempt to shield OIC member states from international criticism for human rights violations, as well as for failing to guarantee freedom of religion, justifying corporal punishment and allowing discrimination against non-Muslims and women.
History
Various Muslim countries had criticized the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights for its failure to take into account the cultural and religious context of non-Western countries. In 1981, Said Rajaie-Khorassani—the post-revolutionary Iranian representative to the UN—articulated the position of his country regarding the UDHR, by saying that it was a relativistic "secular understanding of the Judeo-Christian tradition", which could not be implemented by Muslims without trespassing Islamic law.
The CDHRI was adopted in 1990 by members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. As of 2012, it had been signed by 45 states. In 1992, the CDHRI was presented to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, where it was strongly condemned by the International Commission of Jurists.
Contents
The Declaration starts by saying "All human beings form one family whose members are united by their subordination to Allah and descent from Adam." and it forbids "discrimination on the basis of race, colour, language, belief, sex, religion, political affiliation, social status or other considerations". It goes on to proclaim the sanctity of life, and declares the "preservation of human life" to be "a duty prescribed by the Shariah". The CDHRI also guarantees non-belligerents—such as old men, women and children, the wounded and sick, and prisoners of war—the right to food, shelter, and access to safety and medical treatment in times of war.
The CDHRI affords women "equal human dignity", "own rights to enjoy", "duties to perform", "own civil entity", "financial independence", and the "right to retain her name and lineage". Both men and women are given the "right to marriage" regardless of their race, colour, or nationality. The Declaration makes it incumbent upon both parents to protect the child, both before and after birth, while stressing that the husband is responsible for the social and financial protection of his family, including any children and wives.
The Declaration recognises the rights to property and privacy for the individuals. The Article 18 (b) says that "Everyone shall have the right to privacy in the conduct of his private affairs, in his home, among his family, with regard to his property and his relationships. It is not permitted to spy on him, to place him under surveillance or to besmirch his good name. The State shall protect him from arbitrary interference". It forbids the demolition and confiscation of any family's residence and the eviction of the family. Furthermore, should the family be separated in times of war, it is the responsibility of the state to "arrange visits or reunions of families".
Article 10 of the Declaration states: "Islam is the religion of unspoiled nature. It is prohibited to exercise any form of compulsion on man or to exploit his poverty or ignorance in order to convert him to another religion or to atheism." Since in Islamic society all reasons for conversion away from Islam are considered to be essentially either compulsion or ignorance, this effectively forbids conversion away from Islam.
The Declaration protects each individual from arbitrary arrest, torture, maltreatment, or indignity. Furthermore, no individual is to be used for medical or scientific experiments without his consent or at the risk of his health or of his life. It also prohibits the taking of hostages of any individual "for any purpose whatsoever". Moreover, the CDHRI guarantees the presumption of innocence; guilt is only to be proven through a trial in "which he [the defendant] shall be given all the guarantees of defence". The Declaration also forbids the promulgation of "emergency laws that would provide executive authority for such actions". Article 19 stipulates that there are no other crimes or punishments than those mentioned in the sharia. Sharia allows corporal punishment (whipping, amputation) and capital punishment by stoning or decapitation. The right to hold public office can only be exercised in accordance with the sharia.
The Declaration also emphasizes the "full right to freedom and self-determination", and its opposition to enslavement, oppression, exploitation, and colonialism. The CDHRI declares the rule of law, establishing "equality and justice for all", with the limitations provided under Islamic law. The CDHRI also guarantees all individuals the "right to participate, directly or indirectly in the administration of his country's public affairs". The CDHRI also forbids any abuse of authority "subject to the Islamic Shariah."
Article 22(a) of the Declaration states that "Everyone shall have the right to express his opinion freely in such manner as would not be contrary to the principles of the Shariah." Article 22(b) states that "Everyone shall have the right to advocate what is right, and propagate what is good, and warn against what is wrong and evil according to the norms of Islamic Shariah." Article 22(c) states: "Information is a vital necessity to society. It may not be exploited or misused in such a way as may violate sanctities and the dignity of Prophets, undermine moral and ethical values or disintegrate, corrupt or harm society, or weaken its faith." This is an explicit restriction on the freedom to make any statement which might be considered blasphemous, the penalty for the making of which might be death and as such the wording of this clause allows the death penalty for blasphemy in clear contravention of the UDHR. Article 22(d) states that "It is not permitted to arouse nationalistic or doctrinal hatred or to do anything that may be an incitement to any form of racial discrimination."
Religious features
Although the CDHRI uses a universalist language akin to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, "quite a number of [its] features express an Islamic particularity." The preamble is mostly religious rhetoric, and the particulars of the CDHRI contain numerous references to the Quran, sharia, and aspects of the Islamic faith that appear on no other similar international list. The CDHRI concludes in Articles 24 and 25 that all rights and freedoms mentioned are subject to the Islamic sharia, which is the declaration's sole source. The CDHRI declares true religion to be the "guarantee for enhancing such dignity along the path to human integrity". It also places the responsibility for defending those rights upon the entire Ummah.
Criticism
The CDHRI has been criticized for being implemented by a set of states with widely disparate religious policies and practices who had "a shared interest in disarming international criticism of their domestic human rights record."
Article 24 of the declaration states: "All the rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic Sharia." Article 19 also says: "There shall be no crime or punishment except as provided for in the Sharia."
The CDHRI has been criticised for failing to guarantee freedom of religion, in particular the right of each and every individual to change their religion, as a "fundamental and non-derogable right". In a joint written statement submitted by the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU), a non-governmental organization in special consultative status, the Association for World Education (AWE) and the Association of World Citizens (AWC), a number of concerns were raised that the CDHRI limits human rights, religious freedom, and freedom of expression. The statement concludes that "The Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam is clearly an attempt to limit the rights enshrined in the UDHR and the International Covenants. It can in no sense be seen as complementary to the Universal Declaration." In September 2008, in an article to the United Nations, the Center for Inquiry writes that the CDHRI "undermines equality of persons and freedom of expression and religion by imposing restrictions on nearly every human right based on Islamic Sharia law."
Rhona Smith writes that, because of the CDHRI's reference to Shariah, it implies an inherent degree of superiority of men.
Adama Dieng—a member of the International Commission of Jurists—has also criticised the CDHRI. He argued that the declaration gravely threatens the inter-cultural consensus on which the international human rights instruments are based; that it introduces intolerable discrimination against non-Muslims and women. He further argued that the CDHRI reveals a deliberately restrictive character in regard to certain fundamental rights and freedoms, to the point that certain essential provisions are below the legal standards in effect in a number of Muslim countries; it uses the cover of the "Islamic sharia (Law)" to justify the legitimacy of practices, such as corporal punishment, which attack the integrity and dignity of the human being.
See also
Arab Charter on Human Rights
Human Rights in Islam
Human rights in Africa
Human rights in Asia
Islam and democracy
References
External links
Declaration text at the University of Minnesota
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Human rights
Sharia
Islamic ethics
Human rights in Islam
Human rights instruments
History of human rights
1990 in international relations
Religious philosophical literature
1990 in Egypt
1990 documents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo%20Declaration%20on%20Human%20Rights%20in%20Islam |
Ethyl benzoate, C9H10O2, is an ester formed by the condensation of benzoic acid and ethanol. It is a colorless liquid that is almost insoluble in water, but miscible with most organic solvents.
As with many volatile esters, ethyl benzoate has a pleasant odor described as sweet, wintergreen, fruity, medicinal, cherry and grape. It is a component of some fragrances and artificial fruit flavors.
Preparation
A simple and commonly used method for the preparation of ethyl benzoate in laboratory is the acidic esterification of benzoic acid with ethanol and sulfuric acid as catalyst:
References
External links
Material Safety Data Sheet
Ethyl esters
Benzoate esters
Perfume ingredients
Flavors
Sweet-smelling chemicals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl%20benzoate |
George Frederick Kunz (September 29, 1856 – June 29, 1932) was an American mineralogist and mineral collector.
Biography
Kunz was born in New York City, USA, and began an interest in minerals at a very young age. By his teens, he had amassed a collection of over four thousand items, which he sold for four hundred dollars to the University of Minnesota. Kunz attended Cooper Union but did not finish and did not attend college. Nonetheless, he taught himself mineralogy from books and field research. This expertise landed him a job with Tiffany & Co., and his knowledge and enthusiasm propelled him into a vice presidency by the time he was 23. He gained much notoriety for identifying a new gem variety of the mineral spodumene which was named "Kunzite" in his honor. He also supervised the cutting of the very large stone that became the Tiffany Yellow Diamond.
He headed up the US mining and mineralogical exhibits at the international expositions in Paris (1889), Chicago (1893), Atlanta (1895), Paris (1900), and St. Louis (1904). He gave a series of eight lectures on "Precious Stones" for the Lowell Institute's 1894–95 season. As a gentleman scientist, he was a member of the Mineralogical Society of America, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, New York Academy of Sciences (of which he was once a vice president), the New York Mineralogical Club, the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society (for which he served as president), the American Chemical Society, the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers (of which he was once a vice president), and many other cultural, scientific, and naturalist organizations.
He was the founder and president of the Museums of the Peaceful Arts in 1913, special agent for the US Geological Survey (1883–1909), a research curator at the Museum of Natural History in New York City, and the leading advocate in the establishment of the international carat as a unit of measure for precious gems. He also assembled the Morgan-Tiffany collection of gems in the American Museum of Natural History. Kunz had an active life dedicated to science and public service.
Kunz promoted the adoption of the decimal metric system of weights and measures in the United States and was President of the American Metric Association.
He wrote over 300 articles during his life. More than ninety years after his death, many of his books are still in print.
Kunz married Sophia Hanforth in 1879, who died in 1912. In 1923, Kunz married Opal Logan Giberson, a noted aviator, but the marriage was annulled in 1929. Nonetheless, Opal Kunz continued to maintain Kunz's household until his death, on June 29, 1932.
Awards
He was given many honorary degrees from US and European universities. He was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree from the Cooper Union in 1872.
Columbia University (AM, June 8, 1898) The award was presented by Professor James F. Kemp, professor of Geology at Columbia;
University of Marburg (Ph.D., 1903), especially for his contributions to European and German mineralogy. Surprisingly, in 1920, in a highly unusual act, this honorary award was withdrawn by the university faculty due [according to Dr. Kunz] to his efforts to help reforest France, and his supposed sympathies to the French and English allies against Germany.
Knox College of Illinois (Sc. D., 1907).
Personal library
After his death, his personal collection of several thousand rare books, pamphlets and articles on gems and precious stones were sold to the United States Geological Survey Library for one dollar. Acquired by the Library in 1933, the George F. Kunz Collection is a significant special collection on gems and minerals including rare books on gemology, the folklore of gemstones through history, lapidary arts and archival gem trade records important to the provenance of named stones such as the "Hope Diamond."
In December 2012, the discovery of a rare photographic album dated 1922 among the books from Mr Kunz' personal library was announced by the USGS. The album contained 81 photographs of the Russian Crown Jewels and pre-dates the official catalog by the Soviet government by 3 years. Researchers have identified four pieces of jewelry that were documented in 1922 that were not included in the later catalog and that are assumed missing today.
Selected writings
Kunz, George F. and Charles Hugh Stevenson (1869-?). The Book of the Pearl: The History, Art, Science and Industry of the Queen of Gems. New York: The Century Co., 1908. 548 pages, 125 plates and illustrations (17 colored); maps.
Kunz, George F. Catskill Aqueduct Celebration Publication: A Collection of Pamphlets Published in Connection with the Celebration of the Completion of the Catskill Aqueduct, being Chiefly Catalogues of Exhibitions Held by Art, Scientific and Historical Museums and Institutions in New York City in Cooperation with the Mayor’s Catskill Aqueduct Celebration Committee in 1917. Arranged by George Frederick Kunz, Chairman of the Committee on Art, Scientific and Historical Exhibitions. New York: The Mayor's Catskill Aqueduct Celebration Committee. 1917. 266 pages, illustrations including maps, facsimiles, portraits.
Kunz, George F. 1913. Curious Lore of Precious Stones: Being a Description of their Sentiments and Folk Lore, Superstitions, Symbology, Mysticism, Use in Medicine, Protection, Prevention, Religion, and Divination, Crystal Gazing, Birth Stones, Lucky Stones and Talismans, Astral, Zodiacal and Planetary. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. 1913. Six color plates (including the tissue-guarded frontispiece), scores of double-tone photographs and inter-textual line cuts. 406 pages, 86 illustrations in color, doubletone and in-line.
Kunz, George Frederick. "The genesis of the diamond" Science, pp. 450–456, 1897
Baskerville, Charles; Kunz, G F. "Kunzite and its unique properties" American Journal of Science, vol.18, no.103, pp. 25–28, July 1904
Kunz, George Frederick. "The cause of the San Francisco earthquake" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 289–290, 1908
Kunz, George Frederick. "Diamonds in North America" Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol.42, no.1, pp. 221–222, March 1931.
Kunz, George F. Gems and Precious Stones of North America: A Popular Description of Their Occurrence, Value, History, Archaeology, and of the Collections in Which They Exist; Also a Chapter on Pearls, and on Remarkable Foreign Gems Owned in the United States. Illustrated with eight colored plates and numerous minor engravings. New York: The Scientific Publishing Co. 1890. 336 pages. Second edition with Appendix, 367 pp. 24 Pls., 1892.
Kunz George F. Gems, Jewelers’ Materials, and Ornamental Stones of California. Bulletin of the California State Mining Bureau. 1905. California State Mining Bureau, Bulletin #37. 171 pages. 1905. (K480(276) K96) Also published as a second edition with a slightly changed title: "Semi-precious Stones, Gems, Jewelers’ Materials and Ornamental Stones of California." "The report referred to is Kunz’s Gems, Jeweler’s Materials and Ornamental Stones of California, 1905. Even the publication of this work evoked controversy. Kunz’s name does not appear on the title page nor the outside of the book. However, Lewis Aubury, State Mineralogist of California, does give Kunz a thank you in print for all his efforts. Kunz, although he must have been upset by the snub, according to tradition, promptly obtained a quantity of the reports for personal distribution, had them bound in a kunzite-pink cloth, and had his name stamped on the title page and cover!" Pages 36–44 give a summary of the diamond occurrences in California.
Kunz, George Frederick. History of the Gems Found in North Carolina. Raleigh: E.M. Uzzell & Co., public printers and binders, 1907. xvii, 60 p., 15 pages of plates, 4 colored plates. Bulletin (North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey); no. 12. North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. A hard bound copy of this item is also held in the Kunz Collection of the USGS Library, but is not cataloged. [302] A thorough report, prepared by Kunz at the behest of the North Carolina authorities in time for distribution at the Jamestown [Virginia] Exposition. The illustrations include a number of notable specimens, some drawn from the Morgan-Tiffany and Morgan-Bement Collections at the American Museum of Natural History. The four color plates, for which this work is especially noted, were printed by Prang. Pages 5–9 discusses the history of various diamond occurrences. Gemology bibliographer John Sinkankas states, "The photographs are of very good quality, but it is the richly colored lithographs that make this work as highly prized for them as for the text. ..Plate 3 facing page 9 depicts what was then the largest emerald crystal mined in North Carolina; it is the same that was stolen in 1950 from the American Museum of Natural History in New York and never recovered. Also upon this plate, pasted in its upper right-hand corner, is a small rectangle of a diamond crystal from Dysortville, while the plate numeral of "III" is obviously an erased area which bore some other number, now unknown." Of all of Kunz's major works, "History of the Gems Found in North Carolina" is by far his rarest book in the antiquarian book market.
Kunz, George F. Ivory and the Elephant in Art, in Archaeology, and in Science. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co. Pages: 527. 1916. Illustrated with over 150 full-page plates, four folding plates and maps, text illustrations. Kunz's classic study of the procuring and working of ivory, from the ancient period to modern times. Chapters on evolution and development of the elephant, on elephant hunting and on the art and commerce of ivory carving. The book is dedicated to Prof. Alfred Lacroix, curator of the Mineralogical Department of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. This is the most scarce of all Dr. Kunz' works, and includes information not found in other publications by Dr. Kunz. There were at least three editions of this book printed. After the public edition, a separate edition was published first for the "Belgian Congo Edition," then a third copy run was published for the "Hobby Club", established 1911.
Kunz, George F. The Magic of Jewels and Charms. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. 1915. 422 pages with 90 illustrations in color, doubletone and line. Facts and fancies about a fascinating subject, including anecdotal history and research from India to the Americas. "Magic jewels and electric gems; meteorites or celestial stones; stones of healing; fabulous stones; concretions and fossils; snake stones and bezoars; charms of ancient and modern times; facts and fancies about precious stones. Each profusely illustrated in color, doubletone and line. Octavo. Handsome cloth binding, gilt top, in a box..."
Kunz, George F. Natal Stones; Sentiments and Superstitions Associated with Precious Stones. New York: Tiffany & Co. 1891. (American Museum of Natural History’s copy signed by Dr. Kunz on October 8, 1927). This interesting little book helped sell many precious and semi-precious stones associated with birthdays. The first edition had 15 pages, and gradually expanded over the years, reaching a high of 40 pages. The final 31st edition appeared in 1931.
Kunz, George F. "Remarkable Crystal Skull." Exchanger's Monthly: Devoted to Mineralogy, Geology and Archaeology. Jersey City, NJ. Volume II, Number 12, October 1887, page 95. Read before the meeting of the New York meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, August 12, 1887. Mr. Kunz relates the provenance of the skull, and proposes that the rock crystal came from California and is made in a Mexican fashion.
Kunz, George F. "Reminiscences of Dr. George Frederick Kunz as Told to Marie Benyon Bey." Journal of the Geo-Literary Society. "American Travels of a Gem Expert." Volume 15, number 2, pages 6–14, May 2000; "American Travels of a Gem Collector, Parts 1&2." Volume 15, number 3, pages 10–19, August 2000; "Part III: Reminiscences of Dr. George F. Kunz- American Travels of a Gem Collector as Told to Marie Beynon Ray (From the Saturday Evening Post, January 21, 1928)" Volume 15, number 4, pages 15–24. "Indestructible Value…" Volume 16, number 3, pages 14–24, 2001. Reprint of his Saturday Evening Post series, from 1927 and 1928.
Kunz, George F. "On Phosphorescent Diamonds [Tiffanyite]." Read before the academy on May 20, 1895. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 14, page 260. 1895. Also Mineralogical Magazine. Volume 11, page 241. 1897. The various colors of diamonds are attributed to the presence of hydrocarbons, and phosphorescence and fluorescence of certain diamonds are attributed to a bluish white substance, which is undoubtedly a hydrocarbon, and for which the name Tiffanyite is proposed. See also: "Tiffanyite." Transactions of the New York Academy of Science, vol. 14.
Kunz, George F. Rings for the Finger, from the Earliest Known Times to the Present, with Full Descriptions of the Origin, Early Making, Materials, the Archaeology, History, For Affection, For Love, For Engagement, For Wedding, Commemorative, Mourning, Etc. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. 1917. Frontispiece is an oil painting of the Maharani of Sikkim (northeastern Hindustan), and illustrated with 381 pages, plates, partly colored, portraits, etc., plus a holographic facsimile letter from Admiral Peary to the author on the question of ring usage by Eskimo peoples. The Kunz Collection copy is inscribed by the author to his daughter, Bessie: "For Elizabeth Handforth Kunz, with the love of her father, the author, George Frederick Kunz, 30 January 1916. New York." A fine copy of a work that John Sinkankas says "remains the largest single storehouse of information on rings available in any language".
Kunz, George F. Shakespeare and Precious Stones, Treating of the Known References of Precious Stones in Shakespeare's Works, With Comments as to the Origin of his Material, the Knowledge of the Poet Concerning Precious Stones, and References to Where the Precious Stones of His Time Came From. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott. 1916. 100 pages with illustrations, portraits, etc. "Treating of the known references to precious stones in Shakespeare’s works, with comments as to the origin of his material, the knowledge of the poet concerning precious stones, and references as to where the precious stones of his time came from. Four illustrations. Square octavo. Decorated cloth" [412] "Diamonds are discussed on pages 24-27, 73-76, 89-91 and 93. Interesting historical notes are given concerning the contemporary knowledge of gem-stones, the goldsmiths and jewelers of the period." The Central Park Shakespeare Garden Committee Edition, containing 4 extra pages with list of Committee and Cut of Garden. The Hobby Club Mission, containing a list of Hobby Club Members.
Kunz, George F. "The Spanish Missions in California." Albany, NY: American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. Seventeenth Annual Report, 1912. Appendix F, pages 387–410. Includes five plates. Dr. Kunz uses the occasion of the forthcoming Panama Exposition to press for the purchase of privately owned missions, the restoration of existing ones, and the renovation of El Camino Real, the old Spanish road that connected all the California missions together.
References
Bibliography
Ahlborn, Richard E. and Vera Beaver-Bricken Espinola, eds. Russian Copper Icons and Crosses From the Kunz Collection: Castings of Faith. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1991. 85 pages with illustrations, some colored. Includes bibliographical references pages 84–85. Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology: No. 51.
Burchard, Hank. "Wright Idea, Wrong Stuff." The Washington Post. June 10, 1988, page WE49. Discusses new display of the Kunz collection of Russian icons sold to the Smithsonian Institution.
Conklin, Lawrence H. "On Kunz and Kunzite." Mineralogical Record. Volume 18, pages 369–372.
Conklin, Lawrence H. "The Original Specimens of Kunzite." The Matrix: A Journal on the History of Minerals. Volume 1, number 3, page 45. An account of the first specimen of kunzite from Charles Baskerville's collection, used in 1903 in the original determination and naming of that species.
Conklin, Lawrence H. "Curious Lore of George F. Kunz." Matrix: A Journal of the History of Minerals. Dillburg, PA. Volume 5 (3), 1997, pages 108–114.
Conklin, Lawrence H. Notes and commentaries on letters to George F. Kunz: correspondence from various sources, including Clarence S. Bement: with facsimiles. New Canaan, Ct.: L. H. Conklin, 1986. 137 pages, ill., portraits. ; 29 cm. Title on spine: Letters to George F. Kunz. Bibliography: p. 137. Tiffany & Co. did a reprint of this limited edition book (only 150 copies) in 1987.
Kerr, Paul Francis. "Memorial of George Frederick Kunz [1856-1932]" American Mineralogist, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 91–94, March 1933
Purtell, Joseph. "[George F. Kunz] The All-American Collector." IN: The Tiffany Touch. New York: Pocket Books, Inc. (Originally published by Random House, in 1972). Pages 71–94. Evidently Mrs. Ruby Kunz Zinsser, Dr. Kunz's daughter, aided the author in his work, and told him her reminiscences of her father.
Whitlock, Herbert Percy. "Memorial of George Frederick Kunz [1856-1932]" Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol.44, Part 2, pp. 377–394, April 1933
Spencer, Leonard James. "George Frederick Kunz [1856-1932]" Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, August 1933
NOTE: Mr. Kunz' personal library was acquired by the U.S. Geological Survey Library in 1933. The George F. Kunz Collection is a significant special collection on gems and minerals including rare books on gemology, the folklore of gemstones through history, lapidary arts and archival gem trade records important to the provenance of named stones such as the "Hope Diamond." Kunz was a former USGS employee. The collection is held in Reston, Virginia and is available to researchers by appointment.
External links
Contributions of George Frederick Kunz - blog collection of information on Kunz
The book of the pearl (1908) available online and in pdf downloads from the Gem and Diamond Foundation. Also available at the Internet Archive
(NOTE: Kunz worked with Mathilde Laigle to write the Book of Pearl (part : "Années de professorat aux États-Unis"))
George F. Kunz Papers at New-York Historical Society
Gems and precious stones of North America. Overview of all locations of famous gemstones such as emeralds, sapphire, rubies to rare ones such as hiddenite(1890) available online and in pdf downloads from the Gem and Diamond Foundation. Also available at the Internet Archive
John H. Betts The Minerals of New York City originally published in Rocks & Minerals magazine, Volume 84, No . 3 pages 204-252 (2009).
1856 births
1932 deaths
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Gemologists
American mineralogists
Diamond cutting
United States Geological Survey personnel
Independent scientists
People from Manhattan
Burials at Trinity Church Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Frederick%20Kunz |
The Houston riot of 1917, also known as the Camp Logan Mutiny, was a mutiny and riot by 156 soldiers from the all-black 24th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army, taking place on August 23, 1917, in Houston, Texas. The incident occurred within a climate of overt hostility from members of the all-white Houston Police Department (HPD) against members of the local black community and black soldiers stationed at Camp Logan. Following an incident where police officers arrested and assaulted some black soldiers, many of their comrades mutinied and marched to Houston, where they opened fire and killed eleven civilians and five policemen. Five soldiers themselves were also killed as a result of the riot. In accordance with policies of the time, the soldiers were tried at three courts-martial; thirteen were executed, and 41 were sentenced to life imprisonment.
Gregg Andrews, author of Thyra J. Edwards: Black Activist in the Global Freedom Struggle, wrote that the riot "shook race relations in the city and created conditions that helped to spark a statewide surge of wartime racial activism".
Preliminary situation
Shortly after the United States declared war on Germany in the spring of 1917, the War Department rushed to construct two new military installations in Harris County, Texas — Camp Logan and Ellington Field. On July 27, 1917, the United States Army ordered the 3rd Battalion of the all-black 24th Infantry Regiment to guard the Camp Logan construction site. The regiment traveled to Houston by train from their camp at Columbus, New Mexico, accompanied by seven commissioned officers.
Precipitating causes
Almost from their arrival, the presence of black soldiers in strictly-segregated Houston raised tensions. Jim Crow laws were in place, and the soldiers were forced to contend with segregated accommodations including drinking facilities at the construction site. Prior to the riot, the soldiers were involved in a number of "clashes" with members of the Houston Police Department (HPD), several of which resulted in the soldiers sustaining injuries after being beaten and attacked.
Around noon August 23, 1917, Lee Sparks and Rufus Daniels, two HPD officers, disrupted a gathering on a street corner in Houston's predominantly-black San Felipe district by firing warning shots. Sparks, pursuing those who fled the gunshots, burst into the home of a local woman named Sara Travers. He did not find any of the citizens he was chasing. Refusing to believe Travers' protestations that she had no knowledge of their whereabouts, Sparks dragged her outside of her house and arrested her.
As Sparks and Daniels called in the arrest from a patrol box, they were approached by Private Alonzo Edwards. Edwards offered to take custody of Travers, but instead was pistol-whipped repeatedly by Sparks and then arrested himself. Later that afternoon, Corporal Charles Baltimore approached Sparks and Daniels to inquire about the status of Edwards. Sparks struck Baltimore with his pistol and fired three shots at him as he fled into a nearby home. Sparks and Daniels pursued Baltimore, eventually finding him under a bed. They pulled him out, beat him, and placed him under arrest.
Rumor reached Camp Logan that Baltimore had been shot and killed. The soldiers immediately began meeting in small groups to vent their anger and eventually plot their retaliation by initiating a battle with the HPD. An officer from the 24th Infantry Regiment retrieved the injured Baltimore from the police station, which seemed to calm the soldiers for the moment.
The mutiny and riot
The soldiers soon received reports of impending violence by an angry white mob. Major K.S. Snow revoked all passes for the evening and ordered the guard around Camp Logan to be increased, but later that evening stumbled upon a group of men attempting to arm themselves from one of the supply tents. Snow ordered the men to assemble without arms and warned them that it was "utterly foolish, foolhardy, for them to think of taking the law into their own hands." One of the men, who had smuggled his rifle into the formation, fired it and cried out that a mob was approaching the camp. At this point, order broke down completely and the soldiers mobbed the supply tents, grabbing rifles and ammunition to defend themselves.
The soldiers began firing indiscriminately into the surrounding buildings. After several minutes of shooting at Camp Logan, Sergeant Vida Henry ordered the men in the area – about 150 – to fill their canteens, grab extra ammunition, and fall in to march on Houston. The group marched through neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city and fired at houses with outdoor lights. They fired on a car with two white occupants, but let a second car with black occupants pass. They marched nearly two and a half miles, all the way to the San Felipe district, before they encountered any police officers. Due to the disorganization of the HPD and the belief that the black soldiers would be unable to arm themselves, officers had been sent out only in small numbers, expecting to quickly subdue unarmed men. The first police casualties occurred when a group of six officers stumbled upon large numbers of armed soldiers. Two policemen (including Daniels) were killed immediately, and one later died of wounds he had sustained.
As the soldiers moved through Houston, an open-topped car carrying a man in an olive-drab uniform approached them. Believing this to be the uniform of a mounted policeman, the soldiers opened fire only to discover later that they had killed Captain Joseph W. Mattes of the Illinois National Guard. The killing of a military officer drove home the seriousness of their uprising and of the consequences faced by black men for attacking white people. At this point, soldiers began to desert the group, and Sergeant Henry led the remainder on a march back to Camp Logan. Just outside the San Felipe district, Henry shook hands with the remaining soldiers and informed them that he planned to kill himself after they left. Henry's body was found in the area the next day, with his skull crushed and a bayonet or knife wound to his shoulder.
By the time the firing ceased seventeen people were dead, including four police officers, nine civilians, and two soldiers. One soldier and a police officer later died from wounds sustained during the riot, and one soldier died from wounds sustained during his capture the next day.
Immediate aftermath
The next morning, Houston was placed under martial law. The remaining soldiers at Camp Logan were disarmed, and a house-to-house search uncovered a number of soldiers hiding within the San Felipe district. Soldiers in local jails were turned over to the Army, and the 3rd Battalion was sent by train back to New Mexico.
In the ensuing court-martial, almost two hundred witnesses testified over twenty-two days, and the transcripts of the testimony covered more than two thousand pages. Author Robert V. Haynes suggests that the Army's Southern Department commanding general, General John Wilson Ruckman was "especially anxious for the courts-martial to begin".
Ruckman had preferred the proceedings take place in El Paso, but eventually agreed to allow them to remain in San Antonio. Haynes posits the decision was made to accommodate the witnesses who lived in Houston, plus "the countless spectators" who wanted to follow the proceedings. Ruckman "urged" the War Department to select a "prestigious court". Three brigadier generals were chosen, along with seven full colonels and three lieutenant colonels. Eight members of the court were West Point graduates.
The Departmental Judge Advocate General (JAG), Colonel George Dunn, reviewed the record of the first court-martial (known as "the Nesbit Case") and approved the sentences. He forwarded the documents materials to Ruckman on December 3. Six days later, thirteen of the prisoners (including Corporal Baltimore) were told that they would be hanged for murder, but they were not informed of the time or place. The court recommended clemency for a Private Hudson, but Ruckman declined to grant it.
Although 169 witnesses testified at the court-martial, the darkness and rain meant that many of the witnesses were unable to correctly identify any of the alleged assailants. Historians have also questioned the veracity of witness testimony, noting that some of the witnesses who testified as participants were granted immunity or promised leniency.
The first hanging
The condemned soldiers (one sergeant, four corporals, and eight privates) were transferred to a barracks on December 10. That evening, motor trucks carried new lumber for scaffolds to some bathhouses built for the soldiers at Camp Travis near a swimming pool in the Salado Creek. The designated place of execution was several hundred yards away. Army engineers completed their work by the light of bonfires. The thirteen condemned men were awakened at 5:00 am and taken to the gallows. They were hanged simultaneously, at 7:17am, one minute before sunrise. The scaffolds were disassembled and every piece returned to Fort Sam Houston. The New York Times, commenting on the clean-up operations, observed the place of execution and place of burial were "indistinguishable." The soldiers were buried in unmarked graves by the Salado Creek, their surnames were written on paper placed in empty soda bottles that were buried with each man.
Ruckman told reporters he had personally approved the death sentences and said that forty-one soldiers had been given life sentences and four received sentences of two and a half years or less. He said he was the one who chose the time and place for the executions. Military jurist Frederick Bernays Wiener has observed that Ruckman's approval and execution of the death sentences were "entirely legal" and "in complete conformity" with the 1916 Articles of War.
Second and third courts martial
A second court-martial, the "Washington" case, began six days later. Fifteen men of the Lower A Division were tried and five were sentenced to death. On January 2, 1918, Ruckman approved the sentences in a public statement. A new rule, General Orders 167 (December 29, 1917), prohibited the execution of any death sentence until the JAG could review the sentences (the JAG Boards of Review to review death sentences were created by a subsequent rule, General Orders 7, on January 7, 1918). The boards, though they had advisory power only, were the Army's first appellate courts.)
While waiting for the JAG review to occur, Ruckman approved a third court-martial, the "Tillman" case, of forty more soldiers. On March 26, 1918, twenty-three of those forty soldiers were found guilty. Eleven of the twenty-three were sentenced to death and the remaining twelve to life in prison. On May 2, Ruckman approved the sentences.
Wilson's clemency and commentary
On August 31, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson granted clemency to ten soldiers by commuting their death sentences to life in prison. Wilson issued a rare public statement in order that the basis of his action might be "a matter of record."
The President's statement began by recounting the events that led to the deaths of "innocent bystanders" who were "peaceable disposed civilians of the City of Houston." He noted the investigations that followed were "very searching and thorough", in the fashion of most investigations involving alleged attacks by black citizens. In each of the three proceedings, the court was promised to be "properly constituted" and composed of "officers of experience and sobriety of judgment." Wilson also took pains to claim that "extraordinary precautions" were taken to "insure the fairness of the trials" and, in each instance, the rights of the defendants were "surrounded at every point" by the "safeguards" of "a humane administration of the law." As a result, technically there were "no legal errors" which had "prejudiced the rights of the accused."
Wilson stated that he affirmed the death sentences of six soldiers because there was "plain evidence" that they "deliberately" engaged in "shocking brutality." On the other hand, he commuted the remaining sentences because he believed the "lesson" of the lawless riot had already been "adequately pointed." He desired the "splendid loyalty" of African American soldiers be recognized and expressed the hope that clemency would inspire them "to further zeal and service to the country."
Most importantly, from Ruckman's standpoint, Wilson (a former law professor) wrote the actions taken by the former Commander of the Southern Department were "legal and justified by the record." Indeed, the President agreed that "a stern redress" of the rioters' "wrongs" was the "surest protection of society against their further recurrence". As historian Calvin C. Smith noted in 1991, there was no proof of a "conspiracy", and many of the sentenced were not conclusively identified in the dark and rainy night as having even participated in the riot, despite the pledge of fair trials and absolute transparency.
Release and rehabilitation
On 14 December 1924, four of the rioters were released on parole, with 34 remaining imprisoned in Fort Leavenworth. On 8 March 1927, President Calvin Coolidge reduced the sentences for the last 20 imprisoned rioters, making them eligible for parole within one year. In 1937, the remains of the 13 executed soldiers were exhumed from their unmarked graves and reburied with military headstones in Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery. In 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the release of last rioters still in prison.
As of February 2022, the Pentagon is reviewing a clemency petition for all those convicted in the riot.
Camp Logan today
The area where Camp Logan was located is now called Memorial Park. It is bordered by highways I-10 and I-610.
In popular culture
The hanging of the first 13 soldiers is mentioned in part 4 of the 1979 television miniseries Roots: The Next Generations.
KHOU, a CBS affiliated TV station located in Houston produced a documentary of the riot in 2006 entitled Mutiny on the Bayou: The Camp Logan Story.
The 24th, a movie about the riot, was filmed partly in the Brooklyn-South Square section of Salisbury, North Carolina in June 2019.
Fire and Movement is a newly commissioned public performance by interdisciplinary Chicago-based artist Jefferson Pinder in 2019. The uprising saw African American soldiers of the 3rd Battalion of the 24th United States Infantry revolt and attempt to march on the city police department after experiencing abuse from white citizens and the police in Jim Crow-era Houston. On July 11, 2019, Pinder and a trained group of performers retraced the route taken by African American soldiers. This incident is one of Houston's most complicated and often-misrepresented historical events.
In August 2021, Latino author and lawyer Jaime Salazar (Legion of the Lost, Escaping the Amazon) released an updated account of the mutiny and courts martial, Mutiny of Rage. The work is published by Rowman & Littlefield and represented by Leticia Gomez of Savvy Literary Agency. A foreword was penned by distinguished military law professor and retired US Army JAG lieutenant colonel Geoffrey Corn. Salazar, a graduate of South Texas College of Law Houston, had access to recently declassified archives, court transcripts, and historical archives.
See also
1917 in the United States
Woodrow Wilson and race
History of the African-Americans in Houston
Turner W. Bell – famous black lawyer who defended some of the soldiers
Military history of African Americans
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
References
Further reading
James, Rawn Jr. The Double V: How Wars, Protest, and Harry Truman Desegregated America's Military. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2013. .
(Novelization of the riot.)
External links
List of 13 executed
List of five sentenced to be executed
Symposium: The Largest Murder Trial in American History: Exploring the Houston Riot of 1917 and its Impact on Military Justice Today
1917 in Texas
1917 murders in the United States
1917 riots
African-American history in Houston
African-American history of the United States military
African-American riots in the United States
August 1917 events
Events that led to courts-martial
History of Houston
Mass murder in 1917
Mutinies in World War I
Riots and civil disorder in Texas
United States home front during World War I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston%20riot%20of%201917 |
Mirbat () is a coastal town in the Dhofar governorate, in southwestern Oman. It was the site of the 1972 Battle of Mirbat between Communist guerrillas on one side and the armed forces of the Sultan of Oman and their Special Air Service advisers.
Mirbat (Moscha) was involved in the export of frankincense in ancient times, to places as far as China.
Mirbat also houses the mausoleum of Bin Ali.
See also
Battle of Mirbat
References
Populated places in the Dhofar Governorate
Populated coastal places in Oman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirbat |
Salt tide is a phenomenon in which the lower course of a river, with its low altitude with respect to the sea level, becomes salty when the discharge of the river is low during dry season, usually worsened by the result of astronomical high tide.
The lower course Xijiang (West River) in Guangdong, China was periodically affected and has been widely reported since 2004, for bringing shortage of fresh water supply to the western part of the Pearl River Delta. The salinity level of tap water at Zhuhai was reported to be as high as 800 mg per litre in late February 2006, more than 3 times higher than the World Health Organization standard of 250 mg.
References
"Fresh-water crisis looms for Macau - Salinity keeps rising despite assurances", South China Morning Post, Page A7 Hong Kong & Delta, published Thursday, February 23, 2006.
Hydrology
Rivers
Freshwater ecology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt%20tide |
He Knows You're Alone is a 1980 American slasher film directed by Armand Mastroianni, written by Scott Parker, and starring Caitlin O'Heaney, Don Scardino, Elizabeth Kemp, Tom Rolfing and Tom Hanks in his film debut. The plot follows a woman who is stalked by a killer targeting soon-to-be brides the weekend before her wedding.
Shot on location in Staten Island, New York in late 1979, He Knows You're Alone was released theatrically in the fall of 1980 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and United Artists. Though the film received mostly negative reviews, it was a commercial success for MGM, grossing nearly $5 million at the U.S. box office.
He Knows You're Alone has been credited for being one of the first horror films inspired by the success of Halloween (1978) and shares a number of similarities with the previous hit.
Plot
A young bride is murdered on her wedding day by the man she rejected for her current fiancé Len Gamble, a detective. Several years later on Long Island, a young bride-to-be named Marie is stabbed to death in a movie theater while her friend Ruthie sits beside her. The killer, Ray Carlton, disappears into the night.
The next morning, Ray arrives at Staten Island, where he observes university student Amy Jensen from a distance. Amy is preparing for her wedding. She sees off her fiancé, Phil, and his friends on their way out of town for a bachelor party before the wedding. After attending a ballet class with her friends Nancy and Joyce, the three run into their philosophy professor Carl, with whom Joyce is having an affair. Amy leaves to go to a dress fitting, stopping to get ice cream on the way, where she notices a man following her. Outside the ice cream shop, she is startled by Marvin, her ex-boyfriend, who is on a break from his job at the local morgue.
Amy stops by the local dress shop for her fitting. Unbeknownst to her, as she leaves, the dressmaker is stabbed to death by Ray with a pair of scissors. Later that night, Nancy and Joyce surprise Amy at her home with a small bachelorette party. Her parents are gone for the weekend, leaving Amy in charge of her kid sister, Diane. Joyce leaves the party for Carl's house, where the two begin to have sex until the power inexplicably goes out. Carl goes to check on the electrical box. When he returns, he is stabbed to death by the killer with a kitchen knife after finding Joyce's lifeless body in the bed.
The following morning, Marvin arrives at Amy's house and insinuates that he wants to rekindle their relationship, and Amy expresses second thoughts over her marriage to Phil. While in the kitchen, Amy sees the mysterious man standing in her yard and becomes frightened. She invites Marvin to come to a local amusement park with her, Nancy, and Diane, but he declines as he has a shift at the morgue that night. Meanwhile, the police find the dressmaker's body at the shop. Detectives Frank Daley and Len Gamble arrive to investigate. Later, Amy and Nancy meet a student named Elliot while jogging through a forest trail. They later attend the amusement park with him, where he questions Amy's claims of a man following her. While riding a dark ride with her sister, Amy sees Ray inside the ride and confides in Nancy at her house that night. Amy briefly leaves to take her sister to a birthday party, leaving Nancy alone at the house. After taking a shower, Nancy puts on a record and lies down in the living room to smoke a joint. Moments later, she has her throat slashed by Ray.
Amy returns and is attacked by Ray after discovering Nancy's severed head in the fish tank. She rushes outside to her car and struggles to drive with Ray on the roof. She crashes the car in a wooded area and runs to the nearby morgue, where she finds Marvin and phones the police. Ray enters the morgue, and Detective Gamble arrives as well. Ray chases Amy through a tunnel system in the morgue's basement. When confronted by Detective Gamble, Ray stabs him in the heart after he gets shot in his left shoulder. Nevertheless, Ray continues to pursue Amy. Amy manages to trap the wounded Ray inside a storage closet and escapes from the basement with Marvin. The two flee outside as the police arrive and enter the morgue.
Later, Marvin and Amy are to be married, implying that she cut off her marriage to Phil. As Amy sits in front of a mirror in her wedding dress, an unseen person enters the room. She stands, approaches the individual and says "Phil, what are you doing here?" before screaming in horror.
Cast
Analysis
Film scholar John Kenneth Muir notes in his book Horror Films of the 1980s (2010) that, like other slasher films of the period, He Knows You're Alone is structured around an organizing principle, that being a wedding. In this instance, the film follows a format in which the narrative occurs during either a holiday or other important date. Whereas other contemporaneous slasher films, such as Friday the 13th (1980), utilize the summer camp setting as an organizing principle and locale, He Knows You're Alone takes place in various wedding-specific locations, such as a dressmaker's shop, a church, and the bride's home.
Production
Development
The concept for He Knows You're Alone was developed in 1979 after director Armand Mastroianni pitched an idea for a horror film to producer Edgar Lansbury, based on the urban legend of "The Hook", in which a young couple in a parked car are attacked by a murderer. When Mastroianni realized that Lansbury had little interest in the project during the middle of the pitch, he spontaneously suggested that the aforementioned plot be a self-referential film-within-a-film. This idea piqued Lansbury's interest, after which Mastroianni commissioned Scott Parker to write a screenplay for a slasher film that began with an opening sequence in which two characters watch a horror film in a movie theater, during which one of them is murdered by a serial killer. The film was written under several working titles, including Shriek, The Uninvited, and Blood Wedding.
Casting
The film marked the first film appearance of actor Tom Hanks, who played a relatively small part. In fact, it was said that Hanks' character was originally written to be killed off with Nancy's character, but because the filmmakers liked him so much, they omitted filming his death scene for the film.
Filming
Principal photography was originally intended to take place in Houston, Texas, under executive producer Samuel Z. Arkoff (who had executive-produced other releases from MGM, including The Amityville Horror the previous year), on a budget of $600,000. When Arkoff was unable to finance the film, production proceeded on a budget of approximately $250,000, with filming taking place entirely in Staten Island.
The film was shot on 35mm over a period of eighteen days in December 1979, with its climax being filmed at Staten Island's historic Seaview Hospital, including the underground tunnel system beneath the structure which was used to remove dead bodies of tuberculosis patients in the 19th century. Additional filming locations included Staten Island's High Rock Park, and South Beach Amusement Park.
According to director Mastroianni, the entire production from script to final edit took only six months to complete. The shoot was fast-paced and demanding on both the cast and crew, who had to relocate between various locations on a daily basis in order to shoot the entire script. Filming was completed days before Christmas 1979.
Music
The original music score was composed by Alexander and Mark Peskanov.
Release
Marketing
Though independently produced, He Knows You're Alone was acquired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and released through United Artists. To promote the film, MGM devised a theatrical trailer that featured footage of actress Caitlin O'Heaney applying makeup in front of a mirror, during which a hand breaks through the glass and grabs her. his footage does not appear in the film, and was shot on soundstages in Los Angeles after principal photography had completed.
Box office
He Knows You're Alone had its world premiere in Los Angeles on August 29, 1980. The film opened in New York City the following month on September 26, showing at several cinemas in Manhattan.
It earned $748,824 during its opening weekend across 279 theaters. The film remained in release for seventeen weeks in the United States, and was a box-office hit for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and United Artists, grossing $4,875,436.
Critical response
The film received mixed to negative reviews, including one by Tom Buckley of The New York Times, citing "uncertain pacing, halting performances and innumerable technical flaws", while praising the performance of male lead Don Scardino. The Boston Globes Michael Blowen faulted the film's script and direction as "slow and strictly second rate", adding "the production values are only slightly better than those in my uncle's home movies". Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times deemed the film a "standard grisly rampaging killer fare... there are the usual bows to Hitchcock... but He Knows You're Alone is really no more than just another by-the-numbers piece of sickening trash". In their October 23, 1980 edition of Sneak Previews, critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert lambasted the film as "gruesome and despicable", likening it to similar slasher films such as Friday the 13th, Prom Night, and Terror Train, all released the same year.
Jack Mathews of the Detroit Free Press wrote: "Rarely has a horror movie worked so hard for so little. There are so many cinematic shock tactics employedtacky eerie music announcing the killer's presence, shadowy forms in the foreground and background, slamming doors, blown light fuses, hands on shoulders etc.that you're numb by the sixth killing". Jimmy Summers of BoxOffice magazine gave the film a negative review, noting: "He Knows You're Alone is another one of those low-budget thrillers that should carry in the credits line: "Based on characters and ideas developed by John Carpenter"". Additionally, Summers noted the lack of on-screen violence as leaving the "more blood-thirsty horror fans feeling cheated". John Dodd of the Edmonton Journal similarly deemed the film "unoriginal and unnecessary" and a "bloody, boring walk down the aisle".
John Herzfeld of The Courier-Journal, however, praised the film's opening film-within-a-film sequence as a "wry twist", concluding: "Despite the incompetent script and some irregular pacing, He Knows You're Alone does deliver a few surprises and some suspense".
, the film holds a 30% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 10 reviews.
Home media
Warner Bros. Home Entertainment released He Knows You're Alone on DVD on October 5, 2004. On May 18, 2021, Scream Factory released the film on Blu-ray with a new 2K scan from the original interpositive, along with several new interviews with cast and crew members.
Legacy
The film's opening sequence, featuring a character being murdered in a movie theater auditorium while watching a slasher film, was repeated in Wes Craven's 1997 film Scream 2.
Notes
References
Sources
External links
1980 films
1980 directorial debut films
1980 horror films
1980s slasher films
1980 independent films
American independent films
American exploitation films
American serial killer films
American slasher films
Films about marriage
American police detective films
Films about stalking
Films directed by Armand Mastroianni
Films set in a movie theatre
Films set in Staten Island
Films shot in New York City
Home invasions in film
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
United Artists films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
Films about weddings in the United States
Films about violence against women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%20Knows%20You%27re%20Alone |
The Alaska Law Review is an academic law journal that is devoted to legal issues relating to the State of Alaska. First published in 1971, since 1984 it has been published by students at Duke Law School in Durham, North Carolina every June and December. The journal is not published in Alaska, because no law school operates within the state. The Alaska Law Review is funded by the Alaska Bar Association and a copy of the Alaska Law Review is provided to every Alaskan attorney as part of the dues to the Alaska Bar Association.
History
In 1971, the Los Angeles, California law school UCLA School of Law began publishing the Alaska Law Review as the UCLA - Alaska Law Review (from v.1 (1971)-v.12 (1983)). The review is published every June and December. In 1983, the Alaska Bar Association selected Duke University School of Law in Durham, North Carolina to take over publication of the Alaska Law Review. The Alaska Law Review is funded by the Alaska Bar Association and a copy of the Alaska Law Review is provide to every Alaskan attorney as part of the dues to the Alaska Bar Association. Because the Alaska Bar Association distributes a copy of the Alaska Law Review to every one of its members, numbering approximately 3000 lawyers in 2008, the Alaska Law Review is "one of the most widely circulated law journals" in America.
References
External links
Alaska law
American law journals
Biannual journals
General law journals
Law Review
Law journals edited by students
Academic journals established in 1971
1971 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska%20Law%20Review |
An equestrian helmet is a form of protective headgear worn when riding horses. This type of helmet is specially designed to protect the rider's head in the event of falls from a horse, especially from striking a hard object while falling or being accidentally struck in the head by a horse's hoof.
Certified helmets are required headgear for many competitive riding events, particularly where horse and rider must jump or work at high speed. Helmets are worn more often by English-style riders and are gaining acceptance as required headgear for children and young teens. They are also widely accepted in fields such as horse racing, eventing or show jumping. They are required in eventing, in endurance riding and other types of competitions. People who take their horses hacking or trail riding sometimes wear helmets, though there are tremendous variations in helmet use in different regions and cultures. In the United States, use is by fewer than one in eight riders. Some states, such as Florida and New York, are starting to require by law that riders under the age of 14 wear helmets at equestrian establishments, on public highways and publicly owned land.
Design
An equestrian helmet has a hard shell on the outside of an impact-resistant resin or plastic, sometimes covered with cloth for a more attractive look. The brim is particularly flexible and will give way immediately in the event a rider lands on it. Beneath the shell are materials designed to absorb the impact of a fall or blow. The inside is lined and often padded in order to be comfortable for the rider. Ventilation is usually worked into the design, and a harness is attached to keep the helmet on the head at all times.
Equestrian helmets have sport-specific differences from those used in other sports. For this reason, a helmet designed for another sport, such as bicycle or motorcycle helmet, is not deemed suitable for riding horses. The equestrian helmet covers more of a person's head than does a bicycle helmet, fitting lower on the head, particularly at the back of the skull, and has protection distributed evenly around the head rather than concentrated in the front and top. Aside from safety features, aerodynamics are less important in a riding helmet than in a bicycle or even a motorcycle helmet. The appearance of riding helmets is frequently based on that of an English hunt cap. In addition good ventilation and comfort are considered important features of a riding helmet.
Some riders feel that riding helmets are hot, uncomfortable or unattractive and do not want to wear them. However, the classic hunt cap, which modern helmets attempt to resemble, offered little or no protection to the rider of the horse. Neither do other types of hats popular with riders, including the derby, cowboy hat and the top hat. Use of helmets by beginning riders is becoming a common requirement, and some liability insurance policies for riding instructors ask the instructor to require their students to wear helmets.
Law and rules concerning helmets
Typically, helmets must meet one or more specific safety standards to be permitted for use in competition.
United States
The states of Florida and New York have passed legislation requiring the wearing of helmets for riding: In 2009, the state of Florida mandated helmets for youths under the age of 16; New York has had helmet laws affecting youths under the age of 14 under certain circumstances since 1999.
The United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) requires that, in classes that mandate a helmet to be worn, the helmet must be ASTM/SEI certified. The USEF also requires all junior riders (under the age of 18) in any hunt seat discipline to wear an ASTM/SEI certified helmet with harness fastened while mounted on their horse anywhere on the show grounds, and requires all riders to wear a helmet when jumping anywhere on the show grounds. The United States Eventing Association (USEA) requires that all competitors have properly fitting headgear that is ASTM/SEI certified as well. While other horse show events do not mandate helmets, the rules have changed in recent years to permit helmets as optional headgear in any class. All riders are required to wear certified helmets while competing in Hunter, Jumpers, and Hunt Seat Equitation classes, and in any other class, including Hunter Hack, where jumping is required. They must fasten their helmet harness and must verify that the helmet meets or exceeds the current standard and carries the SEI tag.
International
For FEI international competition that involves competitors from many different nations, protective headgear complying with the European (EN), British (PAS), North American
(ASTM), or Australian/New Zealand tested standards is required.
Aesthetic and symbolism
Riding helmets traditionally reflect the conservative style of dress that characterized earlier non-protective English riding headwear. The classic riding helmet is covered in black velvet or velveteen (either via a removable cover or permanently glued on), with a small, flexible, visor-style brim.
More recently, smooth finish helmets worn without a fabric cover, have become more common. A newly popular style in the hunter-jumper world features a lightly textured (less shiny) plastic shell with a decorative ventilation strip down the center. This design goes by many brand names, but, due to the ventilation strip, is informally called a "skunk helmet."
Jockeys who ride race horses wear a helmet designed without a brim, adding a colorful cover that is part of the owners’ racing colors, with a false brim for appearance's sake. Use of racing style colored helmet covers has spread to other disciplines, especially amongst Eventers. Casual riders often wear "training" or "schooling" helmets in a variety of colors and some even include patterns (such as stars or stripes). Cloth covers in brilliant colors and vivid designs can be purchased to provide even more variety, but are frowned upon (and are sometimes illegal) in the horse show ring, where black, brown or gray are still the standard.
There are helmet designs that resemble a cowboy hat, or have other "western" styling, such as a tan color, or a cordura outer cover. But adoption by western riders has been particularly slow, especially in the United States, where helmets are seen mostly in trail riding, competitive trail riding, and endurance riding, and seldom at rodeos (where use would be particularly well-advised) or in western-style horse show classes.
Some helmets retain a symbolic ribbon at the back, which dates from mounted hunting. Traditionally, black ribbon was used for fox hunting or general hunting, with red ribbon used when stag hunting or arme blanche hunting. The ribbon was "sewn up" (i.e. with a bow at the base of the helmet and the tail ends of the ribbon either cut off or glued pointing upwards on the body of the helmet) for "common" riders. The ribbon was "sewn down" (i.e. with the tail ends dangling from the bow, below the edge of the helmet) for hunt masters and hunt staff. Because any rider is entitled to wear a sewn up black ribbon, this is the standard for modern helmets retaining the ribbon. The use of "sewn down" ribbons by those not entitled to them sometimes occurs in the United States but is considered a serious transgression by traditionalists.
In some nations, members of the cavalry wear silver ribbons and national athletes wear gold ribbons. The ribbons are sewn up for troopers and common riders, and sewn down for officers and riders who have represented their countries at the Olympics or championships such as the World Equestrian Games.
Standards
Helmets must meet a defined standard to be certified for use in competition. Procedures vary from one nation to the next. However, as a general rule, the design standards are created by a standards organization that has knowledge of hazards in the field of activity, and then actual helmets are tested and certified by a separate Conformity assessment organization with testing expertise.
The testing standards in the United States and New Zealand are considered more rigorous than those in other nations.
Independent testing in the United Kingdom in 2003 by the British Equestrian Trade Association found a number of “traditional” designs from the three most established and respected British manufacturers failed a series of tests intended to determine if a design provided proper protection in the event of a fall.
Conformity assessment
Conformity assessment organizations that certify safety equipment perform some similar tests on all protective helmets (including bicycle, hockey and equestrian helmets), such as dropping them onto a flat anvil from a height of about six feet from several angles and directions. However, other tests are designed to consider the particular risks of a given sport. For equestrian helmets, these other tests may include dropping the helmet onto an anvil with a sharp edge, to simulate impact with the edge of a jump standard or a horse hoof.
United States
The most common standard used by sanctioning organizations in the United States is known as ASTM F1163 It is periodically updated, the most recent is ASTM F1163-13 (2013). It is a performance standard written by a volunteer committee of producers (persons who represent manufacturing companies) and users of equestrian helmets, and published by ASTM International. The standard defines performance criteria and test methods; it does not prescribe helmet design. This is the current standard adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
In the United States, conformity assessment of riding helmets to defined standards is performed primarily by the Safety Equipment Institute (SEI). Helmet manufacturers voluntarily provide samples of each model and size of helmet to the Safety Equipment Institute (SEI) for simulated crash testing using the test methods defined by the ASTM standard. If the samples pass the tests, the producers may label other helmets of the same model and size to indicate that the helmet is ASTM/SEI certified. SEI also monitors the market for helmets fraudulently labeled as being ASTM/SEI certified; for this purpose, SEI publishes a list of all the helmet models and sizes which it has certified.
Other United States standards
The Snell Memorial Foundation, best known for its safety testing standards for motorcycle helmets, also publishes a safety testing standard for Equestrian helmets, E2001. However, no national sanctioning equestrian organization to date has adopted the Snell standard, the ASTM standard is more generally used.
United Kingdom
Product Approved Specification (PAS) 015 is one British safety standard for equestrian helmets. It defines test methods to evaluate shock absorption, penetration resistance, strength and effectiveness of retention system, durability of quick release mechanisms, and deflection of the peak. The other standard is BS EN 1384:1997 The EN 1384 and PAS 015:1998 are now essentially the same. Conformity assessment in the UK for the EN 1384 and ASTM F1163 standards is performed by INSPEC
Europe
European Normes EN 1384 (Helmets for Equestrian Activities) and EN 14572 (High Performance Helmets for Equestrian Activities) are standards published by the Centre for European Normes in Brussels, and widely used for purposes of conformity assessment in Europe. The codes for EN standards is sometimes prefixed by other codes to indicate adoption by national standards organizations. For example, the acronym “DIN” is used to indicate the Deutsches Institut für Normung, and “BS” indicates a standard adopted in the UK.
Australia/New Zealand
The helmet standard in Australian and New Zealand standard is AS/NZ 3838:2006.
International
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide 65:1996 is a widely respected international best practices standard for entities operating certification programs such as SEI and INSPEC.
Standards compared
More recent versions of PAS 015:1998 and BS EN 1384:1997 are nearly identical. In contrast, ASTM F1163 and PAS 015 are not identical, though a series of tests in 1999 indicated that in some cases, the ASTM standard in use at that time was marginally superior. On the other hand, the current debate between the ASTM standard and the EN standard is primarily over the issue of ventilation slots, allowed by ASTM. The debate centers over whether there is an actual need for protection from penetration by sharp objects.
The SEI is accredited to ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Standards Council of Canada (SCC). This means that SEI is one of several testing programs that complies with the guidelines of the ISO.
See also
Hunt seat
Show jumping
Show hunter
English riding
United States Equestrian Federation (USEF)
International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI)
ASTM International
Safety Equipment Institute
References
External links
ASTM International
Safety Equipment Institute
Horse and Rider safety
Horse racing
Rider apparel
Helmets
Protective gear | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian%20helmet |
RGE may refer to
Racing Green Endurance
Recanati Giladi Entertainment
Runaway greenhouse effect
Rochester Gas and Electric
Roubini Global Economics
Royal Golden Eagle
Rádio Gravações Especializadas
Renormalization group equation
Beta-function
Callan–Symanzik equation
Exact renormalization group equation
Rogue (esports) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGE |
The srang (pronounced "sang"; in Tibetan often referred to as "dngul srang" i.e. "silver srang") was a currency of Tibet between 1909 and 1959. It circulated alongside the tangka until the 1950s. It was divided into 10 sho, each of 10 skar, with the tangka equal to 15 skar (1 srang = 6⅔ tangka). In 1959, the Chinese central government replaced the srang with the renminbi at a rate of 50 paper srang per yuan, in which the srang ceased to be legal tender.
Originally the srang was a weight unit, particularly to weigh silver and gold. It was equivalent to the Chinese liang (tael), i.e. to about 37.5 grams.
The srang first appeared as a silver coin in 1909 when Tibet began issuing a variety of denominations rather than only issuing the tangka. These 1 srang silver coins of 18.5 g were minted at Dode. The 1 srang coins were struck till 1919. Silver 1½ srang coins of 5 g were struck in Tapchi mint between 1936 and 1938 and again in 1946. Silver 3 srang coins of 11.3 g were struck in Tapchi mint between 1933 and 1938 and again in 1946. Billon coins of 10 srang were issued from Dogu mint between 1948 and 1952. Gold coins of 20 srang were struck in Ser-Khang mint between 1918 and 1921. In 1939, the first Tibetan banknotes appeared denominated in srang (notes of 100 "tam srang"; later the denomination was changed from "tam srang" to "srang"). Subsequently, the Tibetan government issued banknotes of 5, 10 and 25 srang.
In 1954, a silver coin was struck for distribution to monks. Although this coin was the last tangka issue, it was valued at 5 srang and was the last silver coin to be struck in Tibet.
The last Tibetan copper coins (5 sho = 1/2 srang) were issued in 1953, while 100 srang notes were issued in large numbers until 1959.
Notes
References
Bertsch, Wolfgang: Varieties of Tibet's Srang Issues". Numismatics International Bulletin, vol. 20, no. 1, January 1986, pp. 7–12.
See also
Historical money of Tibet
Tibetan tangka
Modern obsolete currencies
History of Tibet
Economy of Tibet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan%20srang |
William Desmond Young (6 June 1931 – 4 March 2020) was an Australian rules footballer who played with the St Kilda Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Young was an all-round sportsman, a top goal scorer in country football and a cricketer who once top-scored for a Victorian country team against England. He was also a well-performed track cyclist, represented Country Victoria at tennis and later in life was an A-grade squash player. He is widely regarded as the best all-round sportsman to come out of Gippsland.
In 1948, 1950, 1952, 1954 and 1955, Young was leading goalkicker in the Gippsland Football League, kicking 160 goals in 1954 and 136 in 1955. His best efforts were 26 goals in a game in 1950 and 22 in 1954.
Young debuted aged 25 with the St Kilda Football Club at full-forward in 1956, kicking 56 goals in his debut year and winning the VFL's leading goalkicker award.
He was St Kilda's leading goal-kicker from 1956 to 1960, including three years in a row (1956–1958) where he tallied 56 goals for the year.
Blair Campbell credited him with inventing the reverse punt shot at goal, now generally known as a banana kick. However, it is now believed the history of the banana kick goes back to South Melbourne Football Club's Allen Burns, who was described as kicking a banana kick in an article from the 1890s. Nevertheless, Young's use—whether learned or rediscovered independently—helped inspire Campbell and brought the kick into the mainstream.
Young was rather frail for a VFL full-forward—moreover, he was under 6 feet—but he used his leaping ability to mark overhead.
In 1962, he captain-coached Black Rock in the Federal FL and won the league goalkicking with 76 goals. He accepted a role at St Kilda as an assistant coach to Allan Jeans in 1963 that ended his playing career.
References
External links
St Kilda Hall of Fame Profile
Saints honour roll
1931 births
2020 deaths
St Kilda Football Club players
Coleman Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Young%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201931%29 |
Champions
Major League Baseball
World Series: Detroit Tigers over Chicago Cubs (4-3)
All-Star Game cancelled due to flight restrictions. However, inter-league games were played during the All-Star break.
Other champions
Amateur World Series: Venezuela
Negro League World Series: Cleveland Buckeyes over Homestead Grays (4-0)
Negro League Baseball All-Star Game: West, 9-6
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League: Rockford Peaches
Awards and honors
Baseball Hall of Fame
Roger Bresnahan
Dan Brouthers
Fred Clarke
Jimmy Collins
Ed Delahanty
Hugh Duffy
Hughie Jennings
King Kelly
Jim O'Rourke
Wilbert Robinson
Most Valuable Player
Hal Newhouser (AL) – P, Detroit Tigers
Phil Cavarretta (NL) – 1B, Chicago Cubs
The Sporting News Player of the Year Award
Hal Newhouser – P, Detroit Tigers
The Sporting News Most Valuable Player Award
Eddie Mayo (AL) – 2B, Detroit Tigers
Tommy Holmes (NL) – OF, Boston Braves
The Sporting News Pitcher of the Year Award
Hal Newhouser (AL) – Detroit Tigers
Hank Borowy (NL) – Chicago Cubs
The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award
Ossie Bluege – Washington Senators
MLB statistical leaders
Major league baseball final standings
American League final standings
National League final standings
Negro league baseball final standings
Negro American League final standings
Negro National League final standings
Events
January–July
January 25 - Dan Topping, along with Del Webb and Larry MacPhail purchase a majority control of ownership of the New York Yankees from the estate of Col. Ruppert for $2.8 million. The trio would later purchase the remaining 3.12% in March 1945, with Webb and Topping buying out MacPhail after a few years.
March 6 - Harry O'Neill, who appeared in one game for the Philadelphia A's in 1939, is killed in the battle for Iwo Jima.
April 7 - Pitcher Terris McDuffie and infielder Dave Thomas partake in a special tryout for the Brooklyn Dodgers. What made the tryout unique was that both players were black.
April 17 – Amputee Pete Gray makes his major league debut with the St. Louis Browns.
April 24 - Happy Chandler is selected by the owners to replace Kenesaw Mountain Landis as commissioner of baseball. Landis died after being elected to a new seven-year term. Chandler agrees to fulfil his term in the U.S. Senate, which overlapped his first six months in office.
May 3 - The New York Yankees released outfielder Paul Waner after just one game. Waner had come out of retirement the previous season due to a shortage of players because of World War II.
May 17 – For the fourth time in four days, every American League game was postponed due to rain.
May 21 - The Brooklyn Dodgers released Leo Durocher.
May 25 - In the Boston Red Sox 5–0 home loss to the St. Louis Browns, outfielder Leon Culberson of the Red Sox makes an unassisted double play. Culberson raced from center field to catch a short fly ball. He then ran to second and stepped on the bag and doubled up Vern Stephens of the Browns.
July 1 - Hank Greenberg makes his return to the major leagues. Greenberg had been one of the first players to register for the peacetime draft. In his return after forty-seven months away from the majors, Greenberg hits a home run, helping the Detroit Tigers beat the Philadelphia A's 9–5.
July 3 - Stan Hack, Phil Cavarretta and Don Johnson of the Chicago Cubs each scored five runs apiece, trying a major league record. The Cubs went on to defeat the Boston Braves 24–2.
July 4 - Augie Bergamo of the St. Louis Cardinals gets eight heads in a double header versus the New York Giants. In the second game alone, Bergamo in the second game got five of his eight hits. In the second game he hit three singles, a two run home run, and a grand slam. In all, Bergamo totaled 11 bases on the day as the Cardinals swept the Giants.
July 5 - Whitey Lockman hits a home run in his first major league at bat. In the game matching the Giants versus the Cardinals, Lockman hits his home run off Cardinals pitcher George Dockins, but the Giants end up losing 7–5.
July 6 - Tommy Holmes of the Boston Braves passes Rogers Hornsby in hitting in his 34th consecutive game. Hornsby's record had stood since 1922. Holmes record would stand until 1978 when it is broken by Pete Rose of the Cincinnati Reds. Holmes streak would end six days later.
July 21 – The Detroit Tigers and Philadelphia A's battle for 24 innings, ending the game tied at one. Tigers starter Les Mueller pitches 19.2 innings, while his A's counterpart, Russ Christopher, lasts thirteen.
August–September
August 1 – Mel Ott hits the 500th home run of his major league career.
August 4
World War II amputee Bert Shepard pitches in a game for the Washington Senators.
Tom McBride of the Boston Red Sox ties a major league record with 6 RBI in the 4th inning of a game with the Washington Senators.
Senators pitcher Joe Cleary becomes the last native of Ireland as of today to appear in a major league game.
Bill Salkeld, a catcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates, hits for the cycle and drives in all of Pittsburgh's runs in their 6–5 loss to the St. Louis Cardinals.
August 19 - In his final major league season, outfielder Jimmie Foxx makes his debut as a pitcher. He pitches seven innings, giving up just four hits as the Phillies defeated the Cincinnati Reds 4–2.
August 28 - Seventeen year old Tommy Brown of the Brooklyn Dodgers hits a triple off Rene Monteagudo of the Philadelphia Phillies. Brown then takes advantage of Monteagudo's wide-up to steal home. Brown became the youngest player in major league history to steal home plate. The Dodgers defeated the Phillies 7–1.
September 1- Vince DiMaggio of Philadelphia ties a major league mark with his fourth grand slam of the season. The Phillies defeated the Braves 8–3.
September 8 - In a contest between the Washington Senators and St. Louis Browns, Harry Truman, sworn in back in April after the death of FDR, becomes the first left hander and oldest president to ever throw out a ceremonial pitch. Washington defeated St. Louis 4–1.
September 9 – Cleveland Indians first baseman Mickey Rocco leads the way to a doubleheader sweep of the New York Yankees with two home runs, two doubles, and two singles. A crowd of 72,252 is on hand at Yankee Stadium to see their team lose 10-3 and 4–3.
September 9 – In the second game of a doubleheader, Dick Fowler pitches a no-hitter as the Philadelphia Athletics defeat the St. Louis Browns, 1–0.
September 13 - The Cincinnati Reds defeat the New York Giants 3–2. There were only 281 fans in attendance, making it the smallest crowd to see a game at Crosley Field.
September 29 – Chicago Cubs catcher Paul Gillespie homers in his final major league at bat. In 1942 he homered in his first major league at bat. He was the first player in MLB history to do both. John Miller was the second, in 1966 and 1969.
October–December
October 6 - Attempting to promote his pub, the Billy Goat Tavern, William Sanis purchases a ticket to game 4 of the world series. He attempts to bring his Billy Goat, Murphy, into the stadium but is turned away by the ushers. Sanis is so angered that vows to place a curse on the team, ensuring they'd never win another World Series. This became part of Cubs fork lore, known as the curse of the Billy Goat.
October 10 – The Detroit Tigers defeat the Chicago Cubs, 9–3, in Game 7 of the World Series to win their second World Series, four games to three. Chicago's next trip to the World Series occurred on 22 October 2016.
October 23 – Jackie Robinson is signed by the Dodgers; he is later assigned to the Montreal Royals for the 1946 season.
December 14 - The Cleveland Indians traded outfielder Jeff Heath, who'd led the team in home runs, to the Washington Senators for George Case.
Date unknown
The Mexican Winter League is born with the name Liga Invernal de Sonora
Births
January
January 3 – Larry Barnett
January 7 – Tony Conigliaro
January 8 – Jesús Hernáiz
January 12 – Paul Gilliford
January 12 – Bob Reed
January 18 – Tom Harrison
January 18 – Rich Severson
January 20 – Dave Boswell
January 22 – Jophery Brown
January 25 – Wally Bunker
January 29 – Dick Mills
February
February 9 – Jim Nash
February 11 – John Paciorek
February 12 – Don Wilson
February 14 – Bob Terlecki
February 15 – Ross Moschitto
February 21 – Tom Shopay
February 24 – Gary Moore
February 26 – Steve Hertz
March
March 1 – Jim Panther
March 5 – Dave Bakenhaster
March 11 – Dock Ellis
March 12 – Don O'Riley
March 12 – Horacio Piña
March 25 – Jim Ellis
March 30 – Dick Woodson
April
April 2 – Mike Kekich
April 2 – Reggie Smith
April 2 – Don Sutton
April 4 – Nick Bremigan
April 9 – Jerry Hinsley
April 11 – Mike Kilkenny
April 15 – Ted Sizemore
April 17 – Dennis Paepke
April 18 – Mike Paul
April 19 – Tommy Gramly
April 23 – Jorge Rubio
April 30 – Ray Miller
May
May 3 – Davey Lopes
May 4 – Rene Lachemann
May 5 – Jimmy Rosario
May 25 – Bill Dillman
May 26 – Al Yates
May 29 – Clyde Mashore
May 29 – Blue Moon Odom
June
June 5 – Chip Coulter
June 6 – Larry Howard
June 7 – George Mitterwald
June 12 – Gary Jones
June 20 – Ray Newman
June 25 – Dick Drago
June 30 – Jerry Kenney
June 30 – Otis Thornton
July
July 1 – Billy Rohr
July 2 – Ron Slocum
July 7 – Chuck Goggin
July 7 – Bill Melton
July 8 – Jim Ollom
July 10 – Hal McRae
July 17 – Greg Riddoch
July 29 – Roy Foster
August
August 4 – Mike Davison
August 6 – Andy Messersmith
August 15 – Duffy Dyer
August 15 – Bobby Treviño
August 16 – Jan Dukes
August 21 – Jerry DaVanon
August 30 – Tommy Dean
September
September 8 – Ossie Blanco
September 13 – Rick Wise
September 14 – Curtis Brown
September 16 – Bob Chlupsa
September 16 – Ed Sprague
September 16 – Héctor Torres
September 20 – Mike Jurewicz
September 25 – Steve Arlin
September 25 – Bill Hepler
September 26 – Dave Duncan
September 28 – Gene Ratliff
October
October 1 – Rod Carew
October 4 – John Duffie
October 7 – Dick Bates
October 11 – Bob Stinson
October 12 – Herman Hill
October 14 – Tom Silverio
October 15 – Jim Palmer
October 17 – Bob Christian
October 18 – Don Young
October 19 – Al Gallagher
October 19 – Gary Taylor
October 27 – Mike Lum
October 30 – Roe Skidmore
November
November 1 – Bobby Brooks
November 3 – Ken Holtzman
November 3 – Jim Johnson
November 7 – Dave Bennett
November 10 – Bill Southworth
November 12 – Rafael Batista
November 17 – Bill Harrelson
November 19 – Bobby Tolan
November 20 – Jay Johnstone
November 20 – Rick Monday
November 20 – John Sanders
November 22 – Denny Riddleberger
November 25 – Wayne Redmond
December
December 3 – Steve Huntz
December 3 – Lou Marone
December 6 – Larry Bowa
December 6 – Jay Dahl
December 12 – Ralph Garr
December 14 – Greg Goossen
December 15 – Gil Blanco
December 19 – Art Kusnyer
December 19 – Geoff Zahn
December 20 – Vince Colbert
December 20 – Keith Lampard
December 30 – Tom Murphy
Deaths
January
January 3 – George Stone, 68, left fielder for the Boston Americans and St. Louis Browns during seven seasons spanning 1903–1910, who led the American League in his 1905 rookie season with 187 hits, and topped the league in 1906 with a .358 batting average, total bases (291), on-base percentage (.417) and slugging percentage (.501), while finishing second in hits (208) and triples (20), third in RBI (71), and seventh in home runs (6).
January 5 – Bill Hobbs, shortstop who played with the Cincinnati Reds in the 1913 and 1916 seasons.
January 11 – Harry McNeal, 67, pitcher for the 1901 Cleveland Bluebirds of the American League.
January 14 – Ted Blankenship, 43, a hard throwing pitcher who played from 1922 through 1930 for the Chicago White Sox.
January 17 – Roy Radebaugh, 63, pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1911 season.
January 17 – Rube Ward, 65, backup outfielder for the 1902 Brooklyn Superbas of the National League.
January 18 – Mike Fitzgerald, 53, outfielder who played for the New York Highlanders in 1911 and the Philadelphia Phillies in 1918.
January 18 – Gene Lansing, 47, pitcher who played briefly for the 1922 Boston Braves of the National League.
February
February 1 – Tubby Spencer, 61, backup catcher who played for the St. Louis Browns, Boston Red Sox, Philadelphia Phillies and Detroit Tigers in all or parts of nine seasons spanning 1905–1918.
February 11 – Ham Iburg, 71, pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1902, who later posted three 20-win consecutive seasons at the Pacific Coast League from 1903 to 1905.
February 13 – Jocko Halligan, 76, backup outfielder who played from 1890 through 1892 in the National League for the Baltimore Orioles, Cincinnati Reds and Buffalo Bisons.
February 14 – Jim Curtiss, 83, outfielder who divided his playing time between the Cincinnati Reds and the Washington Statesmen from 1891 to 1892.
February 15 – Steve Behel, 84, backup outfielder who played with the Milwaukee Brewers of the Union Association in 1884 and for the New York Metropolitans of the American Association in 1886.
February 18 – John Munyan, 84, catcher who played for the Cleveland Blues, Columbus Solons and St. Louis Browns of the National League in a span of three seasons from 1887 to 1891.
February 20 – Charlie Heard, 73, pitcher and outfielder who played for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys of the National League during the 1890 season.
February 21 – Paul Radford, 83, outfielder and shortstop for nine different teams in a 12-season career from 1883 to 1894, who collected 1206 hits and 346 stolen bases in 1361 games, while being a member of the 1884 World Champion Providence Grays and three pennant-winning teams.
March
March 6 – Harry O'Neill, 27, catcher for the 1939 Philadelphia Athletics, whose name is linked forever to that of Elmer Gedeon as the only two major leaguers that were killed during World War II.
March 11 – Sam Mertes, 72, left fielder for five clubs in 10 seasons spanning 1896–1906, who was a member of the 1905 World Champions New York Giants and led the National League with 32 doubles and 104 RBI in 1903.
March 29 – Ray Tift, 60, pitcher for the 1907 New York Highlanders of the American League.
March 29 – Jim Hughey, 76, pitcher who played for the Milwaukee Brewers, Chicago Colts, St. Louis Browns, Cleveland Spiders and St. Louis Cardinals in a span of seven seasons from 1891 to 1900.
April
April 4 – Dick Cotter, 55, catcher who played from 1911 to 1912 for the Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago Cubs.
April 9 – Ted Cather, 55, outfielder who played from 1912 through 1915 for the St. Louis Cardinals and Boston Braves, as well as a member of the 1914 World Champion Cardinals Team.
April 13 – Joe Kutina, 60, first baseman who played in 1911 and 1912 with the St. Louis Browns of the American League.
April 16 – Chick Fewster, 49, second baseman who played from 1917 through 1927 for the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, Cleveland Indians and Brooklyn Robins, perhaps best known for being one of those involved in one of the most famous flubs in MLB history, the three men on third incident occurred in the 1926 season.
April 25 – Jim Murray, 67, outfielder who played for the Chicago Orphans, St. Louis Browns and Boston Braves in parts of three seasons spanning 1902–1914.
May
May 2 – Joe Corbett, 69, pitcher who played for the Washington Senators, Baltimore Orioles and St. Louis Cardinals National League clubs during four seasons between 1895 and 1904.
May 3 – Bill Stemmyer, 79, fireball pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters and Cleveland Blues from 1885 to 1898, who in 1886 led the National League in SO/9IP (6.17), but threw 63 wild pitches which is still the highest single-season total in MLB history.
May 6 – Eddie Zimmerman, 62, third baseman who played for with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1906 and for the 1911 Brooklyn Dodgers in 1911.
May 18 – Pete Cregan, 70, backup outfielder for the 1899 New York Giants and the 1903 Cincinnati Reds.
May 22 – Jake Atz, 65, middle infielder who played with the Washington Senators in 1902 and Chicago White Sox from 1907 to 1909; spent 27 years as a minor-league manager, winning six consecutive Texas League pennants with the Fort Worth Panthers from 1920 to 1925.
May 25 – Charlie Frye, 30, pitcher for the 1940 Philadelphia Phillies.
May 27 – Walter Carlisle, 63, English left fielder for the 1908 Boston Red Sox, who entered the records books as the only outfielder ever to make an unassisted triple play in organized baseball, while playing for the 1911 Vernon Tigers of the Pacific Coast League.
June
June 5 – Fred Lewis, 86, outfielder who played from 1881 through 1886 for the Boston Red Caps, Philadelphia Quakers, St. Louis Browns, St. Louis Maroons, and Cincinnati Red Stockings National League clubs.
June 8 – Bill Kemmer, 71, third baseman for the 1895 Louisville Colonels of the National League.
June 17 – Joe Visner, 85, catcher and outfielder who played with the Baltimore Orioles, Brooklyn Bridegrooms, Pittsburgh Burghers, Washington Statesmen and St. Louis Browns in a span of four seasons from 1885 to 1891, being also a member of the Brooklyn club that won the 1889 American Association pennant title.
June 18 – Sid Mercer, 64, Hall of Fame sportswriter who covered mostly boxing and baseball in St. Louis, Missouri and in New York City, and also served as an official with the St. Louis Browns from 1903 through 1905.
June 19 – Bob Gandy, 51, outfielder for the 1916 Philadelphia Phillies.
June 25 – Jack Mercer, 56, pitcher who played for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1910.
June 29 – Clarence Winters, 45, pitcher who made four mound appearances for the 1924 Boston Red Sox.
July
July 2 – Frank Grube, 40, catcher who played in 394 games from 1931 through 1936 and in 1941 for the Chicago White Sox and St. Louis Browns.
July 7 – Ollie Anderson, 65, who spent almost 40 years as a minor-league umpire, and officiated in 152 games for the 1914 Federal League, then considered an "outlaw" circuit now thought of as a major league.
July 7 – Cal Crum, 55, pitcher who played for the Boston Braves in the 1917 and 1918 seasons.
July 10 – Bill Barnes, 87, outfielder who played in 1887 for the St. Paul Saints of the Union Association.
July 16 – Tuck Turner, 72, outfielder who played from 1893 through 1898 for the Philadelphia Phillies and St. Louis Browns of the National League, a .320 career hitter who accomplished a rare feat by hitting an inside-the-park grand slam in 1897, whose .418 batting average posted in 1894 is ninth all-time for a single-season in MLB history, as well as the highest for a switch hitter.
July 18 – Frank Butler, 85, backup outfielder for the 1895 New York Giants.
July 31 – Snapper Kennedy, 66, outfielder who played in 1902 with the Chicago Orphans of the National League.
August
August 7 – Bobby Veach, 57, left fielder for the Detroit Tigers who batted .310 lifetime, while leading the American League in RBI three times and in doubles twice.
August 9 – Art Nichols, 74, catcher, first baseman and outfielder who played from 1898 through 1903 for the Chicago Orphans and the St. Louis Cardinals.
August 14 – Tommy Clarke, 57, a fine defensive catcher who spent ten years from 1909 to 1918 for the Cincinnati Reds and Chicago Cubs, and also served as a coach on the 1933 World Championship Giants team.
September
September 4 – William Fischer, 54, catcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers/Robins, Chicago Whales, Chicago Cubs and Pittsburgh Pirates during five seasons from 1913 to 1917, who led the Whales to the 1915 Federal League pennant.
September 12 – Cy Pieh, 58, pitcher who played from 1913 to 1915 with the New York Yankees.
September 12 – Dave Zearfoss, 77, backup catcher for the New York Giants and St. Louis Cardinals in parts of five seasons spanning 1896–1905.
September 13 – Cy Blanton, 37, All-Star pitcher and one of the mainstays of the Pittsburgh Pirates rotation in the 1930s, who won 18 games and led the National League in earned run average (2.58) and shutouts (4) in his 1935 rookie season, while leading again the league in shutouts in 1936 (4) and starts in 1937 (34).
September 18 – Ducky Holmes, 63, fine outfielder and smart base runner for seven different teams from 1895 through 1905, who posted a .281 career average and stole 236 bases in 933 games, and also managed 13 seasons in the Minor Leagues.
September 21 – Bert Humphries, 64, pitcher who played from 1910 through 1915 for the Cincinnati Reds, Chicago Cubs and Philadelphia Phillies.
September 27 – Lou Nordyke, 69, first baseman who played for the St. Louis Browns of the American League in 1906.
September 29 – George Van Haltren, 79, center fielder, primarily with the New York Giants, who hit a .316 lifetime average and ranked sixth all-time in both hits (2500+) and runs upon retirement; led the National League in triples and stolen bases once each, and also won 40 games as pitcher, including a six-inning no-hitter.
October
October 9 – Bob Ganley, 70, outfielder who played from 1905 through 1909 for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Washington Senators and Philadelphia Athletics.
October 12 – Henry Oxley, 87, a Canadian catcher who played in 1884 with the New York Gothams and the New York Metropolitans.
October 14 – Fred Tyler, 53, catcher for the 1914 Boston Braves.
October 16 – Hack Eibel, 51, outfielder and pitcher who played in 1912 with the Cleveland Naps and for the Boston Red Sox in 1920.
October 18 – Monty Pfyl, 59, first baseman for the New York Giants in the 1907 season.
October 25 – Ernie Baker, 70, pitcher for the 1905 Cincinnati Reds.
October 26 – Ernie Gust, 57, first baseman who played in 1911 for the St. Louis Browns of the American League.
October 27 – Jack Hannifin, 62, infielder who played for the Philadelphia Athletics, New York Giants and Boston Doves in a span of three seasons from 1906 through 1908.
October 27 – Taylor Shafer, 79, second baseman and outfielder who divided his playing time between the Altoona Mountain City, Kansas City Cowboys and Baltimore Monumentals of the Union Association in 1883, and later played for the Philadelphia Athletics of the National League in 1890.
November
November 1 – George Hale, 51, backup catcher for the St. Louis Browns in four seasons from 1914 to 1918.
November 3 – Mike Smith, 77, left fielder and pitcher who posted a .310 career batting average and a 75-57 pitching record with six teams from 1886 through 1901, while leading the American Association pitchers with a 2.94 ERA in 1887.
November 16 – Jake Northrop, pitcher for the Boston Braves from 1918 to 1919.
November 18 – Morrie Rath, 58, speedy and skilled second baseman for four teams in a span of six years from 1909 to 1920, who led both the American and National Leagues in fielding percentage, putouts, assists and double plays, and also was a member of the 1919 World Champion Cincinnati Reds.
November 22 – Dick Carroll, 61, pitcher for the 1909 New York Highlanders of the American League.
November 25 – Ham Patterson, 68, first baseman and outfielder who played for the St. Louis Browns and the Chicago White Sox during the 1909 season.
December
December 3 – Bill Kay, 67, outfielder who played in 1907 for the Washington Senators of the American League.
December 8 – Henry Fournier, 80, pitcher for the 1894 Cincinnati Reds.
December 14 – Connie Murphy, 75, catcher who played from 1893 to 1894 for the Cincinnati Reds.
December 15 – Tom Hess, 70, catcher for the 1892 Baltimore Orioles of the National League.
December 22 – Bill Crouch, 59, pitcher who played in 1910 with the St. Louis Browns of the American League.
December 24 – Hughie Miller, 59, first baseman who played with the Philadelphia Phillies in 1911 and from 1914 to 1915 for the St. Louis Terriers of the Federal League.
December 26 – Frank Lange, 62, pitcher for the 1910 Chicago White Sox.
December 27 – Gene Cocreham, pitcher who played from 1897 to 1898 for the Washington Senators of the National League.
December 27 – Hugh Fullerton, 72, Chicago sportswriter who helped break the story of the Black Sox Scandal and, as an early advocate of the value of baseball statistics, gained wide attention for correctly predicting the White Sox' upset of the Cubs in the 1906 World Series, even getting right the winner of each game and the day of a rainout.
December 27 – Cy Swaim, 71, pitcher who played with the Washington Senators of the National League in the 1897 and 1898 seasons.
Sources
External links
Baseball Reference – 1945 MLB Season Summary
Baseball Reference – MLB Players born in 1945
Baseball Reference – MLB Players died in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20in%20baseball |
Spanish Lake () is located in the Bluff Swamp on the Iberville - Ascension Parish line.
Early European settlers of the area that was developed as French and Spanish ancestry.
Among the projects and plans carried out by Luis de Unzaga 'le Conciliateur' while he was governor of Louisiana between 1769 and 1777 was the promotion of new settlements by Europeans, among them were French Acadians and Malaga in the fertile Mississippi region and more specifically in the Unzaga Post or 'Puesto de Unzaga' that he created in 1771 in Pointe Coupee, the parish of Saint Gabriel in 1773 and Fort Manchac in 1776.
It is fed into by Alligator Bayou, Brand Bayou, Bayou Braud, and Bayou Paul. Spanish Lake is a part of the Bluff Swamp Wildlife Refuge and Botanical Gardens, a national non-profit organization which has preserved of Bluff Swamp.
References
External links
Bayou Braud, Spanish Lake, and Alligator Bayou, LA Ecosystem Restoration Project US Army Corps of Engineers
Lakes of Louisiana
Bodies of water of Ascension Parish, Louisiana
Bodies of water of Iberville Parish, Louisiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%20Lake%20%28Ascension%20Parish%29 |
The Metropolitan Police Act 1829 (10 Geo. 4. c. 44) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, introduced by Sir Robert Peel, which established the Metropolitan Police. This was to be responsible for policing the newly created Metropolitan Police District, which consisted of the City of Westminster and parts of Middlesex, Surrey, and Kent, within seven miles of Charing Cross, apart from the City of London. It replaced a previously more diverse system of parish constables and watchmen. It is one of the Metropolitan Police Acts 1829 to 1895.
The Act
The Act was the enabling legislation for what is often considered to be the first modern police force, the "bobbies" or "peelers" (after Peel), which later served as the model for modern urban policing throughout Britain. Until the passage of the Act, the Statute of Winchester of 1285 was cited as the primary legislation regulating the policing of the country since the Norman Conquest.
See also
History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom
History of the Metropolitan Police
Peelian principles
References
Citations
Notes
Further reading
Gash, Norman. Mr. Secretary Peel (1962) 1:477-507
Harrison, Arch. "The English Police 1829-1856: Consensus or Conflict" International Journal of Police Science & Management 2 (1999): 175+
External links
Inspector Denning - Victorian Police in Westminster - UK Parliament Living Heritage
Metropolitan Police Act 1829 on the UK Parliament website
Metropolitan Police; Time Line 1829 - 1849
Metropolitan police - Timeline 1829 to 1899
learnhistory.org.uk Crime, Punishment and Protest Through Time, c.1450-2004
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1829
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning London
History of the Metropolitan Police
1829 in London
Police legislation in the United Kingdom
Robert Peel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan%20Police%20Act%201829 |
Muhammad Munawar Mirza (Punjabi, ) (born 27 Mar 1923 – 7 February 2000), was a prominent Iqbal scholar, historian, writer and intellectual from Pakistan.
His granddaughter, Ambreen Salahuddin, is a poet and writer.
Life and contribution
Born on 23 March 1923, he did his master's degree in Urdu, Arabic and Philosophy from the University of the Punjab. He started his teaching career in 1953, which continued, to his Government College years until his retirement in 1980. He was appointed the chairman, Department of Iqbal Studies, university Oriental College, Lahore from 1981 to 1985. He was appointed Director Iqbal Academy Pakistan from 1985 to 1988 and then from 1991 to 1993. He was a Member and office holder of many Committees and formations. Prof. Muhammad Munawwar wrote a large number of books relating to Iqbal Studies, Pakistan Movement, Islamic Studies, Literature and other topics. He contributed hundreds of articles on various topics, which were published in journals of International repute. He also translated a number of books from Arabic and English to Urdu. He attended a large number of National and International Conferences held in Pakistan and abroad. His book relating to the Iqbal Studies entitled Iqbal and Quranic Wisdom won the National Presidential Iqbal Award in 1986. As an acknowledgment and token of appreciation of his contributions, Prof. Muhammad Munawwar was awarded Sitara-i-Imtiaz by the Government of Pakistan.
His son in law Salahuddin Ayyubi is also a prolific writer. His grand daughter Ambreen Salahuddin and her husband Sajjad Bloch are renowned poets.
Works
Some of his major publications include:
Books
Iqbal : poet-philosopher of Islam
Iqbal and Quranic wisdom
Dimensions of Pakistan movement
Mīzān-i Iqbāl. Critical study of the Persian and Urdu poetry of Sir Muhammad Iqbal, 1877–1938, with emphasis on his forceful advocacy of Panislamism
Dimensions of Iqbal
Iqbal on human perfection
Burhān-i Iqbāl. On the religious convictions of Sir Muhammad Iqbal, 1877–1938, national poet of Pakistan
ʻAllāmah Iqbāl kī Fārsī g̲h̲azal
Qirt̤ās-i Iqbāl. Articles based on the ideology and works of Sir Muhammad Iqbal, 1877–1938; a research study
Abḥāth dhikrá Iqbāl al-miʼawīyah. In Arabic
Pākistān, ḥiṣār-i Islām. Articles on the history and politics of Pakistan written during a span of 50 years
Īqān Iqbāl
Maz̤āmīn-i Munavvar. Critical essays on 19th and 20th century Urdu authors
Karam farmā. Short biographical sketches of Pakistani celebrities belonging to different walk of life
Īqān-i Iqbāl
Aulād-i Ādam
Translations
Tīn Musalmān failsūf. Translation from the English of Seyyed Hossein Nasr's Three Muslim Sages: Avicenna—Suhrawardi—Ibn Arabi
Siyāsatʹnāmah. Translation from the Arabic of Nizam al-Mulk's Siyasatnama
Awards and recognition
Presidential Iqbal Award
See also
Iqbaliat
References
External links
Articles
Iqbaliyat Kay Sau Saal, from Iqbal Cyber Library
Obituaries, from Iqbal Review
Other
Books By Iqbal, from Bahoo.org
Iqbal Awards, from Iqbal Academy Pakistan
Department of Iqbal Studies, from Punjab University
Directors of Iqbal Academy
Iqbal scholars
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Academic staff of the Government College University, Lahore
Pakistani scholars
1927 births
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
2000 deaths
University of the Punjab alumni
20th-century Pakistani poets
Poets from Lahore
People from Sargodha District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Munawwar%20Mirza |
Boom is a 2003 Indian black-comedy thriller film directed by Kaizad Gustad and produced by Ayesha Dutt. The film stars Amitabh Bachchan, Jackie Shroff, Gulshan Grover, Padma Lakshmi, Madhu Sapre, Zeenat Aman and Katrina Kaif. Boom was Katrina Kaif's debut film. She was a last-minute replacement of model Meghna Reddy. The movie released on 19 September 2003, exploring the involvement of fashion world with underworld organised crime.
Plot
Anu Gaekwad, Sheila Bardez and Rina Kaif are three of India's top models and they are participating in a fashion show hosted by a prestigious brand of diamond jewellers. While on the ramp walk of the fashion show, one of the other models (perhaps intentionally) trips Anu, and she goes crashing down, which is a model's worst nightmare. Anu's supportive friends, Sheila and Rina, come to the rescue. The trio immediately confront the model who had tripped Anu and the argument (held in front of the audience) degenerates into a catfight. As the women scuffle with each other, they are met with a big surprise. Hundreds of glittering stolen diamonds, which were due to be smuggled out of the country, fall from the model's hair and on to the ramp, only to be snatched up by paparazzi and celebrities alike.
Anu, Sheila and Rina are in shock as the fashion show turns to mayhem. The stolen diamonds are priceless and have to be recovered by the gangsters, who hold the three glamorous models responsible for the heist-gone-wrong. The diamonds were due to be smuggled to Dubai and were stolen by Chhote Mia. They were then to be handed to his brothers. The leader of the trio, Bade Mia is determined to get the diamonds back and so begins a cat-and-mouse game between the three models and the three gangsters.
Cast
Amitabh Bachchan As Bade Mia
Gulshan Grover as Medium Mia / Cutpiece Salim Suiting Shirting
Jackie Shroff as Chhote Mia / Abdul 50-50
Zeenat Aman as Alice
Katrina Kaif as Rina Kaif / Popdi Chinchpokli
Madhu Sapre as Anu Gaekwad
Padma Lakshmi as Sheila Bardez
Javed Jaffrey as Boom Shankar aka Boom Boom
Seema Biswas as Bharti
Boman Irani in a special appearance as Jewellery shop owner/Potential Diamond Buyer in Dubai
Bo Derek – Cameo appearance
Rohit Bal – Cameo appearance
Wendell Rodricks – Cameo appearance
Box office
The film performed very poorly at the box office. Its lifetime collections amounted to about Rs. 12 million. The producer of the film, Ayesha Shroff, had to sell some assets of herself and her husband (Jackie Shroff) ; the money owed to one financier alone amounted to Rs. 180 million. Shroff later indicated that his marriage suffered as a consequence, and that his relationship with his wife "was tough after Boom."
In June 2020, Tiger Shroff opened up about the impact of Boom's failure on his family. The actor said, "I remember how our furniture was sold off, one by one. Things I’d grown up seeing around us started disappearing. Then my bed went. I started to sleep on the floor. It was the worst feeling of my life."
Music
The soundtrack was composed by Sandeep Chowta and Talvin Singh.
References
External links
2003 films
Indian comedy thriller films
2000s Hindi-language films
2000s comedy thriller films
Films scored by Rishi Rich
English-language Indian films
Films set in Dubai
Films shot in Sri Lanka
Films scored by Sandeep Chowta
Indian black comedy films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom%20%28film%29 |
Reuel Williams (June 2, 1783July 25, 1862) was an American lawyer and politician who served one term as a U.S. Senator from Maine from 1837 to 1843.
Early life and career
Born in Hallowell, Maine to Seth Williams and Zilpha Ingraham, he attended Hallowell Academy, and went on to study law. He was admitted to the bar in 1804, commencing practice in Augusta, Maine.
Political career
He was a member of the Maine Legislature, in the two houses of the legislature, from 1812 to 1829 and again in 1832 and 1848. He was commissioner of public buildings in 1831. He served as a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1836.
In 1837, he was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Ether Shepley and served from March 4, 1837, to February 15, 1843, when he resigned.
While in the Senate he served as chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Naval Affairs.
Private life
He was also the manager of the Kennebec & Portland Railroad for 12 years. He died in Augusta, aged 79, and was interred in his family's cemetery on the banks of the Kennebec River in Augusta.
His son, Joseph H. Williams, also a politician, was elected Governor of Maine. Daughter, Jane E. Williams, married Unitarian minister and author Sylvester Judd on August 31, 1841; they had three children. Daughter Helen A. Williams married John Taylor Gilman originally of Exeter, New Hampshire. After his death, she was remarried to Charles H. Bell of Exeter, New Hampshire.
He died in Augusta, aged 79, and was interred in his family's cemetery on the banks of the Kennebec River in Augusta.
References
Poor, John A. Memoir of Hon. Reuel Williams, Prepared for the Maine Historical Society. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Priv. print. H.O. Houghton and Company, 1864. googlebooks Retrieved May 3, 2008
1783 births
1862 deaths
Politicians from Augusta, Maine
People from Hallowell, Maine
Democratic Party Maine state senators
Democratic Party members of the Maine House of Representatives
Democratic Party United States senators from Maine
Maine lawyers
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuel%20Williams |
In quantum field theory and statistical mechanics, the Mermin–Wagner theorem (also known as Mermin–Wagner–Hohenberg theorem, Mermin–Wagner–Berezinskii theorem, or Coleman theorem) states that continuous symmetries cannot be spontaneously broken at finite temperature in systems with sufficiently short-range interactions in dimensions . Intuitively, this means that long-range fluctuations can be created with little energy cost, and since they increase the entropy, they are favored.
This is because if such a spontaneous symmetry breaking occurred, then the corresponding Goldstone bosons, being massless, would have an infrared divergent correlation function.
The absence of spontaneous symmetry breaking in dimensional infinite systems was rigorously proved by David Mermin, Herbert Wagner (1966), and Pierre Hohenberg (1967) in statistical mechanics and by in quantum field theory. That the theorem does not apply to discrete symmetries can be seen in the two-dimensional Ising model.
Introduction
Consider the free scalar field of mass in two Euclidean dimensions. Its propagator is:
For small is a solution to Laplace's equation with a point source:
This is because the propagator is the reciprocal of in space. To use Gauss's law, define the electric field analog to be . The divergence of the electric field is zero. In two dimensions, using a large Gaussian ring:
So that the function G has a logarithmic divergence both at small and large r.
The interpretation of the divergence is that the field fluctuations cannot stay centred around a mean. If you start at a point where the field has the value 1, the divergence tells you that as you travel far away, the field is arbitrarily far from the starting value. This makes a two dimensional massless scalar field slightly tricky to define mathematically. If you define the field by a Monte Carlo simulation, it doesn't stay put, it slides to infinitely large values with time.
This happens in one dimension too, when the field is a one dimensional scalar field, a random walk in time. A random walk also moves arbitrarily far from its starting point, so that a one-dimensional or two-dimensional scalar does not have a well defined average value.
If the field is an angle, , as it is in the Mexican hat model where the complex field has an expectation value but is free to slide in the direction, the angle will be random at large distances. This is the Mermin–Wagner theorem: there is no spontaneous breaking of a continuous symmetry in two dimensions.
XY model transition
While the Mermin–Wagner theorem prevents any spontaneous symmetry breaking on a global scale, ordering transitions of Kosterlitz–Thouless–type may be allowed. This is the case for the XY model where the continuous (internal) symmetry on a spatial lattice of dimension , i.e. the (spin-)field's expectation value, remains zero for any finite temperature (quantum phase transitions remain unaffected). However, the theorem does not prevent the existence of a phase transition in the sense of a diverging correlation length . To this end, the model has two phases: a conventional disordered phase at high temperature with dominating exponential decay of the correlation function for , and a low-temperature phase with quasi-long-range order where decays according to some power law for "sufficiently large", but finite distance ( with the lattice spacing).
Heisenberg model
We will present an intuitive way to understand the mechanism that prevents symmetry breaking in low dimensions, through an application to the Heisenberg model, that is a system of -component spins of unit length , located at the sites of a -dimensional square lattice, with nearest neighbour coupling . Its Hamiltonian is
The name of this model comes from its rotational symmetry. Consider the low temperature behavior of this system and assume that there exists a spontaneously broken symmetry, that is a phase where all spins point in the same direction, e.g. along the -axis. Then the rotational symmetry of the system is spontaneously broken, or rather reduced to the symmetry under rotations around this direction. We can parametrize the field in terms of independent fluctuations around this direction as follows:
with , and Taylor expand the resulting Hamiltonian. We have
whence
Ignoring the irrelevant constant term and passing to the continuum limit, given that we are interested in the low temperature phase where long-wavelength fluctuations dominate, we get
The field fluctuations are called spin waves and can be recognized as Goldstone bosons. Indeed, they are n-1 in number and they have zero mass since there is no mass term in the Hamiltonian.
To find if this hypothetical phase really exists we have to check if our assumption is self-consistent, that is if the expectation value of the magnetization, calculated in this framework, is finite as assumed. To this end we need to calculate the first order correction to the magnetization due to the fluctuations. This is the procedure followed in the derivation of the well-known Ginzburg criterion.
The model is Gaussian to first order and so the momentum space correlation function is proportional to . Thus the real space two-point correlation function for each of these modes is
where a is the lattice spacing. The average magnetization is
and the first order correction can now easily be calculated:
The integral above is proportional to
and so it is finite for , but appears to be divergent for (logarithmically for ).
This divergence signifies that fluctuations are large so that the expansion in the parameter performed above is not self-consistent. One can naturally expect then that beyond that approximation, the average magnetization is zero.
We thus conclude that for our assumption that there exists a phase of spontaneous magnetization is incorrect for all , because the fluctuations are strong enough to destroy the spontaneous symmetry breaking. This is a general result:
Mermin–Wagner–Hohenberg Theorem. There is no phase with spontaneous breaking of a continuous symmetry for , in dimensions for an infinite system.
The result can also be extended to other geometries, such as Heisenberg films with an arbitrary number of layers, as well as to other lattice systems (Hubbard model, s-f model).
Generalizations
Much stronger results than absence of magnetization can actually be proved, and the setting can be substantially more general. In particular :
The Hamiltonian can be invariant under the action of an arbitrary compact, connected Lie group .
Long-range interactions can be allowed (provided that they decay fast enough; necessary and sufficient conditions are known).
In this general setting, Mermin–Wagner theorem admits the following strong form (stated here in an informal way):
All (infinite-volume) Gibbs states associated to this Hamiltonian are invariant under the action of .
When the assumption that the Lie group be compact is dropped, a similar result holds, but with the conclusion that infinite-volume Gibbs states do not exist.
Finally, there are other important applications of these ideas and methods, most notably to the proof that there cannot be non-translation invariant Gibbs states in 2-dimensional systems. A typical such example would be the absence of crystalline states in a system of hard disks (with possibly additional attractive interactions).
It has been proved however that interactions of hard-core type can lead in general to violations of Mermin–Wagner theorem.
History
Already in 1930, Felix Bloch has argued by diagonalizing the Slater determinant for fermions, that magnetism in 2D should not exist. Some easy arguments, which are summarized below, were given by Rudolf Peierls based on entropic and energetic considerations. Also Lev Landau did some work about symmetry breaking in two dimensions.
Energetic argument
One reason for the lack of global symmetry breaking is, that one can easily excite long wavelength fluctuations which destroy perfect order. ``Easily excited´´ means, that the energy for those fluctuations tend to zero for large enough systems. Let's consider a magnetic model (e.g. the XY-model in one dimension). It is a chain of magnetic moments of length . We consider harmonic approximation, where the forces (torque) between neighbouring moments increase linearly with the angle of twisting . This implies, that the energy due to twisting increases quadratically . The total energy is the sum of all twisted pairs of magnetic moments . If one considers the excited mode with the lowest energy in one dimension (see figure), then the moments on the chain of length are tilted by along the chain. The relative angle between neighbouring moments is the same for all pairs of moments in this mode and equals , if the chain consists of magnetic moments. It follows that the total energy of this lowest mode is . It decreases with increasing system size and tends to zero in the thermodynamic limit , , . For arbitrary large systems follows, that the lowest modes do not cost any energy and will be thermally excited. Simultaneously, the long range order is destroyed on the chain. In two dimensions (or in a plane) the number of magnetic moments is proportional to the area of the plain . The energy for the lowest excited mode is then , which tends to a constant in the thermodynamic limit. Thus the modes will be excited at sufficiently large temperatures. In three dimensions, the number of magnetic moments is proportional to the volume and the energy of the lowest mode is . It diverges with system size and will thus not be excited for large enough systems. Long range order is not affected by this mode and global symmetry breaking is allowed.
Entropic argument
An entropic argument against perfect long range order in crystals with is as follows (see figure): consider a chain of atoms/particles with an average particle distance of . Thermal fluctuations between particle and particle will lead to fluctuations of the average particle distance of the order of , thus the distance is given by . The fluctuations between particle and will be of the same size: . We assume that the thermal fluctuations are statistically independent (which is evident if we consider only nearest neighbour interaction) and the fluctuations between and particle (with double the distance) has to be summed statistically independent (or incoherent): . For particles N-times the average distance, the fluctuations will increase with the square root if neighbouring fluctuations are summed independently. Although the average distance is well defined, the deviations from a perfect periodic chain increase with the square root of the system size. In three dimensions, one has to walk along three linearly independent directions to cover the whole space; in a cubic crystal, this is effectively along the space diagonal, to get from particle to particle . As one can easily see in the figure, there are six different possibilities to do this. This implies, that the fluctuations on the six different pathways cannot be statistically independent, since they pass the same particles at position and . Now, the fluctuations of the six different ways have to be summed in a coherent way and will be of the order of – independent of the size of the cube. The fluctuations stay finite and lattice sites are well defined. For the case of two dimensions, Herbert Wagner and David Mermin have proved rigorously, that fluctuations distances increase logarithmically with systems size . This is frequently called the logarithmic divergence of displacements.
Crystals in 2D
The image shows a (quasi-) two-dimensional crystal of colloidal particles. These are micrometre-sized particles dispersed in water and sedimented on a flat interface, thus they can perform Brownian motions only within a plane. The sixfold crystalline order is easy to detect on a local scale, since the logarithmic increase of displacements is rather slow. The deviations from the (red) lattice axis are easy to detect, too, here shown as green arrows. The deviations are basically given by the elastic lattice vibrations (acoustic phonons). A direct experimental proof of Mermin–Wagner–Hohenberg fluctuations would be, if the displacements increase logarithmic with the distance of a locally fitted coordinate frame (blue). This logarithmic divergence goes along with an algebraic (slow) decay of positional correlations. The spatial order of a 2D crystal is called quasi-long-range (see also such hexatic phase for the phase behaviour of 2D ensembles).
Interestingly, significant signatures of Mermin–Wagner–Hohenberg fluctuations have not been found in crystals but in disordered amorphous systems.
This work did not investigate the logarithmic displacements of lattice sites (which are difficult to quantify for a finite system size), but the magnitude of the mean squared displacement of the particles as function of time. This way, the displacements are not analysed in space but in the time domain. The theoretical background is given by D. Cassi, as well as F. Merkl and H. Wagner. This work analyses the recurrence probability of random walks and spontaneous symmetry breaking in various dimensions. The finite recurrence probability of a random walk in one and two dimension shows a dualism to the lack of perfect long-range order in one and two dimensions, while the vanishing recurrence probability of a random walk in 3D is dual to existence of perfect long-range order and the possibility of symmetry breaking.
Limits
Real magnets usually do not have a continuous symmetry, since the spin-orbit coupling of the electrons imposes an anisotropy. For atomic systems like graphene, one can show that monolayers of cosmological (or at least continental) size are necessary to measure a significant size of the amplitudes of fluctuations.
A recent discussion about the Mermin–Wagner-Hohenberg–Theorems and its limitations is given by Bertrand Halperin.
The most severe physical limitation are finite-size effects in 2D, because the suppression due to infrared fluctuations is only logarithmic in the size. The sample would have to be larger than the observable universe for a 2D superconducting transition to be suppressed below ~100 K. For magnetism, there is a similar behaviour where the sample size must approach the size of the universe to have a Curie temperature Tc in the mK range. However, because disorder and interlayer coupling compete with finite-size effects at restoring order, it cannot be said a priori which of them is responsible for the observation of magnetic ordering in a given 2D sample.
Remarks
The discrepancy between the Mermin–Wagner–Hohenberg theorem (ruling out long range order in 2D) and the first computer simulations (Alder&Wainwright), which indicated crystallization in 2D, once motivated Michael Kosterlitz and David Thouless, to work on topological phase transitions in 2D. This work is awarded with the 2016 Nobel-prize in physics (together with Duncan Haldane).
See also
Elitzur's theorem
Notes
References
Eponymous theorems of physics
Quantum field theory
Physics theorems
Theorems in quantum mechanics
Statistical mechanics theorems
Theorems in mathematical physics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermin%E2%80%93Wagner%20theorem |
The peaceful dove (Geopelia placida) is a pigeon native to Australia and New Guinea. The peaceful dove is closely related to the zebra dove of south-east Asia and the barred dove of eastern Indonesia. Until recently, the three were classed as a single species, Geopelia striata, known as peaceful dove or zebra dove.
Description
The bird is a relatively small pigeon and varies in length from 19 to 21 centimetres (7.6 to 8.4 inches). The peaceful dove has a pink-grey breast with chequered grey-brown wings. Thin striations of black appear around the neck and nape area and descend down the back. The eye is greyish-white and a blue-grey ring surrounds the eye that tapers off and joins the beak/cere. The juveniles are paler and less striated. They also have a duller eye ring. The nape is similar to that of the bar-shouldered dove in that the nape feathers are striated but differs in that the bar-shouldered dove does not have striated throat feathers like the peaceful dove. Furthermore, the nape feathers are grey-brown in colour compared to the vivid copper colour seen with bar-shouldered doves.
Calls of the peaceful dove are high-pitched "doodle-doo", "co-co-coo" and "croorrr!".
Behaviour
The peaceful dove is found in pairs, groups and flocks. They feed off the ground and are found commonly in streets and gardens. They also are found in scrublands, woodlands, watercourses, railyards and on the edge of rainforests. When not found on the ground feeding, they can be found in trees roosting.
The doves fly in a rapid, undulating motion. The wings make a flushing "frrr" noise when the birds are in flight.
Nesting
Breeding occurs from October to January in southern Australia and from March to June in northern Australia. Nests are built on horizontal branches of trees. Two white eggs are laid. The doves are very aggressive to other birds when breeding.
Distribution
They can be found all over Australia except Tasmania, southern Victoria and south western Australia . Unfortunately, the doves' range is reducing due to competition with the introduced spotted turtle dove. In New Guinea they are mainly found in the south of the island but also occur at a few sites in the north and on the Aru Islands.
References
Coates and Peckover (2001), Birds of New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago: a photographic guide, Dove Publications,
Pizzey and Knight, Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, Angus & Robertson,
Trounsen and Trounsen, Australian Birds: A Concise Photographic Field Guide, Cameron House. .
External links
Peaceful dove, Avibase
Peaceful dove, Rainforest-Australia
peaceful dove
Birds of Australia
Birds of New Guinea
peaceful dove
peaceful dove | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful%20dove |
The tangka (Tibetan: Tam or = silver tangka) was a currency of Tibet until 1941. It was subdivided into 15 or and, from 1909, it circulated alongside the srang, worth 10 sho.
Coins
Coins struck to the tangka standard were first minted in 1763/64 and 1785 and in larger numbers from 1791 to 1948. They exhibit a wide array of varieties and yet maintain a consistent fabric and type.
Nepali tangkas and mohars for Tibet and the first Tibetan tangkas
The first tangkas were struck in Nepal from about 1640. From this period onwards many Nepali tangkas were exported to Tibet. Subsequently silver coins of a reduced weight standard, mohars, were struck by the kings of the three Malla kingdoms which shared the Kathmandu valley. In the 18th century special debased mohars were struck by Nepal for Tibet. In 1763/4 and 1785 the first tangkas were minted in Tibet. These followed the Nepali fabric and type with minor differences to assert their local origins. In 1791, the Tibetan government opened a mint and started striking the so-called kong par tangkas. Its operations were suspended two years later but it re-opened in about 1836.
Sino-Tibetan tangka
China opened another mint in Lhasa in 1792, where the minting of the Sino-Tibetan tangka took place in 1792 (only pattern tangkas with inscription in Tibetan only). The Sino-Tibetan tangkas, struck in 1793 bear an inscription in Chinese, which says, Qian Long Bao Tsang (Tibetan money of the Qian Long period) on one side and its transcription in Tibetan on the other side. Tangkas for general circulation were only struck in the 58th year of Qian Long. In the following years of this era and in the Jia Qing and Dao Guang eras only silver shos weighing about 3.7 g were struck. The last Sino-Tibetan issues of the 19th century are dated to the 16th year of the Dao Guang era (AD 1836).
Kong-par tangka
The first indigenously minted Tibetan tangkas which were produced on a large scale are known as the Kong-par tangkas. The Kong-par tangkas were struck from 1791 to 1891. The design of these tangkas remained nearly invariable for several decades. Five different types can be identified based on details of design. Total five dates are found in these coins, 13-45 (1791), 13-46 (1792), 13-47 (1793), 15-24 (1890) and 15-25 (1891). Most of these coins bear the same date, 13-46 (1792) regardless of the year they were actually struck (numismatists refer to "frozen dates"). Two types of the Kong-par tangka dated 13-46 (1792) were actually struck in the 1840s and 1850s. On the obverse, these coins have an inner square with the date in it. The reverse of the coins display eight auspicious symbols of the Tibetan Buddhism, which surround a lotus in the inner circle.
Tangka with Lantsa script
These tangkas have legends in the rarely used Lantsa script (also called Rañjana script) which has its origin in Nepal. Most probably they were originally struck for ceremonial purposes by Nepalese who were residing in Lhasa, but eventually entered into general circulation. Some have Tibetan cyclic dates like 15-28, 15-40, 15-46 (= AD 1894, 1906 and 1912), while others bear meaningless dates. There legends can be read with some difficulty and seem to represent mantras.
Ga-den tangka
The Ga-den tangka date from c.1850 and these were struck till 1948. Thirteen major varieties in design have been catalogued. In all, there are at least 37 known minor varieties, but possibly 50 or more that could be noted. The obverse of the coins show the eight auspicious symbols (Tibetan: ) of Tibetan Buddhism: umbrella of sovereignty, two golden fish of good fortune, amphora of ambrosia, lotus, conch shell, emblem of endless rebirth, banner of victory and wheel of empire. These are usually arrayed around a central lotus. Their actual order and specific designs varied over time. The two sides of the coin have the same orientation. Starting from the top, the legend in Tibetan on the reverse says: dga'-ldan pho-brang-phyod-las-rnam-rgyal (The Palace of Ga-den is victorious in all directions). The legend is written in such a way as to fit into eight circles. These are actually derived from an earlier style in which the characters were inside lotus petals.
Kelzang tangka
This special tangka, struck in better silver than the normal Gaden tangkas, was distributed to monks during the Monlam Festival ("Great Prayer" Festival) in early 1910. The distribution most probably took place in the Kelzang Palace (Tibetan: bskal bzang bde skyid pho brang) which is located in the Norbulingka, the park and summer palaces of the Dalai Lamas in Lhasa. The coin may have taken its name from this palace which had been built by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalzang Gyatso.
Last Tibetan silver coin
An undated silver coin in the style of the earlier Gaden tangkas was struck on modern coin presses in 1953/54 for distribution to monks. It is the last silver coin which was issued in Tibet, and it circulated at the value of 5 srang, although its design is that of a tangka. The reverse depicts a wheel with eight spokes representing the „wheel of law“ (Sanskrit: dharmachakra, Tibetan chos ’khor) which was set in motion by the Buddha. In the centre of the wheel two comma-shaped elements represent what the Tibetans call norbu dga’ khyil („whorling jewel of joy“). This coin was struck in high grade silver and had the popular name tangka dkarpo gsar pa („new white tangka“).
Mints and metals
The earliest known series of the tangka and probably also the early Sino-Tibetan coins were struck in the Lhasa mint, located in Shol, below the Potala, from 1763 onwards. The first issues of the Kong-par tangkas were minted in Kongpo province. In the 20th century, four mints issued the Tibetan tangka in volume: Dodpal, Dode, Ser-Khang and Tapchi. In 1881, an edict was issued ordering that no discrimination to be made between the fake and the genuine tangka, thus the unofficially struck coins also became the legal tender. Differences in type and fabric of these coins are minor and there are no mintmarks. The Kong-par tangkas bear dates but the denomination is not mentioned on these coins. The Ga-den tangkas do not bear any date. Initially the coins were minted in silver, but later these were minted in billon. Silver 2 tangka coins were issued by Dodpal mint once in 1912, whose design was similar to the Ga-den tangka.
Banknotes
Banknotes were issued between 1912 and 1941 in denominations of 5, 10, 15, 25 and 50 tam (tangka).
See also
History of the taka
Historical money of Tibet
Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet
Tibetan srang
Tibetan skar
Nepalese mohar
Notes
References
Bertsch, Wolfgang: The Currency of Tibet. A Sourcebook for the Study of Tibetan Coins, Paper Money and other forms of Currency. Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, 2002.
Bertsch, Wolfgang: “The Tibetan Tangka with Rañjana Script”. Oriental Numismatic Society, Newsletter, no. 185, autumn, 2005, pp. 18–31.
Bertsch, Wolfgang: “The Kong-par Tangka of Tibet”. Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, no. 195, Croydon and Ringwood, spring 2008, p. 35-46.
Gabrisch, Karl: Geld aus Tibet. Sammlung Dr. Karl Gabrisch. Ausstellung des Münzkabinetts der Stadt Winterthur 27. September 1989 bis 12. August 1990, Winterthur and Rikon, 1990.
Rhodes, Nicholas G.: Tibetan Mints. Oriental Numismatic Society, Information Sheet no. 19, August 1978.
Rhodes, Nicholas G.: The Gaden Tangka of Tibet. Oriental Numismatic Society, Occasional Paper, no. 17, January 1983.
Van den Hooff, René: The Tibetan Gaden tangka. A die study. No place (Netherlands), 2015.
Walsh, E.H.C.: “The Coinage of Tibet”. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. II, no. 2, Calcutta 1907, p. 11-23.
Wang Haiyan: Xi zang di fang huo bi („The Regional Money of Tibet“ or „The Money of the Tibet Region“). Zang xue wen ku (Tibetology Series). Qing hai ren min chu ban she (Qinghai People's Publishing House), Xining, 2007.
Xiao Huaiyuan: Xi zang di fang huo bi shi (The coinage of the local Tibetan government), Min zu chu ban she (People's Publishing Company) Beijing, 1987.
Yin Zhengmin: Zhong guo xi zang qian bi tu lu (Illustrated Catalogue of the Money of China's Tibet), Xizang ren min chu ban she (Tibet People's Publishing House), Lhasa 2004.
Zhu Jin Zhong, Wang Hai Yan, Wang Jia Feng, Zhang Wu Yi, Wu Han Lin, Wang Dui and Tse ring Pin cuo: Zhong guo Xi zang Qian bi (Chinese Tibet's Money). Xi zang Zi zhi Ou Qian bi Xue Hui (Tibet Autonomous Region Numismatic Society). Zhong hua Shu ju, . /Z.449, Beijing, 2002.
External links
http://home.hccnet.nl/jwm.sanders/index.htm
Economy of Tibet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan%20tangka |
Taqah () is a province and coastal town in the Dhofar governorate, in southwestern Oman. It is located at about .
History
In 1908, J.G. Lorimer recorded Rakhyut in his Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, noting its location as the easternmost village in the Dhufar Proper two miles west of Khor Rori and 20 miles west of Mirbat. He wrote:
Places of interest
Approx. 2 km after the western entrance to the town there is a mosque named Shaikh Al-Afeef (Arabic: الشيخ العفيف). In its cemetery Mazoon al-Mashani, the mother of Sultan Qaboos, is buried. Under identical marble gravestones an uncle and a grandfather of the Sultans are buried.
See also
Dhofar Rebellion
References
External links
Oman Observer
Populated places in the Dhofar Governorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqah |
A proxy board is a requirement imposed under a Proxy Agreement by the U.S. Department of Defense's Defense Security Service on foreign investors seeking to acquire certain American companies. This is for national security reasons and applies mainly to defense contractors which are involved in highly classified contracts. The Proxy Agreement is between the foreign company, the US subsidiary holding classified contracts and the DSS.
A proxy board is a board composed entirely of American citizens which are responsible for the day-to-day running of the business. In this way the company's classified information is "insulated" from foreign exploitation but the parent company still benefits from any profits made by its subsidiary.
Special Security Agreement
A variation is a Special Security Agreement (SSA) where the board of the company can be composed of both American citizens and nationals from the parent company's country. In this case when issues relating to national security are discussed only American managers may participate. SSAs require companies to be run under American law and by American citizens. In May 2006 the CEO of BAE Systems described the "firewalled" status of BAE's US subsidiary, BAE Systems Inc., " The British members of the corporate leadership, me included, get to see the financial results; but many areas of technology, product and programme are not visible to us.... The SSA effectively allows us to operate in the US as an American company, providing the highest levels of assurance and integrity in some of the most sensitive fields of national security provision."
Examples of proxy companies
Tyco Integrated Security and SimplexGrinnell: When the Swiss company acquired Tyco Integrated Security in 1997, and SimplexGrinnell in 2001.
GEC/Tracor — When the British conglomerate GEC acquired the US defense contractor Tracor in 1998 it was required to establish a proxy board due to the highly classified nature of some Tracor contracts.
Rolls-Royce/Allison — Rolls-Royce was required to establish a proxy board for its newly acquired subsidiary Allison in 1995. However the Department of Defense lifted this requirement in April 2000 and allowed Rolls-Royce to adopt the more flexible Special Security Arrangement.
QinetiQ — UK defence technology company QinetiQ set up a proxy board to manage its US businesses in 2004 following the acquisitions of Foster-Miller Inc and Westar Aerospace and Defense Inc
References
United States Department of Defense | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy%20board |
Taqa or TAQA may refer to:
Taqa, Iran, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Taqah, town in Oman
Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (TAQA)
Training, Assessment and Quality Assurance (TAQA) in relation to adult, further and work-based educational assessment (in the UK)
See also
Taka (disambiguation)
TACA (disambiguation)
Tacca (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqa |
Takah may refer to:
Taqah, Oman
Takah, West Azerbaijan, Iran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takah |
Bad Hair Day: The Videos is a VHS release of four of "Weird Al" Yankovic's music videos.
The VHS contains the following videos:
"Amish Paradise" (Bad Hair Day)
"Gump" (Bad Hair Day)
"Headline News" (Permanent Record: Al in the Box)
"Money For Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies." (UHF)
External links
"Weird Al" Yankovic video albums
1996 video albums
Music video compilation albums
1996 compilation albums
Scotti Brothers Records albums
Scotti Brothers Records compilation albums
1990s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%20Hair%20Day%3A%20The%20Videos |
The Hotel Green was a hotel in Pasadena, California. It was built in 1893 by George Gill Green, and later expanded by him with two additional buildings in 1898 and 1903, creating a complex of three structures. The Hotel Green was the home of the Valley Hunt Club and the Tournament of Roses association.
Hotel Green, designed by Los Angeles-based architect Frederick Roehrig in 1893, was the first of the three buildings. The second building in the complex was originally known as the "Central Annex" and became known as "Castle Green," while the third building is known as the "North Annex." The entire block of annexes is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a Pasadena Historic Monument.
History
Construction on a hotel was initiated in 1887 by developer Edward C. Webster, between Raymond Avenue and the Santa Fe Railroad tracks. Webster's later insolvency led to George Gill Green acquiring the unfinished building. Green doubled the size and completed the hotel in 1893. The newly expanded hotel, named the Hotel Green, opened for business in 1894. During its time, the Hotel Green became a "social and cultural center for Pasadena," where it hosted society events such as receptions for significant visitors, and painting exhibitions. Due to the hotel's success, Green began building an addition in 1897, and the "Central Annex" opened on January 16, 1899 to coincide with Green's birthday, and 1,000 guests came to celebrate the occasion. The new building, to become known as "Castle Green," was on a full city block but was "set back from the streets, which provided ample space for a garden."
The hotel continued to grow in popularity with the new Central Annex. Its pedestrian bridge to the main hotel over Raymond Avenue became a popular viewing site for the Rose Parade, which ran along Raymond at the time. In 1903 Green added a third building. It incorporated an earlier building constructed in 1887, the Wooster Block, which had been part of the original site of the California Institute of Technology.
The original 1893 Hotel Green building was demolished in 1935.
In film
In certain scenes from the Puppet Master film series the Green Hotel was filmed to double as the "Bodega Bay Inn".
It is briefly seen in the 2005 film Rumor Has It.
Castle Green is also featured 1994's The Little Rascals.
References
External links
Official website
Buildings and structures in Pasadena, California
History of Pasadena, California
Defunct hotels in California
Green
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena, California
Green
1893 establishments in California
Mediterranean Revival architecture in California
Victorian architecture in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20Green |
Castle Green may refer to:
Castle Green, London, a suburb in Barking
Castle Green railway station
Castle Green, South Yorkshire, England, a location in South Yorkshire
Castle Green, Surrey, England, a small settlement near Chobham
Castle Park, Bristol, England, a public open space
Castle Green, the second building in the Hotel Green complex in Pasadena, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle%20Green |
Richard Warren Pousette-Dart (June 8, 1916 – October 25, 1992) was an American abstract expressionist artist most recognized as a founder of the New York School of painting. His artistic output also includes drawing, sculpture, and fine-art photography.
Early life
Richard Pousette-Dart was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota and moved to Valhalla, New York in 1918. His mother, Flora Louise Pousette-Dart (née Dart), was a poet and musician; his father, Nathaniel J. Pousette-Dart (né Pousette), was a painter, art director, educator and writer about art. His parents had combined their last names to form Pousette-Dart upon marrying. Pousette-Dart began painting and drawing by the age of eight, and in 1928 was featured in a New York Times photograph showing Richard and his father sketching each other's portraits. He attended the Scarborough School and by his teens possessed well-formed views about abstract art, writing in a psychology paper, "The greater the work of art, the more abstract and impersonal it is; the more it embodies universal experience, and the fewer specific personality traits it reveals." He attended Bard College in 1936, leaving after one semester to pursue an independent track as an artist in New York City. Pousette-Dart's first professional positions were as an assistant to sculptor Paul Manship and secretary in the photographic retouching studio of Lynn T. Morgan.
Career
Pousette-Dart initially concentrated on stone carving, expanding his work to include cast bronze and brass. He held in high regard the work of Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, who embraced tribal art and its ability to convey power and mystery through three-dimensional form. During the 1930s, Pousette-Dart frequented the American Museum of Natural History and became deeply interested in the formal and spiritual aspects of African, Oceanic and Native American art, especially carvings produced by Northwest Indian cultures. Many of his paintings and sculptures from the 1930s, such as Woman Bird Group (Smithsonian American Art Museum), embrace these totemic and symbolic forms.
In 1938, Pousette-Dart began a friendship with Russian émigré John D. Graham, whose writings offered a framework for engaging the ideas of European cubists and surrealists then being exhibited in New York City. Graham also encouraged interest in so-called “primitive” archetypal forms, and Pousette-Dart produced canvases with complex, interlocking biomorphic and geometric imagery, as well as hundreds of stylized, abstracted drawings of figures, heads, and animals.
Pousette-Dart's first one-man exhibition of painting took place at the Artists’ Gallery in New York in the fall of 1941, a year after he completed the painting Desert (collection of The Museum of Modern Art. In 1942, he completed Symphony No. 1, The Transcendental, a painting of heroic scale too large to show at the Marian Willard Gallery, where it was to be exhibited. This work was the first mural-sized easel painting by the New York School artists, influencing works such as Mural by Jackson Pollock (1943) and The Liver is the Cock's Comb by Arshile Gorky (1944). During the mid-1940s, Pousette-Dart exhibited at Howard Putzel's 67 Gallery, Peggy Guggenheim's Art of This Century and, in 1948, joined the Betty Parsons Gallery, which exhibited the work of Mark Rothko, Jackson Pollock, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt and other painters who came to shape the formative cannon of the New York School.
During the 1940s, Pousette-Dart's studio was located at 436 East 56th Street in Manhattan, near the Queensboro Bridge. His East River Paintings, created in this studio during the late 1940s, embrace the amplification of line, often realized by direct application of paint from the tube onto mixed-medium grounds that include sand, poured paint, and gold and silver leaf. In 1951, Pousette-Dart relocated to a farmhouse in Sloatsburg, New York, and eventually to nearby Suffern, where he maintained a studio for the remainder of his life.
Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Pousette-Dart experimented widely with varying types of media and approaches, alternating broadly between densely filled canvases and more simplified surfaces and forms. Richly layered works known as Gothic and Byzantine paintings, for instance, use heavy, layered impasto and resplendent, prismatic color to invoke manuscript illuminations, mosaics and stained glass windows. Savage Rose from 1951, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, is an example of these heavily impastoed works. "White Paintings," in contrast, are ethereal compositions of graphite line on variegated white grounds.
Beginning in the late 1950s, Pousette-Dart experimented with building form through small, individual dabs of color, creating paintings and works on paper that exhibit all-over, field-like compositions. By the 1960s, he concentrated on large-scale works composed of thick layers of such gestural marks, evoking pulsating, glowing allusions to space. Paintings known as Hieroglyphs, Presences and Radiances display dense fields and calligraphic structures that emerge and recede visually. Works of the 1970s and 1980s often exhibit large shapes—orbs and geometric forms— that serve as mandala-like focal points. While Pousette-Dart embraced a wide range of intense color within paintings and works on paper from the 1960s through the 1990s, he equally explored themes in black and white.
In 1950, Richard Pousette-Dart executed several drawings for a book written and published by editor and book designer Merle Armitage. Taos Quartet in Three Movements was originally to appear in Flair Magazine, but the magazine folded before its publication. This short work describes the tumultuous relationship of D. H. Lawrence, his wife Frieda, artist Dorothy Brett and Mabel Dodge Sterne, a wealthy patron of the arts. Armitage took it upon himself to print 16 hardcover copies of this work for his friends. Taos Quartet appears to be the only book illustrated by Pousette-Dart.
Richard Pousette-Dart exhibited with the Betty Parsons Gallery until its close in 1983, and as such, his work was introduced to a younger generation of artists showing at the gallery, including Ellsworth Kelly, Agnes Martin, Richard Tuttle, Robert Rauschenberg, and Jack Youngerman. In 1963, The Whitney Museum of American Art staged Pousette-Dart's first retrospective, with additional Whitney exhibitions in 1974 and 1998. During the 1970s Pousette-Dart worked in Europe, including Antibes, France, where he concentrated on watercolor. In 1990 Pousette-Dart's most complete retrospective was held at the Indianapolis Museum of Art, for which he created a 10 x 10-foot bronze door, Cathedral, which remains on permanent view.
Critical reception
Pousette-Dart is widely regarded as an Abstract Expressionist. He was fiercely independent and temperamentally disinclined to the downtown New York City tavern scene that fueled the artistic personas of Jackson Pollock, Franz Kline, Willem de Kooning, and others. Pousette-Dart did contribute to key discourses that shaped the emergence of the New York School: in 1948, he attended gatherings at the Subjects of the Artist experimental school; in 1950 he participated in a three-day closed-door conference at Studio 35; and a year later Pousette-Dart was included in the landmark exhibition Abstract Painting and Sculpture in America at The Museum of Modern Art. In January 1951, he was included in Nina Leen’s “The Irascibles,” published in Life magazine. This now-iconic photograph has largely come to define the core group of Abstract Expressionists.
The work of Pousette-Dart is often noted for its meditative and spiritual orientation, although the artist was not affiliated with any organized religious entity. In a talk given at New York's Union Theological Seminary on December 2, 1952, he noted: "My definition of religion amounts to art and my definition of art amounts to religion. I don't believe you can have one significantly without the other. Art and religion are the inseparable structure and living adventure of the creative.... Art is not a matter of perfect technique; it is life of the soul."
Photography
As a child, Pousette-Dart experimented with pin-hole photography and cameras, and by the mid-1940s he became extremely active as a fine-art photographer. His photographic works were first exhibited at the Betty Parsons Gallery in 1948, and in 1953 he was awarded third prize in Photography magazine's International Picture Contest. Additional exhibitions include a one-man show at Wittenborn's in New York City in 1953 and inclusion in A Second Talent: Painters and Sculptors Who Are Also Photographers at the Aldrich Museum of Contemporary Art in 1985.
Pousette-Dart's fine-art photography largely concentrates on portraits and nature studies. Notable sitters include Mark Rothko, John D. Graham, Betty Parsons, Theodoros Stamos, Barnett Newman, Robert Flaherty, and violinist Alexander "Sasha" Schneider. Many photographic portraits are experimental in nature, employing double-exposure, superimposition, and other forms of darkroom manipulation, which Pousette-Dart executed himself. Nature studies are often close-up views of organic forms, such as circular flowers and light refracted through ice, that share an affinity with visual themes in his mature painting
Teaching
Among Pousette-Dart's earliest students was Saul Leiter, who came to New York in 1946 to study painting with Pousette-Dart, but became enthralled by the elder artist's photography, spurring him to choose a career as a photographer.
From 1950 to 1961 Pousette-Dart taught painting at the New School for Social Research. Positions followed at Columbia University (1967), Sarah Lawrence College (1970–1974), the Art Students League (1980–1985), and Bard College (1983–1992). Among Pousette-Dart's notable students at the Art Students League were the expansionist painter/sculpturer Molly Ackerman who became in 1988 his in-studio assistant in Suffern, New York State, the Chinese activist artists Ai Weiwei and Zhang Hongtu. Christopher Wool studied with Pousette-Dart at Sarah Lawrence College, recalling, "Richard embraced his role as a teacher, but also didn't want to provide solutions for his students; he wanted them to look for their own answers. Instead of being dogmatic or indoctrinating he encouraged everyone to look for their own way."
Personal views and family
As early as high school, Pousette-Dart held a strong belief in pacifism. His 1935 essay for the high school magazine The Beechwood Tree was “I Have Been Called a Dreamer,” calling for pacifism. During World War II, Pousette-Dart became a conscientious objector, sent letters protesting the war to government officials, and refused to undergo an army medical exam. He was not prosecuted for his positions or actions.
Richard Pousette-Dart married poet Evelyn Gracey in New York City in 1946. Their daughter Joanna Pousette-Dart is an abstract painter who lives and works in New York City. His son Jon Pousette-Dart is a musician and founder of The Pousette-Dart Band.
Legacy
Richard Pousette-Dart died on October 25, 1992, in New York City. In 1996, exhibitions of his photography were held at the Zabriskie Gallery in New York City. In 1997–1998 he was honored with a retrospective at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 1998 the Whitney Museum of American Art staged Richard Pousette-Dart: The Studio Within, a major exhibition of paintings that featured a recreation of the artist's studio. Other major posthumous exhibitions include a traveling exhibition of works on paper organized by Conrad Oberhuber at the Schirn Kunsthalle in Frankfurt, Germany (2001), a jointly-produced retrospective exhibition at the Peggy Guggenheim Collection in Venice, Italy and Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City (2007), and Pousette-Dart: Predominantly White Paintings at The Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C. (2010) revisiting an original Betty Parsons Gallery exhibition of the same name.
In 1965, Pousette-Dart was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Bard College, and in 1981 was honored with the inaugural Distinguished Lifetime in Art award from the Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation. He exhibited in the main pavilion of the 40th Venice Biennale in 1982.
The Richard Pousette-Dart Foundation was established in 2013. The estate of Richard Pousette-Dart is represented by The Pace Gallery. In 2019, the Richard Pousette-Dart House and Studio in Suffern, New York was listed on the U.S. National Park Service's National Register of Historical Places.
References
Additional references
Gordon, John, Richard Pousette-Dart, New York, Whitney Museum of American Art in cooperation with Praeger, 1963.
Hobbs, Robert, and Joanne Kuebler, Richard Pousette-Dart, Indianapolis, Indianapolis Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1990.
Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, (New York School Press, 2003.) . p. 266-269
Marika Herskovic, New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, (New York School Press, 2000.) . p. 16; p. 38; p. 282- 285
External links
Official Website of The Estate of Richard Pousette-Dart
The Richard Pousette-Dart Foundation
1916 births
1992 deaths
Modern painters
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Abstract expressionist artists
Art Students League of New York faculty
Artists from Saint Paul, Minnesota
People from Mount Pleasant, New York
People from Sloatsburg, New York
People from Suffern, New York
People from Valhalla, New York
20th-century American male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Pousette-Dart |
Stow cum Quy , commonly referred to as Quy, is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England. Situated around north east of Cambridge lying between the Burwell Road (B1102) and the medieval Cambridge to Newmarket road (B1303, formerly A14), it covers an area of .
Origin of the name
The village's name derives from the joining of two settlements, one called Stow, meaning "high or holy place", that was around the present location of Quy church and Quy coming from Cowey or "Cow Island", the area around the Swan pub. Cum is Latin for "with". It was referred to as "Stowe Quye" in medieval times.
History
The area has been occupied for millennia and Bronze Age remains have been found in the parish. A Roman villa has been found just to the west of Quy Hall.
The Saxon Fleam Dyke runs close by the village. The two Saxon settlements of Stow and Quy built up on a raised area at the southern edge of The Fens that ran north all the way to Lincolnshire. The settlements were already joined by 1066, though had separate manors, and became a single ecclesiastical parish by the early 13th century. Stow was the area around the present parish church, and Quy around The Swan public house.
Jeremy Collier (1650–1727), the bishop and theatre critic, was born in the village and has a street named after him. The oldest parts of the parish church of St Mary at Stow End date from the 12th century. The nave and chancel were built around 1340. A Wesleyan chapel was built in 1840 but closed just after the Second World War and was demolished when the Wheatsheaf pub was extended.
Village life
Quy currently supports three public houses. The White Swan, or Swan, a timber-framed house, was open by 1750. The Prince Albert opened in the 1840s on the Newmarket Road and was renamed The Missing Sock after refurbishment in 2010. The Wheatsheaf at Stow End opened in the late 19th century. Former pubs in the village were The Plough which opened in the late 18th century and was perhaps replaced by The Bush which was open from 1821 to 1904.
The village sign was erected to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Children initially attend Bottisham Primary School in the nearby village and usually then go on to Bottisham Village College.
Nearby are a number of places of interest including the National Trust property of Anglesey Abbey and Quy Fen a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). Another nearby conservation area is Wilbraham Fen and there are several picturesque walks around the village.
Transport
The village is just off the A14 via the Quy interchange and is about two miles from the Newmarket Road Park and Ride. There is a bus service running between Cambridge and Newmarket passing through the neighbouring villages of Bottisham, Lode and Burwell. Cycle access is good thanks to a number of cycle paths.
Nearby villages
Bottisham
Lode
Teversham
References
External links
The White Swan pub
Stow-cum-Quy Parish Council website
Villages in Cambridgeshire
Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stow%20cum%20Quy |
The Battle of Alexandropol was a conflict between the First Republic of Armenia and Turkish Revolutionaries of the Turkish National Movement which was on November 7, 1920 at Alexandropol.
Background
The Turkish-Armenian War was a conflict fought between the Republic of Armenia and Turkish Revolutionaries of the Turkish National Movement which lasted from 24 September to 2 December 1920 and largely took place in present-day northeastern Turkey and northwestern Armenia.
Active Stage
On October 24, Karabekir's forces launched a massive campaign on Kars. Rather than fighting for the city, the Armenians abandoned Kars which by October 30 came under full Turkish control. Alexandropol was occupied by Turkish troops on November 7. Turkish troops were withdrawn from her after Treaty of Kars.
Results
The Treaty of Alexandropol was a peace treaty between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and TBMM ending the Turkish-Armenian War, before declaration of the Republic of Turkey on December 2, 1920. Armenian was forced to renounce the Treaty of Sèvres and cede over 50% of her claimed territory to Turkey.
References
Conflicts in 1920
Battles of the Turkish–Armenian War
1920 in Armenia
1920 in the Ottoman Empire
November 1920 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Alexandropol |
The Man with One Red Shoe is a 1985 American comedy film directed by Stan Dragoti and starring Tom Hanks and Dabney Coleman. It is a remake of the 1972 French film The Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe starring Pierre Richard and Mireille Darc.
Plot
An agent of the United States CIA is arrested in Morocco on drug-smuggling charges. The person behind the smuggling operation is CIA deputy director Burton Cooper, who hopes the resulting scandal will lead to the resignation of CIA Director Ross, and Cooper's promotion to Director. Ross is aware of Cooper's complicity, but when questioned by a special Senate committee about the arrest, Ross tells the committee that he has not reviewed all of the facts of the case. The committee orders a full inquiry and gives Ross 48 hours to present with the proper answers.
Ross devises a plan for Cooper's downfall. Knowing his house has been bugged for sound by Cooper, he purposely leaks a rumor that a man will be arriving at the airport who will clear him of the scandal, and orders his assistant Brown to pick him up. Cooper, desperate to find out who the mystery man is, sends his own agents to follow Brown, who goes to the airport with instructions to pick someone at random from the crowd, leading Cooper and his team on a wild goose chase.
Brown spots a man wearing mismatched shoes descending an escalator and picks him as their random target. The man is concert violinist Richard Drew, whose percussionist friend Morris played a trick on him by hiding one of each pair of his shoes, forcing Richard to wear one business shoe and one red sneaker on his flight home. Cooper takes the bait and starts tracking him.
Richard is completely oblivious to the intelligence operations centered on him, consumed by his own personal problems. He had a fling with Morris's flutist wife Paula, who plays in the same symphony orchestra as the two men; it was brought on by Morris's immaturity and obsession with playing practical jokes on people, Richard being one of them. After eluding them at the airport, Richard is bumped into by Maddy, one of Cooper's operatives, who steals his wallet.
After damaging his tooth with a bag of gag peanuts given to him by Morris, Richard heads home to prepare for a visit to the dentist. While talking on the phone with Morris, Cooper (who has tapped his phone) hears that they are to meet with the Senators. Cooper thinks it is an inquiry with the Senate, but it turns out to be the name of the orchestral softball team for which Richard and Morris play.
While Richard heads to the dentist, Cooper sends his agents out to continue their surveillance, first by having Maddy lead a team to search his apartment for any information and bug it for sound, then by having other agents intercept him at his dentist's office, believing his tooth has microfilm inside.
They learn Richard has traveled the world, including several communist countries. Cooper thinks this is the perfect cover for a spy and starts digging deeper. Soon, they suspect his sheet music is actually a code, and use Department of Defense computers to decipher it. Hoping to learn more, he sends Maddy to seduce Richard and find out what he knows. While Richard is playing a violin composition he wrote for her, Maddy genuinely falls for him. Meanwhile, Morris catches glimpses of the operations of Cooper's agents, leading him to believe he may be going mad.
Ross, meanwhile, simply sits back and watches the antics unfold. Brown is concerned that Richard (the innocent man that he selected at random) may end up being killed as a result of Ross's plan to draw out Cooper, but Ross is only concerned about his career and dismisses Brown's guilty conscience. When one attempt after another fails to yield any usable information, Cooper orders Richard killed and eventually attempts to kill him himself. Richard remains completely oblivious to the plot until Maddy intervenes to save him from Cooper, and testifies in front of the Senate about the plot. Cooper is arrested, Ross is demoted, and Brown becomes Director of the CIA. Morris is committed to a mental institution and Paula calls off her romantic pursuit of Richard, deciding that her husband needs her. Maddy agrees to testify against Cooper in exchange for her freedom, after which she reunites with Richard.
Cast
Tom Hanks as Richard Drew
Dabney Coleman as Burton Cooper
Lori Singer as Maddy
Charles Durning as Ross
Carrie Fisher as Paula
Jim Belushi as Morris
Edward Herrmann as Brown
David Ogden Stiers as Orchestra Conductor
Irving Metzman as Virdon
Tom Noonan as Reese
Gerrit Graham as Carson
David L. Lander as Stemple
Art LaFleur as CIA Agent
Pete Cody as Boy on Airplane
Release
The film was considered a box office disappointment. Released by 20th Century Fox in July 1985, it debuted at no.7 at the box office its opening weekend and grossed just $8,645,411 over its short theatrical run.
Reception
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 47% approval rating based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews."
See also
List of American films of 1985
References
External links
1972 Le Grand Blond avec une Chaussure Noire
1985 films
1980s spy thriller films
American comedy thriller films
American spy comedy films
American spy thriller films
1980s comedy thriller films
1980s spy comedy films
Films directed by Stan Dragoti
Films set in Virginia
Films shot in Virginia
Films set in Washington, D.C.
Films shot in Washington, D.C.
20th Century Fox films
American remakes of French films
Films about the Central Intelligence Agency
Films scored by Thomas Newman
1985 comedy films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
Films based on works by Francis Veber | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Man%20with%20One%20Red%20Shoe |
Amos Nourse (December 17, 1794April 7, 1877) was a medical doctor who became a U.S. Senator from the state of Maine for a very short term. Born in Bolton, Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard College in 1812 and from Harvard Medical School in 1817. At first settling in Wiscasset, and subsequently in Hallowell, Maine, he finally removed to Bath, Maine in 1845. He was collector of customs at Bath from 1845 and 1846 and commenced practice of medicine in that city. He was lecturer on obstetrics at Bowdoin College from 1846 to 1854, and professor of that branch from 1855 to 1866.
He was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Hannibal Hamlin and served from January 16 to March 3, 1857. He then became judge of probate of Sagadahoc County, Maine in 1860. He died at Bath in 1877 and is buried in Hallowell, Maine.
Sources
External links
1794 births
1877 deaths
People from Bolton, Massachusetts
Republican Party United States senators from Maine
Maine Republicans
19th-century American politicians
People from Bath, Maine
People from Wiscasset, Maine
People from Hallowell, Maine
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Medical School alumni
Bowdoin College faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos%20Nourse |
Boyd Henry Bode (October 4, 1873 – March 29, 1953) was an American academic and philosopher, notable for his work on philosophy of education.
Bode was born in Ridott, Illinois. He grew up in rural areas of Iowa and South Dakota and attended Pennsylvania College in Iowa and later the University of Michigan, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1897, and Cornell University, where he received his Ph.D. in 1900.
Bode became assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1900-1909) and was later appointed professor of philosophy at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1909-1921). In 1910 Bode published An Outline of Logic.
In 1921 Bode became professor of education at Ohio State University. There Bode wrote on philosophy of education and authored Fundamentals of Education (1921), Modern Educational Theories (1927), Conflicting Psychologies of Learning (1929), Democracy as a Way of Life (1937), Progressive Education at the Crossroads (1938), and How We Learn (1940). He agreed with many of the ideas of John Dewey, especially on pragmatism. Bode retired in 1944. He died in 1953 in Gainesville, Florida.
From 1911 to 1912 Bode served as vice president of the American Philosophical Association.
Life
Boyd Bode was the son of Henry Bode and Gertrude Weinenga. His father was a minister of the First Christian Reformed Church and he also farmed. In 1848, his family was part of a religious migration of Germans to the United States. In the 1870s his family bought farm land and moved to Iowa. Bode had seven younger brothers and sisters and he was the only one to pursue an education. He earned his degree in 1896 from William Penn College in Oskaloosa, Iowa. Bode achieved another A.B. at the University of Michigan. He then earned his Ph.D. at Cornell University in 1900. Bode married Bernice Ballard and had two children in 1903.
Bode’s realistic approach to educational philosophy mimicked that of John Dewey. From 1900 to 1909 he was a professor of philosophy and philosophy of education at the University of Wisconsin. He left Wisconsin and moved to Illinois to become involved in the university’s department of education. While at the University of Illinois he published An Outline of Logic, which in the field of philosophy, launched him into becoming a young scholar.
Bode received a great compliment and was asked to come to Ohio State University to become a professor in education and head the Department of Principles and Practices of Education. This was his first time not teaching philosophy and instead education. However, he continued preaching the philosopher’s cynicism and concern for logic while teaching education. Instead of a typical lecture during class, Bode approached a different way of teaching by questioning and challenging his students. He was very well liked by his colleagues and this is shown in a quote from Ralph Tyler who worked with him at Ohio State University, “My admiration for his keen intelligence, his persistent questioning, and his ready wit led me to become a good friend of Bode’s.” This quote shows just how well liked and admired Bode was for his significance to education.
In 1927, he came out with another triumphant publication titled Modern Educational Theories. Bode felt school and education was to be the establishments which allowed social equality to become a way of life. He made this clear in two more publications titled Democracy as a Way of Life and Progressive Education at the Crossroads. Bode retired in 1944 and had several bridge jobs taking positions in Cairo, Egypt, and several universities as a teacher. In 1946 he accepted an offer of being the graduate lecturer in philosophy at the University of Florida where he spent the rest of his life until his death in 1953.
References
External links
Master's thesis about Bode's life and work
Article in Time magazine about Bode
1873 births
1953 deaths
Cornell University alumni
William Penn University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Ohio State University faculty
Philosophers of education
20th-century American philosophers
University of Michigan alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd%20Henry%20Bode |
VEDIC UNIVERSITY : These special Universities are meant for spreading the knowledge of Sanskrit and Vedas / Vedic Sciences. Such Universities are concerned with Vedic Hinduism.
There are several institutions that contain the phrase Vedic University:
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Vedic University in Katni, Madhya Pradesh, India
International Vedic Hindu University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic%20University |
Izki () is a town in the region Ad Dakhiliyah, northeastern Oman. It is located at c. altitude, and has a population of 35,173 (2003 census).
The archaeological landmarks are still evidence of the ancient heritage of the state, where there are about 142 towers, and three castles, one of which is "Al Awamir Castle" and two castles in the town of "Al Qaryatayn", in addition to the presence of a number of archaeological houses, the most important of which are "Al Nazar and Al Yamin", along with a large fortress that was built during the reign of Said bin Sultan and some parts of it have been demolished due to the passage of time and erosion factors.
Location
One of the states in the Interior Governorate. It is bordered by Al Jabal Al Akhdar to the west, and by the states of Manah and Nizwa to the west and south. It is bordered by the state of Samail to the north and by the state of Al Mudhaibi in the North Eastern Governorate to the east. Its area is approximately 2500 square kilometers and it is about 138 kilometers away from the capital, Muscat. It has adopted the Royal Canal as its emblem.
History
Legendarily, Izki is Oman's oldest city. Popularly revered 'oldest cities' are claimed the world over, the historicity of which usually rests on local pride. Its ancient aflaj (water canals) probably nourished such beliefs. The twin walled towns, Izki/al-Yemen and al-Nizar, differ from each other in size and appearance. The former presently has half of the surface area as the latter. In 1908 the estimated number of houses in al-Nizar at 450, and in al-Yemen at 350, which contradicts this. Al-Nizar is still inhabited; al-Yemen has been deserted since prior to 1980, but the owners still care for their own houses. The present appearance, especially the regular streets, results from the 18th century destruction and rebuilding of al-Yemen.
Early Iron Age Izki appears to find mention in cuneiform texts. According to Neoassyrian sources, in 640 BCE, "Pade, king of Qade, who lives in Izke…sent envoys to cultivate good relations [and a state contract] burdened with gifts. They travelled six months, came to me [Aššurbanipal], asked of my condition and beseeched my rule." Some believe that Izki was mentioned in Neoassyrian cuneiform texts from Nineveh.
Serious archaeological fieldwork began in Izki with J. Schreiber (2007). He strove to contextualise this centre amongst other large oases in Oman by means of archaeological survey. In order to reach this goal, he studied the different contexts of key sites in Central Oman first hand as a pottery specialist. The poor preservation of such continuously occupied sites scared off most archaeologists. In his survey J. Schreiber tallied in and immediately around the old twin towns 1045 sites (2007: 124) ranging from the Hafit to Islamic periods.
In 2011 excavation and survey partly confirmed Schreiber's results. The town contains the remains of the entire pre-Islamic period. Numerous were the finds of the Early Iron Age and Late Iron Age. Particularly eroded and disturbed was al-Nizar. Excavation of the highest part of Al-Yemen revealed an older mosque, presumably that destroyed during the civil war (886-970 AD).
On the other side of the Wadi Khalfayn lies a large cemetery which contains pottery sherds of the Samad Late Iron Age, but of other periods as well. The graves are mostly of this period.
Attractions
One of the most prominent tourist attractions in the state is "Al Maliki Canal", which gained its name from Malik bin Fahm Al Azdi, as well as "Ghar Wajranan", which is surrounded by many intertwined stories between reality and fiction.
Zakiet Archaeological Tombs
Located in the Al-Dakhiliyah Governorate, historians say that they date back to the 3rd millennium BC. The Zakiet archaeological tombs are situated on a cylindrical-shaped hill overlooking the village. They consist of two walls made of mountain rocks resembling the shape of a beehive cell. The presence of tombs on the top of the hill leads researchers to believe that the site was used as a fortress to repel invading armies.
Jarnan Cave
Jarnan Cave is located in the Azki state and dates back to the pre-Islamic era. It is situated on an unstable rocky hill, overlooking the ancient neighborhood of Al-Nazar. The cave was named Jarnan after the old name of the state in the pre-Islamic era. The entrance to the cave is in front of the Halfeen Valley. It was previously said that a person could only enter the cave by crawling, but due to erosion, these openings have become almost invisible.
The length of the cave extends from approximately 15 to 20 meters. Many stories circulate about Jarnan Cave, although many locals deny their validity.
The legends say that the people of Azki used to worship an idol in the form of a golden calf named Jarnan, adorned with jewelry and precious gems. When the people of Azki embraced Islam, the calf was hidden inside a cave beneath the village of Nazar, and it was guarded by magical incantations. Since that day, no one has seen the calf.
Demnographics
The total population of the state of Izki is 36,296 people, consisting of 4,492 families according to the National Center for Statistics and Information for the year 2012. The majority of them are Sunni Muslims. Some of its popular and traditional arts include Razha, Al-Azi, sword fighting, and Ta'awib, which is one of the women's arts.
Traditional crafts and industries
These include leather tanning, spinning, weaving, silverware manufacturing, palm weaving, as well as trade, construction, woodworking, and blacksmithing.
service institutions
It has 20 schools at all educational levels, and several government offices that provide necessary services to the population. It also has a center for agricultural development, a municipal center, an electricity office, a post office, a police center, a Sharia court, an office for the governor, as well as tourist parks, restaurants, and recreational places.
References
External links
University of Heidelberg
HeidICON
Sources
D.T. Potts From Qadê to Mazûn: Four Notes on Oman, c. 700 to 700 AD, Journal of Oman Studies 8.1, 1985, 81–95.
Juergen Schreiber, Transformationsprozesse in Oasensiedlungen Omans. Die Vorislamische Zeit am Beispiel Von Izki, Nizwa und dem Jebel Akhdar, internet dissertation, Munich 2007.
URL: http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7548/
Paul Yule, Cross-roads – Early and Late Iron Age South-eastern Arabia, Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 30, Wiesbaden 2014, 29-30 Fig. 10
Paul Yule, Excavation and Prospection in Izkī and Neighbouring Areas of Central Oman 2011, in Archaeological Research in the Sultanate of Oman, Der Anschnitt, 2015, 179‒203.
Populated places in Oman
Archaeological sites in Oman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izki |
Wakulla Springs is located south of Tallahassee, Florida and east of Crawfordville in Wakulla County, Florida at the crossroads of State Road 61 and State Road 267. It is protected in the Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park.
Description
Wakulla cave is a branching flow-dominated cave that has developed in the Floridan Aquifer under the Woodville Karst Plain of north Florida.
It is classified as a first magnitude spring and a major exposure point for the Floridan Aquifer. The spring forms the Wakulla River which flows to the southeast where it joins the St. Mark's River. After a short the St. Mark's empties into the Gulf of Mexico at Apalachee Bay.
History and discovery
Scientific interest in the spring began in 1850, when Sarah Smith reported seeing the bones of an ancient mastodon on the bottom. Since that time, scientists have identified the remains of at least nine other extinct mammals that date to the last glacial period, deposited as far as 1,200 feet (360 m) back into a cave. Today, at a depth of about , the fossilized remains of mastodons are in full view along with other fossils.
The Florida Geological Survey (FGS) commissioned their first study in August and September 1930 with geologist Herman Gunter. Gunter's work focused on the recovery of fossils found in the spring basin. He utilized hard hat diving techniques, a dredge, and "long-handled grappling tongs". A mastodon recovered from their work is now on display at the Museum of Florida History.
The FGS conducted additional studies at Wakulla Springs in 1955, 1956, and 1962 under the direction of vertebrate paleontologist, Stanley J. Olsen. Olsen's team of six divers from Florida State University discovered animal fossils deeper within the spring complex where they also found archaeological evidence of early humans, including bone and stone tools. Ultimately, the presumed behavioral association among the recovered cultural and fossil materials could not be demonstrated unequivocally because of the difficulty of establishing and maintaining provenience control in a submerged spring-vent context.
A major further exploration of Wakulla Springs was conducted in October–December 1987 by an expedition led by Dr. Bill Stone. The expedition team, which also included Sheck Exley and Wesley C. Skiles, penetrated the cave system to a distance of from the cave entrance. Skiles filmed the expedition for a National Geographic special. During the expedition Stone's Cis-Lunar Mk-1 rebreather was demonstrated in a 24-hour dive which used only half of the system's capacity. In 1998 and 1999, Stone directed an international group of explorers consisting of over 100 volunteers to participate in the Wakulla 2 Project.
Prehistoric humans
Upper Paleolithic - Paleo-Indians lived at or near the spring over 13,000 years ago and were descendants of people who crossed into North America from eastern Asia during the Pleistocene. The Wakulla Lodge Site is one of several pre-Clovis sites in North Florida. During the first population period, Florida would have had a very dry and arid climate with a much lower shoreline. This made freshwater locations attractive to megafauna which likely led Paleo-Indians to the site.
Prehistoric animal life
American mastodon (Mammut americanum) found at Wakulla.
Giant ground sloth (Eremotherium laurillardi)
Saber-toothed tiger (Smilodon populator) found at Wakulla.
Columbian mammoth (Mammutus columbi)
Ancient bison (Bison antiquus)
Equus (Equus scotti) found near Wakulla.
Short-faced bear (Arctodus simus)
Miocene dugong (Metaxytherium crataegense) found near Wakulla.
American lion (Panthera leo atrox) found in Florida.
Animal life today
Found in and around Wakulla Springs are West Indian manatees, white-tailed deer, North American river otters, American alligators, Suwannee River cooters (Pseudemys suwanniensis), snapping turtles, softshell turtles, limpkin, purple gallinules, herons (including egrets), bald eagles, anhingas, ospreys, common moorhens, wood ducks, black vultures and turkey vultures.
Hydrology
Underwater cave system
Wakulla cave consists of a dendritic network of conduits of which have been surveyed and mapped. The conduits are characterized as long tubes with diameter and depth being consistent ( depth); however, joining tubes can be divided by larger chambers of varying geometries. The largest conduit trends south from the spring/cave entrance for over . Four secondary conduits, including Leon Sinks, intersect the main conduit. Most of these secondary conduits have been fully explored.
On December 15, 2007, Woodville Karst Plain Project divers physically connected the Wakulla Springs and Leon Sinks cave systems establishing the Wakulla-Leon Sinks cave system. This connection established the system as the longest underwater cave in the United States and the sixth largest in the world with a total of of explored and surveyed passages.
Specifics on flow rate
Flow rate of the spring is of water a day. A record peak flow from the spring on April 11, 1973 was measured at per second – equal to per day.
Wakulla Springs in film
Beginning in 1938, several of the early Tarzan films including Tarzan's New York Adventure starring Johnny Weissmuller were filmed on location in Wakulla Springs. Other films such as Creature from the Black Lagoon, Return of the Creature, Night Moves, Airport '77 and Joe Panther starring Brian Keith and Ricardo Montalbán were also filmed on location at Wakulla Springs.
Most of the movie history can be traced back to Edward Ball, who purchased the land surrounding Wakulla in 1934. Initially, Wakulla was not a tourist destination, but rather a reclusive resort. This changed when Ball hired a new manager, Newt Perry, who brought publicity to Wakulla Springs. He previously worked at Silver Springs, where he worked with MGM during the production of Tarzan Finds a Son!.
Perry shot a series of underwater short films at Wakulla. One notorious films is What a Picnic!, in which a picnic scene was designed underwater and teenagers would dive down and re-enact a lunch sequence. These underwater films highlighted the aquatic environment that Wakulla Springs offered. Besides these short films, Perry is credited with luring the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Tarzan crews to Wakulla Springs, whose environment would act as a stand in for Africa.
Grantland Rice also shot scenes from a lesser known movie at Wakulla Springs, Amphibious Fighters (1943), in which an amphibious battle was staged.
Recreation
Wakulla Springs Lodge
In 1931, Edward Ball, a businessman from Virginia, bought property in Tallahassee, Florida and construction on the Wakulla Springs Lodge started in 1935. Edward Ball hired the architectural firm Marsh and Saxelbye, known for their Mediterranean style mansions. Initially, the lodge was built as a guest house and in 1981, after his death, was turned into a hotel by the Edward Ball Wildlife Foundation.
The lodge is now a hotel with twenty-seven rooms. It is also currently a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
In 2002, artisans started working to conserve the ceiling of the lodge, funded in part by the State of Florida, Division of Historical Resources and the Historic Preservation Board. Each picture on the 5,800 square-foot ceiling depicts historic Floridian scenes. The techniques are a combination of many, namely European folk art with Native American influences.
Hiking
Wakulla Springs has up to 9 miles of hiking trails.
Boat tours
Starting from 1875, glass-bottom boat tours have been an attraction at Wakulla Springs, though the glass bottom tours do not occur as often as in previous years due to lack of water clarity.
Conservation
In late 1998, populations of the Florida applesnail underwent a dramatic decline; the iconic Limpkin bird followed suit and left by the fall of 1999. What was once a thriving and diverse ecosystem in north Florida is transitioning into a "biological desert", says Wakulla Springs conservationist Jim Stevenson. The Wakulla Springs basin stretches about 1,300 miles north of the spring in Florida and into some of south Georgia. The water pollution from storm water runoff, as well as nitrate-rich human water contamination through waste and pollution, seeps into the underground aquifer and trickles down and flows out of the Wakulla spring as water at the end of the pipe.
Measures have been taken to lessen the contamination of the spring. The City of Tallahassee has built Cascades Park, a storm water drainage point disguised as a municipal park for citizens. This helps reduce the amount of contaminated water entering the basin. The City of Tallahassee has also increased regulations on their wastewater. Factors that may reduce contamination include lowering pollution, using less harsh fertilizers and better waste solutions other than septic tanks that leak large amounts of nitrates into the soil, and thus the spring.
See also
Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park
Geography of Florida
References
External links
Wakulla Spring: A Giant Among Us Interactive Exploration of Wakulla Spring
St. Marks River and Wakulla Springs Protection - Florida DEP
Wakulla Springs and World War II Troop Maneuvers, a video from the 1940s, from the World Digital Library
Springs of Florida
National Natural Landmarks in Florida
Caves of Florida
Bodies of water of Wakulla County, Florida
Underwater diving sites in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakulla%20Springs |
The Embera–Wounaan are a semi-nomadic indigenous people in Panama living in Darién Province on the shores of the Chucunaque, Sambú, and Tuira Rivers and their waterways. The Embera-Wounaan were formerly and widely known by the name Chocó, and they speak the Embera and Wounaan languages, part of the Choco language family.
Name
The name Embera means "people". Collectively they are known as the Chocó and belong to two major groups: the Emberá, of upper Atrato and San Juan rivers, and the Wounaan of the lower San Juan River. The Emberá are also known as the Atrato, Bedea, Cholo, Darién, Dariena, Eberá, Emberak, Emperia, and Panama Emberá people. The Waunaan are also known as the Chanco, Chocama, Noanama, Noenama, Nonama, Wounaan, or Wound Meu people. A third group of Chocó are called the Catío, who are also called the Embena, Epera, Eyabida, or Katio people.
Housing
The Chocó, or Embera, people live in small villages of 5 to 20 houses along the banks of the rivers throughout the Chucunaque/Tuira/Balsas River watersheds in the Darien Province of Panama. There are generally three villages on each tributary that branches off from the main river system. The villages are about a half day's walk apart. They are built on a small rise, set approximately in from the river. The houses of the village are set about apart atop the rise on posts, with no walls, but only tall thatched roofs. Around each village, the jungle is partly cleared and replaced by banana and plantain plantations, a commercial crop for the Embera, who sell them to get cash for their outboard motors, mosquito nets, and the like. The hills leading down to the river from the villages are usually hard packed reddish clay. There are sometimes large boulders being played on by naked children. Dugout canoes are usually seen pulled up on the riverbanks.
The Embera houses are raised off the ground about eight feet. The houses stand on large posts set in the ground, and have thatched roof made from palm fronds. All the joinery is with bejuco vines. There are no walls. Hanging from the supporting posts and beams are hammocks, baskets, pots, bows and arrows, mosquito nets, clothing and other items. The floor is made of split black palm trunks or cana blanca (white cane), and have a kitchen built on a clay platform about three feet square; on top of this base they build a fire, supporting cooking pots over the fire with a tripod of sturdy sticks. The houses are accessed from the ground via a sloped log with deep notches for a ladder. They sometimes turn the notches face down at night if some animal is trying to climb into the house while they sleep.
Society
The Chocó people use matrilineal descent, practice polygamy and live in family units. The cacique, or chief, of the Chocó lived in the largest village and capitol of the Chocó Nation, named Unión Chocó. The city is on the banks of the Tuira River.
The Chocó have their own form of government and live by their own set of unwritten rules. They avoid relying on the Panamanian National Police or any other branch of the Panamanian or Colombian governments. Not assimilated into Panamanian or Colombian society, the Embera people do not hold any civic positions and have no members who have become part of the Guardia Nacional in Panama. Health care is primarily provided by trained shamans.
The Chocó do not intermarry with other Panamanians and Colombians.
The land is community owned and community farmed. Everyone in the village pitches in to work at harvest time. If one hunter gets a larger animal, such as a peccary or a tapir, everybody in the village shares the meat.
Economy
The calabash tree is important to the Embera, who scoop out the tree's gourds for cups and bowls, as well as spoons. Apart from wild fish and game, still hunted with snares, blow guns, bows and arrows, as well as firearms, an essential part of their diet is cassava, a poisonous root which must be pressed before cooking into a flatbread that stores well and can be used to absorb fluids during a meal.
Appearance
The men sport "bowl cut" hairstyles and, when not in towns, wear nothing but a minimal loin cloth. The women wear brightly colored cloth wrapped at the waist as a skirt. Except when in towns, the women do not cover their torsos, and wear long, straight black hair. The children go naked until puberty, and no one wears shoes.
They paint their bodies with a dye made from Genipa americana, the berry of a species of genip tree. The black dye is thought to repel insects and the designs are known as jagua tattoos. On special occasions, using this same dye, they print intricate geometric patterns all over their bodies, using wood blocks carved from balsa wood. The women also wear silver necklaces and silver earrings on these special occasions; many of the necklaces being made of old silver coins. They punch a hole in the coin and run a silver chain through it. Many of the coins on these necklaces date to the 19th century and are passed down from mother to daughter.
The Wounaan in Hollywood films
The Wuanana tribe has appeared on screen in at least two Hollywood films. The first appearance was in Roland Joffé's The Mission, in which they portrayed the Guaraní living in the Iguazu Falls region of Argentina during the Guaraní War in the 18th century. Later they portrayed the Taíno and Carib in Ridley Scott's 1492: Conquest of Paradise, a film about Columbus' arrival in the Americas. The tribe performed alongside such notable actors as Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, Liam Neeson and Gérard Depardieu, as well as Sigourney Weaver, Armand Assante, Frank Langela, Ray McNally, and others. Despite portraying other indigenous peoples, the Wounaan speak their own language in both films.
The most notable members of the tribe to act were:
Bercelio Moya, who portrayed the Indian Boy who always followed De Niro's character in The Mission, and Columbus' translator Utapan in Conquest of Paradise.
Alejandrino Moya, who portrayed the Chief's Lieutenant in The Mission, and the Taino cacique "Guarionex" in Conquest of Paradise.
Other unnamed members of the tribe can be seen acting in both films.
Another film in which the Wounaan played other tribal peoples is The End of the Spear, which tells the story of four missionaries in Ecuador. Due to the difficulty of reaching the location where the events truly took place, the filming was done in Panama. The Wounaan actors learned how to use the weapons of the original tribe.
See also
Comarca Emberá-Wounaan, indigenous territory in Panama
Chafil Cheucarama, Wounaan artist and illustrator.
Notes
References
Callaghan, Margo M. Darién Rainforest Basketry. 4th Ed. Sun Lakes, AZ: HPL Enterprises, 2009. .
External links
Embera Wounan of Panama
Ella Drua Embera-Wounaan Community
Ethnic groups in Panama
Indigenous peoples in Panama
Indigenous peoples in Colombia
Indigenous peoples of Central America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embera-Wounaan |
The municipal elections of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1990 were won by several parties. In most municipalities they organized governments in coalitions, or independently if they had a large majority.
In most municipalities with either a relative or absolute Bosniak majority, Party of Democratic Action (SDA) won a majority of the vote and the right to choose the mayor.
In most municipalities with either a relative or absolute Serbian majority, Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) won a majority of the vote and the right to choose the mayor. SDS also won elections in Doboj and Vogošća (a Bosniak relative majority).
In most municipalities with either a relative or absolute Croatian majority, Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ) won a majority of the vote and the right to choose the mayor. Only in Vareš—a municipality with a relative Croatian majority—did HDZ not win a majority of votes. HDZ also won elections in Bugojno, Fojnica, Jajce, Žepče, Stolac and Mostar (a Bosniak relative majority) and Modriča and Derventa and Kotor Varoš (a Serbian relative majority).
Nationally, Fikret Abdić gained the most votes to become President. He never assumed the presidency however, leaving it to Alija Izetbegović.
Results by municipality:
Nationalistic parties did not win only in Tuzla, Vareš and Novo Sarajevo
References
External links
Election in Vitez
Election in Busovaca
Election in Bugojno
Election in Mostar
Election in Novi Travnik
Election in Ljubuški, Čapljina and Kiseljak
Election in Konjic
Elections in Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje
Election in Konjic
Election in Kakanj
Election in Bosanski Šamac
Election in Odžak, Modriča, Sarajevo, Maglaj,Goražde, ...
Election in Prijedor
Election in Prnjavor
References to elections in Derventa
References to elections in Bosanski Brod
References to elections in Orašje
References to elections in Jablanica
References to elections in Kreševo
References to elections in Banja Luka, Zenica and Bihać
References to elections in Travnik References to elections in Travnik References to elections in Travnik
References to elections in Ključ
Overall results of elections
Municipal elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia
Municipal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%20Bosnian%20municipal%20elections |
Sigma Delta Alpha () is a Greek-lettered Latino-based fraternity established in spring 1992 at San José State University.
History
The first interest group was formed in the Fall semester of 1991, at San Jose State University. Future Founding Father, Francisco Huerta, had the idea of creating a new organization on campus to serve the needs Latinos. Francisco Huerta took the forefront in organizing the initial meetings that set the groundwork for the establishment of Sigma Delta Alpha.
The first introductory meeting held in November 1991. The fraternity's ideological Purposes were set and after several meetings and numerous successful events it was decided that it was time for these individuals to present themselves to the community as an established organization. On May 5, 1992, Sigma Delta Alpha was officially recognized with 18 Founding Fathers.
This was one of only two Latino fraternities founded in the United States during the so-called fragmentation period from 1990 to 2000, and the third to ever be founded in California.
It is also one of the few Latino fraternities that eschew stepping, an important distinction when considering the cultural history of the practice.
Chapters
Chapter awards
Cultural Ambassadors Certificate of Appreciation from City of Los Angeles, Alpha Chapter May 2006
USC MGC Fraternity of the Year Award, Alpha chapter 2009-2010 & 2011-2012
UNLV Greek Week 1st Place Overall Award, Gamma chapter 2009 & 2012
CSUS USFC Greek Week 1st Place Overall Award, Delta chapter 2009, 2010 & 2011
ΧΔ "Grand Slam" Philanthropy 1st Place Participation Award, CSUS Delta chapter 2011
ΔΓ "Anchor Splash" Philanthropy 1st Place Participation Award, UCR Eta chapter 2011
UNLV Rebel Awards Outstanding New Program
(Go Nutz for ΣΔΑ), Gamma chapter 2011
CSUF Greek Week 1st Place Overall Award, CSUF Zeta Chapter 2018
CSUF MGC-Overall Best GPA Award, CSUF Zeta Chapter 2020
CSUF Greek of the Year Award, Kenny Garcia, Alpha Beta Class, Zeta chapter 2022
Notable alumni
Mark Cardenas, Representative for Arizona House of Representatives, District 19
Oscar de los Santos, Rhodes Scholar
See also
List of social fraternities and sororities
References
External links
Sigma Delta Alpha - National Website
Latino fraternities and sororities
Student organizations established in 1992
San Jose State University
1991 establishments in California
Former members of National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma%20Delta%20Alpha |
Wiscasset, Maine is a town in the United States.
Wiscasset may also refer to:
Wiscasset (CDP), Maine, a census-designated place; the town center
Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiscasset%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Love Is All There Is is a 1996 romantic comedy film written and directed by Joseph Bologna and Renée Taylor, who also both star in the film.
Plot
Love Is All There Is is a modern retelling of the Romeo and Juliet story, and it is set in the Bronx.
The Capomezzos, Bronx-born Sicilians, own a local catering business. They develop a bitter rivalry with the pretentious Malacicis, recent immigrants from Florence and owners of a fine Italian restaurant.
The Capomezzos' son, Rosario, falls in love with the Malacicis' daughter, Gina, after she replaces the star of the neighborhood church's staging of Romeo and Juliet. The rivalry intensifies after Rosario deflowers Gina after a fight with her parents.
The movie was made in a few locations in New York: it was filmed at Greentree Country Club in New Rochelle, and many scenes were shot in City Island, Bronx.
Cast
Lainie Kazan as Sadie Capomezzo
Joseph Bologna as Mike Capomezzo
Paul Sorvino as Piero Malacici
Barbara Carrera as Maria Malacici
Nathaniel Marston as Rosario Capomezzo
Angelina Jolie as Gina Malacici
Renée Taylor as Mona
William Hickey as Monsignor
Dick Van Patten as Dr. Rodino
Abe Vigoda as Rudy
Connie Stevens as Miss Deluca
Joy Behar as Mary
Vera Lockwood as Donna
Sal Richards as Sal
Annie Meisels as Dottie
Bobby Alto as Joe Fasuli
Randy K. Blackman as Flower Girl #1
External links
1996 films
1996 romantic comedy films
American films based on plays
American independent films
Films based on Romeo and Juliet
American romantic comedy films
The Samuel Goldwyn Company films
Films set in the Bronx
City Island, Bronx
1996 independent films
Films produced by Elliott Kastner
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
English-language romantic comedy films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Is%20All%20There%20Is |
The Metropolitan Police Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 47) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Act enlarged the district of, and gave greatly increased powers to the Metropolitan Police established by the Metropolitan Police Act 1829. It is one of the Metropolitan Police Acts 1829 to 1895.
Section 2 of the Act allowed for the enlargement of the Metropolitan Police District to include places in a radius of 15 miles from Charing Cross.
Section 5 gave constables of the Metropolitan Police all "powers and privileges of constabulary" in the counties of Berkshire and Buckinghamshire and on the River Thames within or adjoining Middlesex, Surrey, Berkshire, Essex, Kent and the City of London (the MPA 1829 had already given them constabulary powers within Middlesex, Surrey, Essex and Kent).
The Act gave the police force powers over shipping arriving in the Port of London and using the Thames. Among these powers were:
Power to inspect vessels to prevent smuggling
Power to seize unlawful quantities of gunpowder
Powers to seize guns loaded with ball
A number of activities were to regulated within the Metropolitan Police District:
Fairs were only to be open during agreed hours.
Public houses were to closed on Sundays, Christmas Day and on Good Friday until 1 pm. No alcoholic drink was to be sold to persons under 16 years of age.
Police were empowered to enter unlicensed theatres.
Police could enter premises where bear baiting or cockfighting were being carried on, and fine the participants £5.
Police were allowed to enter gaming houses.
Regulations could be made to prevent the obstruction of parades and processions.
Section 54 of the Act enumerated a long list of "Nuisances by Persons in Thoroughfares" that were now prohibited. Among the outlawed activities, for which the miscreant could be taken into custody and fined, were:
"Furious Driving".
Driving carts on the footway.
Selling or distributing "profane, indecent or obscene books, papers, prints, drawings, paintings or representations", or singing any songs or ballads with similar content or using language "to the annoyance of pedestrians or passengers".
Threatening or abusive behaviour or words.
The blowing of horns (except by guards and postmen of the General Post Office).
Discharging firearms, setting fireworks or lighting bonfires.
"Wantonly disturbing" persons by ringing doorbells, knocking on doors or unlawfully extinguishing lamps.
Flying kites or playing games to the annoyance of others.
Making slides upon ice or snow to the danger of pedestrians.
The Act also outlawed the use of dog carts, obliged street musicians to move on when asked and allowed the imprisonment of "drunkards guilty of riotous or indecent behaviour".
References
Further reading
Finer, Samuel Edward. The life and times of Sir Edwin Chadwick (1952) excerpt pp 164–80.
External links
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1839
History of the Metropolitan Police
1839 in London
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning London
Police legislation in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan%20Police%20Act%201839 |
Stephen P. Hubbell (born 17 February 1942) is an American ecologist on the faculty of the University of California, Los Angeles. He is author of the unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography (UNTB), which seeks to explain the diversity and relative abundance of species in ecological communities not by niche differences but by stochastic processes (random walk) among ecologically equivalent species. Hubbell is also a senior staff scientist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Balboa, Panama. He is also well known for tropical forest studies. In 1980, he and Robin B. Foster of the Field Museum in Chicago, launched the first of the 50 hectare forest dynamics studies on Barro Colorado Island in Panama. This plot became the flagship of a global network of large permanent forest dynamics plots, all following identical measurement protocols. This global network now has more than 70 plots in 28 countries, and these plots contain more than 12000 tree species and 7 million individual trees that are tagged, mapped, and monitored long-term for growth, survival and recruitment. The Center for Tropical Forest Science coordinates research across global network of plots through the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. The program has expanded into the temperate zone, and is now known as the Forest Global Earth Observatory Network or ForestGEO.
In 1988, while a Professor at Princeton University, he founded the Committee for the National Institutes of the Environments (CNIE), a non-profit organization in Washington, D.C., on his fellowship from the Pew Charitable Trusts. The goal of the CNIE was to promote the creation of a government agency called the National Institutes of the Environment (NIE), modeled on the National Institutes of Health. After a dozen years, the organization became the National Council for Science and the Environment, whose mission is "to improve the scientific basis of environmental decision-making."
Hubbell was born in Gainesville, Florida. He earned his doctorate in zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1969. As a professor at the University of Michigan, he taught graduate courses for the Organization for Tropical Studies in Costa Rica. Later, at Princeton University, as a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology, he continued study of the population biology of tropical trees.
In 2003, Hubbell became Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of Plant Biology at the University of Georgia.
As a Fellow at the Pew Institute for Ocean Science, Hubbell initiated the establishment of the National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE), which works with the parties that create and use environmental knowledge to influence environmental decisions.
Hubbell is married to evolutionary ecologist Patricia Adair Gowaty, who is also a Distinguished Professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Education and honors
Bachelor of Arts, Biology, 1963, Carleton College
Ph.D., Zoology, 1969, University of California Berkeley, California
American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fellow, 1980
Pew Fellows Program in Conservation and the Environment, Fellow, 1990
National Council for Science and the Environment, Chair, 1991–
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fellow, 2003
W.S. Cooper Award, Ecological Society of America, 2006
Eminent Ecologist Award, Ecological Society of America, 2009
International Prize for Biology, 2016
Publications
References
External links
Scientific American Interview with Steve Hubbell
American ecologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
University of Georgia faculty
1942 births
Living people
Carleton College alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Fellows of the Ecological Society of America
Neutral theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20P.%20Hubbell |
Sacajawea is an American historical fiction novel written by Anna Lee Waldo as a fictionalized biography of Sacajawea, the Shoshone guide employed by Lewis and Clark. Published by Avon Books in 1979, portions of the novel were plagiarized from works by Charles McNichols, Frank Waters, Benjamin Capps, Vardis Fisher, Frederick Manfred, among others. A revised edition, containing significant changes to the original text, was published in May 1984.
Production
The novel was written over a period of ten years according to Waldo. In addition to extensive reading, Waldo's research included tracing the Lewis and Clark Trail trail three times, and pushing her husband, Willis H. Waldo, to join the St. Louis Westerners, a chapter of Westerners International. The published novel exceeded 1,300 pages in its first edition, organized into fifty-eight chapters, which was approximately half the number of manuscript pages submitted to Avon in February 1973.
Reception
According to Publishers Weekly the novel "in adhering so closely to the many historical sources gathered in the writing … dramatic tension is lost." The Library Journal said the novel was "tiring", and "while the basic tale is written competently, the author smothers it in minutiae." Adding the novel was "for intrepid historical fiction fans."
In South Dakota History, Richard Etulain of University of Oregon said of the novel's historical liberties and "unusual" presentation: "imagination—sheer invention—dominates this fat work." He lamented, "historians and other academics have roundly criticized—even scorned—what they consider the inadequacies and superficialities" of Waldo's work, yet the novel remains the most popular written about Lewis and Clark and Sacagawea.
Plagiarism
In 1981, novelist Benjamin Capps sued Anna Lee Waldo and Avon Books for copyright infringement and plagiarism of four of his novels: The Trail to Ogallala (1964), Sam Chance (1965), A Woman of the People (1966), and The White Man's Road (1969). Portions of Sacajawea were, according to Capps, lifted directly from his novels in "the most outrageous case of plagiarism in the history of this country”. Other plagiarized works include Charles McNichol's Crazy Weather (1944), and Frank Water's The People of the Valley (1941).
When challenged by readers about alleged plagiarism, Waldo frequently explained her original "reference marks" were removed from the text prior to publication, or she was retelling Indian legend. Mary Charlotte Simpson wrote in a 1986 graduate thesis, "Waldo defended the charges of having copied fiction by talking of documentation taken out, as if she were being questioned on historical sources. Whether she actually did not understand the difference will probably never be known." A settlement with Capps was reached in June 1983 for approximately fifteen-percent of the novel's royalties and net profits. It is unknown if other authors settled with Waldo and Avon Books.
Charles Adams of UNLV wrote in Western American Literature, "Waldo's copious appropriations of text and thought violate the ethics adhered to by all honest writers." He concluded if a school library already holds a copy of the novel, then teachers should "set their students reading it to look for the work of other authors whose uncredited contributions might appear."
Revised edition
A revised edition of the novel was published in May 1984 which included significant changes to the original text, as well as in line citations and the redaction of an entire chapter. Waldo included a note which alluded to the alleged plagiarism: "In some cases copyright owners requested that the complete source be included here in the owners' particular format." Jan DeVries and Jim Harrison are credited as editors who assisted Waldo in the revision. An ebook edition, which includes additional revisions to the text, was published by HarperCollins in 2010 ().
References
1978 American novels
Historical novels
Novel
Cultural depictions of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
Novels set in the 1800s
Novels involved in plagiarism controversies
1978 debut novels
Avon (publisher) books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacajawea%20%28novel%29 |
The following is an incomplete list of locomotives and multiple units used by the Swiss Federal Railways.
Steam locomotives
Steam railcars
Electric locomotives
Electric trainsets
Electric railcars
Diesel locomotives
Diesel trainsets
Battery-electric railcars
Heavy shunters
Light shunters
Notes
1 Designations have changed over time
2 Numbers have changed over time
3 Numbers not continuous
4 Changes within one series
5 Not used any more, not yet used, or defined, but never used
6 Details have changed over time, this is the latest information
7 Today Zentralbahn
8 Classic Rail sold four of these locomotives to MThB
9 These locomotives were bought by the SBB-CFF-FFS and leased to BLS Lötschbergbahn
Pictures of some of the locomotives and multiple units
Sources, further reading
See also
Swiss locomotive and railcar classification
Literature
Hartung, Karlheinz Kleine Typenkunde Schweizer Triebfahrzeuge Transpress Verlag (German)
Swiss railway-related lists
Swiss Federal Railways | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20stock%20used%20by%20Swiss%20Federal%20Railways |
A garden party is a gathering of people at an outdoor venue, particularly of social elites.
Garden Party may also refer to:
Film and television
The Garden Party, a 1973 short film by Jack Sholder
Garden Party (2008 film), a film starring Vinessa Shaw and Willa Holland
Garden Party (2017 film), a CG animated short film
"Garden Party" (The Office), an episode of The Office
"The Garden Party", an episode from season 1 of the animated television series The Boondocks
Music
Garden Party (album), a 1972 album by Rick Nelson
"Garden Party" (Rick Nelson song), a song from the album
"Garden Party" (Marillion song), released by Marillion in 1983
"Garden Party", a song by Mezzoforte, from the 1982 album Surprise Surprise
Garden Party (festival), an Irish music festival
Other uses
The Garden Party (play), a 1963 play by Václav Havel
The Garden Party (short story collection), a 1922 collection of short stories by Katherine Mansfield
"The Garden Party" (short story), a story from the collection
Rosa 'Garden Party', a hybrid tea rose cultivar
An alternative name for the 1633 Rubens painting The Garden of Love
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden%20party%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Moviefone is an American-based moving pictures listing and information service. Moviegoers can obtain local showtimes, cinema information, film reviews, and advance tickets, as well as TV content and a comprehensive search tool that allows users to find theaters, channels, and streaming services offering movies and television shows. The service is owned by Born in Cleveland LLC, Cleveland O'Neal III's holding company. O'Neal is creator and producer of Made in Hollywood syndicated daytime entertainment show.
History
In 1989, Russ Leatherman, Rob Gukeisen, Andrew Jarecki, Pat Cardamone, and Adam Slutsky launched the interactive telephone service, with initial service in Los Angeles and New York City. Leatherman provided the voice of "Mr. Moviefone" for the automated phone service. After gaining popularity, the service later expanded across the United States and eventually adopted an online presence as Moviefone.com.
In 1999, AOL purchased Moviefone for $388 million. The acquisition was completed on May 21, 1999.
In 2001, Moviefone entered into a partnership with MovieTickets.com that crosslinked their ticketing offerings; by 2004, Moviefone's online arm was acquired outright by MovieTickets.com. However, in 2012, Moviefone announced a partnership with MovieTickets.com's rival Fandango.
On February 23, 2014, it was reported that Moviefone would be shutting down its call-in service and its "777-FILM" phone number, but would maintain its mobile app services.
On May 5, 2014, Moviefone was relaunched with a new look, an expansion into TV content, and a comprehensive search tool that allows users to find theaters, channels, and streaming services offering movies and television shows.
On April 5, 2018, Helios and Matheson Analytics, the majority owner of the movie ticketing service MoviePass, announced the acquisition of Moviefone from Oath Inc. for $1 million in cash and $8 million in stock.
In early 2020, Helios and Matheson went bankrupt in deep controversy over multiple changes to the MoviePass service, and at that point had one employee, Matt Atchity, handling Moviefone. The company was worth just $4,379,504, or about 1% of the 388 million when it was purchased by AOL. Made in Hollywood Producer Cleveland O’Neal III purchased Moviefone out of bankruptcy in March 2020 via his holding company, Born in Cleveland LLC.
In popular culture
In the Seinfeld episode, "The Pool Guy" (season 7, episode 8), the character Cosmo Kramer receives misdialed calls meant for a parodied Moviefone after getting a new phone number.
In an episode of the TV series of Dilbert, the Pointy-haired Boss confuses Moviefone with an automated hotline for checking his stocks, being frustrated that trying to check his IBM stock leads to buying tickets to a horror movie.
In the 2001 film Josie and the Pussycats, Mr. Moviefone is the voice of subliminal advertising messages planted into pop music by an ominous record agency.
References
External links
List of U.S. states with Moviefone local numbers.
American film websites
Information by telephone
American companies established in 1989
Internet properties established in 1989
Companies that filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2020
2018 mergers and acquisitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviefone |
North Central is an area in the North Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The name of the area is derived from its location, near the center of North Philadelphia. According to Census 2010, North Central is primarily a low-income neighborhood where 60% of its residents are African American and 40% are Puerto Rican. Hartranft and Stanton are neighborhoods locally known as "North Central". North Central borders both North Philadelphia East and North Philadelphia West.
Education
School District of Philadelphia operates public schools.
The Free Library of Philadelphia Lillian Marrero Branch serves West Kensington.
References
Neighborhoods in Philadelphia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Central%2C%20Philadelphia |
The Sherman M-50 and the Sherman M-51, both often referred to abroad as the Super Sherman, were modified versions of the American M4 Sherman tank that served with the Israel Defense Forces from the mid-1950s to early 1980s. The M-51 was also referred to as the Isherman (i.e. Israeli Sherman). However, the nicknames "Super Sherman" and "Isherman" were never officially used by the Israeli Defense Forces.
History
In 1953, an Israeli military delegation visited France to examine the then-new AMX-13/75 light tank, which was armed with the high-velocity CN 75-50 75 mm tank gun. While the tank's main gun was considered satisfactory, its armor was deemed to be too light. Eventually, Israel did purchase the AMX-13, but, in a similar parallel development, it was decided that the 75mm main guns of the AMX-13s Israel bought would be grafted to the more-familiar and the better-armored hull of the American M4 Sherman medium tank, which was the standard tank of the IDF's armored units (a large quantity of post-WWII Sherman tanks ended up in Israeli military service from 1948 onwards) during the period of the early 1950s.
This project started in 1954 and in 1955, a prototype turret was sent from France to Israel. In March 1956, Israeli Ordnance Corps military facilities began to convert (up-gun) their Sherman tanks with 75mm tank guns of AMX-13s bought and received from France. The 75mm tank gun was known in Israel as the M-50 and, as a result, the up-gunned Sherman was designated as the Sherman M-50. The M-50 was similar to the WWII-era British Sherman Firefly tank in that it possessed the original smaller type of Sherman tank turret (as used by US Shermans which carry the original 75mm M3 tank gun) which was fitted with a large counterweight at the turret's rear end to balance the weight of a longer and heavier tank gun.
The first 50 units were based on M4A4 hulls, had a Continental R-975 gasoline engine and VVSS suspension. However, the increased weight of the vehicle combined with narrow tracks led to poor off-road mobility. It was also putting too much strain on the engine, resulting in frequent mechanical failures. Consequently, for the rest of the conversions, hulls fitted with HVSS suspension and Cummins V-8 diesel engine were adopted. These subvariants were sometimes referred to as the M-50 Continental and M-50 Cummins, or M-50 Degem Alef and M-50 Degem Bet respectively. Diesel engines were also preferred since diesel fuel is less flammable than gasoline, which factors into battlefield survivability. In total, about 300 M-50s were built by 1964 (though it's possible that this number includes 120 155 mm self-propelled guns on Sherman chassis, also designated M-50).
This same gun was also fitted to a number of M10 tank destroyers.
In the 1960s, 180 Sherman tanks received a shortened version of the even more powerful French 105 mm Modèle F1 gun. The barrel length of the gun was reduced from 56 caliber to 51 and it was equipped with a unique double-baffle muzzle brake; ammunition was altered to use a smaller cartridge. In Israel the gun was designated M-51 and the tank the Sherman M-51. M4A1 hulls and the larger T23 turrets (from 76 mm armed Shermans) were used for the conversion. All tanks were fitted with Cummins diesel engines and HVSS suspension. The tank was displayed to the public for the first time during the Independence Day ceremony in 1965.
Abroad the M-50 was known as Super Sherman (the "Continental" variant as Mark I and the "Cummins" variant as Mark II) and the M-51 as either Super Sherman, Isherman (i.e. Israeli Sherman) or M4A1 Revalorise. These designations were never used in Israel. The only tank model designated Super Sherman by the IDF was the M4A1 with 76 mm M1 gun and HVSS suspension, which was named Super Sherman M-1.
Service history
The first 25 M-50s were finished just in time for Operation Kadesh – the Israeli 29 October 1956 invasion of the Sinai – against the Egyptian Army (which also employed its own up-gunned version of the M4 Sherman, fitted with the French AMX-13 turret, making it equal to the M-50 in firepower).
In 1964, Israel neared completion of its National Water Carrier to divert water from the Sea of Galilee as allocated in the multinational 1955 Unified (Johnston) Plan. The Arab nations were in uproar, and Syria began a project to divert water into Jordan (the Headwater Diversion Plan). Maj General Israel Tal had trained Israeli tank gunners to shoot beyond and, on March 6, 1965, an M-50, commanded by Tal, engaged a Syrian recoilless rifle that had killed an Israeli tractor driver; Tal personally destroyed the recoilless rifle at long range. A few days later, General Tal, with an M-50 and a Centurion Mk III tank, was waiting for a chance to fire upon the Syrian water diverting project. When Syrian gunners fired on a border patrol, Tal's M-50 and the Centurion fired on eight tractors away, and destroyed them all in two minutes with 10 shots – Tal destroyed 5 tractors with his M-50's 75 mm gun, and the Centurion destroyed the remainder.
Both the M-50 and M-51 saw combat in the Six-Day War that left the Golan Heights, the West Bank, and the Sinai peninsula in Israeli hands, often fighting against Soviet World War II-era armor like the T-34-85 (for example at the Battle of Abu-Ageila). Both were also employed in the 1973 Yom Kippur War alongside and against much more modern tanks. The use of such seemingly obsolete tanks was necessary given the desperate nature of the fighting.
In combat against the Arab armies, the M-51 proved itself capable of fighting newer, heavier tanks like the Soviet-built T-54/55/T-62. The M-51's 105 mm gun could penetrate these adversaries using HEAT ammunition. The M-51 served well during its time, and is regarded as an excellent example of how an obsolete tank (the Sherman) can be upgraded beyond the limits of its original capabilities.
The M-50 Continentals were retired by 1972. The M-50 Cummins and M-51 were gradually phased out in late 1970s to early 1980s. During the Lebanese Civil War, some 75 M-50s were given as aid to the Israeli-supported Lebanese Christian militias – Kataeb Regulatory Forces (19), Tigers Militia (20), Guardians of the Cedars (1), the Lebanese Forces (40), and the South Lebanon Army (35) – in 1976; two tanks were later captured by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which employed them in the defense of West Beirut during the June 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
About 100 of the remaining tanks of this model were sold to Chile in the late 1980s. Some of those were fitted with the IMI-OTO 60 mm Hyper Velocity Medium Support (HVMS) gun, and were often referred to as M-60. This variant was never used by the IDF. Chile used its Shermans until 1999, when they were replaced by the Leopard 1. The few M-51s that Israel retained were converted into engineer vehicles and self-propelled artillery.
Operators
– ≈50 M-50 upgraded with the 60 mm IMI-OTO HVMS gun, ≈150 M 51
– M-50, M-51
– M-50 (Kataeb Regulatory Forces, Lebanese Forces, Tigers Militia, Guardians of the Cedars, South Lebanon Army)
– two captured M-50s in Lebanon
See also
Postwar Sherman Tanks
M4 Sherman
Israel Defense Forces
List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War
References
Citations
Bibliography
Givati, Moshe - The Armor Craftsmen - The History of the 7100 Restoration and Maintenance Center, MoD 1998 ( , 1998, משה גבעתי - בידיהם חושלה הפלדה - סיפורו של מרכז שיקום ואחזקה 7100, משרד הבטחון הוצאה לאור ).
Steven J. Zaloga, Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948-78, Vanguard series 19, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1981.
Moustafa El-Assad, Blue Steel IV: M-50 Shermans and M-50 APCs in South Lebanon, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2007.
Oleg Granovskiy, Names, Designations and Service Figures of IDF Armored Vehicles (Олег Грановский - Названия, обозначения и количества бронетанковой техники АОИ) at Waronline.org
External links
IDF Sherman Family
SLA Sherman Family
Sherman at Israeli-weapons.com:
Sherman family
M-50 (Supersherman)
M-51 (Isherman)
A restoration of an original M50 at Eden Camp Museum
Global Security's history of the Super Sherman
Tanks of Israel
Medium tanks of the Cold War
M4 Sherman tanks
Military vehicles introduced in the 1950s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Sherman |
Volunteers is a 1985 American comedy film directed by Nicholas Meyer and starring Tom Hanks and John Candy.
Plot
Lawrence Bourne III (Tom Hanks), is a spoiled rich kid who just graduated from Yale Class of 1962 with a $28,000 gambling debt. After his father, Lawrence Bourne Jr. (George Plimpton), refuses to pay his debt, he escapes his angry creditors by trading places with his college roommate Kent (Xander Berkeley), jumping on a Peace Corps flight to Thailand. On the plane, he meets Washington State graduate Tom Tuttle from Tacoma (John Candy) and the beautiful, down-to-earth Beth Wexler (Rita Wilson), the latter rejecting his advances once realizing why he is really there.
In Thailand, they are assigned by John Reynolds (Tim Thomerson) to build a bridge for the local villagers. On day one, Tuttle gets into an argument with the villagers over what wood to use; the only one who speaks English is At Toon (Gedde Watanabe).
Tuttle then gets captured by communist forces who brainwash him into doing their bidding, while Reynolds makes passes at Beth. Lawrence befriends At Toon, teaching him and several other villagers various gambling card games, but they are met by the powerful drug lord Chung Mee (Ernest Harada), who forces them to finish the bridge quickly.
Lawrence eventually wins Beth over but she is captured by Reynolds, who is working with Chung Mee. They rescue Beth, who urges them to destroy the bridge; Lawrence reluctantly agrees after professing his love for her. They get the villagers on board with the plan and get Tuttle back to reality, plotting to leave dynamite in the center of the bridge so that the entire structure collapses. Their plan works fine until Lawrence is confronted by Reynolds, who threatens to kill him. Lawrence distracts Reynolds long enough to enact the plan, jumping into the river as the bridge explodes. Beth saves Lawrence by performing CPR, and they kiss once Lawrence wakes.
Some time later, Lawrence and Beth are married in the Thai village. Lawrence writes to his parents saying he finally did something right for the right reasons.
Cast
Tom Hanks as Lawrence Bourne III
John Candy as Tom Tuttle
Rita Wilson as Beth Wexler
Tim Thomerson as John Reynolds
Gedde Watanabe as At Toon
George Plimpton as Lawrence Bourne, Jr.
Ernest Harada as Chung Mee
Allan Arbus as Albert Bardenaro
Xander Berkeley as Kent Sutcliffe
Production
The film was in the works for six years before it was made. Volunteers was filmed in Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. The filmmakers built a Thai village based on the Karen people of Burma's Golden Triangle, building the world's longest wooden suspension bridge, which was more than long. A cast of over 100 people from all over the world, including Thai families, spent two and a half months filming.
Meyer states that the director of the Peace Corps, Sargent Shriver, read the script and complained that it "was like spitting on the American flag," and demanded changes. The changes were never made, but by the time the film was released, Shriver was no longer director, and Peace Corps officials were willing to endorse the film.
This film marked the reunion of Hanks and Candy, who starred in Splash. It is also the film where Hanks reconnected with his future wife, Rita Wilson, whom he had first met when they worked on an episode of Bosom Buddies.
The scene in which Wilson and Hanks enjoy Coca-Cola was criticized as product placement, as TriStar was a unit of Columbia Pictures, then owned by The Coca-Cola Company. Co-writer Levine denies this, stating that the scene appeared in the first draft of the film written in 1980, when Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was to be the studio.
The film spoofs a number of David Lean epics, including Lawrence of Arabia and The Bridge on the River Kwai, with the Washington State University Fight Song used in place of the "Colonel Bogey March".
Reception
Box office
The film debuted No. 2 at the box office, earning $5,184,360 over its opening weekend. It ultimately grossed a domestic total of $19,875,740.
Critical response
Volunteers received generally mixed reviews from critics. The film holds a 58% positive "Rotten" score on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.
Walter Goodman of The New York Times praised the "steady directorial hand" of Nicholas Meyer and the "stylishly droll performance" of Tom Hanks, about whom Goodman added, "He is a center of confidence amid the frantic goings-on, turning peril into opportunity with an accent and aplomb that are the birthright of an eighth-generation Bourne."
Conversely, Variety called it "a very broad and mostly flat comedy" and wrote, "Toplined Tom Hanks gets in a few good zingers as an upperclass snob doing time in Thailand, but promising premise and opening shortly descend into unduly protracted tedium."
See also
List of American films of 1985
References
External links
Volunteers at IMDb
1985 films
1985 comedy films
Films scored by James Horner
Films about the Central Intelligence Agency
Films about the Peace Corps
Films directed by Nicholas Meyer
Films set in 1962
Films set in Thailand
Films shot in Mexico
TriStar Pictures films
HBO Films films
Films produced by Walter F. Parkes
1980s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteers%20%281985%20film%29 |
The Middlewich Paddies are an Irish folk band formed in 1979 in the town of Middlewich in Cheshire. Although not widely known outside of folk music circles, two members of the band were instrumental in setting up the Middlewich folk and boat festival which has now become a recognised festival on the folk circuit.
Members
Michael Woodbine - Tin Whistle, lead, founding member
Richard Devaney - Vocalist
Dave Thompson - guitar, Mouth Truss and vocals
Graham Sivills - mandolin, guitar, whistle and vocals
Discography
Albums
The Best of the Middlewich Paddies, 1990
Mann Alive, 1992
External links
Middlewich Paddies home page
Graham Sivills home page for the Middlewich Paddies
Irish folk musical groups
Middlewich
Musical groups established in 1979
Musical groups from Cheshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Middlewich%20Paddies |
The Bribri are an Indigenous people in eastern Costa Rica and northern Panama. Today, most Bribri people speak the Bribri language or Spanish.
There are varying estimates from government officials of the group's population. Estimates of the total Bribri population range as high as 35,000 people, although official estimates assert there are about 11,500 Bribri people in Costa Rica, and about 1000 Bribri people in Panama. According to a census by the Ministerio de Salud of Costa Rica however, there are 11,500 Bribri living within service range of the Hone Creek Clinic alone, suggesting the total Costa Rican Bribri population is larger. They are also a voting majority in the Puerto Viejo de Talamanca area.
The Bribri historically struggled to remain on their land and preserve their culture, though the Costa Rican government currently recognizes their use of designated Indigenous Territories, and they are one of the formally recognized Indigenous peoples of Panama. Political struggles by some Bribri activists for the legal recognition of further claims to the land they inhabit and autonomy are ongoing in both countries.
Demographics
The Bribri are indigenous to the Talamanca region, living in the mountains and Caribbean coastal areas of Costa Rica and Northern Panama. The majority live with running water but many have scarce electricity. Their economy centers on the growth of cacao, bananas, and plantains to sell along with the consumption of beans, rice, corn, and a variety of other produce.
Many Bribri are isolated from Hispanic culture and the global economy. This has allowed them to maintain their indigenous culture and language, although it has also resulted in less access to education and health care. Although the group has the lowest income per capita in Costa Rica, they are able to fulfill their basic needs by growing their food, finding medicine, and collecting housing materials in the forest. They also earn money to purchase what they cannot grow themselves through tourism and by selling cacao, bananas, and plantains.
History
The Bribri people of Costa Rica trace their legendary roots in Talamancan mythology to Ditsö, the first name given to the ethnic group by Sibú, the creator of Earth and humanity.
Colonial and Independence Periods
The name "Bribri," according to contemporary accounts by some Bribri elders, comes from their word for "strong." The earliest written accounts of their people come from Spanish colonial officials and Franciscan missionaries in the early 17th century, who referred to the Bribri and the neighboring Cábecar as the "Talamanca."
Bribri forces were able to conquer the neighboring Cábecar and defeat other tribes in the Talamanca region to establish the Kingdom of Talamanca prior to the early 19th century, while a splinter group settled to the west of the Talamanca range at some point towards the end of the 19th century, although these events are poorly documented in written Spanish sources.
Geographic isolation kept Spanish settlers, commerce, and agricultural practices out of the Talamanca region during the colonial period, as did resistance by Indigenous groups across the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Armed resistance by Indigenous groups in the Talamanca region in the 17th and 18th centuries destroyed Franciscan missions and halted the extension of Spanish power. This allowed the Bribri to preserve their language, spiritual practices, and some elements of their culture. However, some Bribri communities which fell under Spanish control were forcibly resettled to the north and in highland regions of Costa Rica in response to resistance by Indigenous groups, ultimately being assimilated into Spanish culture and no longer practicing old traditions.
While able to maintain their political power and cultural practices, the Bribri suffered from depopulation in the colonial period from Old World diseases as well as conflict with the Spanish. Raids by Miskitu forces from the north along the Caribbean coast targeting Spanish and Indigenous settlements alike further depopulated the Bribri and forced them away from the coast to inland areas from the 17th to 19th centuries.
The Kingdom of Talamanca
By the mid 19th century, the Bribri and Cábecar were organized under a hereditary Bribri nobility led by various kings (often with multiple people who claimed the role), along with a useköl, the highest Cábecar religious authority. The Kingdom of Talamanca received official recognition of its political leadership from the government of Costa Rica in 1867, although the US marine John Lyon who had settled in the region was appointed as director de reducciones, or director of reductions (a kind of Spanish settlement), in Talamanca and held much of the power to govern as recognized by the national government.
One of the last kings of Talamanca, Antonio Saldaña, came to power in 1880 after the previous king, William Forbes, was accused of homicide and declared to be in a state of rebellion by the Costa Rican government, leading to his removal from power. Saldaña ruled about 3,200 people from the seat of his power in Túnsula. Saldaña was resistant to policy from the Costa Rican government which could have led to the cultural assimilation of the Bribri, like the occupation of their land, the presence of teachers, or their service in the national military, though he did not support policy which would have abandoned the region either.
Saldaña came into conflict with the United Fruit Company, a major US-based company with significant control over the banana industry in the Caribbean and Central America, in the early 20th century. The development of United Fruit plantations followed the company's construction of railroads, and as the company expanded north from Panama its railways pushed into the formerly geographically isolated Talamanca Valley and the Bribri heartland in 1908. Saldaña sought to resist the expansion of United Fruit land claims in his territory, but in 1910 died from poisoning, as did his nephew and successor 8 days later. While no definitive proof demonstrates that the United Fruit Company was responsible for the poisonings, many contemporary observers believed they were, and regardless of guilt the poisonings ended the Talamanca monarchy and paved the way for United Fruit's expropriation of Bribri land.
United Fruit
The United Fruit Company was able to use the legal system to their advantage to force the Bribri off the most fertile lands in the Talamanca Valley. Local intermediaries were able to purchase Bribri land, acting as landlords before selling the legal title to United Fruit. The company could then declare the local inhabitants to be squatters, and by providing minimal financial compensation, tricking people into signing away their legal rights to the land, or having workers clear the forests and disrupt settlements by force, were able to displace the Bribri from their old heartland.
The Bribri remained in the Talamanca region, although forced off lands useful for banana growing to marginal lands where they continued to practice subsistence agriculture and raise livestock. While some Bribri worked part time for United Fruit, most were never fully incorporated into the workforce because of cultural barriers as they insisted on working on their own terms and schedules. However, the extension of their system of bartering to plantation workers and other banana farmers, as well as the sale of their excess produce, partially integrated their farming into a broader economy.
United Fruit's operations in the Talamanca region faced plant diseases which ravaged their banana crops and flooding which damaged the infrastructure they built. While some contemporary studies suggest that United Fruit policy, like monocrop plantations frequented by workers traveling from infected farms which rapidly spread disease, and deforestation which removed barriers to the flow of rainwater into the Sixaola River and intensified flooding, were to blame, Bribri shamans at the time took credit for the devastation these forces wreaked on United Fruit's operations. The company ultimately abandoned its banana plantations in Talamanca in 1931.
After United Fruit left, only a small population of Costa Rican and West Indian farmers remained in the Talamanca region, and some Bribri communities were able to resettle the Talamanca Valley. While the Union Oil Company began to operate in the region, they did not displace Bribri communities to the degree that the United Fruit Company had. The area has remained fairly inaccessible to outsiders and culturally and economically independent since United Fruit left the region. However, some Bribri people outside of the Talamanca region live in areas which have been more accessible and have a higher degree of economic integration with the rest of Costa Rica.
Reservations
In Costa Rica in 1973, the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica charged the National Committee on Indigenous Affairs (CONAI) with promoting projects on behalf of indigenous communities. In 1976, President Daniel Oduber Quiros signed Executive Decree No. 5904-G, defining the terms of establishing indigenous reserves. Later that year, Executive Decree No. 6036-G established several indigenous reserves, including for the Bribri, which the Legislative Assembly ratified on November 16, 1977, in Indigenous Law No. 6172. In Panama, while a system for semi-autonomous Indigenous regions exists in the country under the comarca system, the Bribri population is relatively small and as such has not yet been granted a comarca. However, the passage of Law Number 72 by the National Assembly of Panama in 2008 provided a pathway to grant legal title to collective landholdings for Indigenous groups like the Bribri without comarcas.
In Costa Rica, the recognition of Bribri reservations granted them legal title to some of their traditional lands. However, as parts of this territory were legally occupied by non-Indigenous settlers prior to 1977, some of these settlers remain on territory which after 1977 has legally belonged to the Bribri, and have not yet accepted compensation for their removal. This has led Bribri activists and organizers, or land defenders, to politically organize to reclaim their traditional territory within reservation bounds. Some activists have faced threats from the people and business interests seeking to remain on the land which is now recognized as belonging to the Bribri, including the Bribri activist Sergio Rojas who was murdered in 2019, following threats to his life over his land recovery efforts. In Panama, Bribri activists strive for a collective land title under Law Number 72, part of efforts for the legal recognition of collective landholdings which have been ongoing for over 30 years. Without legal protection, some Bribri activists, including King Joaquín González, fear they may be displaced or assimilated by neighboring Indigenous groups or settlers, or that the forests necessary for their subsistence economy may be stripped away by logging operations.
While the Bribri and Cábecar peoples inhabit some of the same regions and maintain similar political goals, the groups have been reported to have a history of ethnic tension, including Bribri discrimination against Cábecar people. Some Bribri political organizers see the restoration of old institutions as necessary for political advocacy, though this is a strategy some Cábecar activists have argued excludes other Indigenous groups. However, Indigenous advocates have expressed the hope that tensions will be resolved through dialogue.
Culture and spirituality
The Bribri people live in the mountains and islands of southern Costa Rica and northern Panama both on reservations and non-protected areas.
The Bribri social structure is organized in clans. Each clan is composed of an extended family. The clan system is matrilineal; that is, a child's clan is determined by the clan his or her mother belongs to. This gives women a very important place in Bribri society since they are the only ones that can inherit land and prepare the sacred cacao (Theobroma cacao) drink that is essential for their rituals. Men's roles are defined by their clan, and these roles often are exclusively for men. Examples of these roles are the "awa" or shaman, and the "oko", the only person allowed to touch the remains of the dead, sing funeral songs, and prepare the food eaten at funerals.
Cacao, as in most of the indigenous groups in southern Costa Rica and northern Panama, has a special significance in Bribri culture. For them the cacao tree used to be a woman that Sibú (God) turned into a tree. Cacao branches are never used as firewood and only women are allowed to prepare and serve the sacred drink. Cacao is used in special occasions, ceremonies and in certain rites of passage such as when young girls have their first menstruation. Currently there exists several Bribri women's associations that produce organic, hand made chocolate that helps them in their livelihoods.
The Shaman, or "awa" holds a very important place in Bribri society. Awapa (plural for awa) train since they are about 8 years old; the training is said to last between 10 and 15 years. Only certain clans are allowed to become awapa. Since the clan comes from the mother's side of the family, an awa cannot teach his own sons, but rather the sons of his female relatives.
All of the knowledge is transmitted orally from an older awa to the apprentice. Bribri healing practices combine herbal medicine and spiritual healing. In their tradition illnesses can come from evil spirits that come in from the ocean in the west, they can also be caused by the person's immoral behavior, or by witchcraft from envious neighbors. In order to heal, the Awa must learn special songs that allow him to connect to the spirits of the plant, the disease and the person. Once this connection is established the awa converses with all three spirits until, with the aid of the plant spirit, convinces the disease to leave the person.
The Bribri spiritual practice centers about the conical house. Conical houses can be found in many Amazonian groups belonging to the Macro-chibchan language family. The conical house is a symbolic representation of the universe. It is supported by eight pillars symbolizing the animals that helped Sibú construct the Universe. The house has four levels representing the four levels of the world, being the ground level the plane we inhabit. On the second level dwell the spirits of plants and animals, and the owners of the rivers, this is where Sibú's helpers live. On the third level of the universe live the spirits who cause disease and suffering and descend periodically to cause grief on earth. The final and highest level of the conical house is where Sibú, accompanied by his helper the king of vultures lives. In this same level live the most malign spirits as well. The Bribri explanation for this is that Sibú keeps them enclosed there, like a warden keeps the inmates in a prison. There are also three other levels beneath the world we inhabit. One of them is the place where Bribri souls go after death.
The king vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) holds an important place in the Bribri cosmology. He is the only one that can fly high enough to reach the top of the Universe and thus serves as a link between Sibú and the other worlds. It is believed that while regular vultures, who are his helpers, roost in trees like other birds, the vulture king rises up to sleep with Sibú after eating.
Agriculture is the main activity of the Bribri. The Bribri are isolated, and have developed an extensive bartering system. One small group of Bribri, who live in the community called Kekoldi, only has about 200 people. They partake in the unique practice of iguana farming. These iguanas are released into the forest so any other Bribri can hunt them for their food and skin. The farm has been operating for 11 years and has about 2,000 iguanas and 2,000,000 eggs. The iguanas stay on the farm until five years of age at which time they are released into the wild. The Kekoldi have maintained their own culture.
Some Bribri from the younger generation have adopted digital technologies, which have introduced them to new cultural influences. However, some Bribri elders believe this outside cultural influence is a threat to their traditions and their culture which historically resisted assimilation by outsiders.
Non-profit organizations in the area
El Puente is a non-profit organization working with the Bribri people, offering educational assistance, food, and micro-loans. Their goal is to help families and individuals become self-sufficient. El Puente also offers educational working volunteer opportunities, including documentation and preservation of a medicinal plant garden, preparing and serving meals at the community kitchen, and working with local family farmers.
Surf For Life is a non-profit organization designed to connect travelers with community service activities benefitting coastal communities around the world. Their mission is to assemble teams of 'voluntourists' to travel to various project sites where they serve as hands-on workers and goodwill advocates. Volunteers team up to raise money for projects benefiting the Bribri. In March 2010, Surf For Life teams successfully restored the core structure and wooden planks of a suspension bridge up in the mountains. Now the families living on the other side of the river can safely use the bridge again for everyday access to necessities like food and water supplies, school and medical services.
The Tropical Adventures Foundation works inside the reservation. They provide training to help the Bribri create sustainable income for their communities, while striving to help the tribe preserve their language and culture. Tropical Adventures welcomes volunteers and provides opportunities including: teaching English, recycling and environmental education, medicinal plant project, organic farming, wildlife rehabilitation, chocolate factory, public relations and marketing, retirement home assistance, painting, building and general maintenance, elementary school projects, and trail maintenance.
Project Talamanca provides free medical and dental care to the Bribri and Cabécar people of Talamanca, in cooperation with the CCSS (Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social) and local tribal organizations. Under the direction of the founder, Dr. Peter S. Aborn DDS, groups of professional and student volunteers treat patients in week-long visits to the reserve twice a year. Dr. Aborn's team of volunteers is committed to providing free care to patients in the least accessible regions of Talamanca. They are also doing research into viral diseases that are endemic to the area, and sponsoring a scholarship for a Bribri student to study dentistry professionally.
Notable people with Bribri ancestry
Benjamín Mayorga (b. 1966), football player
Guillermo Rodriguez Romero (b. 1958), Costa Rica's first Indigenous ambassador
Antonio Saldaña, cacique and one of the last kings of Talamanca
References
External links
Bribri people, Minnesota State University, Mankato
A Bribri course with audio files: Jara Murillo, Carla con Alí García Segura. 2008. Materiales y Ejercicios para el Curso de Bribri I, Universidad de Costa Rica.
An Interview with BriBri Leader Don Timoteo Jackson
Circum-Caribbean tribes
Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica
Indigenous peoples of Central America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribri%20people |
Otto Zeinenger (1513–1576) was an obscure yet influential theologian of the early Reformation.
Born in Germany and ordained in the Catholic Church, he moved to Geneva in his early twenties. Here he came under the sway of Protestant reformer John Calvin, whose devoted student he became. Zeinenger published a number of commentaries on Calvin's Institutes before Calvin and his followers were forced to leave Geneva in 1538. From this point until Calvin's triumphant return to Geneva in 1541, Zeinenger's whereabouts are unknown. There is some evidence to suggest he traveled to the Languedoc region of southern France, although some have speculated that he traveled as far as Greece or possibly Bulgaria.
Zeinenger returned to Geneva sometime around 1541 and began preaching to the city's growing Protestant community. Over the course of the next decade, however, he appears to have had a falling-out with Calvin. In the end he was stripped of his ministerial duties, although he continued to write until his death and his unpublished sermons were circulated in dissident Protestant circles for many years.
Although Zeinenger's early theological writings are very close to the natural theology of Jean Calvin, his later writings are less easy to categorize. At times he maintains the strict Calvinist line, while at others he appears to veer off along more dualist or Manichaean avenues. These unorthodox adventures are thought by many to explain the rift that grew up between Calvin and his young disciple.
However, recent scholarship on Zeinenger's work has argued that the so-called "rift" between Calvin and Zeinenger had less to do with theology and more to do with oratory style. It has been suggested that Zeinenger's often excessive use of rhetorical manipulation offended Calvin's belief that the truth of the Christian faith should be accessible through reason and faith alone. Zeinenger, on the other hand, is reputed (see Simon of Beziers' "Chronicles of Geneva", pp. 217–18) to have said that "lost souls are sometimes more easily directed through misdirection.") Some, including Simon of Beziers, assert that Zeinenger was willing to stoop to "swindling" ("Chronicles of Geneva", pp. 15–19) his audience into accepting Christian doctrine.
Most of the authors who dispute the theory of sharp theological split between Calvin and Zeinenger also reject the notion that Zeinenger ever left Switzerland to travel to Bulgaria, Greece, or southern France. The details of Zeinenger's life during this period are notoriously fuzzy.
See also
Reformation in Switzerland
References
Lawrence Bloomberg, "The Zeinenger-Calvin Feud Revisited" in Rhetoric (2003)
Jean Gauthier, "Dissent and Orthodoxy in Calvin's Geneva: A Firsthand Account" in Revue européene de la réligion historique (1963)
Theo Ringhalter, "A Cathar Revival? Dualism and Orthodoxy in Calvinist Geneva" in Pre-Reformation Origins of Protestant Theology (1989)
Simon of Béziers, Chronicles of Geneva (1591)
F. Jerome Wyatt, Church, Visible and Invisible: Politics and Religion in Sixteenth-Century Geneva (1971)
1513 births
1576 deaths
Swiss Protestant Reformers
16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
German Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Swiss Calvinist and Reformed theologians
16th-century German Protestant theologians
German male non-fiction writers
16th-century German male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Zeinenger |
The A-class torpedo boats were a class of German single-funnelled torpedo boat/light destroyer designed by the Reichsmarineamt for operations off the coast of occupied Flanders in the First World War. The A designation was to avoid confusion with older classes and designs. They were known as "coastal torpedo boats" (German: Küstentorpedoboote) to differentiate from larger, ocean-going torpedo boats.
Six groups of vessels were built under the class between 1914 and 1918, increasing in displacement from 109 tons to 335 tons. All had a raised forecastle, shallow draught, and carried one (for most) or two (for A1-A25) torpedo tubes amidships.
A1–A25
A2 and A6 were sunk by British destroyers on 1 May 1915 during the Battle off Noordhinder Bank.
A3 was lost in 1915.
A15 was sunk by French destroyers on 23 August 1915.
A13 was bombed in dock in 1917.
A10 was sunk by mines in 1918.
A7 and A19 were sunk by British and French destroyers on 21 March 1918.
A1, A18 and A21–A25 surrendered and were stricken between 1921 and 1922.
A11 and A17 were sunk during the Kapp Putsch in 1920.
A4, A12 and A14 were abandoned in Antwerp after the German evacuation at the end of the First World War. Taken over by Belgium. Remained operational until 1927.
A5, A8, A9, A16 and A20 were interned in the Netherlands at the end of the war, and handed over to Belgium as reparations in 1919. Decommissioned in 1927 and most scrapped. A20 remained in use as training vessel and captured by Germans in 1940. Scrapped 1948.
A26–A55
A26–A29, A31, A33–A39, A41, A44–A46, A48, A49, and A52–A55 were surrendered and stricken between 1920 and 1921.
A30, A40, A42 and A47 interned in the Netherlands at end of the war and allocated to Belgium in 1919 under Versailles Treaty. Discarded in 1927.
A32 was sunk during the "Operation Albion" in 1917, raised and repaired in 1923, and served as Sulev in the Estonian Navy. Taken by Russia in October 1940, it was renamed Аметист ("Amethyst") and served in the Soviet Navy as a patrol vessel until scrapped in 1950.
A43 was scrapped in 1943.
A50 was mined in 1917.
A51 was scuttled in 1918.
A56–A79
A56–A58 were mined in 1918.
A59, A60 and A61 caused severe damage to on 19 October 1917.
A59 was transferred to Poland in 1921, becoming . Became target ship in 1937 and captured by Germans in 1939. Sunk under tow.
A60 was mined in 1917.
A61 and A62 were transferred to Britain in 1920, scrapped in 1923.
A63 and A66 were given to France in 1920, scrapped in 1923.
A64 was transferred to Poland 1921 becoming . Stricken in October 1936 and scrapped.
A65 was given to Brazil, and scuttled in Britain.
A67 was scrapped incomplete in 1921.
A68 was transferred to Poland in 1921, becoming . Converted to oil hulk 1939. Sunk by German bombers 3 September 1939.
A69, A70, A74–A76, and A78 were stricken in 1920.
A71, A73, A77 and A79 were mined in 1918.
A80–A91
A80 was transferred to Poland in 1921 as . Renamed Podhalanin in 1922. Converted to oil hulk in 1939. Sunk by German bombers while under tow on 24 September 1939.
A81, A86–A91 were stricken in 1920.
A82 was scuttled at Fiume in 1918.
A83–A85 were scrapped incomplete, 1919.
A92–A113
A92–A95 were stricken, 1920.
A96–A113 were scrapped while still on the stocks, 1919
Citations
References
World War I torpedo boats of Germany
Torpedo boats of the Imperial German Navy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-class%20torpedo%20boat |
is a Japanese business magnate, engineer and the founder of Mugen Motorsports. He is the son of Soichiro Honda, founder of the Honda Motor Company.
Tax evasion case
Japanese prosecutors had arrested Hirotoshi Honda in 2003, hours after prosecutors launched a criminal investigation into Mugen, which has business relations with Honda Motor Company, on suspicion of dodging ¥ in corporate taxes. Norio Hirokawa, 60, the company's auditor, was also arrested over his alleged involvement in the tax evasion.
Prosecutors alleged that Hirotoshi Honda approved the transactions, although he has claimed he was also a victim and only signed the tax documents prepared by his auditor without knowing about the crime. Prosecutors suspect Mugen hid its income by moving funds to a company named MG Estate under machine lease and other fictitious transactions for three years through to December 2000. Since his arrest in 2003, Hirotoshi Honda had stepped down as the company president.
Hirotoshi Honda is a board member of MG Estate, which has since been renamed GE Seirijigyosha. Mugen reported sales of about ¥ for the financial year to October 2001. Honda Motor has pulled its capital from Mugen but still teams with the firm to participate in auto races. All of Mugen's operations facilities and employees were handed over to M-TEC Company, set up by a relative of Soichiro Honda, while Mugen continued corporate existence only to participate in court proceedings.
On May 25, 2006, Hirotoshi Honda was found not guilty of charges of tax evasion, but Presiding Judge Yasuo Shimoyama of the Saitama District Court ordered Mugen to pay ¥ in fines. The judge ruled that auditor Norio Hirokawa played the central role in the tax evasion scheme, sentencing him to three years imprisonment.
Notes
External links
Mugen Official Site
Vehicle modification people
Japanese founders of automobile manufacturers
1942 births
Living people
Formula One people
Nihon University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirotoshi%20Honda |
Senseless is a 1998 American buddy comedy science fiction film directed by Penelope Spheeris and written by Greg Erb and Craig Mazin. The film stars Marlon Wayans, David Spade, and Matthew Lillard as college students.
Plot
Darryl Witherspoon (Marlon Wayans) is an economics student at Stratford University, who does not have the advantages of his wealthy nemesis, Scott Thorpe (David Spade), or his best friend Tim LaFlour (Matthew Lillard), straight edge punk rocker who has a hockey scholarship. Darryl is so broke he donates four pints of blood in one day (playing a different character each time) and four vials of sperm in one day. Darryl's big break comes when he enters a competition, where the winner gets a high-paying Wall Street job. But when Scott enters the competition, it seems Darryl's break has gone down the drain. He takes on a high-paying experiment to test a drug that enhances the five senses. Darryl uses it to his advantage and he impresses the competition's supervisor, Mr. Tyson (Rip Torn) and he even joins the hockey team as a goalie. But after taking an extra dose one night, he experiences side effects. The experiment's supervisor, Dr. Thomas Wheedon (Brad Dourif), tells Darryl only four of his senses will work at a time until the drug leaves his body.
As Darryl struggles, Tim thinks that his friend is on heroin and gets worried about him. Darryl's luck then starts going down the drain as he loses the hockey game because his sense of sight is lost. He also mistakenly confesses love to his girlfriend's father who he thinks is his girlfriend as his sense of sight is lost. Her father turns out to be Mr. Tyson. He also acts very clumsily (because of the loss of the ability to see) during the basketball game he is invited to see with a client who needs to be impressed in order for Darryl to score some points with the Smythe-Bates guys. Luckily, the client thinks Darryl is just funny and signs a contract with the company.
As the story progresses, Darryl asks his friend Tim to help him study for the next day's interview. At that exact moment, Scott studies for the test with the aid of his rich father's employees. Scott is shown to answer a question correctly but he does not know the reason behind it, he ignores the question. The next day, the drug leaves Darryl's system and now all his five senses operate normally. During the interview, it comes down to Darryl and Scott, Scott is asked the same question he was asked last night, he answers it correctly, but when asked the reason, he does not know, Darryl steps in, gives the correct reason and scores the position of junior analyst at Smythe-Bates. But in his speech, he confesses that he cheated by taking an experimental drug. A meeting is called to decide his fate and Mr. Tyson tells him that he himself started out in the mail room and Darryl should too, if he serves one year duty in the mail room, he will score the position of junior analyst. The story skips a year and Darryl is shown to ask his mom to move into a deluxe apartment. The movie ends with Darryl entering the Smythe-Bates building on his first day, with a familiar-looking doorman (Sherman Hemsley).
Cast
Marlon Wayans as Darryl Witherspoon
David Spade as Scott Thorpe
Matthew Lillard as Tim LaFlour
Brad Dourif as Dr. Thomas Wheedon
Tamara Taylor as Janice Tyson
Rip Torn as Randall Tyson
Esther Scott as Denise Witherspoon
Richard McGonagle as Robert Bellwether
Kenya Moore as Lorraine
Vicellous Shannon as Carter
Ernie Lively as Coach Brandau
Patrick Ewing as Himself
Greg Grunberg as Steve the commentator
Debra Jo Rupp as Fertility clinic attendant
Mark Christopher Lawrence as Wig shop owner
Sherman Hemsley as Smythe-Bates Doorman
Production
Senseless was financed by Dimension Films/Miramax, and was the second movie idea Princeton University comedy writers Craig Mazin and Greg Erb had successfully pitched, with their first being the 1997 Buena Vista comedy RocketMan. Filming began during June 1997 in Los Angeles.
Reception
Box office
Senseless opened on February 20, 1998 and, in its opening weekend, made $5,337,651 at #5 behind Titanics tenth weekend, The Wedding Singers second, Spheres second, and Good Will Huntings twelfth.
Critical response
The film received negative reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 6% based on reviews from 17 critics. On Metacritic the film has a score of 36% based on reviews from 13 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".
Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
Roger Ebert gave the film 2.5 out of 4.
Soundtrack
The Senseless soundtrack was released February 10, 1998 by Gee Street Records.
"Busy Child" - The Crystal Method
"Song for Lindy" - Fatboy Slim
"Absurd" - Fluke
"Together" - Moby
"Do You Want to Freak?" - The Freak Brothers
"The Unexplained" - Gravediggaz
"Graciosa" - Moby
"Reeferendrum" - Fluke
"Set Back" - Fluke
"Jungle Brother (True Blue)" - Jungle Brothers
"Spacefunk" - Headrillaz
"Perfect for You" - P.M. Dawn
"Atom Bomb" - Fluke
"Look Around My Window" - Ambersunshower
"Mucho Dinero" - Yankee B.
"Smash the State" - Naked Aggression
"Gotta Be...Movin' on Up" - Prince Be of P.M. Dawn featuring Ky-Mani and John Forté
References
External links
1998 films
1990s buddy comedy films
1998 romantic comedy films
African-American comedy films
American buddy comedy films
American independent films
American romantic comedy films
Dimension Films films
Films directed by Penelope Spheeris
Films produced by Don Carmody
Films set in universities and colleges
Mandeville Films films
Films produced by David Hoberman
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
Films with screenplays by Craig Mazin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senseless |
Han Hyung-bae (born March 21, 1976) is a field hockey player from South Korea, who was a member of the Men's National Team that won the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. In the final the Asians were beaten by the title holders Netherlands after penalty strokes.
References
Profile on Athens 2004 Web Site
External links
1976 births
Living people
South Korean male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for South Korea
1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for South Korea
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%20Hyung-bae |
Black Blade is a thriller novel written by Eric Van Lustbader. It was published in 1992.
Plot summary
In New York City, a series of murders begin. In Washington, a plot conceived at the highest levels of American government is at work to bring the nation of Japan to its knees. In Tokyo, a power struggle is nearing its final stages for control of the Black Blade Society, an ostensibly political cabal whose motives may encompass far more than politics.
Editions
Black Blade: A Novel (paperback), Fawcett Crest Books,
References
1992 American novels
American thriller novels
HarperCollins books
Novels by Eric Van Lustbader | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Blade%20%28novel%29 |
Saham () is a coastal town in the Al Batinah Region, in northeastern Oman. It is located at about and has a population of 85,010 (2003 census). Saham is a fishing and a farming town between Al Khaboura and Sohar.
Saham Fort & Souq
The most known landmarks in Saham are the Souq and the Fort which are within each vicinity, the place is historical and for over 100 years it is known as the focal point for all local businesses and the Souq has been rebuilt to modern standards in 2018, the place is always lively and one of the most known events there is Souq Sabe'. Where farm owners bring their livestock for sale on the seventh of the Dhu al-Hijjah, three days before Eid Al Adha, for others to buy their sacrificial lamb for the day.
Regions
Saham is one of the largest states in AlBatinah in terms of sheer area, and there are many regions with vastly different cultures depending on the environment and the craft of its people.
On the shore fjords of the sea are common in Saham and the areas surrounding them are named Khors, (Khor Al Milh, Khor AlHimam, Khor AlShiyadi).
Saham mainly splits into two sections, the north and the south, The north has many regions (Majaz, AlHuwail, AlMarfa, AlHadeeb, AlGowaisa, etc). And the south has two main regions, AlDeel and Hafeet.
The region surrounding the Souq was named after it (Hillat AlSouq) marking its importance on the region and the state itself.
Haunted House in Sur AlShiyadi
A picture of an abandoned house has surfaced the media recently with a caption of (The house that Jinn protect) where some people claim or speculate that the house cannot be bulldozed as all machines just don't work when they go to its vicinity. We all love a good ghost story but in reality, the owner (or the inheritor) of the house is refusing for house to be destroyed, in fact he threatened to sue for over 3 million Omani Rials if they did so. That is pretty much the real story.
See also
List of cities in Oman
References
Populated places in Oman
Al Batinah North Governorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saham |
John Fairfield (January 30, 1797December 24, 1847) was an attorney and politician from Maine. He served as a U.S. Congressman, governor and U.S. Senator.
Fairfield was born in Pepperellborough, Massachusetts (now Saco, Maine) and attended the schools of York County. After serving in the War of 1812, he pursued a business career before deciding to become an attorney, and after in the office of an established lawyer and judge, Fairfield attained admission to the bar in 1826. He practiced in Saco and Biddeford, and became active in politics as a Democrat.
He was elected to the US House in 1834, reelected in 1836, and served from 1835 until 1838, when he resigned to become governor. Elected in 1838, he served from 1839 to 1841. He returned to the governorship in 1842, and served until resigning in 1843 to accept election to the U.S. Senate. He was elected to the final four years of the term in 1844, and served until his death.
Fairfield died in Washington, D.C., and was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Saco.
Early life
Fairfield was born in Pepperellborough, Massachusetts (now Saco, Maine), and was the eldest of six children born to Ichabod and Sarah (Nason) Fairfield. He attended the Saco schools, Thornton Academy, and Limerick Academy. Fairfield is known to have served on the crew of a privateer during the War of 1812, which led to the nickname "Sailor Boy", but the exact circumstances of his wartime service are not known. After completing his education, Fairfield began a career as a merchant before deciding to pursue a legal career. He studied law in the office of attorney and judge Ether Shepley, and was admitted to the bar in 1826.
Start of career
Fairfield practiced Saco and Biddeford in partnership with George Thacher, and specialized in courtroom pleadings and trials. Fairfield was appointed a trustee of Thornton Academy in 1826 and served as president of the board from 1845 to 1847. He was appointed Reporter of Decisions for the Maine Supreme Judicial Court in 1832, and authored Supreme Court Reports, published in Augusta between 1835 and 1837. In 1845, Bowdoin College awarded Fairfield the honorary degree of Master of Arts.
Congressman
In 1834 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat. He was reelected in 1836, and served from March 4, 1835, to December 24, 1838, when he resigned to begin his first term as governor. During his time in the House, Fairfield became nationally known when he spoke in the House to demand an investigation into the duel between Congressmen Jonathan Cilley and William J. Graves, which resulted in Cilley's death. In insisting on an investigation, Fairfield broke with the custom of the time, largely favored by pro-slavery Southern members, of not referring to private "affairs of honor" on the House floor. Fairfield's efforts resulted in passage of a law making it illegal to issue a dueling challenge within the city limits of Washington, D.C., even if the duel was planned for a site outside the city.
Governor
Fairfield was the Governor of Maine from 1838 to 1841. He returned to office again in 1842, and served until resigning in 1843. During Fairfield's governorship, the Aroostook War erupted as the U.S. and Great Britain continued a dispute over the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, Canada. Both sides dispatched militia to the contested area and several Canadian militiamen were captured. No one was killed, but two Canadians were injured by bears prior to the enactment of the Webster–Ashburton Treaty that ended the dispute.
U.S. Senator
He resigned during his second tenure as governor to accept election to The U.S. Senate, filling the vacancy caused by the resignation of Reuel Williams. He was elected in 1844 to complete the final four years of the term, and served from March 7, 1843, until his death. Fairfield was chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs in the 29th and 30th Congresses. At the 1844 Democratic National Convention, Fairfield's name was placed in nomination for vice president after Silas Wright declined; He received the most votes on the second ballot, but on the third ballot the nomination went to George M. Dallas.
Death and burial
Fairfield died suddenly in Washington, D.C., on December 24, 1847. According to published reports, Fairfield suffered from knee pain, and had been operated on previously. When he sought treatment on this occasion, his doctor punctured the skin around his knees to drain built-up fluid, then injected a copper sulfate solution, which was thought at the time to provide relief of the pain and swelling associated with rheumatism. The doctor did not remove the solution before it was absorbed into Fairfield's circulatory system, and intense pain, paralysis and death resulted.
Fairfield's funeral was held at Saco's Congregational Church on December 1, 1848. He was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Saco.
Family
On September 25, 1825, Fairfield married Anna Paine Thornton, the daughter of Dr. Thomas G. Thornton, a former U.S. Marshal for Maine and a niece of Richard Cutts and Anna Paine Cutts. They were the parents of nine children, and Mrs. Fairfield died on July 18, 1882.
Legacy
John Fairfield is the namesake of the town of Fort Fairfield, Maine. In 1962, the Saco school district constructed an elementary school which was named for him.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
References
Sources
Books
Internet
External links
John Fairfield at National Governors Association
1797 births
1847 deaths
People from Saco, Maine
American people of English descent
Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from Maine
Democratic Party United States senators from Maine
Democratic Party governors of Maine
Politicians from Biddeford, Maine
19th-century American legislators
People from Maine in the War of 1812
Burials in Maine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Fairfield |
Sahm may refer to:
Sahm (surname), with a list of people of this name
Sahm International, beer glassware manufacturer
Saham (Arabic: صحم), a coastal town in northeastern Oman
SAHM ('stay at home mom/mum/mother'); see homemaker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahm |
Sinoconodon is an extinct genus of mammaliamorphs that appears in the fossil record of the Lufeng Formation of China in the Sinemurian stage of the Early Jurassic period, about 193 million years ago. While sharing many plesiomorphic traits with other non-mammaliaform cynodonts, it possessed a special, secondarily evolved jaw joint between the dentary and the squamosal bones, which in more derived taxa would replace the primitive tetrapod one between the articular and quadrate bones. The presence of a dentary-squamosal joint is a trait historically used to define mammals.
Description
This animal had skull of which suggest a presacral body length of and weight about due to the similar parameters to the European hedgehog. Sinoconodon closely resembled early mammaliaforms like Morganucodon, but it is regarded as more basal, differing substantially from Morganucodon in its dentition and growth habits. Like most other non-mammalian tetrapods, such as reptiles and amphibians, it was polyphyodont, replacing many of its teeth throughout its lifetime, and it seems to have grown slowly but continuously until its death. It was thus somewhat less mammal-like than mammaliaforms such as morganucodonts and docodonts. The combination of basal tetrapod and mammalian features makes it a unique transitional fossil.
Taxonomy
Sinoconodon was named by Patterson and Olson in 1961. Its type is Sinoconodon rigneyi. It was assigned to Triconodontidae by Patterson and Olson in 1961; to Triconodonta by Jenkins and Crompton in 1979; to Sinoconodontidae by Carroll in 1988; to Mammaliamorpha by Wible in 1991; to Mammalia by Luo and Wu in 1994; to Mammalia by Kielan-Jaworowska et al. in 2004; and to Mammaliaformes by Luo et al. in 2001 and Bi et al. in 2014.
Phylogeny
References
External links
Mammaliformes from Palaeos
http://eol.org/pages/10575421/names?all=1
http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/mammaliformes/mammaliformes.html#Mammaliformes
Prehistoric prozostrodonts
Prehistoric cynodont genera
Transitional fossils
Jurassic synapsids
Jurassic animals of Asia
Sinemurian life
Fossils of China
Fossil taxa described in 1961
Taxa named by Bryan Patterson
Taxa named by Everett C. Olson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoconodon |
The Bokota, also called Bogotá or Bugleres, are an indigenous people of Panama. They live in Bocas del Toro and north of Veraguas. Bokota live in the same region as the Teribe or Naso Indians. As the 2010 Census, there were 26,871 Bogota living in Panama. They are the smallest tribe in Panama and live in the west of the country. Traditionally they spoke the Bokota language, a dialect of Buglere.
Culture
The Bokota dedicate themselves to livestock, fishing, and hunting. They still use weapons like bows and arrows and spears or fishnets. Men wear shirts of manta-sucia, while women dress similar to the Ngobes. They wear necklaces, facial paint of black and red, and shiny hair combs. They make hats of vegetable fibers, backpacks, baskets, and daily dresses called cobo. They live in round houses on stilts. They are monogamous, and the Bokotas have often intermarried with the Ngöbe Buglés. There are still fullblood families of Bokota. Many traditional ceremonies are maintained, including the ceremony of lightning, which prevents lightning from striking their houses.
Language
They speak the Bokota language, also called Buglere, which is one of the Chibchan languages.
See also
Ngäbe–Buglé people
Notes
Indigenous peoples of Central America
Ethnic groups in Panama
Indigenous peoples in Panama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokota%20people |
Hwang Jong-Hyun (born 20 May 1975) is a field hockey player from South Korea, who was a member of the Men's National Team that won the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. In the final the Asians were beaten by title holders, the Netherlands, after penalty strokes. He is nicknamed Jonathan, and also competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
External links
Profile on Athens 2004 Web Site
1975 births
Living people
South Korean male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for South Korea
Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for South Korea
2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Asian Games medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 2002 Asian Games
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwang%20Jong-hyun |
Cork North East or North East Cork may refer to:
North East Cork (UK Parliament constituency), 1885–1922
Cork North-East (Dáil constituency), 1961–1981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork%20North%20East |
Prairie College is an interdenominational Christian College located in the town of Three Hills, Alberta. Founded as Prairie Bible Institute, classes began on October 9, 1922, on the property of the McElheran family farm.
History
A local Bible Study group led by J. Fergus Kirk, a central Alberta Presbyterian farmer, was the precursor to Prairie College. Kirk communicated with W.C. Stephens, the principal of the Midland Bible Institute of Kansas City, a short lived school of the Christian and Missionary Alliance; he asked Stephens to send a teacher north west to the Canadian prairies. As a result, L. E. Maxwell arrived in Three Hills in the fall of 1922 and immediately proceeded to teach and to eventually develop a structured curriculum. Maxwell became the school's principal and later its president. After 58 years, Maxwell retired in the spring of 1980 near the age of 85. The current president of Prairie College is Mark Maxwell, the grandson of L. E. Maxwell.
Maxwell, the Kirks, the McElherans, and other local families saw the school grow to attain an enrolment of over 900 students by 1948 and become Canada's largest Bible college, a position it would hold until 1984. Although initially wary of outside alliances and influences, Prairie Bible Institute was officially incorporated and eventually accredited to grant degrees in divinity through provincial legislative acts and amendments of The Crown in Right of Alberta and has conferred associate's degrees and Bachelor degrees to its graduates since 1980. From 1988 to 2004, PBI operated a graduate school and offered Master's degrees at a satellite campus in Calgary. During that same period, PBI reached undergraduate credit and programmatic block transfer arrangements with The King's University College in Edmonton and the University of Lethbridge in southern Alberta and became accredited in 1997 when the Association for Biblical Higher Education accepted PBI as a full member.
Graduate level education returned to Prairie in the fall of 2012 through reciprocal academic arrangements with Carey Theological College, an accredited seminary affiliated with the University of British Columbia of Vancouver. In that agreement fourth year students in PBI's baccalaureate programs were eligible to receive one year's advanced standing toward a master's degree at Carey; alternatively, a student could enrol directly in Carey's seminary courses after completing three academic years at Prairie and have those graduate credits fulfill both fourth year bachelor's degree requirements at Prairie College as well as first year course requirements in one of Carey's graduate programs.
Additionally in 2019, Prairie College entered into a full partnership with Taylor Seminary of Edmonton, Alberta to deliver accelerated hybrid B.A.M., M.Div. concurrent degrees which Prairie College students are able to achieve within 5 academic years through an integrated program of studies. This agreement lapsed when Taylor pursued status as a legacy campus of Kairos University. However, Carey Theological College and Prairie College enhanced their partnership with a hybrid/online accelerated 5 year B.A.M., M.Div.</ref> - available to students around the world.
In 2020 Prairie College introduced a new master's degree program in Global Leadership in Christian Education.
Ventures initiated by Prairie were the Prairie Sunday School Mission, established in 1929, which was subsequently reorganized as the Alberta branch of the Canadian Sunday School Mission - later renamed as One Hope Canada. In 1933, at the invitation of Peace River area residents, Prairie College graduate Walter W. McNaughton traveled from Viking, Alberta, to Peace River country to establish the Peace River Bible Institute, now located at Sexsmith, near the city of Grande Prairie. By the 1940s, Prairie had founded three general education Christian schools on its Three Hills campus: Prairie Elementary, Prairie Junior High, and Prairie High School. In 2004 these schools were amalgamated as Prairie Christian Academy (PCA) and began to operate independently from the Bible Institute. PCA now exists as one of Alberta's alternative schools under the local public school division.
Another outgrowth of the school was its own campus church, The Prairie Tabernacle Congregation. This fellowship met for more than fifty years in a cavernous auditorium seating 4,300. Remodeled and renamed in 1985, the Maxwell Memorial Tabernacle was Canada's largest religious auditorium. In 2005, the building was demolished so that a new multipurpose facility, The Maxwell Centre, could be built to house administrative offices and classrooms for Prairie College. As for Prairie Tabernacle Congregation, the fellowship initially moved its meeting place to the local Christian Academy and subsequently migrated to other facilities on the college campus. In January 2020, a new Prairie Tabernacle was officially opened for the congregation. This modern facility contains 17,000 square feet and is located on Highway 583 adjacent to the Prairie Christian Academy. It stands about 5 blocks east of the Prairie College campus.
Prairie was one of the first Bible training institutes in Western Canada. Alumni were influential in the promotion of evangelical churches, especially congregations of the Christian and Missionary Alliance and the Evangelical Free Church. These, along with other evangelical churches, employed graduates of Prairie and other rural Bible schools until they were able to establish their own denominational colleges and seminaries with campuses in urban and metropolitan areas of western Canada. Since its academic arrangements with Taylor Seminary were finalized in 2019 Prairie College has been endorsed as a partner school of the Alberta Baptist Association, a regional district of the North American Baptist Conference.
Prairie College now represents one of the most denominationally diversified theological faculties in the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities CCCU, with an Anglican priest, a graduate from Westminster Theological Seminary, a Wesleyan, an Anabaptist former pastor, and several nondenominational professors.
Programs
Today, on its Three Hills campus in Alberta, Prairie Bible Institute operates Prairie College, a post-secondary undergraduate ministry and vocational centre of higher education; further Prairie College maintains active academic arrangements with Bow Valley College of Calgary and Carey Theological College of Vancouver:
Prairie College offers resident, commuter and distance education ministry programs with major concentrations in Biblical Studies, Theology, Church Ministries or Intercultural Studies culminating in an A.A.R.S., B.Min., B.Th., B.A., and a concurrent B.A.-M.Div. degree program with Carey Theological College of Vancouver, British Columbia, so that all students in Prairie's four-year bachelor's degree programs have one year's access to and/or advanced standing in an accredited M.A. or M.Div. seminary degree program from Carey Theological College.
As well, in each of the four-year bachelor's degree programs of Prairie College the students study the whole Biblical canon in seven courses (three New Testament segments and four Old Testament segments).
Applied vocational programs of Prairie College include Aviation (based at Three Hills Airport) culminating in an Associate of Arts in Mission Aviation degree. Other Applied Arts and Technology programs are offered by Prairie College which lead to vocational diplomas or Associate of Arts degrees with incorporated provincially recognized diplomas in Digital Media, Emergency Medical Technology, Practical Nursing, Sports Management and other applied disciplines under consideration or development from partnering colleges, most notably Red Deer Polytechnic Institute and Olds College. Prairie College also confers a four-year Bachelor of Marketplace Ministry which is an interdisciplinary ministry and vocational program of studies.
The school teaches creation as represented in the Book of Genesis, including the view of Adam and Eve as historical figures. In order to foster Christian development, most single first- and second-year students, as well as students in full-time flight training live in residence.
Athletics
The Prairie College Pilots are a member of both the Alberta Colleges Athletic Conference and Prairie Athletic Conference. The school currently competes in men's and women's basketball, futsal, and volleyball, as well as cross country running and indoor track.
Prairie is a former member of the Alberta Colleges Athletic League.
Notable alumni
John Dekker: Missionary and author
Don Richardson: Missionary and author
Ralph D. Winter: Missiologist, Author, Founder U.S. Center for World Missions, Founder William Carey University
Elisabeth Elliot: Author, Teacher and widow of martyred missionary Jim Elliot
Peter Craigie: Old Testament Scholar, Author, Dean of Humanities Faculty and V.P. University of Calgary
Paul Chamberlain: Philosopher and professor
References
External links
Prairie Bible College - Official Site
News Releases
Bible colleges
Colleges in Alberta
Universities and colleges established in 1922
Evangelical universities and colleges in Canada
1922 establishments in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie%20College |
Superman: Doomsday & Beyond, also known as Superman Lives!, is a licensed novel, published in 1993, set in the DC Comics universe, written by Louise Simonson, and with illustrations from Dan Jurgens and José Luis García-López. It is a young-adult version of The Death of Superman comics storyline from 1992. An audio adaptation of the storyline, using the same title, aired on BBC Radio 1 also in 1993, which was released on audio cassette in 1993 and CD in 2005.
Source material
The book draws upon events from the following:
Man of Steel #1-6 (limited series, 1986)
Superman #73-82 (1992–93)
Action Comics #683-692 (1992–93)
Superman: The Man of Steel #17-26 (1992–93)
Adventures of Superman #496-505 (1992–93)
Editions
Superman: Doomsday & Beyond (paperback), Bantam Books
Voice cast
Stuart Milligan as Kal-El/Clark Kent / Superman
William Hootkins as Lex Luthor
Lorelei King as Lois Lane
Vincent Marzello as Jimmy Olsen
Garrick Hagon as Perry White
Shelley Thompson as Lana Lang
Dick Vosburgh as Jor-El
Barbara Barnes as Lucy Lane
David Graham as Fisher
Simon Treves as Metallo
Elizabeth Mansfield as Amanda McCoy
Burt Kwouk as Doctor Teng
Jon Pertwee as Schwarz
Leon Herbert as John Henry Irons
References
Superman novels
1993 novels
DC Comics novels
Superman radio series
British radio dramas
BBC Radio 1 programmes
BBC Radio 4 programmes
BBC Radio dramas
1993 radio programme debuts
1993 radio programme endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman%3A%20Doomsday%20%26%20Beyond |
MechAssault 2: Lone Wolf is a 2004 video game developed by Day 1 Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios exclusively for the Xbox console, and set in the BattleTech universe. Development of MechAssault 2 was announced shortly following the release of MechAssault, with the developers focusing on the expansion of online and networking features to capitalise upon the success of the original game as a pilot title for the Xbox Live online service, and creating a more open-ended gameplay style in which players are able to exit their mech and occupy multiple vehicles.
Plot
After many searches, Major Natalia "Nat" Kerensky decides to base their testing operations in Dante City on the Planet Dante, using the blackmarketeers as a cover. One evening, as Foster and the MechWarrior (player) are returning to their workshop, mysterious craft enter the Dante airspace and a Stiletto BattleMech lands on the ground and starts searching for them. They successfully evade the Stiletto and make it back to the workshop, where Nat instructs the player use a new powered armor suit called the BattleArmor to stop the invaders. After this, hundreds of dropships enter Dante's atmosphere. Mysteriously, one of these dropships is shot down by the others. After fighting to the crash site, a strange new MechWarrior by the name of Alera emerges, a space pirate with a jumpship named the "Jezebel". Later, the MechWarrior escapes an enemy port, and steals an enemy tank from 3 soldiers in an attempt to infiltrate the enemy. An allied APC then comes out and follows the MechWarrior on his way. The tank must go through two scans to advance the level, but the "Passenger Scan" warns the enemies that it is a trick, and the MechWarrior and his allies must escape the port with a tank.
After several confrontations with the enemy, it is discovered that the aggressors seek to access the Lostech blueprints and prototypes stored in the data cores to create an unstoppable army of mechanised soldiers to obtain dominance over the Inner Sphere, starting with mass-producing the Ragnarok Prototype model that discovered in the first game.
During the final mission, the MechWarrior with the aid of his allies uses the BattleArmor to destroy a half-complete giant BattleMech that uses all five of the data cores.
Gameplay
The player controls a variety of vehicles other than mechs. These vehicles include tanks, powered armor, turrets, and VTOLs. The player can also leave their vehicle and plant explosives or roam as a human pilot and in this form can "hitch" rides on enemy and friendly vehicles. When on an enemy vehicle, the player can attempt a "neurohack", with the result of ejecting the pilot and taking over his vehicle if successful.
Development
MechAssault 2 was created by Chicago and Hunt Valley independent developer Day 1 Studios, who published MechAssault as a launch title for the Xbox Live online service in late 2002. Following the commercial success of MechAssault, Day 1 Studios signed an agreement with Microsoft Game Studios to release a follow-up exclusive Xbox release, with the sequel announced in February 2004 for release in late 2004. Studio President Denny Thorley stated securing an exclusive release led the developers to focus on optimising the game for the Xbox, as they had not been certain whether the original game would be ported to other platforms. MechAssault 2 was created with an "totally reworked and distributed" engine, allowing the developers to introduce graphical enhancements to specularity and bump mapping not present in the original game. The developers aimed to strike a balance in the design of MechAssault 2, intending to "stick as closely as possible to the pick up and play style of the original", whilst "introducing a few new twists" to the single-player and multiplayer modes. The unexpected success of the original game's online features on Xbox Live heavily informed the development approach for the sequel, with the studio noticing that players would play together and form teams during matches, even though online play was not a complex feature of the original game. To capitalise on the large multiplayer community, the developers worked on expanded multiplayer tools, such as clans, emotes, and match lobbies, and developing a "much more tactical element" to the multiplayer game modes. Release of MechAssault 2 was delayed to late December 2004 to avoid competition with Halo 2, which released in November of that year.
Reception
The game received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GameSpot cited good visual effects, and overall good gameplay, specifically praising the multiplayer portion of the game, but also citing several drawbacks including repetitiveness in the single-player campaign, along with poor voice acting and "uninspired terrain graphics". IGN also cited good gameplay, especially the multiplayer portion of the game. Concerns included the lacking appeal of the singleplayer campaign, and bad environmental graphics. In Japan, where the game was ported for release on January 20, 2005, Famitsu gave it a score of one seven, one eight, and two sevens for a total of 29 out of 40.
The Times gave it a score of four stars out of five, saying, "Experienced gamers will have a blast in cyberspace, battling with other players from around the world, which pretty much justifies the cost of broadband on its own." Detroit Free Press gave it three stars out of four, calling it "A screaming, cursing, testosterone-soaked attack on your eyeballs and ears." However, The Sydney Morning Herald gave it three-and-a-half stars out of five, saying, "There are sufficient missions but little choice of objectives, ensuring the action starts to feel prematurely repetitive."
Notes
References
External links
2004 video games
BattleTech games
MechWarrior
Multiplayer online games
Video game sequels
Video games about mecha
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set on fictional planets
Xbox games
Xbox-only games
Wargaming Chicago-Baltimore
Multiplayer and single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MechAssault%202%3A%20Lone%20Wolf |
The following lists events that happened during 1896 in Australia.
Incumbents
Monarch - Victoria
Governors of the Australian colonies
Governor of New South Wales – Henry Brand, 2nd Viscount Hampden
Governor of Queensland – Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington (from 9 April)
Governor of South Australia – Sir Thomas Buxton, 3rd Baronet
Governor of Tasmania – Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston
Governor of Victoria – Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey
Governor of Western Australia – Sir Gerard Smith
Premiers of the Australian colonies
Premier of New South Wales – George Reid
Premier of Queensland – Hugh Nelson
Premier of South Australia – Charles Kingston
Premier of Tasmania – Edward Braddon
Premier of Western Australia – John Forrest
Premier of Victoria – George Turner
Events
13 February - The Capsize of the ferry Pearl on the Brisbane River, killing 28
27 October Passengers Alighting from Ferry Brighton at Manly the first film shot and screened in Australia
Arts and literature
While the Billy Boils, a collection of short stories, is published by Henry Lawson
Augustus Juncker (1855–1942) publishes English duet edition of I was dreaming popularised in the French opera Ma mie Rosette
Sport
7 to 11 April – Edwin Flack wins gold medals in the 800-metre and 1500 metre events, and bronze in the tennis doubles at the Games of the 1st Olympiad. He was the only Australian competitor at these games.
3 October – The Victorian Football League is formed, with competition beginning in 1897.
3 November – Newhaven wins the Melbourne Cup - the first horse-racing films produced in Australia.
New South Wales wins the Sheffield Shield
Births
22 January – Norman Gilroy, first Australian-born Cardinal (died 1977)
8 February – Alfred Percival Bullen, circus proprietor (died 1974)
18 February – John Cramer, politician (died 1994)
5 July – Thomas Playford, Premier of South Australia (died 1981)
11 July – Evelyn Scotney, coloratura soprano (died 1967)
18 July – Jack Mullens, politician (died 1978)
3 August – Charles Adermann, politician (died 1979)
24 August – Edwin Corboy, politician (died 1950)
28 August – Arthur Calwell, politician (died 1973)
15 September – Norman Lethbridge Cowper, lawyer (died 1987)
29 September – Thomas James Bede Kenny, soldier and Victoria Cross recipient (died 1953)
21 October – Patrick Gordon Taylor, aviator (died 1966)
16 November – Joan Lindsay, author (Picnic at Hanging Rock) (died 1984)
27 November – Arthur Percy Sullivan, soldier and Victoria Cross recipient (died 1937)
Deaths
27 April – Sir Henry Parkes (born 1815), politician
15 September – John Anderson Hartley (born 1844), educator
10 October – Ferdinand von Mueller (born 1825), botanist
See also
List of Australian films before 1910
References
Australia
Years of the 19th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896%20in%20Australia |
Cork South East may refer to:
South East Cork (UK Parliament constituency), UK Parliament constituency in Ireland from 1885 to 1922
Cork South-East (Dáil constituency), Dáil Éireann constituency in Ireland from 1937 to 1948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork%20South%20East |
William Croswell Doane (March 2, 1832, in Boston – May 17, 1913, in New York City) was the first bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Albany in the United States. He was bishop from 1869 until his death in 1913.
Doane served about 60 years in ordained ministry, a huge span for those times. As bishop, he managed the construction of the Cathedral of All Saints in Albany, the first Episcopal cathedral built for that purpose in the United States. It is now on the National Register of Historic Places. Doane is probably best known today for his Anglican hymn, "Ancient of Days".
Early life
Doane was born in Boston, and named for his father's best friend, the Rev. William Croswell. When he was born, his father, the Rev. George Doane, was Rector of the prominent Trinity Church, Boston, located on Copley Square.
Within a year, his father was elected second Bishop of New Jersey (since the American Revolutionary War and establishment of the American Episcopal Church). The family settled in the see of Burlington, New Jersey, which had been settled largely by Quakers in colonial times and also has the oldest Episcopal church in the state. Doane attended the private Episcopal Burlington College there, founded in 1846 by his father.
He graduated from Burlington College, where he and two friends had co-founded the fourth, or "Delta" chapter of the fraternity Delta Psi. After college, Doane became an Episcopal priest. Like his father, he became involved in the Oxford Movement, which sought to restore richness of practice to the liturgy.
Clergy
Doane was ordained a deacon on March 6, 1853, by his father at his home parish of St. Mary's. Shortly thereafter, he married the former Sarah Katharine Condit, daughter of Joel W. and Margaret Harrison Condit of Newark, New Jersey, and his two children were born in Burlington, Eliza Greene in 1854, and Margaret Harrison in 1858. After he was ordained a priest in 1856 in the same church, he was called to St. Barnabas Free Church in Burlington. He served there until 1860.
In 1863, Doane accepted a call to St. John's Church, Hartford, Connecticut, and he served there during the American Civil War. His parishioner Mark Twain pulled a joke on Doane, claiming, "I have…a book at home containing every word" of Doane's sermon that Sunday, then sent him an unabridged dictionary.
Doane was called to Albany, New York in 1867 to serve "the venerable parish of St. Peter's, Albany." The General Convention of 1868, in New York City, founded a new diocese of Albany. Doane was elected the first bishop at the organizational convention of the diocese in St. Peter's Church. His election had "strong opposition," because he was a "young rector," but also because "the evangelical element…looked upon Mr. Doane as a high churchman, [with] his ritualistic practices...." adopted as part of the Oxford Movement influence.
On February 3, 1869, Doane was consecrated as the 92nd bishop of the Episcopal Church at the Church of God at St. Peter's Church, on the Feast of the Purification. His consecrators were:Right Reverend Horatio Potter, Bishop of New York; The Right Reverend William H. Odenheimer; and The Right Reverend Henry A. Neely.
Work as Bishop
Doane had a large diocese, and spent many years in visitation, establishing churches, and confirming persons. For many years his biggest project was supervising the building of the Cathedral of All Saints, his major legacy. He got the land donated by the wealthy Erastus Corning. The cathedral was incorporated in 1873, and the laying of its cornerstone on a downtown site on June 3, 1884, took place "with impressive ceremony." With construction complete enough for the building to be used, the Cathedral of All Saints was dedicated in 1888. Doane liked Gothic architecture for Episcopal churches for its spiritual quality.
Until that time, smaller Episcopal churches had served as seats of the bishop. The "cathedral idea"—the concept that a bishop's main church is more than a parish church, and is the "Mother church"—had not yet taken hold in the United States. It is sometimes called the "Pioneer Cathedral" because of that. Doane and the congregation planned a cathedral complex, to include convent, cloister, hospital and school. He established the girls' school in 1870, and the convent and hospital in 1874. Much of the building was paid for in a gift by his friend, J. Pierpont Morgan. The church is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
By 1890 Bishop Doane was in charge of the "Foreign Chapels" of the Episcopal Church.
In keeping with his plans for the cathedral and Oxford Movement traditions, Doane established an ambitious music program at the cathedral. In the late 19th century, he founded a boy's choir school (now defunct) and the Cathedral Choir of Men and Boys.
Doane was active in speaking out against the women's suffrage movement, which he opposed on the grounds that God had given men dominion over women and that women's 'natural' place was in the home caring for their children. He wrote that "an enlarged unqualified suffrage... [is] an aggravated misery [and a] threatening danger". So influential were his views that suffragist Ellen Battelle Dietrick's last book, Women in the Early Christian Ministry (1897)—in which she offered a refutation of Christian teachings that relegated women to second-class status—was subtitled "A Reply to Bishop Doane, and Others".
Doane died at the age of 81 in New York City in 1913, while traveling. His Coadjutor, Richard Henry Nelson, succeeded to the position of bishop of Albany.
See also
List of Bishop Succession in the Episcopal Church
References
External links
"William Croswell Doane", Project Canterbury
1832 births
1913 deaths
People from Burlington, New Jersey
Burlington College alumni
St. Anthony Hall
Anglo-Catholic bishops
Religious leaders from Albany, New York
American Anglo-Catholics
19th-century American Episcopalians
Episcopal bishops of Albany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Croswell%20Doane |
T'ai Fu: Wrath of the Tiger is a PlayStation game released in 1999, developed by DreamWorks Interactive (which would later be named EA Los Angeles, and finally Danger Close Games) and published by Activision. The game is set in an oriental landscape populated by clans of animals, such as leopards and snakes. The game's protagonist, T'ai Fu, is the last remaining survivor of the Tiger clan and must journey to defeat the Dragon Master and avenge his kind. On the way, he learns about his clouded past and masters several Kung Fu styles, one from each clan master he defeats.
Gameplay
While the game has some fairly challenging platformer aspects, the main focus of the gameplay is on fighting aggressors from other clans as T'ai seeks to receive Kung Fu tutoring from the masters of the clans. Each new style T'ai learns increases his repertoire of moves, and he can even learn more exotic moves such as energy blasts and the power of flight. An emphasis on combos is placed in the fighting, as each new style can be chained to one another in any order, allowing for impressively long and complex chains. The game also rewards players for completing combos, as pressing a specific button at the end of each combo refills a bit of the player's health and 'chi' energy (the latter which is used in performing energy blasts). Another unique aspect of the fighting aspect in the game, is that each move learned is not mutually exclusive to combat or platforming; they can be used for both to great effect.
Development
Development was headed by Lyle Hall, best known as the designer of Gex. George Chang served as the lead artist, with Rion Vernon providing the character designs. The soundtrack was composed by Michael Giacchino.
The game used a new revision of the game engine which powered The Lost World: Jurassic Park.
Reception
Notes
References
External links
T'ai Fu: Wrath of the Tiger at MobyGames
T'ai Fu: Wrath of a Tiger can be played for free in the browser on the Internet Archive
1999 video games
Action games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Video games scored by Michael Giacchino
DreamWorks Interactive games
Video games about cats
Activision games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
3D platform games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27ai%20Fu%3A%20Wrath%20of%20the%20Tiger |
The 1949 NASCAR Strictly Stock season was the inaugural season of professional stock car racing in the United States. Beginning at Charlotte Speedway on June 19, 1949, the season included eight races and two exhibition races. The season concluded with the Wilkes 200 at North Wilkesboro Speedway on October 16. Raymond Parks won the Owners' Championship, while Red Byron won the Drivers' Championship with a 16th-place finish at the final race of the season.
Season recap
Race summaries
1949–01
Complete Results
The very first NASCAR Strictly Stock race was held June 19 at Charlotte Speedway, a 3/4 mile dirt track in Charlotte, North Carolina owned by Carl C. Allison on Little Rock Rd.. Bob Flock won the pole. Glenn Dunaway was declared the original winner, although a post-race inspection revealed that his car was fitted with illegal springs, causing NASCAR to disqualify him.
Top Ten Results
34 - Jim Roper
47 - Fonty Flock
22 - Red Byron
2 - Sam Rice
90 - Tim Flock
37 - Archie Smith
31 - Sterling Long
28 - Slick Smith
41 - Curtis Turner
36 - Jimmy Thompson
1949–02
Complete Results
The second race of the Strictly Stock season was held July 10 at the Daytona Beach Road Course. Gober Sosebee won the pole. Sosebee led the first 34 laps and was passed by Red Byron after he got sideways in the north turn with six laps remaining. Byron won the 166-mile NASCAR Strictly Stock race on the sands of the 4.15-mile Daytona Beach and Road Course. There were 21 of the 28 starters running at the finish. Byron won the caution free race with an average speed of 80.883 mph and won with a gap of 1:51 lead over second-place finisher Tim Flock.
Three female drivers, Sara Christian, Louise Smith, and Ethel Mobley, started the race. Mobley was the highest finishers of the female drivers, finishing in 11th place with her Cadillac. Christian in her Ford finished 18th, while Smith finished 20th after flipping her car early in the race. Pre-race favorites Curtis Turner, Bob Flock and Glenn Dunaway all failed to make it to the finish.
This race took two hours, three minutes and 15 seconds to complete 40 laps. The lead was swapped twice by Sosebee and Byron. Dunaway finished last in this race, which, along with his disqualification at Charlotte, means that Dunaway finished last in the first two races in the season.
Top Ten Results
22 - Red Byron
90 - Tim Flock
5 - Frank Mundy
7 - Joe Littlejohn
44 - Bill Blair
37 - Frank Christian
16 - Bill Snowden
50 - Gober Sosebee
36 - Jimmy Thompson
15 - Jack Etheridge
1949–03
Complete Results
The third race of the Strictly Stock season was held August 7 at Occoneechee Speedway. Jimmy Thompson won the pole. Bob Flock scored his first win of the season in the 200-mile Strictly Stock race at Hillsboro's Occoneechee Speedway, giving Oldsmobile its second straight victory. Flock won the race with a gap of 42 seconds from runner-up Gober Sosebee to collect the $2,000.00 first prize. Third place went to Glenn Dunnaway, Fonty Flock took fourth, and Bill Snowden fifth.
Tim Flock was pressuring brother Bob in the late stages, but a broken right-front spindle sent his Oldsmobile to the sidelines with ten laps to go. The younger Flock got credit for seventh in the final rundown. The race was marred by a five-car crash triggered by Sara Christian. Christian spun her Ford after losing the right front wheel in the 38th lap and as she tried to steer her car toward the pit area on the next lap, Felix Wilkes' Lincoln collided with her. Red Byron, the point leader in the Strictly Stock series, collided with Wilkes's car as he exited turn four. Bob Smith's Olds also crashed in a solo crash. There were no drivers injured in the crash. A crowd of 18,000 watched as Flock averaged 76.8 mph on the low-banked, one-mile dirt oval.
Top Ten Results
7 - Bob Flock
50 - Gober Sosebee
55 - Glenn Dunaway
47 - Fonty Flock
3 - Bill Snowden
44 - Bill Blair
90 - Tim Flock
19 - Otis Martin
42 - Lee Petty
28 - Buddy Helms
1949–04
Complete Results
The fourth race of the Strictly Stock season was held September 11 at Langhorne Speedway. Red Byron won the pole. Curtis Turner, the "Blond Blizzard" out of Roanoke, Virginia, out dueled Bob Flock and came home first in the celebrated 200-mile Strictly Stock race at the famed circular Langhorne Speedway before 20,000 spectators. Sara Christian, leading female driver out of Atlanta, finished sixth in a sterling performance. Her effort in the grueling 200-lapper prompted race officials to escort her to victory lane to join winner Turner in the ceremonies. Turner drove his Oldsmobile into the lead in the 141st lap when Bob Flock went to the pits for a tire change. Turner led the rest of the way to pocket the $2,250.00 first prize. Flock scampered out of the pits and finished second, 20 seconds behind the winner. Third place went to point leader Red Byron as Oldsmobiles finished 1–2–3. Frank Mundy and Bill Blair rounded out the top five, both driving Cadillacs. Forty-five new Strictly Stock automobiles went to the starting post, the most cars to start a race in the 1949 season. Turner averaged 69.403 mph. Byron and Sosebee earned the front row starting positions in qualifying. Fonty Flock, however, registered the fastest time in "Speed Trials" with an 80.140 fast lap. Fonty challenged Byron and Sosebee at the start, but the engine in his Buick blew after three laps. Sosebee struggled with tire problems and wound up 19th. Len Brown drove a 1947 Ford Convertible in the 200-mile championship chase—the first person to drive an open-top vehicle on the premier NASCAR Stock car tour. Brown managed to come home 28th—earning $25.00 for his day of work. Accidents took out Pepper Cunningham, Walter Minx and Chick DiNatale. Tim Flock was a contender for victory until sidelined by a lost wheel.
Top Ten Results
41 - Curtis Turner
7 - Bob Flock
22 - Red Byron
44 - Frank Mundy
46 - Bill Blair
71 - Sara Christian
42 - Lee Petty
89 - Al Keller
6 - Al Bonnell
52 - Lou Volk
1949–05
Complete Results
The fifth race of the Strictly Stock season was held September 18 at Hamburg Speedway. Young Jack White drove a Lincoln to victory in the 100-mile Strictly Stock race at Hamburg Speedway in an event dominated by Northern drivers. White sailed into the lead when erstwhile leader Glenn Dunaway lost a wheel on his Olds, forcing him out of the race in the 134th lap. With Dunaway out of the way, White was able to hold off Ray Erickson to take the $1,500.00 top prize. Billy Rafter wound up third, Mike Eagen was fourth and Bill Rexford took fifth. Dunaway, disqualified from victory in the season opener at Charlotte in June, appeared to be headed for an easy win until his misfortune. His 134 laps completed gave him ninth in the final rundown in the field of sixteen cars. A sell-out crowd of 11,733 jammed the wooden grandstands to watch the fifth event of the year in NASCAR's new Strictly Stock division.
Top Ten Results
25 - Jack White
5 - Ray Erickson
?? - Billy Rafter
?? - Mike Eagen
59 - Bill Rexford
?? - Frankie Schneider
43 - Jack Russell
?? - Charles Muscatel
55 - Glenn Dunaway
?? - Ellis Pearce
1949–06
Complete Results
The sixth race of the Strictly Stock season was held September 25 at Martinsville Speedway. Curtis Turner won the pole. Red Byron all but wrapped up the 1949 Strictly Stock championship with an overwhelming triumph in the 100-miler at Martinsville Speedway. The 33-year-old veteran out of Atlanta, drove his Oldsmobile into the lead on lap 104 and led the rest of the way. Finishing second, three laps behind Byron, was Lee Petty's Plymouth. Ray Erickson finished third, Clyde Minter fourth, and Bill Blair fifth. Pole sitter Curtis Turner led the opening 18 laps, but gave way to the hard-charging Fonty Flock, who started fourth. Flock was pacing the field when his Buick lost a right front wheel and crashed into Slick Smith's Hudson. Byron took the lead when Flock departed and was never seriously challenged the rest of the way. Turner faded after leading early and wound up ninth, 29 laps off the pace.
This race has consistently remained on the NASCAR championship calendar, although in 1956 it was changed from 200 to 400 laps after the track was paved and lengthened to 500 laps in 1957. It was known as the Old Dominion 500 until 1982 and has since undergone numerous name changes. The race is now called the Xfinity 500.
Top Ten Results
22 - Red Byron
42 - Lee Petty
5 - Ray Erickson
19 - Clyde Minter
2 - Bill Blair
16 - Bill Snowden
55 - Glenn Dunaway
3 - Al Wagoner
41 - Curtis Turner
36 - Archie Smith
1949–07
Complete Results
The seventh race of the Strictly Stock season was held October 2 at Heidelberg Raceway, near Pittsburgh, PA. In the first Strictly Stock event in Charlotte in June, Lee Petty entered a bulky Buick Roadmaster. The enormous automobile was fast on the straights, but it wobbled like a tank through the turns. Just past the halfway point, Petty rolled the Buick a number of times. After dismounting the mangled mass of metal, the North Carolina speedster vowed never to drive a heavy vehicle in competition again. In the 100-mile event at Heidelberg Speedway, Petty driving his number 42 lightweight Plymouth, was five full laps ahead of his nearest competitor. "We figured the lighter car would get through the turns better," said Petty. "It would also be easier on the suspension parts. We knew we could win one with the Plymouth." The big triumph at Heidelberg was the largest winning margin of any NASCAR Strictly Stock race in 1949. Dick Linder's Kaiser finished second, but was in no position to challenge the fleet Petty. Bill Rexford finished third, Sam Rice's Chevrolet was fourth with relief driver Glenn Dunanway at the helm.
Despite finishing 10 laps down from Petty, Sara Christian managed to finish the race in fifth place, the first time a female driver has cracked the top five in a premier NASCAR event and still to this day remains as the highest ever finish recorded by a female driver in the NASCAR Cup Series. Al Bonnell, a driver of open wheel fame, qualified for the pole with a speed of 61.475 mph. However, Bonnell's Olds was the first car out of the race, and was placed at the end of the 23 car field in the final rundown. Bonnell then relieved Don Rogalla and carried his Ford to 10th and the finish. Petty averaged 57.458 mph.
Top Ten Results
42 - Lee Petty
8 - Dick Linder
4 - Bill Rexford
2 - Sam Rice
1 - Sara Christian
21 - Lloyd Moore
18 - John Wright
43 - Jack Russell
23 - Skip Lewis
20 - Don Rogala
Wilkes 200
The Wilkes 200, the eighth and final race of the Strictly Stock season, was held October 16 at North Wilkesboro Speedway. Kenneth Wagner won the pole. Bob Flock took the lead in the closing stages when mechanical problems kayoed Bill Blair and edged Lee Petty to win the season finale at North Wilkesboro Speedway. It was the eighth and final point race of the year, although two additional non-point events were staged by Sam Nunis at Atlanta's Lakewood Speedway. Red Byron, finishing 16th, was crowned Strictly Stock champion in 1949 by a margin of 117.5 points over Petty. Blair, wheeling Sam Rice's Cadallic, started second on the grid and jumped out to lead at the drop of the green flag. The diminutive High Point, NC star led the first 180 laps, but a souring engine robbed him once again of certain victory. Flock's Oldsmobile nipped Petty's Plymouth by a mere 100 yards in the finish. Fonty Flock, Clyde Minter and Herb Thomas rounded out the top five.
Top Ten Results
7 - Bob Flock
42 - Lee Petty
47 - Fonty Flock
19 - Clyde Minter
92 - Herb Thomas
14 - Roy Hall
5 - Ray Erickson
9 - Raymond Lewis
41 - Curtis Turner
44 - Bill Blair
Final points standings
(key) Bold - Pole position awarded by time. Italics - Pole position set by owner's points standings. * – Most laps led.
References
External links
Racing Reference
1949 point standings from Racing Reference
NASCAR Cup Series seasons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949%20NASCAR%20Strictly%20Stock%20Series |
Goodyear Aerospace Corporation (GAC) was the aerospace and defense subsidiary of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. The company was originally operated as a division within Goodyear as the Goodyear Zeppelin Corporation, part of a joint project with Luftschiffbau Zeppelin, leading to the development of rigid airships in the United States. As part of the failing relationship between the US and Germany in the era prior to World War II, the division was spun off as Goodyear Aircraft Company in 1939. The company opened a new factory in Arizona in 1941 which produced subassemblies, including subcontracted airframe construction and the design of the Goodyear F2G Corsair and Goodyear Duck.
In the post-war era, the division began to diversify and made major contributions to the development of synthetic aperture radar. In 1963 they became Goodyear Aerospace, with major product lines in radar, aircraft canopies, bulletproof glass, a number of spacecraft related products, and the unique Goodyear Inflatoplane. A 1986 hostile takeover attempt of the parent company by James Goldsmith led to a massive restructuring to build capital to buy Goldsmith out. Goodyear Aerospace was sold to Loral in 1987, which in turn sold their non-satellite operations with the defense products purchased by Lockheed Martin in 1993.
History
Early years
Goodyear's aerospace operations began with the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.’s Aeronautics Department. As part of the settling of war reparations with Germany after World War I, the German airship industry was reduced and Zeppelin operations forbidden. In 1924, Goodyear formed a joint interest company with the German Luftschiffbau Zeppelin company, of which Goodyear held 2/3 and the Zeppelin company 1/3 interest. This Goodyear Zeppelin Corporation was able to use Zeppelin's patents, and a number of German engineers and technical staff moved to the US. The chief engineer of the Zeppelin company, Karl Arnstein, became the "Vice-President of Engineering" The company subsequently constructed rigid (zeppelins) and non-rigid (blimps) dirigibles for the US military. Goodyear's giant hangar was constructed where the huge rigid airships for the US Navy, including the USS Akron and USS Macon were constructed.
Wartime aircraft manufacturing
Also due to the lack of business during the depression, the company used its advanced aeronautical knowledge to design and build the high speed Comet streamlined train for the route between Boston and Providence. It became Goodyear Aircraft Corporation on December 5, 1939 in response to a contract from the Glenn L. Martin Company to design and build the empennage section for its new plane, the B-26 Marauder. The army had placed a large order and Goodyear had available manufacturing space at its huge Airship Dock, in Springfield Township, Ohio near Akron. Due to escalating problems in Europe and eventual war with Germany, Goodyear created Goodyear Aircraft Corporation to handle US military contracts in 1939. The German-US joint venture was dissolved in 1941, and Goodyear's military and commercial airship operations were transferred to the Goodyear Aircraft Corporation.
By 1941, manufacturing facilities were running at full capacity and ground was broken on July 15, 1941 at an additional location just west of Phoenix, Arizona. Goodyear was familiar with the area, and had been operating a large cotton ranch there for decades. Arizona produced more than three million pounds of airframes during World War II.
The Akron plant where FG-1s were built was handed over to the U.S. Navy, which used it as the basis of Naval Air Station Akron in January 1948.
Goodyear Aircraft Company in Goodyear, Arizona, in 1951, the Arizona employees past and present played a long and storied role in numerous SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) firsts. These include the original SAR patent, the first demonstration SAR and flight test, the first operational SAR system, the first operational SAR data link, the first 5-foot resolution operational SAR system, the first 1-foot resolution SAR system, and the first large scale SAR digital processor. The company has installed and flown over five hundred SAR systems on more than thirty different types of aircraft for numerous countries throughout the world. The company designed and produced all of the evolving high performance SAR systems for the U. S. Air Force SR-71 Blackbird spy plane throughout its entire operational history, spanning some twenty-nine years.
Diversification
The Arizona plant produced a range of defense products in later years, including jet aircraft canopies, bulletproof glass and vehicular armor products, military shelters and missile transporters.
Darrell C. Romick, former Chief Engineer of Taylorcraft Airplane Company was a close associate of Wernher von Braun. Romick's worked for Goodyear Aircraft in the 1950s produced a rocket and spacecraft design called the Goodyear Meteor Junior concept. The 3-stage rocket had similarities to the much later Space Shuttle in that it was crewed, had reusable stages, and its topmost stage was designed to ferry personnel and cargo to a large space station orbiting the Earth. The concept was designed in 1954 to 1958, with a launch date of 1962.
The company became Goodyear Aerospace Corporation in 1963 to reflect the diverse range of products. In 1987 it was sold to Loral Corporation for $640 million following a massive restructuring of Goodyear prompted by the hostile takeover attempt by James Goldsmith and the Hanson Trust. The Goodyear name disappeared and became the defense systems unit of Loral.
Demise
The defense systems unit of Loral was acquired by Lockheed Martin in 1993, including intellectual property surrounding the now-retired Goodyear Blimp designs (GZ-20 and GZ-22). While owning the designs, Lockheed Martin does not manufacture airships.
Aircraft
Airships
Fixed-wing aircraft
Helicopters
Goodyear GA-400R Gizmo
Missiles
UUM-44 Subroc
See also
Goodyear Massively Parallel Processor – supercomputer built by Goodyear Aerospace
ASARS-1
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company records, 1898-1993 – University of Akron
The Wingfoot Clan (Aircraft Edition) – University of Akron
1939 establishments in the United States
Aerospace
Loral Space & Communications
Defunct computer companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear%20Aerospace |
Three Rivers Park District is a special park district serving the suburban areas of the Twin Cities including suburban Hennepin, Carver, Dakota, Scott, and Ramsey counties. Three Rivers's mission is "To promote environmental stewardship through recreation and education in a natural resources-based park system." Three Rivers operates twenty parks and ten regional trails, with at least two more regional trails planned. Nearly seven million people visit Three Rivers facilities each year. It has over of parks and trails.
History
A park system in Hennepin County outside of Minneapolis was proposed as early as 1901, but it was not until 1955 that the Minnesota Legislature passed the legislation that cleared the way to establish the park system in 1957. It was then known as the Hennepin County Park Reserve District. In its first decade, the Park District purchased nearly of property, mostly farmland in Hennepin County's fast-growing suburban areas. In 1967, the Park District began efforts to restore wetland, prairie, woodland, and wildlife habitat to their natural state before 19th-century settlement. The district's policy is now that at least 80% of the land in a park reserve must be maintained or restored to its natural state, with only 20% of the land or less developed for recreation. Not all the parks in the system are park reserves; some of the smaller or more-developed parks are "regional parks".
Beginning in the 1970s, the district's focus shifted from land acquisition to development. The building of recreational facilities including park buildings, beaches, boat launches, paved trails for hiking and biking, and cross-country ski trails began in earnest.
In 2005 the park system was renamed Three Rivers Park District to better reflect the areas it serves. Each of the Park District's facilities has watersheds that flow into three rivers: the Mississippi, Minnesota and Crow. These rivers have historically been and continue to be significant in the lives of the region's residents.
The park system's current chair is John Gunyou.
Parks
Most Three Rivers Park District parks are open from 5 a.m. through 10 p.m.
Baker Park Reserve
Baker Park Reserve, with an area of , is located in Medina, Minnesota. Its highlights include the Baker Near-Wilderness Settlement retreat, available for use by families and groups, and Baker National Golf Course. It has of paved biking/hiking trails. There is a mountain biking trail available by special-use permit in the winter.
Bryant Lake Regional Park
Bryant Lake Regional Park is located in Eden Prairie, Minnesota and has an area of . It features a swimming beach on Bryant Lake, a disc golf course, and a mix of paved and unpaved trails.
Carver Park Reserve
With an area of , Carver Park Reserve is the second-largest park reserve in the system. Located near Victoria, Minnesota, in Carver County, it features the Lowry Nature Center with interpretive programs, of paved biking/hiking trails, of unpaved hiking trails, and of horse trails. It is also connected to the Southwest LRT Trail's northern branch. The Grimm Farm Historic Site serves as a museum within the reserve.
Cleary Lake Regional Park
Cleary Lake Regional Park is located near Prior Lake, in Scott County. Its contain a nine-hole golf course, an off-leash pet exercise area, and of paved biking/hiking trails.
Mississippi Gateway Regional Park
Mississippi Gateway Regional Park, formerly Coon Rapids Dam Regional Park, is located in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota and Coon Rapids, Minnesota. The dam, for which the park was named, was built by Northern States Power Company in 1913 for electrical power generation. Power generation was discontinued in 1966, so the dam is now used for recreation. Anoka County operates a park on its side of the dam.
There is a pedestrian and bicycle walkway across the Dam. It also connects to the Elm Creek Regional Trail, which stretches across Brooklyn Park and Maple Grove to meet up with Elm Creek Park Reserve.
This park and the Coon Rapids Dam East, a walk across the dam, are sites for the National Parks Passport Program for the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area. The park has a staffed visitor's center with restrooms. There are picnic shelters along the pedestrian trail. Various wildlife can be seen throughout the year.
Crow-Hassan Park Reserve
Located in Rogers, Minnesota, Crow-Hassan Park Reserve has an area of , including of tallgrass prairie. The park features of unpaved hiking trails, of horse trails, and an off-leash dog area.
Eagle Lake Regional Park
Eagle Lake Regional Park is located in Plymouth, Minnesota and Maple Grove, Minnesota and features a nine-hole golf course with a lighted driving range.
Elm Creek Park Reserve
Elm Creek Park Reserve, at , is the largest park reserve in the system and occupies portions of Maple Grove, Champlin and Dayton. It features of paved biking/hiking trails, of horse trails, and a mountain bike trail. It also has a championship level disc golf course and a popular chlorinated swimming pond and a creative play area. Elm Creek also has a large fully fenced off-leash dog area.
A regional trail system connects Elm Creek Park Reserve to Fish Lake Regional Park and Mississippi Gateway Regional Park. In the winter, portions of the cross-country ski trail system are served by snowmaking. They also offer a snowtubing hill and a small downhill ski/snowboard area featuring a small terrain park. The Eastman Nature Center provides interpretive programs. This park also has more bike trails than all other parks in the park district, at .
Fish Lake Regional Park
Fish Lake Regional Park is located in Maple Grove and offers boat access to Fish Lake, as well as a swimming beach and four-season pavilion. Also, there is a fully fenced, off-leash dog area.
Clifton E. French Regional Park
Located on Medicine Lake in Plymouth, Clifton E. French Regional Park (referred to locally as French Park) contains a popular creative play area and a large Nature Exploration Area, where patrons do not have to stay on paths and may do activities that are forbidden elsewhere in the park, such as digging or building forts. It also includes boat access to Medicine Lake. In the winter, it has of cross-country ski trails. The park is connected to Medicine Lake Regional Trail.
Gale Woods
Gale Woods, located on the shores of Whaletale Lake in Minnetrista, is a working farm featuring interpretive programs where visitors can learn about agriculture and land stewardship. The farm is home to the Gale Woods Folk School, which offers classes in cooking and the fiber arts. The park also includes a barn-style pavilion overlooking the lake.
Glen Lake Golf and Practice Center
Glen Lake Golf and Practice Center is located on the boundary of Minnetonka and Eden Prairie. It features a popular nine-hole golf course, along with a driving range and practice areas. It is built on the site of the former Glen Lake Sanatorium.
The Landing
The Landing – Minnesota River Heritage Park, formerly Historic Murphy's Landing, in Shakopee, is a regional park featuring a number of restored buildings from the 19th century. Buildings from the 1840s to the 1880s illustrate what life was like for some of Minnesota's earliest settlers along the Minnesota River. The site is open to the public daily for walking, biking and self-guided activities. Special programs take visitors inside the buildings. School groups tours are also available along with summer camps, and seasonal program offerings.
Hyland Lake Park Reserve
Hyland Lake Park Reserve, located in Bloomington, features the Hyland Hills Ski Area, a downhill ski area with two terrain parks. The park is home to a massive creative play area that is a favorite of local residents. The ski area is popular for lessons and for its proximity to the metro area. On Hyland Lake at the playground there is a chalet with a concessions stand and tables and chairs. During the winter the chalet has cross country ski rentals. The rest of the park reserve's contain of paved biking/hiking trails and other unpaved hiking trails. In addition, the park features an 18-hole championship-level disc golf course playing along the ski slopes. The visitor's center offers boat and kayak rentals for use on Hyland Lake. In the winter, of cross-country ski trails are offered, and some trails are lit for evening use. Hyland Lake Park Reserve also hosts Richardson Nature Center. The center offers live animal displays, interpretive nature programs and winter snowshoe rentals. The creative play in Hyland Lake Park Reserve features a wide variety of slides and other playground equipment. This playground is called "Chutes & Ladders" by Minnesotans because just the like the popular games its massive playground is mostly ladders leading to chutes "slides".
Lake Minnetonka Regional Park
Located in Minnetrista, Lake Minnetonka Regional Park is a relatively new park in the Three Rivers system. It offers a chlorinated sand-bottom swimming pond and a creative play area. It also provides boat access to Lake Minnetonka.
Lake Rebecca Park Reserve
Lake Rebecca Park Reserve, in Greenfield and Independence, is a large park reserve with . It offers of biking/hiking trails, of unpaved hiking trails, and a mountain bike trail. It also has a non-motorized lake for canoeing, rowing, and fishing. In the winter, there are of cross-country ski trails.
Murphy-Hanrehan Park Reserve
Murphy-Hanrehan Park Reserve, in Burnsville, Lakeville, Savage, and Credit River Township, features a hilly cross-country ski trail system and a hilly singletrack mountain bike trail, maintained by Minnesota Off-Road Cyclists. The mountain bike trail is probably one of the most challenging trails in the Twin Cities due to its long climbs and rapid descents. The trail also includes natural and man-made obstacles such as rocks, wooden bridges, logs and stairsteps. The park reserve, at , also includes of horse trails, as well as bird watching. It is the only known nesting site of the hooded warbler in Minnesota. Also includes a hiking trail that is at the longest and at the shortest
Noerenberg Memorial Gardens
Noerenberg Memorial Gardens, located in Orono, is considered one of Minnesota's finest formal public gardens. It was donated to the park reserve by the estate of Frederick Noerenberg, founder of the Grain Belt brewery. The gardens are open May through October for tours, programs, informal viewing, and weddings.
North Mississippi Regional Park
North Mississippi Regional Park is located on the west bank of the Mississippi River on the border of Minneapolis and Brooklyn Center. It has a scenic view of the river and surrounding woods, along with a paved biking/hiking trail that connects to the Minneapolis trail system and to the Anoka County Park trails that go north to the Coon Rapids Dam.
Silverwood Park
Silverwood is the park district's newest acquisition. Located on the northwest shore of Silver Lake in St. Anthony, it was formerly the site of the Salvation Army Silver Lake Camp. Silverwood serves as a regional center devoted to connecting the community with the natural world and artistic creation. Through a gallery space, an amphitheater, art circles, and classrooms, artists engage and inspire the community with exhibitions, creations, teaching and performance. The park also features a coffee shop specializing in local, natural, organic, and sustainable foods. Picnicking, hiking trails and fishing are also available.
Trails
Cedar Lake LRT Regional Trail
Cedar Lake LRT Regional Trail runs from downtown Minneapolis to Hopkins along former railroad lines. It connects to other trails including Luce Line Regional Trail, North Cedar Lake Regional Trail, and Minnesota River Bluffs LRT Regional Trail. It is part of the Southwest LRT Trail
Dakota Rail Regional Trail
The Dakota Rail Regional Trail follows the former Dakota Rail Corridor along the north side of Lake Minnetonka. The trail runs from Wayzata southwest to St. Bonifacius.
Lake Independence Regional Trail
The Lake Independence Regional Trail is a paved trail which runs from Crow-Hassan Park Reserve in Corcoran through Baker Park Reserve to the Luce Line State Trail in Orono.
Lake Minnetonka LRT Regional Trail
Lake Minnetonka LRT Regional Trail is a limestone trail which runs from Hopkins to Victoria, where it connects to Carver Park Reserve. It is part of the Southwest LRT Trail.
Luce Line Regional Trail
Luce Line Regional Trail is a paved trail which runs from Theodore Wirth Park in Golden Valley to Plymouth, where it becomes the Luce Line State Trail. In Plymouth Luce Line Regional Trail connects with Medicine Lake Regional Trail.
Medicine Lake Regional Trail
Medicine Lake Regional Trail is a paved trail which runs from Elm Creek Park Reserve in Maple Grove to Luce Line Regional Trail on the south end of Medicine Lake. In between, the trail runs through Fish Lake Regional Park and Clifton E. French Regional Park. A short branch of the trail extends east of French Park into the surrounding neighborhood, ending at a city park.
Minnesota River Bluffs LRT Regional Trail
Minnesota River Bluffs LRT Regional Trail is a limestone trail which runs from Hopkins to Chanhassen along the former Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway line. In Hopkins the trail connects to Cedar Lake LRT Regional Trail and North Cedar Lake Regional Trail. It is part of the Southwest LRT Trail.
Nine Mile Creek Regional Trail
Nine Mile Creek Regional Trail is a paved trail which runs from the Cedar Lake LRT Regional Trail in Hopkins to the Nokomis-MN River Trail in Bloomington.
North Cedar Lake Regional Trail
North Cedar Lake Regional Trail is a paved trail which runs from Minneapolis to Hopkins, where it connects to Cedar Lake LRT Regional Trail and Minnesota River Bluffs LRT Regional Trail. North Cedar Lake Regional Trail forms part of the Cedar Lake Loop, along with Cedar Lake Regional Trail, Cedar Lake LRT Trail, Midtown Greenway, and the Kenilworth Trail.
Rush Creek Regional Trail
Rush Creek Regional Trail is a paved trail which connects Elm Creek Park Reserve and Mississippi Gateway Regional Park. It also connects to Shingle Creek Regional Trail, although three rivers is planning on extending the trail to Crow Hassen regional park
Shingle Creek Regional Trail
Shingle Creek Regional Trail is a paved trail that runs from Rush Creek Regional Trail in Brooklyn Center down into Brooklyn Park, where it connects to local trails.
Planned Trails
Bassett Creek Regional Trail
Basset Creek Regional Trail is a paved trail that connects Clifton E. French Regional Park to Theodore Wirth Park.
Crystal Lake Regional Trail
Crystal Lake Regional Trail is a 8.6-mile paved trail from the Minneapolis Grand Rounds at Victory Memorial Parkway to Elm Creek Park Reserve. It largely runs parallel to the Bottineau Boulevard. It was constructed in several phases as Bottineau Boulevard itself was reconstructed.
See also
List of shared-use paths in Minneapolis
References
External links
Three Rivers Park District site
Three Rivers Park District News, May 26, 2011
Three Rivers Park District News, May 13 2011
Regional parks in Minnesota
Protected areas of Hennepin County, Minnesota
Protected areas of Scott County, Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1957
Park districts in the United States
Protected areas of Carver County, Minnesota
Protected areas of Dakota County, Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Rivers%20Park%20District |
Logluv TIFF is an encoding used for storing high-dynamic-range imaging data inside a TIFF image. It was originally developed by Greg Ward for storing HDR-output of his Radiance-photonmapper at a time where storage space was a crucial factor. Its implementation in TIFF also allowed the combination with image-compression algorithms without great programming effort. As such it has to be considered a smart compromise between the imposed limitations. It is slightly related to RGBE, the most successful HDRI storage format, an earlier invention of Greg Ward.
Details
Logluv TIFF's design solves two specific problems: storing high-dynamic image data and doing so within a reasonable amount of space. Traditional image format generally stores pixel data in RGB-space occupying 24 bits, with 8 bits for each color component. This limits the representable colors to a subset of all visible and distinguishable colors, introducing quantization and clamping artifacts clearly visible to human observers. Using a triplet of floats to represent RGB would be a viable solution, but it would quadruple the size of the file (occupying 32 bits for each color-component, as opposed to 8 bits).
Instead of using RGB, LogLuv uses the logarithm of the luminance and the CIELUV (u’, v’) chromaticity coordinates in order to provide a perceptually uniform color space. LogLuv allocates 8 bits for each of the u’ and v’ coordinates, which allows encoding the full visible gamut with imperceptible step sizes. In order to provide the required high dynamic range with imperceptible luminance steps, LogLuv uses 16 bits to encode a fixed-point base 2 logarithm of the luminance, which allows an EV range of nearly 128 stops. The space occupied by one pixel is thus 32 bits (L16 + U8 + V8), marginally bigger than a standard 8 bit RGB-image.
Extension
In an attempt to prevent the expansion of data-size, Logluv comes in a 24-bit flavour, which in a rather complicated way quantizes lightness to 10 bit and merges U/V into a 14-bit look-up based value.
Usage
Logluv TIFF has widespread use in HDRI applications such as IBL, image-based lighting.
Reading and writing of Logluv TIFF images can be handled via LibTIFF. LibTIFF is freely available in both source and various binary packages for different platforms.
Resources
HDRI, by Reinhard et al. has a discussion regarding Logluv Tiff in the 3rd chapter.
For those looking for Logluv images, there are numerous example on Greg Ward Larson's page.
See also
Tagged Image File Format
RGBE image format
JPEG-HDR
CIELUV
References
Raster graphics file formats
High dynamic range file formats
Photographic techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logluv%20TIFF |
Carrie Kabak is an author and production designer. Born and raised in the United Kingdom, she now lives in Missouri.
Her first book, Cover the Butter, won an AudioFile Earphones Award in 2006. It was reviewed by Publishers Weekly, Booklist, Kirkus Reviews, and Library Journal.
Carrie Kabak Publications
Cover the Butter (2005), Dutton Adult
For Keeps (Contributor), Seal Press
He Said What? (Contributor) Seal Press
Exit Laughing (Contributor) North Atlantic Books
References
External links
Author's webpage
Living people
People from Bolton
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of Cardiff University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie%20Kabak |
Jabrin, also known as Jabreen, () is a small town in Ad Dakhiliyah Governorate in northeastern Oman near Nizwa and the Jabal Akhdar Mountains.
The town is known for its impressive castle, which was built by the Yaruba dynasty Imam Bil'arab bin Sultan, who ruled from 1679 to 1692 and who was buried onsite. The castle can be visited independently with an audio guide that is provided at the entrance and which lasts about 25 minutes.
Climate
See also
List of cities in Oman
References
Gallery
External links
ArchNet
Populated places in Oman
Ad Dakhiliyah Governorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabrin |
Ji Seong-hwan (born September 16, 1974) is a field hockey player from South Korea, who was a member of the Men's National Team that won the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. In the final the Asians were beaten by title holders the Netherlands after penalty strokes. He is nicknamed Long Leg, and also competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
External links
Profile on Athens 2004 website
1974 births
Living people
South Korean male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for South Korea
Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for South Korea
Asian Games medalists in field hockey
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
20th-century South Korean people
21st-century South Korean people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%20Seong-hwan |
The Harriman Institute, the first academic center in the United States devoted to the interdisciplinary study of Russia and the Soviet Union, was founded at Columbia University in 1946, with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, as the Russian Institute.
History
The goals of the new regional institute, as stated in the proposal to the Rockefeller Foundation, were viewed to be twofold: “First, the direct advancement of knowledge in the Russian field through the coordinated research work of faculty and students; and secondly, the training of these students… as American specialists who will subsequently do work of authority and influence in the Russian field.” Although the Institute’s geographical purview has grown to encompass the post-Soviet states and the post-socialist Eastern European states, the Institute has remained true to its overall objectives of teaching and research.
In 1982, the Russian Institute became the W. Averell Harriman Institute for the Advanced Study of the Soviet Union, in recognition both of Governor Harriman’s generous endowment of the Institute and his lifetime of distinguished service. As Governor Harriman stated in the announcement of the establishment of the Harriman Institute: “My objective is very clear: I want to stimulate and encourage the advanced study of Soviet affairs. To base policy on ignorance and illusion is very dangerous. Policy should be based on knowledge and understanding.”
In 1992, following the collapse of the USSR, the Institute officially expanded its focus to encompass all the states of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and adopted the name of the Harriman Institute. In 1997, the Harriman and East Central European Institutes united to promote comparative scholarly knowledge and public understanding of the complex and changing polities, economies, societies, and cultures of the area between Germany and the Pacific Ocean.
Directors
Past directors of the Harriman Institute Include:
Geroid T. Robinson, 1946–51
Philip E. Mosely, 1951–55
Henry L. Roberts, 1956–62
Alexander Dallin, 1962–67
Marshall D. Shulman, 1967–74, ’76–77, ’81–86
William E. Harkins, 1974–76, ‘80–81
Robert L. Belknap, 1977–80
Robert Legvold, 1986–92
Richard E. Ericson, 1992–95
Mark L. von Hagen, 1995–2001
Catharine Theimer Nepomnyashchy, 2001–2009 (on leave 2006–07)
Jack L. Snyder (Acting Director), 2006–07
Timothy M. Frye, 2009-2015 (on leave 2012–13)
Kimberly J. Marten (Acting Director), 2012–13
Alexander Cooley, 2015–2021
Valentina Izmirlieva, 2022–
See also
Marshall D. Shulman
John N. Hazard
References
External links
Columbia University
1946 establishments in New York City
Research institutes in New York (state)
Research institutes established in 1946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriman%20Institute |
John Jonston or Johnston (; or or ; 15 September 1603– ) was a Polish scholar and physician, descended from Scottish nobility and closely associated with the Polish magnate Leszczyński family.
Life
Jonston was born in Szamotuły, the son of Simon Johnston, who had emigrated to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from Scotland. Jonston's early education was sponsored by one of his two paternal uncles who had come to the Commonwealth with his father.
From 1611 Jonston attended the school of the Bohemian Brothers in Ostroróg, then the Schoenaichianum in Bytom, and from 1619 the gymnasium in Toruń, Royal Prussia. As a Calvinist, he could not attend the Catholic Jagiellonian University. Consequently he earned his first degree at the University of St Andrews (1622–25; M.A., 1623), where he studied theology, scholastic philosophy, and Hebrew. His sponsors included the Primate of All Scotland, John Spottiswood.
In 1625 Jonston returned to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Until 1628 he was a private tutor in the household of the Kurtzbach-Zawadski family in Leszno, where he was an active member of the Czech Brethren community. Around 1625-28 he published Enchiridion historiae naturalis, which in 1657 would be translated into English.
In 1628 Jonston traveled to the Holy Roman Empire (Wittenberg, Leipzig, Frankfurt, Franeker) to resume his studies. He attended the University of Cambridge, where he studied botany and medicine and the Universities of Frankfurt, Franeker and Leiden, matriculating in 1630. That year he was offered a chair of philosophy at Deventer but declined it, preferring to return to the Commonwealth to become once again a private tutor. This time he took up a post with Rafał Leszczyński, voivode of Bełz, where he tutored his son, Bogusław Leszczyński.
In 1632 Jonston travelled abroad with Bogusław and several other Commonwealth magnates' sons. Their first stop was in Franeker (1632), followed by Leiden and Amsterdam all, that same year, where Jonston published his Thaumatographia naturalis. In 1634 they visited England, returning to Leiden, where Jonston received an M.D. degree; soon afterward he would receive a second M.D. degree (ad eundem) from Cambridge. That year he also received a Doctorate from both those universities, for his dissertation De febribus (On Fevers). Bogusław, Jonston and the others toured Europe until 1636, returning to Poland upon news of Bogusław's father's death. Jonston returned to Leszno, remaining a Leszczyński retainer, in whose service he had the title of Archiater et Civitatis Lesnensis Physicus Ordinarius.
In Leszno he was employed at the Leszno gymnasium, where he was a friend of Comenius, who was another important member of the school's faculty. In 1642 Jonston once again turned down an offer to chair a department abroad (this time, that of medicine at Frankfurt). That same year, his Idea universae medicinae practicae was published in Amsterdam (it would be translated into English in 1652). Jonston would turn down further offers from Heidelberg and Leiden.
In 1652 he purchased (or inherited) an estate at Ziebendorf (now Składowice) near Legnica. In 1665, following the Polish-Swedish War (The Deluge), which worsened public attitudes toward the Commonwealth's Protestants, he retired from Leszno to his newly bought estate. He remained there for the rest of his life.
He died at Legnica around 1675.
Works
Historiae naturalis de quadrupedibus libri, cum aeneis figuris, Johannes Jonstonus,... concinnavit (J. J. Schipperi, Amsterdam, 1657).
Historiae naturalis de insectis libri II, de serpentibus et draconibus libri II, cum aeneis figuris, Joh. Jonstonus,... concinnavit (Ad Moenum 1653; reissued J. J. fil. Schipper, Amsterdam, 1657, reissued 1665).
Historiae naturalis de insectis libri III, de serpentibus et draconibus libri II, cum aeneis figuris, Joh. Jonstonus,... concinnavit (deux parties en un volume, J. J. fil. Schipper, Amsterdam, 1657, reissued 1667).
Historiae naturalis de exanguibus aquaticis libri IV, cum figuris aeneis, Joannes Jonstonus,... concinnavit (J. J. Schipperi, Amsterdam, 1657, reissued 1665).
Historiae naturalis de piscibus et cetis libri V, cum aeneis figuris, Johannes Jonstonus,... concinnavit (J. J. Schipperi, Amsterdam, 1657).
Historiae naturalis de avibus libri VI cum aeneis figuris Johannes Jonstonus,... concinnavit (J. J. Schipperi, Amsterdam, 1657).
De Communione veteris Ecclesiae syntagma, ex bibliotheca Johannis Jonstoni,... (Elsevir, Amsterdam, 1658).
Johannis Jonstonii,... de Festis Hebraeorum et Graecorum schediasma (V.J. Trescheri, Bratislava, 1660).
Naeukeurige Beschryving Van de Natuur der Vier-voetige dieren, ... en Draken. Dutch translation by M. Grausius of the Historiae naturalis ... libri I-VI (I. I. Schipper, Amsterdam, 1660). Some copies with contemporary hand-coloured engravings exist.
Magni Hippocratis,... Coacae praenotiones, graece et latine... cum versione D. Anutii Foesii,... et notis Joh. Jonstoni,... (Elsevir, Amsterdam, 1660).
Idea hygieines recensita, libri II. Johannes Jonstonus,... cum cura revidit (V.J. Trescheri, Jena, 1661, reissued 1667).
Notitia regni mineralis, seu Subterraneorum catalogus, cum praecipuis differentiis (V.J. Trescheri, Leipzig, 1661).
Notitia regni vegetabilis, seu Plantarum a veteribus observatarum... in suas classes redacta series (V.J. Trescheri, Leipzig, 1661).
Dendrographias, sive historiae naturalis de arboribus et fructicibus, tam nostri quam peregrini orbis, libri decem, figuris aeneis adornati, Johannes Jonstonus,... concinnavit... (M. Meriani, Frankfurt, 1662).
Historiae naturalis de serpentibus, libri II, Joannes Jonstonus,... concinnavit (J. J. Schipperi, Amsterdam, 1667).
A Description of the Nature of Four-footed Beasts (London, 1678). An English translation of Historiae naturalis de quadripedibus, with 80 engraved illustrations.
See also
Matthäus Merian Illustrator of many of Jonston's books.
List of Poles
History of philosophy in Poland
Notes
External links
bio at Galileo Project, accessed on February 24, 2006
[http://entomologia.rediris.es/aracnet/7/04precursores/index.htm Plates from Historiae naturalis de insectis " Spanish text]
Zoologica Göttingen State and University Library as Jan Jonston Historiæ Natvralis'' volumes
Jonstonus, Joannes (1649) Historiæ naturalis de piscibus et cetis libri V. - Linda Hall Library
Jonstonus, Joannes (1650) Historiæ naturalis de avibus libri VI - Linda Hall Library
Jonstonus, Joannes (1650) Historiæ naturalis de quadrupetibus - Linda Hall Library
Jonstonus, Joannes (1653) Historiæ naturalis de insectis. Libri III. de serpentibus et draconib., Libri II - Linda Hall Library
Jonstonus, Joannes (1602) Inscriptiones historicae regum scotorum, continuata annorum serie a Fergusio primo regni conditore ad nostra tempora
1603 births
1675 deaths
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
People from Szamotuły
Polish people of Scottish descent
Polish Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Polish naturalists
17th-century Polish physicians
17th-century Polish botanists
Polish entomologists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Jonston |
Morris Lamar Keene (10 August 1936 – 11 June 1996), was a spirit medium in Tampa, Florida and at Camp Chesterfield Indiana, where he was known as the "Prince of the Spiritualists". He was also the trustee of Universal Spiritualist Association. He is best known for his 1976 book The Psychic Mafia, in which he coined the term "true-believer syndrome". Keene was the subject of a six-episode series, Fake Psychic , on BBC Radio 4 in February 2022.
Early life
Morris Lamar Keene was one of three children born in Tampa Hills, Florida, to Morris William Keene and Roxie Lucille Jones Keene. He later legally changed his name to Charles Lamar Hutchison, and that was his name at the time of his death.
The Psychic Mafia
In 1976, Keene co-authored The Psychic Mafia, "as told to" Allen Spraggett, a well-known Canadian writer on paranormal topics. The writer William V. Rauscher, himself a believer in psychic powers, contributed a foreword and a bibliography and wrote that he had conducted 75 hours of interviews with Keene, during which Keene admitted that all of his psychic activities were done by fraudulent means. Keene revealed how he got rich by tricking thousands of people in séances . James Randi, a professional magician, interviewed Keene in 1977, and discovered that Keene was quite unsophisticated in fooling people with magic, but Keene explained that his spiritualist clients were easy to fool . Keene described how the victims fell for the most transparent ruses. Keene coined the term true-believer syndrome in the book .
In The Psychic Mafia, Keene explicitly professed a belief in God, life after death, psychic phenomena and ESP, even after making his case against true believers and renouncing his trade as a phony medium.
Keene not only confessed that he himself was a fraudulent medium, but also that many of his colleagues were as well. He wrote that it was common practice for mediums to share information on clients, to help one another fool the clients into believing that the knowledge about them came from the spirit world. The book caused a storm among his former associates in spiritualist circles. There were telephone calls threatening his life and one night, while Keene was walking across his front lawn in Tampa, an unseen shooter fired at him and missed. He later dug the rifle bullet out of the wall of his house.
Later life and death
Keene changed his name to Charles Lamar Hutchison, moved to another city, and entered the warehouse and storage business. In 1979, as he was leaving his office, a car drove up and an assailant fired several shots, hitting him and severing his femoral artery, resulting in an extended hospital stay . He lived the rest of his life as Hutchison and died in 1998 at the age of 59.
Quotation
The true-believer syndrome merits study by science. What is it that compels a person, past all reason, to believe the unbelievable. How can an otherwise sane individual become so enamored of a fantasy, an imposture, that even after it's exposed in the bright light of day he still clings to it — indeed, clings to it all the harder?… No amount of logic can shatter a faith consciously based on a lie. — M. Lamar Keene and Allen Spraggett
See also
True-believer syndrome
Bibliography
M. Lamar Keene (as told to Allen Spraggett), The Psychic Mafia, Prometheus Books, 1997, (Originally published in 1976 by St. Martin's Press and published by Dell (publisher) in 1977.)
References
(Republucation of 1976 edition by St. Martin's Press.)
External links
about The Psychic Mafia
true-believer syndrome
The Psychic Mafia
also about The Psychic Mafia
Wishful thinking
American spiritual mediums
1938 births
1996 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Lamar%20Keene |
Nathan Allen Farwell (February 24, 1812December 9, 1893) was a politician, businessman and United States Senator from Maine.
Life and career
Born in Unity, then in Massachusetts but now in Maine, he attended the common schools and then taught school from 1832 to 1833. He moved to East Thomaston, Maine, in 1834 and engaged in the manufacture of lime and in shipbuilding. Farwell subsequently became a master mariner and trader. He then studied law and moved to Rockland, Maine, where he founded the Rockland Marine Insurance Co., and served as president, as well as practicing law in that city. He traveled in Europe from 1845 to 1847.
He was a member of the Maine State Senate from 1853 to 1854 and again from 1861 to 1862, serving the last year as presiding officer. He was a member of the Maine House of Representatives in 1860 and again from 1863 to 1864. He was a delegate to the Baltimore Republican National Convention in 1864, and in that year was appointed to the U.S. Senate as a Republican for the unexpired term of William Pitt Fessenden. He served in that body from October 27, 1864, to March 3, 1865, but was not a candidate for reelection in 1865. At that time he resumed his activities in the insurance business. He was delegate to the National Union Convention in Philadelphia in 1866.
Farwell died in Rockland, Maine, and is buried in Achorn Cemetery in Rockland. He was the cousin of Owen Lovejoy and Elijah P. Lovejoy.
References
Notes
Retrieved on 2009-5-13
1812 births
1893 deaths
Presidents of the Maine Senate
Republican Party Maine state senators
Republican Party members of the Maine House of Representatives
American businesspeople in insurance
Businesspeople in insurance
People from Unity, Maine
People from Rockland, Maine
People of Maine in the American Civil War
Republican Party United States senators from Maine
Businesspeople from Maine
People from Thomaston, Maine
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20A.%20Farwell |
Katherine Parkinson () is an English actress and comedian. She appeared in Channel 4's The IT Crowd comedy series as Jen Barber, for which she received a British Comedy Best TV Actress Award in 2009 and 2014, and was nominated twice for the BAFTA Television Award for Best Female Comedy Performance, winning in 2014. Parkinson studied at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, and has appeared on stage in the plays The Seagull (2007), Cock (2009), and Home, I'm Darling (2018), for which she was nominated for the Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play.
Parkinson was also a main cast member of the series Doc Martin for three series (2005–2009). She co-starred in all three series of Humans, a science-fiction drama on AMC/Channel 4, which aired from 2015 until 2018. She has also appeared in the films The Boat That Rocked (2009) and The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society (2018).
Early life
Parkinson was born in Hounslow, London, to an English mother and Northern Irish father, the historian Alan Parkinson. She grew up in Tolworth and Surbiton, and studied at Tiffin Girls' School before reading classics at St Hilda's College, Oxford. She then studied at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, although she left before graduating in order to star in the play The Age of Consent, which premiered at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2001.
Career
From 2005 until 2009, Parkinson played Pauline Lamb, a doctor's receptionist and later phlebotomist, in series two to four of the long-running ITV comedy-drama series Doc Martin.
While working on Doc Martin, she was asked by her LAMDA friend Chris O'Dowd to audition for the comedy series The IT Crowd as the show was having trouble casting a female lead. In an interview with The Independent, Parkinson said that the show‘s creator Graham Linehan originally wanted Jen to be "likeable" but that "I know what he wanted now – he wanted her to be the more normal person people could relate to." The IT Crowd premiered in 2006 and ran for four series, ending in 2014. While the character served as a straight man to the two main male characters, Parkinson's performance was well received by critics and audiences, with her being nominated for the BAFTA Television Award for Best Female Comedy Performance in 2011. She went on to win the award in 2014.
In 2007, she appeared in a new production of Chekhov's The Seagull at London's Royal Court Theatre, alongside Kristin Scott Thomas and Mackenzie Crook, for which she received positive reviews.
She also contributed sketch characters to Katy Brand's ITV2 show Katy Brand's Big Ass Show (2007-2009), having been friends with Brand since their time at university. At the end of 2009, she appeared in the Olivier award winning play Cock at the Royal Court Theatre with Ben Whishaw and Andrew Scott.
She has performed several times on BBC Radio 4, including on Laura Solon: Talking and Not Talking; Mouth Trap, which she also co-wrote with Brand; and The Odd Half Hour. She also featured in television advertisements for Maltesers alongside fellow actress and comedian Amanda Abbington.
Parkinson played Sophie, one of the lead roles along with Mark Heap in BBC Four's three-part comedy series The Great Outdoors (2010). In 2010 and 2011, she appeared in two plays: Season's Greetings at the National Theatre; and as Lady Teazle in The School for Scandal at the Barbican Centre. That same year, she appeared in The Bleak Old Shop of Stuff, which premiered on BBC Two in 2011; and in 2012 she made a guest appearance as Kitty Riley in "The Reichenbach Fall", the second series finale of the series Sherlock.
In 2012 and 2013, she played the roles of Diana in Absent Friends at the Harold Pinter Theatre, and Laura in Before the Party at the Almeida Theatre, respectively. In 2014, Parkinson appeared in "Sardines", the first episode of the anthology series Inside No. 9, alongside Ben Willbond, as well as the miniseries The Honourable Woman, which aired in the UK on BBC Two and in the USA on SundanceTV.
In 2015 she starred in the BBC One comedy series The Kennedys, written by Emma Kennedy about growing up on a Stevenage estate in the 1970s. She also played one of the lead roles in all three series of the British-American science fiction series Humans, which aired on Channel 4 and AMC between 2015 and 2018.
In 2016 Parkinson performed in the stage play Dead Funny at the Vaudeville Theatre. In 2018 and 2019 she performed in Home, I'm Darling, for which she was nominated for an Olivier Award, as well as in Defending the Guilty, a legal sitcom which aired for one series on BBC Two and was subsequently renewed for a second, before being cancelled due to coronavirus.
She played Emma Jeanne Desfosses in Marjane Satrapi's film adaptation of Lauren Redniss's Radioactive in 2019, detailing the life of Marie Curie.
In 2019, Parkinson's debut work as a playwright, Sitting, had its London premiere, following a month-long run at the Edinburgh Fringe. The play was well reviewed, with The Guardian writing "Parkinson delicately reveals connections that, by the end, give the play a wistful emotional weight." Parkinson adapted the play for BBC Four in early 2021.
Parkinson appeared in series 10 of Taskmaster in 2020. Parkinson won the second episode but was behind in total points for the majority of the series, and ended up in last place.
In 2022 Katherine played Nell Taylor in the film The Nan Movie.
Personal life
Parkinson is married to actor Harry Peacock, and is the daughter-in-law of the late Trevor Peacock.
She has two daughters.
Filmography
Film
Television
Radio
Stage
Video games
References
External links
21st-century English actresses
Living people
Actresses from London
Alumni of St Hilda's College, Oxford
Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
Best Female Comedy Performance BAFTA Award (television) winners
English film actresses
English radio actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
People educated at the Tiffin Girls' School
People from Hounslow
Peacock family
English women comedians
Comedians from London
1970s births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine%20Parkinson |
The Naval Academy Foreign Affairs Conference (NAFAC) is an undergraduate foreign-affairs conference in the United States. NAFAC seeks to explore current, demanding issues from both a civilian and military perspective, thus provide a forum for addressing pressing international concerns. Held at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland since 1961, NAFAC brings together Naval Academy students and their civilian and military counterparts from around the world to share ideas and concerns relating to international affairs. Past speakers include: George H. W. Bush, Joseph Biden, Stephen Hadley, Madeleine Albright, Condoleezza Rice, Robert Gates, Wesley Clark, Charles Krauthammer, Sheryl Sandberg and Hillary Clinton. The 2022 NAFAC Conference will take place April 11–14 at the United States Naval Academy. The theme will be announced shortly.
Structure
Each year a unique theme is chosen for NAFAC; noteworthy individuals with expertise in relevant fields are invited to address the conference delegates representing colleges and universities from across the United States and around the globe. Conference attendees bring with them unique attitudes and approaches that, through discussion and interaction, are intended to enlighten the thinking of their peers.
The entire conference is organized and run by the United States Naval Academy Midshipmen. These future officers of the Navy and the Marine Corps also serve as moderators, presenters, and as a minority percentage of delegates.
Harvard University and the United States Senior Military Colleges are examples of schools with annual partnerships to sponsor delegates to NAFAC.
NAFAC is proud to have a reciprocal exchange partnership with the MSC Student Conference on National Affairs at Texas A&M University, which was founded in 1955. A Naval Academy Professor, United States Army Colonel Rocco Paone, served as a facilitator in 1962 for MSC SCONA 8 immediately after founding NAFAC and thereby a partnership lasting into the present day.
NAFAC topics
1961 - Founding year
1996 - A New Multilaterlism
1997 - The Struggle for Democracy
1998 - Asia Rising?
1999 - Keeping Peace
2000 - Civil-Military Relations
2001 - Terrorism
2002 - Central and Southwest Asia
2003 - Strangers in a Common Land: Preserving Israel and Palestine
2004 - Post-War Reconstruction: Iraq
2005 - Power and Purpose: Defining America's Role in the World
2006 - Africa: Turning Attention into Action
2007 - Asia At The Crossroads
2008 - Latin America
2009 - Bridging the Gap: Combatting Global Poverty
2010 - National Security Beyond the Horizon: Changing Threats in a Changing World
2011 - People, Power, and Politics in the Internet Age
2012 - The Eclipse of the West?
2013 - Time of Transition
2014 - Human Security in the Information Age
2015 - Sustainability and Sovereignty: Global Security in a Resource-Strained World
2016 - Women and Security: The Implications of Promoting Global Gender Equality
2017- A New Era of Great Power Competition?
2018 - Guarding Liberty in a World of Democratic Undoing
2019 - Coming Apart: The Fate of the Rules-based Order
2020 - War, Peace, and the Gray Zone
2021 - Global Resilience after the Pandemic
2022 - Partnership in the 21st Century
2023 - Upcoming
References
External links
usna.edu/NAFAC/ Official Website
https://www.facebook.com/USNAFAC/ Facebook Social Media Page
Naval Academy Foreign Affairs Conference (NAFAC)
United States Naval Academy
1961 establishments in Maryland
Recurring events established in 1961
Student conferences on national affairs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval%20Academy%20Foreign%20Affairs%20Conference |
Gravity, in the context of fermenting alcoholic beverages, refers to the specific gravity (abbreviated SG), or relative density compared to water, of the wort or must at various stages in the fermentation. The concept is used in the brewing and wine-making industries. Specific gravity is measured by a hydrometer, refractometer, pycnometer or oscillating U-tube electronic meter.
The density of a wort is largely dependent on the sugar content of the wort. During alcohol fermentation, yeast converts sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol. By monitoring the decline in SG over time the brewer obtains information about the health and progress of the fermentation and determines that it is complete when gravity stops declining. If the fermentation is finished, the specific gravity is called the final gravity (abbreviated FG). For example, for a typical strength beer, original gravity (abbreviated OG) could be 1.050 and FG could be 1.010.
Several different scales have been used for measuring the original gravity. For historical reasons, the brewing industry largely uses the Plato scale (°P), which is essentially the same as the Brix scale used by the wine industry. For example, OG 1.050 is roughly equivalent to 12°P.
By considering the original gravity, the brewer or vintner obtains an indication as to the probable ultimate alcoholic content of their product. The OE (Original Extract) is often referred to as the "size" of the beer and is, in Europe, often printed on the label as or sometimes just as a per cent. In the Czech Republic, for example, common descriptions are "10 degree beers", "12 degree beers" which refers to the gravity in Plato of the wort before the fermentation.
Low vs. high gravity beers
The difference between the original gravity of the wort and the final gravity of the beer is an indication of how much sugar has been turned into alcohol. The bigger the difference, the greater the amount of alcohol present and hence the stronger the beer. This is why strong beers are sometimes referred to as high gravity beers, and "session" or "small" beers are called low gravity beers, even though in theory the final gravity of a strong beer might be lower than that of a session beer because of the greater amount of alcohol present.
Terms related to gravity
Specific gravity
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a sample to the density of water. The ratio depends on the temperature and pressure of both the sample and water. The pressure is always considered (in brewing) to be and the temperature is usually for both sample and water but in some parts of the world different temperatures may be used and there are hydrometers sold calibrated to, for example, . It is important, where any conversion to °P is involved, that the proper pair of temperatures be used for the conversion table or formula being employed. The current ASBC table is (20 °C/20 °C) meaning that the density is measured at and referenced to the density of water at (i.e. ). Mathematically
This formula gives the true specific gravity i.e. based on densities. Brewers cannot (unless using a U-tube meter) measure density directly and so must use a hydrometer, whose stem is bathed in air, or pycnometer weighings which are also done in air. Hydrometer readings and the ratio of pycnometer weights are influenced by air (see article Specific Gravity for details) and are called "apparent" readings. True readings are easily obtained from apparent readings by
However, the ASBC table uses apparent specific gravities, so many electronic density meters will produce the correct °P numbers automatically.
Original gravity (OG); original extract (OE)
The original gravity is the specific gravity measured before fermentation. From it the analyst can compute the original extract which is the mass (grams) of sugar in of wort (°P) by use of the Plato scale. The symbol will denote OE in the formulas which follow.
Final gravity (FG); apparent extract (AE)
The final gravity is the specific gravity measured at the completion of fermentation. The apparent extract, denoted , is the °P obtained by inserting the FG into the formulas or tables in the Plato scale article. The use of "apparent" here is not to be confused with the use of that term to describe specific gravity readings which have not been corrected for the effects of air.
True extract (TE)
The amount of extract which was not converted to yeast biomass, carbon dioxide or ethanol can be estimated by removing the alcohol from beer which has been degassed and clarified by filtration or other means. This is often done as part of a distillation in which the alcohol is collected for quantitative analysis but can also be done by evaporation in a water bath. If the residue is made back up to the original volume of beer which was subject to the evaporation process, the specific gravity of that reconstituted beer measured and converted to Plato using the tables and formulas in the Plato article then the TE is
See the Plato article for details. TE is denoted by the symbol . This is the number of grams of extract remaining in of beer at the completion of fermentation.
Alcohol content
Knowing the amount of extract in of wort before fermentation and the number of grams of extract in of beer at its completion, the amount alcohol (in grams) formed during the fermentation can be determined. The formula follows, attributed to Balling
where gives the number of grams of alcohol per of beer i.e. the ABW. Note that the alcohol content depends not only on the diminution of extract but also on the multiplicative factor which depends on the OE. De Clerck tabulated Ballings values for but they can be calculated simply from p
This formula is fine for those who wish to go to the trouble to compute TE (whose real value lies in determining attenuation) which is only a small fraction of brewers. Others want a simpler, quicker route to determining alcoholic strength. This lies in Tabarie's Principle which states that the depression of specific gravity in beer to which ethanol is added is the same as the depression of water to which an equal amount of alcohol (on a w/w basis) has been added. Use of Tabarie's principle lets us calculate the true extract of a beer with apparent extract as
where is a function that converts SG to °P (see Plato) and (see Plato) its inverse and is the density of an aqueous ethanol solution of strength by weight at 20 °C. Inserting this into the alcohol formula the result, after rearrangement, is
Which can be solved, albeit iteratively, for as a function of OE and AE. It is again possible to come up with a relationship of the form
De Clerk also tabulates values for .
Most brewers and consumers are used to having alcohol content reported by volume (ABV) rather than weight. Interconversion is simple but the specific gravity of the beer must be known:
This is the number of cubic centimetres of ethanol in of beer.
Because ABV depends on multiplicative factors (one of which depends on the original extract and one on the final) as well as the difference between OE and AE it is impossible to come up with a formula of the form
where is a simple constant. Because of the near linear relationship between extract and (SG − 1) (see specific gravity) in particular because the ABV formula is written as
If the value given above for corresponds to an OE of 12°P which is 0.4187, and 1.010 can be taken as a typical FG then this simplifies to
With typical values of 1.050 and 1.010 for, respectively, OG and FG this simplified formula gives an ABV of 5.31% as opposed to 5.23% for the more accurate formula. Formulas for alcohol similar to this last simple one abound in the brewing literature and are very popular among home brewers. Formulas such as this one make it possible to mark hydrometers with "potential alcohol" scales based on the assumption that the FG will be close to 1 which is more likely to be the case in wine making than in brewing and it is to vintners that these are usually sold.
Attenuation
The drop in extract during the fermentation divided by the OE represents the percentage of sugar which has been consumed. The real degree of attenuation (RDF) is based on TE
and the apparent degree of fermentation (ADF) is based on AE
Because of the near linear relationship between (SG − 1) and °P specific gravities can be used in the ADF formula as shown.
Brewer's points
Many brewers like to exploit the near linear relationship between (SG − 1) and °P to simplify calculations considerably. They define
,
call it "points" or "brewer's points" or "excess gravity" and use it as if it were extract. The Plato degree is thus approximately the points divided by 4:
As an example, a wort of SG 1.050 would be said to have 1000(1.050 − 1) = 50 points, and have Plato degree of approximately 50/4 = 12.5 °P.
Points can be used in the ADF and RDF formulas. Thus a beer with OG 1.050 which fermented to 1.010 would be said to have attenuated 100 × (50 − 10)/50 = 80%. Points can also be used in the SG versions of the alcohol formulas. It is simply necessary to multiply by 1000 as points are 1000 times (SG − 1).
Software tools are available to brewers to convert between the various units of measurement and to adjust mash ingredients and schedules to meet target values. The resulting data can be exchanged via BeerXML to other brewers to facilitate accurate replication.
See also
Plato scale
References
Equations
Brewing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity%20%28alcoholic%20beverage%29 |
Regions Plaza is a 24-floor office high-rise located at 1180 West Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia. The building was completed in 2001 and renovated in 2014. The building currently serves as the Georgia headquarters for Regions Financial Corporation.
The building is located on the corner of 14th Street and West Peachtree Street which is the latitude line that defines the center of Midtown. Its parking garage entrance is located at 1217 Spring Street.
Prior to 2013, the building was known as Atlantic Center Plaza.
Tenants
Regions Financial Corporation
Holland & Knight LLP
Salesloft
Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Atlanta
References
External links
www.regionsplaza.com
Skyscraper office buildings in Atlanta
Midtown Atlanta
Office buildings completed in 2001
Regions Financial Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions%20Plaza%20%28Atlanta%29 |
Einar "Texas" Ljungberg (26 August 1880 - 6 December 1974) was a Swedish Socialist politician.
Einar Ljunberg joined the Social Democratic movement in Gothenburg in the early 1900s, and was active in the ranks of the Swedish Social Democratic Party. In 1909, he served almost one year in jail for treason, after having criticized the Swedish Monarchy and arguing for its replacement with a democratic republic.
After his release from prison, Ljungberg traveled to America and toured the United States speaking about socialism to Scandinavian immigrants there. Upon his return to Sweden, he was given the nickname "Texas" by his comrades.
Einar "Texas" Ljungberg was part of the left, pro-Bolshevik opposition within the Swedish Social Democratic Party, and, after the split of 1917, he joined the newly founded Swedish Communist Party. He took part in the third Congress of the Comintern (in Moscow, 1921).
After the rise of Stalinism in the Soviet Union, he left the Communist Party and returned to the Social Democratic Party.
1880 births
1974 deaths
Swedish Social Democratic Party politicians
Ljunberg, Einar Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar%20Texas%20Ljungberg |
Oakington is a small rural Anglo-Saxon village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Oakington and Westwick, in the South Cambridgeshire district, in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It is north-west of Cambridge. In 1961 the parish had a population of 698.
History
Based on the finds of several hand axes in the area it is believed that there may have been a settlement in the Oakington area during the Palaeolithic era, and given the quantity of Roman pottery shards found in gardens and fields, it appears almost certain that the village was settled from the 2nd to the 4th century AD.
In 1938, an early Anglo-Saxon graveyard was discovered on what is now the Queens Way recreation ground (south east of Water Lane, and on land surrounded by fields containing visible evidence of Medieval settlement). Excavations on the site in 1993 revealed evidence of 25 burials and a cremation. In 2012 further excavation of this Anglo-Saxon cemetery led to the discovery of a woman buried with a cow.
Oakington was quite a large village in the Middle Ages with 55 residents counted in the Domesday Book and 100 by 1279.
Listed as Hochinton in the Domesday Book of 1086, the name "Oakington" means "estate of a man called Hocca".
The Black Death decimated the population in the 14th century wiping out half the tenants of the largest manor. By the 17th century there were around 180 residents and the population steadily grew until the early 19th century when it began to rise rapidly reaching a peak population of 610 in 1851. However, poverty and unemployment then took its toll with up to a third of the villagers leaving (some for Adelaide, Australia). The population stabilised at circa 425 by the 1890s and by 1950 there were around 500 inhabitants. Today the combined settlements of Oakington and Westwick have circa 1400 residents.
In the 17th century, Oakington was considered to be a "hot-bed of religious dissent" leading the Bishop, in 1685, to describe it as "the most scandalous and vile parish in his Diocese". Behind the churchyard, there is a private burial ground containing the graves of three vicars who later became known as the Oakington Martyrs. The Reverends Francis Holcroft and Joseph Oddy were 17th-century pioneers of the non-conformist movement, and known as the 'Apostles of Cambridgeshire'. It was by their zeal that various non-conformist churches were established in Cambridgeshire. Ejected from their livings, persecuted and imprisoned for propagating their faith during their lives they became known as the 'Oakington Martyrs' in death. Along with their successor, the Reverend Henry Osland, the site of their graves is preserved today as a memorial to non-conformist Protestantism.
In 1847 the railway reached the parish, with the Oakington railway station opening in 1848. The line was finally closed in 1970, but is now used by the Cambridge to St Ives guided bus and cycleway. Next to the track, the 150-year-old bridge over Beck Brook was completely rebuilt in 2006.
In 1909 two Oakington residents, Messrs Grose and Feary, built a monoplane in an attempt to win the Daily Mail prize for £1,000 for the first Briton to fly a circular mile in an all-British aeroplane.
From 1940 a Royal Air Force bomber airfield, RAF Oakington, was constructed at Oakington covering and served as a station for Short Stirling bomber forces and reconnaissance planes. In the post war period it was used for flight training, in the last period with Vickers Varsity aircraft. The airfield contracted after the war and much evidence of its former presence is visible in farmland surrounding the current perimeter. When the need for training on piston-engined planes reduced, it was converted to a barracks in 1975, which in turn closed in 1999. The site was then leased to the Home Office and was converted into Oakington Immigration Reception Centre, an immigration detention centre.
On 1 April 1985 the parish was abolished to form "Oakington and Westwick".
The site of the barracks will form part of the new town of Northstowe, which began development in 2015. Northstowe became a civil parish in April 2021, with Oakington & Westwick transferring some of its land, along with Longstanton, to allow its formation.
Geography
Oakington is located on a low lying ridge just over a mile to the north east of the former Roman road Via Devana (now the A14) where it joins the M11 and is from Cambridge. The ancient parish of Oakington covered with the Via Devana forming its south-western boundary with Dry Drayton. The Beck Brook separated it from Westwick to the north and Histon to the east, and field boundaries divided it from Longstanton to the north-west, and Girton to the south.
The village is connected by two main roads, one runs (southeast-northwest) from Girton and Histon to Longstanton, crossed by the second which runs (northeast-southwest) road from Cottenham to Dry Drayton. Since the war, the road to Longstanton has been closed to vehicular through-traffic.
Between Oakington and the nearby hamlet of Westwick runs the former railway branch line, with the former station that is now part of the Cambridge to St Ives guided bus and cycle track.
Amenities
Oakington has only one pub, the White Horse on Alehouse Green, which was first recorded in the 1760s. It was rebuilt in 1805 after a fire. In Westwick, the New Inn opened near the former station in 1858 and closed in 1980. Small businesses in the area include a garden centre and a village stores, and there are two small business units in the western part of Oakington and in the eastern part of Westwick.
A recreation field with a pavilion hosts sports fixtures and village events, and there are two recreational green spaces on the east side of the village - Mansell Wood and Centenary Wood.
Oakington Primary School, which caters for 5-11 year old children, opened in 1900. Following an Ofsted report that categorised it as Inadequate, it was closed in 2019 and reopened as an academy the same year. The school is a feeder to Impington Village College.
Churches
Oakington has long been paired with neighbouring Westwick, the latter having relied upon Oakington for a parish church since the 13th century. In 1985 the two parishes were merged to form the civil parish of Oakington and Westwick, and now covers .
The parish church of St Andrew is the tallest building in the village and comprises a chancel, aisled nave with rebuilt south porch, and west tower. Parts of the nave date back to the 12th century, and the church was substantially rebuilt in the 13th century. A church hall was built in the 21st century. The church is an evangelical congregation, part of the Church of England, and the current vicar is the Rev. James Alexander.
Oakington also has a Baptist church. Its Methodist church was closed in 2014.
See also
List of places in Cambridgeshire
References
Bibliography
Hamlin, John F. Oakington (Airfield Focus No. 10). Bretton, Peterborough, United Kingdom: GMS Enterprises, 1991. .
External links
Oakington and Westwick Neighbours village website
Oakington and Westwick Parish Council website
Oakington History Society
Villages in Cambridgeshire
Former civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakington |
James Alfred Farr (born Friday, May 18, 1956) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Texas Rangers in .
Amateur career
A native of Waverly, New York, Farr attended Penn State University. In 1976 and 1977, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League.
Professional career
Farr was drafted three times before signing with a team. In , the Chicago White Sox selected him in the ninth round of the June Regular Phase amateur entry draft. In , the San Francisco Giants took him in the 15th round of the June Regular Phase amateur entry draft. Finally, in , the Texas Rangers took him in the 29th round of the June Regular Phase amateur entry draft.
On September 7, 1982, Farr made his major league debut. He appeared in a total of five games in the season, pitching a total of 18 innings and with an ERA of 2.50. In those 18 innings pitched, Farr threw one wild pitch, walked seven, and struck out only six.
Less than one month after his debut, on October 3, 1982, Farr pitched his final Major League game.
Coaching career
After ending his playing career, Farr coached at the College of William and Mary and compiled a record of 373-310-2 in 13 seasons. While at William and Mary in 1996, Farr was accused by two former players of being racist and violent towards one player.
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
Baseball players from New York (state)
Kansas City Royals scouts
Major League Baseball pitchers
Maryland Terrapins baseball coaches
Old Dominion Monarchs baseball coaches
Penn State Nittany Lions baseball coaches
Penn State Nittany Lions baseball players
Texas Rangers players
Wareham Gatemen players
William & Mary Tribe baseball coaches
People from Waverly, Tioga County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Farr |
West Donegal or Donegal West may refer to:
The Western part of County Donegal, in Ireland
Two parliamentary constituencies
West Donegal (UK Parliament constituency), 1885–1922
Donegal West (Dáil constituency), 1937–1961
In the United States
West Donegal Township, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donegal%20West |
Although India is a parliamentary democracy, the country's politics has become dynastic or with high level of nepotism, possibly due to the absence of party organizations, independent civil-society associations which mobilize support for a party, or centralized financing of elections. The dynastic phenomenon is present at the national, state, regional, and district level. The Nehru–Gandhi family has produced three Indian prime ministers, and family members have largely led the Congress party since 1978. The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) also has several dynastic leaders. In addition to the major national parties, other national and regional parties such as Shiromani Akali Dal, Shiv Sena, Samajwadi Party, Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal Secular, Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Kerala Congress, Jammu & Kashmir National Conference, Indian Union Muslim League, AIMIM, and the Nationalist Congress Party are all dominated by families, mostly those of the party founders.
National
Nehru–Gandhi family
The Nehru–Gandhi family's involvement with the Congress Party began with Motilal Nehru in the 1920s, when India was still part of the British Empire. The family became more influential under his son, Jawaharlal Nehru, who became a prominent figure in India's nationalist movement. After Jawaharlal's death, his daughter Indira Gandhi became his political heir (her surname came from her husband, Feroze Gandhi. The Nehru-Gandhi dynasty has dominated the Congress Party since Indian independence in 1947. The party was defeated in the 2014 elections, however, and high-level defections took place in Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, and Jammu and Kashmir. The family still has widespread name recognition.
Motilal Nehru - Freedom fighter, politician and lawyer
Jawaharlal Nehru - Freedom fighter, First Indian Prime Minister, 1947–1964 (son of Motilal)
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit - Member of Parliament, diplomat (daughter of Motilal)
Kamala Nehru - Congress Party leader (wife of Jawaharlal)
Indira Gandhi - Prime Minister, 1966–1977 and 1980–1984 (daughter of Jawaharlal)
Feroze Gandhi - Freedom fighter, politician, journalist (husband of Indira)
Rajiv Gandhi - Prime minister, 1984–1989 (son of Feroze and Indira)
Sonia Gandhi - Former President of the Congress Party, leading it to victory in two successive Lok Sabha elections (wife of Rajiv)
Rahul Gandhi - Member of Parliament, former Congress Party president (son of Rajiv and Sonia)
Priyanka Gandhi - Congress Party general secretary (daughter of Rajiv and Sonia)
Robert Vadra - Businessman, entrepreneur (husband of Priyanka)
Sanjay Gandhi - Politician (son of Feroze and Indira)
Maneka Gandhi - Cabinet member of Narendra Modi's government (wife of Sanjay Gandhi)
Varun Gandhi - Former Member of Parliament (son of Sanjay)
Uma Nehru - Member of Parliament (cousin of Indira)
Arun Nehru - Former minister (nephew of Indira, son of Uma)
Andhra Pradesh & Telangana
Bihar
Mehta Family
Tulsidas Mehta— five time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from Jandaha Assembly constituency, former Minister in Lalu Prasad Yadav cabinet, one of the founder of Rashtriya Janata Dal.
Alok Kumar Mehta— multiple times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly, former Member of Lok Sabha from Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency, multiple times minister in Rashtriya Janata Dal government. (son of Tulsidas Mehta)
Chaudhary Family
Shakuni Choudhary— five time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from Tarapur Assembly constituency and former Minister in Government of Bihar, a close accomplice of Lalu Prasad Yadav.
Samrat Choudhary— Former Minister in Government of Bihar, President of Bihar wing of Bharatiya Janata Party (son of Shakuni Chaudhary)
Prasad Family
Jagdeo Prasad— Founder of Shoshit Samaj Party and Former Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar.
Satish Prasad Singh— Former Chief Minister of Bihar for shortest tenure. (brother-in-law of Jagdeo Prasad)
Nagmani— Former Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment in Atal Bihari Vajpayee's cabinet, several time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly and Minister in Government of Bihar. (son of Jagdeo Prasad and son-in-law of Satish Prasad Singh).
Verma Family
Upendra Nath Verma— Former Minister in Vishwanath Pratap Singh's cabinet, several time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly, Former Minister For Education in Government of Bihar.
Bagi Kumar Verma— Former Minister in Government of Bihar, several time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly. (son of Upendra Nath Verma)
Kushwaha Family
Janardan Manjhi— several times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from Amarpur Assembly constituency in Banka district.
Jayant Raj Kushwaha— Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from Amarpur Assembly constituency, served as Minister for Rural Works and Minister for Minor Water Resources in Government of Bihar. (son of Janardan Manjhi)
Yadav family
Lalu Prasad YadavFormer Chief Minister of Bihar and former Railway Minister of India
Rabri Devi — Former Chief Minister of Bihar (wife)
Tejashwi Yadav — Deputy CM of Bihar and former leader of the opposition (son of Lalu Prasad Yadav & Rabri Devi)
Tej Pratap Yadav — Former Minister of Health and Environment, Government of Bihar (son of Lalu Prasad Yadav & Rabri Devi)
Misa Bharti — Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha (daughter of Lalu Prasad Yadav & Rabri Devi)
Mishra family
Lalit Narayan MishraFormer Railway Minister of India
Vijay Kumar MishraFormer MLA from Jale and former MP, Lok Sabha from Darbhanga (son of Lalit Narayan Mishra)
Rishi MishraFormer MLA from Jale (son of Vijay Kumar Mishra)
Jagannath MishraFormer Chief Minister of Bihar and former Cabinet Minister, Government of India (younger brother of Lalit Narayan Mishra)
Nitish MishraFormer Rural Development Minister, Government of Bihar (son of Jagannath Mishra)
Sinha family
Sadhu Sharan Singh - Nationalist, congressman and father of Thakur Jugal Kishore Sinha
Thakur Jugal Kishore SinhaFreedom fighter, member of the first Lok Sabha, known as the father of India's cooperative movement
Ram Dulari SinhaFreedom fighter, member of the first Vidhan Sabha, former Union Minister and governor (wife)
Madhurendra Kumar Singh - Member All India Congress Committee, former Director Central Warehousing Corporation and Bihar State Cooperative Bank.
Mrigendra Kumar Singh - son of Dr. Madhurendra Kumar Singh. State Secretary of Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee, former President of Sheohar Loksabha Youth Congress.
Chhattisgarh
Jogi family
Ajit JogiFormer Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh
Renu JogiFormer MLA from Kota, Chhattisgarh (wife of Ajit Jogi)
Amit JogiFormer MLA from Marwahi, Chhattisgarh (son of Ajit Jogi & Renu Jogi)
Shukla family
Shyama Charan ShuklaFormer Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh
Amitesh ShuklaFormer Rural Development Minister, Government of Chhattisgarh (son of Shyama Charan Shukla)
Vidya Charan Shukla Former Cabinet Minister, Government of India (younger brother of Shyama Charan Shukla)
Kashyap family
Baliram KashyapFormer MP, Lok Sabha from Bastar
Dinesh KashyapFormer MP, Lok Sabha from Bastar (son of Baliram Kashyap)
Singh (Raman) family
Raman SinghFormer Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh
Abhishek SinghFormer MP, Lok Sabha from Rajnandgaon (son)
Goa
Alemao family
Churchill AlemaoFourth Chief Minister of Goa, former MP from South Goa, former MLA from Benaulim and Navelim
Joaquim AlemaoFormer MLA from Benaulim and Cuncolim (brother)
Yuri AlemaoMLA from Cuncolim (son)
Bandodkar family
Dayanand BandodkarFirst Chief Minister of Goa, former MLA from Mandrem and Marcaim
Shashikala KakodkarSecond Chief Minister of Goa, former MLA from Ponda, Bicholim and Maem (daughter)
Dhavalikar family
Sudin DhavalikarMLA from Marcaim
Deepak DhavalikarFormer MLA from Priol (brother)
D'Souza family
Francis D'SouzaFormer MLA from Mapusa
Joshua D'SouzaMLA from Mapusa (son)
Fernandes family
Victoria Fernandes Former MLA from St. Cruz
Rodolfo FernandesMLA from St. Cruz (son)
Gauns family
Gurudas GaunsFormer MLA from Pale
Pratap GaunsFormer MLA from Pale (brother)
Lobo family
Michael LoboMLA from Calangute
Delilah LoboMLA from Siolim (wife)
Monserrate family
Atanasio MonserrateMLA from Panaji, former MLA from Taleigao and St. Cruz
Jennifer MonserrateMLA from Taleigao (wife)
Rane family
Pratapsingh RaneThird Chief Minister of Goa, former MLA from Sattari and Poriem
Vishwajit Pratapsingh RaneMLA from Valpoi (son)
Deviya Vishwajit RaneMLA from Poriem (wife)
Saldanha family
José Matanhy de SaldanhaFormer MLA from Cortalim
Alina Saldanha Former MLA from Cortalim (wife)
Sequeira family
Jack de SequeiraFirst opposition leader from Goa, former MLA from Panaji and St. Cruz
Erasmo de SequeiraFormer MP from South Goa (son)
Shet family
Anant ShetFormer MLA from Maem
Premendra ShetMLA from Maem (brother)
Vaz family
John Manuel VazFormer MLA from Mormugao
Giovanni Karl VazFormer MLA from Mormugao (son)
Zantye family
Harish Narayan Prabhu ZantyeFormer MP from North Goa, former MLA from Bicholim and Maem
Pravin Zantye Former MLA from Maem (son)
Gujarat
Patel family
Chimanbhai Patel Family
Chimanbhai Patel, Former Chief Minister of Gujarat.
Siddharth Patel, Former Member of Legislative Assembly, Former President of Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee.
Keshubhai Patel Family
Keshubhai Patel, Former Chief Minister of Gujarat.
Bharat Patel, BJP member.
The Patel Family Of Ikhar
Juned Patel, Indian Politician
Haryana
Chautala family
Chaudhari Devi Lal (1915–2001) – Deputy Prime Minister of India (1989–91), Chief Minister of Haryana (1977–79 and 1987–1989)
Om Prakash Chautala – Former Chief Minister of Haryana (son)
Ranjit Singh Chautala – Former MLA and Minister of Haryana (son)
Abhay Chautala – MLA in Haryana and former MLA in Rajasthan (son of Om)
Ajay Chautala – MLA, Former MP from Haryana (son of Om)
Naina Chautala – MLA in Haryana (wife of Ajay)
Dushyant Chautala – Current Deputy Chief Minister, former Member of Parliament from Haryana (son of Ajay)
Jindal family
Om Prakash Jindal (1930–2005) – Minister of Power of Haryana (2005), Lok Sabha member (1996–1997), member of Haryana Legislative Assembly (1991–1996, 2005)
Savitri Jindal (1950–) – Member of Haryana Legislative Assembly (2005–), Minister of Power of Haryana 2005–2010 (wife)
Naveen Jindal (1970–) – Lok Sabha member 2004–present (son)
Himachal Pradesh
Singh (Virbhadra) family
Virbhadra Singh (23 June 1934 – 8 July 2021), popularly known as Raja Saheb, was Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh, member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly, and a Union Minister in Manmohan Singh and Indira Gandhi's governments. He was a Lok Sabha member from Mandi and Shimla.
Pratibha Singh (born 16 July 1956) – Congress Lok Sabha MP from Mandi (wife)
Vikramaditya Singh (born 17 October 1989)Congress member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly (son)
Dhumal family
Prem Kumar Dhumal (born 10 April 1944)Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh (March 1998March 2003 and 1 January 200825 December 2012), former Lok Sabha member from Hamirpur
Anurag Singh Thakur (born 24 October 1974)Lok Sabha member from Hamirpur, Minister of State for Finance and Corporate Affairs in Narendra Modi's government (son)
Sukh Ram family
Sukh Ram (b. 27 July 1927)Minister of Communications and Information Technology from 1993 to 1996 in the P. V. Narasimha Rao government, Lok Sabha member from Mandi and an MLA
Anil Sharma (b. 30 June 1956)Congress MLA from Mandi in 1993, 2007 and 2012, and a Bharatiya Janata Party MLA in 2017; rejoined the Indian National Congress in 2019 (son)
Jammu and Kashmir
Abdullah family
Sheikh AbdullahFormer Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
Begum Akbar Jehan AbdullahFormer Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha (wife of Sheikh Abdullah)
Sheikh Mustafa KamalFormer Member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly (son of Sheikh Abdullah & Begum Akbar Jehan Abdullah)
Farooq AbdullxahFormer Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (son of Sheikh Abdullah & Begum Akbar Jehan Abdullah)
Omar AbdullahFormer Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir and former Minister of State for External Affairs (son of Farooq Abdullah)
Sachin PilotFormer Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan and former Member of Parliament and former Union Minister, Government of India (son-in-law of Farooq Abdullah)
Sayeed family
Mufti Mohammad SayeedFormer Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir and former Minister of Home Affairs
Mehbooba MuftiFormer Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (daughter of Mufti Mohammad Sayeed)
Tassaduq Hussain MuftiFormer member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council (son of Mufti Mohammad Sayeed)
Jharkhand
Soren family
Shibu SorenCurrent Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha and former Chief Minister of Jharkhand
Hemant SorenCurrent Chief Minister of Jharkhand (son of Shibu Soren)
Durga SorenFormer member of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly (son of Shibu Soren)
Sita SorenCurrent member of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly (wife of Durga Soren)
Verma family
Rati Lal Prasad Verma, six time Member of Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) from Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency in Jharkhand.
Jagdish Prasad Kushwaha, considered as founding leader of Bharatiya Jana Sangh in Jharkhand. (brother of Rati Lal Prasad Verma)
Jai Prakash Verma, Former Member of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly from Gandey Assembly constituency. (son of Jagdish Prasad Kushwaha and nephew of Rati Lal Prasad Verma)
Karnataka
Devegowda family
H. D. Devegowda - Former Prime Minister of India, only prime minister from Karnataka, Former Chief Minister of Karnataka and Current Member of Rajya Sabha
H. D. Kumaraswamy - MLA and former chief Minister of Karnataka.(Son of H. D. Devegowda)
Anitha Kumaraswamy - Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly. (Wife of H. D. Kumaraswamy)
H. D. Revanna - MLA, former Minister of the Karnataka Public Works Department(Son of H. D. Devegowda)
Bhavani Revanna - Member of Zilla Panchayth Hassan. (Wife of H. D. Revanna)
Prajwal Revanna - Member of the 17th Lok Sabha from Hassan (son of H. D. Revanna)
Suraj Revanna - Member of Legislative Council from Hassan Constituency (Son of H. D. Revanna)
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Singh family (Churhat)
Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh (1894–1955) from ChurhatMember of Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet
Arjun Singh - Former Union Minister for Human Resources Department and former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh (son of Rao)
Ajay Arjun SinghFormer cabinet minister in the Madhya Pradesh government and former opposition leader (son of Arjun)
Chaudhary family
Chaudhary Dilip Singh ChaturvediMLA from Bhind
Chaudhary Rakesh Singh ChaturvediFormer cabinet minister, former leader of the opposition, MLA from Bhind (son)
Chaudhary Mukesh Singh ChaturvediMLA from Mehgaon (son)
Chaturvedi family
Vidyawati ChaturvediMLA from Laundi
Satyavrat ChaturvediMember of the Rajya Sabha (son)
Nath family
Kamal NathFormer Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, former Minister of Urban Development, former member of the Lok Sabha from Chhindwara
Alka NathFormer MP from Chhindwara (wife)
Nakul NathMember of the Lok Sabha from Chhindwara (son)
MP Singh family
Balbhadra SinghMLA from Raghogarh
Digvijaya Singh15th Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh (son)
Lakshman SinghMLA from Raghogarh (son)
Mool SinghMLA from Raghogarh (nephew)
Jaivardhan Singh—Ex minister madhyaprdesh kamalnath cabinet, MLA from Raghogarh (Grand son)
Vajpayee family
Atal Bihari Vajpayee10th Prime Minister of India
Karuna ShuklaMember of the 14th Lok Sabha (niece)
Maharashtra
Ambedkar family
B. R. Ambedkar (1891-1956) - Father of the Constitution of India, first Minister of Law and Justice, Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, labour member of the Viceroy's Executive Council, opposition leader in the Bombay Legislative Assembly, member of the Bombay Legislative Council
Yashwant Ambedkar (1912-1977) - Leader of the Republican Party of India, member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council (son of B. R. Ambedkar)
Prakash Ambedkar - Leader of the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi, former Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha MP (son of Yashwant)
Anandraj Ambedkar - Leader of the Republican Sena (son of Yashwant)
Thackeray family
Bal Thackeray - Founder of the Shiv Sena political party
Uddhav Thackeray - Former Chief Minister of Maharashtra (son)
Aditya Thackeray - Former Cabinet minister in the Government of Maharashtra (grandson)
Pawar family
Sharad Pawar – Former Defence Minister of India and Chief Minister of Maharashtra
Supriya Sule – Member of the Lok Sabha From Baramati (daughter)
Ajit Pawar – Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Former Leader of Opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (nephew)
Rohit Rajendra Pawar - Member of Maharashtra assembly (nephew's son)
Odisha
Patnaik family
Biju Patnaik - Former Chief Minister of Odisha (earlier known as Orissa)
Naveen Patnaik - Chief Minister of Odisha (son)
Biswal family
Basant Kumar Biswal - Former Deputy Chief Minister of Odisha
Chiranjib Biswal - Former deputy opposition leader of the Odisha Legislative Assembly (son)
Puducherry
Reddiar family
V. Venkatasubha ReddiarFormer Chief Minister of Pondicherry and freedom fighter
V. Vaithilingam ReddiarFormer Chief Minister of Pondicherry (son)
Farook family
M. O. H. FarookFormer Chief Minister of Pondicherry
M. O. H. F. ShahjahanFormer Education Minister of Pondicherry (son)
Punjab
Talwandi family
Jagdev Singh Talwandi – Former President Shiromani Akali Dal; Former President Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee; Former MP (Lok Sabha); Former MP (Rajya Sabha); Former Minister, Punjab
Ranjit Singh Talwandi – former MLA from Raikot constituency
Jagjit Singh Talwandi – SGPC member
Harjit Kaur Talwandi – President women's wing Shiromani Akali Dal(Sanyukt)
Dev Raj Singh Talwandi – former MLA from Raikot constituency
Jakhar family
Chaudhari Rajaram Jakhar, zaildar from Panjkosi, Abohar, Fazilka, Punjab
Balram Jakhar, 2 times MLA and leader of opposition, MP Ferozepur 1980, Speaker of Lok Sabha. Governor of Madhya Pradesh
Sajjan Kumar Jakhar, MLA and Minister
Sunil Kumar Jakhar, 3 times MLA, President of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Punjab, former leader of opposition, Member of Parliament from Gurdaspur. Former chief of Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee
Sandeep Jakhar, MLA
Badal family
Prakash Singh Badal – Former Chief Minister of Punjab
Sukhbir Singh Badal – Former Deputy Chief Minister of Punjab, MP (Lok Sabha), president Shiromani Akali Dal (Badal) (son)
Harsimrat Kaur Badal – Member of the Lok Sabha (wife of Sukhbir Singh)
Bikram Singh Majithia – Former minister, Punjab (brother of Harsimrat Kaur)
Adesh Pratap Singh Kairon – Minister, Punjab (son-in-law of Prakash Singh)
Brar (Harcharan) family
Harcharan Singh Brar – Former Chief Minister of Punjab
Gurbinder Kaur Brar – Former MP (wife of Harcharan Singh Brar)
Adesh Kanwarjit Singh Brar – Former MLA (son of Harcharan Singh Brar and Gurbinder Kaur Brar)
Karan Kaur Brar – Former MLA (wife of Adesh Kanwarjit Singh Brar)
Brar (Jaswinder) family
Jaswinder Singh Brar – Former Corporate Minister of Punjab
Mantar Singh Brar – MLA and Chief Parliamentary Secretary, Punjab SAD (son)
Singh (Amarinder) family
Amarinder Singh Former CM Punjab, former Lok Sabha member, member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly
Preneet KaurMember of the Lok Sabha, former member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly (wife)
Sidhu family
Navjot Singh SidhuMember of the Punjab Legislative Assembly, former minister in the Amarinder Singh government, former Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha member
Navjot Kaur SidhuFormer member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly (wife)
Rajasthan
The Beniwal Family (Jats)
On 29 October 2018, Hanuman Beniwal founded the Rashtriya Loktantrik Party, becoming its national convenor in the process. This made Beniwal family as one of the most influential political families of Rajasthan since Rashtriya Loktantrik Party (RLP) is the only successful party in the state besides Indian National Congress and Bhartiya Janta Party.
Ramdeo Beniwal, former two term Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in 1977 and 1985 from Mundwa constituency.
Hanuman Beniwal, Member of Lok Sabha from Nagaur, former two term Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Khinvsar, founder and National Convenor of the Rashtriya Loktantrik Party. He is son of Ramdeo Beniwal.
Narayan Beniwal, Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Khinvsar, Nagaur, Rajasthan. He is son of Ramdeo Beniwal.
Kamla Beniwal, former Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan in 2003, first women to became minister in Rajasthan at the age of 27 in 1954, former Governor of Tripura, Gujarat and Mizoram between 2009 and 2014.
Alok Beniwal, Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Shahpura. He is son of Kamla Beniwal.
Bishnoi family
Ram Singh Bishnoi - Former Cabinet Minister and 7 times member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
Malkhan Singh Bishnoi - Former member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (son of Ram Singh Bishnoi)
Mahendra Bishnoi - MLA from Luni in Jodhpur district (son of Malkhan Singh Bishnoi)
Gehlot family
Ashok Gehlot - Current Chief Minister of Rajasthan
Vaibhav Gehlot - chairman, Rajasthan Cricket Association (son of Ashok Gehlot)
Maderna family
Parasram Maderna - Former cabinet minister Government of Rajasthan and former Speaker of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
Mahipal Maderna - Former cabinet minister Government of Rajasthan (son of Parasram Maderna)
Divya Maderna - Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (daughter of Mahipal Maderna)
Meena family
Bharat lal meena former cabinet minister in Rajasthan government. 4 time MLA from bamanwas constituency.
Namo Narain Meena, former minister of state, former union minister of state from congress party
Harish Meena, former DGP of rajasthan and MP of Dausa constituency from Bjp party
Om Prakash Meena, chief secretary of Rajasthan
Mirdha family
Baldev Ram Mirdha
Ram Niwas Mirdha - Former central cabinet minister (son of Baldev Ram Mirdha)
Harendra Mirdha - Former cabinet minister Government of Rajasthan
Raghuvendra Mirdha - Member Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee
Nathuram Mirdha - Former Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (nephew of Baldev Ram Mirdha)
Bhanu Prakash Mirdha - Former MP, Lok Sabha (son of Nathuram Mirdha)
Richpal Mirdha - Member of Legislative Assembly
Jyoti Mirdha - Member of Parliament
Pilot family
Rajesh Pilot - Former Central cabinet minister
Rama Pilot - Former Member of Parliament (wife)
Sachin Pilot - Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, Former Deputy Chief Minister and Former Union Minister in Government of India. (son of Rajesh Pilot and son-in-law of Farooq Abdullah)
Raje family
Vasundhara Raje - Former Chief Minister of Rajasthan
Dushyant Singh - MP, Lok Sabha (son of Vasundhara Raje)
Sharma family
Banwari Lal Sharma - Former Cabinet Minister and 5 time MLA from Dholpur Assembly constituency
Ashok Sharma - MLA and former Dholpur President of Congress
Ritesh Sharma - Mayor of Dholpur
Murari Lal Sharma - Nagar Palika Chairman of Dholpur
Singh family
Jaswant Singh - Former Union Minister in Government of India
Manvendra Singh - MP, Lok Sabha (son of Jaswant Singh)
Verma family
Manikya Lal Verma - First Prime Minister of Undivided Rajasthan, Former MP, Lok Sabha from Tonk and Chittorgarh
Naraini Devi Verma - Former Member of Parliament (wife of Manikya Lal Verma)
Deen Bandhu Verma - Former Member of Parliament from Udaipur, Former Member of Legislative Assembly from Kapasan, Former Minister of State, Govt of Rajasthan (son of Manikya Lal Verma)
Vishnoi family
Poonam Chand Vishnoi - Former Speaker of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
Vijay Laxmi Bishnoi - Member of PCC (daughter of Poonam Chand Vishnoi)
Tamil Nadu
Families in DMK
The Karunanidhi Family - DMK
M. Karunanidhi, Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
M. K. Alagiri, Former Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers of the Republic of India (Second son of Karunanidhi)
M. K. Stalin, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (Third son of Karunanidhi)
Udhayanidhi Stalin, Minister for Youth Welfare and Sports Development of Tamil Nadu (Grandson of Karunanidhi and Son of Stalin)
Kanimozhi Karunanidhi, Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha (Second daughter of Karunanidhi)
Murasoli Maran, Former Minister of Commerce and Industry of the Republic of India (Nephew of Karunanidhi)
Dayanidhi Maran, Former Minister of Textiles of the Republic of India (Son of Murasoli)
The Durai Murugan Family - DMK
Durai Murugan (Current Minister for Water Resources of Tamil Nadu)
Kathir Anand Member of Parliament from Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency) (Only Son of Durai Murugan)
The P.T.R Family - DMK
P. T. Rajan, Chief Minister of Madras Presidency in 1936.
P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan, former Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and Minister in the State Cabinet.
P.T.R.Palanivel Thiyagarajan, finance minister of Tamil Nadu.
The T R Baalu Family - DMK
T R Baalu, MP from Sriperumbudur and Treasurer of DMK
T R B Rajaa, MLA from Mannargudi, Member of TN State Planning Commission and Secretary of DMK IT Wing
The V. Thangapandian Family - DMK
V. ThangapandianFormer MLA Aruppukottai (state assembly constituency)
Thangam Thennarasu, Son of [V. Thangapandian]. Minister for Department of Industries, Tamil Official Language, Tamil Culture and Archeology Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
Thamizhachi Thangapandian, Daughter of [V. Thangapandian]. She is member of Parliament Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)
The I. Periyasamy Family - DMK
I. Periyasamy, 2021 Minister of Co-operation, Government of Tamil Nadu.
I P Senthil Kumar, Son of I.Periyasamy, an MLA from Attur (state assembly constituency)
The Anbil P. Dharmalingam Family - DMK
Anbil P. Dharmalingam, was one of the founder-members of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)
Anbil Poyyamozhi, son of Anbil P. Dharmalingam, Former minister of School Education of Tamil Nadu,
Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi, son of Anbil Poyyamozhi a member of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Minister for School Education in Tamil Nadu
Anbil Periyasamy, son of Anbil P. Dharmalingam, Former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu, Tiruchirappalli – II
The K. Anbazhagan Family - DMK
K. Anbazhagan, Former minister of Finance.
A.Vetriazhagan, Grandson of K. Anbazhagan, an MLA from Villivakkam (state assembly constituency)
The K. Ponmudy Family - DMK
K. Ponmudy, Minister of Higher Education of Tamil Nadu
Gautham Sigamani, Son of K.Ponmudy, an MP from Kallakurichi (Lok Sabha constituency)
The Aladi Aruna (alias) V Arunachalam Family - DMK
Aladi Aruna, Former Minister of Law
Poongothai Aladi Aruna, Daughter of Aladi Aruna, Former minister of Tamil Nadu for Information Technology
The N. V. Natarajan Family - DMK
N. V. Natarajan Founding member of DMK. He was former minister for Labour and Backward classes in Tamil Nadu Government during 1969 - 1975
N. V. N. Somu Son of N. V. Natarajan. He was former Lok Shaba member.
Kanimozhi NVN Somu Daughter of N. V. N. Somu Member of Rajya Shaba from DMK.
The Arcot N. Veeraswami Family - DMK
Arcot N. Veeraswami Former treasurer of DMK, Former Minister of DMK
Kalanidhi Veeraswamy Member of Lok Shaba from North Chennai constituency
The N. Periasamy Family - DMK
N. Periasamy, former Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Tuticorin constituency in the 1989[1] and 1996 elections.
Geetha Jeevan is the daughter of N. Periasamy, Minister for Social Welfare and Women Empowerment
The K. P. P. Samy Family - DMK
K. P. P. Samy, former Minister for Fisheries in Tamil Nadu state of India
K P Shankar, brother of K. P. P. Samy, member Legislative Assembly from the Tiruvottiyur constituency in 2021
The S. Sivasubramanian Family - DMK
S. Sivasubramanian, Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu from Andimadam constituency in 1989 election
S. S. Sivasankar, Minister for Transport
The Families in Congress
The Rajagopalachari Family - Congress
Late C. Rajagopalachari, Chief Minister of Madras Presidency (1937–40), Madras State (1952–54), Governor of West Bengal (1946–48), Governor-General of India (1948–50). Union Minister in Government of India (1950–52).
Gopalkrishna Gandhi, Governor of West Bengal.
C. R. Narasimhan, Former Member of Lok Sabha from Krishnagiri.
The C.P.Ramaswami Iyer family - Congress
C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, Member of Madras Legislative Council and Diwan of Travancore.
C. R. Pattabhi Raman, Former Member of Lok Sabha from Kumbakonam.
The Bhaktavatsalam Family - Congress
M. Bhaktavatsalam, Chief Minister of Madras state (1962–1967).
Jayanthi Natarajan, Former Member of Indian Parliament.
The Families in AIADMK
The M. G. Ramachandran Family - AIADMK
M. G. Ramachandran, Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
V. N. Janaki Ramachandran, Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (Wife of Ramachandran)
The O. Panneerselvam Family - AIADMK
O. Panneerselvam, Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
P. Ravindhranath, Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha (First son of Panneerselvam)
Families in multiparties
The Kumaramangalam Family - Multiparty
Late P. Subbarayan, former Chief Minister of Madras Presidency (1926–1930), Member of Lok Sabha from Tiruchengode
Radhabai Subbarayan, Famous human rights activist
Mohan Kumaramangalam, politician and trade union leader from the Communist Party of India and later the Indian National Congress.
Rangarajan Kumaramangalam, Indian politician. Member of Lok Sabha from Salem and later, Tiruchirapalli and Union Minister in Government of India
Lalitha Kumaramangalam, politician and member of the BJP's national executive.
Parvathi Krishnan, Former Member of Lok Sabha from Coimbatore.
The V. K. Sasikala Family - Multi Parties
VK Sasikala, Indian Businesswoman turned Politician
M. Natarajan, Sasikala's husband
V. K. Dhivakaran, Founding General Secretary Of Anna Dravidar Kazhagam and brother of VK Sasikala
T. T. V. Dhinakaran, General Secretary Of Ammk and Sasikala's elder Sister Vanimani's Son
Anuradha Dhinakaran, Dhinakaran's wife.
V. N. Sudhakaran, Jayalalithaa's foster son and brother of TTV Dhinakaran
T. T. V. Bhaskaran, Founding General Secretary Of Anna Mgr Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam and brother of TTV Dhinakaran
J. Illavarsi, Sasikala's brother Jayaraman's widow
Vivek Jayaraman, Sasikala's brother Jayaraman's son
Family in MDMK
The Vaiko Family - MDMK
Vaiko, founder of the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.
Durai Vaiyapuri, Internet wing MDMK.
Family in PMK
The Ramadoss Family - PMK
S. Ramadoss PMK founder
Anbumani Ramadoss Member of Parliament from Rajya Sabha and former Cabinet Minister (Ministry of Health) during 2004-09
Family in TMC
The G. K. Moopanar Family - TMC
Late G. K. Moopanar, Indian politician and founder of the Tamil Maanila Congress.
G. K. Vasan, Former Union Minister in Government of India.
Tripura
Singh family
Sachindra Lal Singh - Former chief minister of Tripura
Asish Lal Singh - State president of Trinamool Congress (son)
Uttar Pradesh
Maurya family
Swami Prasad Maurya; former minister in Government of Uttar Pradesh, former leader of opposition in Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, National General Secretary of Samajwadi Party
Sanghmitra Maurya; Member of Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) (daughter of Swami Prasad Maurya)
Chaudhary Family
Chaudhary Charan Singh, ex-Prime Minister of India
Chaudhary Ajit Singh, founder of Rashtriya Lok Dal
Jayant Chaudhary, Member of Parliament Rajya Sabha
Gorakhnath Math family
Digvijay Nath, former state president of Hindu Mahasabha and MP.
Mahant Avaidyanath, adopted son of Digvijay Nath, MP & MLA, later joined the Bhartiya Janta Party
Yogi Adityanath, adopted son of Mahant Avaidyanath, MP & MLA, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
Yadav family
Mulayam Singh Yadav – former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, former Defence Minister of India
Akhilesh Yadav – Former chief minister of Uttar Pradesh (son of Mulayam)
Dimple Yadav – Former Lok Sabha MP (daughter-in-Law of Mulayam)
Abhay Ram Yadav (brother)
Dharmendra Yadav – Former Lok Sabha MP (nephew of Mulayam)
Shivpal Singh Yadav – Former Minister in the government of Uttar Pradesh (brother)
Rajpal Singh Yadav (brother)
Abhishek Yadav alias Anshul Yadav - District Panchayat Chairman of Etawah (nephew of Mulayam)
Ram Gopal Yadav – MP Rajya Sabha (cousin brother)
Akshay Yadav – Former Lok Sabha MP (son of Ram Gopal)
Khan family
Azam Khan (born 1948), former Leader of the Opposition Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly; former Cabinet Minister in the Government of Uttar Pradesh; former MP Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha; ten-term MLA Rampur constituency
Tazeen Fatma, former Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha; former MLA Rampur constituency
Abdullah Azam Khan, twice elected MLA for the Suar Assembly constituency
West Bengal
Subhas Chandra Bose family
Subhas Chandra BoseIndian nationalist
Sharat Chandra Bose
Subrata Bose - Member of parliament (MP) from Barasat Lok Sabha constituency 2004-2009 (youngest son of Sarat Chandra Bose and nephew of Subhas Chandra Bose)
Sisir Kumar Bose - Indian freedom fighter, pediatrician and legislator (nephew of Subhas Chandra and husband of Krishna Bose)
Krishna Bose - MP from Jadavpur 1996-2004 (wife of Sisir Kumar Bose, Subhas Chandra Bose's nephew)
Sugata Bose - Lok Sabha MP from Jadavpur 2014-2019 (Sisir Kumar Bose and Krishna Bose's son)
Dasmunsi family
Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi - Former cabinet minister in the government of India
Deepa Dasmunsi - Former Minister of State for Urban Development in the government of India (wife)
Konar family
Hare Krishna Konar, freedom fighter and politician, one of the founding member of Communist Consolidation and later one of the co-founder of Communist Party of India (Marxist), first Minister of Land and Land Reforms
Benoy Krishna Konar, Former MLA and president of All India Kisan Sabha, younger brother of Hare Krishna Konar
Banerjee family
Mamata Banerjee - Chief Minister of West Bengal
Abhishek Banerjee - MP from Diamond Harbour constituency (nephew)
Bandopadhyay family
Sudip Bandyopadhyay - MP from the Kolkata Uttar constituency
Ahmed family
Sultan Ahmed - MP and former Union Minister of State for Tourism Department, government of India
Sajda Ahmed - MP from the Uluberia constituency (wife)
Iqbal Ahmed - MLA and former deputy mayor of Kolkata (brother)
Chatterjee family
Nirmal Chandra Chatterjee - MP from Hoogly
Somnath Chatterjee - Speaker of the Lok Sabha and MP from Bolpur (son)
References
India politics-related lists
Lists of Indian families
Lists of political families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20families%20of%20India |
Dublin Clontarf may refer to one of two Parliamentary constituencies in Dublin:
Dublin Clontarf (Dáil constituency) (1977–1981)
Dublin Clontarf (UK Parliament constituency) (1918–1922) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin%20Clontarf |
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